reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-416. - Transfer warranties.

(a) A person who transfers an instrument for consideration warrants to the transferee and, if the transfer is by endorsement, to any subsequent transferee that: (1) The warrantor is a person entitled to enforce the instrument; (2) all signatures on the instrument are authentic and authorized; (3) the instrument has not been altered; (4) the instrument is not subject to a defense or claim in recoupment of any party which can be asserted against the warrantor; and (5) the warrantor has no knowledge of any insolvency proceeding commenced with respect to the maker or acceptor or, in the case of an unaccepted draft, the drawer.
(b) A person to whom the warranties under subsection (a) are made and who took the instrument in good faith may recover from the warrantor as damages for breach of warranty an amount equal to the loss suffered as a result of the breach, but not more than the amount of the instrument plus expenses and loss of interest incurred as a result of the breach.
(c) The warranties stated in subsection (a) cannot be disclaimed with respect to checks. Unless notice of a claim for breach of warranty is given to the warrantor within thirty days after the claimant has reason to know of the breach and the identity of the warrantor, the liability of the warrantor under subsection (b) is discharged to the extent of any loss caused by the delay in giving notice of the claim.
(d) A cause of action for breach of warranty under this section accrues when the claimant has reason to know of the breach.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-416; P.A. 91-304, S. 53; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11, S. 18, 70.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re contract of guarantor with provisions re transfer warranties, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-417(2), revised to 1991, and provisions re damages, notice of claim and accrual of action for breach of warranty; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11 made a technical change in Subsec. (c).
See Sec. 42a-3-419(c) and (d) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-416(4) and (2), respectively, revised to 1991, re effect of words of guaranty added to signature and of signature guaranteeing collection.
Cited. 202 C. 277; 203 C. 407; 240 C. 10.
When guarantee agreement is the type covered by statute, there is no need to proceed against the maker of the note. 40 CS 236.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-418. - Payment or acceptance by mistake.

(a) Except as provided in subsection (c), if the drawee of a draft pays or accepts the draft and the drawee acted on the mistaken belief that (i) payment of the draft had not been stopped pursuant to section 42a-4-403 or (ii) the signature of the drawer of the draft was authorized, the drawee may recover the amount of the draft from the person to whom or for whose benefit payment was made or, in the case of acceptance, may revoke the acceptance. Rights of the drawee under this subsection are not affected by failure of the drawee to exercise ordinary care in paying or accepting the draft.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (c), if an instrument has been paid or accepted by mistake and the case is not covered by subsection (a), the person paying or accepting may, to the extent permitted by the law governing mistake and restitution, (i) recover the payment from the person to whom or for whose benefit payment was made or (ii) in the case of acceptance, may revoke the acceptance.
(c) The remedies provided by subsection (a) or (b) may not be asserted against a person who took the instrument in good faith and for value or who in good faith changed position in reliance on the payment or acceptance. This subsection does not limit remedies provided by section 42a-3-417 or 42a-4-407.
(d) Notwithstanding section 42a-4-215, if an instrument is paid or accepted by mistake and the payor or acceptor recovers payment or revokes acceptance under subsection (a) or (b), the instrument is deemed not to have been paid or accepted and is treated as dishonored, and the person from whom payment is recovered has rights as a person entitled to enforce the dishonored instrument.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-418; P.A. 91-304, S. 55.)
History: P.A. 91-304 substantially revised section.
Cited. 202 C. 277.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-420. - Conversion of instrument.

(a) The law applicable to conversion of personal property applies to instruments. An instrument is also converted if it is taken by transfer, other than a negotiation, from a person not entitled to enforce the instrument or a bank makes or obtains payment with respect to the instrument for a person not entitled to enforce the instrument or receive payment. An action for conversion of an instrument may not be brought by (i) the issuer or acceptor of the instrument or (ii) a payee or endorsee who did not receive delivery of the instrument either directly or through delivery to an agent or a copayee.
(b) In an action under subsection (a), the measure of liability is presumed to be the amount payable on the instrument, but recovery may not exceed the amount of the plaintiff's interest in the instrument.
(c) A representative, other than a depositary bank, who has in good faith dealt with an instrument or its proceeds on behalf of one who was not the person entitled to enforce the instrument is not liable in conversion to that person beyond the amount of any proceeds that it has not paid out.
(P.A. 91-304, S. 57.)
Subsec. (b):
Evidence that plaintiff, the intended payee, had received restitution from the forger was relevant because the receipt of the total amount of plaintiff's interest in the settlement check constituted a defense available to defendant bank. 108 CA 799.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-501. - Presentment.

(a) “Presentment” means a demand made by or on behalf of a person entitled to enforce an instrument (i) to pay the instrument made to the drawee or a party obliged to pay the instrument or, in the case of a note or accepted draft payable at a bank, to the bank, or (ii) to accept a draft made to the drawee.
(b) The following rules are subject to article 4, agreement of the parties, and clearinghouse rules and the like:
(1) Presentment may be made at the place of payment of the instrument and must be made at the place of payment if the instrument is payable at a bank in the United States; may be made by any commercially reasonable means, including an oral, written, or electronic communication; is effective when the demand for payment or acceptance is received by the person to whom presentment is made; and is effective if made to any one of two or more makers, acceptors, drawees, or other payors.
(2) Upon demand of the person to whom presentment is made, the person making presentment must (i) exhibit the instrument, (ii) give reasonable identification and, if presentment is made on behalf of another person, reasonable evidence of authority to do so, and (iii) sign a receipt on the instrument for any payment made or surrender the instrument if full payment is made.
(3) Without dishonoring the instrument, the party to whom presentment is made may (i) return the instrument for lack of a necessary endorsement, or (ii) refuse payment or acceptance for failure of the presentment to comply with the terms of the instrument, an agreement of the parties, or other applicable law or rule.
(4) The party to whom presentment is made may treat presentment as occurring on the next business day after the day of presentment if the party to whom presentment is made has established a cutoff hour not earlier than two o'clock p.m. For the receipt and processing of instruments presented for payment or acceptance and presentment is made after the cutoff hour.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-501; P.A. 91-304, S. 58.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re when presentment, notice of dishonor and protest of dishonor is necessary with provisions re presentment, a restatement in part of Sec. 42a-3-504, revised to 1991.
See Secs. 42a-3-414(b) and 42a-3-502(b)(3) and (4) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-501(1)(a), revised to 1991.
See Secs. 42a-3-415(a), 42a-3-502(a)(1) and (2), and 42a-3-502(b), (c), (d) and (e) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-501(1)(b), revised to 1991.
See Secs. 42a-3-414(f) and 42a-3-415(e) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-501(1)(c), revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-3-503(a) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-501(2)(a), revised to 1991, re necessity of notice of dishonor to charge an endorser.
Cited. 32 CS 178; 33 CS 182.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-503. - Notice of dishonor.

(a) The obligation of an endorser stated in section 42a-3-415(a) and the obligation of a drawer stated in section 42a-3-414(d) may not be enforced unless (i) the endorser or drawer is given notice of dishonor of the instrument complying with this section or (ii) notice of dishonor is excused under section 42a-3-504(b).
(b) Notice of dishonor may be given by any person; may be given by any commercially reasonable means, including an oral, written, or electronic communication; and is sufficient if it reasonably identifies the instrument and indicates that the instrument has been dishonored or has not been paid or accepted. Return of an instrument given to a bank for collection is sufficient notice of dishonor.
(c) Subject to section 42a-3-504(c), with respect to an instrument taken for collection by a collecting bank, notice of dishonor must be given (i) by the bank before midnight of the next banking day following the banking day on which the bank receives notice of dishonor of the instrument, or (ii) by any other person within thirty days following the day on which the person receives notice of dishonor. With respect to any other instrument, notice of dishonor must be given within thirty days following the day on which dishonor occurs.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-503; P.A. 91-304, S. 60.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re time of presentment with provisions re notice of dishonor, a restatement of Secs. 42a-3-501(2)(a) and 42a-3-508(1), (2), (3) and (8), revised to 1991.
Cited. 186 C. 618.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-504. - Excused presentment and notice of dishonor.

(a) Presentment for payment or acceptance of an instrument is excused if (i) the person entitled to present the instrument cannot with reasonable diligence make presentment, (ii) the maker or acceptor has repudiated an obligation to pay the instrument or is dead or in insolvency proceedings, (iii) by the terms of the instrument presentment is not necessary to enforce the obligation of endorsers or the drawer, (iv) the drawer or endorser whose obligation is being enforced has waived presentment or otherwise has no reason to expect or right to require that the instrument be paid or accepted, or (v) the drawer instructed the drawee not to pay or accept the draft or the drawee was not obligated to the drawer to pay the draft.
(b) Notice of dishonor is excused if (i) by the terms of the instrument notice of dishonor is not necessary to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument, or (ii) the party whose obligation is being enforced waived notice of dishonor. A waiver of presentment is also a waiver of notice of dishonor.
(c) Delay in giving notice of dishonor is excused if the delay was caused by circumstances beyond the control of the person giving the notice and the person giving the notice exercised reasonable diligence after the cause of the delay ceased to operate.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-504; 1963, P.A. 526, S. 6; P.A. 91-304, S. 61.)
History: 1963 act deleted word “continental” referring to “United States” in Subsec. (4); P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re manner of presentment with provisions re when presentment or notice of dishonor, or a delay in giving such notice, is excused, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-511(1), (2) and (3), revised to 1991.
See Secs. 42a-3-111 and 42a-3-501(a) and (b)(1) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-504, revised to 1991, re manner of presentment.
Cited. 32 CS 175.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-505. - Evidence of dishonor.

(a) The following are admissible as evidence and create a presumption of dishonor and of any notice of dishonor stated: (1) A document regular in form as provided in subsection (b) which purports to be a protest; (2) a purported stamp or writing of the drawee, payor bank, or presenting bank on or accompanying the instrument stating that acceptance or payment has been refused unless reasons for the refusal are stated and the reasons are not consistent with dishonor; (3) a book or record of the drawee, payor bank, or collecting bank, kept in the usual course of business which shows dishonor, even if there is no evidence of who made the entry.
(b) A protest is a certificate of dishonor made by a United States consul or vice consul, or a notary public or other person authorized to administer oaths by the law of the place where dishonor occurs. It may be made upon information satisfactory to that person. The protest must identify the instrument and certify either that presentment has been made or, if not made, the reason why it was not made, and that the instrument has been dishonored by nonacceptance or nonpayment. The protest may also certify that notice of dishonor has been given to some or all parties.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-505; P.A. 91-304, S. 62.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re the rights of the party to whom presentment is made with provisions re evidence of dishonor, a restatement of Secs. 42a-3-509(1), (2) and (3) and 42a-3-510, revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-3-501(b)(2) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-505(1)(a), (b) and (c), revised to 1991, re rights of party to whom presentment is made.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-506 to 42a-3-511. - Time allowed for acceptance or payment. Dishonor; holder's right of recourse; term allowing representment. Notice of dishonor. Protest; noting for protest. Evidence of dishonor and notice of dishonor. Waved or excused presentment, protest or notice of dishonor or delay therein.

Sections 42a-3-506 to 42a-3-511, inclusive, are repealed.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-506–3-510; P.A. 91-304, S. 112.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-601. - Discharge and effect of discharge.

(a) The obligation of a party to pay the instrument is discharged as stated in this article or by an act or agreement with the party which would discharge an obligation to pay money under a simple contract.
(b) Discharge of the obligation of a party is not effective against a person acquiring rights of a holder in due course of the instrument without notice of the discharge.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-601; P.A. 91-304, S. 63.)
History: P.A. 91-304 combined provisions of former Subsecs. (1) and (2) into new Subsec. (a), amended Subsec. (a) to replace reference to specific sections governing discharge with provision that the obligation of a party to pay the instrument is discharged “as stated in this article”, deleted former Subsec. (3) re when liability of all parties is discharged, and added Subsec. (b) re effect of discharge against a holder in due course, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-602, revised to 1991.
Cited. 231 C. 441.
Cited. 4 CA 376.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-602. - Payment.

(a) Subject to subsection (b), an instrument is paid to the extent payment is made by or on behalf of a party obliged to pay the instrument (1) to a person entitled to enforce the instrument or (2) to the assignor in the case of a mortgage debt that is assigned without sufficient notice to the party obliged to pay as provided in section 49-10. To the extent of the payment, the obligation of the party obliged to pay the instrument is discharged even though payment is made with knowledge of a claim to the instrument under section 42a-3-306 by another person.
(b) The obligation of a party to pay the instrument is not discharged under subsection (a) if: (1) A claim to the instrument under section 42a-3-306 is enforceable against the party receiving payment and (i) payment is made with knowledge by the payor that payment is prohibited by injunction or similar process of a court of competent jurisdiction, or (ii) in the case of an instrument other than a cashier's check, teller's check, or certified check, the party making payment accepted, from the person having a claim to the instrument, indemnity against loss resulting from refusal to pay the person entitled to enforce the instrument; or (2) the person making payment knows that the instrument is a stolen instrument and pays a person it knows is in wrongful possession of the instrument.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-602; P.A. 91-304, S. 64; P.A. 98-147, S. 2.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re effect of discharge against a holder in due course with provisions re payment, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-603(1), revised to 1991; P.A. 98-147 added Subsec. (a)(2) permitting payment to assignor of mortgage debt assigned without sufficient notice to party obliged to pay as provided in Sec. 49-10.
See Sec. 42a-3-601(b) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-602, revised to 1991, re effect of discharge against holder in due course.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-603. - Tender of payment.

(a) If tender of payment of an obligation to pay an instrument is made to a person entitled to enforce the instrument, the effect of tender is governed by principles of law applicable to tender of payment under a simple contract.
(b) If tender of payment of an obligation to pay an instrument is made to a person entitled to enforce the instrument and the tender is refused, there is discharge, to the extent of the amount of the tender, of the obligation of an endorser or accommodation party having a right of recourse with respect to the obligation to which the tender relates.
(c) If tender of payment of an amount due on an instrument is made to a person entitled to enforce the instrument, the obligation of the obligor to pay interest after the due date on the amount tendered is discharged. If presentment is required with respect to an instrument and the obligor is able and ready to pay on the due date at every place of payment stated in the instrument, the obligor is deemed to have made tender of payment on the due date to the person entitled to enforce the instrument.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-603; P.A. 91-304, S. 65.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re payment or satisfaction with provisions re tender of payment, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-604, revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-3-602 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-603, revised to 1991, re payment of instrument.
Cited. 202 C. 277; 205 C. 604; 218 C. 162.
Cited. 4 CA 376.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-604. - Discharge by cancellation or renunciation.

(a) A person entitled to enforce an instrument, with or without consideration, may discharge the obligation of a party to pay the instrument (i) by an intentional voluntary act, such as surrender of the instrument to the party, destruction, mutilation, or cancellation of the instrument, cancellation or striking out of the party's signature, or the addition of words to the instrument indicating discharge, or (ii) by agreeing not to sue or otherwise renouncing rights against the party by a signed writing.
(b) Cancellation or striking out of an endorsement pursuant to subsection (a) does not affect the status and rights of a party derived from the endorsement.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-604; P.A. 91-304, S. 66.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re tender of payment with provisions re discharge by cancellation or renunciation, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-605, revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-3-603(b) and (c) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-604, revised to 1991, re tender of payment.
Cited. 211 C. 613.
Cited. 41 CS 587.
Subsec. (a):
Court may use its common sense and commercial experience in determining that a preprinted form used in the ordinary course of business satisfies Subdiv. (ii) requirement of a “signed writing”. 73 CA 830.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments › Section 42a-3-801 to 42a-3-805. - Drafts in a set. Effect of instrument on obligation for which it is given. Notice to third party. Lost, destroyed or stolen instruments. Instruments not payable to order or to bearer.

Sections 42a-3-801 to 42a-3-805, inclusive, are repealed.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-801–3-805; P.A. 91-304, S. 112.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-101. - Short title: Uniform Commercial Code–Bank Deposits and Collections.

This article may be cited as “Uniform Commercial Code
–
Bank Deposits and Collections”.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-101; P.A. 91-304, S. 68.)
History: P.A. 91-304 made minor changes in wording.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-102. - Applicability.

(a) To the extent that items within this article are also within articles 3 and 8, they are subject to those articles. If there is conflict, this article governs article 3, but article 8 governs this article.
(b) The liability of a bank for action or nonaction with respect to an item handled by it for purposes of presentment, payment, or collection is governed by the law of the place where the bank is located. In the case of action or nonaction by or at a branch or separate office of a bank, its liability is governed by the law of the place where the branch or separate office is located.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-102; P.A. 91-304, S. 69.)
History: P.A. 91-304 replaced numeric with alphabetic Subsec. indicators and made minor wording changes.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-103. - Variation by agreement. Measure of damages. Action constituting ordinary care.

(a) The effect of the provisions of this article may be varied by agreement, but the parties to the agreement cannot disclaim a bank's responsibility for its lack of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care or limit the measure of damages for the lack or failure. However, the parties may determine by agreement the standards by which the bank's responsibility is to be measured if those standards are not manifestly unreasonable.
(b) Federal reserve and the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection regulations and operating circulars, clearinghouse rules, and the like have the effect of agreements under subsection (a) of this section, whether or not specifically assented to by all parties interested in items handled.
(c) Action or nonaction approved by this article or pursuant to federal reserve or the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection regulations or operating circulars is the exercise of ordinary care and, in the absence of special instructions, action or nonaction consistent with clearinghouse rules and the like or with a general banking usage not disapproved by this article, is prima facie the exercise of ordinary care.
(d) The specification or approval of certain procedures by this article is not disapproval of other procedures that may be reasonable under the circumstances.
(e) The measure of damages for failure to exercise ordinary care in handling an item is the amount of the item reduced by an amount that could not have been realized by the exercise of ordinary care. If there is also bad faith it includes any other damages the party suffered as a proximate consequence.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-103; P.A. 91-304, S. 70; P.A. 11-110, S. 15.)
History: P.A. 91-304 replaced numeric with alphabetic Subsec. indicators and made minor changes in wording; P.A. 11-110 amended Subsecs. (b) and (c) to add references to Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection and make a technical change, effective July 21, 2011.
Cited. 4 CA 39.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-105. - “Bank”. “Depositary bank”. “Payor bank”. “Intermediary bank”. “Collecting bank”. “Presenting bank”.

In this article:
(1) “Bank” means a person engaged in the business of banking, including a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, or trust company;
(2) “Depositary bank” means the first bank to take an item even though it is also the payor bank, unless the item is presented for immediate payment over the counter;
(3) “Payor bank” means a bank that is the drawee of a draft;
(4) “Intermediary bank” means a bank to which an item is transferred in course of collection except the depositary or payor bank;
(5) “Collecting bank” means a bank handling an item for collection except the payor bank;
(6) “Presenting bank” means a bank presenting an item except a payor bank.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-105; P.A. 91-304, S. 72.)
History: P.A. 91-304 added definition of “bank”, revised definitions of “depositary bank” and “payor bank”, made minor changes in wording in definitions of “intermediary bank”, “collecting bank” and “presenting bank”, deleted definition of “remitting bank” and replaced alphabetic with numeric Subdiv. indicators.
Cited. 230 C. 486.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-106. - Payable through or payable at bank. Collecting bank.

(a) If an item states that it is “payable through” a bank identified in the item, (i) the item designates the bank as a collecting bank and does not by itself authorize the bank to pay the item, and (ii) the item may be presented for payment only by or through the bank.
(b) If an item states that it is “payable at” a bank identified in the item, the item is equivalent to a draft drawn on the bank.
(c) If a draft names a nonbank drawee and it is unclear whether a bank named in the draft is a codrawee or a collecting bank, the bank is a collecting bank.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-106; 1961, P.A. 116, S. 4; 1963, P.A. 526, S. 7; P.A. 91-304, S. 73.)
History: 1961 act added exception re service on bank as garnishee; 1963 act added reference to Art. 3; P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re a separate office of a bank with provisions re items “payable through” and “payable at” a bank, a restatement of Secs. 42a-3-120 and 42a-3-121, revised to 1991, and provision re status of bank named in draft which names a nonbank drawee.
See Sec. 42a-4-107 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-4-106, revised to 1991, re a separate office of a bank.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-107. - Separate office of bank.

A branch or separate office of a bank is a separate bank for the purpose of computing the time within which and determining the place at or to which action may be taken or notice or orders must be given under this article and under article 3.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-107; 1972, P.A. 206, S. 2; P.A. 91-304, S. 74.)
History: 1972 act included reference to deposits received on days which are not banking days in Subsec. (2); P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re time of receipt of items with provisions re a separate office of a bank, a restatement of Sec. 42a-4-106, revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-4-108 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-4-107, revised to 1991, re time of receipt of items.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-108. - Time of receipt of items.

(a) For the purpose of allowing time to process items, prove balances, and make the necessary entries on its books to determine its position for the day, a bank may fix an afternoon hour of two o'clock p.m. or later as a cutoff hour for the handling of money and items and the making of entries on its books.
(b) An item or deposit of money received on any day after a cutoff hour so fixed or after the close of the banking day may be treated as being received at the opening of the next banking day.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-108; P.A. 91-304, S. 75.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re delays by a bank in handling items with provisions re time of receipt of items, a restatement of Sec. 42a-4-107, revised to 1991.
See Sec. 42a-4-109 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-4-108, revised to 1991, re delays by a bank in handling items.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-109. - Delays.

(a) Unless otherwise instructed, a collecting bank in a good faith effort to secure payment of a specific item drawn on a payor other than a bank, and with or without the approval of any person involved, may waive, modify, or extend time limits imposed or permitted by this title for a period not exceeding two additional banking days without discharge of drawers or endorsers or liability to its transferor or a prior party.
(b) Delay by a collecting bank or payor bank beyond time limits prescribed or permitted by this title or by instructions is excused if (i) the delay is caused by interruption of communication or computer facilities, suspension of payments by another bank, war, emergency conditions, failure of equipment, or other circumstances beyond the control of the bank, and (ii) the bank exercises such diligence as the circumstances require.
(1963, P.A. 526, S. 8; P.A. 91-304, S. 76.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re the process of posting with provisions re delays by a bank in handling items, a restatement of Sec. 42a-4-108, revised to 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-110. - Electronic presentment.

(a) “Agreement for electronic presentment” means an agreement, clearinghouse rule, or Federal Reserve or the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection regulation or operating circular, providing that presentment of an item may be made by transmission of an image of an item or information describing the item (“presentment notice”) rather than delivery of the item itself. The agreement may provide for procedures governing retention, presentment, payment, dishonor, and other matters concerning items subject to the agreement.
(b) Presentment of an item pursuant to an agreement for presentment is made when the presentment notice is received.
(c) If presentment is made by presentment notice, a reference to “item” or “check” in this article means the presentment notice unless the context otherwise indicates.
(P.A. 91-304, S. 77; P.A. 11-110, S. 16.)
History: P.A. 11-110 amended Subsec. (a) to add reference to Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, effective July 21, 2011.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-201. - Status of collecting bank as agent and provisional status of credits. Applicability of article. Item endorsed “pay any bank”.

(a) Unless a contrary intent clearly appears and before the time that a settlement given by a collecting bank for an item is or becomes final, the bank, with respect to the item, is an agent or subagent of the owner of the item and any settlement given for the item is provisional. This provision applies regardless of the form of endorsement or lack of endorsement and even though credit given for the item is subject to immediate withdrawal as of right or is in fact withdrawn; but the continuance of ownership of an item by its owner and any rights of the owner to proceeds of the item are subject to rights of a collecting bank such as those resulting from outstanding advances on the item and valid rights of recoupment or set-off. If an item is handled by banks for purposes of presentment, payment, collection, or return, the relevant provisions of this article apply even though action of the parties clearly establishes that a particular bank has purchased the item and is the owner of it.
(b) After an item has been endorsed with the words “pay any bank” or the like, only a bank may acquire the rights of a holder until the item has been: (1) Returned to the customer initiating collection; or (2) specially endorsed by a bank to a person who is not a bank.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-201; P.A. 91-304, S. 79.)
History: P.A. 91-304 replaced numeric with alphabetic Subsec. indicators and alphabetic with numeric Subdiv. indicators and made minor changes in wording and technical changes.
Former Subsec. (1) to be construed harmoniously with Sec. 42a-4-208 (1). 33 CS 641.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-202. - Responsibility for collection or return. When action timely.

(a) A collecting bank must exercise ordinary care in: (1) Presenting an item or sending it for presentment; (2) sending notice of dishonor or nonpayment or returning an item other than a documentary draft to the bank's transferor after learning that the item has not been paid or accepted, as the case may be; (3) settling for an item when the bank receives final settlement; and (4) notifying its transferor of any loss or delay in transit within a reasonable time after discovery thereof.
(b) A collecting bank exercises ordinary care under subsection (a) by taking proper action before its midnight deadline following receipt of an item, notice, or settlement. Taking proper action within a reasonably longer time may constitute the exercise of ordinary care, but the bank has the burden of establishing timeliness.
(c) Subject to subsection (a)(1), a bank is not liable for the insolvency, neglect, misconduct, mistake, or default of another bank or person or for loss or destruction of an item in the possession of others or in transit.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-202; P.A. 91-304, S. 80.)
History: P.A. 91-304 replaced numeric with alphabetic Subsec. indicators and alphabetic with numeric Subdiv. indicators, amended Subsec. (a) to delete provision from Subdiv. (2) re sending notice of dishonor or nonpayment or returning an item “directly to the depositary bank under subsection (2) of section 42a-4-212” and delete provision requiring exercise of ordinary care in “making or providing for any necessary protest”, amended Subsec. (b) to restate provisions and replace “acts seasonably” with “exercises ordinary care” and replace “may be seasonable” with “may constitute the exercise of ordinary care” and amended Subsec. (c) to make technical changes and reposition “in the possession of others”.
Cited. 230 C. 486; 232 C. 167.
Cited. 32 CS 179.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-203. - Effect of instructions.

Subject to section 42a-3-420 concerning conversion of instruments and section 42a-3-206 concerning restrictive endorsements, only a collecting bank's transferor can give instructions that affect the bank or constitute notice to it, and a collecting bank is not liable to prior parties for any action taken pursuant to the instructions or in accordance with any agreement with its transferor.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-203; P.A. 91-304, S. 81; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11, S. 20, 70.)
History: P.A. 91-304 replaced reference to Sec. 42a-3-419 with reference to Sec. 42a-3-420, replaced “and the provisions of both article 3 and this article concerning restrictive endorsements” with “and restrictive endorsements (section 42a-3-206)” and made minor changes in wording; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11 made a technical change.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-204. - Methods of sending and presenting. Sending directly to payor bank.

(a) A collecting bank shall send items by a reasonably prompt method, taking into consideration relevant instructions, the nature of the item, the number of those items on hand, the cost of collection involved, and the method generally used by it or others to present those items.
(b) A collecting bank may send: (1) An item directly to the payor bank; (2) an item to a nonbank payor if authorized by its transferor; and (3) an item other than documentary drafts to a nonbank payor, if authorized by federal reserve regulation or operating circular, clearinghouse rule, or the like.
(c) Presentment may be made by a presenting bank at a place where the payor bank or other payor has requested that presentment be made.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-204; 1963, P.A. 526, S. 9; P.A. 91-304, S. 82.)
History: 1963 act added Subsec. (3) re making of presentment; P.A. 91-304 replaced numeric with alphabetic Subsec. indicators and alphabetic with numeric Subdiv. indicators, amended Subsec. (a) to make minor changes in wording and punctuation, amended Subsec. (b) to make minor changes in wording and punctuation and replace “operating letter” with “operating circular” and amended Subsec. (c) to add “or other payor”.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-205. - Depositary bank holder of unendorsed item.

If a customer delivers an item to a depositary bank for collection: (1) The depositary bank becomes a holder of the item at the time it receives the item for collection if the customer at the time of delivery was a holder of the item, whether or not the customer endorses the item, and, if the bank satisfies the other requirements of section 42a-3-302, it is a holder in due course; and (2) the depositary bank warrants to collecting banks, the payor bank or other payor, and the drawer that the amount of the item was paid to the customer or deposited to the customer's account.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-205; P.A. 91-304, S. 83.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re authority of a depositary bank to supply a customer's endorsement and the effect on an intermediary bank or payor bank which is not a depositary bank of a restrictive endorsement of a person other than the bank's immediate transferor with provisions re when a depositary bank becomes a holder and the warranty it gives when a customer delivers an item to such bank for collection.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-206. - Transfer between banks.

Any agreed method that identifies the transferor bank is sufficient for the item's further transfer to another bank.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-206; P.A. 91-304, S. 84.)
History: P.A. 91-304 replaced “which” with “that”.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-207. - Transfer warranties.

(a) A customer or collecting bank that transfers an item and receives a settlement or other consideration warrants to the transferee and to any subsequent collecting bank that: (1) The warrantor is a person entitled to enforce the item; (2) all signatures on the item are authentic and authorized; (3) the item has not been altered; (4) the item is not subject to a defense or claim in recoupment, as provided in subsection (a) of section 42a-3-305, of any party that can be asserted against the warrantor; and (5) the warrantor has no knowledge of any insolvency proceeding commenced with respect to the maker or acceptor or, in the case of an unaccepted draft, the drawer.
(b) If an item is dishonored, a customer or collecting bank transferring the item and receiving settlement or other consideration is obliged to pay the amount due on the item (i) according to the terms of the item at the time it was transferred, or (ii) if the transfer was of an incomplete item, according to its terms when completed as stated in sections 42a-3-115 and 42a-3-407. The obligation of a transferor is owed to the transferee and to any subsequent collecting bank that takes the item in good faith. A transferor cannot disclaim its obligation under this subsection by an endorsement stating that it is made “without recourse” or otherwise disclaiming liability.
(c) A person to whom the warranties under subsection (a) are made and who took the item in good faith may recover from the warrantor as damages for breach of warranty an amount equal to the loss suffered as a result of the breach, but not more than the amount of the item plus expenses and loss of interest incurred as a result of the breach.
(d) The warranties stated in subsection (a) cannot be disclaimed with respect to checks. Unless notice of a claim for breach of warranty is given to the warrantor within thirty days after the claimant has reason to know of the breach and the identity of the warrantor, the warrantor is discharged to the extent of any loss caused by the delay in giving notice of the claim.
(e) A cause of action for breach of warranty under this section accrues when the claimant has reason to know of the breach.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-207; P.A. 91-304, S. 85; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11, S. 21, 70.)
History: P.A. 91-304 substantially revised section by deleting provisions re presentment warranties and rewriting provisions re transfer warranties, damages for breach of warranty, notice of a claim for breach of warranty and accrual of a cause of action for breach of warranty; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11 made a technical change in Subsec. (a).
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-209. - Encoding and retention warranties.

(a) A person who encodes information on or with respect to an item after issue warrants to any subsequent collecting bank and to the payor bank or other payor that the information is correctly encoded. If the customer of a depositary bank encodes, that bank also makes the warranty.
(b) A person who undertakes to retain an item pursuant to an agreement for electronic presentment warrants to any subsequent collecting bank and to the payor bank or other payor that retention and presentment of the item comply with the agreement. If a customer of a depositary bank undertakes to retain an item, that bank also makes this warranty.
(c) A person to whom warranties are made under this section and who took the item in good faith may recover from the warrantor as damages for breach of warranty an amount equal to the loss suffered as a result of the breach, plus expenses and loss of interest incurred as a result of the breach.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-209; P.A. 91-304, S. 87.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re when a bank gives value for purposes of holder in due course status with provisions re encoding and retention warranties and damages for breach of warranty.
See Sec. 42a-4-211 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-4-209, revised to 1991, re when a bank gives value for purposes of holder in due course status.
Cited. 205 C. 604.
Bank may become holder in due course by provisionally crediting deposit against overdrawn account. 33 CS 641.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-210. - Security interest of collecting bank in items, accompanying documents and proceeds.

(a) A collecting bank has a security interest in an item and any accompanying documents or the proceeds of either: (1) In case of an item deposited in an account, to the extent to which credit given for the item has been withdrawn or applied; (2) in case of an item for which it has given credit available for withdrawal as of right, to the extent of the credit given, whether or not the credit is drawn upon or there is a right of charge-back; or (3) if it makes an advance on or against the item.
(b) If credit given for several items received at one time or pursuant to a single agreement is withdrawn or applied in part, the security interest remains upon all the items, and accompanying documents or the proceeds of either. For the purpose of this section, credits first given are first withdrawn.
(c) Receipt by a collecting bank of a final settlement for an item is a realization on its security interest in the item, accompanying documents, and proceeds. So long as the bank does not receive final settlement for the item or give up possession of the item or possession or control of the accompanying documents for purposes other than collection, the security interest continues to that extent and is subject to article 9, but: (1) No security agreement is necessary to make the security interest enforceable, as provided in subsection (b)(3)(A) of section 42a-9-203; (2) no filing is required to perfect the security interest; and (3) the security interest has priority over conflicting perfected security interests in the item, accompanying documents or proceeds.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-210; P.A. 91-304, S. 88; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11, S. 22, 70; P.A. 01-132, S. 143; P.A. 04-64, S. 58.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re presentment by notice of item not payable by, through or at a bank and liability of secondary parties with provisions re security interest of collecting bank in items, accompanying documents and proceeds, a restatement of Sec. 42a-4-208, revised to 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11 made a technical change in Subsec. (c); P.A. 01-132 amended Subsec. (c) to replace reference to Sec. 42a-9-203(1)(a) with Sec. 42a-9-203(b)(3)(A); P.A. 04-64 amended Subsec. (c) by adding “possession or control of the” re accompanying documents to conform to revisions made to article 7 by the same act.
See Sec. 42a-4-212 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-4-210, revised to 1991, re presentment by notice of item not payable by, through or at bank and liability of secondary parties.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections › Section 42a-4-211. - When bank gives value for purposes of holder in due course.

For purposes of determining its status as a holder in due course, a bank has given value to the extent it has a security interest in an item, if the bank otherwise complies with the requirements of section 42a-3-302 on what constitutes a holder in due course.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 4-211; P.A. 91-304, S. 89.)
History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re media of remittance and provisional and final settlement in remittance cases with provisions re when a bank gives value for purposes of holder in due course status, a restatement of Sec. 42a-4-209, revised to 1991.