2023 Colorado Revised Statutes › Title 15 - PROBATE, TRUSTS, AND FIDUCIARIES (§§ 15-1-101 — 15-24-403) › COLORADO PROBATE CODE (§§ 15-10-101 — 15-17-103) › Article 12 - PROBATE OF WILLS AND ADMINISTRATION (§§ 15-12-101 — 15-12-1501) › Part 14 - COLORADO UNIFORM ESTATE TAX APPORTIONMENT ACT (§§ 15-12-1401 — 15-12-1414) › Section 15-12-1406 - Insulated property, advancement of tax - definitions

(1)
As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a)
"Advanced fraction" means a fraction that has as its numerator the amount of the advanced tax and as its denominator the value of the interests in insulated property to which that tax is attributable.
(b)
"Advanced tax" means the aggregate amount of estate tax attributable to interests in insulated property that is required to be advanced by uninsulated holders under subsection (3) of this section.
(c)
"Insulated property" means property subject to a time-limited interest that is included in the apportionable estate but is unavailable for payment of an estate tax because of impossibility or impracticability.
(d)
"Uninsulated holder" means a person who has an interest in uninsulated property.
(e)
"Uninsulated property" means property included in the apportionable estate, other than insulated property.
(2)
If estate tax is to be advanced pursuant to subsection (3) of this section by persons holding interests in uninsulated property subject to a time-limited interest other than property to which section
15-12-1407
applies, the estate tax shall be advanced, without further apportionment, from the principal of the uninsulated property.
(3)
Subject to sections
15-12-1409(2)
and
15-12-1409(4)
, an estate tax attributable to interests in insulated property shall be advanced ratably by uninsulated holders. If the value of an interest in uninsulated property is less than the amount of estate taxes otherwise required to be advanced by the holder of that interest, the deficiency shall be advanced ratably by the person holding interests in any property that is excluded from the apportionable estate as defined in section
15-12-1402(1)(b)
as if those interests were in uninsulated property.
(4)
A court having jurisdiction to determine the apportionment of an estate tax may require a beneficiary of an interest in insulated property to pay all or part of the estate tax otherwise apportioned to the interest if the court finds that it would be substantially more equitable for that beneficiary to bear the tax liability personally than for that part of the tax to be advanced by uninsulated holders.
(5)
When a distribution of insulated property is made, each uninsulated holder may recover from the distributee a ratable portion of the advanced fraction of the property distributed. To the extent that undistributed insulated property ceases to be insulated, each uninsulated holder may recover from the property a ratable portion of the advanced fraction of the total uninsulated property.
(6)
Upon a distribution of insulated property for which the distributee becomes obligated to make a payment to uninsulated holders pursuant to subsection (4) of this section, a court may award an uninsulated holder a recordable lien on the distributee's property to secure the distributee's obligation to that uninsulated holder.
Added by 2011 Ch. 184, § 1, eff. 8/10/2011.
OFFICIAL COMMENT
The term "time-limited interest" is defined in section
15-12-1402(7)
.
Subsection (2) applies to property in which at least one person has a time-limited interest and which property can be reached by the personal representative of the decedent. In such cases, an estate tax that is payable as an advanced tax under subsection (3), is charged against the principal of the property, and is not apportioned among the several interests in that property. While there is no express apportionment of the advanced tax to the time-limited interests in the property, the holders of the time-limited interests will bear a share of the tax burden in that the resulting reduction of the value of the principal will reduce the value of the time-limited interests, except that it will not reduce the value of a dollar annuity interest. So, the holder of a dollar annuity interest will be exonerated from sharing in the burden of estate taxes.
Since the estate tax apportioned to the owners of insulated property cannot be collected from the property, the tax is to be paid (as an advancement) by persons having interests in other assets of the estate (uninsulated holders), provided however that the total tax attributed to and advanced by an uninsulated holder cannot exceed the value of that person's interest in the uninsulated property. See section
15-12-1409(4)
. If the amount of the aggregate tax apportioned to and to be advanced by an uninsulated holder exceeds the value of that holder's interest in the uninsulated property, then the deficiency shall be apportioned to the holders of interests in properties that otherwise qualify for charitable or marital deductions. In such cases, those charitable and marital properties are reclassified as uninsulated properties, and so the beneficiaries of those properties will be uninsulated holders who will have a right of recovery from the distributees of insulated properties for which they paid a portion of the estate tax.
It would be harsh to make persons holding future interests in insulated property pay tax on properties that they will not receive until years later and may never receive. If they were required to pay the tax at the time of decedent's death, that could give rise to widespread disclaimers of interests. Also, it would be difficult to value the interests of discretionary beneficiaries. For that reason, with one exception set forth in subsection (4), the tax attributable to insulated properties is reallocated to uninsulated holders who are required to advance the funds to pay the tax.
The tax attributable to the insulated property that is required to be paid by the uninsulated holders is referred to as an "advanced tax." To permit the uninsulated holders who bear the advanced tax to be reimbursed, the Act effectively provides the uninsulated holders with a phantom percentage interest in the property whose transfer is the source of the advanced tax. While the phantom percentage interest of the uninsulated holder remains constant, its value will increase or decrease as the value of the property changes. The phantom percentage interest is determined by dividing the advanced tax by the aggregate value of insulated properties as determined for purposes of the estate tax. When a distribution of insulated property is made, a percentage of that distribution must be paid over to the uninsulated holders; and this is a personal obligation of the distributee. If it were not for this Section, the uninsulated holders would have had a right of reimbursement under section
15-12-1410
for the amount of their outlay from the distributees; but instead, subsection (5) gives them a right to a fraction of the distributed amount rather than to a fixed dollar amount. The amount collected from a distributee is divided among the uninsulated holders according to the percentage of the advanced tax that they paid.
It is important to note that the uninsulated holders do not have an actual interest in the insulated property and have no lien or security interest in that property while it is in the possession of the trust or fund. The uninsulated holders only have a claim against the persons who receive distributions from the trust or fund which holds the insulated property. The only exception is where previously insulated property loses its insulation so that it can be reached by the uninsulated holders without violating any prohibition against alienation of interests. Once insulated property is in the hands of a distributee, subsection (6) permits the uninsulated holders to seek a lien on the distributee's property for the amount owed to them; but there is no lien or other encumbrance on the insulated property while it is in the possession of the trust or fund.
The operation of this Section is illustrated in the following examples.
Ex. (1) X dies having a gross estate and an apportionable estate of $10M and devises his probate property (with a value of $8M) to A, B and C, with A and B each receiving 40 %of the probate estate, and C receiving 20 %. In addition to the probate property, X had an interest in a nonqualified pension plan at his death which interest had a value of $2M. X's contract with the plan provides that an annuity of $120,000 per year is to be paid to G for life, and upon G's death the remainder of the corpus is to be paid to L. The only estate tax to which X's estate is subject is the federal estate tax. The federal estate tax on X's $10M gross estate is $4M. So, the average rate of the estate tax is 40 %. Under section
15-12-1404(1)(a)
, the estate tax that is attributable to the $2M pension fund is $800,000 -- the value of the property interests that G and L hold in the fund ($2M) is 20 %of the $10M value of the entire apportionable estate, and so 20 %of the $4M estate tax is attributable to the pension fund. Assume that under local law, the assets of the pension fund cannot be reached by creditors or by the personal representative of X's estate in order to use those funds to pay estate taxes. Under subsection (3), the personal representative will collect 40 % of the $800,000 (i.e., $320,000) from A and a like amount from B; and the personal representative will collect $160,000 from C.
The advanced fraction for the pension fund is $800,000 (the amount of the estate tax that was advanced by A, B, and C) divided by the $2M value of the fund (the insulated property), which division results in a percentage of 40 %. Putting it differently, the $800,000 estate tax attributable to the fund but not paid by those interested in the fund constitutes 40 %of the $2M value of the fund. To compensate A, B and C for paying the advanced tax, they obtain what amounts to a 40 % phantom interest in the fund. Their actual interest arises only when distributions are made from the fund or, in the event that the fund loses its insulation from creditors, when that occurs.
In Year One, the fund pays $120,000 to G pursuant to the terms of the contract. Forty percent of that distribution ($48,000) must be paid by G to A, B and C -- 40 %or $19,200 payable to A and another $19,200 payable to B, and 20 %or $9,600 payable to C, since that is the proportion in which they bore the advanced tax. The next year, the fund distributes another $120,000 to G, and the same payments must be made to A, B and C. In the third year, G dies, and the fund distributes the remaining principal of $2,400,000 to L; the value of the principal had increased because of an increase in the value of the investments the fund held. A, B, and C are entitled to 40 %of that $2,400,000, and so L must pay them $960,000, to be divided among them. A and B will each receive $384,000 (40 %of the $960,000), and C will receive $192,000 (20 % of $960,000).
Ex. (2) X dies leaving a taxable estate of $10,000,000 on which a federal estate tax of $5,000,000 is payable (for convenience of computation, we treat all of X's estate as subject to a tax at a 50 % marginal rate). X's estate has no marital or charitable deductions. X left $4,000,000 of assets in an offshore trust that cannot be reached by X's personal representative and so constitutes insulated property. The federal estate tax attributable to that property is $2,000,000. X had other nonprobate assets having an aggregate value of $2,000,000 and a residuary estate of $4,000,000. The holders of the nonprobate assets will have $1,000,000 in federal estate taxes apportioned to them, and the holders of the residuary interests will have $2,000,000 of federal estate taxes attributed to them. But, the personal representative must also pay the $2,000,000 of federal estate taxes attributable to the offshore assets. If the holders of interests in those assets cannot be reached, and if the Act did not apply, the personal representative would have to pay the $2,000,000 from the residuary of the estate, thereby wiping it out completely. Under the Act, 1/3 of the $2,000,000 of federal estate tax attributable to the offshore assets ($666,667) will be paid by the holders of the other nonprobate assets, and the remaining $1,333,333 of that tax will be paid by the beneficiaries of the residuary estate. Under the Act, the holders of the other nonprobate assets will have to bear their proportionate share of the tax on the offshore assets. When distributions are made of the offshore assets, the distributees will be personally liable to pay a portion of their distribution to the persons who paid the estate tax on the offshore fund.
If undistributed insulated property loses its insulation from claims, the uninsulated holders can collect the balance of their interest from the property at that time.
In certain circumstances, it would be more equitable to require the beneficiary of an interest in insulated property to bear the tax on that interest than to reapportion it to others. For example, if the beneficiary's interest is one that will become possessory in a short period of time, so that the beneficiary will soon have possession of assets from the fund or trust, it would be more equitable to place personal liability on that beneficiary; and the court has discretion to do so. In determining whether a beneficiary is likely to obtain possession of all or a significant part of the beneficiary's interest in the insulated property, the court can consider not only distributions that are required to be made to the beneficiary, but also distributions that, based on an examination of the history of the administration of the fund or trust, are likely to be made in the near future. Subsection (4) provides the court with the discretion to make that determination. While a beneficiary's receipt of a distribution from the trust or fund would make that beneficiary liable to uninsulated holders who paid the advanced tax, that places a burden of collection on the uninsulated holders; and so, when the distribution is likely to be made to a beneficiary within a short period of time, it would be more equitable to have that beneficiary bear the tax.