2023 Colorado Revised Statutes › Title 18 - CRIMINAL CODE (§§ 18-1-101 — 18-26-102) › Article 5 - OFFENSES INVOLVING FRAUD (§§ 18-5-101 — 18-5-905) › Part 2 - FRAUD IN OBTAINING PROPERTY OR SERVICES (§§ 18-5-201 — 18-5-211) › Section 18-5-205 - Fraud by check - definitions - penalties

(1)
As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a)
"Check" means a written, unconditional order to pay a sum certain in money, drawn on a bank, payable on demand, and signed by the drawer. "Check", for the purposes of this section only, also includes a negotiable order of withdrawal and a share draft.
(b)
"Drawee" means the bank upon which a check is drawn or a bank, savings and loan association, or credit union on which a negotiable order of withdrawal or a share draft is drawn.
(c)
"Drawer" means a person, either real or fictitious, whose name appears on a check as the primary obligor, whether the actual signature be that of himself or of a person authorized to draw the check on himself.
(d)
"Insufficient funds" means a drawer has insufficient funds with the drawee to pay a check when the drawer has no checking account, negotiable order of withdrawal account, or share draft account with the drawee or has funds in such an account with the drawee in an amount less than the amount of the check plus the amount of all other checks outstanding at the time of issuance; and a check dishonored for "no account" shall also be deemed to be dishonored for "insufficient funds".
(e)
"Issue". A person issues a check when he makes, draws, delivers, or passes it or causes it to be made, drawn, delivered, or passed.
(f)
"Negotiable order of withdrawal" and "share draft" mean negotiable or transferable instruments drawn on a negotiable order of withdrawal account or a share draft account, as the case may be, for the purpose of making payments to third persons or otherwise.
(g)
"Negotiable order of withdrawal account" means an account in a bank or savings and loan association and "share draft account" means an account in a credit union, on which payment of interest or dividends may be made on a deposit with respect to which the bank or savings and loan association or the credit union, as the case may be, may require the depositor to give notice of an intended withdrawal not less than thirty days before the withdrawal is made, even though in practice such notice is not required and the depositor is allowed to make withdrawal by negotiable order of withdrawal or share draft.
(2)
Any person, knowing he has insufficient funds with the drawee, who, with intent to defraud, issues a check for the payment of services, wages, salary, commissions, labor, rent, money, property, or other thing of value, commits fraud by check.
(3)
Fraud by check is:
(a)
(Deleted by amendment, L. 2007, p. 1693, § 8, effective July 1, 2007.)
(a.5)
Repealed.
(a.7)
A petty offense if the fraudulent check was for less than three hundred dollars or if the offender is convicted of fraud by check involving the issuance of two or more checks within a sixty-day period in the state of Colorado totaling less than three hundred dollars in the aggregate;
(b)
A class 2 misdemeanor if the fraudulent check was for the sum of three hundred dollars or more but less than one thousand dollars or if the offender is convicted of fraud by check involving the issuance of two or more checks within a sixty-day period in the state of Colorado totaling three hundred dollars or more but less than one thousand dollars in the aggregate;
(b.5)
(Deleted by amendment, L. 2014.)
(c)
A class 1 misdemeanor if the fraudulent check was for the sum of one thousand dollars or more but less than two thousand dollars or if the offender is convicted of fraud by check involving the issuance of two or more checks within a sixty-day period in the state of Colorado totaling one thousand dollars or more but less than two thousand dollars in the aggregate;
(d)
A class 6 felony if the fraudulent check was for the sum of two thousand dollars or more but less than five thousand dollars or if the offender is convicted of fraud by check involving the issuance of two or more checks within a sixty-day period in the state of Colorado totaling two thousand dollars or more but less than five thousand dollars in the aggregate;
(e)
A class 5 felony if the fraudulent check was for the sum of five thousand dollars or more but less than twenty thousand dollars or if the offender is convicted of fraud by check involving the issuance of two or more checks within a sixty-day period in the state of Colorado totaling five thousand dollars or more but less than twenty thousand dollars;
(f)
A class 4 felony if the fraudulent check was for the sum of twenty thousand dollars or more but less than one hundred thousand dollars or if the offender is convicted of fraud by check involving the issuance of two or more checks within a sixty- day period in the state of Colorado totaling twenty thousand dollars or more but less than one hundred thousand dollars;
(g)
A class 3 felony if the fraudulent check was for the sum of one hundred thousand dollars or more but less than one million dollars or if the offender is convicted of fraud by check involving the issuance of two or more checks within a sixty- day period in the state of Colorado totaling one hundred thousand dollars or more but less than one million dollars;
(h)
A class 2 felony if the fraudulent check was for the sum of one million dollars or more or if the offender is convicted of fraud by check involving the issuance of two or more checks within a sixty-day period in the state of Colorado totaling one million dollars or more; and
(i)
A class 6 felony if the fraudulent check was drawn on an account which did not exist or which has been closed for a period of thirty days or more prior to the issuance of said check.
(4)
Any person having acquired rights with respect to a check which is not paid because the drawer has insufficient funds shall have standing to file a complaint under this section, whether or not he is the payee, holder, or bearer of the check.
(5)
Any person who opens a checking account, negotiable order of withdrawal account, or share draft account using false identification or an assumed name for the purpose of issuing fraudulent checks commits a class 2 misdemeanor.
(6)
If deferred prosecution is ordered, the court as a condition of supervision shall require the defendant to make restitution on all checks issued by the defendant that are unpaid as of the date of commencement of the supervision in addition to other terms and conditions appropriate for the treatment or rehabilitation of the defendant.
(7)
A bank, savings and loan association, or credit union is not civilly or criminally liable for releasing information relating to the drawer's account to a sheriff, deputy sheriff, undersheriff, police officer, agent of the Colorado bureau of investigation, division of gaming investigator, division of lottery investigator, parks and outdoor recreation officer, Colorado wildlife officer, district attorney, assistant district attorney, deputy district attorney, or authorized investigator for a district attorney or the attorney general investigating or prosecuting a charge under this section.
(8)
This section does not relieve the prosecution from the necessity of establishing the required culpable mental state. However, for purposes of this section, the issuer's knowledge of insufficient funds is presumed, except in the case of a postdated check or order, if:
(a)
He has no account upon which the check or order is drawn with the bank or other drawee at the time he issues the check or order; or
(b)
He has insufficient funds upon deposit with the bank or other drawee to pay the check or order, on presentation within thirty days after issue.
(9)
Restitution for offenses described in this section may be collected as a condition of pretrial diversion by a district attorney, an employee of a district attorney's office, or a person under contract with a district attorney's office. Such collection is governed by the provisions of article
18.5
of title
16
, C.R.S., and is not the collection of a debt.
Amended by 2021 Ch. 462, § 235, eff. 3/1/2022.
Amended by 2014 Ch. 155, § 2, eff. 8/6/2014.
Amended by 2013 Ch. 282, § 65, eff. 7/1/2013.
L. 71: R&RE, p. 438, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-5-205. L. 72: p. 281, § 2. L. 75: (3) amended, p. 619, § 13, effective July 21. L. 77: (1), (2), (3)(b), (3)(c), and (5) R&RE and (3)(d) added, pp. 979, 980, §§ 1, 2, effective June 2. L. 80: (1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(d), (5), and (7) amended and (1)(f) and (1)(g) added, p. 539, § 1, effective April 13. L. 81: (3)(a), (3)(b), and (3)(c) amended and (8) added, p. 993, §§ 1, 2, effective July 1. L. 84: (3)(b) and (3)(c) amended, p. 538, § 12, effective 7/1/1985. L. 89: (3)(c) and (3)(d) amended, p. 834, § 55, effective July 1. L. 92: (3) amended, p. 435, § 6, effective April 10. L. 93: (3) amended, p. 971, § 1, effective July 1. L. 94: (7) amended, p. 1719, § 13, effective July 1. L. 98: (3)(b) and (3)(c) amended, p. 1438, § 15, effective July 1; (3)(b) and (3)(c) amended, p. 796, § 6, effective July 1. L. 2000: (6) amended, p. 1050, § 17, effective September 1. L. 2002: (9) added, p. 760, § 7, effective July 1. L. 2003: (7) amended, p. 1632, § 77, effective August 6. L. 2007: (3)(a), (3)(b), and (3)(c) amended and (3)(b.5) added, p. 1693, § 8, effective July 1. L. 2013: (1)(b), (1)(g), and (7) amended, (SB 13-154), ch. 1487, p. 1487, § 65, effective July 1. L. 2014: (3) amended, (HB 14-1266), ch. 535, p. 535, § 2, effective August 6. L. 2021: (3)(a.7), (3)(b), (3)(c), (3)(d), and (3)(e) amended and (3)(f), (3)(g), (3)(h), and (3)(i) added, (SB 21-271), ch. 3183, p. 3183, § 235, effective 3/1/2022; (3)(a.5)(II) added by revision, (SB 21-271), ch. 462, pp. 3183, 3331, §§ 235, 803.
Section 803(2) of chapter 462 (SB 21-271), Session Laws of Colorado 2021, provides that the act changing this section applies to offenses committed on or after March 1, 2022.
2021 Ch. 462, was passed without a safety clause. See Colo. Const. art. V, § 1(3).
(1) For issuance of a bad check, see § 18-5-512 . (2) For the legislative declaration contained in the 2007 act amending subsections (3)(a), (3)(b), and (3)(c) and enacting subsection (3)(b.5), see section 1 of chapter 384, Session Laws of Colorado 2007.