2023 Colorado Revised Statutes › Title 40 - UTILITIES (§§ 40-1-101 — 40-43-104) › PUBLIC UTILITIES (§§ 40-1-101 — 40-17.5-105) › GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE (§§ 40-1-101 — 40-9.8-104) › Article 2 - PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION - RENEWABLE ENERGY STANDARD (§§ 40-2-101 — 40-2-203) › Part 1 - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS (§§ 40-2-101 — 40-2-139) › Section 40-2-127 - Community energy funds - community solar gardens - definitions - rules - legislative declaration - applicability - repeal

(1)
Legislative declaration.
The general assembly hereby finds and declares that:
(a)
Local communities can benefit from the further development of renewable energy, energy efficiency, conservation, and environmental improvement projects, and the general assembly hereby encourages electric utilities to establish community energy funds for the development of such projects;
(b)
It is in the public interest that broader participation in solar electric generation by Colorado residents and commercial entities be encouraged by the development and deployment of distributed solar electric generating facilities known as community solar gardens, in order to:
(I)
Provide Colorado residents and commercial entities with the opportunity to participate in solar generation in addition to the opportunities available for rooftop solar generation on homes and businesses;
(II)
Allow renters, low-income utility customers, and agricultural producers to own interests in solar generation facilities;
(III)
Allow interests in solar generation facilities to be portable and transferrable; and
(IV)
Leverage Colorado's solar generating capacity through economies of scale.
(2)
Definitions.
As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a)
The definitions in section
40-2-124
apply; and
(b)
In addition:
(I)
(A)
"Community solar garden" means a solar electric generation facility with a nameplate rating within the range specified under subsection (2)(b)(I)(D) of this section that is located in or near a community served by a qualifying retail utility where the beneficial use of the electricity generated by the facility belongs to the subscribers to the community solar garden. There shall be at least ten subscribers. The owner of the community solar garden may be the qualifying retail utility or any other for-profit or nonprofit entity or organization, including a subscriber organization organized under this section, that contracts to sell the output from the community solar garden to the qualifying retail utility. A community solar garden shall be deemed to be "located on the site of customer facilities".
(B)
A community solar garden shall constitute "retail distributed generation" within the meaning of section
40-2-124
, as amended by House Bill 10-1001, enacted in 2010.
(C)
Notwithstanding any provision of this section or section
40-2-124
to the contrary, a community solar garden constitutes retail distributed generation for purposes of a cooperative electric association's compliance with the applicable renewable energy standard under section
40-2-124
.
(D)
A community solar garden must have a nameplate rating of five megawatts or less; except that the commission may, in rules adopted pursuant to subsection (3)(b) of this section, approve the formation of a community solar garden with a nameplate rating of up to ten megawatts on or after July 1, 2023.
(II)
"Subscriber" means a retail customer of a qualifying retail utility who owns a subscription and who has identified one or more physical locations to which the subscription is attributed. Such physical locations must be within the service territory of the same qualifying retail utility as the community solar garden. The subscriber may change from time to time the premises to which the community solar garden electricity generation shall be attributed, so long as the premises are within the same service territory.
(III)
"Subscription" means a proportional interest in solar electric generation facilities installed at a community solar garden, together with the renewable energy credits associated with or attributable to such facilities under section
40-2-124
. Each subscription shall be sized to represent at least one kilowatt of the community solar garden's generating capacity and to supply no more than one hundred twenty percent of the average annual consumption of electricity by each subscriber at the premises to which the subscription is attributed, with a deduction for the amount of any existing solar facilities at such premises. Subscriptions in a community solar garden may be transferred or assigned to a subscriber organization or to any person or entity who qualifies to be a subscriber under this section.
(3)
Subscriber organization - subscriber qualifications - transferability of subscriptions.
(a)
The community solar garden may be owned by a subscriber organization, whose sole purpose shall be beneficially owning and operating a community solar garden. The subscriber organization may be any for-profit or nonprofit entity permitted by Colorado law. The community solar garden may also be built, owned, and operated by a third party under contract with the subscriber organization.
(b)
The commission shall adopt rules as necessary to implement this section, including rules to facilitate the financing of subscriber-owned community solar gardens. The rules must include:
(I)
Minimum capitalization;
(II)
The share of a community solar garden's eligible solar electric generation facilities that a subscriber organization may at any time own in its own name; and
(III)
Authorizing subscriber organizations to enter into leases, sale-and-leaseback transactions, operating agreements, and other ownership arrangements with third parties.
(c)
If a subscriber ceases to be a customer at the premises on which the subscription is based but, within a reasonable period as determined by the commission, becomes a customer at another premises in the service territory of the qualifying retail utility and within the geographic area served by the community solar garden, the subscription shall continue in effect but the bill credit and other features of the subscription shall be adjusted as necessary to reflect any differences between the new and previous premises' customer classification and average annual consumption of electricity.
(3.5)
Standards for construction and operation.
The following requirements apply to any community solar garden exceeding two megawatts:
(a)
The initial installation of any photovoltaic module or associated electrical equipment is subject to final inspection and approval in accordance with section
12-115-120
.
(b)
Following the development or acquisition by a qualifying retail utility of a community solar garden in which the qualifying retail utility retains ownership, the qualifying retail utility shall either use its own employees to operate and maintain the community solar garden or contract for operation and maintenance of the community solar garden by a contractor whose employees have access to an apprenticeship program registered with the United States department of labor's office of apprenticeship or with a state apprenticeship agency recognized by that office; except that this apprenticeship requirement does not apply to:
(I)
The design, planning, or engineering of the infrastructure;
(II)
Management functions to operate the infrastructure; or
(III)
Any work included in a warranty.
(3.7)
Energy sector public works projects.
If the development of a community solar garden is an energy sector public works project, as defined in section 24-92-303 (5), then the project must comply with the applicable requirements of the "Colorado Energy Sector Public Works Project Craft Labor Requirements Act", part 3 of article 92 of title 24.
(4)
Community solar gardens not subject to regulation.
Neither the owners of nor the subscribers to a community solar garden shall be considered public utilities subject to regulation by the commission solely as a result of their interest in the community solar garden. Prices paid for subscriptions in community solar gardens shall not be subject to regulation by the commission.
(5)
Purchases of the output from community solar gardens.
(a)
(I)
Each qualifying retail utility shall set forth in its plan for acquisition of renewable resources a plan to purchase the electricity and renewable energy credits generated from one or more community solar gardens over the period covered by the plan.
(II)
For the first three compliance years commencing with the 2011 compliance year, each qualifying retail utility shall issue one or more standard offers to purchase the output from community solar gardens of five hundred kilowatts or less at prices that are comparable to the prices offered by the qualifying retail utility under standard offers issued for on-site solar generation. During these three compliance years, the qualifying retail utility shall acquire, through these standard offers, one-half of the solar garden generation it plans to acquire, to the extent the qualifying retail utility receives responses to its standard offers. Notwithstanding any provision of this subparagraph (II) to the contrary, renewable energy credits generated from solar gardens shall not be used to achieve more than twenty percent of the retail distributed generation standard in years 2011 through 2013.
(III)
For the first three compliance years commencing with the 2011 compliance year, a qualifying retail utility shall not be obligated to purchase the output from more than six megawatts of newly installed community solar garden generation.
(III.5)
Subsections (5)(a)(II) and (5)(a)(III) of this section and this subsection (5)(a)(III.5) are repealed, effective July 1, 2043.
(IV)
For each qualifying retail utility's compliance years commencing in 2014 and through 2025, the commission shall determine the minimum and maximum purchases of electrical output from newly installed community solar gardens of different output capacity that the qualifying retail utility shall plan to acquire, without regard to the six-megawatt ceiling of the first three compliance years. In addition, as necessary, the commission shall formulate and implement policies consistent with this section that simultaneously encourage:
(A)
The ownership by customers of subscriptions in community solar gardens and of other forms of distributed generation, to the extent the commission finds there to be customer demand for such ownership;
(B)
Ownership in community solar gardens by residential retail customers and agricultural producers, including low-income customers, to the extent the commission finds there to be demand for such ownership;
(C)
The development of community solar gardens with attributes that the commission finds result in lower overall total costs for the qualifying retail utility's customers;
(D)
Successful financing and operation of community solar gardens owned by subscriber organizations; and
(E)
The achievement of the goals and objectives of section
40-2-124
.
(b)
(I)
(A)
The output from a community solar garden shall be sold only to the qualifying retail utility serving the geographic area where the community solar garden is located.
(B)
Once a community solar garden is part of a qualifying retail utility's plan for acquisition of renewable resources, as approved by the commission, the commission shall, by January 30, 2020, initiate a proceeding, or consider in an active proceeding, to determine whether the qualifying retail utility shall purchase all of the electricity and renewable energy credits generated by the community solar garden or whether a subscriber may, upon becoming a subscriber, choose to retain or sell to the qualifying retail utility the subscriber's renewable energy credits.
(C)
The amount of electricity and renewable energy credits generated by each community solar garden shall be determined by a production meter installed by the qualifying retail utility or third-party system owner and paid for by the owner of the community solar garden.
(II)
(A)
The purchase of the output of a community solar garden by a qualifying retail utility must take the form of a net metering credit against the qualifying retail utility's electric bill to each community solar garden subscriber at the premises set forth in the subscriber's subscription.
(B)
For a subscriber organization that directs the qualifying retail utility to provide the subscriber organization's subscribers with a bill credit that changes annually, the net metering credit is calculated by multiplying the subscriber's share of the electricity production from the community solar garden by the qualifying retail utility's total aggregate retail rate as charged to the subscriber, minus a reasonable charge as determined by the commission. The charge will be used to cover the utility's costs of delivering to the subscriber's premises the electricity generated by the community solar garden, integrating the solar generation with the utility's system, and administering the community solar garden's contracts and net metering credits.
(C)
For a subscriber organization that directs the qualifying retail utility to provide the subscriber organization's subscribers with a fixed bill credit, the net metering credit is calculated by multiplying the subscriber's share of the electricity production from the community solar garden by the qualifying retail utility's total aggregate retail rate as charged to the subscriber at the time the subscriber organization applies for or bids capacity into a utility community solar garden program, minus a reasonable charge, as determined by the commission at the time the subscriber organization applies for or bids capacity into a utility community solar garden program. The charge will be used to cover the utility's costs related to: Delivering to the subscriber's premises the electricity generated by the community solar garden, integrating the solar generation with the utility's system, and administering contracts and net metering credits for the community solar garden.
(D)
For community solar gardens eligible for a fixed bill credit, and solely for the purpose of applying the bill credit to a subscriber's bill, the bill credit shall not be applied toward the following rate rider charges, unless the rate rider charges are included in the reasonable charge: Rate rider charges that promote clean energy technologies, including beneficial electrification; rate rider charges that provide low-income bill assistance; or rate rider charges that provide other public benefits as determined by the commission.
(E)
By June 30, 2024, the commission shall adopt rules to implement the fixed bill credit. The rules must consider the change of value to community solar garden customers of the fixed bill credit over time through rate adjustments or other mechanisms.
(F)
The commission shall allow a qualifying retail utility to recover the costs incurred in implementing and maintaining billing systems for the various bill credit processes required pursuant to this subsection (5)(b)(II).
(G)
The commission shall ensure that the reasonable charge that the commission determines pursuant to subsections (5)(b)(II)(B) and (5)(b)(II)(C) of this section does not reflect costs that are already recovered by the utility from the subscriber through other charges.
(H)
If, and to the extent that, a subscriber's net metering credit exceeds the subscriber's electric bill in any billing period, the net metering credit shall be carried forward and applied against future bills.
(I)
The qualifying retail utility and the owner of the community solar garden must agree on whether the purchase of the renewable energy credits from subscribers will be accomplished through a credit on each subscriber's electricity bill or by a payment to the owner of the community solar garden.
(c)
The owner of the community solar garden shall provide real-time production data to the qualifying retail utility to facilitate incorporation of the community solar garden into the utility's operation of its electric system and to facilitate the provision of net metering credits.
(d)
The owner of the community solar garden shall be responsible for providing to the qualifying retail utility, on a monthly basis and within reasonable periods set by the qualifying retail utility, the percentage shares that should be used to determine the net metering credit to each subscriber. If the electricity output of the community solar garden is not fully subscribed, the qualifying retail utility shall purchase the unsubscribed renewable energy and the renewable energy credits at a rate equal to the qualifying retail utility's average hourly incremental cost of electricity supply over the immediately preceding calendar year.
(e)
Each qualifying retail utility shall set forth in its plan for acquisition of renewable resources a proposal for including low-income customers as subscribers to a community solar garden. The utility may give preference to community solar gardens that have low-income subscribers.
(f)
Qualifying retail utilities shall be eligible for the incentives and subject to the ownership limitations set forth in section
40-2-124(1)(f)
for utility investments in community solar gardens and may recover through rates a margin, in an amount determined by the commission, on all energy and renewable energy credits purchased from community solar gardens. Such incentive payments shall be excluded from the cost analysis required by section
40-2-124(1)(g)
.
(6)
Nothing in this section shall be construed to waive or supersede the retail rate impact limitations in section
40-2-124(1)(g)
. Utility expenditures for unsubscribed energy and renewable energy credits generated by community solar gardens shall be included in the calculations of retail rate impact required by that section.
(7)
Applicability to cooperative electric associations and municipally owned utilities.
This section shall not apply to cooperative electric associations or to municipally owned utilities.
(8)
Applicability.
(a)
This section applies to community solar capacity that is allocated on or before December 31, 2025.
(b)
Community solar capacity that is allocated on or after January 1, 2026, is allocated pursuant to section 40-2-127.2.
Amended by 2024 Ch. 231,§ 2, eff. 5/22/2024.
Amended by 2023 Ch. 247,§ 5, eff. 1/1/2024, app. only to any energy sector public works project for which a public utility or cooperative electric association invitation for bids or proposals is issued on or after 1/1/2024.
Amended by 2023 Ch. 85,§ 1, eff. 8/7/2023.
Amended by 2023 Ch. 37, § 33, eff. 3/23/2023.
Amended by 2020 Ch. 216, § 70, eff. 6/30/2020.
Amended by 2019 Ch. 360, § 2, eff. 8/2/2019.
Amended by 2019 Ch. 359, § 6, eff. 5/30/2019.
Amended by 2015 Ch. 142, § 2, eff. 8/5/2015.
Amended by 2015 Ch. 170, § 1, eff. 5/8/2015.
L. 2007: Entire section added, p. 265, § 2, effective March 27. L. 2010: Entire section amended, (HB 10-1342), ch. 1592, p. 1592, § 1, effective June 5. L. 2015: (2)(b)(II) amended, (HB 15-1248), ch. 519, p. 519, § 1, effective May 8; (2)(b)(I)(C) added, (SB 15-046), ch. 434, p. 434, § 2, effective August 5. L. 2019: IP(3)(b) amended and (5)(a)(III.5) added, (SB 19-236), ch. 3299, p. 3299, § 6, effective May 30; (2)(b)(I)(A), (2)(b)(II), and (5)(b)(I) amended and (2)(b)(I)(D) and (3.5) added, (HB 19-1003), ch. 3336, p. 3336, § 2, effective August 2. L. 2020: IP(3.5)(b) amended, (HB 20-1402), ch. 1058, p. 1058, § 70, effective June 30.
Section 31 of chapter 359 (SB 19-236), Session Laws of Colorado 2019, provides that the act changing this section applies to conduct, including power purchase agreements entered into and utility rate-based property development, occurring on or after May 30, 2019.
2023 Ch. 247, was passed without a safety clause. See Colo. Const. art. V, § 1(3).
2023 Ch. 85, was passed without a safety clause. See Colo. Const. art. V, § 1(3).