2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXVI - Business Organizations › Chapter 607 - Florida Business Corporation Act › Part I - General Provisions (Ss. 607.0101-607.193) › 607.0901 - Affiliated transactions.

607.0901 Affiliated transactions.—
(1) For purposes of this section:
(a) “Affiliate” means a person who directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by, or is under common control with, a specified person.
(b) “Affiliated transaction,” when used in reference to the corporation and any interested shareholder, means:
1. Any merger or consolidation of the corporation or any subsidiary of the corporation with:
a. The interested shareholder; or
b. Any other corporation, partnership, limited liability company, or other entity, in each case, whether or not itself an interested shareholder, which is, or after such merger or consolidation would be, an affiliate or associate of the interested shareholder;
2. Any sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer, or other disposition (in one transaction or a series of transactions), except proportionately as a shareholder of such corporation, to or with the interested shareholder or any affiliate or associate of the interested shareholder, whether as part of a dissolution or otherwise, of assets of the corporation or any subsidiary of the corporation:
a. Having an aggregate fair market value equal to 10 percent or more of the aggregate fair market value of all the assets, determined on a consolidated basis, of the corporation;
b. Having an aggregate fair market value equal to 10 percent or more of the aggregate fair market value of all the outstanding shares of the corporation; or
c. Representing 10 percent or more of the earning power or net income, determined on a consolidated basis, of the corporation;
3. The issuance or transfer by the corporation or any subsidiary of the corporation (in one transaction or a series of transactions) of any shares of the corporation or any subsidiary of the corporation which have an aggregate fair market value equal to 10 percent or more of the aggregate fair market value of all the outstanding shares of the corporation to the interested shareholder or any affiliate or associate of the interested shareholder except:
a. Pursuant to the exercise, exchange, or conversion of securities exercisable for, exchangeable for, or convertible into shares of the corporation or any subsidiary of the corporation which were outstanding prior to the time that the interested shareholder became such;
b. Pursuant to a merger under s. 607.11045; or
c. Provided that the interested shareholder’s proportionate share of the shares of any class or series of the corporation or of the voting shares of the corporation has not increased as a result thereof:
(I) Pursuant to a dividend or distribution paid or made, or the exercise, exchange, or conversion of securities exercisable for, exchangeable for, or convertible into, shares of the corporation which security is distributed, pro rata to all holders of a class or series of shares of such corporation subsequent to the time the interested shareholder became such;
(II) Pursuant to an exchange offer by the corporation to purchase shares of such corporation made on the same terms to all holders of such shares; or
(III) Any issuance or transfer of shares by the corporation;
4. The adoption of any plan or proposal for the liquidation or dissolution of the corporation proposed by, or pursuant to any agreement, arrangement, or understanding (whether or not in writing) with, the interested shareholder or any affiliate or associate of the interested shareholder;
5. Any reclassification of securities (including, without limitation, any stock split, stock dividend, or other distribution of shares in respect of shares, or any reverse stock split) or recapitalization of the corporation, or any merger or consolidation of the corporation with any subsidiary of the corporation, or any other transaction (whether or not with or into or otherwise involving the interested shareholder), with the interested shareholder or any affiliate or associate of the interested shareholder, which has the effect, directly or indirectly (in one transaction or a series of transactions during any 12-month period), of increasing by more than 10 percent the percentage of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation or any subsidiary of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested shareholder; or
6. Any receipt by the interested shareholder or any affiliate or associate of the interested shareholder of the benefit, directly or indirectly (except proportionately as a shareholder of the corporation), of any loans, advances, guaranties, pledges, or other financial assistance or any tax credits or other tax advantages, other than those expressly allowed in subparagraph 3., provided by or through the corporation or any subsidiary of the corporation.
(c) “Announcement date,” when used in reference to any affiliated transaction, means the date of the first general public announcement of the proposed affiliated transaction or of the intention to propose an affiliated transaction, or the date on which the proposed affiliated transaction or the intention to propose an affiliated transaction is first communicated generally to the shareholders of the corporation, whichever is earlier.
(d) “Associate,” when used to indicate a relationship with any person, means any entity, other than the corporation or any of its subsidiaries, of which such person is an officer, director, or partner or is, directly or indirectly, the beneficial owner of 20 percent or more of any class of voting shares; any trust or other estate in which such person has at least 20 percent beneficial interest or as to which such person serves as trustee or in a similar fiduciary capacity; and any relative or spouse of such person, or any relative of such spouse, who has the same residence as such person or who is an officer or director of the corporation or any of its affiliates.
(e) A person is deemed to be a “beneficial owner” of voting shares as to which such person and such person’s affiliates and associates, individually or in the aggregate, have or share directly, or indirectly through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship, or otherwise:
1. Voting power, which includes the power to vote or to direct the voting of the voting shares;
2. Investment power, which includes the power to dispose of or to direct the disposition of the voting shares; or
3. The right to acquire the voting power or investment power, whether such right is exercisable immediately or only after the passage of time, pursuant to any contract, arrangement, or understanding, upon the exercise of conversion rights, exchange rights, warrants, or options, or otherwise; however, in no case shall a director of the corporation be deemed to be the beneficial owner of voting shares beneficially owned by another director of the corporation solely by reason of actions undertaken by such persons in their capacity as directors of the corporation.
(f) “Control,” “controlling,” “controlled by,” and “under common control with” mean the possession, directly or indirectly, through the ownership of voting interests, by contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship, or otherwise, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a person. A person who is the owner of 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting interests of any corporation, partnership, unincorporated association, or other entity is presumed to have control of such entity, in the absence of proof by a preponderance of the evidence to the contrary. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a person shall not be deemed to have control of an entity if such person holds voting interests, in good faith and not for the purpose of circumventing this section, as an agent, bank, broker, nominee, custodian, or trustee for one or more beneficial owners who do not individually or as a group have control of such entity.
(g) “Determination date” means the date on which an interested shareholder became an interested shareholder.
(h) Unless otherwise specified in the articles of incorporation initially filed with the department, a “disinterested director” means as to any particular interested shareholder:
1. Any member of the board of directors of the corporation who was a member of the board of directors before the later of January 1, 1987, or the determination date; and
2. Any member of the board of directors of the corporation who was recommended for election by, or was elected to fill a vacancy and received the affirmative vote of, a majority of the disinterested directors then on the board.
(i) “Exchange Act” means the Act of Congress known as the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as the same has been or hereafter may be amended from time to time.
(j) “Fair market value” means:
1. In the case of shares: the highest closing sale price of a share quoted during the 30-day period immediately preceding the date in question on the composite tape for shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange; or, if such shares are not quoted on the composite tape on the New York Stock Exchange, the highest closing sale price quoted during such period on the New York Stock Exchange; or, if such shares are not listed on such exchange, the highest closing sale price quoted during such period on the principal United States securities exchange registered under the Exchange Act on which such shares are listed; or, if such shares are not listed on any such exchange, the highest closing bid quotation with respect to a share during the 30-day period preceding the date in question on the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., automated quotations system or any other stock price quotation system then in general use; or, if no such quotations are available, the fair market value of a share on the date in question as determined by:
a. A majority of disinterested directors; or
b. If at such time there are no disinterested directors, by the board of directors of such corporation in good faith; and
2. In the case of property other than cash or shares, the fair market value of such property on the date in question as determined by:
a. A majority of the disinterested directors; or
b. If at such time there are no disinterested directors, by the board of directors of such corporation in good faith.
(k) “Interested shareholder” means any person who is the beneficial owner of more than 15 percent of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation. However, the term “interested shareholder” shall not include:
1. The corporation or any of its subsidiaries;
2. Any savings, employee stock ownership, or other employee benefit plan of the corporation or any of its subsidiaries, or any fiduciary with respect to any such plan when acting in such capacity; or
3. Any person whose ownership of shares in excess of the 15 percent limitation is the result of action taken solely by the corporation; provided that such person shall be an interested shareholder if thereafter such person acquires additional shares of voting shares of the corporation, except as a result of further corporate action not caused, directly or indirectly, by such person. For the purpose of determining whether a person is an interested shareholder, the number of voting shares deemed to be outstanding shall include shares deemed owned by the interested shareholder through application of subparagraph (e)3. but shall not include any other voting shares that may be issuable pursuant to any contract, arrangement, or understanding, upon the exercise of conversion rights, exchange rights, warrants, or options, or otherwise.
(l) “Shares” means the units into which the proprietary interests in an entity are divided and includes:
1. Any stock or similar security, any certificate of interest, any participation in any profit-sharing agreement, any voting trust certificate, or any certificate of deposit for shares; and
2. Any security convertible, with or without consideration, into shares; or any warrant, call, or other option or privilege of buying shares without being bound to do so; or any other security carrying any right to acquire, subscribe to, or purchase shares.
(m) “Subsidiary” means, as to any corporation, any other corporation of which it owns, directly or indirectly through one or more subsidiaries, a majority of the voting shares.
(n) “Valuation date” means, if the affiliated transaction is voted upon by shareholders, the day before the date of the vote of shareholders or, if the affiliated transaction is not voted upon by shareholders, the date of the consummation of the affiliated transaction.
(o) “Voting shares” means the outstanding shares of all classes or series of the corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors.
(2) Except to the extent provided in subsections (4) and (5), and with respect to such exceptions, in compliance with other applicable provisions of this chapter, a corporation may not engage in any affiliated transaction with any interested shareholder for a period of 3 years following the time that such shareholder became an interested shareholder, unless:
(a) Prior to the time that such shareholder became an interested shareholder, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the affiliated transaction or the transaction which resulted in the shareholder becoming an interested shareholder; or
(b) Upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in the shareholder becoming an interested shareholder, the interested shareholder owned at least 85 percent of the voting shares of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting shares outstanding, but not the outstanding voting shares owned by the interested shareholder, those shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers and by employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or
(c) At or subsequent to the time that such shareholder became an interested shareholder, the affiliated transaction is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of shareholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting shares which are not owned by the interested shareholder.
(3) A majority of the disinterested directors shall have the power to determine for the purposes of this section:
(a) Whether a person is an interested shareholder;
(b) The number of voting shares beneficially owned by any person;
(c) Whether a person is an affiliate or associate of another; and
(d) Whether the securities to be issued or transferred by the corporation or any of its subsidiaries to any interested shareholder or any affiliate or associate of the interested shareholder have an aggregate fair market value equal to or greater than 5 percent of the aggregate fair market value of all of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation or any of its subsidiaries.
(4) The voting requirements set forth in subsection (2) do not apply to a particular affiliated transaction if all of the conditions specified in any one of the following paragraphs are met:
(a) The affiliated transaction has been approved by a majority of the disinterested directors;
(b) The corporation has not had more than 300 shareholders of record at any time during the 3 years preceding the announcement date;
(c) The interested shareholder has been the beneficial owner of at least 80 percent of the corporation’s outstanding voting shares for at least 3 years preceding the announcement date;
(d) The interested shareholder is the beneficial owner of at least 90 percent of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation, exclusive of shares acquired directly from the corporation in a transaction not approved by a majority of the disinterested directors;
(e) The corporation is an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940; or
(f) In the affiliated transaction, consideration shall be paid to the holders of each class or series of voting shares and all of the following conditions shall be met:
1. The aggregate amount of the cash and the fair market value as of the valuation date of consideration other than cash to be received per share by holders of each class or series of voting shares in such affiliated transaction are at least equal to the highest of the following:
a. If applicable, the highest per share price, including any brokerage commissions, transfer taxes, and soliciting dealers’ fees, paid by the interested shareholder for any shares of such class or series acquired by it within the 2-year period immediately preceding the announcement date or in the transaction in which it became an interested shareholder, whichever is higher;
b. The fair market value per share of such class or series on the announcement date or on the determination date, whichever is higher;
c. If applicable, the price per share equal to the fair market value per share of such class or series determined pursuant to sub-subparagraph b., multiplied by the ratio of the highest per share price, including any brokerage commissions, transfer taxes, and soliciting dealers’ fees, paid by the interested shareholder for any shares of such class or series acquired by it within the 2-year period immediately preceding the announcement date, to the fair market value per share of such class or series on the first day in such 2-year period on which the interested shareholder acquired any shares of such class or series; and
d. If applicable, the highest preferential amount, if any, per share to which the holders of such class or series are entitled in the event of any voluntary or involuntary dissolution of the corporation.
2. The consideration to be received by holders of outstanding shares shall be in cash or in the same form as the interested shareholder has previously paid for shares of the same class or series, and if the interested shareholder has paid for shares with varying forms of consideration, the form of the consideration shall be either cash or the form used to acquire the largest number of shares of such class or series previously acquired by the interested shareholder.
3. During such portion of the 3-year period preceding the announcement date that such interested shareholder has been an interested shareholder, except as approved by a majority of the disinterested directors:
a. There shall have been no failure to declare and pay at the regular date therefor any full periodic dividends, whether or not cumulative, on any outstanding shares of the corporation;
b. There shall have been:
(I) No reduction in the annual rate of dividends paid on any class or series of voting shares, except as necessary to reflect any subdivision of the class or series; and
(II) An increase in such annual rate of dividends as necessary to reflect any reclassification, including any reverse stock split, recapitalization, reorganization, or similar transaction which has the effect of reducing the number of outstanding shares of the class or series; and
c. Such interested shareholder shall not have become the beneficial owner of any additional voting shares except as part of the transaction which results in such interested shareholder becoming an interested shareholder.
4. During such portion of the 3-year period preceding the announcement date that such interested shareholder has been an interested shareholder, except as approved by a majority of the disinterested directors, such interested shareholder shall not have received the benefit, directly or indirectly (except proportionately as a shareholder), of any loans, advances, guaranties, pledges, or other financial assistance or any tax credits or other tax advantages provided by the corporation, whether in anticipation of or in connection with such affiliated transaction or otherwise.
5. Except as otherwise approved by a majority of the disinterested directors, a proxy or information statement describing the affiliated transaction and complying with the requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder has been mailed to holders of voting shares of the corporation at least 25 days before the consummation of such affiliated transaction, whether or not such proxy or information statement is required to be mailed pursuant to the Exchange Act or such rules or regulations.
(5) The provisions of this section do not apply:
(a) To any corporation the original articles of incorporation of which contain a provision expressly electing not to be governed by this section;
(b) To any corporation which adopted an amendment to its articles of incorporation prior to July 1, 2018, expressly electing not to be governed by this section, provided that such amendment does not apply to any affiliated transaction of the corporation with an interested shareholder whose determination date is on or prior to the effective date of such amendment;
(c) To any corporation which adopts an amendment to its articles of incorporation or bylaws, approved by the affirmative vote of the holders, other than interested shareholders and their affiliates and associates, of a majority of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation, excluding the voting shares of interested shareholders and their affiliates and associates, expressly electing not to be governed by this section, provided that such amendment to the articles of incorporation or bylaws shall not be effective until 18 months after such vote of the corporation’s shareholders and shall not apply to any affiliated transaction of the corporation with an interested shareholder whose determination date is on or prior to the effective date of such amendment; or
(d) To any affiliated transaction of the corporation with an interested shareholder of the corporation which became an interested shareholder inadvertently, if such interested shareholder, as soon as practicable, divests itself of a sufficient amount of the voting shares of the corporation so that it no longer is the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation, and would not at any time within the 3-year period preceding the announcement date with respect to such affiliated transaction have been an interested shareholder but for such inadvertent acquisition.
(6) Any corporation that elected not to be governed by this section, either through a provision in its original articles of incorporation or through an amendment to its articles of incorporation or bylaws may elect to be bound by the provisions of this section by adopting an amendment to its articles of incorporation or bylaws that repeals the original article or the amendment. In addition to any requirements of this chapter, or the articles of incorporation or bylaws of the corporation, any such amendment shall be approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of two-thirds of the voting shares other than shares beneficially owned by any interested shareholder.
History.—s. 94, ch. 89-154; s. 26, ch. 93-281; s. 116, ch. 2019-90; s. 25, ch. 2020-32.