reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 3 - TRANSFER OF CERTIFICATED AND UNCERTIFICATED SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-301 — 11-8-307) › Section 11-8-304 - Indorsement

(a)
An indorsement may be in blank or special. An indorsement in blank includes an indorsement to bearer. A special indorsement specifies to whom a security is to be transferred or who has power to transfer it. A holder may convert a blank indorsement to a special indorsement.
(b)
An indorsement purporting to be only of part of a security certificate representing units intended by the issuer to be separately transferable is effective to the extent of the indorsement.
(c)
An indorsement, whether special or in blank, does not constitute a transfer until delivery of the certificate on which it appears or, if the indorsement is on a separate document, until delivery of both the document and the certificate.
(d)
If a security certificate in registered form has been delivered to a purchaser without a necessary indorsement, the purchaser may become a protected purchaser only when the indorsement is supplied. However, against a transferor, a transfer is complete upon delivery and the purchaser has a specifically enforceable right to have any necessary indorsement supplied.
(e)
An indorsement of a security certificate in bearer form may give notice of an adverse claim to the certificate, but it does not otherwise affect a right to registration that the holder possesses.
(f)
Unless otherwise agreed, a person making an indorsement assumes only the obligations provided in Code Section
11-8-108
and not an obligation that the security will be honored by the issuer.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 3 - TRANSFER OF CERTIFICATED AND UNCERTIFICATED SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-301 — 11-8-307) › Section 11-8-305 - Instruction

(a)
If an instruction has been originated by an appropriate person but is incomplete in any other respect, any person may complete it as authorized and the issuer may rely on it as completed, even though it has been completed incorrectly.
(b)
Unless otherwise agreed, a person initiating an instruction assumes only the obligations imposed by Code Section
11-8-108
and not an obligation that the security will be honored by the issuer.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 3 - TRANSFER OF CERTIFICATED AND UNCERTIFICATED SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-301 — 11-8-307) › Section 11-8-306 - Effect of guaranteeing signature, indorsement, or instruction

(a)
A person who guarantees a signature of an indorser of a security certificate warrants that at the time of signing:
(1)
The signature was genuine;
(2)
The signer was an appropriate person to indorse, or if the signature is by an agent, the agent had actual authority to act on behalf of the appropriate person; and
(3)
The signer had legal capacity to sign.
(b)
A person who guarantees a signature of the originator of an instruction warrants that at the time of signing:
(1)
The signature was genuine;
(2)
The signer was an appropriate person to originate the instruction, or if the signature is by an agent, the agent had actual authority to act on behalf of the appropriate person, if the person specified in the instruction as the registered owner was, in fact, the registered owner, as to which fact the signature guarantor does not make a warranty; and
(3)
The signer had legal capacity to sign.
(c)
A person who specially guarantees the signature of an originator of an instruction makes the warranties of a signature guarantor under subsection (b) of this Code section and also warrants that at the time the instruction is presented to the issuer:
(1)
The person specified in the instruction as the registered owner of the uncertificated security will be the registered owner; and
(2)
The transfer of the uncertificated security requested in the instruction will be registered by the issuer free from all liens, security interests, restrictions, and claims other than those specified in the instruction.
(d)
A guarantor under subsections (a) and (b) of this Code section or a special guarantor under subsection (c) of this Code section does not otherwise warrant the rightfulness of the transfer.
(e)
A person who guarantees an indorsement of a security certificate makes the warranties of a signature guarantor under subsection (a) of this Code section and also warrants the rightfulness of the transfer in all respects.
(f)
A person who guarantees an instruction requesting the transfer of an uncertificated security makes the warranties of a special signature guarantor under subsection (c) of this Code section and also warrants the rightfulness of the transfer in all respects.
(g)
An issuer may not require a special guaranty of signature, a guaranty of indorsement, or a guaranty of instruction as a condition to registration of transfer.
(h)
The warranties under this Code section are made to a person taking or dealing with the security in reliance on the guaranty, and the guarantor is liable to the person for loss resulting from their breach. An indorser or originator of an instruction whose signature, indorsement, or instruction has been guaranteed is liable to a guarantor for any loss suffered by the guarantor as a result of breach of the warranties of the guarantor.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 3 - TRANSFER OF CERTIFICATED AND UNCERTIFICATED SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-301 — 11-8-307) › Section 11-8-307 - Purchaser's right to requisites for registration of transfer

Unless otherwise agreed, the transferor of a security on due demand shall supply the purchaser with proof of authority to transfer or with any other requisite necessary to obtain registration of the transfer of the security, but if the transfer is not for value, a transferor need not comply unless the purchaser pays the necessary expenses. If the transferor fails within a reasonable time to comply with the demand, the purchaser may reject or rescind the transfer.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 4 - REGISTRATION (§§ 11-8-401 — 11-8-407) › Section 11-8-401 - Duty of issuer to register transfer

(a)
If a certificated security in registered form is presented to an issuer with a request to register transfer or an instruction is presented to an issuer with a request to register transfer of an uncertificated security, the issuer shall register the transfer as requested if:
(1)
Under the terms of the security the person seeking registration of transfer is eligible to have the security registered in its name;
(2)
The indorsement or instruction is made by the appropriate person or by an agent who has actual authority to act on behalf of the appropriate person;
(3)
Reasonable assurance is given that the indorsement or instruction is genuine and authorized (Code Section
11-8-402
);
(4)
Any applicable law relating to the collection of taxes has been complied with;
(5)
The transfer does not violate any restriction on transfer imposed by the issuer in accordance with Code Section
11-8-204
;
(6)
A demand that the issuer not register transfer has not become effective under Code Section
11-8-403
, or the issuer has complied with subsection (b) of Code Section
11-8-403
but no legal process or indemnity bond is obtained as provided in subsection (d) of Code Section
11-8-403
; and
(7)
The transfer is in fact rightful or is to a protected purchaser.
(b)
If an issuer is under a duty to register a transfer of a security, the issuer is liable to a person presenting a certificated security or an instruction for registration or to the person's principal for loss resulting from unreasonable delay in registration or failure or refusal to register the transfer.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 4 - REGISTRATION (§§ 11-8-401 — 11-8-407) › Section 11-8-402 - Assurance that indorsement or instruction is effective

(a)
An issuer may require the following assurance that each necessary indorsement or each instruction is genuine and authorized:
(1)
In all cases, a guaranty of the signature of the person making an indorsement or originating an instruction including, in the case of an instruction, reasonable assurance of identity;
(2)
If the indorsement is made or the instruction is originated by an agent, appropriate assurance of actual authority to sign;
(3)
If the indorsement is made or the instruction is originated by a fiduciary pursuant to paragraph (4) or (5) of subsection (a) of Code Section
11-8-107
, appropriate evidence of appointment or incumbency;
(4)
If there is more than one fiduciary, reasonable assurance that all who are required to sign have done so; and
(5)
If the indorsement is made or the instruction is originated by a person not covered by another provision of this subsection, assurance appropriate to the case corresponding as nearly as may be to the provisions of this subsection.
(b)
An issuer may elect to require reasonable assurance beyond that specified in this Code section.
(c)
In this Code section:
(1)
"Guaranty of the signature" means a guaranty signed by or on behalf of a person reasonably believed by the issuer to be responsible. An issuer may adopt standards with respect to responsibility if they are not manifestly unreasonable.
(2)
"Appropriate evidence of appointment or incumbency" means:
(i)
In the case of a fiduciary appointed or qualified by a court, a certificate issued by or under the direction or supervision of the court or an officer thereof and dated within 60 days before the date of presentation for transfer; or
(ii)
In any other case, a copy of a document showing the appointment or a certificate issued by or on behalf of a person reasonably believed by an issuer to be responsible or, in the absence of that document or certificate, other evidence the issuer reasonably considers appropriate.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 4 - REGISTRATION (§§ 11-8-401 — 11-8-407) › Section 11-8-403 - Demand that issuer not register transfer

(a)
A person who is an appropriate person to make an indorsement or originate an instruction may demand that the issuer not register transfer of a security by communicating to the issuer a notification that identifies the registered owner and the issue of which the security is a part and provides an address for communications directed to the person making the demand. The demand is effective only if it is received by the issuer at a time and in a manner affording the issuer reasonable opportunity to act on it.
(b)
If a certificated security in registered form is presented to an issuer with a request to register transfer or an instruction is presented to an issuer with a request to register transfer of an uncertificated security after a demand that the issuer not register transfer has become effective, the issuer shall promptly communicate to (i) the person who initiated the demand at the address provided in the demand and (ii) the person who presented the security for registration of transfer or initiated the instruction requesting registration of transfer a notification stating that:
(1)
The certificated security has been presented for registration of transfer or the instruction for registration of transfer of the uncertificated security has been received;
(2)
A demand that the issuer not register transfer had previously been received; and
(3)
The issuer will withhold registration of transfer for a period of time stated in the notification in order to provide the person who initiated the demand an opportunity to obtain legal process or an indemnity bond.
(c)
The period described in paragraph (3) of subsection (b) of this Code section may not exceed 30 days after the date of communication of the notification. A shorter period may be specified by the issuer if it is not manifestly unreasonable.
(d)
An issuer is not liable to a person who initiated a demand that the issuer not register transfer for any loss the person suffers as a result of registration of a transfer pursuant to an effective indorsement or instruction if the person who initiated the demand does not, within the time stated in the issuer's communication, either:
(1)
Obtain an appropriate restraining order, injunction, or other process from a court of competent jurisdiction enjoining the issuer from registering the transfer; or
(2)
File with the issuer an indemnity bond, sufficient in the issuer's judgment to protect the issuer and any transfer agent, registrar, or other agent of the issuer involved from any loss it or they may suffer by refusing to register the transfer.
(e)
This Code section does not relieve an issuer from liability for registering transfer pursuant to an indorsement or instruction that was not effective.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 4 - REGISTRATION (§§ 11-8-401 — 11-8-407) › Section 11-8-404 - Wrongful registration

(a)
Except as otherwise provided in Code Section
11-8-406
, an issuer is liable for wrongful registration of transfer if the issuer has registered a transfer of a security to a person not entitled to it, and the transfer was registered:
(1)
Pursuant to an ineffective indorsement or instruction;
(2)
After a demand that the issuer not register transfer became effective under subsection (a) of Code Section
11-8-403
and the issuer did not comply with subsection (b) of Code Section
11-8-403
;
(3)
After the issuer had been served with an injunction, restraining order, or other legal process enjoining it from registering the transfer, issued by a court of competent jurisdiction, and the issuer had a reasonable opportunity to act on the injunction, restraining order, or other legal process; or
(4)
By an issuer acting in collusion with the wrongdoer.
(b)
An issuer that is liable for wrongful registration of transfer under subsection (a) of this Code section on demand shall provide the person entitled to the security with a like certificated or uncertificated security, and any payments or distributions that the person did not receive as a result of the wrongful registration. If an overissue would result, the issuer's liability to provide the person with a like security is governed by Code Section
11-8-210
.
(c)
Except as otherwise provided in subsection (a) of this Code section or in a law relating to the collection of taxes, an issuer is not liable to an owner or other person suffering loss as a result of the registration of a transfer of a security if registration was made pursuant to an effective indorsement or instruction.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 4 - REGISTRATION (§§ 11-8-401 — 11-8-407) › Section 11-8-405 - Replacement of lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken security certificate

(a)
If an owner of a certificated security, whether in registered or bearer form, claims that the certificate has been lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken, the issuer shall issue a new certificate if the owner:
(1)
So requests before the issuer has notice that the certificate has been acquired by a protected purchaser;
(2)
Files with the issuer a sufficient indemnity bond; and
(3)
Satisfies other reasonable requirements imposed by the issuer.
(b)
If, after the issue of a new security certificate, a protected purchaser of the original certificate presents it for registration of transfer, the issuer shall register the transfer unless an overissue would result. In that case, the issuer's liability is governed by Code Section
11-8-210
. In addition to any rights on the indemnity bond, an issuer may recover the new certificate from a person to whom it was issued or any person taking under that person, except a protected purchaser.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 4 - REGISTRATION (§§ 11-8-401 — 11-8-407) › Section 11-8-406 - Obligation to notify issuer of lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken security certificate

If a security certificate has been lost, apparently destroyed, or wrongfully taken, and the owner fails to notify the issuer of that fact within a reasonable time after the owner has notice of it and the issuer registers a transfer of the security before receiving notification, the owner may not assert against the issuer a claim for registering the transfer under Code Section
11-8-404
or a claim to a new security certificate under Code Section
11-8-405
.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 4 - REGISTRATION (§§ 11-8-401 — 11-8-407) › Section 11-8-407 - Authenticating trustee, transfer agent, and registrar

A person acting as authenticating trustee, transfer agent, registrar, or other agent for an issuer in the registration of a transfer of its securities, in the issue of new security certificates or uncertificated securities, or in the cancellation of surrendered security certificates has the same obligation to the holder or owner of a certificated or uncertificated security with regard to the particular functions performed as the issuer has in regard to those functions.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 5 - SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS (§§ 11-8-501 — 11-8-511) › Section 11-8-501 - Securities account; acquisition of security entitlement from securities intermediary

(a)
"Securities account" means an account to which a financial asset is or may be credited in accordance with an agreement under which the person maintaining the account undertakes to treat the person for whom the account is maintained as entitled to exercise the rights that comprise the financial asset.
(b)
Except as otherwise provided in subsections (d) and (e) of this Code section, a person acquires a security entitlement if a securities intermediary:
(1)
Indicates by book entry that a financial asset has been credited to the person's securities account;
(2)
Receives a financial asset from the person or acquires a financial asset for the person and, in either case, accepts it for credit to the person's securities account; or
(3)
Becomes obligated under other law, regulation, or rule to credit a financial asset to the person's securities account.
(c)
If a condition of subsection (b) of this Code section has been met, a person has a security entitlement even though the securities intermediary does not itself hold the financial asset.
(d)
If a securities intermediary holds a financial asset for another person, and the financial asset is registered in the name of, payable to the order of, or specially indorsed to the other person, and has not been indorsed to the securities intermediary or in blank, the other person is treated as holding the financial asset directly rather than as having a security entitlement with respect to the financial asset.
(e)
Issuance of a security is not establishment of a security entitlement.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 5 - SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS (§§ 11-8-501 — 11-8-511) › Section 11-8-502 - Assertion of adverse claim against entitlement holder

An action based on an adverse claim to a financial asset, whether framed in conversion, replevin, constructive trust, equitable lien, or other theory, may not be asserted against a person who acquires a security entitlement under Code Section
11-8-501
for value and without notice of the adverse claim.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 5 - SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS (§§ 11-8-501 — 11-8-511) › Section 11-8-503 - Property interest of entitlement holder in financial asset held by securities intermediary

(a)
To the extent necessary for a securities intermediary to satisfy all security entitlements with respect to a particular financial asset, all interests in that financial asset held by the securities intermediary are held by the securities intermediary for the entitlement holders, are not property of the securities intermediary, and are not subject to claims of creditors of the securities intermediary, except as otherwise provided in Code Section
11-8-511
.
(b)
An entitlement holder's property interest with respect to a particular financial asset under subsection (a) of this Code section is a pro rata property interest in all interests in that financial asset held by the securities intermediary, without regard to the time the entitlement holder acquired the security entitlement or the time the securities intermediary acquired the interest in that financial asset.
(c)
An entitlement holder's property interest with respect to a particular financial asset under subsection (a) of this Code section may be enforced against the securities intermediary only by exercise of the entitlement holder's rights under Code Sections
11-8-505
through
11-8-508
.
(d)
An entitlement holder's property interest with respect to a particular financial asset under subsection (a) of this Code section may be enforced against a purchaser of the financial asset or interest therein only if:
(1)
Insolvency proceedings have been initiated by or against the securities intermediary;
(2)
The securities intermediary does not have sufficient interests in the financial asset to satisfy the security entitlements of all of its entitlement holders to that financial asset;
(3)
The securities intermediary violated its obligations under Code Section
11-8-504
by transferring the financial asset or interest therein to the purchaser; and
(4)
The purchaser is not protected under subsection (e) of this Code section. The trustee or other liquidator, acting on behalf of all entitlement holders having security entitlements with respect to a particular financial asset, may recover the financial asset, or interest therein, from the purchaser. If the trustee or other liquidator elects not to pursue that right, an entitlement holder whose security entitlement remains unsatisfied has the right to recover its interest in the financial asset from the purchaser.
(e)
An action based on the entitlement holder's property interest with respect to a particular financial asset under subsection (a) of this Code section, whether framed in conversion, replevin, constructive trust, equitable lien, or other theory, may not be asserted against any purchaser of a financial asset or interest therein who gives value, obtains control, and does not act in collusion with the securities intermediary in violating the securities intermediary's obligations under Code Section
11-8-504
.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 5 - SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS (§§ 11-8-501 — 11-8-511) › Section 11-8-504 - Duty of securities intermediary to maintain financial asset

(a)
A securities intermediary shall promptly obtain and thereafter maintain a financial asset in a quantity corresponding to the aggregate of all security entitlements it has established in favor of its entitlement holders with respect to that financial asset. The securities intermediary may maintain those financial assets directly or through one or more other securities intermediaries.
(b)
Except to the extent otherwise agreed by its entitlement holder, a securities intermediary may not grant any security interests in a financial asset it is obligated to maintain pursuant to subsection (a) of this Code section.
(c)
A securities intermediary satisfies the duty in subsection (a) of this Code section if:
(1)
The securities intermediary acts with respect to the duty as agreed upon by the entitlement holder and the securities intermediary; or
(2)
In the absence of agreement, the securities intermediary exercises due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards to obtain and maintain the financial asset.
(d)
This Code section does not apply to a clearing corporation that is itself the obligor of an option or similar obligation to which its entitlement holders have security entitlements.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 5 - SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS (§§ 11-8-501 — 11-8-511) › Section 11-8-505 - Duty of securities intermediary with respect to payments and distributions

(a)
A securities intermediary shall take action to obtain a payment or distribution made by the issuer of a financial asset. A securities intermediary satisfies the duty if:
(1)
The securities intermediary acts with respect to the duty as agreed upon by the entitlement holder and the securities intermediary; or
(2)
In the absence of agreement, the securities intermediary exercises due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards to attempt to obtain the payment or distribution.
(b)
A securities intermediary is obligated to its entitlement holder for a payment or distribution made by the issuer of a financial asset if the payment or distribution is received by the securities intermediary.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 5 - SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS (§§ 11-8-501 — 11-8-511) › Section 11-8-506 - Duty of securities intermediary to exercise rights as directed by entitlement holder

A securities intermediary shall exercise rights with respect to a financial asset if directed to do so by an entitlement holder. A securities intermediary satisfies the duty if:
(1)
The securities intermediary acts with respect to the duty as agreed upon by the entitlement holder and the securities intermediary; or
(2)
In the absence of agreement, the securities intermediary either places the entitlement holder in a position to exercise the rights directly or exercises due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards to follow the direction of the entitlement holder.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 5 - SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS (§§ 11-8-501 — 11-8-511) › Section 11-8-507 - Duty of securities intermediary to comply with entitlement order

(a)
A securities intermediary shall comply with an entitlement order if the entitlement order is originated by the appropriate person, the securities intermediary has had reasonable opportunity to assure itself that the entitlement order is genuine and authorized, and the securities intermediary has had reasonable opportunity to comply with the entitlement order. A securities intermediary satisfies the duty if:
(1)
The securities intermediary acts with respect to the duty as agreed upon by the entitlement holder and the securities intermediary; or
(2)
In the absence of agreement, the securities intermediary exercises due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards to comply with the entitlement order.
(b)
If a securities intermediary transfers a financial asset pursuant to an ineffective entitlement order, the securities intermediary shall reestablish a security entitlement in favor of the person entitled to it, and pay or credit any payments or distributions that the person did not receive as a result of the wrongful transfer. If the securities intermediary does not reestablish a security entitlement, the securities intermediary is liable to the entitlement holder for damages.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 5 - SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS (§§ 11-8-501 — 11-8-511) › Section 11-8-508 - Duty of securities intermediary to change entitlement holder's position to other form of security holding

A securities intermediary shall act at the direction of an entitlement holder to change a security entitlement into another available form of holding for which the entitlement holder is eligible, or to cause the financial asset to be transferred to a securities account of the entitlement holder with another securities intermediary. A securities intermediary satisfies the duty if:
(1)
The securities intermediary acts as agreed upon by the entitlement holder and the securities intermediary; or
(2)
In the absence of agreement, the securities intermediary exercises due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards to follow the direction of the entitlement holder.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 5 - SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS (§§ 11-8-501 — 11-8-511) › Section 11-8-509 - Specification of duties of securities intermediary by other statute or regulation; manner of performance of duties of securities intermediary and exercise of rights of entitlement holder

(a)
If the substance of a duty imposed upon a securities intermediary by Code Sections
11-8-504
through
11-8-508
is the subject of other statute, regulation, or rule, compliance with that statute, regulation, or rule satisfies the duty.
(b)
To the extent that specific standards for the performance of the duties of a securities intermediary or the exercise of the rights of an entitlement holder are not specified by other statute, regulation, or rule or by agreement between the securities intermediary and entitlement holder, the securities intermediary shall perform its duties and the entitlement holder shall exercise its rights in a commercially reasonable manner.
(c)
The obligation of a securities intermediary to perform the duties imposed by Code Sections
11-8-504
through
11-8-508
is subject to:
(1)
Rights of the securities intermediary arising out of a security interest under a security agreement with the entitlement holder or otherwise; and
(2)
Rights of the securities intermediary under other law, regulation, rule, or agreement to withhold performance of its duties as a result of unfulfilled obligations of the entitlement holder to the securities intermediary.
(d)
Code Sections
11-8-504
through
11-8-508
do not require a securities intermediary to take any action that is prohibited by other statute, regulation, or rule.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 5 - SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS (§§ 11-8-501 — 11-8-511) › Section 11-8-510 - Rights of purchaser of security entitlement from entitlement holder

(a)
In a case not covered by the priority rules in Article 9 of this title or the rules stated in subsection (c) of this Code section, an action based on an adverse claim to a financial asset or security entitlement, whether framed in conversion, replevin, constructive trust, equitable lien, or other theory, may not be asserted against a person who purchases a security entitlement, or an interest therein, from an entitlement holder if the purchaser gives value, does not have notice of the adverse claim, and obtains control.
(b)
If an adverse claim could not have been asserted against an entitlement holder under Code Section
11-8-502
, the adverse claim cannot be asserted against a person who purchases a security entitlement, or an interest therein, from the entitlement holder.
(c)
In a case not covered by the priority rules in Article 9 of this title, a purchaser for value of a security entitlement, or an interest therein, who obtains control has priority over a purchaser of a security entitlement, or an interest therein, who does not obtain control. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this Code section, purchasers who have control rank according to priority in time of:
(1)
The purchaser's becoming the person for whom the securities account, in which the security entitlement is carried, is maintained, if the purchaser obtained control under paragraph (1) of subsection (d) of Code Section
11-8-106
;
(2)
The securities intermediary's agreement to comply with the purchaser's entitlement orders with respect to security entitlements carried or to be carried in the securities account in which the security entitlement is carried, if the purchaser obtained control under paragraph (2) of subsection (d) of Code Section
11-8-106
; or
(3)
If the purchaser obtained control through another person under paragraph (3) of subsection (d) of Code Section
11-8-106
, the time on which priority would be based under this subsection if the other person were the secured party.
(d)
A securities intermediary as purchaser has priority over a conflicting purchaser who has control unless otherwise agreed by the securities intermediary.
Amended by 2001 Ga. Laws 191, § 22, eff. 7/1/2001.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 5 - SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS (§§ 11-8-501 — 11-8-511) › Section 11-8-511 - Priority among security interests and entitlement holders

(a)
Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this Code section, if a securities intermediary does not have sufficient interests in a particular financial asset to satisfy both its obligations to entitlement holders who have security entitlements to that financial asset and its obligation to a creditor of the securities intermediary who has a security interest in that financial asset, the claims of entitlement holders, other than the creditor, have priority over the claim of the creditor.
(b)
A claim of a creditor of a securities intermediary who has a security interest in a financial asset held by a securities intermediary has priority over claims of the securities intermediary's entitlement holders who have security entitlements with respect to that financial asset if the creditor has control over the financial asset.
(c)
If a clearing corporation does not have sufficient financial assets to satisfy both its obligations to entitlement holders who have security entitlements with respect to a financial asset and its obligation to a creditor of the clearing corporation who has a security interest in that financial asset, the claim of the creditor has priority over the claims of entitlement holders.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 6 - TRANSITION PROVISIONS FOR REVISED ARTICLE 8 AND CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLES 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, AND 10 (§§ 11-8-601 — 11-8-603) › Section 11-8-601 - Effective date

This Act takes effect July 1, 1998.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 6 - TRANSITION PROVISIONS FOR REVISED ARTICLE 8 AND CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLES 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, AND 10 (§§ 11-8-601 — 11-8-603) › Section 11-8-602 - [Repealed] Repeals

Repealed by 2010 Ga. Laws 506,§ 5, eff. 7/1/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 8 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES (§§ 11-8-101 — 11-8-603) › Part 6 - TRANSITION PROVISIONS FOR REVISED ARTICLE 8 AND CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLES 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, AND 10 (§§ 11-8-601 — 11-8-603) › Section 11-8-603 - Savings clause

(a)
This Act does not affect an action or proceeding commenced before this Act takes effect.
(b)
If a security interest in a security is perfected at the date this Act takes effect, and the action by which the security interest was perfected would suffice to perfect a security interest under this Act, no further action is required to continue perfection. If a security interest in a security is perfected at the date this Act takes effect but the action by which the security interest was perfected would not suffice to perfect a security interest under this Act, the security interest remains perfected for a period of four months after the effective date and continues perfected thereafter if appropriate action to perfect under this Act is taken within that period. If a security interest is perfected at the date this Act takes effect and the security interest can be perfected by filing under this Act, a financing statement signed by the secured party instead of the debtor may be filed within that period to continue perfection or thereafter to perfect.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 9 - SECURED TRANSACTIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-809) › Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-111) › Subpart 1 - SHORT TITLE, DEFINITIONS, AND GENERAL CONCEPTS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-108) › Section 11-9-101 - Short title

This article may be cited as "Uniform Commercial Code - Secured Transactions."
Added by 2001 Ga. Laws 191, § 1, eff. 7/1/2001.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 9 - SECURED TRANSACTIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-809) › Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-111) › Subpart 1 - SHORT TITLE, DEFINITIONS, AND GENERAL CONCEPTS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-108) › Section 11-9-104 - Control of deposit account

(a)
Requirements for control.
A secured party has control of a deposit account if:
(1)
The secured party is the bank with which the deposit account is maintained;
(2)
The debtor, secured party, and bank have agreed in a signed record that the bank will comply with instructions originated by the secured party directing disposition of the funds in the deposit account without further consent by the debtor;
(3)
The secured party becomes the bank's customer with respect to the deposit account; or
(4)
Another person, other than the debtor:
(A)
Has control of the deposit account and acknowledges that it has control on behalf of the secured party; or
(B)
Obtains control of the deposit account after having acknowledged that it will obtain control of the deposit account on behalf of the secured party.
(b)
Debtor's right to direct disposition.
A secured party that has satisfied subsection (a) of this Code section has control, even if the debtor retains the right to direct the disposition of funds from the deposit account.
Amended by 2024 Ga. Laws 600,§ 5-41, eff. 7/1/2024.
Added by 2001 Ga. Laws 191, § 1, eff. 7/1/2001.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 9 - SECURED TRANSACTIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-809) › Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-111) › Subpart 1 - SHORT TITLE, DEFINITIONS, AND GENERAL CONCEPTS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-108) › Section 11-9-105A - Control of electronic money

(a)
General rule: control of electronic money. A person has control of electronic money if:
(1)
The electronic money, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic money, or a system in which the electronic money is recorded gives the person:
(A)
Power to avail itself of substantially all the benefit from the electronic money; and
(B)
Exclusive power, subject to subsection (b) of this Code section, to:
(i)
Prevent others from availing themselves of substantially all the benefit from the electronic money; and
(ii)
Transfer control of the electronic money to another person or cause another person to obtain control of other electronic money as a result of the transfer of the electronic money; and
(2)
The electronic money, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic money, or a system in which the electronic money is recorded enables the person readily to identify itself in any way, including by name, identifying number, cryptographic key, office, or account number, as having the powers under paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(b)
Meaning of exclusive. Subject to subsection (c) of this Code section, a power is exclusive under subparagraphs (a)(1)(B)(i) and (a)(1)(B)(ii) of this Code section even if:
(1)
The electronic money, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic money, or a system in which the electronic money is recorded limits the use of the electronic money or has a protocol programmed to cause a change, including a transfer or loss of control; or
(2)
The power is shared with another person.
(c)
When power not shared with another person. A power of a person is not shared with another person under paragraph (2) of subsection (b) of this Code section and the person's power is not exclusive if:
(1)
The person can exercise the power only if the power also is exercised by the other person; and
(2)
The other person:
(A)
Can exercise the power without exercise of the power by the person; or
(B)
Is the transferor to the person of an interest in the electronic money.
(d)
Presumption of exclusivity of certain powers. If a person has the powers specified in subparagraphs (a)(1)(B)(i) and (a)(1)(B)(ii) of this Code section, the powers are presumed to be exclusive.
(e)
Control through another person. A person has control of electronic money if another person, other than the transferor to the person of an interest in the electronic money:
(1)
Has control of the electronic money and acknowledges that it has control on behalf of the person; or
(2)
Obtains control of the electronic money after having acknowledged that it will obtain control of the electronic money on behalf of the person.
Added by 2024 Ga. Laws 600,§ 5-43, eff. 7/1/2024.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 9 - SECURED TRANSACTIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-809) › Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-111) › Subpart 1 - SHORT TITLE, DEFINITIONS, AND GENERAL CONCEPTS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-108) › Section 11-9-106 - Control of investment property

(a)
Control under Code Section
11-8-106
.
A person has control of a certificated security, uncertificated security, or security entitlement as provided in Code Section
11-8-106
.
(b)
Control of commodity contract.
A secured party has control of a commodity contract if:
(1)
The secured party is the commodity intermediary with which the commodity contract is carried; or
(2)
The commodity customer, secured party, and commodity intermediary have agreed that the commodity intermediary will apply any value distributed on account of the commodity contract as directed by the secured party without further consent by the commodity customer.
(c)
Effect of control of securities account or commodity account.
A secured party having control of all security entitlements or commodity contracts carried in a securities account or commodity account has control over the securities account or commodity account.
Added by 2001 Ga. Laws 191, § 1, eff. 7/1/2001.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 9 - SECURED TRANSACTIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-809) › Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-111) › Subpart 1 - SHORT TITLE, DEFINITIONS, AND GENERAL CONCEPTS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-108) › Section 11-9-107 - Control of letter of credit right

A secured party has control of a letter of credit right to the extent of any right to payment or performance by the issuer or any nominated person if the issuer or nominated person has consented to an assignment of proceeds of the letter of credit under subsection (c) of Code Section
11-5-114
or otherwise applicable law or practice.
Added by 2001 Ga. Laws 191, § 1, eff. 7/1/2001.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 9 - SECURED TRANSACTIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-809) › Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-111) › Subpart 1 - SHORT TITLE, DEFINITIONS, AND GENERAL CONCEPTS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-108) › Section 11-9-107A - Control of controllable electronic record, controllable account, or controllable payment intangible

(a)
Control under Code Section 11-12-105. A secured party has control of a controllable electronic record as provided in Code Section 11-12-105.
(b)
Control of controllable account and controllable payment intangible. A secured party has control of a controllable account or controllable payment intangible if the secured party has control of the controllable electronic record that evidences the controllable account or controllable payment intangible.
Added by 2024 Ga. Laws 600,§ 5-44, eff. 7/1/2024.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 9 - SECURED TRANSACTIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-809) › Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-111) › Subpart 1 - SHORT TITLE, DEFINITIONS, AND GENERAL CONCEPTS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-108) › Section 11-9-107B - No requirement to acknowledge or confirm; no duties

(a)
No requirement to acknowledge. A person that has control under Code Section
11-9-104
,
11-9-105
, or
11-9-105
A is not required to acknowledge that it has control on behalf of another person.
(b)
No duties or confirmation. If a person acknowledges that it has or will obtain control on behalf of another person, unless the person otherwise agrees or law other than this article otherwise provides, the person does not owe any duty to the other person and is not required to confirm the acknowledgment to any other person.
Added by 2024 Ga. Laws 600,§ 5-45, eff. 7/1/2024.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 9 - SECURED TRANSACTIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-809) › Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-111) › Subpart 1 - SHORT TITLE, DEFINITIONS, AND GENERAL CONCEPTS (§§ 11-9-101 — 11-9-108) › Section 11-9-108 - Sufficiency of description

(a)
Sufficiency of description.
Except as otherwise provided in subsections (c), (d), and (e) of this Code section, a description of personal or real property is sufficient, whether or not it is specific, if it reasonably identifies what is described.
(b)
Examples of reasonable identification.
Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this Code section, a description of collateral reasonably identifies the collateral if it identifies the collateral by:
(1)
Specific listing;
(2)
Category;
(3)
Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this Code section, a type of collateral defined in this title;
(4)
Quantity;
(5)
Computational or allocational formula or procedure; or
(6)
Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) of this Code section, any other method, if the identity of the collateral is objectively determinable.
(c)
Supergeneric description not sufficient.
A description of collateral as "all the debtor's assets" or "all the debtor's personal property" or using words of similar import does not reasonably identify the collateral.
(d)
Investment property.
Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this Code section, a description of a security entitlement, securities account, or commodity account is sufficient if it describes:
(1)
The collateral by those terms or as investment property; or
(2)
The underlying financial asset or commodity contract.
(e)
When description by type insufficient.
A description only by type of collateral defined in this title is an insufficient description of:
(1)
A commercial tort claim; or
(2)
In a consumer transaction, consumer goods, a security entitlement, a securities account, or a commodity account.
Added by 2001 Ga. Laws 191, § 1, eff. 7/1/2001.