reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1061 - Unconditional promise or order.

673.1061 Unconditional promise or order.—
(1) Except as provided in this section, for the purposes of s. 673.1041(1), a promise or order is unconditional unless it states:
(a) An express condition to payment;
(b) That the promise or order is subject to or governed by another writing; or
(c) That rights or obligations with respect to the promise or order are stated in another writing.
A reference to another writing does not of itself make the promise or order conditional.
(2) A promise or order is not made conditional:
(a) By a reference to another writing for a statement of rights with respect to collateral, prepayment, or acceleration; or
(b) Because payment is limited to resort to a particular fund or source.
(3) If a promise or order requires, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by a person whose specimen signature appears on the promise or order, the condition does not make the promise or order conditional for the purposes of s. 673.1041(1). If the person whose specimen signature appears on an instrument fails to countersign the instrument, the failure to countersign is a defense to the obligation of the issuer, but the failure does not prevent a transferee of the instrument from becoming a holder of the instrument.
(4) If a promise or order at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder contains a statement, required by applicable statutory or administrative law, to the effect that the rights of a holder or transferee are subject to claims or defenses that the issuer could assert against the original payee, the promise or order is not thereby made conditional for the purposes of s. 673.1041(1); but if the promise or order is an instrument, there cannot be a holder in due course of the instrument.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1071 - Instrument payable in foreign money.

673.1071 Instrument payable in foreign money.—Unless the instrument otherwise provides, an instrument that states the amount payable in foreign money may be paid in the foreign money or in an equivalent amount in dollars calculated by using the current bank-offered spot rate at the place of payment for the purchase of dollars on the day on which the instrument is paid.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1081 - Payable on demand or at definite time.

673.1081 Payable on demand or at definite time.—
(1) A promise or order is “payable on demand” if it:
(a) States that it is payable on demand or at sight, or otherwise indicates that it is payable at the will of the holder; or
(b) Does not state any time of payment.
(2) A promise or order is “payable at a definite time” if it is payable on elapse of a definite period of time after sight or acceptance or at a fixed date or dates or at a time or times readily ascertainable at the time the promise or order is issued, subject to rights of prepayment, acceleration, extension at the option of the holder, or extension to a further definite time at the option of the maker or acceptor or automatically upon or after a specified act or event.
(3) If an instrument, payable at a fixed date, is also payable upon demand made before the fixed date, the instrument is payable on demand until the fixed date and, if demand for payment is not made before that date, becomes payable at a definite time on the fixed date.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1091 - Payable to bearer or to order.

673.1091 Payable to bearer or to order.—
(1) A promise or order is “payable to bearer” if it:
(a) States that it is payable to bearer or to the order of bearer or otherwise indicates that the person in possession of the promise or order is entitled to payment;
(b) Does not state a payee; or
(c) States that it is payable to or to the order of cash or otherwise indicates that it is not payable to an identified person.
(2) A promise or order that is not payable to bearer is “payable to order” if it is payable to the order of an identified person or to an identified person or order. A promise or order that is payable to order is payable to the identified person.
(3) An instrument payable to bearer may become payable to an identified person if it is specially indorsed pursuant to s. 673.2051(1). An instrument payable to an identified person may become payable to bearer if it is indorsed in blank pursuant to s. 673.2051(2).
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1101 - Identification of person to whom instrument is payable.

673.1101 Identification of person to whom instrument is payable.—
(1) The person to whom an instrument is initially payable is determined by the intent of the person, whether or not authorized, signing as, or in the name or behalf of, the issuer of the instrument. The instrument is payable to the person intended by the signer even if that person is identified in the instrument by a name or other identification that is not that of the intended person. If more than one person signs in the name or behalf of the issuer of an instrument and all the signers do not intend the same person as payee, the instrument is payable to any person intended by one or more of the signers.
(2) If the signature of the issuer of an instrument is made by automated means, such as a check-writing machine, the payee of the instrument is determined by the intent of the person who supplied the name or identification of the payee, whether or not authorized to do so.
(3) A person to whom an instrument is payable may be identified in any way, including by name, identifying number, office, or account number. For the purpose of determining the holder of an instrument, the following rules apply:
(a) If an instrument is payable to an account and the account is identified only by number, the instrument is payable to the person to whom the account is payable. If an instrument is payable to an account identified by number and by the name of a person, the instrument is payable to the named person, whether or not that person is the owner of the account identified by number.
(b) If an instrument is payable to:
1. A trust, an estate, or a person described as trustee or representative of a trust or estate, the instrument is payable to the trustee, the representative, or a successor of either, whether or not the beneficiary or estate is also named;
2. A person described as agent or similar representative of a named or identified person, the instrument is payable to the represented person, the representative, or a successor of the representative;
3. A fund or organization that is not a legal entity, the instrument is payable to a representative of the members of the fund or organization; or
4. An office or a person described as holding an office, the instrument is payable to the named person, the incumbent of the office, or a successor to the incumbent.
(4) If an instrument is payable to two or more persons alternatively, it is payable to any of them and may be negotiated, discharged, or enforced by any or all of them in possession of the instrument. If an instrument is payable to two or more persons not alternatively, it is payable to all of them and may be negotiated, discharged, or enforced only by all of them. If an instrument payable to two or more persons is ambiguous as to whether it is payable to the persons alternatively, the instrument is payable to the persons alternatively.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1111 - Place of payment.

673.1111 Place of payment.—Except as otherwise provided for items in chapter 674, an instrument is payable at the place of payment stated in the instrument. If no place of payment is stated, an instrument is payable at the address of the drawee or maker stated in the instrument. If no address is stated, the place of payment is the place of business of the drawee or maker. If a drawee or maker has more than one place of business, the place of payment is any place of business of the drawee or maker chosen by the person entitled to enforce the instrument. If the drawee or maker has no place of business, the place of payment is the residence of the drawee or maker.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1121 - Interest.

673.1121 Interest.—
(1) Unless otherwise provided in the instrument:
(a) An instrument is not payable with interest; and
(b) Interest on an interest-bearing instrument is payable from the date of the instrument.
(2) Interest may be stated in an instrument as a fixed or variable amount of money, or it may be expressed as a fixed or variable rate or rates. The amount or rate of interest may be stated or described in the instrument in any manner and may require reference to information not contained in the instrument. If an instrument provides for interest, but the amount of interest payable cannot be ascertained from the description, interest is payable at the judgment rate in effect at the place of payment of the instrument and at the time interest first accrues.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1131 - Date of instrument.

673.1131 Date of instrument.—
(1) An instrument may be antedated or postdated. The date stated determines the time of payment if the instrument is payable at a fixed period after date. Except as provided in s. 674.401(3), an instrument payable on demand is not payable before the date of the instrument.
(2) If an instrument is undated, its date is the date of its issue or, in the case of an unissued instrument, the date it first comes into possession of a holder.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1141 - Contradictory terms of instrument.

673.1141 Contradictory terms of instrument.—If an instrument contains contradictory terms, typewritten terms prevail over printed terms, handwritten terms prevail over both, and words prevail over numbers.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1151 - Incomplete instrument.

673.1151 Incomplete instrument.—
(1) The term “incomplete instrument” means a signed writing, whether or not issued by the signer, the contents of which show at the time of signing that it is incomplete but that the signer intended it to be completed by the addition of words or numbers.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), if an incomplete instrument is an instrument under s. 673.1041, it may be enforced according to its terms if it is not completed, or according to its terms as augmented by completion. If an incomplete instrument is not an instrument under s. 673.1041, but, after completion, the requirements of s. 673.1041 are met, the instrument may be enforced according to its terms as augmented by completion.
(3) If words or numbers are added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer, there is an alteration of the incomplete instrument under s. 673.4071.
(4) The burden of establishing that words or numbers were added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer is on the person asserting the lack of authority.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1161 - Joint and several liability; contribution.

673.1161 Joint and several liability; contribution.—
(1) Except as otherwise provided in the instrument, two or more persons who have the same liability on an instrument as makers, drawers, acceptors, indorsers who indorse as joint payees, or anomalous indorsers are jointly and severally liable in the capacity in which they sign.
(2) Except as provided in s. 673.4191(5) or by agreement of the affected parties, a party having joint and several liability who pays the instrument is entitled to receive from any party having the same joint and several liability contribution in accordance with applicable law.
(3) Discharge of one party having joint and several liability by a person entitled to enforce the instrument does not affect the right under subsection (2) of a party having the same joint and several liability to receive contribution from the party discharged.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1171 - Other agreements affecting instrument.

673.1171 Other agreements affecting instrument.—Subject to applicable law regarding exclusion of proof of contemporaneous or previous agreements, the obligation of a party to an instrument to pay the instrument may be modified, supplemented, or nullified by a separate agreement of the obligor and a person entitled to enforce the instrument, if the instrument is issued or the obligation is incurred in reliance on the agreement or as part of the same transaction giving rise to the agreement. To the extent an obligation is modified, supplemented, or nullified by an agreement under this section, the agreement is a defense to the obligation.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1181 - Statute of limitations.

673.1181 Statute of limitations.—Chapter 95 governs when an action to enforce an obligation, duty, or right arising under this chapter must be commenced.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part I - General Provisions and Definitions (Ss. 673.1011-673.1191) › 673.1191 - Notice of right to defend action.

673.1191 Notice of right to defend action.—In an action for breach of an obligation for which a third person is answerable over pursuant to this chapter or chapter 674, the defendant may give the third person written notice of the litigation, and the person notified may then give similar notice to any other person who is answerable over. If the notice states that the person notified may come in and defend and that failure to do so will bind the person notified in an action later brought by the person giving the notice as to any determination of fact common to the two litigations, the person notified is so bound unless after seasonable receipt of the notice the person notified does come in and defend.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part II - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement (Ss. 673.2011-673.2071) › 673.2011 - Negotiation.

673.2011 Negotiation.—
(1) The term “negotiation” means a transfer of possession, whether voluntary or involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person who thereby becomes its holder.
(2) Except for negotiation by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an identified person, negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument and its indorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, it may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part II - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement (Ss. 673.2011-673.2071) › 673.2021 - Negotiation subject to rescission.

673.2021 Negotiation subject to rescission.—
(1) Negotiation is effective even if obtained:
(a) From an infant, a corporation exceeding its powers, or a person without capacity;
(b) By fraud, duress, or mistake; or
(c) In breach of duty or as part of an illegal transaction.
(2) To the extent permitted by other law, negotiation may be rescinded or may be subject to other remedies, but those remedies may not be asserted against a subsequent holder in due course or a person paying the instrument in good faith and without knowledge of facts that are a basis for rescission or other remedy.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part II - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement (Ss. 673.2011-673.2071) › 673.2031 - Transfer of instrument; rights acquired by transfer.

673.2031 Transfer of instrument; rights acquired by transfer.—
(1) An instrument is transferred when it is delivered by a person other than its issuer for the purpose of giving to the person receiving delivery the right to enforce the instrument.
(2) Transfer of an instrument, whether or not the transfer is a negotiation, vests in the transferee any right of the transferor to enforce the instrument, including any right as a holder in due course, but the transferee cannot acquire rights of a holder in due course by a transfer, directly or indirectly, from a holder in due course if the transferee engaged in fraud or illegality affecting the instrument.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed, if an instrument is transferred for value and the transferee does not become a holder because of lack of indorsement by the transferor, the transferee has a specifically enforceable right to the unqualified indorsement of the transferor, but negotiation of the instrument does not occur until the indorsement is made.
(4) If a transferor purports to transfer less than the entire instrument, negotiation of the instrument does not occur. The transferee obtains no rights under this chapter and has only the rights of a partial assignee.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part II - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement (Ss. 673.2011-673.2071) › 673.2041 - Indorsement.

673.2041 Indorsement.—
(1) The term “indorsement” means a signature, other than that of a signer as maker, drawer, or acceptor, that alone or accompanied by other words is made on an instrument for the purpose of negotiating the instrument, restricting payment of the instrument, or incurring indorser’s liability on the instrument; but, regardless of the intent of the signer, a signature and its accompanying words is an indorsement unless the accompanying words, terms of the instrument, place of the signature, or other circumstances unambiguously indicate that the signature was made for a purpose other than indorsement. For the purpose of determining whether a signature is made on an instrument, a paper affixed to the instrument is a part of the instrument.
(2) The term “indorser” means a person who makes an indorsement.
(3) For the purpose of determining whether the transferee of an instrument is a holder, an indorsement that transfers a security interest in the instrument is effective as an unqualified indorsement of the instrument.
(4) If an instrument is payable to a holder under a name that is not the name of the holder, indorsement may be made by the holder in the name stated in the instrument or in the holder’s name or both, but signature in both names may be required by a person paying or taking the instrument for value or collection.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part II - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement (Ss. 673.2011-673.2071) › 673.2051 - Special indorsement; blank indorsement; anomalous indorsement.

673.2051 Special indorsement; blank indorsement; anomalous indorsement.—
(1) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument, whether payable to an identified person or payable to bearer, and the indorsement identifies a person to whom it makes the instrument payable, it is a “special indorsement.” When specially indorsed, an instrument becomes payable to the identified person and may be negotiated only by the indorsement of that person. The principles stated in s. 673.1101 apply to special indorsements.
(2) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument and it is not a special indorsement, it is a “blank indorsement.” When indorsed in blank, an instrument becomes payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone until specially indorsed.
(3) The holder may convert a blank indorsement that consists only of a signature into a special indorsement by writing, above the signature of the indorser, words identifying the person to whom the instrument is made payable.
(4) The term “anomalous indorsement” means an indorsement made by a person who is not the holder of the instrument. An anomalous indorsement does not affect the manner in which the instrument may be negotiated.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part II - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement (Ss. 673.2011-673.2071) › 673.2071 - Reacquisition.

673.2071 Reacquisition.—Reacquisition of an instrument occurs if it is transferred to a former holder, by negotiation or otherwise. A former holder who reacquires the instrument may cancel indorsements made after the reacquirer first became a holder of the instrument. If the cancellation causes the instrument to be payable to the reacquirer or to bearer, the reacquirer may negotiate the instrument. An indorser whose indorsement is canceled is discharged, and the discharge is effective against any subsequent holder.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part III - Enforcement of Instruments (Ss. 673.3011-673.3121) › 673.3011 - Person entitled to enforce instrument.

673.3011 Person entitled to enforce instrument.—The term “person entitled to enforce” an instrument means:
(1) The holder of the instrument;
(2) A nonholder in possession of the instrument who has the rights of a holder; or
(3) A person not in possession of the instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to s. 673.3091 or s. 673.4181(4).
A person may be a person entitled to enforce the instrument even though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part III - Enforcement of Instruments (Ss. 673.3011-673.3121) › 673.3021 - Holder in due course.

673.3021 Holder in due course.—
(1) Subject to subsection (3) and s. 673.1061(4), the term “holder in due course” means the holder of an instrument if:
(a) The instrument when issued or negotiated to the holder does not bear such apparent evidence of forgery or alteration or is not otherwise so irregular or incomplete as to call into question its authenticity; and
(b) The holder took the instrument:
1. For value;
2. In good faith;
3. Without notice that the instrument is overdue or has been dishonored or that there is an uncured default with respect to payment of another instrument issued as part of the same series;
4. Without notice that the instrument contains an unauthorized signature or has been altered;
5. Without notice of any claim to the instrument described in s. 673.3061; and
6. Without notice that any party has a defense or claim in recoupment described in s. 673.3051(1).
(2) Notice of discharge of a party, other than discharge in an insolvency proceeding, is not notice of a defense under subsection (1), but discharge is effective against a person who became a holder in due course with notice of the discharge. Public filing or recording of a document does not of itself constitute notice of a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument.
(3) Except to the extent a transferor or predecessor in interest has rights as a holder in due course, a person does not acquire rights of a holder in due course of an instrument taken:
(a) By legal process or by purchase in an execution, bankruptcy, or creditor’s sale or similar proceeding;
(b) By purchase as part of a bulk transaction not in ordinary course of business of the transferor; or
(c) As the successor in interest to an estate or other organization.
(4) If, under s. 673.3031(1)(a), the promise of performance that is the consideration for an instrument has been partially performed, the holder may assert rights as a holder in due course of the instrument only to the fraction of the amount payable under the instrument equal to the value of the partial performance divided by the value of the promised performance.
(5) If the person entitled to enforce an instrument has only a security interest in the instrument and the person obliged to pay the instrument has a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument that may be asserted against the person who granted the security interest, the person entitled to enforce the instrument may assert rights as a holder in due course only to an amount payable under the instrument which, at the time of enforcement of the instrument, does not exceed the amount of the unpaid obligation secured.
(6) To be effective, notice must be received at a time and in a manner that gives a reasonable opportunity to act on it.
(7) This section is subject to any law limiting status as a holder in due course in particular classes of transactions.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part III - Enforcement of Instruments (Ss. 673.3011-673.3121) › 673.3031 - Value and consideration.

673.3031 Value and consideration.—
(1) An instrument is issued or transferred for value if:
(a) The instrument is issued or transferred for a promise of performance, to the extent the promise has been performed;
(b) The transferee acquires a security interest or other lien in the instrument other than a lien obtained by judicial proceeding;
(c) The instrument is issued or transferred as payment of, or as security for, an antecedent claim against any person, whether or not the claim is due;
(d) The instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for a negotiable instrument; or
(e) The instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for the incurring of an irrevocable obligation to a third party by the person taking the instrument.
(2) The term “consideration” means any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract. The drawer or maker of an instrument has a defense if the instrument is issued without consideration. If an instrument is issued for a promise of performance, the issuer has a defense to the extent performance of the promise is due and the promise has not been performed. If an instrument is issued for value as stated in subsection (1), the instrument is also issued for consideration.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part III - Enforcement of Instruments (Ss. 673.3011-673.3121) › 673.3041 - Overdue instrument.

673.3041 Overdue instrument.—
(1) An instrument payable on demand becomes overdue at the earliest of the following times:
(a) On the day after the day demand for payment is duly made;
(b) If the instrument is a check, 90 days after its date; or
(c) If the instrument is not a check, when the instrument has been outstanding for a period of time after its date which is unreasonably long under the circumstances of the particular case in light of the nature of the instrument and usage of the trade.
(2) With respect to an instrument payable at a definite time, the following rules apply:
(a) If the principal is payable in installments and a due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue upon default under the instrument for nonpayment of an installment, and the instrument remains overdue until the default is cured.
(b) If the principal is not payable in installments and the due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the due date.
(c) If a due date with respect to principal has been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the accelerated due date.
(3) Unless the due date of principal has been accelerated, an instrument does not become overdue if there is default in payment of interest but no default in payment of principal.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part III - Enforcement of Instruments (Ss. 673.3011-673.3121) › 673.3051 - Defenses and claims in recoupment.

673.3051 Defenses and claims in recoupment.—
(1) Except as stated in subsection (2), the right to enforce the obligation of a party to pay an instrument is subject to:
(a) A defense of the obligor based on:
1. Infancy of the obligor to the extent it is a defense to a simple contract;
2. Duress, lack of legal capacity, or illegality of the transaction which, under other law, nullifies the obligation of the obligor;
3. Fraud that induced the obligor to sign the instrument with neither knowledge nor reasonable opportunity to learn of its character or its essential terms; or
4. Discharge of the obligor in insolvency proceedings;
(b) A defense of the obligor stated in another section of this chapter or a defense of the obligor that would be available if the person entitled to enforce the instrument were enforcing a right to payment under a simple contract; and
(c) A claim in recoupment of the obligor against the original payee of the instrument if the claim arose from the transaction that gave rise to the instrument; but the claim of the obligor may be asserted against a transferee of the instrument only to reduce the amount owing on the instrument at the time the action is brought.
(2) The right of a holder in due course to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument is subject to defenses of the obligor stated in paragraph (1)(a), but is not subject to defenses of the obligor stated in paragraph (1)(b) or claims in recoupment stated in paragraph (1)(c) against a person other than the holder.
(3) Except as stated in subsection (4), in an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument, the obligor may not assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument (s. 673.3061) of another person, but the other person’s claim to the instrument may be asserted by the obligor if the other person is joined in the action and personally asserts the claim against the person entitled to enforce the instrument. An obligor is not obliged to pay the instrument if the person seeking enforcement of the instrument does not have rights of a holder in due course and the obligor proves that the instrument is a lost or stolen instrument.
(4) In an action to enforce the obligation of an accommodation party to pay an instrument, the accommodation party may assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument any defense or claim in recoupment under subsection (1) that the accommodated party could assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument, except the defenses of discharge in insolvency proceedings, infancy, and lack of legal capacity.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part III - Enforcement of Instruments (Ss. 673.3011-673.3121) › 673.3061 - Claims to an instrument.

673.3061 Claims to an instrument.—A person taking an instrument, other than a person having rights of a holder in due course, is subject to a claim of a property or possessory right in the instrument or its proceeds, including a claim to rescind a negotiation and to recover the instrument or its proceeds. A person having rights of a holder in due course takes free of the claim to the instrument.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part III - Enforcement of Instruments (Ss. 673.3011-673.3121) › 673.3071 - Notice of breach of fiduciary duty.

673.3071 Notice of breach of fiduciary duty.—
(1) In this section, the term:
(a) “Fiduciary” means an agent, trustee, partner, corporate officer or director, or other representative owing a fiduciary duty with respect to an instrument.
(b) “Represented person” means the principal, beneficiary, partnership, corporation, or other person to whom the duty stated in paragraph (a) is owed.
(2) If an instrument is taken from a fiduciary for payment or collection or for value, the taker has knowledge of the fiduciary status of the fiduciary, and the represented person makes a claim to the instrument or its proceeds on the basis that the transaction of the fiduciary is a breach of fiduciary duty, the following rules apply:
(a) Notice of breach of fiduciary duty by the fiduciary is notice of the claim of the represented person.
(b) In the case of an instrument payable to the represented person or the fiduciary as such, the taker has notice of the breach of fiduciary duty if the instrument is:
1. Taken in payment of or as security for a debt known by the taker to be the personal debt of the fiduciary;
2. Taken in a transaction known by the taker to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary; or
3. Deposited to an account other than an account of the fiduciary, as such, or an account of the represented person.
(c) If an instrument is issued by the represented person or the fiduciary, as such, and made payable to the fiduciary personally, the taker does not have notice of the breach of fiduciary duty unless the taker knows of the breach of fiduciary duty.
(d) If an instrument is issued by the represented person or the fiduciary, as such, to the taker as payee, the taker has notice of the breach of fiduciary duty if the instrument is:
1. Taken in payment of or as security for a debt known by the taker to be the personal debt of the fiduciary;
2. Taken in a transaction known by the taker to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary; or
3. Deposited to an account other than an account of the fiduciary, as such, or an account of the represented person.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part III - Enforcement of Instruments (Ss. 673.3011-673.3121) › 673.3081 - Proof of signatures and status as holder in due course.

673.3081 Proof of signatures and status as holder in due course.—
(1) In an action with respect to an instrument, the authenticity of, and authority to make, each signature on the instrument is admitted unless specifically denied in the pleadings. If the validity of a signature is denied in the pleadings, the burden of establishing validity is on the person claiming validity, but the signature is presumed to be authentic and authorized unless the action is to enforce the liability of the purported signer and the signer is dead or incompetent at the time of trial of the issue of validity of the signature. If an action to enforce the instrument is brought against a person as the undisclosed principal of a person who signed the instrument as a party to the instrument, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing that the defendant is liable on the instrument as a represented person under s. 673.4021(1).
(2) If the validity of signatures is admitted or proved and there is compliance with subsection (1), a plaintiff producing the instrument is entitled to payment if the plaintiff proves entitlement to enforce the instrument under s. 673.3011, unless the defendant proves a defense or claim in recoupment. If a defense or claim in recoupment is proved, the right to payment of the plaintiff is subject to the defense or claim, except to the extent the plaintiff proves that the plaintiff has rights of a holder in due course which are not subject to the defense or claim.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part III - Enforcement of Instruments (Ss. 673.3011-673.3121) › 673.3091 - Enforcement of lost, destroyed, or stolen instrument.

673.3091 Enforcement of lost, destroyed, or stolen instrument.—
(1) A person not in possession of an instrument is entitled to enforce the instrument if:
(a) The person seeking to enforce the instrument was entitled to enforce the instrument when loss of possession occurred, or has directly or indirectly acquired ownership of the instrument from a person who was entitled to enforce the instrument when loss of possession occurred;
(b) The loss of possession was not the result of a transfer by the person or a lawful seizure; and
(c) The person cannot reasonably obtain possession of the instrument because the instrument was destroyed, its whereabouts cannot be determined, or it is in the wrongful possession of an unknown person or a person that cannot be found or is not amenable to service of process.
(2) A person seeking enforcement of an instrument under subsection (1) must prove the terms of the instrument and the person’s right to enforce the instrument. If that proof is made, s. 673.3081 applies to the case as if the person seeking enforcement had produced the instrument. The court may not enter judgment in favor of the person seeking enforcement unless it finds that the person required to pay the instrument is adequately protected against loss that might occur by reason of a claim by another person to enforce the instrument. Adequate protection may be provided by any reasonable means.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82; s. 1, ch. 2004-3.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part III - Enforcement of Instruments (Ss. 673.3011-673.3121) › 673.3101 - Effect of instrument on obligation for which taken.

673.3101 Effect of instrument on obligation for which taken.—
(1) Unless otherwise agreed, if a certified check, cashier’s check, or teller’s check is taken for an obligation, the obligation is discharged to the same extent discharge would result if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken in payment of the obligation. Discharge of the obligation does not affect any liability that the obligor may have as an indorser of the instrument.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed and except as provided in subsection (1), if a note or an uncertified check is taken for an obligation, the obligation is suspended to the same extent the obligation would be discharged if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken, and the following rules apply:
(a) In the case of an uncertified check, suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the check or until it is paid or certified. Payment or certification of the check results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the amount of the check.
(b) In the case of a note, suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the note or until it is paid. Payment of the note results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the payment.
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (d), if the check or note is dishonored and the obligee of the obligation for which the instrument was taken is the person entitled to enforce the instrument, the obligee may enforce either the instrument or the obligation. In the case of an instrument of a third person which is negotiated to the obligee by the obligor, discharge of the obligor on the instrument also discharges the obligation.
(d) If the person entitled to enforce the instrument taken for an obligation is a person other than the obligee, the obligee may not enforce the obligation to the extent the obligation is suspended. If the obligee is the person entitled to enforce the instrument but no longer has possession of it because it was lost, stolen, or destroyed, the obligation may not be enforced to the extent of the amount payable on the instrument, and to that extent the obligee’s rights against the obligor are limited to enforcement of the instrument.
(3) If an instrument other than one described in subsection (1) or subsection (2) is taken for an obligation, the effect is:
(a) That stated in subsection (1) if the instrument is one on which a bank is liable as maker or acceptor; or
(b) That stated in subsection (2) in any other case.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part III - Enforcement of Instruments (Ss. 673.3011-673.3121) › 673.3111 - Accord and satisfaction by use of instrument.

673.3111 Accord and satisfaction by use of instrument.—
(1) If a person against whom a claim is asserted proves that that person in good faith tendered an instrument to the claimant as full satisfaction of the claim, that the amount of the claim was unliquidated or subject to a bona fide dispute, and that the claimant obtained payment of the instrument, the following subsections apply.
(2) Unless subsection (3) applies, the claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that the instrument or an accompanying written communication contained a conspicuous statement to the effect that the instrument was tendered as full satisfaction of the claim.
(3) Subject to subsection (4), a claim is not discharged under subsection (2) if either paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) applies:
(a) The claimant, if an organization, proves that:
1. Within a reasonable time before the tender, the claimant sent a conspicuous statement to the person against whom the claim is asserted that communications concerning disputed debts, including an instrument tendered as full satisfaction of a debt, are to be sent to a designated person, office, or place; and
2. The instrument or accompanying communication was not received by that designated person, office, or place.
(b) The claimant, whether or not an organization, proves that, within 90 days after payment of the instrument, the claimant tendered repayment of the amount of the instrument to the person against whom the claim is asserted. This paragraph does not apply if the claimant is an organization that sent a statement complying with subparagraph (a)1.
(4) A claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that within a reasonable time before collection of the instrument was initiated, the claimant, or an agent of the claimant having direct responsibility with respect to the disputed obligation, knew that the instrument was tendered in full satisfaction of the claim.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part IV - Liability of Parties (Ss. 673.4011-673.4201) › 673.4011 - Signature.

673.4011 Signature.—
(1) A person is not liable on an instrument unless:
(a) The person signed the instrument; or
(b) The person is represented by an agent or representative who signed the instrument and the signature is binding on the represented person under s. 673.4021.
(2) A signature may be made:
(a) Manually or by means of a device or machine; and
(b) By the use of any name, including a trade or assumed name, or by a word, mark, or symbol executed or adopted by a person with present intention to authenticate a writing.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part IV - Liability of Parties (Ss. 673.4011-673.4201) › 673.4021 - Signature by representative.

673.4021 Signature by representative.—
(1) If a person acting, or purporting to act, as a representative signs an instrument by signing either the name of the represented person or the name of the signer, the represented person is bound by the signature to the same extent the represented person would be bound if the signature were on a simple contract. If the represented person is bound, the signature of the representative is the “authorized signature of the represented person” and the represented person is liable on the instrument, whether or not identified in the instrument.
(2) If a representative signs the name of the representative to an instrument and the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person, the following rules apply:
(a) If the form of the signature shows unambiguously that the signature is made on behalf of the represented person who is identified in the instrument, the representative is not liable on the instrument.
(b) Subject to subsection (3), if the form of the signature does not show unambiguously that the signature is made in a representative capacity or if the represented person is not identified in the instrument, the representative is liable on the instrument to a holder in due course that took the instrument without notice that the representative was not intended to be liable on the instrument. With respect to any other person, the representative is liable on the instrument unless the representative proves that the original parties did not intend the representative to be liable on the instrument.
(3) If a representative signs the name of the representative as drawer of a check without indication of the representative status and the check is payable from an account of the represented person who is identified on the check, the signer is not liable on the check if the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.
2023 Florida Statutes › Title XXXIX - Commercial Relations › Chapter 673 - Uniform Commercial Code: Negotiable Instruments › Part IV - Liability of Parties (Ss. 673.4011-673.4201) › 673.4031 - Unauthorized signature.

673.4031 Unauthorized signature.—
(1) Unless otherwise provided in this chapter or chapter 674, an unauthorized signature is ineffective except as the signature of the unauthorized signer in favor of a person who in good faith pays the instrument or takes it for value. An unauthorized signature may be ratified for all purposes of this chapter.
(2) If the signature of more than one person is required to constitute the authorized signature of an organization, the signature of the organization is unauthorized if one of the required signatures is lacking.
(3) The civil or criminal liability of a person who makes an unauthorized signature is not affected by any provision of this chapter which makes the unauthorized signature effective for the purposes of this chapter.
History.—s. 2, ch. 92-82.