reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571bb. - Discrimination on account of membership in armed forces re access to any place of public accommodation, resort or amusement. Penalty.

(a) No person may deny any individual within the jurisdiction of this state full and equal accommodations in any place of public accommodation, resort or amusement because of such individual's membership in the armed forces of the state, as defined in section 27-2, or the armed forces, as defined in section 27-103, or on account of the wearing of the uniform of any such armed forces, subject only to the conditions and limitations established by law and applicable alike to all persons.
(b) Any person who violates any provision of this section shall be guilty of a class D misdemeanor.
(P.A. 07-128, S. 2; P.A. 12-80, S. 99.)
History: P.A. 12-80 amended Subsec. (b) to replace penalty of a fine of not less than $25 or more than $100 or imprisonment of not more than 30 days or both with a class D misdemeanor.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571c. - Action for damages resulting from intimidation based on bigotry or bias.

(a) Any person injured in person or property as a result of an act that constitutes a violation of section 53a-181j, 53a-181k or 53a-181l may bring a civil action against the person who committed such act to recover damages for such injury.
(b) In any civil action brought under this section in which the plaintiff prevails, the court shall award treble damages and may, in its discretion, award equitable relief and a reasonable attorney's fee.
(c) No action shall be brought under this section but within three years from the date of the act complained of.
(P.A. 95-112; P.A. 00-72, S. 9.)
History: P.A. 00-72 amended Subsec. (a) to replace reference to “section 53a-181b” with reference to “section 53a-181j, 53a-181k or 53a-181
l
”.
Subsec. (b):
Trial court properly determined that extent of plaintiff's monetary recovery is not the determinative factor in exercise of its discretion to award reasonable attorney's fee; in determining reasonable attorney's fee, court may also consider whether plaintiff has prevailed on a significant legal issue and whether the legal action accomplished a public policy goal. 277 C. 319.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571e. - Action for damages resulting from actions of agent of surety on a bond.

Any person other than the principal on the bond injured in person or property by the actions of an agent of a surety on a bond in a criminal proceeding in taking or attempting to take into custody the principal on the bond, may bring a civil action for damages in the Superior Court against such agent and the court may award such injured person treble damages, together with costs and a reasonable attorney's fee.
(P.A. 97-287, S. 13.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571f. - Strict liability of person who illegally transfers a firearm.

Any person who sells, delivers or otherwise transfers a firearm, as defined in section 53a-3, to a person knowing that such other person is prohibited from possessing such firearm shall be strictly liable for damages for the injury or death of another person resulting from the use of such firearm by any person.
(P.A. 99-212, S. 8.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571g. - Strict liability of person who fails to securely store a firearm.

Any person whose act or omission constitutes a violation of section 29-37i shall be strictly liable for damages when a minor or, a resident of the premises who is ineligible to possess a firearm under state or federal law or who poses a risk of imminent personal injury to himself or herself or to other individuals, obtains a firearm, as defined in section 53a-3, and causes the injury or death of such minor, resident or any other person. For the purposes of this section, “minor” means any person under the age of eighteen years.
(P.A. 99-212, S. 9; P.A. 13-3, S. 55; P.A. 19-5, S. 2.)
History: P.A. 13-3 made section applicable to injury or death caused by resident of premises who obtains firearm while ineligible to possess firearm or while posing a risk of imminent personal injury to self or others; P.A. 19-5 redefined “minor”.
See Sec. 53a-217a re criminally negligent storage of firearm.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571h. - Action for damages resulting from identity theft.

(a) Any person aggrieved by an act constituting a violation of section 53a-129a of the general statutes, revision of 1958, revised to January 1, 2003, or section 53a-129b, 53a-129c, 53a-129d or 53a-129e may bring a civil action in the Superior Court for damages against the person who committed the violation.
(b) In any civil action brought under this section in which the plaintiff prevails, the court shall award the greater of one thousand dollars or treble damages, together with costs and a reasonable attorney's fee. Damages shall include, but need not be limited to, documented lost wages and any financial loss suffered by the plaintiff as a result of identity theft, as defined in section 53a-129a, 53a-129b, or 53a-129c. The court may award other remedies provided by law, including, but not limited to, the costs of providing not less than two years of commercially available identity theft monitoring and protection for such individual.
(c) No action under this section shall be brought but within three years from the date when the violation is discovered or in the exercise of reasonable care should have been discovered.
(P.A. 00-46; P.A. 03-156, S. 11; P.A. 09-239, S. 7.)
History: P.A. 03-156 amended Subsec. (a) to replace “a violation of section 53a-129a” with “a violation of section 53a-129a of the general statutes, revision of 1958, revised to January 1, 2003, or section 53a-129b, 53a-129c or 53a-129d” and added new Subsec. (c) barring an action unless brought within two years from the date when the violation is discovered or in the exercise of reasonable care should have been discovered; P.A. 09-239 amended Subsec. (a) by adding reference to Sec. 53a-129e, amended Subsec. (b) by specifying that damages shall include documented lost wages and financial loss suffered by plaintiff as result of identity theft and by giving court discretion to award other remedies provided by law, and amended Subsec. (c) to require action to be brought within 3 years, rather than 2 years.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571i. - Action for damages resulting from trafficking in persons.

Any person aggrieved by a violation of section 53a-192a may bring a civil action in the superior court for the judicial district where such person resides or the judicial district of Hartford against the person or persons who committed such violation to recover actual damages, statutory damages of not more than one thousand dollars for each day such person was coerced by another person in violation of section 53a-192a and a reasonable attorney's fee.
(P.A. 06-43, S. 4.)
History: P.A. 06-43 effective July 1, 2006.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571j. - Action for interference with a person taking still or video images of police officer in the performance of duty.

(a) For the purposes of this section, “peace officer” has the same meaning as provided in section 53a-3, except “peace officer” does not include a special agent of the federal government or a member of a law enforcement unit of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe or the Mohegan Tribe of Indians of Connecticut.
(b) An employer of a peace officer who interferes with any person taking a photographic or digital still or video image of such peace officer or another peace officer acting in the performance of such peace officer's duties shall be liable to such person in an action at law, suit in equity or other proper proceeding for redress.
(c) An employer of a peace officer shall not be liable under subsection (b) of this section if the peace officer had reasonable grounds to believe that the peace officer was interfering with the taking of such image in order to (1) lawfully enforce a criminal law of this state or a municipal ordinance, (2) protect the public safety, (3) preserve the integrity of a crime scene or criminal investigation, (4) safeguard the privacy interests of any person, including a victim of a crime, or (5) lawfully enforce court rules and policies of the Judicial Branch with respect to taking a photograph, videotaping or otherwise recording an image in facilities of the Judicial Branch.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 15-4, S. 9.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571l. - Action for damages resulting from stalking in the second degree by disclosing another person's personally identifying information by means of electronic communication.

(a) Any person aggrieved by a violation of subdivision (3) of subsection (b) of section 53a-181d may bring a civil action in the superior court for the judicial district where such person resides or the judicial district of Hartford against (1) the person or persons who committed such violation, or (2) any person who knowingly benefitted, financially or by receiving anything of value, from participation in activity that such person knew or should have known involved an act in violation of said subdivision, to recover damages and other appropriate relief, including reasonable attorney's fee. The court, on motion of a party, may issue a temporary or permanent injunction in such civil action to prevent the disclosure or continued disclosure of a party's personally identifying information, as defined in section 53a-181d.
(b) An individual who is found liable under this section shall be jointly and severally liable with each other person, if any, who is found liable under this section for damages arising from the same violation.
(c) No action shall be brought under this section but within three years from the date of the act complained of.
(P.A. 21-56, S. 4.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571m. - Action to recover damages for judgment entered against a person where liability is based on alleged provision, receipt or assistance in provision or receipt of reproductive health care services. Definitions. Exceptions.

(a) As used in this section:
(1) “Reproductive health care services” includes all medical, surgical, counseling or referral services relating to the human reproductive system, including, but not limited to, services relating to pregnancy, contraception or the termination of a pregnancy and all medical care relating to treatment of gender dysphoria; and
(2) “Person” includes an individual, a partnership, an association, a limited liability company or a corporation.
(b) When any person has had a judgment entered against such person, in any state, where liability, in whole or in part, is based on the alleged provision, receipt, assistance in receipt or provision, material support for, or any theory of vicarious, joint, several or conspiracy liability derived therefrom, for reproductive health care services that are permitted under the laws of this state, such person may recover damages from any party that brought the action leading to that judgment or has sought to enforce that judgment. Recoverable damages shall include: (1) Just damages created by the action that led to that judgment, including, but not limited to, money damages in the amount of the judgment in that other state and costs, expenses and reasonable attorney's fees spent in defending the action that resulted in the entry of a judgment in another state; and (2) costs, expenses and reasonable attorney's fees incurred in bringing an action under this section as may be allowed by the court.
(c) The provisions of this section shall not apply to a judgment entered in another state that is based on: (1) An action founded in tort, contract or statute, and for which a similar claim would exist under the laws of this state, brought by the patient who received the reproductive health care services upon which the original lawsuit was based or the patient's authorized legal representative, for damages suffered by the patient or damages derived from an individual's loss of consortium of the patient; (2) an action founded in contract, and for which a similar claim would exist under the laws of this state, brought or sought to be enforced by a party with a contractual relationship with the person that is the subject of the judgment entered in another state; or (3) an action where no part of the acts that formed the basis for liability occurred in this state.
(P.A. 22-19, S. 1; 22-118, S. 195.)
History: P.A. 22-19 effective July 1 2022; P.A. 22-118 amended Subsec. (a)(1) to redefine “reproductive health care services”, effective July 1, 2022.
See Sec. 54-155a prohibiting use of public resources in furtherance of an interstate investigation or proceeding concerning the provision, seeking or receipt of or assistance with reproductive health services.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571n. - Action to recover damages for judgment entered against a person where liability is based on alleged provision, receipt or assistance in provision or receipt of gender-affirming health care services or reproductive health care services. Definitions. Exceptions.

(a) As used in this section:
(1) “Gender-affirming health care services” means all medical care relating to the treatment of gender dysphoria;
(2) “Reproductive health care services” includes all medical, surgical, counseling or referral services relating to the human reproductive system, including, but not limited to, services relating to pregnancy, contraception or the termination of a pregnancy; and
(3) “Person” includes an individual, a partnership, an association, a limited liability company or a corporation.
(b) When any person has had a judgment entered against such person, in any state, where liability, in whole or in part, is based on the alleged provision, receipt, assistance in receipt or provision, material support for, or any theory of vicarious, joint, several or conspiracy liability derived therefrom, for reproductive health care services and gender-affirming health care services that are permitted under the laws of this state, such person may recover damages from any party that brought the action leading to that judgment or has sought to enforce that judgment. Recoverable damages shall include: (1) Just damages created by the action that led to that judgment, including, but not limited to, money damages in the amount of the judgment in that other state and costs, expenses and reasonable attorney's fees spent in defending the action that resulted in the entry of a judgment in another state; and (2) costs, expenses and reasonable attorney's fees incurred in bringing an action under this section as may be allowed by the court.
(c) The provisions of this section shall not apply to a judgment entered in another state that is based on: (1) An action founded in tort, contract or statute, and for which a similar claim would exist under the laws of this state, brought by the patient who received the reproductive health care services or gender-affirming health care services upon which the original lawsuit was based or the patient's authorized legal representative, for damages suffered by the patient or damages derived from an individual's loss of consortium of the patient; (2) an action founded in contract, and for which a similar claim would exist under the laws of this state, brought or sought to be enforced by a party with a contractual relationship with the person that is the subject of the judgment entered in another state; or (3) an action where no part of the acts that formed the basis for liability occurred in this state.
(P.A. 22-118, S. 484.)
History: P.A. 22-118 effective July 1, 2022.
See Sec. 54-155b prohibiting use of public resources in furtherance of an interstate investigation or proceeding concerning the provision, seeking or receipt of or assistance with reproductive health services or gender-affirming health care services.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572a. - Release by injured person voidable if obtained within fifteen days.

(a) No person, firm or corporation whose interest is adverse to that of a person receiving personal injuries as a result of a tortious act may negotiate any contract, written or oral, or any settlement to release such person, firm or corporation from liability, within fifteen days from the date of the tortious act.
(b) Any contract, settlement or release obtained in violation of this section shall be voidable at the option of the releasor upon restoration of the consideration.
(1959, P.A. 494; P.A. 82-160, S. 237.)
History: P.A. 82-160 made minor change in wording and divided section into Subsecs.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572b. - Alienation of affections and breach of promise actions abolished.

No action may be brought upon any cause arising from alienation of affections or from breach of a promise to marry.
(1967, P.A. 275, S. 1; P.A. 82-160, S. 238.)
History: P.A. 82-160 changed wording slightly and deleted language which limiting applicability to causes arising “after October 1, 1967”.
The Heart Balm Act does not affect common law principles governing actions for the return of property transferred in reliance on fraudulent representations. 180 C. 369, 370. Cited. 240 C. 549.
When legislature enacted section, it expressed its intent to abolish common law actions seeking damages for a particular type of conduct, regardless of the name that plaintiff assigns to that conduct, and in determining whether an action is barred under section, court will consider underlying conduct alleged in plaintiff's complaint. 80 CA 180.
Action for criminal conversation is not barred in this state by section, which specifically prohibits actions for alienation of affections and breach of promise. 28 CS 487.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572c. - Parent-child immunity abrogated in certain negligence actions.

In all actions for negligence in the operation of a motor vehicle, and in all actions accruing on or after October 1, 1979, for negligence in the operation of an aircraft or vessel, as defined in section 15-127, resulting in personal injury, wrongful death or injury to property, the immunity between parent and child in such negligence action brought by a parent against his child or by or on behalf of a child against his parent is abrogated.
(1967, P.A. 596, S. 1; P.A. 79-5.)
History: P.A. 79-5 removed obsolete reference to actions accruing after July 1, 1967, for negligence in operation of motor vehicle and applied section to actions for negligence in operation of aircraft or vessel accruing on or after October 1, 1979.
In absence of express statutory exceptions, doctrine of parental immunity from actions at law by child prevail. 157 C. 445. Cited. 200 C. 290; 207 C. 518; 224 C. 483; 230 C. 472; 234 C. 259. Doctrine of parental immunity bars action to recover for personal injuries sustained by child as result of fire that occurred at the home of child's noncustodial parent during a scheduled visit. 244 C. 692.
“Operator of motor vehicle” for purposes of statute discussed. 9 CA 290. Cited. 20 CA 619; 34 CA 866.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572d. - Interspousal immunity abrogated in motor vehicle negligence actions accruing out of state.

In all actions brought by one resident spouse against the other resident spouse for negligence in the operation of a motor vehicle resulting in personal injury, wrongful death or injury to property, it shall not be a defense or a bar to the cause of action that such an action by one spouse against another would not lie in the state where the injury or death occurred. The rights of such spouses, including the standard of care to be applied in such action, shall be determined as if the injury or death had occurred in this state.
(1969, P.A. 623, S. 1; P.A. 74-338, S. 48, 94.)
History: P.A. 74-338 added specific mention of “wrongful death”.
Court will not interpret statute to apply before its enactment or qualify decision of court by it. 160 C. 563. Cited. 201 C. 632.
Cited. 29 CS 326; 33 CS 44.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572e. - Release of joint tortfeasor.

(a) For the purposes of this section the term “joint tortfeasors” means two or more persons jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to person or property whether or not a judgment has been recovered against all or any of them.
(b) A release by the injured person, or his legal representative, of one joint tortfeasor does not discharge the other tortfeasors unless, and only to the extent, the release so provides.
(1969, P.A. 143.)
Cited. 225 C. 401; 232 C. 272, 278; 234 C. 660. Enactment of statute was not intended to abrogate common law rule that a principal and agent are not joint tortfeasors, and therefore release of the primarily liable employee operated as a matter of law to release employer whose liability rested solely upon the doctrine of respondeat superior. 249 C. 709. Lessor and lessee of a motor vehicle are not joint tortfeasors within meaning of section and a release executed in favor of lessee also operates to release lessor. 260 C. 15.
Court may consider extrinsic evidence of the parties' intent regarding scope of the release. 72 CA 402.
Cited. 41 CS 353.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572f. - Criminal conversation action abolished.

No action may be brought upon any cause arising from criminal conversation.
(1971, P.A. 177; P.A. 82-160, S. 239.)
History: P.A. 82-160 made minor change in wording and deleted language limiting applicability to causes arising “after October 1, 1971”.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572g. - Defenses against holder in due course of instrument in consumer goods credit transaction.

(a) Any holder in due course of a promissory note, contract or other instrument, other than an instrument issued in connection with a credit card transaction, evidencing an indebtedness, signed or executed by a buyer in connection with a credit transaction covering consumer goods, as defined in section 42a-9-102 or for consumer services rendered, shall be subject to all of the claims and defenses which the buyer has against the seller arising out of the transaction or against the person or persons providing the services, limited to the amount of indebtedness then outstanding in connection with the credit transaction, provided the buyer shall have made a prior written demand on the seller with respect to the transaction.
(b) For the purposes of this section “consumer services” includes any supply of accommodations, exercise and health club programs, instruction or education, including any type of training course in any field such as personality improvement, self motivation, salesmanship and similar fields, or any work, repair or other services rendered for personal, family or household purposes.
(1972, P.A. 137; P.A. 73-466; P.A. 75-251; P.A. 76-169, S. 14; P.A. 77-604, S. 35, 84; P.A. 82-160, S. 240; P.A. 01-132, S. 176.)
History: P.A. 73-466 added Subsecs. (b) and (c) and applied former provisions, designated as Subsec. (a) to holders of notes, contracts, etc. rather than to “subsequent” holders of notes, contracts, etc.; P.A. 75-251 amended Subsec. (a) to apply with respect to notes, etc. for consumer services rendered and defined “consumer services”; P.A. 76-169 deleted Subsecs. (b) and (c) re instruments issued in connection with credit card transaction for purchase of item or service; P.A. 77-604 reiterated amendments enacted in P.A. 75-251 but inadvertently omitted in P.A. 76-169; P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section and inserted Subsec. indicators; P.A. 01-132 amended Subsec. (a) to replace Sec. 42a-9-109 with Sec. 42a-9-102 as the statutory reference for the definition of “consumer goods”.
Subsec. (a): “the amount of indebtedness outstanding” is the amount of indebtedness outstanding at the time of the buyer's written demand on seller, and assignee can avoid liability under this section only if the promissory note, contract or other instrument is reassigned back to the seller prior to the buyer making such demand; further, where a retail installment contract includes FTC holder rule language mandated by 16 CFR 433.2, the assignee's liability is cumulative to its liability under this section. 338 C. 803.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572j. - Derivative actions by shareholders or members.

(a) Whenever any corporation or any unincorporated association fails to enforce a right which may properly be asserted by it, a derivative action may be brought by one or more shareholders or members to enforce the right, provided the shareholder or member was a shareholder or member at the time of the transaction of which he complained or his membership thereafter devolved on him by operation of law. The action shall be commenced by a complaint returnable to the superior court for the judicial district in which an office of the corporation or association is located. The derivative action may not be maintained if it appears that the plaintiff does not fairly and adequately represent the interests of the shareholders or members similarly situated in enforcing the right of the corporation or association. The action shall not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the court, and notice of the proposed dismissal or compromise shall be given to shareholders or members in such manner as the court directs.
(b) In any action brought pursuant to this section, process shall be served on the corporation or association as in other civil actions, and notice of the service of process after its having been served shall be given to the board of directors and such other interested persons as the court deems proper. It shall not be necessary to make shareholders or members parties thereto. The costs of the action or part thereof, which shall include but not be limited to witness' fees, court costs and reasonable attorney's fees, may be charged by the court, in its discretion, against the corporation.
(P.A. 77-310; P.A. 82-160, S. 41; 82-472, S. 143, 183.)
History: P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section; P.A. 82-472 deleted obsolete reference to counties.
See Sec. 33-720 et seq. re derivative proceedings.
Cited. 238 C. 183.
Cited. 17 CA 70. Defendant who is no longer shareholder in corporation cannot maintain derivative action on its behalf. 104 CA 810.
Cited. 39 CS 264; 40 CS 327.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572k. - Hold harmless clause against public policy in certain construction contracts.

(a) Any covenant, promise, agreement or understanding entered into in connection with or collateral to a contract or agreement relative to the construction, alteration, repair or maintenance of any building, structure or appurtenances thereto including moving, demolition and excavating connected therewith, that purports to indemnify or hold harmless the promisee against liability for damage arising out of bodily injury to persons or damage to property caused by or resulting from the negligence of such promisee, such promisee's agents or employees, is against public policy and void, provided this section shall not affect the validity of any insurance contract, workers' compensation agreement or other agreement issued by a licensed insurer.
(b) The provisions of this section shall apply to covenants, promises, agreements or understandings entered into on or after the thirtieth day next succeeding October 1, 1977.
(P.A. 77-356; P.A. 79-376, S. 73; P.A. 01-155, S. 2.)
History: P.A. 79-376 substituted “workers' compensation” for “workmen's compensation”; P.A. 01-155 amended Subsec. (a) by substituting “negligence” for “sole negligence” and by making a technical change for purposes of gender neutrality.
Legislature, in specifically outlawing hold harmless agreements in the construction industry, showed intention that such a practice not be deemed against public policy in other situations; had legislature intended to outlaw all such provisions, it could have said so. 1 CA 54. Waiver of subrogation provision in contract was not an agreement to hold harmless or to indemnify. 77 CA 167.
Enforcing an “additional insured” clause does not violate the provisions of section. 50 CS 563.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572l. - Strict tort liability, contributory negligence and comparative negligence not bar to recovery.

In causes of action based on strict tort liability, contributory negligence or comparative negligence shall not be a bar to recovery. The provisions of this section shall apply to all actions pending on or brought after June 7, 1977, claiming strict tort liability notwithstanding the date on which the cause of action accrued. Nothing in this section shall be construed as barring the defense of misuse of the product or the defense of knowingly using the product in a defective condition in an action based on strict tort liability.
(P.A. 77-335, S. 1, 2.)
Cited. 203 C. 594; 207 C. 575; 212 C. 509; 229 C. 500.
Cited. 2 CA 308; 30 CA 664; 45 CA 324.
Cited. 41 CS 179.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572p. - Limitation of liability of product seller.

(a) A product seller shall not be liable for harm that would not have occurred but for the fact that his product was altered or modified by a third party unless: (1) The alteration or modification was in accordance with the instructions or specifications of the product seller; (2) the alteration or modification was made with the consent of the product seller; or (3) the alteration or modification was the result of conduct that reasonably should have been anticipated by the product seller.
(b) For the purposes of this section, alteration or modification includes changes in the design, formula, function or use of the product from that originally designed, tested or intended by the product seller.
(P.A. 79-483, S. 5.)
Cited. 187 C. 363; 192 C. 280; 200 C. 562; 203 C. 156; 204 C. 399. Sec. 52-572m et seq., product liability act, abrogated common law indemnification principles in this area. 205 C. 694. Cited. 207 C. 575; Id., 599; 210 C. 189; 212 C. 462; Id., 509; 213 C. 136; 216 C. 65; 226 C. 282; 229 C. 213; Id., 500; 233 C. 732; 236 C. 769. Court set forth respective parties' appropriate burden of proof; product liability law discussed. 241 C. 199. Modified consumer expectation test, recognized in 241 C. 199, is the primary strict product liability test; ordinary consumer expectation test is reserved for those limited cases in which product fails to meet consumer's legitimate, commonly accepted minimum safety expectations. 321 C. 172.
Cited. 1 CA 48; 3 CA 230; 8 CA 642; 16 CA 558; 30 CA 664; 31 CA 824; 36 CA 601; 39 CA 635; 41 CA 555; Id., 856; 46 CA 18; Id., 699.
Cited. 40 CS 120; 41 CS 179; 42 CS 153; 44 CS 510.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572q. - Liability of product seller due to lack of adequate warnings or instructions.

(a) A product seller may be subject to liability for harm caused to a claimant who proves by a fair preponderance of the evidence that the product was defective in that adequate warnings or instructions were not provided.
(b) In determining whether instructions or warnings were required and, if required, whether they were adequate, the trier of fact may consider: (1) The likelihood that the product would cause the harm suffered by the claimant; (2) the ability of the product seller to anticipate at the time of manufacture that the expected product user would be aware of the product risk, and the nature of the potential harm; and (3) the technological feasibility and cost of warnings and instructions.
(c) In claims based on this section, the claimant shall prove by a fair preponderance of the evidence that if adequate warnings or instructions had been provided, the claimant would not have suffered the harm.
(d) A product seller may not be considered to have provided adequate warnings or instructions unless they were devised to communicate with the person best able to take or recommend precautions against the potential harm.
(P.A. 79-483, S. 6; P.A. 90-191, S. 2.)
History: P.A. 90-191 amended Subsec. (d) to include warnings or instructions devised to communicate with the person best able to “recommend” precautions.
Cited. 187 C. 363; 192 C. 280; 200 C. 562; 203 C. 156; 204 C. 399. Sec. 52-572m et seq., product liability act, abrogated common law indemnification principles in this area. 205 C. 694. Cited. 207 C. 575; Id., 599; 210 C. 189; 212 C. 462; Id., 509; 213 C. 136; 216 C. 65; 226 C. 282; 228 C. 905; 229 C. 213; Id., 500; 230 C. 12; 232 C. 915; 233 C. 732; 236 C. 27; Id., 769. Product liability law discussed. 241 C. 199. Modified consumer expectation test, recognized in 241 C. 199, is the primary strict product liability test; ordinary consumer expectation test is reserved for those limited cases in which product fails to meet consumer's legitimate, commonly accepted minimum safety expectations. 321 C. 172. Cause of action exists under negligence or failure-to-warn provisions of section based on medical device manufacturer's alleged failure to report adverse events to regulator following approval of device, or comply with regulators' postapproval requirements. 342 C. 103.
Cited. 1 CA 48; 3 CA 230; 8 CA 642; 16 CA 558; 30 CA 664; 31 CA 824; 32 CA 373; judgment reversed, see 229 C. 829; 36 CA 601; 39 CA 635; 41 CA 555; Id., 856; 46 CA 18; Id., 699.
Cited. 40 CS 120; 41 CS 179; 42 CS 153; 44 CS 510.
Subsec. (b):
Subdiv. (2) recognizes that a sophisticated buyer may not need same level of warning as an ordinary buyer would. 76 CA 137.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572r. - Product liability claims against third parties.

Section 52-572r is repealed, effective July 1, 1993.
(P.A. 79-483, S. 11; 79-631, S. 108, 111; P.A. 82-160, S. 245; P.A. 93-228, S. 34, 35.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572w. - Agreement exempting caterer or catering establishment from liability for negligence void as against public policy.

(a) Any covenant, agreement or understanding in, in connection with or collateral to any contract or agreement made or entered into with any caterer or catering establishment, as defined in subsection (d) of section 30-22b, that exempts such caterer or catering establishment from liability for damages for bodily injury to persons or damage to property caused by or resulting from the negligence of the caterer or catering establishment, the agents, servants or employees of such caterer or catering establishment or the patrons at the event to which such contract or agreement pertains is against public policy and void.
(b) The provisions of this section shall apply to any covenant, agreement or understanding made or entered into on or after January 1, 2001.
(P.A. 00-159.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-572x. - Motor carrier transportation contract. Indemnification against liability for negligence or intentional acts or omissions void and unenforceable.

(a) For the purposes of this section, “motor carrier transportation contract” means a contract, agreement or understanding entered into, renewed, modified or extended on or after July 1, 2010, concerning (1) the transportation of property for compensation or hire, (2) the entry on public or private property for the purpose of loading, unloading or transporting property for compensation or hire, or (3) a service incidental to the activities set forth in subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection. “Motor carrier transportation contract” does not include the Uniform Intermodal Interchange and Facilities Access Agreement administered by the Intermodal Association of North America or other agreements providing for the interchange, use or possession of intermodal chassis or containers or other intermodal equipment.
(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any provision, clause, covenant or agreement contained in a motor carrier transportation contract that purports to indemnify, defend or hold harmless, or has the effect of indemnifying, defending or holding harmless, an indemnitee from or against any liability for loss or damage resulting from such indemnitee's negligence or intentional acts or omissions shall be void and unenforceable.
(c) This section shall not apply to a contract, agreement or understanding that concerns or affects the transportation of household goods, as defined in section 13b-387.
(P.A. 10-110, S. 25.)
History: P.A. 10-110 effective July 1, 2010.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 926 - Statute of Limitations › Section 52-573 and 52-574. - Limitation on contracts under seal. Actions on agreements to sell real estate.

Sections 52-573 and 52-574 are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8313; 1949, S. 3232d; 1959, P.A. 574, S. 7; February, 1965, P.A. 401, S. 2; 1971, P.A. 18, S. 2.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 926 - Statute of Limitations › Section 52-575a. - Action to enforce recorded private restrictions or notations on maps.

No action or any other type of court proceeding shall be brought to enforce a private restriction recorded in the land records of the municipality in which the property is located or a notation on a filed map pertaining to the use of privately owned land, the type of structures that may be erected thereon or the location of same unless such action or proceeding shall be commenced within three years of the time that the person seeking to enforce such restriction had actual or constructive knowledge of such violation. This section shall be deemed not to apply to any private restriction or notation pertaining to (a) any public utility easement; (b) any right-of-way; (c) any park or open space land; (d) any private driveway, roadway or street, or (e) any sewer line or water line.
(1972, P.A. 283; P.A. 73-93; P.A. 90-169.)
History: P.A. 73-93 substituted “the party seeking to enforce such restriction” for “such party” for clarity; P.A. 90-169 replaced “a recorded private restriction” with “a private restriction recorded in the land records of the municipality in which the property is located”.
Cited. 214 C. 464.
Plaintiff's claim not barred by 3-year statute of limitations because provisions in covenant document that defined restrictions on two lots owned by defendants evinced an intent that restrictions were for the benefit of view easements over such lots for the benefit of lot owned by plaintiffs, and were not merely private restrictions. 141 CA 238.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 926 - Statute of Limitations › Section 52-577b. - Limitation of action for damages caused by contact with or exposure to phenoxy herbicides.

Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 52-577 and 52-577a, an action to recover damages for personal injury caused by contact with or exposure to phenoxy herbicides while serving as a member of the armed forces of the United States in Indo-China from January 1, 1962, through March 29, 1973, may be commenced within two years from the date of discovery of such injury, or within two years from the date when, through the exercise of reasonable diligence, the cause of such injury should have been discovered, whichever is later.
(P.A. 83-15, S. 1, 2.)
Cited. 205 C. 219; 214 C. 464.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 926 - Statute of Limitations › Section 52-577c. - Limitation of action for damages caused by exposure to a hazardous chemical substance or mixture or hazardous pollutant.

(a) For the purposes of this section: (1) “Environment” means any surface water, ground water, drinking water supply, land surface or subsurface strata or ambient air within the state or under the jurisdiction of the state; (2) “exposure” means any contact, ingestion, inhalation or assimilation, including irradiation; (3) “hazardous chemical substance or mixture” means petroleum, a petroleum product or any chemical substance or mixture for which there is a federal standard, including any law, requirement, tolerance, prohibition, action level or similar legal authority adopted by an agency pursuant to federal law, including any such standard or legal authority adopted by a state or local government pursuant to federal law, generally intended to prevent, reduce or mitigate the risk of a disease or class or type of diseases to an individual or individuals resulting from exposure to such chemical substance or mixture; (4) “hazardous pollutant” means any designated, specified or referenced chemical considered to be a “hazardous substance” under Section 101(14) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 USC 9601(14); (5) “release” means any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping or disposing into the environment.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 52-555, 52-577 and 52-577a, no action to recover damages for personal injury, death or property damage caused by exposure to a hazardous chemical substance or mixture or hazardous pollutant released into the environment shall be brought but within two years from the date when the injury or damage complained of is discovered or in the exercise of reasonable care should have been discovered.
(c) The provisions of subsection (b) of this section shall not apply to an action brought against (1) any municipal waterworks system established and operated under chapter 102 or any special act, (2) any regional water authority established under any general statute or special act, or (3) any water company as defined in section 16-1.
(P.A. 84-287; P.A. 98-140, S. 6; P.A. 15-67, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 98-140 redefined “hazardous chemical substance or mixture” to include petroleum and petroleum products; P.A. 15-67 amended Subsec. (b) by adding “52-555” and substituting “personal injury, death or property damage” for “personal injury or property damage”, effective October 1, 2015, and applicable to all cases pending on and cases filed on or after that date.
Cited. 205 C. 219; 214 C. 464; 228 C. 905; 230 C. 12; 238 C. 800. Subsec. (b) does not preempt Sec. 52-555. 277 C. 337.
Cited. 31 CA 824.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 926 - Statute of Limitations › Section 52-577d. - Limitation of action for damages to person under twenty-one years of age caused by sexual abuse, exploitation or assault.

Notwithstanding the provisions of section 52-577, no action to recover damages for personal injury to a person under twenty-one years of age, including emotional distress, caused by sexual abuse, sexual exploitation or sexual assault may be brought by such person later than thirty years from the date such person attains the age of twenty-one.
(P.A. 86-401, S. 6, 7; 86-403, S. 104, 132; P.A. 91-240; P.A. 02-138, S. 2; P.A. 19-16, S. 13.)
History: P.A. 86-403 made technical change; P.A. 91-240 changed “two” years to “seventeen” years and deleted phrase “except that no such action may be brought more than 7 years from the date of the act complained of”; P.A. 02-138 extended the limitation on bringing an action from 17 to 30 years after the attainment of the age of majority, effective May 23, 2002, and applicable to any cause of action arising from an incident committed prior to, on or after said date; P.A. 19-16 replaced “minor” with “person under twenty-one years of age” and replaced “age of majority” with “age of twenty-one”, effective October 1, 2019, and applicable to any cause of action arising from an incident committed on or after October 1, 2019.
Cited. 214 C. 464. Court concluded that section as amended by expanding period of liability did not create a substantive change in the law that would preclude its retroactive application. 224 C. 483. Cited. 230 C. 472. Actions may be brought no later than 30 years from the date plaintiff personally attained the age of majority. 279 C. 207. Retroactive application of section to revive plaintiff's otherwise time barred claims does not violate defendant's substantive due process rights under Connecticut Constitution; defendant did not have a vested right to a defense under the lapsed statute of limitations. 317 C. 357. Section applicable to actions against the perpetrators of sexual abuse of minors as well as actions against parties whose negligent acts or omissions legally caused the personal injuries suffered by the victims of sexual abuse. 323 C. 303.
Cited. 39 CA 183. Whether plaintiff did or did not repress memories of the sexual abuse is irrelevant, as the section does not mention or require repressed memories, nor does it bar plaintiffs who have not repressed memories of the abuse from relying on it. 178 CA 547.
Cited. 44 CS 527; 45 CS 136.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 926 - Statute of Limitations › Section 52-577e. - Limitation of action for damages caused by sexual assault.

Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 52-577 and 52-577d, an action to recover damages for personal injury caused by sexual assault may be brought at any time after the date of the act complained of if the party legally at fault for such injury has been convicted of a violation of section 53a-70 or 53a-70a.
(P.A. 02-138, S. 3.)
History: P.A. 02-138 effective May 23, 2002, and applicable to any cause of action arising from an incident committed prior to, on or after said date.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 926 - Statute of Limitations › Section 52-577f. - Limitation of action for damages caused by malicious prosecution.

Notwithstanding the provisions of section 52-577, no action to recover damages for malicious prosecution may be brought later than three years from the date of the termination of the criminal proceeding that is the subject of such action.
(P.A. 21-104, S. 60.)
History: P.A. 21-104 effective July 1, 2021, and applicable to any cause of action arising from a criminal proceeding terminating prior to, on or after said date.