reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-723. - Lessor's rights to residual interest.

In addition to any other recovery permitted by this article or other law, a lessor may recover from a lessee an amount that will fully compensate the lessor for any loss of or damage to the lessor's residual interest in the goods caused by the lessee's default.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 76.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-724. - Lessee's remedies in general; lessee's security interest in rejected goods.

(a) If the lessor fails to deliver the goods in conformity to the lease contract or repudiates the contract, or a lessee rightfully rejects the goods or justifiably revokes acceptance of the goods, with respect to any goods involved and with respect to all of the goods if under an installment lease contract the value of the whole lease contract is substantially impaired, the lessor is in default under the lease contract, and the lessee may do one or more of the following:
(1) Cancel the lease contract under section 42a-2A-709;
(2) Recover so much of the rent and security as has been paid and is just under the circumstances;
(3) Cover and obtain damages under section 42a-2A-734;
(4) Recover damages for nondelivery under section 42a-2A-735;
(5) If an acceptance of goods has not been justifiably revoked, recover damages for default with regard to accepted goods under section 42a-2A-736;
(6) Enforce a security interest under subsection (d) of this section;
(7) Recover identified goods under section 42a-2A-737;
(8) Obtain specific performance under section 42a-2A-708;
(9) Recover incidental and consequential damages under sections 42a-2A-706 and 42a-2A-707;
(10) Recover liquidated damages under section 42a-2A-710;
(11) Enforce limited remedies under section 42a-2A-711;
(12) Recover damages under section 42a-2A-705; or
(13) Exercise any other rights or pursue any other remedy provided in the lease contract.
(b) If the lessor is otherwise in default under a lease contract, the lessee may exercise the rights and pursue the remedies provided in the lease agreement, which may include a right to cancel the lease, and the rights and remedies under subsection (a) of section 42a-2A-736.
(c) If a lessor has breached a warranty, whether express or implied, the lessee may recover damages under subsection (b) of section 42a-2A-736.
(d) On rightful rejection or justifiable revocation of acceptance, a lessee has a security interest in goods in the lessee's possession or control for any rent and security that has been paid and any expenses reasonably incurred in their inspection, receipt, transportation, care and custody. In such case, the lessee may hold the goods and dispose of them in good faith and in a commercially reasonable manner. The disposition is subject to subsections (d) and (e) of section 42a-2A-720.
(e) Subject to section 42a-2A-607, a lessee, on so notifying the lessor, may deduct all or any part of the damages resulting from any default under the lease contract from any part of the rent still due under the same contract.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 77.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-725. - Lessee's rights on nonconforming delivery; rightful rejection.

(a) Subject to sections 42a-2A-710, 42a-2A-711 and 42a-2A-726, if the goods or the tender or delivery fail in any respect to conform to the lease contract, the lessee may:
(1) Reject the whole;
(2) Accept the whole; or
(3) Accept any commercial unit or units and reject the rest.
(b) Rejection of goods must be within a reasonable time after their delivery or tender and is not effective unless the lessee notifies the lessor within a reasonable time.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 78.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-726. - Installment lease contract: Default.

(a) In this section, “installment lease contract” means a lease contract in which the terms require or the circumstances permit the delivery of goods in separate lots to be separately accepted, even if the lease agreement requires payment other than in installments or contains a term stating “Each delivery is a separate lease”, or words of similar import.
(b) In an installment lease contract, the lessee may reject any nonconforming installment of delivery of goods if the nonconformity of the goods substantially impairs the value of such installment to the buyer.
(c) If a nonconformity or default with respect to one or more installments in an installment lease contract is a substantial impairment of the value to the aggrieved party of the whole lease contract, there is a breach of the whole lease contract and the aggrieved party may reject any nonconforming unaccepted installment and cancel the installment lease contract. If the aggrieved party accepts a nonconforming installment without seasonably giving notice of cancellation, brings an action with respect only to past installments or demands performance as to future installments, the installment lease contract has not been canceled.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 79.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-727. - Merchant lessee's duties; lessee's options as to salvage.

(a) Subject to a lessee's security interest under subsection (d) of section 42a-2A-724, if the lessor or supplier does not have an agent or place of business at the market where the goods were rejected or acceptance was revoked, a merchant lessee, after an effective rejection or justifiable revocation of acceptance of goods in the lessee's possession or control, shall follow any reasonable instructions received from the lessor or supplier with respect to the goods. In the absence of such instructions, a merchant lessee shall make a reasonable effort to sell, lease or otherwise dispose of the goods for the lessor's account if the goods threaten to decline speedily in value. In the case of a rightful rejection or justifiable revocation of acceptance, instructions are not reasonable if, on demand, indemnity for expenses is not forthcoming.
(b) In the case of a rightful rejection or justifiable revocation of acceptance:
(1) A merchant lessee that sells or leases goods under subsection (a) of this section is entitled to reimbursement from the lessor or supplier, or out of the proceeds, for the reasonable expenses of caring for and disposing of the goods.
(2) If the expenses under subdivision (1) of this subsection do not include a disposition commission, the lessee is entitled to a commission usual in the trade or, if there is none, to a reasonable sum not exceeding ten per cent of the gross proceeds.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (a) of this section, after an effective rejection or a justifiable revocation of acceptance, a lessee may store the rejected goods for the account of the lessor or supplier, reship them to the lessor or supplier, or resell them for the account of the lessor or supplier, with reimbursement in the case of a rightful rejection or a justifiable revocation of acceptance as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
(d) In complying with this section or section 42a-2A-728, the lessee shall act in good faith. Conduct in good faith under this section does not constitute acceptance or conversion and may not be the basis of a claim for damages.
(e) A person that purchases in good faith from a lessee under this section or section 42a-2A-728 takes the goods free of any rights of the lessor and the supplier, even if the lessee fails to comply with the requirements of this article.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 80.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-728. - Lessee's duties as to rightfully rejected goods.

(a) Subject to subsection (d) of section 42a-2A-724 and section 42a-2A-727, after an effective rejection or justifiable revocation of acceptance, a lessee in physical possession of the goods shall hold the goods with reasonable care at the lessor's or supplier's disposition for a sufficient time to permit the lessor or supplier to remove them. However, the lessee has no further obligation with regard to goods rightfully rejected or to which an acceptance has been justifiably revoked.
(b) An action by the lessee under subsection (a) of this section is not acceptance or conversion.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 81.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-729. - Cure.

(a) If a lessee rightfully rejects goods or a tender of delivery under section 42a-2A-725 or justifiably revokes an acceptance under section 42a-2A-733 and the agreed time for performance has not expired, the lessor or supplier, upon seasonable notice to the buyer and at the lessor's or supplier's own expense, may cure any default by making a conforming tender of delivery within the agreed time. The lessor is obligated to compensate the lessee for all of the lessee's reasonable and necessary expenses caused by the nonconforming tender and subsequent cure.
(b) If a lessee rightfully rejects goods or a tender of delivery under section 42a-2A-725 or justifiably revokes acceptance under section 42a-2A-733 and the agreed time for performance has expired, the lessor or supplier, upon seasonable notice to the lessee and at the lessor's or supplier's own expense, may cure a default, if the cure is appropriate and timely under the circumstances, by making a tender of conforming goods. The lessor or supplier is obligated to compensate the lessee for all of the lessee's reasonable and necessary expenses caused by the nonconforming tender and subsequent cure.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 82.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-730. - What constitutes acceptance of goods.

(a) Goods are accepted when the lessee:
(1) After a reasonable opportunity to inspect the goods, signifies to the lessor or the supplier that the goods conform or will be taken or retained in spite of their nonconformity;
(2) After a reasonable opportunity to inspect the goods, fails to make an effective rejection; or
(3) Does any act inconsistent with the interest of the lessor or supplier in the goods or inconsistent with the lessor's claim of rejection or revocation of acceptance and the act is ratified by the lessor or supplier as an acceptance.
(b) Acceptance of a part of a commercial unit is acceptance of the entire unit.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 83.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-731. - Waiver of default; particularization of nonconformity.

A lessee is precluded from relying on a nonconforming performance as follows:
(1) The lessee's failure to state, in connection with a rejection under section 42a-2A-725, a particular nonconformity that is ascertainable by reasonable inspection precludes reliance on the unstated nonconformity to justify rejection or to establish default if:
(A) The lessor, upon a seasonable particularization, had a right to cure under section 42a-2A-729 and would have cured the nonconformity; or
(B) Between merchants, the lessor or the supplier after rejection has made a request in a record for a full and final statement in a record of all nonconformities on which the lessee proposes to rely.
(2) The lessee's failure to state, in connection with a revocation of acceptance under section 42a-2A-733, the nonconformity that justifies the revocation precludes the lessee from relying on the nonconformity to justify the revocation or to establish default if the lessor had a right to cure the default under section 42a-2A-729 and could have cured the breach.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 84.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-732. - Effect of acceptance; notice of default; burden of establishing default after acceptance; notice of claim or litigation to person answerable over.

(a) A lessee shall pay rent in accordance with the lease contract for any goods accepted.
(b) Acceptance of goods by a lessee precludes rejection of the goods accepted but does not by itself impair any other remedy provided by this article or the lease agreement for nonconformity.
(c) If a tender of delivery has been accepted, the following rules apply:
(1) The lessee, or a person entitled to enforce a warranty or warranty obligation, shall notify the party claimed against within a reasonable time after the default or breach of warranty was discovered or should have been discovered. However, a failure to give timely notice bars the lessee from a remedy only to the extent that the party entitled to notice establishes that the party was prejudiced by the failure.
(2) Except in the case of a consumer lease, if a claim for infringement or the like is made against a lessee for which a lessor or supplier is answerable over and the lessee is sued as a result of such claim, the lessee shall notify the lessor or supplier within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the litigation or be barred from any remedy over for liability established by the litigation.
(d) A lessee has the burden of establishing a default with respect to goods accepted. A person entitled to enforce a warranty obligation under section 42a-2A-508 has the burden of establishing that the warranty was breached.
(e) In a claim for breach of a warranty, indemnity or other obligation against the lessee for which another party is answerable over, the following rules apply:
(1) The lessee may give notice of the litigation to the other party in a record, and the person notified may then give similar notice of the litigation to any other person that is answerable over. If the notice invites the person notified to intervene in the litigation and defend and states that failure to do so will bind the person notified in any action later brought by the lessor as to any determination of fact common to the two actions, the person notified is so bound, unless, after seasonable receipt of the notice, the person notified intervenes in the litigation and defends.
(2) If the claim is one for infringement or the like, the original lessor or supplier may demand in a record that its lessee turn over control of the litigation, including settlement, or otherwise be barred from any remedy over. If the lessor or supplier also agrees to bear all expense and to satisfy any adverse judgment, the lessee is so barred unless, after seasonable receipt of the demand, control is turned over to the lessor or supplier.
(f) Subsections (c), (d) and (e) of this section apply to an obligation of a lessee to hold the lessor or the supplier harmless against infringement or the like.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 85.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-733. - Revocation of acceptance of goods.

(a) A lessee may revoke acceptance of a lot or commercial unit whose nonconformity substantially impairs its value to the lessee if the lot or unit was accepted:
(1) Except in the case of a finance lease, on the reasonable assumption that its nonconformity would be cured and the nonconformity has not been seasonably cured; or
(2) Without discovery of its nonconformity if acceptance was reasonably induced either by the lessor's assurances or, except in the case of a finance lease, by the difficulty of discovery before acceptance.
(b) Except in the case of a finance lease that is not a consumer lease, a lessee may revoke acceptance of a lot or commercial unit if the lessor defaults under the lease contract and the default substantially impairs the value of such lot or commercial unit to the lessee.
(c) If the lease agreement so provides, the lessee may revoke acceptance of a lot or commercial unit because of other defaults by the lessor.
(d) A lessee's acceptance must be revoked under subsections (a) and (b) of this section within a reasonable time after the lessee discovers or should have discovered the grounds for it and before any substantial change in condition of the goods which is not caused by their own defects. The revocation is not effective until the lessee notifies the lessor of the revocation.
(e) A lessee that justifiably revokes acceptance has the same rights and duties under sections 42a-2A-727 and 42a-2A-728 with regard to the goods involved as if the goods had been rejected.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 86.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-734. - Cover; lessee's acquisition of substitute goods.

(a) Upon a default by a lessor under the lease contract of the type described in subsection (a) of section 42a-2A-724 or, if agreed, upon other default by the lessor, the lessee may cover by making in good faith and without unreasonable delay any purchase or lease of, or contract to purchase or lease, comparable goods to substitute for those due from the lessor.
(b) Except as otherwise provided with respect to damages liquidated in the lease agreement or determined by agreement of the parties, if a lessee's cover is by a lease contract substantially similar to the original lease contract and the new lease contract is made in good faith and in a commercially reasonable manner, a lessee that covers in the manner required by subsection (a) of this section may recover damages measured by the present value, as of the date of the commencement of the period of the new lease contract, of the rent under the new lease contract applicable to that part of the new lease period which is comparable to the then remaining period of the original lease contract minus the present value as of the same date of the total rent for the then remaining lease period of the original lease contract together with any incidental or consequential damages, less expenses avoided as a result of the lessor's default.
(c) If a lessee's cover is by a lease agreement that for any reason does not qualify for treatment under subsection (b) of this section, or is by purchase or otherwise, the lessee may recover from the lessor as if the lessee had elected not to cover, and section 42a-2A-735 governs.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 87.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-735. - Lessee's damages for nondelivery, repudiation, default and breach of warranty in regard to accepted goods.

(a) Except as otherwise provided with respect to damages liquidated in the lease agreement or otherwise determined by agreement of the parties, if a lessee elects not to cover or a lessee elects to cover and the cover is by lease agreement that for any reason does not qualify for treatment under section 42a-2A-734, or is by purchase or otherwise, the measure of damages for nondelivery or repudiation by the lessor or for rejection or revocation of acceptance by the lessee is the present value, as of the date of the default, of the then market rent minus the present value as of the same date of the original rent, computed for the remaining period of the original lease agreement, together with incidental and consequential damages, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessor's default.
(b) Market rent is determined as of the place for tender or, in cases of rejection after arrival or revocation of acceptance, as of the place of arrival.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 88.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-736. - Lessee's damages for default regarding accepted goods.

(a) Except as otherwise agreed, a lessee that has accepted goods and not justifiably revoked acceptance and has given notice pursuant to subsection (c) of section 42a-2A-732 may recover as damages for any nonconforming tender or other default by a lessor the loss resulting in the ordinary course of events from the lessor's default as determined in any reasonable manner.
(b) Except as otherwise agreed, a measure of damages for breach of a warranty of quality is the present value at the time and place of acceptance of the difference between the value of the use of the goods accepted and the value if the goods had been as warranted for the lease period, unless special circumstances show proximate damages of a different amount.
(c) A lessee may also recover incidental and consequential damages.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 89.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2A - Leases › Section 42a-2A-737. - Prepaying lessee's right to goods.

(a) A lessee that pays all or a part of the rent or security for goods identified to the lease contract, whether or not the goods have been shipped, on making and keeping good a tender of any unpaid portion of the rent and security due under the lease contract, has a right to recover the goods from the lessor if the lessor repudiates or fails to deliver as required by the lease contract.
(b) A lessee may recover from the lessor by replevin, detinue, sequestration, claim and delivery, or the like, goods identified to the lease contract if, after reasonable efforts, the lessee is unable to effect cover for the goods or the circumstances reasonably indicate that an effort to obtain cover would be unavailing.
(c) If the requirements of subsection (a) or (b) of this section are satisfied, the lessor's right vests upon identification of the goods to the lease contract even if the lessor has not then repudiated the lease contract or failed to deliver as required by the lease contract.
(P.A. 02-131, S. 90.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-101. - Short title: Uniform Commercial Code–Negotiable Instruments.

This article may be cited as “Uniform Commercial Code–Negotiable Instruments”.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-101; P.A. 91-304, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 91-304 changed title of article from “Commercial Paper” to “Negotiable Instruments”.
Cited. 189 C. 591; 208 C. 248.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-102. - Subject matter.

(a) This article applies to negotiable instruments. It does not apply to money, to payment orders governed by article 4A, or to securities governed by article 8.
(b) If there is conflict between this article and article 4 or 9, articles 4 and 9 govern.
(c) Regulations of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection and operating circulars of the federal reserve banks supersede any inconsistent provision of this article to the extent of the inconsistency.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-102; P.A. 91-304, S. 2; P.A. 11-110, S. 14.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re definitions applicable to article with provisions re subject matter of article, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-103, revised to 1991, and provisions re federal preemption; P.A. 11-110 amended Subsec. (c) to add reference to Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, effective July 21, 2011.
See Secs. 42a-3-103, 42a-3-104(b) and 42a-3-105(b) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-102, revised to 1991, re definitions.
Cited. 225 C. 367; 240 C. 10.
Cited. 5 CA 366.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-105. - Issue of instrument.

(a) “Issue” means the first delivery of an instrument by the maker or drawer, whether to a holder or nonholder, for the purpose of giving rights on the instrument to any person.
(b) An unissued instrument, or an unissued incomplete instrument that is completed, is binding on the maker or drawer, but nonissuance is a defense. An instrument that is conditionally issued or is issued for a special purpose is binding on the maker or drawer, but failure of the condition or special purpose to be fulfilled is a defense.
(c) “Issuer” applies to issued and unissued instruments and means a maker or drawer of an instrument.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-105; 1963, P.A. 526, S. 3; P.A. 91-304, S. 5.)
History: 1963 act specified that promise or order is not made conditional by fact that instrument refers to a separate agreement for rights as to prepayment or acceleration in Subdiv. (c); P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re unconditional promise or order with provisions re issue of an instrument.
See Sec. 42a-3-106(a) and (b)(ii) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-105, revised to 1991, re unconditional promise or order.
Cited. 149 C. 159.
Notes nonnegotiable because “subject to a subordination agreement dated October 13, 1965” were each transferable or assignable and each was property subject of separate count in one pleading by plaintiff holder upon the default of defendant payor. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 28.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-106. - Unconditional promise or order.

(a) Except as provided in this section, for the purposes of section 42a-3-104(a), a promise or order is unconditional unless it states (i) an express condition to payment, (ii) that the promise or order is subject to or governed by another writing, or (iii) that rights or obligations with respect to the promise or order are stated in another writing. A reference to another writing does not of itself make the promise or order conditional.
(b) A promise or order is not made conditional (i) by a reference to another writing for a statement of rights with respect to collateral, prepayment, or acceleration, or (ii) because payment is limited to resort to a particular fund or source.
(c) If a promise or order requires, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by a person whose specimen signature appears on the promise or order, the condition does not make the promise or order conditional for the purposes of section 42a-3-104(a). If the person whose specimen signature appears on an instrument fails to countersign the instrument, the failure to countersign is a defense to the obligation of the issuer, but the failure does not prevent a transferee of the instrument from becoming a holder of the instrument.
(d) If a promise or order at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder contains a statement, required by applicable statutory or administrative law, to the effect that the rights of a holder or transferee are subject to claims or defenses that the issuer could assert against the original payee, the promise or order is not thereby made conditional for the purposes of section 42a-3-104(a); but if the promise or order is an instrument, there cannot be a holder in due course of the instrument.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-106; 1961, P.A. 116, S. 2; P.A. 91-304, S. 6.)
History: 1961 act added Subsec. (1)(f); P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re sum certain with provisions re unconditional promise or order, a restatement in part of Sec. 42a-3-105, revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-3-104(a) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-106, revised to 1991, re sum certain.
Cited. 221 C. 530.
An unconditional promise or order to pay is not rendered conditional by a modification agreement that is not referenced in the original note. 170 CA 642.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-107. - Instrument payable in foreign money.

Unless the instrument otherwise provides, an instrument that states the amount payable in foreign money may be paid in the foreign money or in an equivalent amount in dollars calculated by using the current bank-offered spot rate at the place of payment for the purchase of dollars on the day on which the instrument is paid.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-107; P.A. 91-304, S. 7.)
History: P.A. 91-304 deleted provision re when an instrument is payable in money, deleted provision that an instrument payable in “currency” or “current funds” is payable in money, and revised provisions re instruments payable in foreign money and conversion rates.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-108. - Payable on demand or at definite time.

(a) A promise or order is “payable on demand” if it (i) states that it is payable on demand or at sight, or otherwise indicates that it is payable at the will of the holder, or (ii) does not state any time of payment.
(b) A promise or order is “payable at a definite time” if it is payable on elapse of a definite period of time after sight or acceptance or at a fixed date or dates or at a time or times readily ascertainable at the time the promise or order is issued, subject to rights of (i) prepayment, (ii) acceleration, (iii) extension at the option of the holder, or (iv) extension to a further definite time at the option of the maker or acceptor or automatically upon or after a specified act or event.
(c) If an instrument, payable at a fixed date, is also payable upon demand made before the fixed date, the instrument is payable on demand until the fixed date and, if demand for payment is not made before that date, becomes payable at a definite time on the fixed date.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-108; P.A. 91-304, S. 8.)
History: P.A. 91-304 designated former provisions as Subsec. (a) and amended said Subsec. to replace “Instruments” with “A promise or order” and revise provisions re when a promise or order is payable on demand, added Subsec. (b) re when a promise or order is payable at a definite time, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-109(1), revised to 1991, and added Subsec. (c) re an instrument payable at a fixed date and upon demand before said date.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-109. - Payable to bearer or to order.

(a) A promise or order is payable to bearer if it:
(1) States that it is payable to bearer or to the order of bearer or otherwise indicates that the person in possession of the promise or order is entitled to payment;
(2) Does not state a payee; or
(3) States that it is payable to or to the order of cash or otherwise indicates that it is not payable to an identified person.
(b) A promise or order that is not payable to bearer is payable to order if it is payable (i) to the order of an identified person or (ii) to an identified person or order. A promise or order that is payable to order is payable to the identified person.
(c) An instrument payable to bearer may become payable to an identified person if it is specially endorsed pursuant to section 42a-3-205(a). An instrument payable to an identified person may become payable to bearer if it is endorsed in blank pursuant to section 42a-3-205(b).
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-109; P.A. 91-304, S. 9.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re when an instrument is payable at a definite time with provisions re when a promise or order is payable to bearer or to order, a restatement in part of provisions of Secs. 42a-3-110 and 42a-3-111, revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-3-108(b) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-109(1), revised to 1991, re instruments payable at a definite time.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-111. - Place of payment.

Except as otherwise provided for items in article 4, an instrument is payable at the place of payment stated in the instrument. If no place of payment is stated, an instrument is payable at the address of the drawee or maker stated in the instrument. If no address is stated, the place of payment is the place of business of the drawee or maker. If a drawee or maker has more than one place of business, the place of payment is any place of business of the drawee or maker chosen by the person entitled to enforce the instrument. If the drawee or maker has no place of business, the place of payment is the residence of the drawee or maker.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-111; P.A. 91-304, S. 11.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re when an instrument is payable to bearer with provisions re place of payment.
See Sec. 42a-3-109(a)(1) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-111(a) and (b), revised to 1991, re instruments payable to bearer or the order of bearer or to a specified person or bearer.
See Secs. 42a-3-109(a)(3) and 42a-3-205(b) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-111(c), revised to 1991, re instruments payable to cash or without a specific payee.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-112. - Interest.

(a) Unless otherwise provided in the instrument, (i) an instrument is not payable with interest, and (ii) interest on an interest-bearing instrument is payable from the date of the instrument.
(b) Interest may be stated in an instrument as a fixed or variable amount of money or it may be expressed as a fixed or variable rate or rates. The amount or rate of interest may be stated or described in the instrument in any manner and may require reference to information not contained in the instrument. If an instrument provides for interest, but the amount of interest payable cannot be ascertained from the description, interest is payable at the judgment rate in effect at the place of payment of the instrument and at the time interest first accrues.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-112; 1963, P.A. 526, S. 4; P.A. 91-304, S. 12.)
History: 1963 act reworded Subsec. (1)(b) for clarity; P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re terms and omissions not affecting the negotiability of an instrument with provisions re interest.
See Secs. 42a-3-104(a)(3) and 42a-3-311 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-112(1), revised to 1991, re terms and conditions not affecting negotiability.
Cited. 149 C. 159; 202 C. 277.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-113. - Date of instrument.

(a) An instrument may be antedated or postdated. The date stated determines the time of payment if the instrument is payable at a fixed period after date. Except as provided in section 42a-4-401(c), an instrument payable on demand is not payable before the date of the instrument.
(b) If an instrument is undated, its date is the date of its issue or, in the case of an unissued instrument, the date it first comes into possession of a holder.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-113; P.A. 91-304, S. 13.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re instrument under seal with provisions re date of instrument, a restatement in part of Sec. 42a-3-114, revised to 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-114. - Contradictory terms of instrument.

If an instrument contains contradictory terms, typewritten terms prevail over printed terms, handwritten terms prevail over both, and words prevail over numbers.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-114; P.A. 91-304, S. 14.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re the date of an instrument with provisions re contradictory terms, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-118(b) and (c), revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-3-113(a) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-114(2), revised to 1991, re an antedated or postdated instrument.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-115. - Incomplete instrument.

(a) “Incomplete instrument” means a signed writing, whether or not issued by the signer, the contents of which show at the time of signing that it is incomplete but that the signer intended it to be completed by the addition of words or numbers.
(b) Subject to subsection (c), if an incomplete instrument is an instrument under section 42a-3-104, it may be enforced according to its terms if it is not completed, or according to its terms as augmented by completion. If an incomplete instrument is not an instrument under section 42a-3-104, but, after completion, the requirements of section 42a-3-104 are met, the instrument may be enforced according to its terms as augmented by completion.
(c) If words or numbers are added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer, there is an alteration of the incomplete instrument under section 42a-3-407.
(d) The burden of establishing that words or numbers were added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer is on the person asserting the lack of authority.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-115; P.A. 91-304, S. 15.)
History: P.A. 91-304 substantially revised section.
Cited. 156 C. 243. A promissory note remains a simple contract and is enforceable as such even though lacking an element essential for negotiability. 181 C. 207. Cited. 203 C. 394; 233 C. 304; 242 C. 17.
Where note, when completed, was ratified by two payments thereon by defendants, they could not raise defense of unauthorized completion by party to whom they negotiated the signed note. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 620. Defendant endorser who consented to insertions and alterations of checks is disqualified from attaching their validity and his liability thereon. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 405.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-116. - Joint and several liability. Contribution.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in the instrument, two or more persons who have the same liability on an instrument as makers, drawers, acceptors, endorsers who endorse as joint payees, or anomalous endorsers are jointly and severally liable in the capacity in which they sign.
(b) Except as provided in section 42a-3-419(e) or by agreement of the affected parties, a party having joint and several liability who pays the instrument is entitled to receive from any party having the same joint and several liability contribution in accordance with applicable law.
(c) Discharge of one party having joint and several liability by a person entitled to enforce the instrument does not affect the right under subsection (b) of a party having the same joint and several liability to receive contribution from the party discharged.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-116; P.A. 91-304, S. 16.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re instruments payable to two or more persons with provisions re joint and several liability and contribution.
See Sec. 42a-3-110(d) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-116, revised to 1991, re instruments payable to two or more persons.
Instrument payable to the order of two or more persons if not in the alternative is payable to all of them and may be negotiated, discharged or enforced only by all of them. 170 C. 691.
Cited. 34 CS 606; 40 CS 70.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-117. - Other agreements affecting instrument.

Subject to applicable law regarding exclusion of proof of contemporaneous or previous agreements, the obligation of a party to an instrument to pay the instrument may be modified, supplemented, or nullified by a separate agreement of the obligor and a person entitled to enforce the instrument, if the instrument is issued or the obligation is incurred in reliance on the agreement or as part of the same transaction giving rise to the agreement. To the extent an obligation is modified, supplemented, or nullified by an agreement under this section, the agreement is a defense to the obligation.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-117; P.A. 91-304, S. 17.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re instruments payable with words of description with provisions re other agreements affecting an instrument, a restatement in part of Sec. 42a-3-119, revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-3-110(c)(2) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-117, revised to 1991, re instruments payable with words of description.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-119. - Notice of right to defend action.

In an action for breach of an obligation for which a third person is answerable over pursuant to this article or article 4, the defendant may give the third person written notice of the litigation, and the person notified may then give similar notice to any other person who is answerable over. If the notice states (i) that the person notified may come in and defend and (ii) that failure to do so will bind the person notified in an action later brought by the person giving the notice as to any determination of fact common to the two litigations, the person notified is so bound unless after seasonable receipt of the notice the person notified does come in and defend.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-119; P.A. 91-304, S. 19.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re other written agreements affecting an instrument with provisions re notice of the right to defend an action, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-803, revised to 1991.
See Secs. 42a-3-106(a) and (b) and 42a-3-117 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-119, revised to 1991, re other written agreements affecting an instrument.
Cited. 215 C. 355.
Cited. 33 CS 183.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-120 to 42a-3-122. - Instruments “payable through” bank. Instruments payable at bank. Accrual of cause of action.

Sections 42a-3-120 to 42a-3-122, inclusive, are repealed.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-120–3-122; 1961, P.A. 116, S. 3; P.A. 91-304, S. 112.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-201. - Negotiation.

(a) “Negotiation” means a transfer of possession, whether voluntary or involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person who thereby becomes its holder.
(b) Except for negotiation by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an identified person, negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument and its endorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, it may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-201; P.A. 91-304, S. 20.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re transfer of an instrument with provisions re negotiation of an instrument, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-202(1), revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-3-203(b) and (c) and Sec. 42a-3-204(c) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-201, revised to 1991, re transfer of an instrument and right to endorsement.
Cited. 202 C. 277.
Cited. 35 CA 326.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-202. - Negotiation subject to rescission.

(a) Negotiation is effective even if obtained (i) from an infant, a corporation exceeding its powers, or a person without capacity, (ii) by fraud, duress, or mistake, or (iii) in breach of duty or as part of an illegal transaction.
(b) To the extent permitted by other law, negotiation may be rescinded or may be subject to other remedies, but those remedies may not be asserted against a subsequent holder in due course or a person paying the instrument in good faith and without knowledge of facts that are a basis for rescission or other remedy.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-202; P.A. 91-304, S. 21.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re negotiation and endorsement with provisions re negotiation subject to rescission, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-207, revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-3-201(a), 42a-3-203(d) and 42a-3-204(a) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-202, revised to 1991, re negotiation and endorsement.
Cited. 35 CA 326.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-203. - Transfer of an instrument. Rights acquired by transfer.

(a) An instrument is transferred when it is delivered by a person other than its issuer for the purpose of giving to the person receiving delivery the right to enforce the instrument.
(b) Transfer of an instrument, whether or not the transfer is a negotiation, vests in the transferee any right of the transferor to enforce the instrument, including any right as a holder in due course, but the transferee cannot acquire rights of a holder in due course by a transfer, directly or indirectly, from a holder in due course if the transferee engaged in fraud or illegality affecting the instrument.
(c) Unless otherwise agreed, if an instrument is transferred for value and the transferee does not become a holder because of lack of endorsement by the transferor, the transferee has a specifically enforceable right to the unqualified endorsement of the transferor, but negotiation of the instrument does not occur until the endorsement is made.
(d) If a transferor purports to transfer less than the entire instrument, negotiation of the instrument does not occur. The transferee obtains no rights under this article and has only the rights of a partial assignee.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-203; P.A. 91-304, S. 22.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re instruments with wrong or misspelled names with provisions re transfer of an instrument and rights acquired by a transferee.
See Sec. 42a-3-204(d) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-203, revised to 1991, re instruments with wrong or misspelled names.
Cited. 240 C. 10. Loan servicer for owner and holder of a note and mortgage had standing in its own right to institute a foreclosure action against mortgagor as a transferee of the holder's rights. 309 C. 307.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-204. - Endorsement.

(a) “Endorsement” means a signature, other than that of a signer as maker, drawer, or acceptor, that alone or accompanied by other words is made on an instrument for the purpose of (i) negotiating the instrument, (ii) restricting payment of the instrument, or (iii) incurring endorser's liability on the instrument, but regardless of the intent of the signer, a signature and its accompanying words is an endorsement unless the accompanying words, terms of the instrument, place of the signature, or other circumstances unambiguously indicate that the signature was made for a purpose other than endorsement. For the purpose of determining whether a signature is made on an instrument, a paper affixed to the instrument is a part of the instrument.
(b) “Endorser” means a person who makes an endorsement.
(c) For the purpose of determining whether the transferee of an instrument is a holder, an endorsement that transfers a security interest in the instrument is effective as an unqualified endorsement of the instrument.
(d) If an instrument is payable to a holder under a name that is not the name of the holder, endorsement may be made by the holder in the name stated in the instrument or in the holder's name or both, but signature in both names may be required by a person paying or taking the instrument for value or collection.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-204; P.A. 91-304, S. 23.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re special and blank endorsements with provisions re endorsement.
See Sec. 42a-3-205 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-204, revised to 1991, re special and blank endorsements.
A stamped signature on a note that meets signature requirements under Sec. 42a-3-401(b) constitutes an endorsement under section, as it is a signature made for the purpose of negotiating the instrument. 197 CA 129.