reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY › CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind › Section 982.

982. (a) The owner of any rights in any original works of authorship not fixed in any tangible medium of expression may transfer the ownership therein.
(b) The owner of any invention or design, or of any representation or expression thereof, may transfer his or her proprietary interest in it.
(c) Notwithstanding any other provision in this section, whenever a work of fine art is transferred, whether by sale or on commission or otherwise, by or on behalf of the artist who created it, or that artist’s heir, legatee, or personal representative, the right of reproduction thereof is reserved to such artist or such heir, legatee, or personal representative until it passes into the public domain by act or operation of law, unless that right is expressly transferred by a document in writing in which reference is made to the specific right of reproduction, signed by the owner of the rights conveyed or that person’s duly authorized agent. If the transfer is pursuant to an employment relationship, the right of reproduction is transferred to the employer, unless it is expressly reserved in writing. If the transfer is pursuant to a legacy or inheritance, the right of reproduction is transferred to the legatee or heir, unless it is expressly reserved by will or codicil. Nothing contained herein, however, shall be construed to prohibit the fair use of such work of fine art.
(d) As used in subdivision (c):
(1) “Fine art” means any work of visual art, including but not limited to, a drawing, painting, sculpture, mosaic, or photograph, a work of calligraphy, work of graphic art (including an etching, lithograph, offset print, silk screen, or a work of graphic art of like nature), crafts (including crafts in clay, textile, fiber, wood, metal, plastic, and like materials), or mixed media (including a collage, assemblage, or any combination of the foregoing art media).
(2) “Artist” means the creator of a work of fine art.
(3) “Right of reproduction”, at the present state of commerce and technology shall be interpreted as including, but shall not be limited to, the following: reproduction of works of fine art as prints suitable for framing; facsimile casts of sculpture; reproductions used for greeting cards; reproductions in general books and magazines not devoted primarily to art, and in newspapers in other than art or news sections, when such reproductions in books, magazines, and newspapers are used for purposes similar to those of material for which the publishers customarily pay; art films; television, except from stations operated for educational purposes, or on programs for educational purposes from all stations; and reproductions used in any form of advertising, including magazines, calendars, newspapers, posters, billboards, films or television.
(e) The amendments to this section made at the 1975–76 Regular Session shall only apply to transfers made on or after January 1, 1976.
(Amended by Stats. 1982, Ch. 574, Sec. 4.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY › CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind › Section 983.

983. If the owner of any invention or design intentionally makes it public, a copy or reproduction may be made public by any person, without responsiblily to the owner, so far as the law of this state is concerned.
(Amended by Stats. 1982, Ch. 574, Sec. 5.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY › CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind › Section 984.

984. If the owner of an invention or design does not make it public, any other person subsequently and originally producing the same thing has the same right therein as the prior inventor, which is exclusive to the same extent against all persons except the prior inventor, or those claiming under him.
(Added by Stats. 1949, Ch. 921.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY › CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind › Section 985.

985. Letters and other private communications in writing belong to the person to whom they are addressed and delivered; but they cannot be published against the will of the writer, except by authority of law.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY › CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind › Section 988.

988. (a) For the purpose of this section:
(1) The term “artist” means the creator of a work of art.
(2) The term “work of art” means any work of visual or graphic art of any media including, but not limited to, a painting, print, drawing, sculpture, craft, photograph, or film.
(b) Whenever an exclusive or nonexclusive conveyance of any right to reproduce, prepare derivative works based on, distribute copies of, publicly perform, or publicly display a work of art is made by or on behalf of the artist who created it or the owner at the time of the conveyance, ownership of the physical work of art shall remain with and be reserved to the artist or owner, as the case may be, unless such right of ownership is expressly transferred by an instrument, note, memorandum, or other writing, signed by the artist, the owner, or their duly authorized agent.
(c) Whenever an exclusive or nonexclusive conveyance of any right to reproduce, prepare derivative works based on, distribute copies of, publicly perform, or publicly display a work of art is made by or on behalf of the artist who created it or the owner at the time of the conveyance, any ambiguity with respect to the nature or extent of the rights conveyed shall be resolved in favor of the reservation of rights by the artist or owner, unless in any given case the federal copyright law provides to the contrary.
(Added by Stats. 1982, Ch. 1319, Sec. 1.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY › CHAPTER 4 - Other Kinds of Personal Property › Section 994.

994. Instruments essential to the title of real property, and which are not kept in a public office as a record, pursuant to law, belong to the person in whom, for the time being, such title may be vested, and pass with the title.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY › CHAPTER 4 - Other Kinds of Personal Property › Section 996.

996. Whenever fur bearing animals, which are by their nature known as wild animals, have been brought into, or born in, restraint or captivity upon any farm or ranch for the purpose of cultivating or pelting their furs, such animals, together with their offspring or increase, shall be the subjects of ownership, lien, and all kinds of absolute and other property rights, the same as purely domestic animals, in whatever situation, location, or condition such fur bearing animals may thereafter come or be, and regardless of their remaining in or escaping from such restraint or captivity. Such fur bearing animals shall receive the same protection of law, and in the same way and to the same extent shall be the subject of trespass or larceny as other personal property and shall be considered and classified as domestic animals for the purpose of and within the meaning of any statute or law relating generally to domestic animals, other than dogs and cats or other pets, or relating to farming, to animal husbandry, or to the encouragement of agriculture, unless any such statute or law is impossible of application to such fur bearing animals.
(Added by Stats. 1941, Ch. 404.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY › CHAPTER 4 - Other Kinds of Personal Property › Section 997.

997. In this state, for any purpose, porcelain painting and stained glass artistry shall be considered a fine art and not a craft.
(Amended by Stats. 1982, Ch. 1609, Sec. 3.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY › CHAPTER 4 - Other Kinds of Personal Property › Section 998.

998. Any private vendor of electronic data processing equipment or telecommunications goods and services may sell or lease equipment, goods, or services to a private school for the same price and on similar terms as the vendor sells or leases the equipment, goods, or services to a public school or school district.
(Added by Stats. 1988, Ch. 858, Sec. 1.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 1 - MODES IN WHICH PROPERTY MAY BE ACQUIRED › Section 1000.

1000. Property is acquired by:
1. Occupancy;
2. Accession;
3. Transfer;
4. Will; or,
5. Succession.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 1 - MODES IN WHICH PROPERTY MAY BE ACQUIRED › Section 1001.

1001. (a) As used in this section, “utility service” means water, gas, electric, drainage, sewer, or telephone service.
(b) Any owner of real property may acquire by eminent domain an appurtenant easement to provide utility service to the owner’s property.
(c) In lieu of the requirements of Section 1240.030 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the power of eminent domain may be exercised to acquire an appurtenant easement under this section only if all of the following are established:
(1) There is a great necessity for the taking.
(2) The location of the easement affords the most reasonable service to the property to which it is appurtenant, consistent with the least damage to the burdened property.
(3) The hardship to the owner of the appurtenant property, if the taking is not permitted, clearly outweighs any hardship to the owner of the burdened property.
(Added by Stats. 1976, Ch. 994.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 1 - MODES IN WHICH PROPERTY MAY BE ACQUIRED › Section 1002.

1002. (a) Subject to the provisions of Article 3 (commencing with Section 1245.310) of Chapter 4 of Title 7 of Part 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the power of eminent domain may be exercised by an owner of real property to acquire a temporary right to enter upon adjacent or nearby property to repair or reconstruct land or improvements, if all of the following conditions are established or met:
(1) There is a necessity to do the repair or reconstruction work and there is a great necessity to enter upon the adjacent or nearby property to do the repair or reconstruction work because (A) the repair or reconstruction work cannot be done safely without entry, or the cost of performing the repair or reconstruction work without entry would be substantially higher; and (B) the property without repair or reconstruction adversely affects the surrounding community.
(2) The right to enter upon the adjacent or nearby land will be exercised in a manner which provides the least damage to the property and the least inconvenience or annoyance to the occupants or owners thereof consistent with satisfactory completion of the repair or reconstruction work.
(3) The hardship to the person seeking to exercise the power of eminent domain, if that power is not exercised, clearly outweighs any hardship to the owner or occupant of the adjacent or nearby property.
(b) No entry shall be made upon the property to be condemned until an eminent domain proceeding has been commenced and then only after a court order permitting entry is issued or after judgment is entered for the plaintiff.
A deposit of security, in the form of cash or a bond, shall be made to the court in an amount the court determines is necessary to permit the owner of the adjacent or nearby property to restore the property to the condition it was in prior to the entry, if the person exercising the power of eminent domain does not do so within a reasonable period of time as determined by the court.
(c) The court may order the person acquiring the temporary right to enter the land of another, pursuant to this section, to pay the owner of the land subject to that temporary right a reasonable amount of rent for the use of the land.
(d) “Adjacent” or “nearby” for purposes of this section shall mean land contiguous with the property needing repair or reconstruction, or land through which the party granted temporary access must pass to reach adjacent land.
(e) The provisions of this section shall not apply to the temporary entry upon lands used primarily for the commercial production of agricultural commodities and forest products.
(Added by Stats. 1982, Ch. 1239, Sec. 1.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - OCCUPANCY › Section 1006.

1006. Occupancy for any period confers a title sufficient against all except the state and those who have title by prescription, accession, transfer, will, or succession; but the title conferred by occupancy is not a sufficient interest in real property to enable the occupant or the occupant’s privies to commence or maintain an action to quiet title, unless the occupancy has ripened into title by prescription.
(Amended by Stats. 1980, Ch. 44, Sec. 1.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - OCCUPANCY › Section 1007.

1007. Occupancy for the period prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure as sufficient to bar any action for the recovery of the property confers a title thereto, denominated a title by prescription, which is sufficient against all, but no possession by any person, firm or corporation no matter how long continued of any land, water, water right, easement, or other property whatsoever dedicated to a public use by a public utility, or dedicated to or owned by the state or any public entity, shall ever ripen into any title, interest or right against the owner thereof.
(Amended by Stats. 1968, Ch. 1112.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 2 - OCCUPANCY › Section 1008.

1008. No use by any person or persons, no matter how long continued, of any land, shall ever ripen into an easement by prescription, if the owner of such property posts at each entrance to the property or at intervals of not more than 200 feet along the boundary a sign reading substantially as follows: “Right to pass by permission, and subject to control, of owner: Section 1008, Civil Code.”
(Added by Stats. 1965, Ch. 926.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property › Section 1013.

1013. When a person affixes his property to the land of another, without an agreement permitting him to remove it, the thing affixed, except as otherwise provided in this chapter, belongs to the owner of the land, unless he chooses to require the former to remove it or the former elects to exercise the right of removal provided for in Section 1013.5 of this chapter.
(Amended by Stats. 1953, Ch. 1175.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property › Section 1013.5.

1013.5. (a) When any person, acting in good faith and, erroneously believing because of a mistake either of law or fact that he has a right to do so, affixes improvements to the land of another, such person, or his successor in interest, shall have the right to remove such improvements upon payment, as their interests shall appear, to the owner of the land, and any other person having any interest therein who acquired such interest for value after the commencement of the work of improvement and in reliance thereon, of all their damages proximately resulting from the affixing and removal of such improvements.
(b) In any action brought to enforce such right the owner of the land and encumbrancers of record shall be named as defendants, a notice of pendency of action shall be recorded before trial, and the owner of the land shall recover his costs of suit and a reasonable attorney’s fee to be fixed by the court.
(c) If it appears to the court that the total amount of damages cannot readily be ascertained prior to the removal of the improvements, or that it is otherwise in the interests of justice, the court may order an interlocutory judgment authorizing the removal of the improvements upon condition precedent that the plaintiff pay into court the estimated total damages, as found by the court or as stipulated.
(d) If the court finds that the holder of any lien upon the property acquired his lien in good faith and for value after the commencement of the work of improvement and in reliance thereon, or that as a result of the making or affixing of the improvements there is any lien against the property under Article XX, Section 15, of the Constitution of this State, judgment authorizing removal, final or interlocutory, shall not be given unless the holder of each such lien shall have consented to the removal of the improvements. Such consent shall be in writing and shall be filed with the court.
(e) The right created by this section is a right to remove improvements from land which may be exercised at the option of one who, acting in good faith and erroneously believing because of a mistake either of law or fact that he has a right to do so, affixes such improvements to the land of another. This section shall not be construed to affect or qualify the law as it existed prior to the 1953 amendment of this section with regard to the circumstances under which a court of equity will refuse to compel removal of an encroachment.
(Amended by Stats. 1955, Ch. 73.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property › Section 1014.

1014. Where, from natural causes, land forms by imperceptible degrees upon the bank of a river or stream, navigable or not navigable, either by accumulation of material or by the recession of the stream, such land belongs to the owner of the bank, subject to any existing right of way over the bank.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property › Section 1015.

1015. If a river or stream, navigable or not navigable, carries away, by sudden violence a considerable and distinguishable part of a bank, and bears it to the opposite bank, or to another part of the same bank, the owner of the part carried away may reclaim it within a year after the owner of the land to which it has been united takes possession thereof.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property › Section 1016.

1016. Islands and accumulations of land, formed in the beds of streams which are navigable, belong to the State, if there is no title or prescription to the contrary.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property › Section 1017.

1017. An island, or an accumulation of land, formed in a stream which is not navigable, belongs to the owner of the shore on that side where the island or accumulation is formed; or, if not formed on one side only, to the owners of the shore on the two sides, divided by an imaginary line drawn through the middle of the river.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property › Section 1018.

1018. If a stream, navigable or not navigable, in forming itself a new arm, divides itself and surrounds land belonging to the owner of the shore, and thereby forms an island, the island belongs to such owner.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property › Section [1019.].

[1019.]  Section Ten Hundred and Nineteen. A tenant may remove from the demised premises, any time during the continuance of his term, anything affixed thereto for purposes of trade, manufacture, ornament, or domestic use, if the removal can be effected without injury to the premises, unless the thing has, by the manner in which it is affixed, become an integral part of the premises.
(Repealed and added by Code Amendments 1873-74, Ch. 612.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property › Section 1025.

1025. When things belonging to different owners have been united so as to form a single thing, and cannot be separated without injury, the whole belongs to the owner of the thing which forms the principal part; who must, however, reimburse the value of the residue to the other owner, or surrender the whole to him.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property › Section 1026.

1026. That part is to be deemed the principal to which the other has been united only for the use, ornament, or completion of the former, unless the latter is the more valuable, and has been united without the knowledge of its owner, who may, in the latter case, require it to be separated and returned to him, although some injury should result to the thing to which it has been united.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property › Section 1027.

1027. If neither part can be considered the principal, within the rule prescribed by the last section, the more valuable, or, if the values are nearly equal, the more considerable in bulk, is to be deemed the principal part.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property › Section 1028.

1028. If one makes a thing from materials belonging to another, the latter may claim the thing on reimbursing the value of the workmanship, unless the value of the workmanship exceeds the value of the materials, in which case the thing belongs to the maker, on reimbursing the value of the materials.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property › Section 1029.

1029. Where one has made use of materials which in part belong to him and in part to another, in order to form a thing of a new description, without having destroyed any of the materials, but in such a way that they cannot be separated without inconvenience, the thing formed is common to both proprietors; in proportion, as respects the one, of the materials belonging to him, and as respects the other, of the materials belonging to him and the price of his workmanship.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property › Section 1030.

1030. When a thing has been formed by the admixture of several materials of different owners, and neither can be considered the principal substance, an owner without whose consent the admixture was made may require a separation, if the materials can be separated without inconvenience. If they cannot be thus separated, the owners acquire the thing in common, in proportion to the quantity, quality, and value of their materials; but if the materials of one were far superior to those of the others, both in quantity and value, he may claim the thing on reimbursing to the others the value of their materials.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property › Section 1031.

1031. The foregoing sections of this Article are not applicable to cases in which one willfully uses the materials of another without his consent; but, in such cases, the product belongs to the owner of the material, if its identity can be traced.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property › Section 1032.

1032. In all cases where one whose material has been used without his knowledge, in order to form a product of a different description, can claim an interest in such product, he has an option to demand either restitution of his material in kind, in the same quantity, weight, measure, and quality, or the value thereof; or where he is entitled to the product, the value thereof in place of the product.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 3 - ACCESSION › CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property › Section 1033.

1033. One who wrongfully employs materials belonging to another is liable to him in damages, as well as under the foregoing provisions of this Chapter.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 1 - Definition of Transfer › Section 1039.

1039. Transfer is an act of the parties, or of the law, by which the title to property is conveyed from one living person to another.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 1 - Definition of Transfer › Section 1040.

1040. A voluntary transfer is an executed contract, subject to all rules of law concerning contracts in general; except that a consideration is not necessary to its validity.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 2 - What May Be Transferred › Section 1046.

1046. A right of reëntry, or of repossession for breach of condition subsequent, can be transferred.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 2 - What May Be Transferred › Section 1047.

1047. Any person claiming title to real property in the adverse possession of another may transfer it with the same effect as if in actual possession.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 3 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1052.

1052. A transfer may be made without writing, in every case in which a writing is not expressly required by statute.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 3 - Mode of Transfer › Section [1053.].

[1053.]  Section Ten Hundred and Fifty-three. A transfer in writing is called a grant, or conveyance, or bill of sale. The term “grant,” in this and the next two Articles, includes all these instruments, unless it is specially applied to real property.
(Amended by Code Amendments 1873-74, Ch. 612.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 3 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1054.

1054. A grant takes effect, so as to vest the interest intended to be transferred, only upon its delivery by the grantor.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 3 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1056.

1056. A grant cannot be delivered to the grantee conditionally. Delivery to him, or to his agent as such, is necessarily absolute, and the instrument takes effect thereupon, discharged of any condition on which the delivery was made.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 3 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1057.

1057. A grant may be deposited by the grantor with a third person, to be delivered on performance of a condition, and, on delivery by the depositary, it will take effect. While in the possession of the third person, and subject to condition, it is called an escrow.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 3 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1057.5.

1057.5. Except for the normal compensation of his own employees, no person acting as an escrow agent whether required to be licensed as such or not, shall pay over to any other person any commission, fee, or other consideration as compensation for referring, soliciting, handling, or servicing escrow customers or accounts.
No escrow agent shall enter into any arrangement, either of his own making or of a subsidiary nature, or through any other person having a dual capacity, or through any person having a direct or indirect interest in the escrow, or other device, permitting any fee, commission, or compensation which is contingent upon the performance of any act, condition, or instruction set forth in an escrow, to be drawn or paid, either in whole or in part, or in kind or its equivalent, prior to the actual closing and completion of the escrow.
The provisions of this section shall not be deemed to supersede, negate, or modify any of the provisions of Section 12404 of the Insurance Code.
(Added by Stats. 1967, Ch. 678.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 3 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1057.6.

1057.6. In an escrow transaction for the purchase or simultaneous exchange of real property, where a policy of title insurance will not be issued to the buyer or to the parties to the exchange, the following notice shall be provided in a separate document to the buyer or parties exchanging real property, which shall be signed and acknowledged by them:
“IMPORTANT: IN A PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE OF REAL PROPERTY, IT MAY BE ADVISABLE TO OBTAIN TITLE INSURANCE IN CONNECTION WITH THE CLOSE OF ESCROW SINCE THERE MAY BE PRIOR RECORDED LIENS AND ENCUMBRANCES WHICH AFFECT YOUR INTEREST IN THE PROPERTY BEING ACQUIRED. A NEW POLICY OF TITLE INSURANCE SHOULD BE OBTAINED IN ORDER TO ENSURE YOUR INTEREST IN THE PROPERTY THAT YOU ARE ACQUIRING.”
(Added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 194, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 1993.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 3 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1057.7.

1057.7. All written escrow instructions executed by a buyer or seller, whether prepared by a person subject to Division 6 (commencing with Section 17000) of the Financial Code, or by a person exempt from that division under Section 17006 of the Financial Code, shall contain a statement in not less than 10-point type which shall include the license name and the name of the department issuing the license or authority under which the person is operating. This section shall not apply to supplemental escrow instructions or modifications to escrow instructions.
This section shall become operative on July 1, 1993.
(Added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 861, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 1993. Section operative July 1, 1993, by its own provisions.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 3 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1058.

1058. Redelivering a grant of real property to the grantor, or canceling it, does not operate to retransfer the title.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 3 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1058.5.

1058.5. (a) A notice of nonacceptance of a recorded deed executed by a holder of a security interest, which notice identifies the security interest, contains a legal description of the property, properly identifies the parties to the deed, the date of recordation of the deed, the county in which the project is located, and the county assessor’s parcel number of the real property referenced in the deed, may be recorded in the office of the county recorder where the real property is located.
(b) Where a trustee’s deed is invalidated by a pending bankruptcy or otherwise, recordation of a notice of rescission of the trustee’s deed, which notice properly identifies the deed of trust, the identification numbers used by the recorder or the books and pages at which the trustee’s deed and deed of trust are recorded, the names of all trustors and beneficiaries, the location of the property subject to the deed of trust, and the reason for rescission, shall restore the condition of record title to the real property described in the trustee’s deed and the existence and priority of all lienholders to the status quo prior to the recordation of the trustee’s deed upon sale. Only the trustee or beneficiary who caused the trustee’s deed to be recorded, or his or her successor in interest, may record a notice of rescission.
(Amended by Stats. 1997, Ch. 74, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 1998.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 3 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1059.

1059. Though a grant be not actually delivered into the possession of the grantee, it is yet to be deemed constructively delivered in the following cases:
1. Where the instrument is, by the agreement of the parties at the time of execution, understood to be delivered, and under such circumstances that the grantee is entitled to immediate delivery; or,
2. Where it is delivered to a stranger for the benefit of the grantee, and his assent is shown, or may be presumed.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 4 - Interpretation of Grants › Section 1066.

1066. Grants are to be interpreted in like manner with contracts in general, except so far as is otherwise provided in this Article.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 4 - Interpretation of Grants › Section 1067.

1067. A clear and distinct limitation in a grant is not controlled by other words less clear and distinct.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 4 - Interpretation of Grants › Section 1068.

1068. If the operative words of a grant are doubtful, recourse may be had to its recitals to assist the construction.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 4 - Interpretation of Grants › Section 1069.

1069. A grant is to be interpreted in favor of the grantee, except that a reservation in any grant, and every grant by a public officer or body, as such, to a private party, is to be interpreted in favor of the grantor.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 4 - Interpretation of Grants › Section 1070.

1070. If several parts of a grant are absolutely irreconcilable, the former part prevails.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 5 - Effect of Transfer › Section 1084.

1084. The transfer of a thing transfers also all its incidents, unless expressly excepted; but the transfer of an incident to a thing does not transfer the thing itself.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 5 - Effect of Transfer › Section 1085.

1085. A present interest, and the benefit of a condition or covenant respecting property, may be taken by any natural person under a grant, although not named a party thereto.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 6 - Agency Listings for the Transfer of Certain Property › Section 1086.

1086. (a) For purposes of this article, the definitions contained in Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 10000) of Part 1 of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code apply.
(b) An “agent” is one authorized by law to act in that capacity for that type of property and is licensed as a real estate broker under Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 10130) of Part 1 of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code, or is a licensee, as defined in Section 18006 of the Health and Safety Code.
(Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 907, Sec. 1. (AB 1289) Effective January 1, 2019.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 6 - Agency Listings for the Transfer of Certain Property › Section 1087.

1087. A multiple listing service (MLS) is a facility of cooperation of agents and appraisers, operating through an intermediary that does not itself act as an agent or appraiser, through which agents establish express or implied contracts for compensation between agents that are MLS participants in accordance with its MLS rules with respect to listed properties in a listing agreement, or that may be used by agents and appraisers, pursuant to the rules of the service, to prepare market evaluations and appraisals of real property.
(Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 907, Sec. 2. (AB 1289) Effective January 1, 2019.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 6 - Agency Listings for the Transfer of Certain Property › Section 1088.

1088. (a) A listing may not be placed in a multiple listing service unless authorized or directed by the seller in the listing.
(b) If an agent or appraiser places a listing or other information in the multiple listing service, that agent or appraiser shall be responsible for the truth of all representations and statements made by the agent or appraiser of which that agent or appraiser had knowledge or reasonably should have had knowledge to anyone injured by their falseness or inaccuracy.
(c) A multiple listing service shall retain and make accessible on its computer system, if any, all listing and other information placed in the multiple listing service by an agent or appraiser for no less than three years from the date the listing was placed in the multiple listing service.
(d) This section shall not alter the obligations of a licensed real estate broker to retain documents as specified in subdivision (a) of Section 10148 of the Business and Professions Code.
(Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 310, Sec. 1. (AB 892) Effective January 1, 2020.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 6 - Agency Listings for the Transfer of Certain Property › Section 1089.

1089. The provisions of subdivision (d) of Section 1102.1 shall apply to this article.
(Repealed and added by Stats. 2018, Ch. 907, Sec. 5. (AB 1289) Effective January 1, 2019.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 1 - Transfers in General › ARTICLE 6 - Agency Listings for the Transfer of Certain Property › Section 1089.5.

1089.5. Subject to the limitations, conditions, and requirements of Chapter 18 (commencing with Section 10000) of Part 5 of Division 7 of the Probate Code, this article applies to property defined in Section 1086 that is covered by a contract described in Section 10150 of the Probate Code.
(Added by Stats. 1988, Ch. 113, Sec. 4. Effective May 25, 1988. Operative July 1, 1988, by Sec. 23 of Ch. 113.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 2 - Transfer of Real Property › ARTICLE 1 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1091.

1091. An estate in real property, other than an estate at will or for a term not exceeding one year, can be transferred only by operation of law, or by an instrument in writing, subscribed by the party disposing of the same, or by his agent thereunto authorized by writing.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 2 - Transfer of Real Property › ARTICLE 1 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1092.

1092. A grant of an estate in real property may be made in substance as follows:
“I, A B, grant to C D all that real property situated in (insert name of county) County, State of California, bounded (or described) as follows: (here insert property description, or if the land sought to be conveyed has a descriptive name, it may be described by the name, as for instance, ‛The Norris Ranch.’)
Witness my hand this (insert day) day of (insert month),
20___.
_____
AB”
(Amended by Stats. 1999, Ch. 608, Sec. 4. Effective January 1, 2000.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 2 - Transfer of Real Property › ARTICLE 1 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1093.

1093. Absent the express written statement of the grantor contained therein, the consolidation of separate and distinct legal descriptions of real property contained in one or more deeds, mortgages, patents, deeds of trust, contracts of sale, or other instruments of conveyance or security documents, into a subsequent single deed, mortgage, patent, deed of trust, contract of sale, or other instrument of conveyance or security document (whether by means of an individual listing of the legal descriptions in a subsequent single instrument of conveyance or security document, or by means of a consolidated legal description comprised of more than one previously separate and distinct legal description), does not operate in any manner to alter or affect the separate and distinct nature of the real property so described in the subsequent single instrument of conveyance or security document containing either the listing of or the consolidated legal description of the parcels so conveyed or secured thereby.
This section does not constitute a change in, but is declaratory of, the existing law.
(Added by Stats. 1985, Ch. 911, Sec. 1.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 2 - Transfer of Real Property › ARTICLE 1 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1095.

1095. When an attorney in fact executes an instrument transferring an estate in real property, he must subscribe the name of his principal to it, and his own name as attorney in fact.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 2 - Transfer of Real Property › ARTICLE 1 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1096.

1096. Any person in whom the title of real estate is vested, who shall afterwards, from any cause, have his or her name changed, must, in any conveyance of said real estate so held, set forth the name in which he or she derived title to said real estate. Any conveyance, though recorded as provided by law, which does not comply with the foregoing provision shall not impart constructive notice of the contents thereof to subsequent purchasers and encumbrancers, but such conveyance is valid as between the parties thereto and those who have notice thereof.
(Amended by Stats. 1947, Ch. 1314.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 2 - Transfer of Real Property › ARTICLE 1 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1097.

1097. No vendor or lessor of a single family residential property shall contract for or exact any fee in excess of ten dollars ($10) for the act of signing and delivering a document in connection with the transfer, cancellation or reconveyance of any title or instrument at the time the buyer or lessee exercises an option to buy, or completes performance of the contract for the sale of, the property.
The provisions of this section shall apply prospectively only.
(Added by Stats. 1965, Ch. 352.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY › PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY › TITLE 4 - TRANSFER › CHAPTER 2 - Transfer of Real Property › ARTICLE 1 - Mode of Transfer › Section 1098.6.

1098.6. (a) (1) On or after January 1, 2019, a transfer fee shall not be created.
(2) This subdivision does not apply to excepted transfer fee covenants as defined by Section 1228.1 of Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Excepted transfer fee covenants are not required to comply with subparagraph (H) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (b) of Section 1098.5.
(b) Any transfer fee created in violation of subdivision (a) is void as against public policy.
(c) For purposes of this section, “transfer fee” has the same meaning as that term is defined in Section 1098.
(Added by Stats. 2018, Ch. 306, Sec. 1. (AB 3041) Effective January 1, 2019.)