reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-103. - Construction of title to promote its purposes and policies; applicability of supplemental principles of law.

(a) This title shall be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies, which are:
(1) To simplify, clarify and modernize the law governing commercial transactions;
(2) To permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, usage and agreement of the parties; and
(3) To make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.
(b) Unless displaced by the particular provisions of this title, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, and other validating or invalidating cause supplement its provisions.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 1-103; P.A. 05-109, S. 3.)
History: P.A. 05-109 amended section to adopt the 2001 Revision of Uniform Commercial Code Article 1–General Provisions.
Cited. 166 C. 280; 171 C. 63; 183 C. 266; 184 C. 607; 202 C. 106.
Cited. 14 CA 481.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-104. - Construction against implied repeal.

This title being a general act intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be avoided.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 1-104.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-105. - Severability.

If any provision or clause of this title or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of this title which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this title are severable.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 1-105; P.A. 76-369, S. 1; P.A. 90-202, S. 2, 3; P.A. 93-107, S. 1; P.A. 96-198, S. 18; P.A. 97-182, S. 65; P.A. 01-132, S. 134; P.A. 02-131, S. 91; P.A. 05-109, S. 4.)
History: P.A. 76-369 substituted “Perfection provisions of the article on secured transactions. Section 42a-9-103a” for “Policy and scope” of that article and allied sections; P.A. 90-202 amended Subsec. (2) by adding provision re governing law in the article on funds transfers; P.A. 93-107 amended Subsec. (2) by deleting “Bulk transfers subject to the article on bulk transfers. Section 42a-6-102.”; P.A. 96-198 amended Subsec. (2) by adding “Letters of credit. Section 42a-5-116.”; P.A. 97-182 amended Subsec. (2) by replacing reference to Sec. 42a-8-106 with Sec. 42a-8-110; P.A. 01-132 amended Subsec. (2) by replacing “Perfection provisions of the article on secured transactions. Section 42a-9-103a.” with “Law governing perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection and the priority of security interests and agricultural liens. Sections 42a-9-301 to 42a-9-307, inclusive.”; P.A. 02-131 amended Subsec. (2) by adding provision re applicability of article on leases; P.A. 05-109 amended section to adopt the 2001 Revision of Uniform Commercial Code Article 1–General Provisions.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-106. - Use of singular and plural; gender.

In this title, unless the statutory context otherwise requires:
(1) Words in the singular number include the plural, and those in the plural include the singular; and
(2) Words of any gender also refer to any other gender.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 1-106; P.A. 05-109, S. 5.)
History: P.A. 05-109 amended section to adopt the 2001 Revision of Uniform Commercial Code Article 1–General Provisions.
Cited. 183 C. 266; 221 C. 530.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-107. - Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after breach.

Section 42a-1-107 is repealed, effective October 1, 2005.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 1-107; P.A. 05-109, S. 56.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-108. - Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act.

This article modifies, limits and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 USC 7001 et seq., except that nothing in this article modifies, limits or supersedes Section 101(c) of that act, 15 USC 7001(c), or authorizes electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that act, 15 USC 7003(b).
(P.A. 05-109, S. 6.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-202. - Notice; knowledge.

(a) Subject to subsection (f) of this section, a person has “notice” of a fact if the person:
(1) Has actual knowledge of it;
(2) Has received a notice or notification of it; or
(3) From all the facts and circumstances known to the person at the time in question, has reason to know that it exists.
(b) “Knowledge” or “knows” means actual knowledge.
(c) “Discover”, “learn” or words of similar import refer to knowledge rather than to reason to know.
(d) A person “notifies” or “gives” a notice or notification to another person by taking such steps as may be reasonably required to inform the other person in ordinary course, whether or not the other person actually comes to know of it.
(e) Subject to subsection (f) of this section, a person “receives” a notice or notification when:
(1) It comes to that person's attention; or
(2) It is duly delivered in a form reasonable under the circumstances at the place of business through which the contract was made or at another location held out by that person as the place for receipt of such communications.
(f) Notice, knowledge or a notice or notification received by an organization is effective for a particular transaction from the time it is brought to the attention of the individual conducting that transaction and, in any event, from the time it would have been brought to the individual's attention if the organization had exercised due diligence. An organization exercises due diligence if it maintains reasonable routines for communicating significant information to the person conducting the transaction and there is reasonable compliance with the routines. Due diligence does not require an individual acting for the organization to communicate information unless the communication is part of the individual's regular duties or the individual has reason to know of the transaction and that the transaction would be materially affected by the information.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 1-202; P.A. 05-109, S. 8.)
History: P.A. 05-109 amended section to adopt the 2001 Revision of Uniform Commercial Code Article 1–General Provisions.
Cited. 165 C. 1.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-204. - Value.

Except as otherwise provided in articles 3, 4 and 5, a person gives value for rights if the person acquires them:
(1) In return for a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit, whether or not drawn upon and whether or not a charge-back is provided for in the event of difficulties in collection;
(2) As security for, or in total or partial satisfaction of, a preexisting claim;
(3) By accepting delivery under a preexisting contract for purchase; or
(4) In return for any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 1-204; P.A. 05-109, S. 10.)
History: P.A. 05-109 amended section to adopt the 2001 Revision of Uniform Commercial Code Article 1–General Provisions.
Cited. 172 C. 112; 183 C. 266.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-205. - Reasonable time; seasonableness.

(a) Whether a time for taking an action required by this title is reasonable depends on the nature, purpose and circumstances of the action.
(b) An action is taken seasonably if it is taken at or within the time agreed or, if no time is agreed, at or within a reasonable time.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 1-205; P.A. 05-109, S. 11.)
History: P.A. 05-109 amended section to adopt the 2001 Revision of Uniform Commercial Code Article 1–General Provisions.
Burden of proof for establishment of custom and usage is on defendant. 160 C. 468. Cited. 198 C. 624; 216 C. 458.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-206. - Presumptions.

Whenever this title creates a “presumption” with respect to a fact, or provides that a fact is “presumed”, the trier of fact must find the existence of the fact unless and until evidence is introduced that supports a finding of its nonexistence.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 1-206; P.A. 05-109, S. 12.)
History: P.A. 05-109 amended section to adopt the 2001 Revision of Uniform Commercial Code Article 1–General Provisions.
Cited. 172 C. 210.
Cited. 37 CS 751.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-207 and 42a-1-208. - Performance or acceptance under reservation of rights. Option to accelerate at will.

Sections 42a-1-207 and 42a-1-208 are repealed, effective October 1, 2005.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 1-207, 1-208; P.A. 91-304, S. 111; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11, S. 12, 70; P.A. 05-109, S. 56.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-301. - Territorial applicability; parties' power to choose applicable law.

(a) Except as provided in this section, when a transaction bears a reasonable relation to this state and also to another state or nation, the parties may agree that the law either of this state or of such other state or nation shall govern their rights and duties. Failing such agreement, this title applies to transactions bearing an appropriate relation to this state.
(b) Where one of the following provisions of this title specifies the applicable law, that provision governs and a contrary agreement is effective only to the extent permitted by the law, including the conflict of laws rules, so specified:
Rights of creditors sold goods. Section 42a-2-402.
Applicability of the article on leases. Sections 42a-2A-105 and 42a-2A-106.
Applicability of the article on bank deposits and collections. Section 42a-4-102.
Governing law in the article on funds transfers. Section 42a-4A-507.
Letters of credit. Section 42a-5-116.
Applicability of the article on investment securities. Section 42a-8-110.
Law governing perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection and the priority of security interests and agricultural liens. Sections 42a-9-301 to 42a-9-307, inclusive.
(P.A. 05-109, S. 13.)
Annotations to former section 42a-1-105:
Cited. 189 C. 591.
Cited. 14 CA 481.
Cited. 37 CS 7.
Cited. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 539.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-302. - Variation by agreement.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section or elsewhere in this title, the effect of provisions of this title may be varied by agreement.
(b) The obligations of good faith, diligence, reasonableness and care prescribed by this title may not be disclaimed by agreement. The parties, by agreement, may determine the standards by which the performance of such obligations is to be measured if such standards are not manifestly unreasonable. Whenever this title requires an action to be taken within a reasonable time, a time that is not manifestly unreasonable may be fixed by agreement.
(c) The presence in certain provisions of this title of the phrase “unless otherwise agreed”, or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement under this section.
(P.A. 05-109, S. 14.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-303. - Course of performance, course of dealing and usage of trade.

(a) A “course of performance” is a sequence of conduct between the parties to a particular transaction that exists if:
(1) The agreement of the parties with respect to the transaction involves repeated occasions for performance by a party; and
(2) The other party, with knowledge of the nature of the performance and opportunity for objection to it, accepts the performance or acquiesces in it without objection.
(b) A “course of dealing” is a sequence of conduct concerning previous transactions between the parties to a particular transaction that is fairly to be regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding for interpreting their expressions and other conduct.
(c) A “usage of trade” is any practice or method of dealing having such regularity of observance in a place, vocation or trade as to justify an expectation that it will be observed with respect to the transaction in question. The existence and scope of such a usage must be proved as facts. If it is established that such a usage is embodied in a trade code or similar record, the interpretation of the record is a question of law.
(d) A course of performance or course of dealing between the parties or usage of trade in the vocation or trade in which they are engaged or of which they are or should be aware is relevant in ascertaining the meaning of the parties' agreement, may give particular meaning to specific terms of the agreement and may supplement or qualify the terms of the agreement. A usage of trade applicable in the place in which part of the performance under the agreement is to occur may be so utilized as to that part of the performance.
(e) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (f) of this section, the express terms of an agreement and any applicable course of performance, course of dealing or usage of trade must be construed whenever reasonable as consistent with each other. If such a construction is unreasonable:
(1) Express terms prevail over course of performance, course of dealing and usage of trade;
(2) Course of performance prevails over course of dealing and usage of trade; and
(3) Course of dealing prevails over usage of trade.
(f) Subject to section 42a-2-209, a course of performance is relevant to show a waiver or modification of any term inconsistent with the course of performance.
(g) Evidence of a relevant usage of trade offered by one party is not admissible unless that party has given the other party notice that the court finds sufficient to prevent unfair surprise to the other party.
(P.A. 05-109, S. 15.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-305. - Remedies to be liberally administered.

(a) The remedies provided by this title must be liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party may be put in as good a position as if the other party had fully performed, but neither consequential or special damages nor penal damages may be had except as specifically provided in this title or by other rule of law.
(b) Any right or obligation declared by this title is enforceable by action unless the provision declaring it specifies a different and limited effect.
(P.A. 05-109, S. 17.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-306. - Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after breach.

A claim or right arising out of an alleged breach may be discharged in whole or in part without consideration by agreement of the aggrieved party in an authenticated record.
(P.A. 05-109, S. 18.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-307. - Prima facie evidence by third-party documents.

A document in due form purporting to be a bill of lading, policy or certificate of insurance, official weigher's or inspector's certificate, consular invoice, or any other document authorized or required by the contract to be issued by a third party is prima facie evidence of its own authenticity and genuineness and of the facts stated in the document by the third party.
(P.A. 05-109, S. 19.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-308. - Performance or acceptance under reservation of rights.

(a) A party that, with explicit reservation of rights, performs or promises performance or assents to performance in a manner demanded or offered by the other party does not thereby prejudice the rights reserved. Such words as “without prejudice”, “under protest” or the like are sufficient.
(b) Subsection (a) of this section does not apply to an accord and satisfaction.
(P.A. 05-109, S. 20.)
Subsec. (a):
The trial court's finding that plaintiffs who waived the minimum purchase requirement for the 3rd through 5th contract years did not indicate their intent to reserve their rights as to those or subsequent contract years and thus waived said requirement in the 6th contract year was not clearly erroneous; the obligee bears the risk of any ambiguity arising from its failure to clearly announce whether its decision repeatedly to waive those rights is to be construed as a continuing waiver. 318 C. 737.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-309. - Option to accelerate at will.

A term providing that one party or that party's successor in interest may accelerate payment or performance or require collateral or additional collateral “at will” or when the party “deems itself insecure”, or words of similar import, means that the party has power to do so only if that party in good faith believes that the prospect of payment or performance is impaired. The burden of establishing lack of good faith is on the party against which the power has been exercised.
(P.A. 05-109, S. 21.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 1 - General Provisions › Section 42a-1-310. - Subordinated obligations.

An obligation may be issued as subordinated to performance of another obligation of the person obligated, or a creditor may subordinate its right to performance of an obligation by agreement with either the person obligated or another creditor of the person obligated. Subordination does not create a security interest as against either the common debtor or a subordinated creditor.
(P.A. 05-109, S. 22.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-102. - Scope; certain security and other transactions excluded from this article.

Unless the context otherwise requires, this article applies to transactions in goods; it does not apply to any transaction which although in the form of an unconditional contract to sell or present sale is intended to operate only as a security transaction nor does this article impair or repeal any statute regulating sales to consumers, farmers or other specified classes of buyers.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-102.)
Cited. 165 C. 300; 182 C. 561; 184 C. 10; Id., 607; 187 C. 540.
Contract for purchase of software licenses, hardware, services and concomitant support was a transaction in goods under this article. 146 CA 169; judgment reversed, see 322 C. 541.
Use of products involved in a beauty treatment does not amount to a sale of goods but to a rendition of services. 25 CS 114. Contract to furnish labor and materials is not a “transaction in goods” within meaning of section. 33 CS 108. Cited. 41 CS 466.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-103. - Definitions and index of definitions.

(1) In this article unless the context otherwise requires: (a) “Buyer” means a person who buys or contracts to buy goods. (b) “Receipt” of goods means taking physical possession of them. (c) “Seller” means a person who sells or contracts to sell goods.
(2) Other definitions applying to this article or to specified parts thereof and the sections in which they appear are:
“Acceptance”. Section 42a-2-606.
“Banker's credit”. Section 42a-2-305.
“Between merchants”. Section 42a-2-104.
“Cancellation”. Section 42a-2-106(4).
“Commercial unit”. Section 42a-2-105.
“Confirmed credit”. Section 42a-2-325.
“Conforming to contract”. Section 42a-2-106.
“Contract for sale”. Section 42a-2-106.
“Cover”. Section 42a-2-712.
“Entrusting”. Section 42a-2-403.
“Financing agency”. Section 42a-2-104.
“Future goods”. Section 42a-2-105.
“Goods”. Section 42a-2-105.
“Identification”. Section 42a-2-501.
“Installment contract”. Section 42a-2-612.
“Letter of credit”. Section 42a-2-325.
“Lot”. Section 42a-2-105.
“Merchant”. Section 42a-2-104.
“Overseas”. Section 42a-2-323.
“Person in position of seller”. Section 42a-2-707.
“Present sale”. Section 42a-2-106.
“Sale”. Section 42a-2-106.
“Sale on approval”. Section 42a-2-326.
“Sale or return”. Section 42a-2-326.
“Termination”. Section 42a-2-106.
(3) “Control” as provided in section 42a-7-106 and the following definitions in other articles apply to this article:
“Check”. Section 42a-3-104.
“Consignee”. Section 42a-7-102.
“Consignor”. Section 42a-7-102.
“Consumer goods”. Section 42a-9-102.
“Dishonor”. Section 42a-3-502.
“Draft”. Section 42a-3-104.
(4) In addition article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-103; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11, S. 13, 70; P.A. 01-132, S. 138; P.A. 04-64, S. 44; P.A. 05-109, S. 23.)
History: May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-11 amended Subsec. (3) to replace Sec. 42a-3-507 as the statutory reference for the definition of “Dishonor” with Sec. 42a-3-502; P.A. 01-132 amended Subsec. (3) to replace Sec. 42a-9-109 with Sec. 42a-9-102 as the statutory reference for the definition of “Consumer goods”; P.A. 04-64 amended Subsec. (3) by adding reference to “control” as provided in Sec. 42a-7-106 to conform to revisions made to article 7 by the same act; P.A. 05-109 amended Subsec. (1) by deleting definition of “good faith” and making technical changes to conform to revisions made to article 1 by the same act; (Revisor's note: In 2015, the amendment made in Subsec. (3) by P.A. 04-64, S. 44, that was omitted in error from the 2005 and subsequent revisions, was restored editorially by the Revisors for accuracy).
Cited. 172 C. 112; 187 C. 637; 216 C. 65.
Cited. 26 CS 222.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-104. - Definitions: “Merchant”; “between merchants”; “financing agency”.

(1) “Merchant” means a person who deals in goods of the kind or otherwise by his occupation holds himself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods involved in the transaction or to whom such knowledge or skill may be attributed by his employment of an agent or broker or other intermediary who by his occupation holds himself out as having such knowledge or skill.
(2) “Financing agency” means a bank, finance company or other person who in the ordinary course of business makes advances against goods or documents of title or who by arrangement with either the seller or the buyer intervenes in ordinary course to make or collect payment due or claimed under the contract for sale, as by purchasing or paying the seller's draft or making advances against it or by merely taking it for collection whether or not documents of title accompany or are associated with the draft. “Financing agency” includes also a bank or other person who similarly intervenes between persons who are in the position of seller and buyer in respect to the goods as provided by section 42a-2-707.
(3) “Between merchants” means in any transaction with respect to which both parties are chargeable with the knowledge or skill of merchants.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-104; P.A. 04-64, S. 45.)
History: P.A. 04-64 amended Subsec. (2) by adding “or are associated with” to conform to revisions made to article 7 by the same act.
Person who holds himself out to have special skills may be considered merchant. 160 C. 468.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-105. - Definitions: Transferability; “goods”; “future” goods; “lot”; “commercial unit”.

(1) “Goods” means all things, including specially manufactured goods, which are movable at the time of identification to the contract for sale other than the money in which the price is to be paid, investment securities covered by article 8 and things in action. “Goods” also includes the unborn young of animals and growing crops and other identified things attached to realty as described in section 42a-2-107.
(2) Goods must be both existing and identified before any interest in them can pass. Goods which are not both existing and identified are “future” goods. A purported present sale of future goods or of any interest therein operates as a contract to sell.
(3) There may be a sale of a part interest in existing identified goods.
(4) An undivided share in an identified bulk of fungible goods is sufficiently identified to be sold although the quantity of the bulk is not determined. Any agreed proportion of such a bulk or any quantity thereof agreed upon by number, weight or other measure may to the extent of the seller's interest in the bulk be sold to the buyer who then becomes an owner in common.
(5) “Lot” means a parcel or a single article which is the subject matter of a separate sale or delivery, whether or not it is sufficient to perform the contract.
(6) “Commercial unit” means such a unit of goods as by commercial usage is a single whole for purposes of sale and division of which materially impairs its character or value on the market or in use. A commercial unit may be a single article, as a machine, or a set of articles, as a suite or furniture or an assortment of sizes, or a quantity, as a bale, gross, or carload, or any other unit treated in use or in the relevant market as a single whole.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-105.)
Cited. 165 C. 300; 212 C. 167.
Use of products involved in a beauty treatment does not amount to a sale of goods but to a rendition of services. 25 CS 114. Cited. 28 CS 481. Contract to furnish labor and materials is not sale of “goods” under section. 33 CS 108. Cited. 37 CS 735; 41 CS 179; Id., 566.
Cited. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 482.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-106. - Definitions: “Contract”; “agreement”; “contract for sale”; “sale”; “present sale”; “conforming” to contract; “termination”; “cancellation”.

(1) In this article unless the context otherwise requires “contract” and “agreement” are limited to those relating to the present or future sale of goods. “Contract for sale” includes both a present sale of goods and a contract to sell goods at a future time. A “sale” consists in the passing of title from the seller to the buyer for a price as provided by section 42a-2-401. A “present sale” means a sale which is accomplished by the making of the contract.
(2) Goods or conduct including any part of a performance are “conforming” or conform to the contract when they are in accordance with the obligations under the contract.
(3) “Termination” occurs when either party pursuant to a power created by agreement or law puts an end to the contract otherwise than for its breach. On “termination” all obligations which are still executory on both sides are discharged but any right based on prior breach or performance survives.
(4) “Cancellation” occurs when either party puts an end to the contract for breach by the other and its effect is the same as that of “termination” except that the cancelling party also retains any remedy for breach of the whole contract or any unperformed balance.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-106.)
Cited. 163 C. 62; 183 C. 266; 214 C. 444.
Cited. 25 CS 111; 26 CS 221; 37 CS 735.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-107. - Goods to be severed from realty; recording.

(1) A contract for the sale of minerals or the like, including oil and gas, or a structure or its materials to be removed from realty is a contract for the sale of goods within this article if they are to be severed by the seller but until severance a purported present sale thereof which is not effective as a transfer of an interest in land is effective only as a contract to sell.
(2) A contract for the sale apart from the land of growing crops or other things attached to realty and capable of severance without material harm thereto but not described in subsection (1) or of timber to be cut is a contract for the sale of goods within this article whether the subject matter is to be severed by the buyer or by the seller even though it forms part of the realty at the time of contracting, and the parties can by identification effect a present sale before severance.
(3) The provisions of this section are subject to any third party rights provided by the law relating to realty records, and the contract for sale may be executed and recorded as a document transferring an interest in land and shall then constitute notice to third parties of the buyer's rights under the contract for sale.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-107; P.A. 76-369, S. 4, 5.)
History: P.A. 76-369 deleted reference to contracts for sale of timber in Subsec. (1) but added reference to such contracts in Subsec. (2) and specifically included contracts for sale of oil and gas in Subsec. (1).
Cited. 174 C. 535.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-201. - Formal requirements; statute of frauds.

(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section a contract for the sale of goods for the price of five hundred dollars or more is not enforceable by way of action or defense unless there is some writing sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made between the parties and signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought or by his authorized agent or broker. A writing is not insufficient because it omits or incorrectly states a term agreed upon but the contract is not enforceable under this paragraph beyond the quantity of goods shown in such writing.
(2) Between merchants if within a reasonable time a writing in confirmation of the contract and sufficient against the sender is received and the party receiving it has reason to know its contents, it satisfies the requirements of subsection (1) against such party unless written notice of objection to its contents is given within ten days after it is received.
(3) A contract which does not satisfy the requirements of subsection (1) but which is valid in other respects is enforceable (a) if the goods are to be specially manufactured for the buyer and are not suitable for sale to others in the ordinary course of the seller's business and the seller, before notice of repudiation is received and under circumstances which reasonably indicate that the goods are for the buyer, has made either a substantial beginning of their manufacture or commitments for their procurement; or (b) if the party against whom enforcement is sought admits in his pleading, testimony or otherwise in court that a contract for sale was made, but the contract is not enforceable under this provision beyond the quantity of goods admitted; or (c) with respect to goods for which payment has been made and accepted or which have been received and accepted as provided by section 42a-2-606.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-201.)
Cited. 174 C. 535; 183 C. 266; 198 C. 624.
Although under statute, oral agreements for the sale of goods priced at or above $500 are presumptively unenforceable, certain oral agreements are enforceable; namely, oral agreements for the sale of “specially manufactured goods” that meet a 4-part standard discussed by the court are enforceable. 70 CA 477.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-202. - Final written expression: Parol or extrinsic evidence.

Terms with respect to which the confirmatory memoranda of the parties agree or which are otherwise set forth in a writing intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement with respect to such terms as are included therein may not be contradicted by evidence of any prior agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement but may be explained or supplemented (a) by course of performance, course of dealing or usage of trade as provided by section 42a-1-303; and (b) by evidence of consistent additional terms unless the court finds the writing to have been intended also as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-202; P.A. 05-109, S. 24.)
History: P.A. 05-109 replaced references to Secs. 42a-1-205 and 42a-2-208 with reference to Sec. 42a-1-303 and made a technical change to conform to revisions made to article 1 by the same act.
Cited. 183 C. 266; 198 C. 624; 218 C. 281; Id., 297; 225 C. 401; 232 C. 272.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-203. - Seals inoperative.

The affixing of a seal to a writing evidencing a contract for sale or an offer to buy or sell goods does not constitute the writing a sealed instrument and the law with respect to sealed instruments does not apply to such a contract or offer.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-203.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-204. - Formation in general.

(1) A contract for sale of goods may be made in any manner sufficient to show agreement, including conduct by both parties which recognizes the existence of such a contract.
(2) An agreement sufficient to constitute a contract for sale may be found even though the moment of its making is undetermined.
(3) Even though one or more terms are left open a contract for sale does not fail for indefiniteness if the parties have intended to make a contract and there is a reasonably certain basis for giving an appropriate remedy.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-204.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-205. - Firm offers.

An offer by a merchant to buy or sell goods in a signed writing which by its terms gives assurance that it will be held open is not revocable, for lack of consideration, during the time stated or if no time is stated for a reasonable time, but in no event may such period of irrevocability exceed three months; but any such term of assurance on a form supplied by the offeree must be separately signed by the offeror.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-205.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-206. - Offer and acceptance in formation of contract.

(1) Unless otherwise unambiguously indicated by the language or circumstances, (a) an offer to make a contract shall be construed as inviting acceptance in any manner and by any medium reasonable in the circumstances; (b) an order or other offer to buy goods for prompt or current shipment shall be construed as inviting acceptance either by a prompt promise to ship or by the prompt or current shipment of conforming or nonconforming goods, but such a shipment of nonconforming goods does not constitute an acceptance if the seller seasonably notifies the buyer that the shipment is offered only as an accommodation to the buyer.
(2) Where the beginning of a requested performance is a reasonable mode of acceptance an offeror who is not notified of acceptance within a reasonable time may treat the offer as having lapsed before acceptance.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-206.)
Cited. 184 C. 10.
Cited. 41 CS 545.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-207. - Additional terms in acceptance or confirmation.

(1) A definite and seasonable expression of acceptance or a written confirmation which is sent within a reasonable time operates as an acceptance even though it states terms additional to or different from those offered or agreed upon, unless acceptance is expressly made conditional on assent to the additional or different terms.
(2) The additional terms are to be construed as proposals for addition to the contract. Between merchants such terms become part of the contract unless: (a) The offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer; (b) they materially alter it; or (c) notification of objection to them has already been given or is given within a reasonable time after notice of them is received.
(3) Conduct by both parties which recognizes the existence of a contract is sufficient to establish a contract for sale although the writings of the parties do not otherwise establish a contract. In such case the terms of the particular contract consist of those terms on which the writings of the parties agree, together with any supplementary terms incorporated under any other provisions of this title.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-207.)
Cited. 184 C. 10; 202 C. 277.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-209. - Modification, rescission and waiver.

(1) An agreement modifying a contract within this article needs no consideration to be binding.
(2) A signed agreement which excludes modification or rescission except by a signed writing cannot be otherwise modified or rescinded, but except as between merchants such a requirement on a form supplied by the merchant must be separately signed by the other party.
(3) The requirements of section 42a-2-201 must be satisfied if the contract as modified is within its provisions.
(4) Although an attempt at modification or rescission does not satisfy the requirements of subsection (2) or (3) it can operate as a waiver.
(5) A party who has made a waiver affecting an executory portion of the contract may retract the waiver by reasonable notification received by the other party that strict performance will be required of any term waived, unless the retraction would be unjust in view of a material change of position in reliance on the waiver.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-209.)
Cited. 166 C. 280; 190 C. 756.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-302. - Unconscionable contract or clause.

(1) If the court as a matter of law finds the contract or any clause of the contract to have been unconscionable at the time it was made the court may refuse to enforce the contract, or it may enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result.
(2) When it is claimed or appears to the court that the contract or any clause thereof may be unconscionable the parties shall be afforded a reasonable opportunity to present evidence as to its commercial setting, purpose and effect to aid the court in making the determination.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-302.)
Cited. 153 C. 681; 180 C. 491; 189 C. 212; 206 C. 454; Id., 608; 216 C. 40; 233 C. 304; 241 C. 24.
Cited. 2 CA 119; 27 CA 628; 31 CA 455.
Cited. 36 CS 183.
Cited. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 540.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-304. - Price payable in money, goods, realty, or otherwise.

(1) The price can be made payable in money or otherwise. If it is payable in whole or in part in goods each party is a seller of the goods which he is to transfer.
(2) Even though all or part of the price is payable in an interest in realty the transfer of the goods and the seller's obligations with reference to them are subject to this article, but not the transfer of the interest in realty or the transferor's obligations in connection therewith.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-304.)
Cited. 172 C. 210.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-305. - Open price term.

(1) The parties if they so intend can conclude a contract for sale even though the price is not settled. In such a case the price is a reasonable price at the time for delivery if (a) nothing is said as to price; or (b) the price is left to be agreed by the parties and they fail to agree; or (c) the price is to be fixed in terms of some agreed market or other standard as set or recorded by a third person or agency and it is not so set or recorded.
(2) A price to be fixed by the seller or by the buyer means a price for him to fix in good faith.
(3) When a price left to be fixed otherwise than by agreement of the parties fails to be fixed through fault of one party the other may at his option treat the contract as cancelled or himself fix a reasonable price.
(4) Where, however, the parties intend not to be bound unless the price is fixed or agreed and it is not fixed or agreed there is no contract. In such a case the buyer must return any goods already received or if unable to do so must pay their reasonable value at the time of delivery and the seller must return any portion of the price paid on account.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-305.)
Cited. 179 C. 232.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-306. - Output, requirements and exclusive dealings.

(1) A term which measures the quantity by the output of the seller or the requirements of the buyer means such actual output or requirements as may occur in good faith, except that no quantity unreasonably disproportionate to any stated estimate or in the absence of a stated estimate to any normal or otherwise comparable prior output or requirements may be tendered or demanded.
(2) A lawful agreement by either the seller or the buyer for exclusive dealing in the kind of goods concerned imposes unless otherwise agreed an obligation by the seller to use best efforts to supply the goods and by the buyer to use best efforts to promote their sale.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-306; February, 1965, P.A. 377, S. 1.)
History: 1965 act specified seller's obligation to use best efforts to “supply the goods” and buyer's obligation to use best efforts “to promote their sale” rather than seller's obligation to use best efforts “to promote their sale”.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-307. - Delivery in single lot or several lots.

Unless otherwise agreed all goods called for by a contract for sale must be tendered in a single delivery and payment is due only on such tender but where the circumstances give either party the right to make or demand delivery in lots the price if it can be apportioned may be demanded for each lot.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-307.)
Cited. 165 C. 300; 166 C. 280.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-308. - Absence of specified place for delivery.

Unless otherwise agreed, (a) the place for delivery of goods is the seller's place of business or if he has none his residence; but (b) in a contract for sale of identified goods which to the knowledge of the parties at the time of contracting are in some other place, that place is the place for their delivery; and (c) documents of title may be delivered through customary banking channels.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-308.)
Cited. 238 C. 571.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-309. - Absence of specific time provisions; notice of termination.

(1) The time for shipment or delivery or any other action under a contract if not provided in this article or agreed upon shall be a reasonable time.
(2) Where the contract provides for successive performances but is indefinite in duration it is valid for a reasonable time but unless otherwise agreed may be terminated at any time by either party.
(3) Termination of a contract by one party except on the happening of an agreed event requires that reasonable notification be received by the other party and an agreement dispensing with notification is invalid if its operation would be unconscionable.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-309.)
Subsec. (1):
Cited. 45 CA 633.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-310. - Open time for payment or running of credit; authority to ship under reservation.

Unless otherwise agreed, (a) payment is due at the time and place at which the buyer is to receive the goods even though the place of shipment is the place of delivery; and (b) if the seller is authorized to send the goods he may ship them under reservation, and may tender the documents of title, but the buyer may inspect the goods after their arrival before payment is due unless such inspection is inconsistent with the terms of the contract; and (c) if delivery is authorized and made by way of documents of title otherwise than by subsection (b) of this section then payment is due regardless of where the goods are to be received (1) at the time and place at which the buyer is to receive delivery of the tangible documents, or (2) at the time the buyer is to receive delivery of the electronic documents and at the seller's place of business or if none, the seller's residence; and (d) where the seller is required or authorized to ship the goods on credit the credit period runs from the time of shipment but postdating the invoice or delaying its dispatch will correspondingly delay the starting of the credit period.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-310; P.A. 04-64, S. 46.)
History: P.A. 04-64 amended Subdiv. (c) by adding provisions re delivery of tangible documents and delivery of electronic documents and making technical changes to conform to revisions made to article 7 by the same act.
See Sec. 42a-2-513 re buyer's right to inspect goods.
Cited. 207 C. 599.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-311. - Options and cooperation respecting performance.

(1) An agreement for sale which is otherwise sufficiently definite to be a contract is not made invalid by the fact that it leaves particulars of performance to be specified by one of the parties. Any such specification must be made in good faith and within limits set by commercial reasonableness.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed specifications relating to assortment of the goods are at the buyer's option and except as otherwise provided in subsections (1)(c) and (3) of section 42a-2-319 specifications or arrangements relating to shipment are at the seller's option.
(3) Where such specification would materially affect the other party's performance but is not seasonably made or where one party's cooperation is necessary to the agreed performance of the other but is not seasonably forthcoming, the other party in addition to all other remedies (a) is excused for any resulting delay in his own performance; and (b) may also either proceed to perform in any reasonable manner or after the time for a material part of his own performance treat the failure to specify or to cooperate as a breach by failure to deliver or accept the goods.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-311.)
See Sec. 42a-2-204 (3) re circumstances under which indefiniteness of contract does not cause its failure.
Where arrangements as to shipment were at option of plaintiff as seller but merchandise was at risk of buyer, refusal of buyer's wife to receive merchandise from truck carrier unless he put them inside store did not excuse defendant from payment of price when goods subsequently were lost. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 597.
Subsec. (1):
Cited. 28 CS 481.