2023 Colorado Revised Statutes › Title 15 - PROBATE, TRUSTS, AND FIDUCIARIES (§§ 15-1-101 — 15-24-403) › COLORADO PROBATE CODE (§§ 15-10-101 — 15-17-103) › Article 11 - INTESTATE SUCCESSION AND WILLS (§§ 15-11-101 — 15-11-1311) › Subpart 2 - PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP (§§ 15-11-115 — 15-11-122) › Section 15-11-120 - Child conceived by assisted reproduction other than child born to gestational carrier

(1)
Definitions.
In this section:
(a)
"Birth mother" means a woman, other than a gestational carrier under section
15-11-121
, who gives birth to a child of assisted reproduction. The term is not limited to a woman who is the child's genetic mother.
(b)
"Child of assisted reproduction" means a child conceived by means of assisted reproduction by a woman other than a gestational carrier under section
15-11-121
.
(c)
"Third-party donor" means an individual who produces eggs or sperm used for assisted reproduction, whether or not for consideration. The term does not include:
(I)
A husband who provides sperm, or a wife who provides eggs, that are used for assisted reproduction by the wife;
(II)
The birth mother of a child of assisted reproduction; or
(III)
An individual who has been determined under subsection (5) or (6) of this section to have a parent-child relationship with a child of assisted reproduction.
(2)
Third-party donor.
A parent-child relationship does not exist between a child of assisted reproduction and a third-party donor.
(3)
Parent-child relationship with birth mother.
A parent-child relationship exists between a child of assisted reproduction and the child's birth mother.
(4)
Parent-child relationship with husband whose sperm were used during his lifetime by his wife for assisted reproduction.
Except as otherwise provided in subsections (9) and (10) of this section, a parent-child relationship exists between a child of assisted reproduction and the husband of the child's birth mother if the husband provided the sperm that the birth mother used during his lifetime for assisted reproduction.
(5)
Birth certificate - presumptive effect.
A birth certificate identifying an individual other than the birth mother as the other parent of a child of assisted reproduction presumptively establishes a parent-child relationship between the child and that individual.
(6)
Parent-child relationship with another.
Except as otherwise provided in subsections (7), (9), and (10) of this section, and unless a parent-child relationship is established under subsection (4) or (5) of this section, a parent-child relationship exists between a child of assisted reproduction and an individual other than the birth mother who consented to assisted reproduction by the birth mother with intent to be treated as the other parent of the child. Consent to assisted reproduction by the birth mother with intent to be treated as the other parent of the child is established if the individual:
(a)
Before or after the child's birth, signed a record that, considering all the facts and circumstances, evidences the individual's consent; or
(b)
In the absence of a signed record under paragraph (a) of this subsection (6):
(I)
Functioned as a parent of the child no later than two years after the child's birth;
(II)
Intended to function as a parent of the child no later than two years after the child's birth but was prevented from carrying out that intent by death, incapacity, or other circumstances; or
(III)
Intended to be treated as a parent of a posthumously conceived child, if that intent is established by clear and convincing evidence.
(7)
Record signed more than two years after the birth of the child - effect.
For the purpose of paragraph (a) of subsection (6) of this section, neither an individual who signed a record more than two years after the birth of the child, nor a relative of that individual who is not also a relative of the birth mother, inherits from or through the child unless the individual functioned as a parent of the child before the child reached eighteen years of age.
(8)
Presumption - birth mother is married or surviving spouse.
For the purpose of paragraph (b) of subsection (6) of this section, the following rules apply:
(a)
If the birth mother is married at the time of conception and no divorce proceeding is then pending, her spouse is presumed to satisfy the requirements of subparagraph (I) or (II) of paragraph (b) of subsection (6) of this section.
(b)
If the birth mother is a surviving spouse and at her deceased spouse's death no divorce proceeding was pending, her deceased spouse is presumed to satisfy the requirements of subparagraph (II) or (III) of paragraph (b) of subsection (6) of this section.
(9)
Divorce before placement of eggs, sperm, or embryos.
If a married couple is divorced before placement of eggs, sperm, or embryos, a child resulting from the assisted reproduction is not a child of the birth mother's former spouse, unless the former spouse consented in a record that if assisted reproduction were to occur after divorce, the child would be treated as the former spouse's child.
(10)
Withdrawal of consent before placement of eggs, sperm, or embryos.
If, in a record, an individual withdraws consent to assisted reproduction before placement of eggs, sperm, or embryos, a child resulting from the assisted reproduction is not a child of that individual, unless the individual subsequently satisfies subsection (6) of this section.
(11)
When posthumously conceived child treated as in gestation.
If, under this section, an individual is a parent of a child of assisted reproduction who is conceived after the individual's death, the child is treated as in gestation at the time of the individual's death for purposes of section
15-11-104 (1)(b)
if the child is:
(a)
In utero not later than thirty-six months after the individual's death; or
(b)
Born not later than forty-five months after the individual's death.
L. 2009: Entire section added, (HB 09 -1287), ch. 310, p. 1677, § 8, effective 7/1/2010. L. 2010: (8) amended, (SB 10 -199), ch. 374, p. 1750, § 8, effective July 1.
COMMENT
Data on Children of Assisted Reproduction.
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services collects data on children of assisted reproduction (ART). See Center for Disease Control, 2004 Assisted Reproductive Technology Success Rates (Dec. 2006) (2004 CDC Report), available at http://www.cdc.gov/ART/ART2004. The data, however, is of limited use because the definition of ART used in the CDC Report excludes intrauterine (artificial) insemination (2004 CDC Report at 3), which is probably the most common form of assisted reproductive procedures. The CDC estimates that in 2004 ART procedures (excluding intrauterine insemination) accounted for slightly more than one percent of total U.S. births. 2004 CDC Report at 13. According to the Report: "The number of infants born who were conceived using ART increased steadily between 1996 and 2004. In 2004, 49,458 infants were born, which was more than double the 20,840 born in 1996." 2004 CDC Report at 57. "The average age of women using ART services in 2004 was 36. The largest group of women using ART services were women younger than 35, representing 41 %of all ART cycles carried out in 2004. Twenty-one percent of ART cycles were carried out among women aged 35-37, 19 %among women aged 38-40, 9 %among women aged 41-42, and 9 % among women older than 42." 2004 CDC Report at 15. Updates of the 2004 CDC Report are to be posted at http://www.cdc.gov/ART/ART2004.
AMA Ethics Policy on Posthumous Conception.
The ethics policies of the American Medical Association concerning artificial insemination by a known donor state that "[i]f semen is frozen and the donor dies before it is used, the frozen semen should not be used or donated for purposes other than those originally intended by the donor. If the donor left no instructions, it is reasonable to allow the remaining partner to use the semen for intrauterine insemination but not to donate it to someone else. However, the donor should be advised of such a policy at the time of donation and be given an opportunity to override it." Am. Med. Assn. Council on Ethical & Judicial Affairs, Code of Medical Ethics: Current Opinions E-2.04 (Issued June 1993; updated December 2004), available at http://www0.ama-assn.org/apps/pf_new/pf_online?f_n=browse&doc= policyfiles/HnE/E-2.0 (last visited October 16, 2008).
Subsection (a): Definitions.
Subsection (a) defines the following terms:
Birth mother is defined as the woman (other than a gestational carrier under Section 2-121) who gave birth to a child of assisted reproduction.
Child of assisted reproduction is defined as a child conceived by means of assisted reproduction by a woman other than a gestational carrier under Section 2-121.
Third-party donor. The definition of third-party donor is based on the definition of "donor" in the Uniform Parentage Act § 102.
Other Defined Terms.
In addition to the terms defined in subsection (a), this section uses terms that are defined in Section 2-115.
Assisted reproduction is defined in Section 2-115 as a method of causing pregnancy other than sexual intercourse.
Divorce is defined in Section 2-115 as including an annulment, dissolution, and declaration of invalidity of a marriage.
Functioned as a parent of the child is defined in Section 2-115 as behaving toward a child in a manner consistent with being the child's parent and performing functions that are customarily performed by a parent, including fulfilling parental responsibilities toward the child, recognizing or holding out the child as the individual's child, materially participating in the child's upbringing, and residing with the child in the same household as a regular member of that household. See also the Comment to Section 2-115 for additional explanation of the term.
Genetic father is defined in Section 2-115 as the man whose sperm fertilized the egg of a child's genetic mother.
Genetic mother is defined as the woman whose egg was fertilized by the sperm of the child's genetic father.
Incapacity is defined in Section 2-115 as the inability of an individual to function as a parent of a child because of the individual's physical or mental condition.
Subsection (b): Third-Party Donor.
Subsection (b) is consistent with the Uniform Parentage Act § 702. Under subsection (b), a third-party donor does not have a parent-child relationship with a child of assisted reproduction, despite the donor's genetic relationship with the child.
Subsection (c): Parent-Child Relationship With Birth Mother.
Subsection (c) is in accord with the Uniform Parentage Act § 201 in providing that a parent-child relationship exists between a child of assisted reproduction and the child's birth mother. The child's birth mother, defined in subsection (a) as the woman (other than a gestational carrier) who gave birth to the child, made the decision to undergo the procedure with intent to become pregnant and give birth to the child. Therefore, in order for a parent-child relationship to exist between her and the child, no proof that she consented to the procedure with intent to be treated as the parent of the child is necessary.
Subsection (d): Parent-Child Relationship with Husband Whose Sperm Were Used During His Lifetime By His Wife for Assisted Reproduction.
The principal application of subsection (d) is in the case of the assisted reproduction procedure known as intrauterine insemination husband (IIH), or, in older terminology, artificial insemination husband (AIH). Subsection (d) provides that, except as otherwise provided in subsection (i), a parent-child relationship exists between a child of assisted reproduction and the husband of the child's birth mother if the husband provided the sperm that were used during his lifetime by her for assisted reproduction and the husband is the genetic father of the child. The exception contained in subsection (i) relates to the withdrawal of consent in a record before the placement of eggs, sperm, or embryos. Note that subsection (d) only applies if the husband's sperm were used during his lifetime by his wife to cause a pregnancy by assisted reproduction. Subsection (d) does not apply to posthumous conception.
Subsection (e): Birth Certificate: Presumptive Effect.
A birth certificate will name the child's birth mother as mother of the child. Under subsection (c), a parent-child relationship exists between a child of assisted reproduction and the child's birth mother. Note that the term "birth mother" is a defined term in subsection (a) as not including a gestational carrier as defined in Section 2-121.
Subsection (e) applies to the individual, if any, who is identified on the birth certificate as the child's other parent. Subsection (e) grants presumptive effect to a birth certificate identifying an individual other than the birth mother as the other parent of a child of assisted reproduction. In the case of unmarried parents, federal law requires that states enact procedures under which "the name of the father shall be included on the record of birth," but only if the father and mother have signed a voluntary acknowledgment of paternity or a court of an administrative agency of competent jurisdiction has issued an adjudication of paternity. See
42 U.S.C. §666(a)(5)(D)
. This federal statute is included as an appendix to the Uniform Parentage Act.
The federal statute applies only to unmarried opposite-sex parents. Section 2-120(e)'s presumption, however, could apply to a same-sex couple if state law permits a woman who is not the birth mother to be listed on the child's birth certificate as the child's other parent. Even if state law does not permit that listing, the woman who is not the birth mother could be the child's parent by adoption of the child (see Section 2-118) or under subsection (f) as a result of her consent to assisted reproduction by the birth mother "with intent to be treated as the other parent of the child," or by satisfying the "function as a parent" test in subsection (f)(2).
Section 2-120 does not apply to same-sex couples that use a gestational carrier. For same-sex couples using a gestational carrier, the parent-child relationship can be established by adoption (see Section 2-118 and Section 2-121(b)), or it can be established under subsection 2-121(d) if the couple enters into a gestational agreement with the gestational carrier under which the couple agrees to be the parents of the child born to the gestational carrier. It is irrelevant whether either intended parent is a genetic parent of the child. See Section 2-121(a)(4).
Subsection (f): Parent-Child Relationship with Another.
In order for someone other than the birth mother to have a parent-child relationship with the child, there needs to be proof that the individual consented to assisted reproduction by the birth mother with intent to be treated as the other parent of the child. The other individual's genetic material might or might not have been used to create the pregnancy. Except as otherwise provided in this section, merely depositing genetic material is not, by itself, sufficient to establish a parent-child relationship with the child.
Subsection (f)(1): Signed Record Evidencing Consent, Considering All the Facts and Circumstances, to Assisted Reproduction with Intent to Be Treated as the Other Parent of the Child. Subsection (f)(1) provides that a parent-child relationship exists between a child of assisted reproduction and an individual other than the birth mother who consented to assisted reproduction by the birth mother with intent to be treated as the other parent of the child. Consent to assisted reproduction with intent to be treated as the other parent of the child is established if the individual signed a record, before or after the child's birth, that considering all the facts and circumstances evidences the individual's consent. Recognizing consent in a record not only signed before the child's birth but also at any time after the child's birth is consistent with the Uniform Parentage Act §§ 703 and 704.
As noted, the signed record need not explicitly express consent to the procedure with intent to be treated as the other parent of child, but only needs to evidence such consent considering all the facts and circumstances. An example of a signed record that would satisfy this requirement comes form In re Martin B., 841 N.Y.S.2d 207 (Sur. Ct. 2007). In that case, the New York Surrogate's Court held that a child of posthumous conception was included in a class gift in a case in which the deceased father had signed a form that stated: "In the event of my death I agree that my spouse shall have the sole right to make decisions regarding the disposition of my semen samples. I authorize repro lab to release my specimens to my legal spouse [naming her]." Another form he signed stated: "I, [naming him], hereby certify that I am married or intimately involved with [naming her] and the cryopreserved specimens stored at repro lab will be used for future inseminations of my wife/intimate partner." Although these forms do not explicitly say that the decedent consented to the procedure with intent to be treated as the other parent of the child, they do evidence such consent in light of all of the facts and circumstances and would therefore satisfy subsection (f)(1).
Subsection (f)(2): Ideally an individual other than the birth mother who consented to assisted reproduction by the birth mother with intent to be treated as the other parent of the child will have signed a record that satisfies subsection (f)(1). If not, subsection (f)(2) recognizes that actions speak as loud as words. Under subsection (f)(2), consent to assisted reproduction by the birth mother with intent to be treated as the other parent of the child is established if the individual functioned as a parent of the child no later than two years after the child's birth. Under subsection (f)(2)(B), the same result applies if the evidence establishes that the individual had that intent but death, incapacity, or other circumstances prevented the individual from carrying out that intent. Finally, under subsection (f)(2)(C), the same result applies if it can be established by clear and convincing evidence that the individual intended to be treated as a parent of a posthumously conceived child.
Subsection (g): Record Signed More than Two Years after the Birth of the Child: Effect.
Subsection (g) is designed to prevent an individual who has never functioned as a parent of the child from signing a record in order to inherit from or through the child or in order to make it possible for a relative of the individual to inherit from or through the child. Thus, subsection (g) provides that, for purposes of subsection (f)(1), an individual who signed a record more than two years after the birth of the child, or a relative of that individual, does not inherit from or through the child unless the individual functioned as a parent of the child before the child reached the age of [18].
Subsection (h): Presumption: Birth Mother is Married or Surviving Spouse.
Under subsection (h), if the birth mother is married and no divorce proceeding is pending, then in the absence of clear and convincing evidence to the contrary, her spouse satisfies subsection (f)(2)(A) or (B) or if the birth mother is a surviving spouse and at her deceased spouse's death no divorce proceeding was pending, then in the absence of clear and convincing evidence to the contrary, her deceased spouse satisfies subsection (f)(2)(B) or (C).
Subsection (i): Divorce Before Placement of Eggs, Sperm, or Embryos.
Subsection (i) is derived from the Uniform Parentage Act § 706(b).
Subsection (j): Withdrawal of Consent Before Placement of Eggs, Sperm, or Embryos.
Subsection (j) is derived from the Uniform Parentage Act § 706(a). Subsection (j) provides that if, in a record, an individual withdraws consent to assisted reproduction before placement of eggs, sperm, or embryos, a child resulting from the assisted reproduction is not a child of that individual, unless the individual subsequently satisfies the requirements of subsection (f).
Subsection (k): When Posthumously Conceived Gestational Child Treated as in Gestation.
Subsection (k) provides that if, under this section, an individual is a parent of a gestational child who is conceived after the individual's death, the child is treated as in gestation at the individual's death for purposes of Section 2-104(a)(2) if the child is either (i) in utero no later than 36 months after the individual's death or (ii) born no later than 45 months after the individual's death. Note also that Section 3-703 gives the decedent's personal representative authority to take account of the possibility of posthumous conception in the timing of all or part of the distribution of the estate.
The 36-month period in subsection (k) is designed to allow a surviving spouse or partner a period of grieving, time to make up his or her mind about whether to go forward with assisted reproduction, and a reasonable allowance for unsuccessful attempts to achieve a pregnancy. The 36-month period also coincides with Section 3-1006, under which an heir is allowed to recover property improperly distributed or its value from any distributee during the later of three years after the decedent's death or one year after distribution. If the assisted-reproduction procedure is performed in a medical facility, the date when the child is in utero will ordinarily be evidenced by medical records. In some cases, however, the procedure is not performed in a medical facility, and so such evidence may be lacking. Providing an alternative of birth within 45 months is designed to provide certainty in such cases. The 45-month period is based on the 36-month period with an additional nine months tacked on to allow for a typical period of pregnancy.
For provisions relating to the time of taking effect or the provisions for transition of this code, see § 15-17-101 . For other provisions on assisted reproduction and paternity, see § 19-4-106 .