reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-312. - Warranty of title and against infringement; buyer's obligation against infringement.

(1) Subject to subsection (2) there is in a contract for sale a warranty by the seller that (a) the title conveyed shall be good, and its transfer rightful; and (b) the goods shall be delivered free from any security interest or other lien or encumbrance of which the buyer at the time of contracting has no knowledge.
(2) A warranty under subsection (1) will be excluded or modified only by specific language or by circumstances which give the buyer reason to know that the person selling does not claim title in himself or that he is purporting to sell only such right or title as he or a third person may have.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed a seller who is a merchant regularly dealing in goods of the kind warrants that the goods shall be delivered free of the rightful claim of any third person by way of infringement or the like but a buyer who furnishes specifications to the seller must hold the seller harmless against any such claim which arises out of compliance with the specifications.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-312.)
Cited. 181 C. 592. Because there is no more important and fundamental warranty in any sale than warranty of title, very precise and unambiguous language must be used to exclude that warranty; seller's disclaimer was not sufficiently specific. 310 C. 375.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-313. - Express warranties by affirmation, promise, description, sample.

(1) Express warranties by the seller are created as follows: (a) Any affirmation of fact or promise made by the seller to the buyer which relates to the goods and becomes part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the affirmation or promise. (b) Any description of the goods which is made part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the description. (c) Any sample or model which is made part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the whole of the goods shall conform to the sample or model.
(2) It is not necessary to the creation of an express warranty that the seller use formal words such as “warrant” or “guarantee” or that he have a specific intention to make a warranty, but an affirmation merely of the value of the goods or a statement purporting to be merely the seller's opinion or commendation of the goods does not create a warranty.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-313.)
Description of warranty liability has undergone clarification in the Uniform Commercial Code. 176 C. 97. Cited. 184 C. 10; Id., 607; 191 C. 150; 203 C. 342; 216 C. 65; 218 C. 297.
Cited. 1 CA 690; 2 CA 308; 33 CA 575.
Third party beneficiary of express and implied warranties was not required to give notice of their breach to manufacturer under Sec. 42a-2-607 as condition precedent to suit. 26 CS 223. Law of express and implied warranty is part of and distinguished in title; code does not relate to real property and it has virtually eliminated doctrine of caveat emptor with regard to sale of personalty. 28 CS 476, 481. Cited. 32 CS 69.
Where receipt for payment of price of used car was plainly stamped “This car not guaranteed” and sales agreement also had such notation and defendant's salesman said clearly car sold at agreed price could not be guaranteed, there was no express or implied warranty in sale. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 685.
Subsec. (1):
Cited. 27 CA 810.
Cited. 33 CS 108; 39 CS 107.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-314. - Implied warranty: merchantability; usage of trade.

(1) Unless excluded or modified as provided by section 42a-2-316, a warranty that the goods shall be merchantable is implied in a contract for their sale if the seller is a merchant with respect to goods of that kind. Under this section the serving for value of food or drink to be consumed either on the premises or elsewhere is a sale.
(2) Goods to be merchantable must be at least such as (a) pass without objection in the trade under the contract description; and (b) in the case of fungible goods, are of fair average quality within the description; and (c) are fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used; and (d) run, within the variations permitted by the agreement, of even kind, quality and quantity within each unit and among all units involved; and (e) are adequately contained, packaged, and labeled as the agreement may require; and (f) conform to the promises or affirmations of fact made on the container or label if any.
(3) Unless excluded or modified as provided by section 42a-2-316 other implied warranties may arise from course of dealing or usage of trade.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-314.)
Cited. 176 C. 245; 181 C. 62; 182 C. 561; 184 C. 10; Id., 607; 191 C. 150; 203 C. 342; 216 C. 65.
Cited. 1 CA 690; 2 CA 308; 27 CA 688; Id., 810; 33 CA 575. Clear purpose of implied warranty of merchantability is not to assign blame, but to assign risk and that fault is not an element of plaintiff's case for breach of that warranty where defendant unknowingly sold plaintiff a vehicle with a salvage history. 87 CA 687.
Where defendant restaurateur, sued by plaintiff customer who consumed defective clams, impleaded third party defendant as supplier, statute of limitations barred third party action and demurrer to third party complaint was sustained. 28 CS 385. To establish breach of implied warranty or merchantability under section, it must be proven that the “goods” were not merchantable at time of sale. 33 CS 108. Cited. 37 CS 735; 42 CS 153.
Cited. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 344, 345. When salesman for defendant car dealer several times informed plaintiff car was sold “as is” and “no guarantee” was stamped on sales contract and receipt given plaintiff, there was no implied warranty of fitness in sale of the car. Id., 685. Cited. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 482.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-315. - Implied warranty: fitness for particular purpose.

Where the seller at the time of contracting has reason to know any particular purpose for which the goods are required and that the buyer is relying on the seller's skill or judgment to select or furnish suitable goods, there is unless excluded or modified under section 42a-2-316 an implied warranty that the goods shall be fit for such purpose.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-315.)
Manufacturer or producer who puts commodity for personal use or consumption on market in sealed package or other closed container should be held to have impliedly warranted to ultimate consumer that product is reasonably fit for intended purpose and does not contain any harmful and deleterious ingredient of which due and ample warning has not been given; lack of privity not bar to suit. 148 C. 714. Cited. 158 C. 458; 176 C. 245; 183 C. 266; 184 C. 10; Id., 607; 191 C. 150; 203 C. 342; 216 C. 65.
Cited. 1 CA 690; 2 CA 308; 27 CA 120; Id., 810; 33 CA 575.
Implied warranty is in nature of contract of personal indemnity with original purchaser and does not run with the goods. 22 CS 210, but see 148 C. 714. Third party beneficiary of express and implied warranties was not required to give notice of their breach to manufacturer under Sec. 42a-2-607 as condition precedent to suit. 26 CS 223. Cited. 28 CS 481; 32 CS 69; 37 CS 735; 39 CS 107.
Where defendant recommended and sold to plaintiff paint which did not adhere to surface of his house, court could properly find a breach of implied warranty of fitness; requirements necessary to establish breach of warranty of reasonable fitness. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 344–346. Where buyer was in as good position as seller to determine latent defect in used car, and seller expressly disclaimed any warranties on the sale, buyer could not recover cost of repairs in action for breach of warranty. Id., 685. Cited. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 447; 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 541.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-316. - Exclusion or modification of warranties.

(1) Words or conduct relevant to the creation of an express warranty and words or conduct tending to negate or limit warranty shall be construed wherever reasonable as consistent with each other; but subject to the provisions of this article on parol or extrinsic evidence negation or limitation is inoperative to the extent that such construction is unreasonable.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), to exclude or modify the implied warranty of merchantability or any part of it the language must mention merchantability and in case of a writing must be conspicuous, and to exclude or modify any implied warranty of fitness the exclusion must be by a writing and conspicuous. Language to exclude all implied warranties of fitness is sufficient if it states, for example, that “There are no warranties which extend beyond the description on the face hereof.”
(3) Notwithstanding subsection (2), (a) unless the circumstances indicate otherwise, all implied warranties are excluded by expressions like “as is”, “with all faults” or other language which in common understanding calls the buyer's attention to the exclusion of warranties and makes plain that there is no implied warranty; and (b) when the buyer before entering into the contract has examined the goods or the sample or model as fully as he desired or has refused to examine the goods there is no implied warranty with regard to defects which an examination ought in the circumstances to have revealed to him; and (c) an implied warranty can also be excluded or modified by course of dealing or course of performance or usage of trade.
(4) Remedies for breach of warranty can be limited in accordance with the provisions of section 42a-2-718 on liquidation or limitation of damages and section 42a-2-719 on contractual modification of remedy.
(5) The provisions of subsections (2), (3) and (4) shall not apply to sales of new or unused consumer goods, except for those goods clearly marked “irregular”, “factory seconds” or “damaged”. Any language, oral or written, used by a seller or manufacturer of consumer goods, which attempts to exclude or modify any implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose or to exclude or modify the consumer's remedies for breach of those warranties, shall be unenforceable.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-316; P.A. 83-320.)
History: P.A. 83-320 added Subsec. (5) which prohibits the exclusion or modification of implied warranties in certain circumstances.
See Sec. 42a-2-202 re final written expression of contract.
Cited. 184 C. 607; 203 C. 342; 204 C. 399; 206 C. 409; 218 C. 297; 226 C. 748; 241 C. 725.
Cited. 31 CA 455; 33 CA 575.
Cited. 32 CS 69; 33 CS 108.
Conclusion of trial court that there was no warranty express or implied in sale by defendant of car will not be disturbed where salesman sold car “as is” and sales contract and receipt were stamped “no guarantees”; layman's use of the term “guaranty” is equated to “warranty”. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 683. Cited. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 482.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-317. - Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or implied.

Warranties whether express or implied shall be construed as consistent with each other and as cumulative, but if such construction is unreasonable the intention of the parties shall determine which warranty is dominant. In ascertaining that intention the following rules apply: (a) Exact or technical specifications displace an inconsistent sample or model or general language of description. (b) A sample from an existing bulk displaces inconsistent general language of description. (c) Express warranties displace inconsistent implied warranties other than an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-317.)
Cited. 184 C. 10; Id., 607.
Cited. 33 CA 575.
Cited. 32 CS 69.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-318. - Third party beneficiaries of seller's warranties whether express or implied.

A seller's warranty whether express or implied extends to any natural person who is in the family or household of his buyer or who is a guest in his home if it is reasonable to expect that such person may use, consume or be affected by the goods and who is injured in person by breach of warranty. This section is neutral with respect to case law or statutory law extending warranties for personal injuries to other persons. A seller may not exclude or limit the operation of this section.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-318; February, 1965, P.A. 377, S. 2.)
History: 1965 act specified that “section is neutral with respect to case law or statutory law extending warranties for personal injuries to other persons”.
Cited. 148 C. 714, 716. Claim that, since statutory remedies for breach of warranty exist, rule of strict products liability in tort should not apply, not accepted. 159 C. 496, 503. Cited. 184 C. 607.
Cited. 33 CA 575.
Third party beneficiary of express and implied warranties was not required to give notice of their breach to manufacturer under Sec. 42a-2-607 as condition precedent to suit. 26 CS 223.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-319. - F.O.B. and F.A.S. terms.

(1) Unless otherwise agreed the term F.O.B., which means “free on board”, at a named place, even though used only in connection with the stated price, is a delivery term under which (a) when the term is F.O.B. the place of shipment, the seller must at that place ship the goods in the manner provided in section 42a-2-504 and bear the expense and risk of putting them into the possession of the carrier; or (b) when the term is F.O.B. the place of destination, the seller must at his own expense and risk transport the goods to that place and there tender delivery of them in the manner provided in section 42a-2-503; (c) when under either (a) or (b) the term is also F.O.B. vessel, car or other vehicle, the seller must in addition at his own expense and risk load the goods on board. If the term is F.O.B. vessel the buyer must name the vessel and in an appropriate case the seller must comply with the provisions of section 42a-2-323 on the form of bill of lading.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed the term F.A.S. vessel, which means “free alongside” at a named port, even though used only in connection with the stated price, is a delivery term under which the seller must (a) at his own expense and risk deliver the goods alongside the vessel in the manner usual in that port or on a dock designated and provided by the buyer; and (b) obtain and tender a receipt for the goods in exchange for which the carrier is under a duty to issue a bill of lading.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed in any case falling within subsection (1)(a) or (c) or subsection (2) the buyer must seasonably give any needed instructions for making delivery, including when the term is F.A.S. or F.O.B. the loading berth of the vessel and in an appropriate case its name and sailing date. The seller may treat the failure of needed instructions as a failure of cooperation under section 42a-2-311. He may also at his option move the goods in any reasonable manner preparatory to delivery or shipment.
(4) Under the term F.O.B. vessel or F.A.S. unless otherwise agreed the buyer must make payment against tender of the required documents and the seller may not tender nor the buyer demand delivery of the goods in substitution for the documents.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-319.)
Cited. 207 C. 599; 214 C. 444; 238 C. 571.
Use of phrase FOB Los Angeles, meaning free on board, made this portion of agreement not only price term covering defendant's obligation to pay freight charges between Los Angeles and Westport, but also controlling factor putting on him risk of loss of merchandise upon delivery to the carrier. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 597.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-320. - C.I.F. and C. & F. terms.

(1) The term C.I.F. means that the price includes in a lump sum the cost of the goods and the insurance and freight to the named destination. The term C. & F. or C.F. means that the price so includes cost and freight to the named destination.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed and even though used only in connection with the stated price and destination, the term C.I.F. destination or its equivalent requires the seller at his own expense and risk to (a) put the goods into the possession of a carrier at the port for shipment and obtain a negotiable bill or bills of lading covering the entire transportation to the named destination; and (b) load the goods and obtain a receipt from the carrier (which may be contained in the bill of lading) showing that the freight has been paid or provided for; and (c) obtain a policy or certificate of insurance, including any war risk insurance, of a kind and on terms then current at the port of shipment in the usual amount, in the currency of the contract, shown to cover the same goods covered by the bill of lading and providing for payment of loss to the order of the buyer or for the account of whom it may concern; but the seller may add to the price the amount of the premium for any such war risk insurance; and (d) prepare an invoice of the goods and procure any other documents required to effect shipment or to comply with the contract; and (e) forward and tender with commercial promptness all the documents in due form and with any endorsement necessary to perfect the buyer's rights.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed the term C. & F. or its equivalent has the same effect and imposes upon the seller the same obligations and risks as a C.I.F. term except the obligation as to insurance.
(4) Under the term C.I.F. or C. & F. unless otherwise agreed the buyer must make payment against tender of the required documents and the seller may not tender nor the buyer demand delivery of the goods in substitution for the documents.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-320.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-321. - C.I.F. or C. & F.: “Net landed weights”; “payment on arrival”; warranty of condition on arrival.

Under a contract containing a term C.I.F. or C. & F.:
(1) Where the price is based on or is to be adjusted according to “net landed weights”, “delivered weights”, “out turn” quantity or quality or the like, unless otherwise agreed the seller must reasonably estimate the price. The payment due on tender of the documents called for by the contract is the amount so estimated, but after final adjustment of the price a settlement must be made with commercial promptness.
(2) An agreement described in subsection (1) or any warranty of quality or condition of the goods on arrival places upon the seller the risk of ordinary deterioration, shrinkage and the like in transportation but has no effect on the place or time of identification to the contract for sale or delivery or on the passing of the risk of loss.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed where the contract provides for payment on or after arrival of the goods the seller must before payment allow such preliminary inspection as is feasible; but if the goods are lost delivery of the documents and payment are due when the goods should have arrived.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-321.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-322. - Delivery “ex-ship”.

(1) Unless otherwise agreed a term for delivery of goods “ex-ship”, which means from the carrying vessel, or in equivalent language is not restricted to a particular ship and requires delivery from a ship which has reached a place at the named port of destination where goods of the kind are usually discharged.
(2) Under such a term unless otherwise agreed (a) the seller must discharge all liens arising out of the carriage and furnish the buyer with a direction which puts the carrier under a duty to deliver the goods; and (b) the risk of loss does not pass to the buyer until the goods leave the ship's tackle or are otherwise properly unloaded.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-322.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-323. - Form of bill of lading required in overseas shipment; “overseas”.

(1) Where the contract contemplates overseas shipment and contains a term C.I.F. or C. & F. or F.O.B. vessel, the seller unless otherwise agreed must obtain a negotiable bill of lading stating that the goods have been loaded on board or, in the case of a term C.I.F. or C. & F., received for shipment.
(2) Where in a case within subsection (1) of this section a tangible bill of lading has been issued in a set of parts, unless otherwise agreed if the documents are not to be sent from abroad the buyer may demand tender of the full set; otherwise only one part of the bill of lading need be tendered. Even if the agreement expressly requires a full set (a) due tender of a single part is acceptable within the provisions of subsection (1) of section 42a-2-508 on cure of improper delivery; and (b) even though the full set is demanded, if the documents are sent from abroad the person tendering an incomplete set may nevertheless require payment upon furnishing an indemnity which the buyer in good faith deems adequate.
(3) A shipment by water or by air or a contract contemplating such shipment is “overseas” insofar as by usage of trade or agreement it is subject to the commercial, financing or shipping practices characteristic of international deep water commerce.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-323; P.A. 04-64, S. 47.)
History: P.A. 04-64 amended Subsec. (2) by making a technical change and adding reference to “tangible” bill of lading to conform to revisions made to article 7 by the same act.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-324. - “No arrival, no sale” term.

Under a term “no arrival, no sale” or terms of like meaning, unless otherwise agreed, (a) the seller must properly ship conforming goods and if they arrive by any means he must tender them on arrival but he assumes no obligation that the goods will arrive unless he has caused the nonarrival; and (b) where without fault of the seller the goods are in part lost or have so deteriorated as no longer to conform to the contract or arrive after the contract time, the buyer may proceed as if there had been casualty to identified goods, as provided by section 42a-2-613.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-324.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-325. - “Letter of credit” term; “confirmed credit”.

(1) Failure of the buyer seasonably to furnish an agreed letter of credit is a breach of the contract for sale.
(2) The delivery to seller of a proper letter of credit suspends the buyer's obligation to pay. If the letter of credit is dishonored, the seller may on seasonable notification to the buyer require payment directly from him.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed the term “letter of credit” or “banker's credit” in a contract for sale means an irrevocable credit issued by a financing agency of good repute and, where the shipment is overseas, of good international repute. The term “confirmed credit” means that the credit must also carry the direct obligation of such an agency which does business in the seller's financial market.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-325.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-326. - Sale on approval and sale or return; rights of creditors.

(1) Unless otherwise agreed, if delivered goods may be returned by the buyer even though they conform to the contract, the transaction is (a) a “sale on approval” if the goods are delivered primarily for use, and (b) a “sale or return” if the goods are delivered primarily for resale.
(2) Goods held on approval are not subject to the claims of the buyer's creditors until acceptance; goods held on sale or return are subject to such claims while in the buyer's possession.
(3) Any “or return” term of a contract for sale is to be treated as a separate contract for sale within section 42a-2-201 and as contradicting the sale aspect of the contract within the provisions of section 42a-2-202.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-326; P.A. 01-132, S. 140.)
History: P.A. 01-132 amended Subsec. (2) to delete “Except as otherwise provided in subsection (3)”, deleted former Subsec. (3) re claims of creditors when goods are delivered to another person for sale on consignment and renumbered existing Subsec. (4) as Subsec. (3).
Cited. 183 C. 266.
Cited. 34 CS 599.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-327. - Special incidents of sale on approval and sale or return.

(1) Under a sale on approval unless otherwise agreed (a) although the goods are identified to the contract the risk of loss and the title do not pass to the buyer until acceptance; and (b) use of the goods consistent with the purpose of trial is not acceptance but failure seasonably to notify the seller of election to return the goods is acceptance, and if the goods conform to the contract acceptance of any part is acceptance of the whole; and (c) after due notification of election to return, the return is at the seller's risk and expense but a merchant buyer must follow any reasonable instructions.
(2) Under a sale or return unless otherwise agreed (a) the option to return extends to the whole or any commercial unit of the goods while in substantially their original condition, but must be exercised seasonably; and (b) the return is at the buyer's risk and expense.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-327.)
Cited. 183 C. 266.
Cited. 34 CS 599.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-328. - Sale by auction.

(1) In a sale by auction if goods are put up in lots each lot is the subject of a separate sale.
(2) A sale by auction is complete when the auctioneer so announces by the fall of the hammer or in other customary manner. Where a bid is made while the hammer is falling in acceptance of a prior bid the auctioneer may in his discretion reopen the bidding or declare the goods sold under the bid on which the hammer was falling.
(3) Such a sale is with reserve unless the goods are in explicit terms put up without reserve. In an auction with reserve the auctioneer may withdraw the goods at any time until he announces completion of the sale. In an auction without reserve, after the auctioneer calls for bids on an article or lot, that article or lot cannot be withdrawn unless no bid is made within a reasonable time. In either case a bidder may retract his bid until the auctioneer's announcement of completion of the sale, but a bidder's retraction does not revive any previous bid.
(4) If the auctioneer knowingly receives a bid on the seller's behalf or the seller makes or procures such a bid, and notice has not been given that liberty for such bidding is reserved, the buyer may at his option avoid the sale or take the goods at the price of the last good faith bid prior to the completion of the sale. This subsection shall not apply to any bid at a forced sale.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-328.)
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-401. - Passing of title; reservation for security; limited application of this section.

Each provision of this article with regard to the rights, obligations and remedies of the seller, the buyer, purchasers or other third parties applies irrespective of title to the goods except where the provision refers to such title. Insofar as situations are not covered by the other provisions of this article and matters concerning title become material the following rules apply:
(1) Title to goods cannot pass under a contract for sale prior to their identification to the contract as provided by section 42a-2-501 and unless otherwise explicitly agreed the buyer acquires by their identification a special property as limited by this title. Any retention or reservation by the seller of the title (property) in goods shipped or delivered to the buyer is limited in effect to a reservation of a security interest. Subject to these provisions and to the provisions of article 9, title to goods passes from the seller to the buyer in any manner and on any conditions explicitly agreed on by the parties.
(2) Unless otherwise explicitly agreed title passes to the buyer at the time and place at which the seller completes his performance with reference to the physical delivery of the goods, despite any reservation of a security interest and even though a document of title is to be delivered at a different time or place; and in particular and despite any reservation of a security interest by the bill of lading (a) if the contract requires or authorizes the seller to send the goods to the buyer but does not require him to deliver them at destination, title passes to the buyer at the time and place of shipment; but (b) if the contract requires delivery at destination, title passes on tender there.
(3) Unless otherwise explicitly agreed where delivery is to be made without moving the goods, (a) if the seller is to deliver a tangible document of title, title passes at the time when and the place where he delivers such documents and if the seller is to deliver an electronic document of title, title passes when the seller delivers the document; or (b) if the goods are at the time of contracting already identified and no documents of title are to be delivered, title passes at the time and place of contracting.
(4) A rejection or other refusal by the buyer to receive or retain the goods, whether or not justified, or a justified revocation of acceptance revests title to the goods in the seller. Such revesting occurs by operation of law and is not a “sale”.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-401; P.A. 04-64, S. 48.)
History: P.A. 04-64 amended Subdiv. (3) by adding reference to “tangible” document of title, adding provision re electronic document of title and making a technical change to conform to revisions made to article 7 by the same act.
One who delivers goods cannot retain title. 161 C. 242. Subdiv. (2): Delivery completes performance even without certificate of title where one is required. Id., 388. Cited. 163 C. 62; 166 C. 280; 198 C. 624; 216 C. 17.
Cited. 25 CS 111.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-402. - Rights of seller's creditors against sold goods; right of certain buyers and lessors of goods to file under article 9.

(1) Except as provided in the following subsections, rights of unsecured creditors of the seller with respect to goods which have been identified to a contract for sale are subject to the buyer's rights to recover the goods under sections 42a-2-502 and 42a-2-716.
(2) Unless the filing provisions of article 9 have been complied with as set out in subsection (3), a creditor of the seller may treat a sale or an identification of goods to a contract for sale as void if as against him a retention of possession by the seller is fraudulent under any rule of law of the state where the goods are situated, except that retention of possession in good faith and current course of trade by a merchant-seller for a commercially reasonable time after a sale or identification is not fraudulent.
(3) When a seller remains in possession of goods which have been sold or identified to a contract for sale or of goods which, after sale, have been leased back to him, the buyer or lessor of such goods may protect his interest by complying with the filing provisions of article 9. On compliance the buyer or lessor has, against creditors of and purchasers from the seller, the rights of a secured party with a perfected security interest. Such filing does not, of itself, make the interest of the buyer or lessor a security interest, as defined by subdivision (35) of subsection (b) of section 42a-1-201.
(4) Nothing in this article shall be deemed to impair the rights of creditors of the seller (a) under the provisions of article 9; or (b) where identification to the contract or delivery is made not in current course of trade but in satisfaction of or as security for a preexisting claim for money, security or the like and is made under circumstances which under any rule of law of the state where the goods are situated would apart from this article constitute the transaction a fraudulent transfer or voidable preference.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-402; 1961, P.A. 116, S. 1; P.A. 05-109, S. 25.)
History: 1961 act amended section to specify rights of buyers and lessors to file under Art. 9, adding opening clause in Subsec. (2) and inserting new Subsec. (3), renumbering former Subsec. (3) accordingly; P.A. 05-109 made a technical change in Subsec. (3) to conform to revisions made to article 1 by the same act.
Cited. 198 C. 624.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-403. - Power to transfer; good faith purchase of goods; “entrusting”.

(1) A purchaser of goods acquires all title which his transferor had or had power to transfer except that a purchaser of a limited interest acquires rights only to the extent of the interest purchased. A person with voidable title has power to transfer a good title to a good faith purchaser for value. When goods have been delivered under a transaction of purchase the purchaser has such power even though (a) the transferor was deceived as to the identity of the purchaser, or (b) the delivery was in exchange for a check which is later dishonored, or (c) it was agreed that the transaction was to be a “cash sale”, or (d) the delivery was procured through fraud punishable as larcenous under the criminal law.
(2) Any entrusting of possession of goods to a merchant who deals in goods of that kind gives him power to transfer all rights of the entruster to a buyer in ordinary course of business.
(3) “Entrusting” includes any delivery and any acquiescence in retention of possession regardless of any condition expressed between the parties to the delivery or acquiescence and regardless of whether the procurement of the entrusting or the possessor's disposition of the goods have been such as to be larcenous under the criminal law.
(4) The rights of other purchasers of goods and of lien creditors are governed by articles 7 and 9.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-403; P.A. 93-107, S. 2.)
History: P.A. 93-107 amended Subsec. (4) to delete reference to article 6.
Cited. 198 C. 624. Although merchant buyer had a heightened duty of inquiry because he had concerns about a party's ability to convey good title to a painting, trial court properly determined that merchant buyer was a buyer in the ordinary course of business and took all rights plaintiff had to the painting pursuant to Subsec. (2) because he took sufficient steps, under the circumstances of the case, to conform to reasonable commercial standards for the sale of artwork by retaining legal counsel to investigate title and by insisting on a formal contract of sale, containing warranties. 283 C. 65.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-501. - Insurable interest in goods; manner of identification of goods.

(1) The buyer obtains a special property and an insurable interest in goods by identification of existing goods as goods to which the contract refers even though the goods so identified are nonconforming and he has an option to return or reject them. Such identification can be made at any time and in any manner explicitly agreed to by the parties. In the absence of explicit agreement identification occurs (a) when the contract is made if it is for the sale of goods already existing and identified; (b) if the contract is for the sale of future goods other than those described in paragraph (c), when goods are shipped, marked or otherwise designated by the seller as goods to which the contract refers; (c) when the crops are planted or otherwise become growing crops or the young are conceived if the contract is for the sale of unborn young to be born within twelve months after contracting or for the sale of crops to be harvested within twelve months or the next normal harvest season after contracting, whichever is longer.
(2) The seller retains an insurable interest in goods so long as title to or any security interest in the goods remains in him and where the identification is by the seller alone he may until default or insolvency or notification to the buyer that the identification is final substitute other goods for those identified.
(3) Nothing in this section impairs any insurable interest recognized under any other statute or rule of law.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-501.)
Cited. 198 C. 624.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-502. - Buyer's right to goods on seller's repudiation, failure to deliver or insolvency.

(1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3) and even though the goods have not been shipped a buyer who has paid a part or all of the price of goods in which he has a special property under the provisions of the immediately preceding section may on making and keeping good a tender of any unpaid portion of their price recover them from the seller if: (a) In the case of goods bought for personal, family or household purposes, the seller repudiates or fails to deliver as required by the contract; or (b) in all cases, the seller becomes insolvent within ten days after receipt of the first installment on their price.
(2) The buyer's right to recover the goods under subsection (1)(a) vests upon acquisition of a special property, even if the seller had not then repudiated or failed to deliver.
(3) If the identification creating his special property has been made by the buyer he acquires the right to recover the goods only if they conform to the contract for sale.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-502; P.A. 01-132, S. 141.)
History: P.A. 01-132 amended Subsec. (1) to make provisions subject to “subsections (2) and (3)” rather than “subsection (2)”, add Subdiv. (a) re seller's repudiation or failure to deliver in the case of goods bought for personal, family or household purposes and designate existing provisions re seller's insolvency as Subdiv. (b) and amend said Subdiv. to add “in all cases”, added new Subsec. (2) re buyer's right to recover goods under Subsec. (1)(a) vesting upon acquisition of a special property and redesignated former Subsec. (2) as Subsec. (3).
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-503. - Manner of seller's tender of delivery.

(1) Tender of delivery requires that the seller put and hold conforming goods at the buyer's disposition and give the buyer any notification reasonably necessary to enable him to take delivery. The manner, time and place for tender are determined by the agreement and this article, and in particular (a) tender must be at a reasonable hour, and if it is of goods they must be kept available for the period reasonably necessary to enable the buyer to take possession; but (b) unless otherwise agreed the buyer must furnish facilities reasonably suited to the receipt of the goods.
(2) Where the case is within the next section respecting shipment tender requires that the seller comply with its provisions.
(3) Where the seller is required to deliver at a particular destination tender requires that he comply with subsection (1) and also in any appropriate case tender documents as described in subsections (4) and (5) of this section.
(4) Where goods are in the possession of a bailee and are to be delivered without being moved (a) tender requires that the seller either tender a negotiable document of title covering such goods or procure acknowledgment by the bailee of the buyer's right to possession of the goods; but (b) tender to the buyer of a nonnegotiable document of title or of a record directing the bailee to deliver is sufficient tender unless the buyer seasonably objects, and except as otherwise provided in article 9 receipt by the bailee of notification of the buyer's rights fixes those rights as against the bailee and all third persons; but risk of loss of the goods and of any failure by the bailee to honor the nonnegotiable document of title or to obey the direction remains on the seller until the buyer has had a reasonable time to present the document or direction, and a refusal by the bailee to honor the document or to obey the direction defeats the tender.
(5) Where the contract requires the seller to deliver documents (a) he must tender all such documents in correct form, except as provided in subsection (2) of section 42a-2-323 with respect to bills of lading in a set; and (b) tender through customary banking channels is sufficient and dishonor of a draft accompanying or associated with the documents constitutes nonacceptance or rejection.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-503; P.A. 04-64, S. 49.)
History: P.A. 04-64 amended Subsec. (4)(b) by replacing “written direction to” with “record directing” and adding “except as otherwise provided in article 9” and amended Subsec. (5)(b) by adding “or associated with” to conform to revisions made to article 7 by the same act.
Cited. 189 C. 433.
Law creates presumption in favor of construing agreement as “shipment” contract as opposed to “destination” contract. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 597.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-504. - Shipment by seller.

Where the seller is required or authorized to send the goods to the buyer and the contract does not require him to deliver them at a particular destination, then unless otherwise agreed he must (a) put the goods in the possession of such a carrier and make such a contract for their transportation as may be reasonable having regard to the nature of the goods and other circumstances of the case; and (b) obtain and promptly deliver or tender in due form any document necessary to enable the buyer to obtain possession of the goods or otherwise required by the agreement by usage of trade; and (c) promptly notify the buyer of the shipment. Failure to notify the buyer under paragraph (c) or to make a proper contract under paragraph (a) is a ground for rejection only if material delay or loss ensues.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-504.)
Cited. 207 C. 599.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-505. - Seller's shipment under reservation.

(1) Where the seller has identified goods to the contract by or before shipment: (a) His procurement of a negotiable bill of lading to his own order or otherwise reserves in him a security interest in the goods. His procurement of the bill to the order of a financing agency or of the buyer indicates in addition only the seller's expectation of transferring that interest to the person named. (b) A nonnegotiable bill of lading to himself or his nominee reserves possession of the goods as security but except in a case of conditional delivery as provided by subsection (2) of section 42a-2-507 a nonnegotiable bill of lading naming the buyer as consignee reserves no security interest even though the seller retains possession or control of the bill of lading.
(2) When shipment by the seller with reservation of a security interest is in violation of the contract for sale it constitutes an improper contract for transportation within the preceding section but impairs neither the rights given to the buyer by shipment and identification of the goods to the contract nor the seller's powers as a holder of a negotiable document of title.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-505; P.A. 04-64, S. 50.)
History: P.A. 04-64 amended Subsec. (1)(b) by adding “or control” and amended Subsec. (2) by changing “document” to “document of title” to conform to revisions made to article 7 by the same act.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-506. - Rights of financing agency.

(1) A financing agency by paying or purchasing for value a draft which relates to a shipment of goods acquires to the extent of the payment or purchase and in addition to its own rights under the draft and any document of title securing it any rights of the shipper in the goods including the right to stop delivery and the shipper's right to have the draft honored by the buyer.
(2) The right to reimbursement of a financing agency which has in good faith honored or purchased the draft under commitment to or authority from the buyer is not impaired by subsequent discovery of defects with reference to any relevant document which was apparently regular.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-506; P.A. 04-64, S. 51.)
History: P.A. 04-64 amended Subsec. (2) by deleting “on its face” to conform to revisions made to article 7 by the same act.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-507. - Effect of seller's tender; delivery on condition.

(1) Tender of delivery is a condition to the buyer's duty to accept the goods and, unless otherwise agreed, to his duty to pay for them. Tender entitles the seller to acceptance of the goods and to payment according to the contract.
(2) Where payment is due and demanded on the delivery to the buyer of goods or documents of title, his right as against the seller to retain or dispose of them is conditional upon his making the payment due.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-507.)
Since seller made a proper tender of delivery, it was entitled to acceptance of the goods and to payment according to the contract. 166 C. 280. Cited. 189 C. 433.
2023 Connecticut General Statutes › Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code › Article 2 - Sales › Section 42a-2-508. - Cure by seller of improper tender or delivery; replacement.

(1) Where any tender or delivery by the seller is rejected because nonconforming and the time for performance has not yet expired, the seller may seasonably notify the buyer of his intention to cure and may then within the contract time make a conforming delivery.
(2) Where the buyer rejects a nonconforming tender which the seller had reasonable grounds to believe would be acceptable with or without money allowance the seller may if he seasonably notifies the buyer have a further reasonable time to substitute a conforming tender.
(1959, P.A. 133, S. 2-508.)
Automobile dealer did have the right to attempt to cure any defects in automobile, but this opportunity does not last for an indefinite period of time. 172 C. 112. Cited. 189 C. 433; 203 C. 342; 218 C. 297.
Plaintiff “accepted” goods upon purchasing stone from defendant and subsequently resold stone to a client who arranged for its installation; since there was no “rejection” of the goods, defendant did not have a right to cure within meaning of section. 47 CS 565.
Cited. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 447.