reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 49 - Mortgages and Liens › Chapter 847 - Liens › Section 49-92s. - Provision of payoff statement by judgment lienholder. Imposition of fee or charge for first payoff statement, when allowed.

(a) A judgment lienholder or an attorney who has filed an appearance on behalf of such judgment lienholder, shall, upon written request of the debtor, debtor's attorney or authorized representative for the current owner of the property which is subject to the lien, provide a payoff statement, in writing, to the person requesting the payoff statement on or before the date specified in such request, provided such request date is not less than twenty-one business days after the date of receipt of the written request. When requesting a payoff statement, the debtor, debtor's attorney or authorized representative for the current owner of the property which is subject to the lien may rely on the last recorded lien of record securing the lienholder's judgment in identifying the name and mailing address of the holder of such lien, unless the holder of such lien is the plaintiff in an action pending in Superior Court to enforce such interest, in which case the request for a payoff statement shall be provided to the attorney appearing on behalf of the plaintiff.
(b) The judgment lienholder or attorney shall not impose any fee or charge for the first payoff statement requested within a calendar year, unless the judgment debtor or the judgment debtor's attorney or other authorized agent requests expedited delivery of such statement, agrees to pay a fee for such expedited delivery and the payoff statement is provided by the agreed upon date.
(P.A. 18-70, S. 1.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 49 - Mortgages and Liens › Chapter 848 - Chattel Mortgages (Repealed) › Section 49-93 to 49-115. - Chattel mortgages.

Sections 49-93 to 49-115, inclusive, are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 7265
–
7285; 1951, S. 2996d, 2997d, 2999d; 1953, S. 2994d; 1955, S. 2993d, 2995d; November, 1955, S. N222; 1957, P.A. 534, 626; 1959, P.A. 133, S. 10-102.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-1. - Disposition of perishable property.

All goods of a perishable nature left with any person, when the owner is unknown or when the owner neglects to take them away after reasonable notice, shall be advertised at least one week in a newspaper published in the county where they were left; and, if not then claimed and taken away, may be sold at public auction, under the inspection of a state marshal of such county, and the proceeds of the sale, after deducting the expenses thereof and the charges for which they may be liable, shall be deposited with the treasurer of the town where they were left, who shall hold the same, subject to the provisions of part III of chapter 32.
(1949 Rev., S. 7286; 1961, P.A. 540, S. 28; P.A. 00-99, S. 103, 154.)
History: 1961 act substituted “subject to the provisions of part III of chapter 32” for “subject to the order of the owner thereof”; P.A. 00-99 replaced reference to sheriff and deputy sheriff with state marshal, effective December 1, 2000.
Goods subject to speedy decay are perishable, as also may be goods which would materially depreciate in value. 31 C. 498.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-2. - Disposition of goods not perishable.

All goods not perishable, left with any person or upon any public wharf or highway, and all goods, other than personal baggage of passengers, which are left at any railroad station or in any railroad car or carriage, and whose owner is unknown or neglects to take them away for six months from the time when they were left, shall be advertised one month in a newspaper published in the county where such goods were left. If the owner thereof does not take them away within such month, they may be sold and the proceeds disposed of in the manner provided in section 50-1.
(1949, Rev., S. 7287; 1961, P.A. 540, S. 29.)
History: 1961 act deleted provision specifying that proceeds unclaimed by owner within one year escheat to state.
See Sec. 7-285 re sale of unclaimed goods by police departments.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-3. - Expressmen and common carriers; goods not perishable.

Each person engaged in the express business, and each common carrier, who has in his possession for six months any unclaimed article not perishable, may sell it at auction and out of the proceeds retain the charges of transportation and storage and of advertising and sale. No such sale shall be made until four weeks after the first publication, in a newspaper published in the county in which the place is located to which such unclaimed article or articles are consigned or addressed, of a notice of such sale, containing a description of such articles and the name of the person to whom directed; and the expense of advertising shall be a lien upon the articles advertised, in a ratable proportion according to the amount received for each article. Such notice shall be published at least twice within said four weeks. No such article or articles shall be removed or transported from the place to which consigned until after the expiration of such four weeks.
(1949 Rev., S. 7288.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-4. - Disposition of perishable goods.

If such unclaimed article is in its nature perishable, it may be sold by such person engaged in the express business or as a common carrier, as soon as its condition makes it necessary and without the notice required in section 50-3.
(1949 Rev., S. 7289.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-5. - Avails to be accounted for. Escheat.

Such person engaged in the express business or as a common carrier shall make an entry on his books of the balance of the proceeds of such sales, credited to the person to whom such article was directed, as nearly as can be ascertained, and, at any time within five years thereafter, shall, on demand, pay such balance to the owner of such article. If such balance is not claimed by the owner within ten years, it shall be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of part III of chapter 32.
(1949 Rev., S. 7290; 1961, P.A. 540, S. 30.)
History: 1961 act changed deadline for claiming balance from 5 to 10 years and specified that after that time balance will be disposed of pursuant to Ch. 32, part III where previously balance simply escheated to state.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-6 and 50-7. - Disposition of stray beasts; lost goods. Restoration to owner if claimed; procedure if unclaimed.

Sections 50-6 and 50-7 are repealed, effective October 1, 2000.
(1949 Rev., S. 7291, 7292; 1961, P.A. 517, S. 68; P.A. 77-183, S. 277, 291; P.A. 76-436, S. 240, 681; P.A. 00-92, S. 16.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-8. - Marine vegetable deposits.

No right in any marine vegetable deposit, thrown up by the sea or by a navigable river, shall be acquired by any person by his gathering it together upon any public beach, unless he removes it within twenty-four hours thereafter.
(1949 Rev., S. 7293.)
Seaweed drifted on his land, belongs to riparian owner; cast upon seashore belongs to the gatherer, but failure to remove within 24 hours destroys his title. 34 C. 422. Manure abandoned on highway belongs to gatherer, and he may remove it within reasonable time. 37 C. 500.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-9. - Lost goods; towns may adopt procedure for.

Sections 50-10 to 50-14, inclusive, shall apply only to a municipality in which there is a police department and in which the provisions of said sections have been adopted by ordinance. Any statutory provision inconsistent with said sections shall not apply to any municipality which adopts the provisions thereof.
(1949 Rev., S. 7294; 1957, P.A. 13, S. 96.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-10. - Duties of finder.

Any person who finds and takes possession of any article of the value of one dollar or more shall report the finding of such article to the police department of the municipality in which he finds such article within forty-eight hours from the time of such finding. The finder of such article shall, at the time of reporting, furnish to the police department the date, time and place of finding, his name and address and a description of the article found, and, within a period of one week from such finding, shall deliver such article to the police department. Any person who violates or fails to comply with the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a class D misdemeanor.
(1949 Rev., S. 7295, 7300; P.A. 12-80, S. 98.)
History: P.A. 12-80 replaced penalty of a fine of not more than $100 or imprisonment of not more than 30 days or both with a class D misdemeanor.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-11. - Advertising; sale of perishable goods.

The police department shall, commencing within one week from the date of receipt of any lost article, advertise a general description of such article once a week for at least two successive weeks in a newspaper having a circulation in such municipality and shall retain custody of such article for six months from the date of receipt thereof, unless it is claimed by the rightful owner within such six months' period. The requirement of advertising may be omitted when the value or estimated value of the article is less than two dollars. Perishable or obnoxious property or articles of a dangerous or harmful nature may be sold or otherwise disposed of as soon as practicable on the best terms available.
(1949 Rev., S. 7296.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-12. - Restoration to owner if claimed.

If the owner of any such article claims it within six months from the date of receipt by the police department, the article or the proceeds thereof shall be restored to him upon payment or deduction of all proper charges.
(1949 Rev., S. 7297.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-13. - Procedure if unclaimed.

If no owner claims such article within six months from the receipt thereof by the police department, the police department shall, within two weeks thereafter, notify the finder of such fact by registered or certified mail at his last-known address, and the article or the proceeds thereof shall be turned over to the finder, upon demand by him within thirty days from the expiration of the six months' period and upon payment or deduction of all proper charges; but, if such finder fails to demand such article or the proceeds thereof or refuses to pay such charges within thirty days from the expiration of the six months' period, such article or proceeds shall belong to such municipality. The requirement of notification may be omitted when the value or estimated value of the article is less than five dollars.
(1949 Rev., S. 7298.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Chapter 859 - Lost and Unclaimed Property › Section 50-14. - Disposition after expiration of time for making claim.

The police commissioners of such municipality shall sell at public auction any articles which it acquires as provided herein after the expiration of the time for the owner or finder to demand the same and after the time and place of such sale and a description of the articles to be sold have been advertised once a week for two successive weeks in a newspaper having a circulation in such municipality. The net proceeds from such sales and the unclaimed net proceeds from the sales of perishable or obnoxious property or articles of a dangerous or harmful nature shall be paid to the treasurer of such municipality, who shall deposit them in the police benefit fund, if any, of such municipality.
(1949 Rev., S. 7299.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 860 - International Wills › Section 50a-1. (Formerly Sec. 45-194a). - International will: Definitions.

For the purposes of sections 50a-1 to 50a-9, inclusive:
(1) “International will” means a will executed in conformity with sections 50a-2 to 50a-5, inclusive.
(2) “Authorized person” and “person authorized to act in connection with international wills” means a person who by section 50a-9 or by the laws of the United States, including members of the diplomatic and consular service of the United States designated by Foreign Service Regulations, is empowered to supervise the execution of international wills.
(P.A. 87-369, S. 1.)
History: Sec. 45-194a transferred to Sec. 50a-1 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 860 - International Wills › Section 50a-2. (Formerly Sec. 45-194b). - International will: Validity.

(a) A will is valid as regards form, irrespective particularly of the place where it is made, of the location of the assets and of the nationality, domicile or residence of the testator, if it is made in the form of an international will complying with the requirements of sections 50a-1 to 50a-9, inclusive.
(b) The invalidity of the will as an international will does not affect its formal validity as a will of another kind.
(c) Sections 50a-1 to 50a-9, inclusive, do not apply to the form of testamentary dispositions made by two or more persons in one instrument.
(P.A. 87-369, S. 2.)
History: Sec. 45-194b transferred to Sec. 50a-2 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 860 - International Wills › Section 50a-3. (Formerly Sec. 45-194c). - International will: Requirements.

(a) The will shall be made in writing. It need not be written by the testator himself. It may be written in any language, by hand or by any other means.
(b) The testator shall declare in the presence of two witnesses and of a person authorized to act in connection with international wills that the document is his will and that he knows the contents thereof. The testator need not inform the witnesses, or the authorized person, of the contents of the will.
(c) In the presence of the witnesses, and of the authorized person, the testator shall sign the will or, if he has previously signed it, shall acknowledge his signature.
(d) If the testator is unable to sign, the absence of his signature does not affect the validity of the international will if the testator indicates the reason for his inability to sign and the authorized person makes note thereof on the will. In that case, it is permissible for any other person present, including the authorized person or one of the witnesses, at the direction of the testator, to sign the testator's name for him if the authorized person makes note of this on the will, but it is not required that any person sign the testator's name for him.
(e) The witnesses and the authorized person shall there and then attest the will by signing in the presence of the testator.
(P.A. 87-369, S. 3.)
History: Sec. 45-194c transferred to Sec. 50a-3 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 860 - International Wills › Section 50a-4. (Formerly Sec. 45-194d). - International will: Other points of form.

(a) The signatures shall be placed at the end of the will. If the will consists of several sheets, each sheet shall be signed by the testator or, if he is unable to sign, by the person signing on his behalf or, if there is no such person, by the authorized person. In addition, each sheet shall be numbered.
(b) The date of the will shall be the date of its signature by the authorized person. That date shall be noted at the end of the will by the authorized person.
(c) The authorized person shall ask the testator whether he wishes to make a declaration concerning the safekeeping of his will. If so and at the express request of the testator, the place where he intends to have his will kept shall be mentioned in the certificate provided for in section 50a-5.
(d) A will executed in compliance with section 50a-3 is not invalid merely because it does not comply with this section.
(P.A. 87-369, S. 4.)
History: Sec. 45-194d transferred to Sec. 50a-4 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 860 - International Wills › Section 50a-5. (Formerly Sec. 45-194e). - International will: Certificate of valid execution.

The authorized person shall attach to the will a certificate to be signed by him establishing that the requirements of sections 50a-1 to 50a-9, inclusive, for valid execution of an international will have been fulfilled. The authorized person shall keep a copy of the certificate and deliver another to the testator. The certificate shall be substantially in the following form:
CERTIFICATE
I, .... (name, address, and capacity), a person authorized to act in connection with international wills, certify that on .... (date) at .... (place) (testator) .... (name, address, date and place of birth) in my presence and that of the witnesses (a) .... (name, address, date and place of birth) (b) .... (name, address, date and place of birth) has declared that the attached document is his will and that he knows the contents thereof.
I furthermore certify that:
(a) In my presence and in that of the witnesses
(1) The testator has signed the will or has acknowledged his signature previously affixed;
*(2) Following a declaration of the testator stating that he was unable to sign his will for the following reason ...., I have mentioned this declaration on the will, *and the signature has been affixed by .... (name and address);
(b) The witnesses and I have signed the will;
*(c) Each page of the will has been signed by .... and numbered;
(d) I have satisfied myself as to the identity of the testator and of the witnesses as designated above;
(e) The witnesses met the conditions requisite to act as such according to the law under which I am acting;
*(f) The testator has requested me to include the following statement concerning the safekeeping of his will:
PLACE OF EXECUTION
DATE
SIGNATURE and, if necessary, SEAL
*to be completed if appropriate
(P.A. 87-369, S. 5.)
History: Sec. 45-194e transferred to Sec. 50a-5 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 860 - International Wills › Section 50a-6. (Formerly Sec. 45-194f). - International will: Effect of certificate.

In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the certificate of the authorized person is conclusive of the formal validity of the instrument as a will under sections 50a-1 to 50a-9, inclusive. The absence or irregularity of a certificate does not affect the formal validity of a will under sections 50a-1 to 50a-9, inclusive.
(P.A. 87-369, S. 6.)
History: Sec. 45-194f transferred to Sec. 50a-6 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 860 - International Wills › Section 50a-7. (Formerly Sec. 45-194g). - International will: Revocation.

An international will is subject to the ordinary rules of revocation of wills.
(P.A. 87-369, S. 7.)
History: Sec. 45-194g transferred to Sec. 50a-7 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 860 - International Wills › Section 50a-8. (Formerly Sec. 45-194h). - International will: Source and construction of law.

Sections 50a-1 to 50a-9, inclusive, derive from Annex to Convention of October 26, 1973, Providing a Uniform Law on the Form of an International Will. In interpreting and applying sections 50a-1 to 50a-9, inclusive, regard shall be had to its international origin and to the need for uniformity in its interpretation.
(P.A. 87-369, S. 8.)
History: Sec. 45-194h transferred to Sec. 50a-8 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 860 - International Wills › Section 50a-9. (Formerly Sec. 45-194i). - International will: Attorney as authorized person.

Individuals who have been admitted to practice law before the courts of this state and are currently licensed so to do are authorized persons in relation to international wills.
(P.A. 87-369, S. 9.)
History: Sec. 45-194i transferred to Sec. 50a-9 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861 - Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act › Section 50a-30. (Formerly Sec. 52-610). - Short title: Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act.

Sections 50a-30 to 50a-38, inclusive, may be cited as the “Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act”.
(P.A. 88-39, S. 1.)
History: Sec. 52-610 transferred to Sec. 50a-30 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861 - Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act › Section 50a-31. (Formerly Sec. 52-611). - Definitions.

As used in sections 50a-30 to 50a-38, inclusive:
(1) “Foreign state” means any governmental unit other than the United States or any state, district, commonwealth, territory or insular possession thereof.
(2) “Foreign judgment” means any judgment of a foreign state granting or denying recovery of a sum of money, other than a judgment for taxes, a fine or other penalty or a judgment for support in matrimonial or family matters.
(P.A. 88-39, S. 2.)
History: Sec. 52-611 transferred to Sec. 50a-31 in 1991.
Annotation to former section 52-611:
Cited. 41 CS 376.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861 - Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act › Section 50a-32. (Formerly Sec. 52-612). - Applicability.

Sections 50a-30 to 50a-38, inclusive, apply to any foreign judgment that is final and conclusive and enforceable where rendered.
(P.A. 88-39, S. 3.)
History: Sec. 52-612 transferred to Sec. 50a-32 in 1991.
Annotation to former section 52-612:
Cited. 41 CS 376.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861 - Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act › Section 50a-33. (Formerly Sec. 52-613). - Recognition and enforcement.

Except as provided in section 50a-34, a foreign judgment meeting the requirements of section 50a-32 is conclusive between the parties to the extent that it grants or denies recovery of a sum of money. The foreign judgment is enforceable in the same manner as the judgment of a sister state which is entitled to full faith and credit.
(P.A. 88-39, S. 4.)
History: Sec. 52-613 transferred to Sec. 50a-33 in 1991.
Annotation to former section 52-613:
Cited. 41 CS 376.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861 - Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act › Section 50a-34. (Formerly Sec. 52-614). - Grounds for nonrecognition.

(a) A foreign judgment is not conclusive if:
(1) The judgment was rendered under a system which does not provide impartial tribunals or procedures compatible with the requirements of due process of law;
(2) The foreign court did not have personal jurisdiction over the judgment debtor; or
(3) The foreign court did not have jurisdiction over the subject matter.
(b) A foreign judgment need not be recognized if:
(1) The judgment debtor in the proceedings in the foreign court did not receive notice of the proceedings in sufficient time to enable him to defend;
(2) The judgment was obtained by fraud;
(3) The cause of action on which the judgment is based is repugnant to the public policy of this state;
(4) The judgment conflicts with another final and conclusive judgment;
(5) The proceeding in the foreign court was contrary to an agreement between the parties under which the dispute in question was to be settled otherwise than by proceedings in that court; or
(6) In the case of jurisdiction based only on personal service, the foreign court was a seriously inconvenient forum for the trial of the action.
(P.A. 88-39, S. 5.)
History: Sec. 52-614 transferred to Sec. 50a-34 in 1991.
Annotation to former section 52-614:
Cited. 41 CS 376.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861 - Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act › Section 50a-35. (Formerly Sec. 52-615). - Personal jurisdiction.

(a) The foreign judgment shall not be refused recognition for lack of personal jurisdiction if:
(1) The judgment debtor was served personally in the foreign state;
(2) The judgment debtor voluntarily appeared in the proceedings, other than for the purpose of protecting property seized or threatened with seizure in the proceedings or of contesting the jurisdiction of the court over him;
(3) The judgment debtor prior to the commencement of the proceedings had agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the foreign court with respect to the subject matter involved;
(4) The judgment debtor was domiciled in the foreign state when the proceedings were instituted, or, being a body corporate had its principal place of business, was incorporated or had otherwise acquired corporate status, in the foreign state;
(5) The judgment debtor maintained a business office in the foreign state and the proceedings in the foreign court involved a cause of action arising out of business done by the judgment debtor through that office in the foreign state; or
(6) The judgment debtor operated a motor vehicle or airplane in the foreign state and the proceedings involved a cause of action arising out of such operation.
(b) The courts of this state may recognize other bases of jurisdiction.
(P.A. 88-39, S. 6.)
History: Sec. 52-615 transferred to Sec. 50a-35 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861 - Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act › Section 50a-36. (Formerly Sec. 52-616). - Stay of enforcement.

(a) If the judgment debtor shows the court that an appeal from the foreign judgment is pending or will be taken, or that a stay of execution has been granted, the court shall stay enforcement of the foreign judgment until the appeal is concluded, the time for appeal expires or the stay of execution expires or is vacated, upon proof that the judgment debtor has furnished the security for the satisfaction of the judgment required by the state in which it was rendered.
(b) If the judgment debtor shows the court any ground upon which enforcement of a judgment of a court of this state would be stayed, the court shall stay enforcement of the judgment for an appropriate period, upon requiring the same security for satisfaction of the judgment as is required in this state.
(P.A. 88-39, S. 7.)
History: Sec. 52-616 transferred to Sec. 50a-36 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861 - Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act › Section 50a-37. (Formerly Sec. 52-617.) - Savings clause.

Sections 50a-30 to 50a-38, inclusive, do not prevent the recognition of a foreign judgment in situations not covered by said sections.
(P.A. 88-39, S. 8.)
History: Sec. 52-617 transferred to Sec. 50a-37 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861 - Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act › Section 50a-38. (Formerly Sec. 52-618). - Uniform interpretation.

Sections 50a-30 to 50a-38, inclusive, shall be so construed as to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law of those states which enact them.
(P.A. 88-39, S. 9.)
History: Sec. 52-618 transferred to Sec. 50a-38 in 1991.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-51. - Definitions.

As used in this chapter:
(1) “Action” means a judicial or arbitration proceeding in which an order or award for a money payment may be tendered or enforced;
(2) “Conversion date” means, except as provided in section 50a-58, the banking day next before the date on which money or an award is, in accordance with this chapter; (i) paid to a judgment creditor, (ii) paid to the designated official enforcing a judgment on behalf of the judgment creditor or (iii) used to effect a set-off of claims in different moneys in an action;
(3) “Distribution proceeding” means a judicial or nonjudicial proceeding for an accounting, an assignment for the benefit of creditors, a foreclosure, or for the distribution, liquidation, or rehabilitation of a corporation, other entity, an estate, trust, or other fund in or against which the share of a foreign-money claim is asserted;
(4) “Foreign money” means money other than money of the United States of America;
(5) “Foreign-money claim” means a claim upon an obligation to pay, or a claim for recovery of a loss, expressed in or measured by a foreign money;
(6) “Money” means a medium of exchange for the payment of debts or other obligations, or a store of value authorized or adopted by a domestic or foreign government or by intergovernmental agreement;
(7) “Money of the claim” means the money determined as proper by section 50a-54;
(8) “Party” means an individual, a corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, partnership or association of two or more persons having a joint or common interest or any other legal or commercial entity asserting or defending against a foreign-money claim;
(9) “Rate of exchange” means the rate at which the money of one country may be converted into another money in a free financial market convenient to or usable by the party to pay or to state a conversion. If separate exchange rates apply to different transactions or events, the term means the rate applicable to the particular transaction or event giving rise to the foreign-money claim;
(10) “Spot rate” means the rate of exchange at which foreign money is sold by a bank or foreign-currency trader, for settlement by immediate payment, by charge to an account, or by an agreed delayed settlement not exceeding two days. “Bank-offered spot rate” means the rate at which a bank will issue its draft in the foreign currency or will cause credit to become available on a next-day basis in the foreign money.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 1.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-52. - Applicability.

(a) Except as provided in section 50a-63, this chapter applies only to a foreign-money claim in an action or distribution proceeding.
(b) This chapter applies to foreign-money issues notwithstanding the law applicable under the conflict of laws rules of this state to other issues in an action or distribution proceeding.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 2.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-53. - Variation by agreement.

(a) The effect of provisions of this chapter may be varied by agreement of the parties made at any time before or after commencement of an action, distribution proceeding, or the entry of judgment.
(b) The parties may agree upon the money to be used in a transaction giving rise to a foreign-money claim and may use different moneys for different aspects of the transaction. Stating the price in a foreign money or for a particular transaction does not require, of itself, the use of that money for all or any other aspects of the transaction.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 3.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-54. - Determination of proper money of claim.

(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, proper money of the claim is, as the case may be, the money: (1) Regularly used between the parties as a matter of usage or course of dealing; (2) used at the time of a transaction in international trade, by trade usage or common practice, for valuing or settling transactions in the particular commodity or service involved; or (3) in which the loss was ultimately felt or will be incurred by a party.
(b) The money in which the parties have contracted that a payment be made is the proper money of the claim for that payment.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 4; P.A. 07-217, S. 183.)
History: P.A. 07-217 made technical changes in Subsec. (a), effective July 12, 2007.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-55. - Determination of amount of payment of certain contract claims.

(a) If an amount contracted to be paid in a foreign money is measured by a specified amount of a different money, unless otherwise agreed, the amount to be paid shall be determined on the appropriate conversion date.
(b) If an amount contracted to be paid in a foreign money is to be measured by conversion from a different money at the exchange rate prevailing on a date prior to default, unless a longer time is agreed, that exchange rate applies only for payments made in a reasonable time after default, not to exceed thirty days. Conversion thereafter will be made at the bank-offered spot rate on the conversion date.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 5.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-56. - Foreign-money claim; assertion, defense.

(a) A claimant may assert a claim in a specified foreign money. If a foreign money is not asserted, the claimant makes a claim for a judgment in United States dollars.
(b) An opposing party may allege and prove that the claim is, in whole or in part, for a different money than that asserted by the claimant.
(c) Any party may assert a defense set-off, recoupment, or counterclaim in any money without regard to the money of other claims.
(d) The determination of the proper money of the claim is a question of law.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 6.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-57. - Judgments on foreign-money claims. Form.

(a) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, in a successful foreign-money claim, a judgment or arbitration award shall be stated in an amount of the money of the claim.
(b) The judgment is payable in that foreign money or, at the option of the judgment debtor, in the amount of United States dollars which will purchase that foreign money on the conversion date.
(c) Assessed costs shall be entered in United States dollars.
(d) Each payment in United States dollars shall be accepted and credited on the judgment in the amount of the foreign money that could be purchased by the dollars at a bank-offered spot rate of exchange at or near the close of business on the conversion date for that payment.
(e) Awards made on both (1) a defense, set-off, recoupment or counterclaim, and (2) the adverse party's claim, shall be netted by converting the moneys of the smaller award into the money of the larger and by subtracting the smaller from the larger, as if a payment had occurred on the date of the most recent award, and shall provide in the judgment the rates of exchange used.
(f) A judgment substantially in the following form complies with subsection (a) of this section:
IT IS ADJUDGED AND ORDERED, THAT Defendant (insert name) pay to Plaintiff (insert name) the sum of (insert amount in the foreign money) plus interest on that sum at the rate of (insert rate as provided in section 50a-59) per cent a year or, at the option of the judgment debtor, such number of United States dollars as will purchase the (insert name of foreign money) with interest due, at a bank-offered spot rate at or near the close of business on the banking day next before the day of payment, together with assessed costs of (insert amount) United States dollars.
(g) A judgment shall be recorded and indexed in the foreign money in the same manner and shall have the same effect as a lien as other judgments. It may be discharged by payment.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 7; P.A. 07-217, S. 184.)
History: P.A. 07-217 made technical changes, effective July 12, 2007.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-58. - Conversion of foreign money in distribution proceeding.

A foreign-money claim in a distribution proceeding shall show its amount in the named foreign money and the amount of United States dollars resulting from a conversion as of the date the proceeding was initiated.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 8.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-59. - Prejudgment and judgment interest.

(a) With respect to a foreign-money claim, recovery of prejudgment interest and the rate of interest to be applied in the case are matters of the substantive law governing the right to recovery under the conflict of laws rules of this state.
(b) Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section, an increase or decrease in calculated prejudgment interest may be made in a foreign-money claim to the extent required by the law of this state applicable in an action or distribution proceeding for United States dollars, if there is a failure to make or accept an offer of settlement, an offer of judgment, or conduct by a party or its attorney causing undue delay or expense.
(c) A judgment shall bear interest at the rate applicable for a judgment under the law of this state.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 9; P.A. 07-217, S. 185.)
History: P.A. 07-217 made a technical change in Subsec. (b), effective July 12, 2007.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-60. - Enforcement of foreign judgments.

(a) Subject to subsection (b) of this section, if an action is brought to enforce a judgment of another jurisdiction expressed in a foreign money and the judgment is recognized in this state as enforceable, the enforcing judgment shall be entered as provided in section 50a-57, whether or not the foreign judgment confers an option to pay in an equivalent amount of United States dollars. A satisfaction or partial payment made upon the foreign judgment, on proof thereof, shall be credited against the amount of foreign money specified in the judgment, notwithstanding the entry of judgment in this state.
(b) A judgment entered on a foreign-money claim only in United States dollars in another state of the United States shall be enforced in this state by a judgment in United States dollars only.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 10; P.A. 10-32, S. 145.)
History: P.A. 10-32 made a technical change in Subsec. (a), effective May 10, 2010.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-61. - Determination of United States dollar amount for limited purpose.

(a) For a foreign-money judgment, the United States dollar amount needed for the limited purpose of (1) the value of assets to be seized or restrained pursuant to a writ of attachment, garnishment, execution or other legal process, (2) the amount at issue for assessing costs, or (3) the amount involved for a required surety bond shall be determined as follows: The party seeking the writ, costs or bond shall compute the dollar amount of the foreign money claimed from a bank-offered spot rate of exchange prevailing at or near the close of business on the banking day next preceding the filing of a request for the issuance of process or for the determination of costs, or an application requiring a bond.
(b) The party seeking the process or the award of costs, or filing an application for a bond, shall file with the request or application, an affidavit or certificate executed in good faith by its counsel or a bank officer, stating the market quotation used, how obtained, and setting forth the calculation. Court officials shall incur no liability, after a filing of the affidavit or certificate, for acting during the following two months as if the judgment was in the amount of United States dollars stated in the affidavit or certificate.
(c) A filed affidavit or certificate may be renewed for another two months with a current exchange rate at any time as long as the judgment remains unsatisfied.
(d) Computations under this section are for the limited purposes of the section and do not affect the money of the judgment for payment purposes.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 11; May 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-1, S. 95, 130; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1, S. 73, 121.)
History: May 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-1 made technical change, effective July 1, 1994; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1 made a technical change in Subsec. (a), effective June 24, 1998.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-62. - Effect of currency revalorizations.

(a) If, after an obligation is expressed or a loss is incurred in a foreign money, the country issuing or adopting that money substitutes a new money in place of that money and for the same purposes, the obligation or the loss shall be treated as if expressed or incurred in the new money at the rate of conversion the issuing country establishes for the payment of like obligations or losses denominated in the former money.
(b) If due to delay in payment, the amount of a judgment does not yield the required amount of the creditor's money, the obligation to pay an additional sum will support another action for the amount remaining unpaid, and that obligation is not merged in the judgment.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 12.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-63. - Effect of certain agreements.

(a) A monetary claim is neither usurious nor unconscionable because the agreement on which it is based provides that the amount of the debtor's obligation to be paid in the debtor's money shall, when received by the creditor, equal a specified amount of the foreign money of the country of the creditor.
(b) If due to delay in payment, the amount of a judgment does not yield the required amount of the creditor's money, the obligation to pay an additional sum will support another action for the amount remaining unpaid, and that obligation is not merged in the judgment.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 13.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-64. - Supplementary principles of law.

Unless displaced by particular provisions of this chapter, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant, and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, or other validating or invalidating causes supplement its provisions.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 14.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 861a - Uniform Foreign-Money Claims Act › Section 50a-65. - Uniform interpretation.

This chapter shall be applied and construed to effectuate its special purpose to eliminate overcompensation or undercompensation to foreign money claimants and its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to the subject of this chapter among states enacting it.
(P.A. 89-134, S. 15.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 862 - UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration › Section 50a-100. - Short title: UNCITRAL* Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration.

This chapter may be cited as the “UNCITRAL* Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration”.
(P.A. 89-179, S. 37.)
*Note: “UNCITRAL” is an acronym for the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law.
Cited. 234 C. 123.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 862 - UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration › Section 50a-101. - Scope of application.

(1) This chapter applies to international commercial arbitration, subject to any agreement in force between the United States of America, including all territories and possessions, and any other country or countries.
(2) The provisions of this chapter, except sections 50a-108, 50a-109, 50a-135 and 50a-136, apply only if the place of arbitration is in this state.
(3) An arbitration is international if:
(a) The parties to an arbitration agreement have, at the time of the conclusion of that agreement, their places of business in different countries; or
(b) One of the following places is situated outside the country in which the parties have their places of business: (i) The place of arbitration if determined in, or pursuant to, the arbitration agreement; (ii) any place where a substantial part of the obligations of the commercial relationship is to be performed or the place with which the subject matter of the dispute is most closely connected; or
(c) The parties have expressly agreed that the subject matter of the arbitration agreement relates to more than one country.
(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) of this section:
(a) If a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the arbitration agreement;
(b) If a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to his habitual residence.
(5) This chapter shall not affect any other law of this state by virtue of which certain disputes may not be submitted to arbitration or may be submitted to arbitration only according to provisions other than those of this chapter.
(P.A. 89-179, S. 1; P.A. 91-324, S. 9.)
History: P.A. 91-324 amended Subsec. (2) to delete provision limiting applicability to “arbitration agreements entered into on or after October 1, 1989”.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 862 - UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration › Section 50a-102. - Definitions and rules of interpretation.

For the purposes of this chapter:
(a) “Arbitration” means any arbitration whether or not administered by a permanent arbitral institution;
(b) “Arbitral tribunal” means a sole arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators;
(c) “Court” means a body or organ of the judicial system of a country or any political subdivision thereof;
(d) Where a provision of this chapter, except section 50a-128, leaves the parties free to determine a certain issue, such freedom includes the right of the parties to authorize a third party, including an institution, to make that determination;
(e) Where a provision of this chapter refers to the fact that the parties have agreed or that they may agree or in any other way refers to an agreement of the parties, such agreement includes any arbitration rules referred to in that agreement;
(f) Where a provision of this chapter, other than in subsection (a) of section 50a-125 and subdivision (a) of subsection (2) of section 50a-132, refers to a claim, it also applies to a counterclaim, and where it refers to a defense, it also applies to a defense to such counterclaim.
(P.A. 89-179, S. 2.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 50a - International Law › Chapter 862 - UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration › Section 50a-103. - Receipt of written communications.

(1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties:
(a) Any written communication is deemed to have been received if it is delivered to the addressee personally or if it is delivered at his place of business, habitual residence or mailing address; if none of these can be found after making a reasonable inquiry, a written communication is deemed to have been received if it is sent to the addressee's last-known place of business, habitual residence or mailing address by registered mail or any other means reasonably calculated to give the addressee actual notice, which provides a record of the attempt to deliver it;
(b) The communication is deemed to have been received on the day it is so delivered.
(2) The provisions of this section do not apply to communications in court proceedings.
(P.A. 89-179, S. 3.)