reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 5 - LETTERS OF CREDIT (§§ 11-5-101 — 11-5-118) › Section 11-5-113 - Transfer by operation of law

(a)
A successor of a beneficiary may consent to amendments, sign and present documents, and receive payment or other items of value in the name of the beneficiary without disclosing its status as a successor.
(b)
A successor of a beneficiary may consent to amendments, sign and present documents, and receive payment or other items of value in its own name as the disclosed successor of the beneficiary. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this Code section, an issuer shall recognize a disclosed successor of a beneficiary as beneficiary in full substitution for its predecessor upon compliance with the requirements for recognition by the issuer of a transfer of drawing rights by operation of law under the standard practice referred to in subsection (e) of Code Section
11-5-108
or, in the absence of such a practice, compliance with other reasonable procedures sufficient to protect the issuer.
(c)
An issuer is not obliged to determine whether a purported successor is a successor of a beneficiary or whether the signature of a purported successor is genuine or authorized.
(d)
Honor of a purported successor's apparently complying presentation under subsection (a) or (b) of this Code section has the consequences specified in subsection (i) of Code Section
11-5-108
even if the purported successor is not the successor of a beneficiary. Documents signed in the name of the beneficiary or of a disclosed successor by a person who is neither the beneficiary nor the successor of the beneficiary are forged documents for the purposes of Code Section
11-5-109
.
(e)
An issuer whose rights of reimbursement are not covered by subsection (d) of this Code section or substantially similar law and any confirmer or nominated person may decline to recognize a presentation under subsection (b) of this Code section.
(f)
A beneficiary whose name is changed after the issuance of a letter of credit has the same rights and obligations as a successor of a beneficiary under this Code section.
Added by 2002 Ga. Laws 874,§ 1, eff. 7/1/2002.
A former section with this number was repealed and reenacted by Ga. Laws 874, § 1.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 5 - LETTERS OF CREDIT (§§ 11-5-101 — 11-5-118) › Section 11-5-114 - Assignment of proceeds

(a)
As used in this Code section, the term "proceeds of a letter of credit" means the cash, check, accepted draft, or other item of value paid or delivered upon honor or giving of value by the issuer or any nominated person under the letter of credit. The term does not include a beneficiary's drawing rights or documents presented by the beneficiary.
(b)
A beneficiary may assign its right to part or all of the proceeds of a letter of credit. The beneficiary may do so before presentation as a present assignment of its right to receive proceeds contingent upon its compliance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit.
(c)
An issuer or nominated person need not recognize an assignment of proceeds of a letter of credit until it consents to the assignment.
(d)
An issuer or nominated person has no obligation to give or withhold its consent to an assignment of proceeds of a letter of credit, but consent may not be unreasonably withheld if the assignee possesses and exhibits the letter of credit and presentation of the letter of credit is a condition to honor.
(e)
Rights of a transferee beneficiary or nominated person are independent of the beneficiary's assignment of the proceeds of a letter of credit and are superior to the assignee's right to the proceeds.
(f)
Neither the rights recognized by this Code section between an assignee and an issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person nor the issuer's or nominated person's payment of proceeds to an assignee or a third person affect the rights between the assignee and any person other than the issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person. The mode of creating and perfecting a security interest in or granting an assignment of a beneficiary's rights to proceeds is governed by Article 9 of this title or other law. Against persons other than the issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person, the rights and obligations arising upon the creation of a security interest or other assignment of a beneficiary's right to proceeds and its perfection are governed by Article 9 of this title or other law.
Added by 2002 Ga. Laws 874,§ 1, eff. 7/1/2002.
A former section with this number was repealed and reenacted by Ga. Laws 874, § 1.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 5 - LETTERS OF CREDIT (§§ 11-5-101 — 11-5-118) › Section 11-5-115 - Statute of limitations

An action to enforce a right or obligation arising under this article must be commenced within one year after the expiration date of the relevant letter of credit or one year after the cause of action accrues, whichever occurs later. A cause of action accrues when the breach occurs regardless of the aggrieved party's lack of knowledge of the breach.
Added by 2002 Ga. Laws 874,§ 1, eff. 7/1/2002.
A former section with this number was repealed and reenacted by Ga. Laws 874, § 1.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 5 - LETTERS OF CREDIT (§§ 11-5-101 — 11-5-118) › Section 11-5-116 - Choice of law and forum

(a)
The liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser for any action or omission is governed by the law of the jurisdiction chosen by an agreement in the form of a record signed by the affected parties or by a provision in the person's letter of credit, confirmation, or other undertaking. The jurisdiction whose law is chosen need not bear any relation to the transaction.
(b)
Unless subsection (a) of this Code section applies, the liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser for any action or omission is governed by the law of the jurisdiction in which the person is located. The person is considered to be located at the address indicated in the person's undertaking. If more than one address is indicated, the person is considered to be located at the address from which the person's undertaking was issued.
(c)
For the purpose of jurisdiction, choice of law, and recognition of interbranch letters of credit, but not enforcement of a judgment, all branches of a bank are considered separate juridical entities and a bank is considered to be located at the place where its relevant branch is considered to be located under subsection (d) of this Code section.
(d)
A branch of a bank is considered to be located at the address indicated in the branch's undertaking. If more than one address is indicated, the branch is considered to be located at the address from which the undertaking was issued.
(e)
Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser is governed by any rules of custom or practice, such as the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, to which the letter of credit, confirmation, or other undertaking, is expressly made subject. If:
(1)
This article would govern the liability of an issuer, nominated person, or adviser under subsection (a) or (b) of this Code section;
(2)
The relevant undertaking incorporates rules of custom or practice; and
(3)
There is conflict between this article and the incorporated rules as applied to that undertaking, the incorporated rules govern except to the extent of any conflict with the nonvariable provisions specified in subsection (c) of Code Section
11-5-103
.
(f)
If there is conflict between this article and Article 3, 4, 4A, or 9 of this title, this article governs.
(g)
The forum for settling disputes arising out of an undertaking within this article may be chosen in the manner and with the binding effect that governing law may be chosen in accordance with subsection (a) of this Code section.
Amended by 2024 Ga. Laws 600,§ 5-32, eff. 7/1/2024.
Added by 2002 Ga. Laws 874,§ 1, eff. 7/1/2002.
A former section with this number was repealed and reenacted by Ga. Laws 874, § 1.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 5 - LETTERS OF CREDIT (§§ 11-5-101 — 11-5-118) › Section 11-5-117 - Subrogation of issuer, applicant, and nominated person

(a)
An issuer that honors a beneficiary's presentation is subrogated to the rights of the beneficiary to the same extent as if the issuer were a secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the beneficiary and of the applicant to the same extent as if the issuer were the secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the applicant.
(b)
An applicant that reimburses an issuer is subrogated to the rights of the issuer against any beneficiary, presenter, or nominated person to the same extent as if the applicant were the secondary obligor of the obligations owed to the issuer and has the rights of subrogation of the issuer to the rights of the beneficiary stated in subsection (a) of this Code section.
(c)
A nominated person who pays or gives value against a draft or demand presented under a letter of credit is subrogated to the rights of:
(1)
The issuer against the applicant to the same extent as if the nominated person were a secondary obligor of the obligation owed to the issuer by the applicant;
(2)
The beneficiary to the same extent as if the nominated person were a secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the beneficiary; and
(3)
The applicant to the same extent as if the nominated person were a secondary obligor of the underlying obligation owed to the applicant.
(d)
Notwithstanding any agreement or term to the contrary, the rights of subrogation stated in subsections (a) and (b) of this Code section do not arise until the issuer honors the letter of credit or otherwise pays and the rights in subsection (c) of this Code section do not arise until the nominated person pays or otherwise gives value. Until then the issuer, nominated person, and the applicant do not derive under this Code section present or prospective rights forming the basis of a claim, defense, or excuse.
Added by 2002 Ga. Laws 874,§ 1, eff. 7/1/2002.
A former section with this number was repealed and reenacted by Ga. Laws 874, § 1.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 5 - LETTERS OF CREDIT (§§ 11-5-101 — 11-5-118) › Section 11-5-118 - Security interest of issuer or nominated person

(a)
An issuer or nominated person has a security interest in a document presented under a letter of credit to the extent that the issuer or nominated person honors or gives value for the presentation.
(b)
So long as and to the extent that an issuer or nominated person has not been reimbursed or has not otherwise recovered the value given with respect to a security interest in a document under subsection (a) of this Code section, the security interest continues and is subject to Article 9 of this title, but:
(1)
A security agreement is not necessary to make the security interest enforceable under paragraph (3) of subsection (b) of Code Section
11-9-203
;
(2)
If the document is presented in a medium other than a written or other tangible medium, the security interest is perfected; and
(3)
If the document is presented in a written or other tangible medium and is not a certificated security, chattel paper, a document of title, an instrument, or a letter of credit, the security interest is perfected and has priority over a conflicting security interest in the document so long as the debtor does not have possession of the document.
Added by 2002 Ga. Laws 874,§ 1, eff. 7/1/2002.
Added by 2001 Ga. Laws 191, §14, eff. 7/1/2001.
A former section with this number was repealed and reenacted by Ga. Laws 874, § 1.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 6 - [Repealed] (§ 11-6-101) › Section 11-6-101 - through 11-6-111 - [Reserved]

Reserved. Repealed by Ga. L. 2015, p. 996, § 3D-1/SB 65, effective July 1, 2015.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 1 - GENERAL (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-106) › Section 11-7-101 - Short title

This article shall be known and may be cited as "Uniform Commercial Code - Documents of Title."
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 1 - GENERAL (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-106) › Section 11-7-102 - Definitions and index of definitions

(a)
In this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1)
"Bailee" means a person that by a warehouse receipt, bill of lading, or other document of title acknowledges possession of goods and contracts to deliver them.
(2)
"Carrier" means a person that issues a bill of lading.
(3)
"Consignee" means a person named in a bill of lading to which or to whose order the bill promises delivery.
(4)
"Consignor" means a person named in a bill of lading as the person from which the goods have been received for shipment.
(5)
"Delivery order" means a record that contains an order to deliver goods directed to a warehouse, carrier, or other person that in the ordinary course of business issues warehouse receipts or bills of lading.
(6)
"Good faith" means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
(7)
"Goods" means all things that are treated as movable for the purposes of a contract of storage or transportation.
(8)
"Issuer" means a bailee who issues a document of title or, in the case of an unaccepted delivery order, the person who orders the possessor of goods to deliver. The term includes a person for which an agent or employee purports to act in issuing a document if the agent or employee has real or apparent authority to issue documents, even if the issuer did not receive any goods, the goods were misdescribed, or in any other respect the agent or employee violated the issuer's instructions.
(9)
"Person entitled under the document" means the holder, in the case of a negotiable document of title, or the person to which delivery of the goods is to be made by the terms of, or pursuant to instructions in a record under, a nonnegotiable document of title.
(10)
[Repealed and reserved]
(11)
[Repealed and reserved]
(12)
"Shipper" means a person that enters into a contract of transportation with a carrier.
(13)
"Warehouse" means a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.
(b)
Definitions in other articles of this title applying to this article and the Code sections in which they appear are:
(1)
"Contract for sale." Code Section
11-2-106
.
(2)
"Lessee in the ordinary course of business." Code Section
11-2A-103
.
(3)
"Receipt" of goods. Code Section
11-2-103
.
(c)
In addition, Article 1 of this title contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.
Amended by 2024 Ga. Laws 600,§ 5-33, eff. 7/1/2024.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 1 - GENERAL (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-106) › Section 11-7-103 - Relation of article to treaty or statute

(a)
Except as otherwise provided in this article, this article is subject to any treaty or statute of the United States to the extent the treaty or statute is applicable.
(b)
This article does not modify or repeal any law prescribing the form or content of a document of title or the services or facilities to be afforded by a bailee, or otherwise regulating a bailee's business in respects not specifically treated in this article. However, a violation of such a law does not affect the status of a document of title that otherwise is within the definition of a document of title.
(c)
This article modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act,
15 U.S.C. Section 7001
, et seq., but does not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of that act,
15 U.S.C. Section 7001(c)
, or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that act,
15 U.S.C. Section 7003(b)
.
(d)
To the extent that there is a conflict between any provisions of the laws of this state regarding electronic transactions and this article, this article governs.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 1 - GENERAL (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-106) › Section 11-7-104 - Negotiable and nonnegotiable document of title

(a)
Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) of this Code section, a document of title is negotiable if by its terms the goods are to be delivered to bearer or to the order of a named person.
(b)
A document of title other than one described in subsection (a) of this Code section is nonnegotiable. A bill of lading that states that the goods are consigned to a named person is not made negotiable by a provision that the goods are to be delivered only against an order in a record signed by the same or another named person.
(c)
A document of title is nonnegotiable if, at the time it is issued, the document has a conspicuous legend, however expressed, that it is nonnegotiable.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 1 - GENERAL (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-106) › Section 11-7-105 - Reissuance in alternative medium

(a)
Upon request of a person entitled under an electronic document of title, the issuer of the electronic document may issue a tangible document of title as a substitute for the electronic document if:
(1)
The person entitled under the electronic document surrenders control of the document to the issuer; and
(2)
The tangible document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the electronic document.
(b)
Upon issuance of a tangible document of title in substitution for an electronic document of title in accordance with subsection (a) of this Code section:
(1)
The electronic document ceases to have any effect or validity; and
(2)
The person that procured issuance of the tangible document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the tangible document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the electronic document when the warrantor surrendered control of the electronic document to the issuer.
(c)
Upon request of a person entitled under a tangible document of title, the issuer of the tangible document may issue an electronic document of title as a substitute for the tangible document if:
(1)
The person entitled under the tangible document surrenders possession of the document to the issuer; and
(2)
The electronic document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the tangible document.
(d)
Upon issuance of an electronic document of title in substitution for a tangible document of title in accordance with subsection (c) of this Code section:
(1)
The tangible document ceases to have any effect or validity; and
(2)
The person that procured issuance of the electronic document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the electronic document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the tangible document when the warrantor surrendered possession of the tangible document to the issuer.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 2 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-201 — 11-7-210) › Section 11-7-201 - Person that may issue a warehouse receipt; storage under bond

(a)
A warehouse receipt may be issued by any warehouse.
(b)
If goods, including distilled spirits and agricultural commodities, are stored under a statute requiring a bond against withdrawal or a license for the issuance of receipts in the nature of warehouse receipts, a receipt issued for the goods is deemed to be a warehouse receipt even if issued by a person that is the owner of the goods and is not a warehouse.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 2 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-201 — 11-7-210) › Section 11-7-202 - Form of warehouse receipt; effect of omission

(a)
A warehouse receipt need not be in any particular form.
(b)
Unless a warehouse receipt provides for each of the following, the warehouse is liable for damages caused to a person injured by its omission:
(1)
A statement of the location of the warehouse facility where the goods are stored;
(2)
The date of issue of the receipt;
(3)
The unique identification code of the receipt;
(4)
A statement whether the goods received will be delivered to the bearer, to a named person, or to a named person or its order;
(5)
The rate of storage and handling charges, unless goods are stored under a field warehousing arrangement, in which case a statement of that fact is sufficient on a nonnegotiable receipt;
(6)
A description of the goods or the packages containing them;
(7)
The signature of the warehouse or its agent;
(8)
If the receipt is issued for goods that the warehouse owns, either solely, jointly, or in common with others, a statement of the fact of that ownership; and
(9)
A statement of the amount of advances made and of liabilities incurred for which the warehouse claims a lien or security interest, unless the precise amount of advances made or liabilities incurred, at the time of the issue of the receipt, is unknown to the warehouse or to its agent that issued the receipt, in which case a statement of the fact that advances have been made or liabilities incurred and the purpose of the advances or liabilities is sufficient.
(c)
A warehouse may insert in its receipt any terms that are not contrary to the provisions of this title and do not impair its obligation of delivery under Code Section
11-7-403
or its duty of care under Code Section
11-7-204
. Any contrary provision is ineffective.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 2 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-201 — 11-7-210) › Section 11-7-203 - Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription

A party to or purchaser for value in good faith of a document of title, other than a bill of lading, that relies upon the description of the goods in the document may recover from the issuer damages caused by the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that:
(1)
The document conspicuously indicates that the issuer does not know whether all or part of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, such as a case in which the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity, or condition, or the receipt or description is qualified by "contents, condition, and quality unknown," "said to contain," or words of similar import, if such indication is true; or
(2)
The party or purchaser otherwise has notice of the nonreceipt or misdescription.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 2 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-201 — 11-7-210) › Section 11-7-204 - Duty of care; contractual limitation of warehouse's liability

(a)
A warehouse is liable for damages for loss of or injury to the goods caused by its failure to exercise care with regard to the goods that a reasonably careful person would exercise under similar circumstances. Unless otherwise agreed, the warehouse is not liable for damages that could not have been avoided by the exercise of that care.
(b)
Damages may be limited by a term in the warehouse receipt or storage agreement limiting the amount of liability in case of loss or damage beyond which the warehouse is not liable. Such a limitation is not effective with respect to the warehouse's liability for conversion to its own use. On request of the bailor in a record at the time of signing the storage agreement or within a reasonable time after receipt of the warehouse receipt, the warehouse's liability may be increased on part or all of the goods covered by the storage agreement or the warehouse receipt. In this event, increased rates may be charged based on an increased valuation of the goods.
(c)
Reasonable provisions as to the time and manner of presenting claims and commencing actions based on the bailment may be included in the warehouse receipt or storage agreement.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 2 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-201 — 11-7-210) › Section 11-7-205 - Title under warehouse receipt defeated in certain cases

A buyer in ordinary course of business of fungible goods sold and delivered by a warehouse that is also in the business of buying and selling such goods takes the goods free of any claim under a warehouse receipt even if the receipt is negotiable and has been duly negotiated.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 2 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-201 — 11-7-210) › Section 11-7-206 - Termination of storage at warehouse's option

(a)
A warehouse, by giving notice to the person on whose account the goods are held and any other person known to claim an interest in the goods, may require payment of any charges and removal of the goods from the warehouse at the termination of the period of storage fixed by the document of title or, if a period is not fixed, within a stated period not less than 30 days after the warehouse gives notice. If the goods are not removed before the date specified in the notice, the warehouse may sell them pursuant to Code Section
11-7-210
.
(b)
If a warehouse in good faith believes that goods are about to deteriorate or decline in value to less than the amount of its lien within the time provided in subsection (a) of this Code section and Code Section
11-7-210
, the warehouse may specify in the notice given under subsection (a) of this Code section any reasonable shorter time for removal of the goods and, if the goods are not removed, may sell them at public sale held not less than one week after a single advertisement or posting.
(c)
If, as a result of a quality or condition of the goods of which the warehouse did not have notice at the time of deposit, the goods are a hazard to other property, the warehouse facilities, or other persons, the warehouse may sell the goods at public or private sale without advertisement or posting on reasonable notification to all persons known to claim an interest in the goods. If the warehouse, after a reasonable effort, is unable to sell the goods, it may dispose of them in any lawful manner and does not incur liability by reason of that disposition.
(d)
A warehouse shall deliver the goods to any person entitled to them under this article upon due demand made at any time before sale or other disposition under this Code section.
(e)
A warehouse may satisfy its lien from the proceeds of any sale or disposition under this Code section but shall hold the balance for delivery on the demand of any person to which the warehouse would have been bound to deliver the goods.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 2 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-201 — 11-7-210) › Section 11-7-207 - Goods shall be kept separate; fungible goods

(a)
Unless the warehouse receipt provides otherwise, a warehouse shall keep separate the goods covered by each receipt so as to permit at all times identification and delivery of those goods. However, different lots of fungible goods may be commingled.
(b)
If different lots of fungible goods are commingled, the goods are owned in common by the persons entitled thereto and the warehouse is severally liable to each owner for that owner's share. If, because of overissue, a mass of fungible goods is insufficient to meet all the receipts the warehouse has issued against it, the persons entitled include all holders to whom overissued receipts have been duly negotiated.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 2 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-201 — 11-7-210) › Section 11-7-208 - Altered warehouse receipts

If a blank in a negotiable warehouse receipt has been filled in without authority, a good-faith purchaser for value and without notice of the lack of authority may treat the insertion as authorized. Any other unauthorized alteration leaves any tangible or electronic warehouse receipt enforceable against the issuer according to its original tenor.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 3 - BILLS OF LADING: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-301 — 11-7-309) › Section 11-7-301 - Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription; "said to contain"; "shipper's weight, load, and count"; improper handling

(a)
A consignee of a nonnegotiable bill of lading which has given value in good faith, or a holder to which a negotiable bill has been duly negotiated, relying upon the description of the goods in the bill or upon the date shown in the bill, may recover from the issuer damages caused by the misdating of the bill or the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that the bill indicates that the issuer does not know whether any part or all of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, such as in a case in which the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity, or condition or the receipt or description is qualified by "contents or condition of contents of packages unknown," "said to contain," "shipper's weight, load, and count," or words of similar import, if that indication is true.
(b)
If goods are loaded by the issuer of a bill of lading:
(1)
The issuer shall count the packages of goods if shipped in packages and ascertain the kind and quantity if shipped in bulk; and
(2)
Words such as "shipper's weight, load, and count" or words of similar import indicating that the description was made by the shipper are ineffective except as to goods concealed in packages.
(c)
If bulk goods are loaded by a shipper that makes available to the issuer of a bill of lading adequate facilities for weighing those goods, the issuer shall ascertain the kind and quantity within a reasonable time after receiving the shipper's request to do so. In that case "shipper's weight" or words of similar import are ineffective.
(d)
The issuer of a bill of lading, by including in the bill the words "shipper's weight, load, and count" or words of similar import, may indicate that the goods were loaded by the shipper, and, if that statement is true, the issuer is not liable for damages caused by the improper loading. However, omission of such words does not imply liability for damages caused by improper loading.
(e)
A shipper guarantees to an issuer the accuracy at the time of shipment of the description, marks, labels, number, kind, quantity, condition, and weight, as furnished by the shipper, and the shipper shall indemnify the issuer against damage caused by inaccuracies in those particulars. This right of indemnity does not limit the issuer's responsibility or liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 3 - BILLS OF LADING: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-301 — 11-7-309) › Section 11-7-302 - Through bills of lading and similar documents of title

(a)
The issuer of a through bill of lading, or other document of title embodying an undertaking to be performed in part by a person acting as its agent or by a performing carrier, is liable to any person entitled to recover on the bill or other document for any breach by the other person or the performing carrier of its obligation under the bill or other document. However, to the extent that the bill or other document covers an undertaking to be performed overseas or in territory not contiguous to the continental United States or an undertaking including matters other than transportation, this liability for breach by the other person or the performing carrier may be varied by agreement of the parties.
(b)
If goods covered by a through bill of lading or other document of title embodying an undertaking to be performed in part by a person other than the issuer are received by that person, the person is subject, with respect to its own performance while the goods are in its possession, to the obligation of the issuer. The person's obligation is discharged by delivery of the goods to another person pursuant to the bill or other document and does not include liability for breach by any other person or by the issuer.
(c)
The issuer of a through bill of lading or other document of title described in subsection (a) of this Code section is entitled to recover from the performing carrier, or other person in possession of the goods when the breach of the obligation under the bill or other document occurred:
(1)
The amount it may be required to pay to any person entitled to recover on the bill or other document for the breach, as may be evidenced by any receipt, judgment, or transcript of judgment; and
(2)
The amount of any expense reasonably incurred by the issuer in defending any action commenced by any person entitled to recover on the bill or other document for the breach.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 3 - BILLS OF LADING: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-301 — 11-7-309) › Section 11-7-303 - Diversion; reconsignment; change of instructions

(a)
Unless the bill of lading otherwise provides, a carrier may deliver the goods to a person or destination other than that stated in the bill or may otherwise dispose of the goods, without liability for misdelivery, on instructions from:
(1)
The holder of a negotiable bill;
(2)
The consignor on a nonnegotiable bill, even if the consignee has given contrary instructions;
(3)
The consignee on a nonnegotiable bill in the absence of contrary instructions from the consignor, if the goods have arrived at the billed destination or if the consignee is in possession of the tangible bill or in control of the electronic bill; or
(4)
The consignee on a nonnegotiable bill, if the consignee is entitled as against the consignor to dispose of the goods.
(b)
Unless instructions described in subsection (a) of this Code section are included in a negotiable bill of lading, a person to which the bill is duly negotiated may hold the bailee according to the original terms.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 3 - BILLS OF LADING: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-301 — 11-7-309) › Section 11-7-304 - Tangible bills of lading in a set

(a)
Except as customary in international transportation, a tangible bill of lading may not be issued in a set of parts. The issuer is liable for damages caused by violation of this subsection.
(b)
If a tangible bill of lading is lawfully issued in a set of parts, each of which contains an identification code and is expressed to be valid only if the goods have not been delivered against any other part, the whole of the parts constitutes one bill.
(c)
If a tangible negotiable bill of lading is lawfully issued in a set of parts and different parts are negotiated to different persons, the title of the holder to which the first due negotiation is made prevails as to both the document of title and the goods even if any later holder may have received the goods from the carrier in good faith and discharged the carrier's obligation by surrendering its part.
(d)
A person that negotiates or transfers a single part of a tangible bill of lading issued in a set is liable to holders of that part as if it were the whole set.
(e)
The bailee shall deliver in accordance with Part 4 of this article against the first presented part of a tangible bill of lading lawfully drawn in a set. Delivery in this manner discharges the bailee's obligation on the whole bill.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 3 - BILLS OF LADING: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-301 — 11-7-309) › Section 11-7-305 - Destination bills

(a)
Instead of issuing a bill of lading to the consignor at the place of shipment, a carrier, at the request of the consignor, may procure the bill to be issued at destination or at any other place designated in the request.
(b)
Upon request of any person entitled as against the carrier to control the goods while in transit and on surrender of possession or control of any outstanding bill of lading or other receipt covering such goods, the issuer, subject to Code Section
11-7-105
, may procure a substitute bill to be issued at any place designated in the request.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 3 - BILLS OF LADING: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-301 — 11-7-309) › Section 11-7-306 - Altered bills of lading

An unauthorized alteration or filling in of a blank in a bill of lading leaves the bill enforceable according to its original tenor.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 3 - BILLS OF LADING: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-301 — 11-7-309) › Section 11-7-307 - Lien of carrier

(a)
A carrier has a lien on the goods covered by a bill of lading or on the proceeds thereof in its possession for charges after the date of the carrier's receipt of the goods for storage or transportation, including demurrage and terminal charges, and for expenses necessary for preservation of the goods incident to their transportation or reasonably incurred in their sale pursuant to law. However, against a purchaser for value of a negotiable bill of lading, a carrier's lien is limited to charges stated in the bill or the applicable tariffs or, if no charges are stated, a reasonable charge.
(b)
A lien for charges and expenses under subsection (a) of this Code section on goods that the carrier was required by law to receive for transportation is effective against the consignor or any person entitled to the goods unless the carrier had notice that the consignor lacked authority to subject the goods to those charges and expenses. Any other lien under subsection (a) of this Code section is effective against the consignor and any person that permitted the bailor to have control or possession of the goods unless the carrier had notice that the bailor lacked authority.
(c)
A carrier loses its lien on any goods that it voluntarily delivers or unjustifiably refuses to deliver.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 3 - BILLS OF LADING: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-301 — 11-7-309) › Section 11-7-308 - Enforcement of carrier's lien

(a)
A carrier's lien on goods may be enforced by public or private sale of the goods, in bulk or in packages, at any time or place and on any terms that are commercially reasonable, after notifying all persons known to claim an interest in the goods. The notification shall include a statement of the amount due, the nature of the proposed sale, and the time and place of any public sale. The fact that a better price could have been obtained by a sale at a different time or in a method different from that selected by the carrier is not of itself sufficient to establish that the sale was not made in a commercially reasonable manner. The carrier sells goods in a commercially reasonable manner if the carrier sells the goods in the usual manner in any recognized market therefor, sells at the price current in that market at the time of the sale, or otherwise sells in conformity with commercially reasonable practices among dealers in the type of goods sold. A sale of more goods than apparently necessary to be offered to ensure satisfaction of the obligation is not commercially reasonable, except in cases covered by the preceding sentence.
(b)
Before any sale pursuant to this Code section, any person claiming a right in the goods may pay the amount necessary to satisfy the lien and the reasonable expenses incurred in complying with this Code section. In that event, the goods may not be sold but shall be retained by the carrier, subject to the terms of the bill of lading and this article.
(c)
The carrier may buy at any public sale pursuant to this Code section.
(d)
A purchaser in good faith of goods sold to enforce a carrier's lien takes the goods free of any rights of persons against which the lien was valid, despite the carrier's noncompliance with this Code section.
(e)
A carrier may satisfy its lien from the proceeds of any sale pursuant to this Code section but shall hold the balance, if any, for delivery on demand to any person to which the carrier would have been bound to deliver the goods.
(f)
The rights provided by this Code section are in addition to all other rights allowed by law to a creditor against a debtor.
(g)
A carrier's lien may be enforced pursuant to either subsection (a) of this Code section or the procedure set forth in subsection (b) of Code Section
11-7-210
.
(h)
A carrier is liable for damages caused by failure to comply with the requirements for sale under this Code section and, in case of willful violation, is liable for conversion.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 3 - BILLS OF LADING: SPECIAL PROVISIONS (§§ 11-7-301 — 11-7-309) › Section 11-7-309 - Duty of care; contractual limitation of carrier's liability

(a)
A carrier that issues a bill of lading, whether negotiable or nonnegotiable, shall exercise the degree of care in relation to the goods which a reasonably careful person would exercise under similar circumstances. This subsection does not affect any statute, regulation, or rule of law that imposes liability upon a common carrier for damages not caused by its negligence.
(b)
Damages may be limited by a term in the bill of lading or in a transportation agreement that the carrier's liability may not exceed a value stated in the bill or transportation agreement if the carrier's rates are dependent upon value and the consignor is afforded an opportunity to declare a higher value and the consignor is advised of the opportunity. However, such a limitation is not effective with respect to the carrier's liability for conversion to its own use.
(c)
Reasonable provisions as to the time and manner of presenting claims and commencing actions based on the shipment may be included in a bill of lading or a transportation agreement.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 4 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS AND BILLS OF LADING: GENERAL OBLIGATIONS (§§ 11-7-401 — 11-7-404) › Section 11-7-401 - Irregularities in issue of receipt or bill or conduct of issuer

The obligations imposed by this article on an issuer apply to a document of title even if:
(1)
The document does not comply with the requirements of this article or of any other statute, rule, or regulation regarding its issuance, form, or content;
(2)
The issuer violated laws regulating the conduct of its business;
(3)
The goods covered by the document were owned by the bailee when the document was issued; or
(4)
The person issuing the document is not a warehouse but the document purports to be a warehouse receipt.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.
2023 CODE OF GEORGIA › Title 11 - COMMERCIAL CODE (§§ 11-1-101 — 11-13-102) › Article 7 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS, BILLS OF LADING, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF TITLE (§§ 11-7-101 — 11-7-603) › Part 4 - WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS AND BILLS OF LADING: GENERAL OBLIGATIONS (§§ 11-7-401 — 11-7-404) › Section 11-7-402 - Duplicate document of title; overissue

A duplicate or any other document of title purporting to cover goods already represented by an outstanding document of the same issuer does not confer any right in the goods, except as provided in the case of tangible bills of lading in a set of parts, overissue of documents for fungible goods, substitutes for lost, stolen, or destroyed documents, or substitute documents issued pursuant to Code Section
11-7-105
. The issuer is liable for damages caused by its overissue or failure to identify a duplicate document by a conspicuous notation.
Amended by 2010 Ga. Laws 470,§ 1-1, eff. 5/27/2010.