2023 Delaware Code › Title 6 - Commerce and Trade › Chapter 49. MOTOR VEHICLE FRANCHISING PRACTICES › § 4913. Unlawful acts by manufacturers.

§ 4913. Unlawful acts by manufacturers.
(a) Notwithstanding the terms of any franchise agreement, it shall be a violation of this chapter for any manufacturer licensed under this chapter to require, attempt to require, coerce or attempt to coerce any new motor vehicle dealer in this State:
(1) To order or accept delivery of any new motor vehicle, part or accessory thereof, equipment or any other commodity not required by law which shall not have been voluntarily ordered by the new motor vehicle dealer; except that this paragraph is not intended to modify or supersede any terms or provisions of the franchise requiring new motor vehicle dealers to market a representative line of those motor vehicles which the manufacturer or distributor is publicly advertising.
(2) To order or accept delivery of any new motor vehicle with special features, accessories or equipment not included in the list price of such motor vehicles as publicly advertised by the manufacturer or distributor.
(3) To participate monetarily in an advertising campaign or contest, or to purchase any promotional materials, training materials, showroom or other display decorations or materials at the expense of the new motor vehicle dealer.
(4) To enter into any agreement with the manufacturer or to do any other act prejudicial to the new motor vehicle dealer by threatening to terminate or cancel a franchise or any contractual agreement existing between the dealer and the manufacturer; except that this paragraph is not intended to preclude the manufacturer or distributor from insisting on compliance with the reasonable terms or provisions of the franchise or other contractual agreement, and notice in good faith to any new motor vehicle dealer of the new motor vehicle dealer's violation of such terms or provisions shall not constitute a violation of the chapter.
(5) To change the capital structure of the new motor vehicle dealer or the means by or through which the new motor vehicle dealer finances the operation of the dealership provided that the new motor vehicle dealer at all times meets any reasonable capital standards determined by the manufacturer in accordance with uniformly applied criteria; and also provided that no change in the capital structure shall cause a change in the principal management or have the effect of a sale of the franchise without the consent of the manufacturer or distributor; said consent shall not be unreasonably withheld.
(6) To refrain from participation in the management of, investment in or the acquisition of any other line of new motor vehicle or related products; provided, however, that this paragraph does not apply unless the new motor vehicle dealer maintains a reasonable line of credit for each make or line of new motor vehicle, the new motor vehicle dealer remains in substantial compliance with the terms and conditions of the franchise and any reasonable facilities requirements of the manufacturer, and no change is made in the principal management of the new motor vehicle dealer.
(7) To prospectively assent to a release, assignment, novation, waiver or estoppel which would relieve any person from liability to be imposed by this law or to require any controversy between a new motor vehicle dealer and a manufacturer, distributor or representatives to be referred to any person other than the duly constituted courts of the State or the United States of America, if such referral would be binding upon the new motor vehicle dealer.
(8) To either establish or maintain exclusive facilities, personnel, or display space.
(9) To expand, construct or significantly modify facilities without written assurances that the franchisor will provide a reasonable supply of new motor vehicles within a reasonable time so as to justify such an expansion, in light of the market and economic conditions. To require, coerce or attempt to coerce a dealer to construct or substantially alter a facility or premises if the facility or premises has been altered within the last 10 years at a cost of more than $250,000 and the alteration was required and approved by the manufacturer, except for improvements made to comply with health or safety laws, to accommodate the technology requirements necessary to sell or to service a motor vehicle or for alterations made pursuant to voluntary agreements between a dealer and a manufacturer where separate and valuable consideration has been offered and accepted.
a. If a manufacturer establishes a program, standard, or policy or in any manner offers a bonus, incentive, rebate, or other benefit to a new motor vehicle dealer which is based, in whole or in part, on the construction of new sales or service facilities or the remodeling, improvement, renovation, expansion, replacement, or other alteration of the new motor vehicle dealer's existing sales or service facilities, including installation of signs or other image elements, a new motor vehicle dealer who completes such construction, alteration, or installation in reliance upon such program, standard, policy, bonus, incentive, rebate, or other benefit is deemed to be in full compliance with the manufacturer's requirements related to the new, remodeled, improved, renovated, expanded, replaced, or altered facilities, signs, and image elements for 10 years after such completion.
b. If, during such 10-year period, the manufacturer revises an existing, or establishes a new, program, standard, policy, bonus, incentive, rebate, or other benefit described in paragraph (a)(9)a. of this section, a motor vehicle dealer who completed a facility in reliance upon a prior program, standard, policy, bonus, incentive, rebate, or other benefit and elects not to comply with the applicant's or manufacturer's requirements for facilities, signs, or image elements under the revised or new program, standard, policy, bonus, incentive, rebate, or other benefit will not be eligible for any benefit under the revised or new program but remains entitled to all benefits under the prior program, plus any increase in benefits between the prior and revised or new programs, during the remainder of the 10-year period.
(10) To adhere to unreasonable sales, service or facility standards arrived at through policies, surveys or programs.
(11) To purchase nonline, make-specific goods, services or design elements from the manufacturer or its designated sources if the desired results can be produced through alternative means, except for parts or when necessary to protect the manufacturer's trademark or brand name.
(12) To refuse to pay, or claim reimbursement from, a dealer for sales, incentives or payments related to a motor vehicle sold by the dealer because the purchaser of the motor vehicle exported or resold the motor vehicle in violation of the policy of the manufacturer unless the manufacturer can show that, at the time of sale, the dealer knew or reasonably should have known of the purchaser's intention to export or resell the motor vehicle. There is a rebuttable presumption that the dealer did not know or should not have reasonably known that the vehicle would be exported if the vehicle is titled and registered in any state of the United States.
(13) To require a dealer to provide its customer lists or service files to the manufacturer, unless necessary for the sale and delivery of a new motor vehicle to a consumer, to validate and pay consumer or dealer incentives, for reasonable marketing purposes, for evaluation of dealer performance, for analytics or for the submission to the manufacturer for any services supplied by the dealer for any claim for warranty parts or repairs. Nothing in this section shall limit the manufacturer's ability to require or use customer information to satisfy any safety or recall notice obligation or other legal obligation. To release or cause to be released a dealer's nonpublic customer information to another dealer unless the franchise has been terminated, the customer has relocated to an address that is greater than 40 miles outside of the motor vehicle dealer's primary market area as assigned by the manufacturer, a customer has not transacted with the dealer from which a vehicle was purchased for a period of 36 months or the dealer expressly consents in writing to the sharing of customer information with other dealers.
(14) a. To establish, implement, or enforce criteria for measuring the sales or service performance of any of its franchised new motor vehicle dealers in this State which have a material or adverse effect on any new motor vehicle dealer and which meet any of the following:
1. Are unfair, unreasonable, arbitrary, or inequitable.
2. Do not include all relevant and material local and regional criteria, data, and facts. Relevant and material criteria, data, or facts include those of motor vehicle dealerships of comparable size in comparable markets.
b. If such performance measurement criteria are based, in whole or in part, on a survey, such survey must be based on a statistically significant and valid random sample.
c. A manufacturer or common entity, or an affiliate thereof, which enforces against any motor vehicle dealer any such performance measurement criteria shall, upon the request of the motor vehicle dealer, describe in writing to the motor vehicle dealer, in detail, how the performance measurement criteria were designed, calculated, established, and uniformly applied.
(15) a. To fail to allocate its products within this State in a manner that does all of the following:
1. Provides each of its franchised dealers in this State an adequate supply of vehicles by series, product line, and model in a fair, reasonable, and equitable manner based on each dealer's historical selling pattern and reasonable sales standards as compared to other same line-make dealers in the State.
2. Allocates an adequate supply of vehicles to each of its dealers by series, product line, and model so as to allow the dealer to achieve any performance standards established by the manufacturer and distributor.
3. Is fair and equitable to all of its franchised dealers in this State.
4. Makes available to each of its franchised dealers in this State a minimum of 1 of each vehicle series, model, or product line that the manufacturer makes available to any dealer in this State and advertises in the State as being available for purchase.
5. Does not unfairly discriminate among its franchised dealers in its allocation process.
b. This paragraph (a)(15) is not violated, however, if such failure is caused solely by the occurrence of temporary international, national, or regional product shortages resulting from natural disasters, unavailability of parts, labor strikes, product recalls, or other factors and events beyond the control of the manufacturer that temporarily reduce a manufacturer's product supply.
(16) To fail to reimburse a dealer in full for the actual cost of providing a loaner vehicle to any customer who is having a vehicle serviced or repaired at the dealership if the provision of such a loaner vehicle is required by the manufacturer, or is otherwise included as a condition of participating in any program sponsored by the manufacturer.
(17) Notwithstanding the terms, provisions, or conditions of any agreement, franchise, novation, waiver or other written instrument, to require, coerce, or attempt to coerce any of its franchised new motor vehicle dealers in this State to change the principal operator, general manager, or any other manager or supervisor employed by the dealer.
(18) a. Notwithstanding the terms, provisions, or conditions of any agreement or franchise, to discriminate against or otherwise penalize a new motor vehicle dealer located in this State for selling or offering for sale a service contract, debt cancellation agreement, maintenance agreement, or similar product not approved, endorsed, sponsored, or offered by the manufacturer, affiliate, or captive finance source.
b. For purposes of this paragraph (a)(18), “discrimination” includes any of the following:
1. Requiring or coercing a dealer to exclusively sell or offer for sale service contracts, debt cancellation agreements, or similar products approved, endorsed, sponsored, or offered by the manufacturer, distributor, affiliate, or captive finance source.
2. Taking or threatening to take any adverse action against a dealer because the dealer does any of the following:
A. Sells or offers for sale any service contracts, debt cancellation agreements, maintenance agreements, or similar products not approved, endorsed, sponsored, or offered by the manufacturer, affiliate, or captive finance source.
B. Fails to sell or offer for sale service contracts, debt cancellation agreements, maintenance agreements, or similar products approved, endorsed, sponsored, or offered by the manufacturer, its affiliate, or captive finance source.
3. Measuring a dealer's performance under a franchise in any part based upon the dealer's sale of service contracts, debt cancellation agreements, or similar products approved, endorsed, sponsored, or offered by the manufacturer, affiliate, or captive finance source.
4. Requiring a dealer to exclusively promote the sale of service contracts, debt cancellation agreements, or similar products approved, endorsed, sponsored, or offered by the manufacturer, affiliate, or captive finance source.
5. Requiring a dealer to disclose who is not the provider or sponsor of a service contract, debt cancellation agreement, or similar product.
6. Considering the dealer's sale of service contracts, debt cancellation agreements, or similar products approved, endorsed, sponsored, or offered by the manufacturer, affiliate, or captive finance source in determining any of the following:
A. The dealer's eligibility to purchase any vehicles, parts, or other products or services from the manufacturer.
B. The volume of vehicles or other parts or services the dealer shall be eligible to purchase from the manufacturer.
C. The price or prices of any vehicles, parts, or other products or services that the dealer shall be eligible to purchase from the manufacturer.
D. The availability or amount of any vehicle discount, credit, special pricing, rebate, or sales or service incentive the dealer shall be eligible to receive from the manufacturer, affiliate, or captive finance source in which the incentives are calculated or paid on a per-vehicle basis or any vehicle discount, credit, special pricing, or rebate that are calculated or paid on a per-vehicle basis.
c. For purposes of this paragraph (a)(18), “discrimination” does not include, and nothing prohibits a manufacturer, affiliate, or captive finance source from offering, discounts, rebates, or other incentives to dealers that voluntarily sell or offer for sale service contracts, debt cancellation agreements, or similar products approved, endorsed, sponsored, or offered by the manufacturer, affiliate, or captive finance source; provided, however, that such discounts, rebates, or other incentives are based solely on the sales volume of the service contracts, debt cancellation agreements, or similar products sold by the dealer and do not provide vehicle sales or service incentives.
(19) a. Notwithstanding the terms of any contract, franchise, novation, or agreement, to prevent, attempt to prevent, prohibit, coerce, or attempt to coerce, any new motor vehicle dealer located in this State from charging any administrative, origination, documentary, procurement, or other similar administrative fee related to the sale or lease of a motor vehicle.
b. It is unlawful for any manufacturer, manufacturer branch, distributor, or distributor branch, notwithstanding the terms of any contract, franchise, novation, or agreement, to prevent or prohibit any new motor vehicle dealer in this State from participating in any program relating to the sale of motor vehicles or reduce the amount of compensation to be paid to any dealer in this State, based upon the dealer's willingness to refrain from charging or reduce the amount of any administrative, origination, documentary, procurement, or other similar administrative fee related to the sale or lease of a motor vehicle.
(b) It shall be a violation of this chapter for any manufacturer:
(1) To delay, refuse or fail to deliver new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle parts or accessories in a reasonable time, and in reasonable quantity relative to the new motor vehicle dealer's facilities and sales potential in the new motor vehicle dealer's relevant market area, after acceptance of an order from a new motor vehicle dealer having a franchise for the retail sale of any new motor vehicle sold or distributed by the manufacturer, any new motor vehicle, parts or accessories to new vehicles as are covered by such franchise, if such vehicle, parts or accessories are publicly advertised as being available for immediate delivery or actually being delivered. This paragraph is not violated, however, if such failure is caused by acts or causes beyond the control of the manufacturer.
(2) To refuse to disclose to any new motor vehicle dealer, handling the same line-make, any matters relating to the manner and mode of distribution of that line-make within the State, including, without limitation, matters related to establishment or relocation of dealers under § 4915 of this title (but with appropriate exclusion of financial information not essential to a complete understanding of the manufacturer's manner and mode of distribution).
(3) To obtain money, goods, service or any other benefit from any other person with whom the new motor vehicle dealer does business, on account of, or in relation to, the transaction between the new motor vehicle dealer and such other person, other than for compensation for services rendered, unless such benefit is promptly accounted for, and transmitted to, the new motor vehicle dealer.
(4) To increase prices of new motor vehicles which the new motor vehicle dealer had ordered for consumers prior to the new motor vehicle dealer's receipt of the written official price increase notification. A sales contract signed by a consumer shall constitute evidence of each such order provided that the vehicle is in fact delivered to that customer. In the event of manufacturer price reductions or cash rebates paid to the new motor vehicle dealer, the amount of any such reduction or rebate received by a new motor vehicle dealer shall be passed on to the consumer by the new motor vehicle dealer. Price reductions shall apply to all vehicles in the dealer's inventory which were subject to the price reduction. Price differences applicable to new model or series shall not be considered a price increase or price decrease. Price changes caused by either:
a. The addition to a motor vehicle of required or optional equipment; or
b. Revaluation of the United States dollar, in the case of foreign-make vehicles or components; or
c. An increase in transportation charges due to increased rates imposed by carriers;
shall not be subject to this paragraph.
(5) To release to any outside party, except under subpoena or as otherwise required by law (including, without limitation, provisions of this chapter) or in an administrative, judicial or arbitration proceeding involving the manufacturer or new motor vehicle dealer, any business, financial or personal information which may be from time to time provided by the new motor vehicle dealer to the manufacturer, without the express written consent of the new motor vehicle dealer.
(6) To deny any new motor vehicle dealer the right of free association with any other new motor vehicle dealer for any lawful purpose.
(7) To unfairly compete with a new motor vehicle dealer in the same line-make operating under an agreement or franchise from the aforementioned manufacturer in the relevant market area. A manufacturer shall not, however, be deemed to be competing when operating a dealership either temporarily for a reasonable period, or in a bona fide retail operation which is for sale to any qualified independent person at a fair and reasonable price, or in a bona fide relationship in which an independent person has made a significant investment subject to loss in the dealership and can reasonably expect to acquire full ownership of such dealership on reasonable terms and conditions.
(8) To unfairly discriminate among its new motor vehicle dealers with respect to warranty reimbursement.
(9) To prevent or attempt to prevent the new motor vehicle dealer by written instrument or otherwise from either receiving the fair market value of the dealership in a sale transaction or from transferring the new motor vehicle dealership to a spouse or legal heir as specified in this chapter.
(10) To offer to sell or lease, or to sell or lease, any new motor vehicle to any new motor vehicle dealer at a lower actual invoice price than the actual invoice price offered to another for the same model vehicle, notwithstanding the availability of incentive programs or sales promotion plans or other similar programs available to new motor vehicle dealers at the time of consumer purchase.
(11) To use a promotional program or device or an incentive, payment or other benefit, whether paid at the time of sale of the new motor vehicle to the dealer or later, that results in the sale or offer to sell a new motor vehicle at a lower price, including the price for vehicle transportation, than the price at which the same model similarly equipped is offered or is available to another dealer in the State during a similar time period. This subdivision shall not prohibit a promotional or incentive program that is functionally available to competing dealers of the same line-make in the State.
(12) To engage in any predatory practice or discrimination against any new motor vehicle dealer or unreasonably discriminate between or among dealers in the sale of a motor vehicle owned by the manufacturer or distributor.
(13) To resort to or to use any fraudulent or intentionally misleading advertisement in connection with its business as a distributor or manufacturer licensed in this State; or for any agent of a distributor or manufacturer or distributor to make any fraudulent or intentionally misleading statements to new motor vehicle dealers as inducements to enter into any agreement or franchise.
(14) To directly or indirectly own an interest in a dealer or dealership; or operate or control a dealer or dealership; or act in the capacity of a dealer except as provided by this section.
a. A manufacturer or distributor may own an interest in a franchised dealer, or otherwise control a dealership for a period not to exceed 24 months from the date the manufacturer or distributor acquires the dealership if the dealership is for sale by the manufacturer or distributor at a reasonable price and on reasonable terms and conditions.
b. A manufacturer or distributor may temporarily own an interest in a dealership if the manufacturer's or distributor's participation in the dealership is a bona fide relationship with a franchised dealer who:
1. Is required to make a significant investment in the dealership, subject to loss;
2. Has an ownership interest in the dealership; and
3. Operates the dealership under a plan to acquire full ownership of the dealership within a reasonable time and under reasonable terms and conditions.
(15) To engage in business as a dealer or to manage, control, operate or own any interest in a dealership either directly or indirectly, if the primary business of such dealer or dealership is to perform repair services on motor vehicles, except motor homes, pursuant to a manufacturer's or franchiser's warranty.
(c) (1) It is unlawful for any manufacturer, or any officer, agent or representative to coerce or to attempt to coerce any new motor vehicle dealer in this State to sell, assign or transfer any retail installment sales contract, obtained by such dealer in connection with the sale by the dealer in this State of new motor vehicles manufactured or sold by such manufacturer, to a specified finance company or class of such companies, or to any other specified persons, by any of the acts or means hereinafter set forth, namely:
a. By any statement, suggestion, promise or threat that such manufacturer will in any manner benefit or injure such new motor vehicle dealer, whether such statement, suggestion, threat or promise is express or implied or made directly or indirectly.
b. By any act that will benefit or injure such new motor vehicle dealer.
c. By any contract, or any express or implied offer of contract, made directly or indirectly to such new motor vehicle dealer for handling such new motor vehicles on the condition that such new motor vehicle dealer sell, assign or transfer retail installment sales contract thereon, in this State, to a specified finance company or class of such companies or to any other specified person.
d. By any express or implied statement or representation made directly or indirectly that such new motor vehicle dealer is under any obligation whatsoever to sell, assign or transfer any retail sales contracts, in this State, on new motor vehicles manufactured or sold by such manufacturer to such finance company, or class of companies, or other specified person, because of any relationship or affiliation between such manufacturer and such finance company or companies or such specified person or persons.
(2) Any such statements, threats, promises, acts, contracts or offers of contracts, when the effect thereof may be to lessen or eliminate competition or tend to create a monopoly, are declared unfair trade practices and unfair methods of competition and against the policy of this State, are unlawful and are hereby prohibited.
(d) It shall be illegal for any manufacturer or agent or employee of a manufacturer to use a written instrument, agreement or waiver to attempt to nullify any of the provisions of this section and such agreement, written instrument or waiver shall be null and void.
64 Del. Laws, c. 27, §  1;  70 Del. Laws, c. 186, §  1;  70 Del. Laws, c. 497, §§  1-3;  73 Del. Laws, c. 78, §§  10-13;  78 Del. Laws, c. 372, §  1;  81 Del. Laws, c. 289, § 6;