2023 Colorado Revised Statutes › Title 18 - CRIMINAL CODE (§§ 18-1-101 — 18-26-102) › Article 18 - UNIFORM CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT OF 2013 (§§ 18-18-101 — 18-18-607) › Part 4 - OFFENSES AND PENALTIES (§§ 18-18-401 — 18-18-434) › Section 18-18-407 - Special offender - definitions

(1)
A person who commits a felony offense pursuant to this part 4 under any one or more of the following aggravating circumstances commits a level 1 drug felony and is a special offender:
(a)
The defendant committed the violation as part of a pattern of manufacturing, sale, dispensing, or distributing controlled substances, which violation is a felony under applicable laws of Colorado, which constituted a substantial source of that person's income, and in which that person manifested special skill or expertise;
(b)
The defendant committed the violation in the course of, or in furtherance of, a conspiracy with one or more persons to engage in a pattern of manufacturing, sale, dispensing, or distributing a controlled substance, which offense is a felony under applicable laws of Colorado, and the defendant did, or agreed that he or she would, initiate, organize, plan, finance, direct, manage, or supervise all or part of such conspiracy or manufacture, sale, dispensing, or distributing, or give or receive a bribe, or use force in connection with such manufacture, sale, dispensing, or distribution;
(c)
The defendant committed the violation and in the course of that violation, introduced or imported into the state of Colorado more than fourteen grams of any schedule I or II controlled substance listed in part 2 of this article 18; more than seven grams of methamphetamine, heroin, ketamine, or cathinones; ten milligrams of flunitrazepam; or any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that weighs more than four grams and contains fentanyl, carfentanil, benzimidazole opiate, or an analog thereof as described in section
18-18-204 (2)(g)
;
(d)
(I)
The defendant used, displayed, or possessed on his or her person or within his or her immediate reach, a deadly weapon as defined in section
18-1-901 (3)(e)
at the time of the commission of a violation; or
(II)
The defendant or a confederate of the defendant possessed a firearm, as defined in section
18-1-901 (3)(h)
, to which the defendant or confederate had access in a manner that posed a risk to others or in a vehicle the defendant was occupying at the time of the commission of the violation;
(e)
The defendant solicited, induced, encouraged, intimidated, employed, hired, or procured a child, as defined in section
19-1-103
, to act as the defendant's agent to assist in the unlawful distribution, manufacturing, dispensing, sale, or possession for the purposes of sale of any controlled substance at the time of the commission of the violation. It is not a defense pursuant to this subsection (1)(e) that the defendant did not know the age of the child.
(f)
(I)
The defendant engaged in a continuing criminal enterprise by violating any felony provision; and
(II)
The violation is a part of a continuing series of two or more violations of this part 4 on separate occasions:
(A)
Which are undertaken by that person in concert with five or more other persons with respect to whom that person occupies a position of organizer, supervisor, or any other position of management; and
(B)
From which that person obtained substantial income or resources.
(g)
(I)
The defendant is convicted of selling, distributing, possessing with intent to distribute, manufacturing, or attempting to manufacture any controlled substance either within or upon the grounds of any public or private elementary school, middle school, junior high school, or high school, vocational school, or public housing development; within one thousand feet of the perimeter of any such school or public housing development grounds on any street, alley, parkway, sidewalk, public park, playground, or other area or premises that is accessible to the public; within any private dwelling that is accessible to the public for the purpose of the sale, distribution, use, exchange, manufacture, or attempted manufacture of controlled substances in violation of this article; or in any school vehicle, as defined in section
42-1-102
(88.5), C.R.S., while such school vehicle is engaged in the transportation of persons who are students.
(II)
The department of education may cooperate with local boards of education and the officials of public housing developments and make recommendations regarding the uniform implementation and furnishing of notice of the provisions of this paragraph (g). Such recommendations may include, but need not be limited to, the uniform use of signs and other methods of notification that may be used to implement this paragraph (g).
(III)
For the purposes of this section, the term "public housing development" means any low-income housing project of any state, county, municipal, or other governmental entity or public body owned and operated by a public housing authority that has an on-site manager. "Public housing development"does not include single-family dispersed housing or small or large clusters of dispersed housing having no on-site manager.
(h)
The defendant committed a violation of section
18-18-405 (2)(a)(I)(D), (2)(b)(I)(D), or (2)(c)(V)
, and the defendant possessed pill or tablet manufacturing equipment with the intent to use the equipment in the manufacture of a controlled substance.
(2)
(a)
In support of the findings under paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of this section, it may be shown that the defendant has had in his or her own name or under his or her control income or property not explained as derived from a source other than such manufacture, sale, dispensing, or distribution of controlled substances.
(b)
For the purposes of paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of this section only, a "substantial source of that person's income" means a source of income which, for any period of one year or more, exceeds the minimum wage, determined on the basis of a forty-hour week and fifty-week year, or which, for the same period, exceeds fifty percent of the defendant's declared adjusted gross income under Colorado or any other state law or under federal law, whichever adjusted gross income is less.
(c)
For the purposes of paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of this section, "special skill or expertise" in such manufacture, sale, dispensing, or distribution includes any unusual knowledge, judgment, or ability, including manual dexterity, facilitating the initiation, organizing, planning, financing, directing, managing, supervising, executing, or concealing of such manufacture, sale, dispensing, or distributing, the enlistment of accomplices in such manufacture, sale, dispensing, or distribution, the escape from detection or apprehension for such manufacture, sale, dispensing, or distribution, or the disposition of the fruits or proceeds of such manufacture, sale, dispensing, or distribution.
(d)
For the purposes of paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (1) of this section, such manufacture, sale, dispensing, or distribution forms a pattern if it embraces criminal acts which have the same or similar purposes, results, participants, victims, or methods of commission or otherwise are interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated events.
(3)
Reserved.
(4) and (5)
(Deleted by amendment, L. 2013.)
Amended by 2022 Ch. 225, § 4, eff. 7/1/2022, app. to offenses committed on or after 7/1/2022.
Amended by 2021 Ch. 136, § 58, eff. 10/1/2021.
Amended by 2014 Ch. 391, § 20, eff. 7/1/2014.
Amended by 2013 Ch. 333, § 16, eff. 10/1/2013.
L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 361, § 1, effective July 1. L. 93: (2) amended, p. 972, § 3, effective July 1. L. 94: (2)(a) amended, p. 1723, § 25, effective July 1; (2)(a) amended, p. 2553, § 45, effective 1/1/1995. L. 97: IP(1), (2)(a), and (2)(c) amended, pp. 1542, 1544, §§ 8, 12, effective July 1. L. 2000: (1)(d) and (2)(a) amended, pp. 709, 708, §§ 42, 40, effective July 1. L. 2002: (2)(a) amended, p. 1581, § 6, effective July 1; (2)(a) amended, p. 1520, § 214, effective October 1. L. 2003: IP(1), (2)(a), and (5) amended, p. 1423, § 1, effective April 29. L. 2010: (2)(a) amended, (HB 10-1232), ch. 568, p. 568, § 2, effective April 28; (1)(d), (1)(e), and (1)(f) amended, (HB 10-1352), ch. 1170, p. 1170, § 7, effective August 11. L. 2013: Entire section amended, (SB 13-250), ch. 333, p. 1917, § 16, effective October 1. L. 2014: IP(1), (1)(c), and (1)(d)(II) amended, (SB 14-163), ch. 1978, p. 1978, § 20, effective July 1. L. 2021: IP(1) and (1)(e) amended, (SB 21-059), ch. 725, p. 725, § 58, effective October 1.
(1) This section is similar to former § 18-18-107 as it existed prior to 1992.
(2) Amendments to subsection (2)(a) in House Bill 94-1126 and Senate Bill 94-1 were harmonized, effective January 1, 1995. Amendments to subsection (2)(a) by House Bill 02-1237 and House Bill 02-1046 were harmonized.
For the legislative declaration contained in the 2002 act amending subsection (2)(a), see section 1 of chapter 318, Session Laws of Colorado 2002.