reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 924 - Wagering Contracts › Section 52-554. - Recovery of money lost in gaming.

Any person who, by playing at any game, or betting on the sides or hands of such as play at any game, excluding any game permitted under chapter 226 or any activity not prohibited under the provisions of sections 53-278a to 53-278g, inclusive, loses the sum or value of one dollar in the whole and pays or delivers the same or any part thereof, may, within three months next following, recover from the winner the money or the value of the goods so lost and paid or delivered, with costs of suit in a civil action, without setting forth the special matter in his complaint. If the defendant refuses to testify, if called upon in such action, relative to the discovery of the property so won, the defendant shall be defaulted; but no evidence so given by the defendant shall be offered against him or her in any criminal prosecution. Nothing in this section shall prohibit any person from using a credit card to (1) participate in online casino gaming, online sports wagering, retail sports wagering or fantasy contests, as such terms are defined in section 12-850, and conducted pursuant to sections 12-852 to 12-865, inclusive, as applicable, or (2) participate in keno through or purchase tickets for lottery draw games through the Internet web site, online service or mobile application of the Connecticut Lottery Corporation, pursuant to section 12-853.
(1949 Rev., S. 6786; P.A. 81-16, S. 1, 2; P.A. 21-23, S. 39.)
History: P.A. 81-16 specifically excluded games permitted under chapter 226 or any activity not prohibited under Secs. 53-278a to 53-278g, inclusive; P.A. 21-23 added provision re nothing in section prohibits use of credit card and made technical changes, effective July 1, 2021.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-555a. - Actions for loss of consortium re death of spouse independent for determination of damages.

Any claim or cause of action for loss of consortium by one spouse with respect to the death of the other spouse shall be separate from and independent of all claims or causes of action for the determination of damages with respect to such death.
(P.A. 89-148, S. 1, 5.)
History: P.A. 89-148 effective October 1, 1989, and applicable to all causes of action arising on or after that date.
Cited. 226 C. 282.
Cited. 44 CA 172.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-555b. - Actions for loss of consortium re death of spouse to be joined with all actions re death of spouse.

Any claim or cause of action for loss of consortium by one spouse with respect to the death of the other spouse, which claim or cause of action may include, without limitation, claims for damages with respect to loss of the society of, affection of, moral support provided by, services provided by, sexual relations with or companionship of the other spouse, suffered because of the death of the other spouse, shall be brought with or joined with the claims and causes of action with respect to the death of the other spouse.
(P.A. 89-148, S. 2, 5.)
History: P.A. 89-148 effective October 1, 1989, and applicable to all causes of action arising on or after that date.
Cited. 44 CA 172.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-555c. - Statute of limitations. Actions for loss of consortium re death of spouse contingent upon proof of facts for wrongful death.

(a) No action with respect to any claim or cause of action for loss of consortium shall be commenced except within the time within which an action may be commenced with respect to the death of the other spouse in relation to which the action for loss of consortium arises.
(b) Any claim or cause of action for loss of consortium by one spouse arising out of the claim or cause of action for the wrongful death of the other spouse shall be contingent upon proof of facts sufficient to establish recovery for the claim or cause of action for wrongful death. Nothing in sections 52-555a to 52-555d, inclusive, shall limit the assertion of any defenses against the claim or cause of action for loss of consortium that would be available against the claim or cause of action for wrongful death.
(P.A. 89-148, S. 3, 5.)
History: P.A. 89-148 effective October 1, 1989, and applicable to all causes of action arising on or after that date.
Cited. 44 CA 172.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-555d. - Eligibility for workers' compensation benefits bar to action for loss of consortium against employer.

No action with respect to any claim or cause of action for loss of consortium shall be brought by one spouse against an employer of the other spouse if such other spouse is entitled to receive, is receiving or has received benefits pursuant to chapter 568.
(P.A. 89-148, S. 4, 5.)
History: P.A. 89-148 effective October 1, 1989, and applicable to all causes of action arising on or after that date.
Cited. 226 C. 282.
Cited. 44 CA 172.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557. - Injury to children being transported to school.

In any action brought by any person for personal injuries received while being transported to or from school in a vehicle owned, leased or hired by, or operated under contract with, any town, school district or other municipality, it shall be no defense that such transportation is in the line of governmental duty or is mandated by the state. In any such action brought against any town, school district or other municipality, the defense of sovereign immunity shall not be available and it shall be no defense that the transportation was being provided by an independent contractor.
(1949 Rev., S. 8298; P.A. 00-133.)
History: P.A. 00-133 barred the defense that the transportation is mandated by the state and the defense of sovereign immunity.
See Sec. 52-557c re standard of care applicable to school bus owners and operators.
Cited. 203 C. 317.
Cited. 42 CA 624.
Cited. 41 CS 402; 44 CS 527. Section eliminates defense of governmental immunity for personal injuries student received due to harassment on school bus. 52 CS 42; judgment affirmed, see 129 CA 682.
Subsec (a):
Subdiv. (2): City police officer's decision to drive her cruiser into the oncoming traffic lane that the plaintiff was traveling was a discretionary act that violated both city and state policies that imposed ministerial duties regarding roadblocks, the operation of police vehicles and pursuits. 337 C. 326.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557a. - Standard of care owed social invitee.

The standard of care owed to a social invitee shall be the same as the standard of care owed to a business invitee.
(1963, P.A. 575.)
Postman a licensee comparable to a social invitee. 154 C. 185. Standard of care owed to social invitee is same as standard of care as owed to business invitee. 160 C. 61. Cited. 194 C. 129. Does not abrogate common law regarding status of firefighters and police officers; status of such licensees is unaffected by manner in which they came upon the premises. 218 C. 610.
Cited. 54 CA 335.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557c. - Standard of care applicable to owners and operators of school buses.

The standard of care applicable to the owners and operators of any school bus, as defined in section 14-275, or of any motor vehicle registered as a service bus transporting children to and from school or school activities, private or public camps or any other activities concerning the transportation of groups of children shall be the same as the standard of care applicable to common carriers of passengers for hire.
(February, 1965, P.A. 303, S. 1.)
Duty of carrier is to provide its passengers with a reasonably safe place to alight. 180 C. 302.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557d. - Defense of charitable immunity abolished.

The common law defense of charitable immunity is abolished and shall not constitute a valid defense to any cause of action.
(1967, P.A. 52; P.A. 82-160, S. 225.)
History: P.A. 82-160 deleted “arising subsequent to October 1, 1967” after “cause of action”.
Extended statute of limitations in section was intended to address causes of action for personal injuries arising from intentional sexual misconduct rather than negligent sexual misconduct. 337 C. 627.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557e. - Immunity of physicians from liability for uncompensated service on hospital utilization review committee.

No action may be brought to recover damages against any licensed physician for any decision or action taken by him as a member of a hospital utilization review committee on which he serves without compensation and to which he shall have been appointed by the staff of the hospital, the function of which committee, as directed by the federal Medicare Act, as amended, shall have been to review the utilization of the facilities of the hospital in the interests of efficiency and the quality of service to the public.
(1971, P.A. 157; P.A. 82-160, S. 226.)
History: P.A. 82-160 made minor changes in wording.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557g. - Liability of owner of land available to public for recreation; exceptions.

(a) Except as provided in section 52-557h, an owner of land who makes all or any part of the land available to the public without charge, rent, fee or other commercial service for recreational purposes owes no duty of care to keep the land, or the part thereof so made available, safe for entry or use by others for recreational purposes, or to give any warning of a dangerous condition, use, structure or activity on the land to persons entering for recreational purposes.
(b) Except as provided in section 52-557h, an owner of land who, either directly or indirectly, invites or permits without charge, rent, fee or other commercial service any person to use the land, or part thereof, for recreational purposes does not thereby: (1) Make any representation that the premises are safe for any purpose; (2) confer upon the person who enters or uses the land for recreational purposes the legal status of an invitee or licensee to whom a duty of care is owed; or (3) assume responsibility for or incur liability for any injury to person or property caused by an act or omission of the owner.
(c) Unless otherwise agreed in writing, the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall be deemed applicable to the duties and liability of an owner of land leased to the state or any subdivision thereof for recreational purposes.
(1971, P.A. 249, S. 2–4; P.A. 73-70, S. 1, 2; P.A. 82-160, S. 228.)
History: P.A. 73-70 deleted language limiting applicability to owners of “five or more acres” of land and specified that landowner may make “all or any part” of land available for public use without liability; P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section.
Cited. 204 C. 435. Applies to all municipal and private landowners. 221 C. 256; decision reconsidered and overruled, see 238 C. 653. Cited. 226 C. 446; 238 C. 653; Id., 687.
Cited. 7 CA 164. Void for vagueness doctrine does not require prior warning of civil immunity to potential claimants. 10 CA 86. Sec. 52-557f et seq. apply to all landowners including governmental entities; municipality's immunity under section extends to its employees. 24 CA 592. Cited. Id., 832; 39 CA 280; 45 CA 17.
State enjoys same immunity from suit as private persons as long as it makes its land available for recreational purposes free of charge. 52 CS 562.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557h. - Owner liable, when.

Nothing in sections 52-557f to 52-557i, inclusive, limits in any way the liability of any owner of land which otherwise exists: (1) For wilful or malicious failure to guard or warn against a dangerous condition, use, structure or activity; (2) for injury suffered in any case where the owner of land charges the person or persons who enter or go on the land for the recreational use thereof, except that, in the case of land leased to the state or a subdivision thereof, any consideration received by the owner for the lease shall not be deemed a charge within the meaning of this section.
(1971, P.A. 249, S. 5; P.A. 82-160, S. 229.)
History: P.A. 82-160 made minor technical change and replaced alphabetic Subdiv. indicators with numeric indicators.
Cited. 221 C. 256; decision reconsidered and overruled, see 238 C. 653; 226 C. 446; 238 C. 653; Id., 687.
Subdiv. (1): Does not authorize recovery for nuisance. 7 CA 164. Cited. 10 CA 86. Sec. 52-557f et seq. apply to all landowners including governmental entities. 24 CA 592. Cited. 39 CA 280; 45 CA 17.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557i. - Obligation of user of land.

Nothing in sections 52-557f to 52-557i, inclusive, shall be construed to relieve any person using the land of another for recreational purposes from any obligation which he may have in the absence of said sections to exercise care in his use of such land and in his activities thereon, or from the legal consequences of failure to employ such care.
(1971, P.A. 249, S. 6.)
Cited. 221 C. 256; decision reconsidered and overruled, see 238 C. 653; 226 C. 446; 238 C. 653; Id., 687.
Sec. 52-557f et seq. apply to all landowners including governmental entities. 24 CA 592. Cited. 39 CA 280; 45 CA 17.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557j. - Liability of landowner upon whose land snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, motorcycles, minibikes or minicycles are operated.

No landowner may be held liable for any injury sustained by any person operating a snowmobile, all-terrain vehicle, as defined in section 14-379, motorcycle or minibike or minicycle, as defined in section 14-1, upon the landowner's property or by any passenger in the snowmobile, all-terrain vehicle or motorcycle, minibike or minicycle, whether or not the landowner had given permission, written or oral, for the operation upon his land unless the landowner charged a fee for the operation, or unless the injury is caused by the wilful or malicious conduct of the landowner.
(1971, P.A. 440, S. 1; P.A. 73-67, S. 1, 2; 73-676, S. 2; P.A. 82-160, S. 230.)
History: P.A. 73-67 exempted landowners from liability for injuries sustained in operation of all-terrain vehicles or motorcycles; P.A. 73-676 extended exemption to cover injuries sustained in operating minibikes and minicycles; P.A. 82-160 made minor changes in wording.
Statute held constitutional. 194 C. 129. Cited. 238 C. 653; Id., 687.
City held to be a “landowner” within the ambit of statute. 7 CA 164. Cited. 10 CA 86; 24 CA 592; 39 CA 280.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557m. - Immunity from liability of directors, officers and trustees of nonprofit tax-exempt organizations.

Any person who serves as a director, officer or trustee of a nonprofit organization qualified as a tax-exempt organization under Section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended, and who is not compensated for such services on a salary or prorated equivalent basis, shall be immune from civil liability for damage or injury occurring on or after October 1, 1987, resulting from any act, error or omission made in the exercise of such person's policy or decision-making responsibilities if such person was acting in good faith and within the scope of such person's official functions and duties, unless such damage or injury was caused by the reckless, wilful or wanton misconduct of such person.
(P.A. 86-338, S. 10; P.A. 87-227, S. 7; P.A. 88-364, S. 68, 123; P.A. 89-211, S. 50.)
History: P.A. 87-227 replaced provision granting immunity for “any act or omission resulting in damage or injury occurring on or after October 1, 1986” with immunity for “damage or injury occurring on or after October 1, 1987, resulting from any act, error or omission made in the exercise of such person's policy or decision-making responsibilities” and excluded damage or injury caused by “reckless” misconduct; P.A. 88-364 made technical change; P.A. 89-211 clarified reference to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
Cited. 214 C. 1; 228 C. 375; 238 C. 653; Id., 687.
Section provides greater protections to director, officer or trustee of nonprofit organization than does federal Volunteer Protection Act of 1997 and so is not preempted by said act. 140 CA 40.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557o. - Liability of land surveyors.

No action for trespass shall lie against any surveyor licensed under chapter 391 or person acting at the direction of any such licensed surveyor who enters upon land other than the land being surveyed without causing any damage to such other land in order to perform a survey, provided no such surveyor or person acting at the direction of such surveyor shall enter upon any land owned by a railroad company, as defined in section 13b-199, which is within fifty feet of a railroad track without first obtaining written permission from the railroad company, which written permission shall not be unreasonably withheld. Nothing herein shall relieve such licensed surveyor or person from liability for actual damages caused by such entry upon such other property.
(P.A. 89-310, S. 1; P.A. 92-74, S. 2, 7; P.A. 14-134, S. 6.)
History: P.A. 92-74 amended section to require surveyor or person acting at the direction of surveyor to obtain railroad company's written permission before entering upon any land owned by it which is within 50 feet of a railroad track; P.A. 14-134 replaced reference to Sec. 16-1 with reference to Sec. 13b-199, effective June 6, 2014.
Cited. 238 C. 653; Id., 687.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557p. (Formerly Sec. 52-577p). - Assumption of risk by person engaged in recreational equestrian activities, when.

Each person engaged in recreational equestrian activities shall assume the risk and legal responsibility for any injury to his person or property arising out of the hazards inherent in equestrian sports, unless the injury was proximately caused by the negligence of the person providing the horse or horses to the individual engaged in recreational equestrian activities or the failure to guard or warn against a dangerous condition, use, structure or activity by the person providing the horse or horses or his agents or employees.
(P.A. 93-286, S. 1.)
History: Sec. 52-577p transferred to Sec. 52-557p in 1997.
Protection granted by statute does not permit operator of horseback riding facility to avoid liability entirely for its negligence or its employees' negligence; the release plaintiff signed broadly indemnifying facility's operators from liability for damages resulting from operators' own negligence was a contract of adhesion and invalid as it violates public policy and is not in the public interest. 280 C. 153.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557q. - Immunity from liability of broadcaster that broadcasts emergency alert and information concerning child abduction. Immunity from liability of outdoor advertising establishment.

No claim for damages shall be made against a broadcaster, as defined in subsection (k) of section 12-218, or an outdoor advertising establishment, as described in the United States Department of Labor Standard Industrial Classification System Code 7312, that, pursuant to a voluntary program between broadcasters and law enforcement agencies, or between law enforcement agencies and outdoor advertising establishments, broadcasts or disseminates an emergency alert and information provided by a law enforcement agency concerning the abduction of a child, including, but not limited to, a description of the abducted child, a description of the suspected abductor and the circumstances of the abduction. Nothing in this section shall be construed to (1) limit or restrict in any way any legal protection a broadcaster or outdoor advertising establishment may have under any other law for broadcasting, outdoor advertising or otherwise disseminating any information, or (2) relieve a law enforcement agency from acting reasonably in providing information to the broadcaster or outdoor advertising establishment.
(P.A. 03-111, S. 1; P.A. 05-210, S. 33; P.A. 06-196, S. 183; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 15-1, S. 46.)
History: P.A. 05-210 provided immunity for outdoor advertising establishment; P.A. 06-196 made technical changes, effective June 7, 2006; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 15-1 replaced reference to Sec. 12-218(l) with reference to Sec. 12-218(k), effective January 1, 2016.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557r. - Immunity from liability of fire department for installation or delivery of smoke and carbon monoxide detectors.

(a) For the purposes of this section “fire department” includes any municipal fire department, independent fire department, fire district, independent fire company, volunteer fire department and any member thereof; “device” includes any battery-operated or plug-in smoke detector, carbon monoxide detector, or combination smoke and carbon monoxide detector; and “installation” does not include the alteration or installation of electrical wiring.
(b) A fire department that delivers to, or installs at, residential premises a device or batteries for such a device shall not be liable for civil damages for personal injury, wrongful death, property damage or other loss, provided (1) such installation was done in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, and (2) such installation or delivery was in such department's official capacity.
(c) Any device delivered or installed pursuant to subsection (b) of this section shall be new and shall meet all applicable current safety and manufacturing standards.
(d) Any fire department that delivers or installs a device in accordance with this section shall keep records documenting every such delivery or installation for not less than five years after such delivery or installation.
(e) Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit or otherwise affect the obligations and duties of the owner or occupier of the residential premises receiving such delivery or installation services.
(P.A. 09-78, S. 1.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557s. - Liability of owner or keeper of horse, pony, donkey or mule.

(a) In any civil action brought against the owner or keeper of any horse, pony, donkey or mule to recover damages for any personal injury allegedly caused by such horse, pony, donkey or mule, such horse, pony, donkey or mule shall not be found to belong to a species that possesses a naturally mischievous or vicious propensity.
(b) In any civil action brought against the owner or keeper of any horse, pony, donkey or mule to recover damages for any personal injury allegedly caused by such horse, pony, donkey or mule, there shall be a presumption that such horse, pony, donkey or mule did not have a propensity to engage in behavior that would foreseeably cause injury to humans. Such presumption may be rebutted by evidence that such horse, pony, donkey or mule previously exhibited behavior that put the owner or keeper of such horse, pony, donkey or mule on notice that such horse, pony, donkey or mule had a propensity to engage in the behavior that allegedly caused such personal injury.
(c) There shall be no cause of action for strict liability brought against the owner of any horse, pony, donkey or mule to recover damages for any personal injury alleged to be caused by such horse, pony, donkey or mule.
(P.A. 14-54, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 14-54 effective May 28, 2014.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557t. - Absolute defense to civil action resulting from good faith report of an act of threatening.

Any individual who reports an act of threatening described in subdivision (4) of subsection (a) of section 53a-61aa shall have an absolute defense to any civil action brought as a result of having made such report, provided such individual exercised due care when making such report and at all times acted in good faith while making such report.
(P.A. 16-67, S. 9.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557u. - Entering the passenger motor vehicle of another to remove child or animal from vehicle. Affirmative defense against civil damages and criminal penalties, when.

(a) Notwithstanding any provision of the general statutes, a person who enters the passenger motor vehicle of another, including entry by force, to remove a child or animal from the passenger motor vehicle shall have an affirmative defense against any civil damages or criminal penalties resulting from the acts or omissions by such person in removing the child or animal from the passenger motor vehicle, if such person:
(1) Has a reasonable belief, at the time such person enters the passenger motor vehicle, that such entry is necessary to remove the child or animal from imminent danger of serious bodily injury;
(2) Uses no more force than reasonably necessary under the circumstances to enter the passenger motor vehicle to remove the child or animal from imminent danger of serious bodily injury based upon the circumstances known by such person at the time;
(3) Reports the entry and the circumstances surrounding such entry to a law enforcement agency or other public safety agency within a reasonable period of time after entering the passenger motor vehicle; and
(4) Takes reasonable steps to ensure the safety, health and well-being of the child or animal after removing the child or animal from the passenger motor vehicle.
(b) The affirmative defense provided in subsection (a) of this section shall not apply to acts or omissions constituting gross, wilful or wanton negligence.
(c) Nothing in this section shall affect a person's civil liability if the person attempts to render aid to the child or animal in addition to the aid that is authorized under this section.
(d) The provisions of this section are not exclusive, and the affirmative defense shall be in addition to any other defenses or immunities provided by state or federal law or which are available under common law.
(e) As used in this section, “passenger motor vehicle” has the same meaning as provided in section 14-1 and “public safety agency” has the same meaning as provided in section 28-25.
(P.A. 17-134, S. 1; P.A. 18-164, S. 16.)
History: P.A. 18-164 amended Subsecs. (a) and (c) to add “or animal”.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-557v. - Immunity from liability of the state, political subdivisions and employees for emergency administration of epinephrine cartridge injector.

(a) A person (1) employed to work for the state or any political subdivision thereof that has acquired and maintains a supply of epinephrine cartridge injectors, (2) who is trained in the use of an epinephrine cartridge injector in accordance with subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 19a-909, and (3) provides or administers an epinephrine cartridge injector to an individual whom the person believes in good faith is experiencing anaphylaxis during the course of such person's employment, shall not be liable to such individual for civil damages or subject to criminal prosecution for any personal injuries that result from acts or omissions by such person in using an epinephrine cartridge injector, which may constitute ordinary negligence. The immunity provided in this subsection shall not apply to wilful or wanton misconduct or acts or omissions constituting gross negligence.
(b) The state or any political subdivision thereof that (1) has acquired and maintains a supply of epinephrine cartridge injectors, and (2) employs a person who (A) is trained in the use of an epinephrine cartridge injector in accordance with subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 19a-909, and (B) provides or administers an epinephrine cartridge injector to an individual whom the person believes in good faith is experiencing anaphylaxis during the course of such person's employment, shall not be liable to such individual for civil damages for any personal injuries that result from acts or omissions by such person in using an epinephrine cartridge injector, which may constitute ordinary negligence. The immunity provided in this subsection shall not apply to wilful or wanton misconduct or acts or omissions constituting gross negligence.
(P.A. 19-19, S. 3.)
History: P.A. 19-19 effective June 13, 2019.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-558. - Liability for placing obstructions in highway.

When any person places or keeps building materials, or any obstacle, in any highway, either with or without a license therefor from the town, city or borough in which such highway is situated, he shall pay to such town, city or borough all costs and damages which it sustains or is compelled to pay by reason thereof.
(1949 Rev., S. 8299.)
Open sewer box on sidewalk not an obstacle. 91 C. 255. Allowing water to flow from building and freeze on sidewalk. 104 C. 508. Gasoline from abutter's filling station making sidewalk unsafe. 108 C. 198. Imposes liability upon an abutting owner who, while not placing an obstruction in a highway, allows it to remain there. 134 C. 322.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-559. - Damage for spreading fire.

Any person who sets fire on any land, that runs upon the land of any other person, shall pay to the owner all damages done by such fire.
(1949 Rev., S. 8300.)
See Sec. 23-48 re penalty for kindling fire in the open without proper authorization.
See Sec. 23-49a re burning ban, special burning permits and penalties for violation of ban.
If fire was originally set on plaintiff's land, by one occupying it under a license, he is not within statute. 25 C. 170. Fire need not be proved to have run continuously on the ground from one lot to the other. 30 C. 306. Proof of negligence is not required; 54 C. 461; but if defendant did not cause to be set or himself set fire, he is not liable under statute; nor at common law for negligence unless negligence is shown. 100 C. 701. Fire marshal, not having authority to start fire, may not claim governmental immunity. 119 C. 599. Not enough to warrant recovery that fire causing plaintiff's loss originated on defendant's land but must have been set by, or caused to be set by, defendant. 149 C. 170. Fire must have not only originated on defendant's land, but it must have been set by defendant or caused by him to be set; the affirmative act of causing the fire is required. 150 C. 432.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-561. - Trespass to lands without color of right.

Section 52-561 is repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 8302; 1963, P.A. 642, S. 57; P.A. 81-410, S. 14.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-561a. - Damage by domestic fowls.

Any owner or keeper of domestic fowls who allows them to trespass upon the premises of another person shall be liable to the owner or occupant of such premises for all damage done by such fowls.
(1971, P.A. 871, S. 49.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-562. - Liability for fraud in contracting debt; concealing property.

When any person is guilty of fraud in contracting a debt, or conceals, removes or conveys away any part of his property, with intent to prevent it from being taken by legal process, or refuses to pay any debt admitted by him or established by a valid judgment, while having property, not exempt from execution, sufficient to discharge the debt, concealed or withheld by him so that the property cannot be taken by legal process, or refuses to disclose his rights of action, with intent to prevent the rights of action from being taken by foreign attachment or garnishment, any creditor aggrieved thereby may institute an action against him, setting forth his debt and the fraudulent act or acts particularly in the complaint.
(1949 Rev., S. 8303; P.A. 81-410, S. 11; P.A. 82-160, S. 231.)
History: P.A. 81-410 eliminated provision re body attachment and execution; P.A. 82-160 replaced “estate” with “property”, added “or garnishment” after “foreign attachment” and rephrased the section.
See Sec. 52-279 re conditions under which attachment may be granted.
Statute creates a new remedy. 19 C. 545. What constitutes a fraudulent concealment or withdrawal of property. 25 C. 368. Amount of the debt is ordinarily the rule of damages. 30 C. 413. Subsequent proceedings in insolvency, or insolvency in fact, no defense. Id., 412; 38 C. 76. Declaration. Id. Defense of offer of payment by note. Id., 77. Complaint held insufficient to show statutory fraud. 41 C. 241. Cited. Id., 301. Defendant held liable for refusing to disclose to officer the names of his debtors. 46 C. 270. A preconceived design not to pay for goods bought on credit is not essential to constitute fraud. 55 C. 277. Complaint charging a violation of statute, and on which defendant's body has been attached, cannot be amended by adding count in contract; 63 C. 370; 105 C. 679; nor is another action pending seeking recovery for same debt under common counts a ground for abatement. Id., 683. Refusal to find fraud held warranted on writ of error. 108 C. 94. History of statutes concerning body attachments and executions. 111 C. 229. Cited. 114 C. 53; 134 C. 207. Requires that fraudulent acts be specifically set up in complaint; evidence held to sustain ruling of not guilty of fraud. 136 C. 222.
Cited. 12 CS 106. Not enough to prove a debt under section; fraud must also be proved. 16 CS 158. Cited. 35 CS 130.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-563. - Liability for waste by tenant for life or years.

Any person who, having no greater interest in real property than an estate for years, or for life, created by the act of the parties and not by the act of the law, commits waste upon the premises, beyond what tenants for years or life created by operation of law may do, shall be liable to the party injured in an action on this section, unless he was expressly authorized, by the contract under which the interest is created, to do the acts complained of.
(1949 Rev., S. 8304; P.A. 82-160, S. 232.)
History: P.A. 82-160 replaced “estate” with “property” and made a minor technical change.
If tenant for life cuts fruit trees, it is waste. 24 C. 357. An estate created by devise is within statute. Id., 356. Whether tenant of life estate created by will is liable for waste depends upon terms of will. 45 C. 527. Mortgagee not liable for waste. 46 C. 213. Waste by one having dower interest. 84 C. 202. Life tenant may be liable under section to pay damages to owner for either voluntary or permissive waste before termination of the tenancy. 220 C. 170.
Term “waste” relates to real estate and does not relate to personalty. 5 CS 502.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-564a. - Liability for shoplifting.

(a) Any person eighteen years of age or older or an emancipated minor who takes possession of goods or merchandise displayed or offered for sale by any mercantile establishment, or who takes from any real property any agricultural produce kept, grown or raised on the property for purposes of sale, without the consent of the owner and with the intention of converting such goods, merchandise or produce to his own use without having paid the purchase price thereof, or who alters the price indicia of such goods or merchandise, shall be liable in a civil action to the owner of the goods, merchandise or produce for (1) the actual and reasonable costs of maintaining the action, including court costs and a reasonable attorney's fee, (2) the retail value of the goods, merchandise or produce taken, if not recovered by the time of the commencement of the action or if recovered in an unmerchantable condition, and (3) punitive damages in an amount not to exceed three hundred dollars.
(b) A conviction of larceny by shoplifting, as defined in subdivision (9) of section 53a-119, shall not be a condition precedent to the maintenance of a civil action under this section.
(c) In any action brought pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, if the plaintiff does not prevail, the court may award to the defendant his costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, and damages not to exceed three hundred dollars.
(d) No action shall be brought pursuant to subsection (a) of this section but within two years from the date of the act complained of.
(P.A. 90-197; 90-282, S. 5.)
History: P.A. 90-282 added Subsec. (d) to impose two-year deadline for bringing action.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-565. - Double damages for forgery.

Any person who falsely makes, alters, forges or counterfeits any document, or knowingly utters, as true, any document falsely made, altered, forged or counterfeited, shall pay double damages to any party injured thereby.
(1949 Rev., S. 8306.)
See Secs. 53a-137 to 53a-140, inclusive, re forgery.
Not a penal statute. 1 D. 100; 74 C. 136; 87 C. 468. Is constitutional. 82 C. 5. Cited. 205 C. 93; 236 C. 582.
Cited. 11 CA 161; 41 CA 659; 43 CA 1.
An agent may commit forgery by making or signing an instrument in disobedience of his instructions or by exceeding his authority. 24 CS 498.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-566. - Treble damages for wilful removal or destruction of bridge.

Any person who wilfully removes or destroys any part of any bridge, or of its approaches, shall pay treble damages to the owner thereof or to the party bound to maintain it.
(1949 Rev., S. 8307; P.A. 82-160, S. 233.)
History: P.A. 82-160 made minor change in wording.
See Secs. 53a-115 to 53a-117a, inclusive, re criminal mischief.
Is constitutional. 82 C. 5. Not a penal statute. 87 C. 468. Owned construed to include truck loaned to state by federal government. 163 C. 576. Requirement and definition of “wilfulness” discussed. 189 C. 671.
Cited. 43 CA 1.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-567. - Treble damages for injury to milestone, guidepost or railing.

Any person who pulls down or injures any milestone, guidepost or other monument for the direction of travelers, or any railing lawfully erected on any causeway or public road for safety of travelers, shall pay to the owner thereof treble damages.
(1949 Rev., S. 8308.)
See Secs. 53a-115 to 53a-117a, inclusive, re criminal mischief.
Is constitutional. 82 C. 5. Not a penal statute. 87 C. 468.
Cited. 43 CA 1.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-568a. - Damages for groundless or vexatious suit against the owner or operator of a “pick or cut your own agricultural operation”.

Any person or any attorney who represents such person, who commences any civil action or complaint, in his own name or the name of others, against the owner or operator of a “pick or cut your own agricultural operation” (1) without probable cause, shall pay such owner or operator double damages, including, in the discretion of the court, costs and attorney's fees, or (2) without probable cause, and with a malicious intent unjustly to vex and trouble such owner or operator, shall pay such owner or operator treble damages including, in the discretion of the court, costs and attorney's fees. As used in this section, “pick or cut your own agricultural operation” means a farm to whom the Department of Revenue Services has issued a farmer tax exemption permit under subdivision (63) of section 12-412 that allows any person to enter such farm for the purpose of agricultural harvesting, including the cutting of Christmas trees. Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect or abrogate the provisions of section 52-568.
(P.A. 97-179, S. 11.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-569. - Damages for leaving open bars, gate or fence.

Any person who wilfully and unlawfully throws down or leaves open any bars, gate or fence, belonging to any particular enclosure or common field, shall pay to the party injured double damages, and a sum not exceeding five dollars, according to the nature and aggravation of the trespass.
(1949 Rev., S. 8310; P.A. 82-160, S. 235.)
History: P.A. 82-160 substituted “wilfully” for “wittingly”.
See Sec. 53a-109 re criminal trespass in the third degree.
See Sec. 53a-115 to 53a-117a, inclusive, re criminal mischief.
Penalty is recoverable though act be done under claim of right. 44 C. 359.
Cited. 43 CA 1.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-570. - Action for malicious erection of structure.

An action may be maintained by the proprietor of any land against the owner or lessee of land adjacent, who maliciously erects any structure thereon, with intent to annoy or injure the plaintiff in his use or disposition of his land.
(1949 Rev., S. 8311.)
See Sec. 52-480 re injunction against malicious erection of structure.
What constitutes “malice” and evidence of it; 75 C. 424; a question of fact ordinarily not reviewable. 82 C. 290. Court rejected defendant's argument that the effect of this section and Sec. 52-480 is to create for plaintiff an unlawful visual easement across defendant's land. 174 C. 29.
Cited. 43 CA 1; 46 CA 164.
Elements necessary to state a cause of action under section enumerated. 21 CS 110. Testimony credible that fence was erected, in part, for legitimate purpose of safeguarding children and dogs; essential elements of cause of action under section are (1) structure erected on defendant's land, (2) malicious erection of structure, (3) intent to injure enjoyment of adjacent landowner's land by erection of structure, (4) impairment of value of adjacent land because of structure, (5) structure is useless to defendant, and (6) enjoyment of adjacent landowner's land is in fact impaired. 51 CS 399.
Provides legal remedy for structures erected with intention to annoy and injure plaintiff's use of premises. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 427, 428.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-570e. - Action for damages resulting from violations of unemployment or workers' compensation laws.

Any person, firm, association or corporation which suffers damages as a result of a competitive bid for a project involving the construction, repair, remodeling, alteration, conversion, modernization, improvement, rehabilitation, replacement or renovation of a building or structure not being accepted due to another person, firm, association or corporation knowingly violating the provisions of chapter 567 or 568, may bring an action for damages in the Superior Court. For the purposes of an action brought pursuant to this section, employee status shall be determined by the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended.
(P.A. 90-273.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-570f. - Action for theft of electric, gas, water, steam or community antenna television service.

Any person aggrieved by acts constituting a violation of section 53a-127c may bring a civil action in the superior court for the judicial district where the violation occurred for relief, including a temporary or permanent injunction, and damages. In addition to any other relief, the court may, in its discretion, award costs and a reasonable attorney's fee.
(P.A. 94-215, S. 2.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571a. - Action for deprivation of equal rights and privileges.

Any person aggrieved by a violation of section 53-37b may apply to the Superior Court for injunctive relief, recovery of damages and such other relief as the court deems just and equitable.
(P.A. 93-412, S. 2.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 52 - Civil Actions › Chapter 925 - Statutory Rights of Action and Defenses › Section 52-571aa. (Formerly Sec. 52-571). - Discrimination on account of membership in armed forces so as to cause deprivation of rights, privileges or immunities usually enjoyed by public. Penalty.

Any person who subjects or causes to be subjected any other person to the deprivation of any rights, privileges or immunities usually enjoyed by the public, on account of membership in the armed forces of the state, as defined in section 27-2, or of the armed forces, as defined in section 27-103, or on account of the wearing of the uniform of such service, or who, on account of such membership or the wearing of any such uniform, deprives any other person of the full and equal enjoyment of any advantages, facilities, accommodations, amusement or transportation, subject only to the limitations established by law and applicable alike to all persons, or who, on account of such membership or the wearing of such uniform, discriminates in the price for the enjoyment of any such privileges, shall forfeit and pay to the person injured thereby the greater of one thousand dollars or treble damages, together with costs and a reasonable attorney's fee.
(1949 Rev., S. 8312; 1957, P.A. 163, S. 44; P.A. 07-128, S. 3; P.A. 18-72, S. 14.)
History: P.A. 07-128 substituted “armed forces” for “United States” and substituted penalty of the greater of $1,000 or treble damages, “together with costs and a reasonable attorney's fee” for double damages in any court of competent jurisdiction; Sec. 52-571 transferred to Sec. 52-571aa in 2008; P.A. 18-72 made technical changes.