reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-463. - Child as party.

Except as provided in sections 46b-129, 46b-129a and 46b-172a, a minor child is a permissive party but not a necessary party to a proceeding under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 11.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-464. - Public access to proceedings and documents filed with court.

(a) For proceedings in the Superior Court on family relations matters as described in section 46b-1, there shall be a presumption that courtroom proceedings shall be open to the public and that documents filed with the court shall be available to the public. Closure of the courtroom in family relations matters and the sealing of files and limited disclosure of documents in family relations matters shall be in accordance with the requirements prescribed in the Connecticut Practice Book.
(b) For proceedings in Juvenile Court, access to records is governed by section 46b-124.
(c) For proceedings in the Probate Court, members of the public may observe proceedings and may view court records, unless otherwise provided by law or directed by the court.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 12.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-465. - Dismissal for want of prosecution.

The court may dismiss a proceeding under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive, for want of prosecution only without prejudice. An order of dismissal for want of prosecution purportedly with prejudice is void and has only the effect of a dismissal without prejudice.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 13.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-466. - Order adjudicating parentage.

(a) An order adjudicating parentage shall identify the child in a manner provided by the law of this state other than sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, the court may assess filing fees, reasonable attorney's fees, fees for genetic testing, other costs and necessary travel and other reasonable expenses incurred in a proceeding under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive. Attorney's fees awarded under this subsection may be paid directly to the attorney, and the attorney may enforce the order in the attorney's own name.
(c) The court may not assess fees, costs or expenses in a proceeding under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive, against a child support agency of this state or another state, except as provided by the law of this state other than sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive.
(d) In a proceeding under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive, a copy of a bill for genetic testing or prenatal or postnatal health care for the person who gave birth to the child or for the child, provided to the adverse party not later than ten days before the date of a hearing, is admissible to establish: (1) The amount of the charge billed; and (2) that the charge is reasonable and necessary.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 14.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-467. - Court authority to order name of child changed.

On request of a party and for good cause, the court in a proceeding under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive, may order the name of the child changed. If the court order changing the child's name varies from the name on the child's birth certificate, the court shall order the Department of Public Health to issue an amended birth certificate.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 15.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-468. - Binding effect of determination of parentage.

(a) A party to an adjudication of parentage by a court acting under circumstances that satisfy the jurisdiction requirements of the applicable laws of this state, including the provisions of public act 21-15*, and any person who received notice of the proceeding are bound by the adjudication.
(b) In a proceeding for dissolution of marriage, annulment or legal separation, the court is deemed to have made an adjudication of parentage of a child if the court acts under circumstances that satisfy the jurisdictional requirements of the applicable laws of this state, including the provisions of public act 21-15*, and the final order: (1) Expressly identifies the child as a “child of the marriage” or “issue of the marriage” or includes similar words indicating that both spouses are parents of the child; or (2) provides for support of the child by a spouse unless that spouse's parentage is disclaimed specifically in the order.
(c) A determination of parentage may be asserted as a defense in a subsequent proceeding seeking to adjudicate parentage of a person who was not a party to the earlier proceeding.
(d) A party to an adjudication of parentage may challenge the adjudication only under the law of this state other than the provisions of sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive, relating to appeal, opening or setting aside judgments or other judicial review.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 16.)
*Note: Public act 21-15 is entitled “An Act Concerning Adoption and implementation of the Connecticut Parentage Act”. (See Reference Table captioned “Public Acts of 2021” in Volume 3 which lists the sections amended, created or repealed by this act.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-469. - Adjudicating parentage of child with adjudicated parent.

(a) If a child has an adjudicated parent, a proceeding to challenge the adjudication, brought by a person who was a party to the adjudication or received notice under section 46b-459, is governed by the Connecticut Practice Book and other provisions of the general statutes concerning the opening or setting aside of judgments.
(b) If a child has an adjudicated parent, the following rules apply to a proceeding to challenge the adjudication of parentage brought by a person, other than the child, who has standing under section 46b-458 and was not a party to the adjudication and did not receive notice under section 46b-459:
(1) The person shall commence the proceeding not later than two years after the effective date of the adjudication, unless the person did not know and could not reasonably have known of the person's potential parentage due to a material misrepresentation or concealment, in which case the proceeding shall be commenced not later than one year after the date of discovery of the person's potential parentage.
(2) The court may permit the proceeding only if the court finds permitting the proceeding is in the best interest of the child.
(3) If the court permits the proceeding, the court shall adjudicate parentage under section 46b-475.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 17.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-470. - Data privacy.

A proceeding under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive, is subject to the law of this state other than said sections, which govern the health, safety, privacy and liberty of a child or other person who could be affected by disclosure of information that could identify the child or other person, including address, telephone number, digital contact information, place of employment, Social Security number and the child's day care facility or school.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 18.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-471. - Establishment of parent-child relationship.

A parent-child relationship is established between a person and a child if:
(1) The person gives birth to the child, except as otherwise provided in sections 46b-521 to 46b-538, inclusive;
(2) There is a presumption under subdivision (1) or (2) of subsection (a) of section 46b-488 of the person's parentage of the child, unless the presumption is overcome in a judicial proceeding;
(3) There is a presumption under subdivision (3) of subsection (a) of section 46b-488, and the person is adjudicated a parent of the child or acknowledges parentage of the child under sections 46b-476 to 46b-487, inclusive;
(4) The person is adjudicated a parent of the child under section 46b-490;
(5) The person is adjudicated a parent of the child under sections 46b-495 to 46b-505, inclusive;
(6) The person adopts the child;
(7) The person acknowledges parentage of the child under sections 46b-476 to 46b-487, inclusive, unless the acknowledgment is rescinded under section 46b-482 or successfully challenged under section 46b-483;
(8) The person's parentage of the child is established under sections 46b-509 to 46b-517, inclusive;
(9) The person's parentage of the child is established under sections 46b-521 to 46b-538, inclusive; or
(10) The court is deemed to have made an adjudication of parentage pursuant to subsection (b) of section 46b-468.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 19.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-472. - No discrimination based on marital status or gender of parent or circumstance of birth of child.

A parent-child relationship extends equally to every child and parent, regardless of the marital status or gender of the parent or the circumstances of the birth of the child.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 20.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-473. - Consequences of establishing parentage.

Unless parental rights are terminated, a parent-child relationship established under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive, applies for all purposes.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 21.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-474. - Application of provisions to parent-child relationship.

To the extent practicable, a provision of sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive, applicable to a father-child relationship or applicable to a mother-child relationship shall apply to any parent-child relationship, regardless of the gender of the parent.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 22)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-475. - Adjudicating competing claims of parentage.

(a) Except as provided in public act 21-15*, in a proceeding to adjudicate competing claims of parentage of a child by two or more persons, the court shall adjudicate parentage in the best interest of the child, based on:
(1) The age of the child;
(2) The length of time during which each person assumed the role of parent of the child;
(3) The nature of the relationship between the child and each person;
(4) The harm to the child if the relationship between the child and each person is not recognized;
(5) The basis for each person's claim to parentage of the child;
(6) Other equitable factors arising from the disruption of the relationship between the child and each person, or the likelihood of other harm to the child; and
(7) Any other factor the court deems relevant to the child's best interests.
(b) If a person challenges parentage based on the results of genetic testing, in addition to the factors listed in subsection (a) of this section, the court shall consider:
(1) The facts surrounding the discovery that the person might not be a genetic parent of the child; and
(2) The length of time between the time that the person was placed on notice that the person might not be a genetic parent and the commencement of the proceeding.
(c) The court may adjudicate a child to have more than two parents under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive, if the court finds that failure to recognize more than two parents would be detrimental to the child. A finding of detriment to the child shall not require a finding of unfitness of any parent or person seeking an adjudication of parentage. In determining detriment to the child, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including the harm if the child is removed from a stable placement with a person who has fulfilled the child's physical needs and psychological needs for care and affection and has assumed the role for a substantial period.
(d) If a court has adjudicated a child to have more than two parents under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive, the law of this state other than public act 21-15* applies to determinations of legal and physical custody of, or visitation with, such child, and to obligations to support such child. The child support guidelines established pursuant to section 46b-215 shall not apply until such guidelines have been revised to address the circumstances when a child has more than two parents, and until such revision is effective, a court of competent jurisdiction shall consider the child support guidelines and the criteria for such awards established in sections 17b-179, 17b-745, 46b-84, 46b-86, 46b-130, 46b-171, 46b-172 and 46b-215 in making or modifying orders of support of the child.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 23.)
*Note: Public act 21-15 is entitled “An Act Concerning Adoption and Implementation of the Connecticut Parentage Act”. (See Reference Table captioned “Public Acts of 2021” in Volume 3 which lists the sections amended, created or repealed by the act.
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-476. - Acknowledgement of parentage.

A person who gave birth to a child and an alleged genetic parent of the child, a presumed parent under section 46b-488, or an intended parent under sections 46b-509 to 46b-517, inclusive, may sign an acknowledgment of parentage to establish the parentage of the child.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 24.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-478. - Rules for acknowledgment of parentage.

(a) An acknowledgment of parentage may be signed before or after the birth of the child, except that an acknowledgment signed by a presumed parent under subdivision (3) of subsection (a) of section 46b-488 may be signed only after the presumption is satisfied.
(b) An acknowledgment of parentage takes effect on the birth of the child or filing of the document with the Department of Public Health, whichever occurs later.
(c) An acknowledgment of parentage signed by a minor is valid if the acknowledgment complies with the provisions of sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 26.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-479. - Effect of acknowledgment of parentage.

Except as provided in section 46b-483, an acknowledgment of parentage that complies with sections 46b-476 to 46b-487, inclusive, and is filed with the Department of Public Health is equivalent to an adjudication by the Superior Court of parentage of the child and confers on the acknowledged parent all rights and duties of a parent.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 27.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-481. - Ratification barred.

A court conducting a judicial proceeding or an administrative agency conducting an administrative proceeding is not required or permitted to ratify an unchallenged acknowledgment of parentage.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 29.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-482. - Procedure for recission.

(a) A signatory may rescind an acknowledgment of parentage by filing with the Department of Public Health a rescission in a signed record that is attested by a notarial officer or witnessed, before the earlier of:
(1) Sixty days after the effective date of the acknowledgment under section 46b-478; or
(2) The date of the first hearing before a court in a proceeding, to which the signatory is a party, to adjudicate an issue relating to the child, including a proceeding that establishes support.
(b) If an acknowledgment of parentage is rescinded under subsection (a) of this section, the Department of Public Health shall notify the person who gave birth to the child that the acknowledgment has been rescinded. Failure to give the notice required by this subsection shall not affect the validity of the rescission.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 30.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-483. - Challenge after expiration period for recission. Procedure for challenge.

(a) After the period for rescission under section 46b-482 expires, an acknowledgment of parentage may be challenged only on the basis of fraud, duress or material mistake of fact which, in cases in which the acknowledgment has been signed by the birth parent and an alleged genetic parent, may include evidence that the alleged genetic parent is not the genetic parent. A party challenging an acknowledgment of parentage has the burden of proof.
(b) Every signatory to an acknowledgment of parentage shall be made a party to a proceeding to challenge the acknowledgment.
(c) By signing an acknowledgment of parentage, a signatory submits to personal jurisdiction in this state in a proceeding to challenge the acknowledgment, effective on the filing of the acknowledgment with the Department of Public Health.
(d) During the pendency of a challenge to the acknowledgment of parentage, any responsibilities, including the duty to pay child support, arising from the acknowledgment shall continue except for good cause shown.
(e) If the court or family support magistrate determines that the challenger has met the challenger's burden of proof under subsection (a) of this section, the acknowledgment of parentage shall be set aside only if such court or family support magistrate determines that doing so is in the best interest of the child, based on the relevant factors set forth in section 46b-475.
(f) If the court or family support magistrate determines that the requirements of subsections (a) and (e) of this section are satisfied, the court or family support magistrate shall order the Department of Public Health to amend the birth record of the child to reflect the legal parentage of the child.
(g) In cases involving a child who is or has been supported by the state, whenever the court or family support magistrate finds that the person challenging the acknowledgment of parentage is not a parent because such person has met the burden of proof under subsections (a) and (e) of this section, the Department of Social Services shall refund to such person any money paid by such person to the state during any period such child was supported by the state.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 31.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-484. - Full faith and credit.

This state shall give full faith and credit to an acknowledgment of parentage effective in another state if the acknowledgment was in a signed record and otherwise complies with the law of the other state.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 32.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-485. - Forms for acknowledgment of parentage.

(a) The Department of Public Health shall prescribe forms for an acknowledgment of parentage. Such forms shall include the minimum requirements specified by the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, contained in 45 CFR 303.5, as amended from time to time, and shall be in compliance with the provisions of public act 21-15*. Any acknowledgment or rescission executed in accordance with this subsection shall be filed in the parentage registry established and maintained by the Department of Public Health under section 19a-42a.
(b) A valid acknowledgment of parentage is not affected by a later modification of the form under subsection (a) of this section.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 33.)
*Note: Public act 21-15 is entitled “An Act Concerning Adoption and Implementation of the Connecticut Parentage Act”. (See Reference Table captioned “Public Acts of 2021” in Volume 3 which lists the sections amended, created or repealed by the act.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-486. - Release of information.

The Department of Public Health may release information relating to an acknowledgment of parentage to a signatory of the acknowledgment, the child if such child is eighteen years of age or older, a guardian of the person whose parentage is acknowledged, an attorney representing a person to whom such information may be released, a court, a federal agency, an authorized representative of the Department of Social Services, the child support agency of this state, any agency acting under a cooperative or purchase of service agreement with the child support agency of this state, and the child support agency of another state.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 34)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-487. - Adoption of regulations.

The Commissioner of Public Health may adopt regulations in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54 to implement the provisions of sections 46b-476 to 46b-486, inclusive.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 35.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-491. - (Note: This section is effective July 1, 2022.) Commencement of court proceeding to adjudicate claim of de facto parentage of child.

(a) A proceeding to establish parentage of a child under this section may be commenced only by a person who: (1) Is alive when the proceeding is commenced; and (2) claims to be a de facto parent of the child.
(b) A person seeking to be adjudicated a de facto parent of a child shall file a petition with the court before the child reaches eighteen years of age. The child is required to be alive at the time of the filing. The petition shall include a verified affidavit alleging facts to support the existence of a de facto parent relationship with the child. The petition and affidavit shall be served on all parents and legal guardians of the child and any other party to the proceeding.
(c) An adverse party, parent or legal guardian may file a pleading and verified affidavit in response to the petition that shall be served on all parties to the proceeding.
(d) The court shall determine on the basis of the pleadings and affidavits whether the person seeking to be adjudicated a de facto parent has presented prima facie evidence of the criteria for de facto parentage as provided in subsection (a) of section 46b-490 and, therefore, has standing to proceed with a parentage action. The court, in its sole discretion, may hold a hearing to determine disputed facts that are necessary and material to the issue of standing.
(e) If the child for whom the person is seeking to be adjudicated a de facto parent has two parents at the time the petition is filed and there is litigation pending between the parents at the time the petition is filed regarding custody or visitation with respect to the child, a parent may use evidence that the de facto parent action is being brought to interfere improperly in the pending litigation in order to show that allowing the action to proceed would not be in the child's best interests. Based on such evidence, the court may determine that allowing the de facto parent petition to proceed would not be in the best interests of the child and may dismiss the petition without prejudice.
(f) The court may enter an interim order concerning contact between the child and a person with standing seeking adjudication under this section and section 46b-490 as a de facto parent of the child.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 39.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective July 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-495. - Genetic testing. Definitions.

As used in sections 46b-495 to 46b-505, inclusive:
(1) “Combined relationship index” means the product of all tested relationship indices.
(2) “Ethnic or racial group” means, for the purpose of genetic testing, a recognized group that a person identifies as the person's ancestry or part of the ancestry or that is identified by other information.
(3) “Hypothesized genetic relationship” means an asserted genetic relationship between a person and a child.
(4) “Probability of parentage” means, for the ethnic or racial group to which a person alleged to be a parent belongs, the probability that a hypothesized genetic relationship is supported, compared to the probability that a genetic relationship is supported between the child and a random person of the ethnic or racial group used in the hypothesized genetic relationship, expressed as a percentage incorporating the combined relationship index and a prior probability.
(5) “Relationship index” means a likelihood ratio that compares the probability of a genetic marker given a hypothesized genetic relationship and the probability of the genetic marker given a genetic relationship between the child and a random person of the ethnic or racial group used in the hypothesized genetic relationship.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 40.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-496. - Scope and limitations of genetic testing.

(a) Sections 46b-495 to 46b-505, inclusive, govern genetic testing of a person in a proceeding to adjudicate parentage, whether the person: (1) Voluntarily submits to testing; or (2) is tested under an order of the court or a child support agency.
(b) Genetic testing may not be used: (1) To challenge the parentage of a person who is a parent under sections 46b-509 to 46b-538, inclusive; or (2) to establish the parentage of a person who is a donor.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 41.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-497. - Authority to order or deny genetic testing.

(a) Except as provided in sections 46b-495 to 46b-505, inclusive, in any proceeding under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive, to adjudicate parentage, the court or a family support magistrate shall order the child and any other person to submit to genetic testing if a request for testing is supported by the sworn statement of a party:
(1) Alleging a reasonable possibility that the person is the child's genetic parent; or
(2) Denying genetic parentage of the child.
(b) A child support agency shall require genetic testing only if there is no presumed, acknowledged or adjudicated parent of a child other than the person who gave birth to the child.
(c) The court, a family support magistrate or child support agency may not order in utero genetic testing.
(d) If two or more persons are subject to court-ordered genetic testing, the court may order that testing be completed concurrently or sequentially.
(e) Genetic testing of a person who gave birth to a child is not a condition precedent to testing of the child and a person whose genetic parentage of the child is being determined. If the person is unavailable or declines to submit to genetic testing, the court may order genetic testing of the child and each person whose genetic parentage of the child is being adjudicated.
(f) In a proceeding to adjudicate the parentage of a child having a presumed parent or a person who claims to be a parent under section 46b-490, the court may deny a motion for genetic testing of the child and any other person after considering the factors set forth in subsections (a) and (b) of section 46b-475.
(g) If a person requesting genetic testing is barred under section 46b-469, 46b-483, 46b-489, 46b-503 or 46b-510 from establishing the person's parentage, the court shall deny the request for genetic testing.
(h) A default judgment may be ordered against a person who refuses to submit to court-mandated genetic testing under this section and in accordance with subsection (g) of section 46b-160.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 42.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-498. - Requirements for genetic testing.

(a) Genetic testing shall be of a type reasonably relied on by experts in the field of genetic testing and performed in a testing laboratory accredited by:
(1) The AABB, formerly known as the American Association of Blood Banks, or a successor to its functions; or
(2) An accrediting body designated by the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
(b) A specimen used in genetic testing may consist of a sample or a combination of samples of blood, buccal cells, bone, hair or other body tissue or fluid. The specimen used in the testing need not be of the same kind for each person undergoing genetic testing.
(c) Based on the ethnic or racial group of a person undergoing genetic testing, a testing laboratory shall determine the databases from which to select frequencies for use in calculating a relationship index. If a person or a child support agency objects to the laboratory's choice, the following rules apply:
(1) Not later than thirty days after the date of receipt of the report of the test, the objecting person or child support agency may request the court to require the laboratory to recalculate the relationship index using an ethnic or racial group different from that used by the laboratory.
(2) The person or the child support agency objecting to the laboratory's choice under this subsection shall: (A) If the requested frequencies are not available to the laboratory for the ethnic or racial group requested, provide the requested frequencies compiled in a manner recognized by accrediting bodies; or (B) engage another laboratory to perform the calculations.
(3) The laboratory may use its own statistical estimate if there is a question which ethnic or racial group is appropriate. The laboratory shall calculate the frequencies using statistics, if available, for any other ethnic or racial group requested.
(d) If, after recalculation of the relationship index under subsection (c) of this section using a different ethnic or racial group, genetic testing under section 46b-500 shall not identify a person as a genetic parent of a child, the court may require a person who has been tested to submit to additional genetic testing to identify a genetic parent.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 43.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-499. - Report of genetic testing.

(a) A report of genetic testing shall be in a record and signed under penalty of perjury by a designee of the testing laboratory. A report complying with the requirements of sections 46b-495 to 46b-505, inclusive, is self-authenticating.
(b) Documentation from a testing laboratory of the following information is sufficient to establish a reliable chain of custody and allow the results of genetic testing to be admissible without testimony:
(1) The name and photograph of each person whose specimen has been taken;
(2) The name of the person who collected each specimen;
(3) The place and date each specimen was collected;
(4) The name of the person who received each specimen in the testing laboratory; and
(5) The date each specimen was received.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 44.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-500. - Challenge to genetic testing results.

(a) Subject to a challenge under subsection (b) of this section, a person is identified under sections 46b-495 to 46b-505, inclusive, as a genetic parent of a child if genetic testing complies with said sections and the results of the testing disclose: (1) The person has not less than a ninety-nine per cent probability of parentage, using a prior probability of 0.50, as calculated by using the combined relationship index obtained in the testing; and (2) a combined relationship index of not less than one hundred to one.
(b) A person identified under subsection (a) of this section as a genetic parent of the child may challenge the genetic testing results only by other genetic testing satisfying the requirements of sections 46b-495 to 46b-505, inclusive, that:
(1) Excludes the person as a genetic parent of the child; or
(2) Identifies another person as a possible genetic parent of the child other than: (A) The person who gave birth to the child; or (B) the person identified under subsection (a) of this section.
(c) If more than one person other than the person who gave birth is identified by genetic testing as a possible genetic parent of the child, the court shall order each person to submit to further genetic testing to identify a genetic parent.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 45.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-501. - Cost of genetic testing.

Payment of the cost of initial genetic testing shall be made in accordance with sections 46b-168 and 46b-168a.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 46.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-502. - Additional genetic testing.

The court or the Office of Child Support Services of the Department of Social Services may require additional genetic testing on request of a person who contests the result of the initial testing under section 46b-500, provided if the initial genetic testing under said section identified a person as a genetic parent of the child, then no such additional testing shall be provided unless the person who contests the result of the initial testing pays in advance for the additional genetic testing.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 47.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-503. - Adjudicating parentage of child with alleged genetic parent.

(a) If in a proceeding to determine whether an alleged genetic parent who is not a presumed parent is a parent of a child and the person who gave birth to the child is the only other person with a claim to parentage of the child, the court shall adjudicate an alleged genetic parent to be a parent of the child if the alleged genetic parent:
(1) Is identified under section 46b-500 as a genetic parent of the child and the identification is not successfully challenged under said section;
(2) Admits parentage in a pleading, when making an appearance, or during a hearing, the court accepts the admission, and the court determines the alleged genetic parent to be a parent of the child;
(3) Declines to submit to genetic testing ordered by the court or a child support agency, in which case the court may adjudicate the alleged genetic parent to be a parent of the child even if the alleged genetic parent denies a genetic relationship with the child;
(4) Is in default after service of process and the court determines the alleged genetic parent to be a parent of the child; or
(5) Is neither identified nor excluded as a genetic parent by genetic testing and, based on other evidence, the court determines the alleged genetic parent to be a parent of the child.
(b) Subject to the limitations set forth in sections 46b-495 to 46b-505, inclusive, if, in a proceeding involving an alleged genetic parent, at least one other person in addition to the person who gave birth to the child has a claim to parentage of the child, the court shall adjudicate parentage under section 46b-475.
(c) If in a proceeding involving an alleged genetic parent, another person other than the person who gave birth is a parent of the child, the alleged genetic parent can seek a determination that such person is the child's parent under section 46b-475, in addition to the existing parents. An adjudication of parentage under this subsection that the alleged genetic parent is a parent shall not disestablish the parentage of any other parent.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 48.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-504. - Confidentiality of genetic testing.

(a) Release of a report of genetic testing for parentage is controlled by the law of this state other than sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive.
(b) A person who intentionally releases an identifiable specimen of another person collected for genetic testing under sections 46b-497 to 46b-512, inclusive, for a purpose not relevant to a proceeding regarding parentage, without a court order or written permission of the person who furnished the specimen, shall be fined not more than two hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than six months, or both.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 49.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-505. - Admissibility of results of genetic testing.

(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of section 46b-496, the court shall admit a report of genetic testing ordered by the court under section 46b-497 as evidence of the truth of the facts asserted in the report.
(b) A party may object to the admission of a report described in subsection (a) of this section, not later than fourteen days after the date on which the party receives the report. The party shall cite specific grounds for the objection to admission.
(c) A party that objects to the results of genetic testing may call a genetic-testing expert to testify in person or by another method approved by the court. Unless the court orders otherwise, the party offering the testimony bears the expense for the expert testifying.
(d) Admissibility of a report of genetic testing is not affected by whether the testing was performed: (1) Voluntarily or under an order of the court or a child support agency; or (2) before, on or after commencement of the proceeding.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 50.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-509. - Applicability.

Sections 46b-509 to 46b-517, inclusive, do not apply to the birth of a child conceived by sexual intercourse or assisted reproduction under a surrogacy agreement under sections 46b-521 to 46b-538, inclusive.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 51.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-510. - Parental status of donor.

A donor is not a parent of a child conceived by assisted reproduction by virtue of the donor's genetic connection. A donor may not establish the donor's parentage by signing an acknowledgment of parentage under sections 46b-476 to 46b-487, inclusive.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 52.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-511. - Parentage of child of assisted reproduction.

A person who consents under section 46b-512 to assisted reproduction by another person with the intent to be a parent of a child conceived by the assisted reproduction is a parent of the child.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 53.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-512. - Consent to assisted reproduction.

(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the consent described in section 46b-511 shall be in a record signed by a person giving birth to a child conceived by assisted reproduction and a person who intends to be a parent of the child.
(b) Failure to consent in a record as required by subsection (a) of this section, before, on or after the date of birth of the child, shall not preclude the court from finding consent to parentage if the person who gave birth or the person who intends to be a parent of the child proves by clear and convincing evidence the existence of an agreement that the person and the person giving birth intended they both would be parents of the child.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 54.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-513. - Limitation on spouse's dispute of parentage.

(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a person who, at the time of a child's birth, is the spouse of the person who gave birth to the child by assisted reproduction may not challenge the person's parentage of the child unless: (1) Not later than two years after the date of birth of the child, the person commences a proceeding to adjudicate the person's parentage of the child; and (2) the court finds the person did not consent to the assisted reproduction, before, on or after the date of birth of the child, or withdrew consent under section 46b-515.
(b) A proceeding to adjudicate a spouse's parentage of a child born by assisted reproduction may be commenced at any time if the court determines:
(1) The spouse neither provided a gamete for, nor consented to, the assisted reproduction;
(2) The spouse and the person who gave birth to the child have not cohabited since the probable time of assisted reproduction; and
(3) The spouse never openly held out the child as the spouse's child.
(c) This section shall apply to a spouse's dispute of parentage even if the spouse's marriage is declared invalid after assisted reproduction occurs.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 55.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-514. - Effect of certain legal proceedings regarding marriage.

If a marriage of a person who gives birth to a child conceived by assisted reproduction is terminated through dissolution of marriage or annulment, or is subject to legal separation, before transfer of gametes or embryos to the person giving birth, a former spouse of the person giving birth is not a parent of the child unless the former spouse consented in a record that the former spouse would be a parent of the child if assisted reproduction were to occur after a dissolution of marriage, annulment or legal separation, and the former spouse did not withdraw consent under section 46b-515.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 56.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-515. - Withdrawal of consent.

(a) A person who consents under section 46b-512 to assisted reproduction may withdraw consent at any time before a transfer that results in a pregnancy, by giving notice in a record of the withdrawal of consent to the person who agreed to give birth to a child conceived by assisted reproduction and to any clinic or health care provider facilitating the assisted reproduction. Failure to give notice to the clinic or health care provider shall not affect a determination of parentage under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive.
(b) A person who withdraws consent under subsection (a) of this section is not a parent of the child under sections 46b-509 to 46b-517, inclusive.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 57.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-516. - Parental status of deceased person.

(a) If a person who intends to be a parent of a child conceived by assisted reproduction dies during the period between the transfer of a gamete or embryo and the birth of the child, the person's death shall not preclude the establishment of the person's parentage of the child if the person otherwise would be a parent of the child under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553, inclusive.
(b) If a person who consented in a record to assisted reproduction by a person who agreed to give birth to a child dies before a transfer of gametes or embryos, the deceased person is a parent of a child conceived by the assisted reproduction only if:
(1) The person executed a written document that: (A) Specifically set forth that the person's gametes may be used for posthumous conception of a child, (B) specifically provided the person who agreed to give birth with authority to exercise custody, control and use of the gametes in the event of the person's death, and (C) was signed and dated by the person and the person who agreed to give birth; and
(2) The embryo is in utero not later than one year after the date of the person's death.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 58.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 46b - Family Law › Chapter 818 - Connecticut Parentage Act › Section 46b-517. - Assisted reproduction: Order of parentage.

(a) A party consenting to assisted reproduction, a person who is a parent pursuant to sections 46b-511 to 46b-513, inclusive, an intended parent or parents or the person giving birth may commence a proceeding to obtain an order:
(1) Declaring that the intended parent or parents are the parent or parents of the resulting child immediately upon birth of the child and ordering that parental rights and responsibilities vest exclusively in the intended parent or parents immediately upon the birth of the child; and
(2) Designating the contents of the birth certificate and directing the Department of Public Health to designate the intended parent or parents as the parent or parents of the resulting child.
(b) A proceeding under this section may be commenced before or after the date of birth of the child, though an order issued before the birth of the resulting child does not take effect unless and until the birth of the resulting child. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit the court's authority to issue other orders under any other provision of the general statutes.
(c) Neither the state nor the Department of Public Health shall be a necessary party to a proceeding under this section.
(P.A. 21-15, S. 59.)
History: P.A. 21-15 effective January 1, 2022.