reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 14A - Redemption of Real Estate. › Section 6-5-250 - Characterization of Rights of Redemption Under This Article.

Section 6-5-250
Characterization of rights of redemption under this article.
The statutory rights of redemption given or conferred by this article are mere personal privileges and not property or property rights. The privileges must be exercised in the mode and manner prescribed by statute and may not be waived in a deed of trust, judgment, or mortgage, or in any agreement before foreclosure or execution sale. The right of privilege conferred under this article is not subject to levy and sale under execution or attachment nor is it subject to alienation except in the cases provided for in this article; but if the right or privilege is perfected by redemption as provided in this article, then, and not until then, it becomes property or rights of property subject to levy, sale, alienation, or other disposition, except as is expressly authorized by statute.
(Acts 1988, No. 88-441, p. 647, §4.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 14A - Redemption of Real Estate. › Section 6-5-251 - Delivery of Possession to Purchaser on Demand.

Section 6-5-251
Delivery of possession to purchaser on demand.
(a) The possession of the land must be delivered to the purchaser or purchaser's transferees by the debtor or mortgagor if in their possession or in the possession of anyone holding under them by privity of title, within 10 days after written demand for the possession has been made by, or on behalf of, the purchasers or purchaser's transferees.
(b) If the land is in the possession of a tenant, written notice must be given to the debtor or mortgagor, and the debtor or mortgagor must direct the tenant to deliver possession or recognize the purchaser as his or her landlord in the event the lease antedates the mortgage, judgment, or levy. If the debtor or mortgagor cannot be found, notice to the tenant is sufficient and he must deliver possession within 10 days.
(c) Failure of the debtor or mortgagor or anyone holding possession under him or her to comply with the provisions of this section forfeits the right of redemption of the debtor or one holding possession under the debtor.
(Acts 1988, No. 88-441, p. 647, §5.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 14A - Redemption of Real Estate. › Section 6-5-252 - Demand for Statement of Debt and Lawful Charges by Person Entitled to Redeem.

Section 6-5-252
Demand for statement of debt and lawful charges by person entitled to redeem.
Anyone desiring and entitled to redeem may make written demand of the purchaser or his or her transferees for a statement in writing of the debt and all lawful charges claimed by him or her, and the purchaser or their transferees shall, within 10 days after the written demand, furnish the person making the demand with a written, itemized statement of all lawful charges claimed by him or her. The redeeming party must then tender all lawful charges to the purchaser or his or her transferee. If the purchaser or his or her transferee fails to furnish a written, itemized statement of all lawful charges within 10 days after demand, he or she shall forfeit all claims or right to compensation for improvements, and the party so entitled to redeem may, on the expiration of the 10 days, file his or her complaint without a tender to enforce his or her rights under this article and file a lis pendens with the probate court.
Tender or suit shall be made or filed within 180 days from foreclosure for residential property on which a homestead exemption was claimed in the tax year during which the foreclosure occurred, or within one year from foreclosure for all other property.
(Acts 1988, No. 88-441, p. 647, §6; Act 2015-79, §1.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 14A - Redemption of Real Estate. › Section 6-5-254 - Payment of Value of Permanent Improvements; How Value of Improvements Ascertained.

Section 6-5-254
Payment of value of permanent improvements; how value of improvements ascertained.
(a) Any person offering to redeem must pay to the then holder of the legal title the value of all permanent improvements made on the land since the sale, and if the holder of the legal title cannot be ascertained, payment may be made to the circuit court of the county having jurisdiction of the subject matter when the complaint is filed to redeem. In response to written demand made under Section 6-5-252, the then holder of the legal title shall, within 10 days from the receipt of such demand, furnish the proposed redemptioner with the amount claimed as the value of such permanent improvements; and within 10 days after receipt of such response, the proposed redemptioner either shall accept the value so stated by the then holder of the legal title or, disagreeing therewith, shall appoint a referee to ascertain the value of such permanent improvements and in writing notify the then holder of the legal title of his or her disagreement and of the fact and name of the referee appointed by him or her. Within 10 days after the receipt of such notice, the then holder of the legal title shall appoint a referee to ascertain the value of the permanent improvements and advise the proposed redemptioner of the name of the appointee. The two referees shall, within 10 days after the then holder of the legal title has appointed his or her referee, meet and confer upon the award to be made by them. If they cannot agree, the referees shall at once appoint an umpire, and the award by a majority of such body shall be made within 10 days after the appointment of the umpire and shall be final between the parties.
(b) If a person offering to redeem fails or refuses to nominate a referee as provided in subsection (a) of this section, he or she must pay the value put upon the improvements by the then holder of the legal title. If the then holder of the legal title fails or refuses to appoint a referee, as provided in subsection (a) of this section, the then holder of the legal title shall forfeit his or her claim to compensation for such improvements. The failure of the referees, or either of them, to act or to appoint an umpire shall not operate to impair or to forfeit the right of either the proposed redemptioner or of the then holder of the legal title in the premises; and, in the event of failure without fault of the parties to effect an award, the appropriate court shall proceed to ascertain the true value of such permanent improvements and enforce the redemption accordingly.
(Acts 1988, No. 88-441, p. 647, §8.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 14A - Redemption of Real Estate. › Section 6-5-255 - Failure or Refusal of Purchaser to Reconvey Title.

Section 6-5-255
Failure or refusal of purchaser to reconvey title.
If the purchaser or his or her vendee or transferee fails or refuses to reconvey to such party entitled and desiring to redeem such title as the party acquired by the sale and purchase, such party so paying or tendering payment shall thereupon have the right to file in the circuit court having jurisdiction thereof a complaint to enforce his or her rights of redemption.
(Acts 1988, No. 88-441, p. 647, §9.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 14A - Redemption of Real Estate. › Section 6-5-256 - Settlement and Adjustment of Rights and Equities by Circuit Court When Complaint Filed.

Section 6-5-256
Settlement and adjustment of rights and equities by circuit court when complaint filed.
Upon the filing of any complaint as provided in these sections and paying into court the amount of purchase money and the interest necessary for redemption and all lawful charges, if the written statement thereof has been furnished or, if not furnished, offering to pay such debt or purchase price and all lawful charges, the circuit court shall take jurisdiction thereof and settle and adjust all the rights and equities of the parties, as provided in this article.
(Acts 1988, No. 88-441, p. 647, §10.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 14A - Redemption of Real Estate. › Section 6-5-257 - Applicability.

Section 6-5-257
Applicability.
This article applies only to mortgages foreclosed after January 1, 1989.
(Acts 1988, No. 88-441, p. 647, §11.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 15 - Personal Property Actions. › Section 6-5-260 - Deprivation of Owner of Possession.

Section 6-5-260
Deprivation of owner of possession.
The owner of personalty is entitled to possession thereof. Any unlawful deprivation of or interference with such possession is a tort for which an action lies.
(Code 1907, §2461; Code 1923, §5667; Code 1940, T. 7, §91.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 15 - Personal Property Actions. › Section 6-5-261 - Interference With Mere Possession.

Section 6-5-261
Interference with mere possession.
Mere possession of a chattel, if without title or wrongfully, will give a right of action for any interference therewith, except as against the true owner or the person wrongfully deprived of possession.
(Code 1907, §2462; Code 1923, §5668; Code 1940, T. 7, §92.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 15 - Personal Property Actions. › Section 6-5-262 - Trespass - Generally.

Section 6-5-262
Trespass - Generally.
Any abuse of or damage done to the personal property of another unlawfully is a trespass for which damages may be recovered.
(Code 1907, §2463; Code 1923, §5669; Code 1940, T. 7, §93.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 15 - Personal Property Actions. › Section 6-5-263 - Trespass - Bailments.

Section 6-5-263
Trespass - Bailments.
In case of bailments where the possession is in the bailee, a trespass committed during the existence of the bailment will give a right of action to the bailee for the interference with his special property and a concurrent right of action to the bailor for the interference with his general property.
(Code 1907, §2464; Code 1923, §5670; Code 1940, T. 7, §94.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 15 - Personal Property Actions. › Section 6-5-264 - Rights of Remainderman or Reversioner.

Section 6-5-264
Rights of remainderman or reversioner.
A remainderman or reversioner of personalty may commence an action against a wrongdoer for any injury going to destroy the existence or ultimate value of the property. In such cases, the tenant in possession and remainderman or reversioner may sue jointly for the injury to the entire estate, the recovery being held under like limitations.
(Code 1907, §2465; Code 1923, §5671; Code 1940, T. 7, §95.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 15A - Recovery for Theft of Merchandise. › Section 6-5-270 - Legislative Findings.

Section 6-5-270
Legislative findings.
The Legislature finds that shoplifting and employee theft have reached near epidemic proportions and that efforts to control these criminal offenses through traditional methods have proven unsuccessful and costly to both the general public and to business.
The existing criminal justice system is overcrowded and burdened thereby causing unreasonable delay. Continual use of the criminal justice system for shoplifting and employee theft offenses creates a further strain on an already overcrowded criminal docket, thereby requiring more tax revenue to pay for a continual expansion of the criminal justice system.
The continuous growth of shoplifting and employee theft cases in the face of traditional efforts to control these offenses represent added cost to retailers which, in turn, is passed on to the consumer in higher prices. Additionally, the merchandise lost to theft is not converted to profit in the form of sales for the retailer which results in millions of dollars in tax revenues lost.
Therefore, the Legislature deems that the utilization of an alternative form of deterrence to eliminate shoplifting and employee theft which avoids the stigma of a criminal record is more desirable than the present system.
(Acts 1993, No. 93-676, §1.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 15A - Recovery for Theft of Merchandise. › Section 6-5-271 - Liability for Theft or Attempted Theft; Liability of Parents of Unemancipated Minor; Liability for Defrauding an Eating Establishment; Liability of Foster Home.

Section 6-5-271
Liability for theft or attempted theft; liability of parents of unemancipated minor; liability for defrauding an eating establishment; liability of foster home.
(a) An adult or emancipated minor who commits or attempts to commit a theft of property consisting of goods for sale on the premises of a merchant in violation of Sections 13A-8-3, 13A-8-4, or 13A-8-5, shall be civilly liable to the merchant in an amount consisting of all of the following:
(1) The full retail value of the merchandise if not recovered in merchantable condition at its full retail price.
(2) Expenses for recovery of the merchandise in the amount of $200.
(3) Reasonable attorney's fees and court costs not to exceed $1000.
(b) Parents or legal guardians of an unemancipated minor under the age of 19 shall be liable in a civil action for the minor who commits or attempts to commit a theft of property consisting of goods for sale on the premises of a merchant in violation of Sections 13A-8-3, 13A-8-4, or 13A-8-5, to the merchant in an amount consisting of all of the following:
(1) The full retail value of the merchandise if not recovered in merchantable condition at its full retail price.
(2) Expenses for recovery of the merchandise in the amount of $200.
(3) Reasonable attorney's fees and court costs not to exceed $1000.
(4) Parents or legal guardians of an unemancipated minor under the age of 19 shall only be liable in a civil action in any calender year for up to three offenses under the provisions of this article with a maximum liability of $750 for each offense.
(c) A customer who orders a meal in a restaurant or other eating establishment, receives at least a portion thereof, and then leaves with the intent to defraud the eating establishment, without paying for the meal is subject to liability under this section, if such meal is received by the customer in a good and merchantable condition.
(d) Persons operating a certified foster home are not liable under this section for the acts of children not related to them by blood or marriage who are under their care, nor shall parents or legal guardians whose child is not living with them or where the juvenile violates Sections 13A-8-3, 13A-8-4 or 13A-8-5, with the intent to make the parent or legal guardian liable, be held liable under this article.
(Acts 1993, No. 93-676, §2.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 15A - Recovery for Theft of Merchandise. › Section 6-5-272 - Conviction or Plea of Guilty Not Prerequisite to Suit; Letter of Demand for Remittance.

Section 6-5-272
Conviction or plea of guilty not prerequisite to suit; letter of demand for remittance.
(a) A conviction or a plea of guilty to the criminal offense of theft of property as defined in Title 13A, Chapter 8, is not a prerequisite to the bringing of a civil suit, obtaining a judgment, or collecting that judgment under this article.
(b) The fact that a merchant may bring a civil action against an individual as provided in this article shall not limit the right of the merchant to demand, in writing as set out in subsection (c) below, that a person who is liable for damages and penalties under this article remit the damages and penalties prior to the consideration of the commencement of any legal action.
(c) The demand letter must be prepared and include the following:
On (insert date), you were apprehended for taking possession of, without paying for, merchandise belonging to (name of retailer/merchant).
Under Alabama statute, a retailer/merchant is granted a civil cause of action against the person who intentionally deprives or intends to deprive a retailer/merchant of any merchandise without paying for it. The statute further provides that, separate from, and in addition to, any criminal action arising from your conduct, you may be held civilly liable for:
(a) Cost of merchandise, if damaged;
(b) Expenses for the recovery of the merchandise of $200; and
(c) Court costs and reasonable attorneys' fees.
This letter represents a demand from you for $ (amount) as a means of satisfying this civil matter.
We do not wish to file a civil action against you. However, if we do not receive payment within 30 days from the date of this letter, we will make every effort to enforce our rights under this statute, which may include a civil court action.
(Acts 1993, No. 93-676, §3.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 15A - Recovery for Theft of Merchandise. › Section 6-5-273 - Jurisdiction of Courts.

Section 6-5-273
Jurisdiction of courts.
An action for recovery of damages and penalties under this article may be brought in any court of competent jurisdiction, including the small claims division of a district court in the county where the merchant is located, if the person or the parent or legal guardian of the unemancipated minor who committed the theft offense fails to make payment to the merchant of the amount specified in the demand within 30 days after the date of service of the written demand upon him or her, if the total damages do not exceed the jurisdictional limit of the small claims division.
(Acts 1993, No. 93-676, §4.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 15A - Recovery for Theft of Merchandise. › Section 6-5-274 - Attorney's Fees.

Section 6-5-274
Attorney's fees.
No attorney's fees shall be charged or collected unless a civil action has been filed under the provisions of this article.
(Acts 1993, No. 93-676, §5.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 15A - Recovery for Theft of Merchandise. › Section 6-5-275 - Construction of Article.

Section 6-5-275
Construction of article.
This article shall not be construed to prohibit or limit any other course of action which a merchant may have against a person who unlawfully takes merchandise from the merchant's premises. Enforcement of this article is not a violation of Section 13A-10-7.
(Acts 1993, No. 93-676, §6.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 16 - Contracts, Promises and Notes. › Section 6-5-280 - Breach of Contract - Limitation on Actions.

Section 6-5-280
Breach of contract - Limitation on actions.
If a contract is entire, only one action can be commenced for breach thereof; but if it is severable or if the breaches occur at successive periods in an entire contract, as where money is to be paid by installments, an action will lie for each breach; provided, that all the breaches occurring up to the commencement of the action must be included therein.
(Code 1907, §2505; Code 1923, §5721; Code 1940, T. 7, §140.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 16 - Contracts, Promises and Notes. › Section 6-5-281 - Breach of Contract - Successive Actions.

Section 6-5-281
Breach of contract - Successive actions.
Successive actions may be maintained upon the same contract or transaction whenever, after the former action, a new claim arises therefrom.
(Code 1852, §2232; Code 1867, §2634; Code 1876, §2983; Code 1886, §2669; Code 1896, §34; Code 1907, §2494; Code 1923, §5706; Code 1940, T. 7, §133.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 16 - Contracts, Promises and Notes. › Section 6-5-282 - Breach of Contract - Ratable Compensation for Services.

Section 6-5-282
Breach of contract - Ratable compensation for services.
When a person contracts for the performance of services by himself for a stipulated period of time and is prevented from full performance of the contract by sickness or death, he or his personal representative, as the case may be, may recover a ratable compensation for the service actually rendered, notwithstanding the entirety of the contract.
(Code 1852, §2159; Code 1867, §2557; Code 1876, §2922; Code 1886, §2599; Code 1896, §33; Code 1907, §2493; Code 1923, §5705; Code 1940, T. 7, §132.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 16 - Contracts, Promises and Notes. › Section 6-5-283 - Joint Obligations and Promises.

Section 6-5-283
Joint obligations and promises.
When two or more persons are jointly bound by judgment, bond, covenant, or promise in writing of any description whatsoever, the obligation or promise is in law several as well as joint, and an action may be commenced thereon against the legal representatives of such as are dead, jointly with the survivors, and judgments entered accordingly.
(Code 1852, §2143; Code 1867, §2539; Code 1876, §2905; Code 1886, §2604; Code 1896, §39; Code 1907, §2503; Code 1923, §5719; Code 1940, T. 7, §138.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 16 - Contracts, Promises and Notes. › Section 6-5-284 - Instrument Lost or Destroyed by Theft, etc.; Evidence of Loss, Destruction and Contents; Execution Bond.

Section 6-5-284
Instrument lost or destroyed by theft, etc.; evidence of loss, destruction and contents; execution bond.
(a) In an action commenced on a bond, note, bill of exchange, or other instrument which has been lost or destroyed by theft or otherwise, if affidavit is made by the plaintiff of such loss or destruction and the contents thereof and that the same has not been paid or otherwise discharged and accompanies the complaint, it must be received as presumptive evidence both of the contents and loss or destruction of such instrument, unless the defendant by answer, verified by affidavit, denies the execution of such bond, note, or bill or the endorsement, acceptance, or the contents thereof, in which case proof of such execution, endorsement, acceptance, or contents must be made by the plaintiff; provided, that this section must not be so construed as to authorize an action for the recovery of bank notes or bills issued to circulate as money and alleged to be lost or destroyed. When the action is against an executor or administrator, he may controvert the oath of the plaintiff of the loss, destruction, or contents of the instrument sued on by swearing to the best of his knowledge and belief.
(b) No execution may issue on a judgment in an action on a lost or destroyed instrument until the plaintiff shall furnish such security as the court may require to indemnify the defendant against loss by reason of further claims on the instrument.
(Code 1852, §§2151, 2152; Code 1867, §§2549, 2550; Code 1876, §§2915, 2916; Code 1886, §§2597, 2598; Code 1896, §§31, 32; Code 1907, §§2491, 2492; Code 1923, §§5702, 5704; Code 1940, T. 7, §§129, 131.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 16 - Contracts, Promises and Notes. › Section 6-5-285 - Holder of Worthless Check, Draft, or Order.

Section 6-5-285
Holder of worthless check, draft, or order.
The holder of a worthless check, draft, or order for the payment of money shall have a right of action against the person who unlawfully made, uttered, or delivered the same to him or to his endorser; and such action may be maintained though there has been no prosecution, conviction, or acquittal of the defendant for his unlawful act. Such action must be commenced within one year from the date of the unlawful act. The plaintiff in such action may recover such damages, both punitive and compensatory, including a reasonable attorney fee, as the jury or court trying the case may assess.
(Acts 1959, No. 567, p. 1426.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 16 - Contracts, Promises and Notes. › Section 6-5-286 - Defenses to Actions on Promissory Notes, Bonds, or Other Contracts.

Section 6-5-286
Defenses to actions on promissory notes, bonds, or other contracts.
Except as may be otherwise provided by the Uniform Commercial Code, actions on promissory notes, bonds, or other contracts, express or implied, for the payment of money are subject to any defense the payor, obligor, or debtor had against the payee, obligee, or creditor previous to notice of assignment or transfer.
(Code 1852, §2129; Code 1867, §2523; Code 1876, §2890; Code 1886, §2594; Code 1896, §28; Code 1907, §2489; Code 1923, §5699; Code 1940, T. 7, §126; Acts 1965, No. 549, p. 811.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 16 - Contracts, Promises and Notes. › Section 6-5-287 - Impeachment of or Inquiry Into Consideration of Sealed Instruments.

Section 6-5-287
Impeachment of or inquiry into consideration of sealed instruments.
A defendant may, by affirmative defense, impeach or inquire into the consideration of a sealed instrument in the same manner as if it had not been sealed.
(Code 1852, §2230; Code 1867, §2632; Code 1876, §2981; Code 1886, §2667; Code 1896, §3288; Code 1907, §5324; Code 1923, §9461; Code 1940, T. 7, §232.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 17 - Principal and Agent; Master and Servant. › Section 6-5-300 - Proof Act Was Committed by Agent, etc., Sufficient to Sustain Allegation Act Was Committed by Party to Civil Action.

Section 6-5-300
Proof act was committed by agent, etc., sufficient to sustain allegation act was committed by party to civil action.
In any civil action, it shall be permissible to allege in any pleading that any party or parties committed an act, and proof that any such party or parties committed such act by or through an agent, servant, or employee acting within the line and scope of his employment shall be sufficient proof of such allegation, subject, however, to the right of the party or parties against whom such testimony is offered to thereupon plead the statute of limitations which might have been applicable to the case made by the evidence offered.
(Acts 1957, No. 624, p. 895.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-330 - Breach of Contract to Marry.

Section 6-5-330
Breach of contract to marry.
No contract to marry which shall be made within this state after September 7, 1935, shall operate to give rise, either within or without this state, to any cause of action for breach thereof.
(Acts 1935, No. 356, p. 780; Code 1940, T. 7, §114.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-331 - :Alienation of Affections, Criminal Conversation, and Seduction.

Section 6-5-331
Alienation of affections, criminal conversation, and seduction.
There shall be no civil claims for alienation of affections, criminal conversation, or seduction of any female person of the age of 19 years or over.
(Acts 1935, No. 356, p. 780; Code 1940, T. 7, §115.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-332.1 - Immunity of Persons Assisting or Advising as to Mitigation of Effects of Discharge of Hazardous Materials; Nonimmunity of Certain Persons.

Section 6-5-332.1
Immunity of persons assisting or advising as to mitigation of effects of discharge of hazardous materials; nonimmunity of certain persons.
(a) As used in this section, the following words and terms shall have meanings respectively ascribed to them by this section:
(1) DISCHARGE. Includes leakage, seepage, or other release.
(2) HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. Includes all materials and substances which are now or hereafter designated or defined as hazardous by any state or federal law or by the regulations of any state or federal government agency.
(3) PERSON. Includes any qualified individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other entity. A qualified individual is one who is trained in the handling of hazardous materials.
(b) Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, no person, including a response action contractor as defined in Section 22-35-3, who provides assistance or advice in mitigating or attempting to mitigate the effects of an actual or threatened discharge of hazardous materials, or in preventing, cleaning up, or disposing of, or in attempting to prevent, clean up, or dispose of any such discharge, shall be subject to civil liabilities or penalties of any type.
(c) The immunities provided in subsection (b) of this section shall not apply to any person whose acts or omissions proximately caused, in whole or in part, the original actual or threatening discharge or any additional or further actual or threatening discharge.
(d) Nothing in subsection (b) of this section shall be construed to limit or otherwise affect the liability of any person for damages resulting from such person's gross negligence, or from such person's reckless, wanton, or intentional misconduct.
(e) Nothing in subsection (b) of the this section shall be construed to limit or otherwise affect the liability of any product manufacturer or seller for damages where such manufacturer or seller's product proximately caused, in whole or in part, the original actual or threatening discharge; any additional or further actual or threatening discharge; or the additional or further migration of the original actual discharge.
(Acts 1986, No. 86-539, p. 1050; Act 2015-466, §1.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-332.3 - Use of Automated External Defibrillator.

Section 6-5-332.3
Use of automated external defibrillator.
(a) As used in Section 6-5-332, the term "automated external defibrillator" or "AED" means a medical device heart monitor and defibrillator that meets all of the following specifications:
(1) Is commercially distributed in accordance with the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. Section 301, et seq.).
(2) Is capable of recognizing the presence or absence of ventricular fibrillation or rapid ventricular tachycardia and is capable of determining, without intervention by an operator, whether defibrillation should be performed.
(3) Upon determining that defibrillation should be performed, semiautomatically or automatically charges and delivers an electrical impulse through the chest wall and to an individual's heart.
(b) A person or entity that acquires an AED shall ensure all of the following:
(1) That expected defibrillator users are encouraged to successfully complete a course in automated external defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) that is offered or approved by a nationally recognized organization and includes instruction on psychomotor skills and national evidence-based emergency cardiovascular guidelines that are current.
(2) That the defibrillator is maintained and tested according to the manufacturer's operational guidelines.
(c) Each manufacturer shall provide in-service training materials on the AED use and operation to each person or entity who acquires the AED.
(d) A person or entity who acquires an automated external defibrillator shall notify thedistributor of the AED if any change of ownership of the AED occurs.
(e) This section shall not apply to an individual using an AED in an emergency setting if that individual is acting as a good samaritan pursuant to Section 6-5-332.
(Act 99-370, p. 595, §§1, 2; Act 2015-161, §1.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-332.4 - Persons Who Rescue Child or Incapacitated Person From Unattended Motor Vehicle.

Section 6-5-332.4
Persons who rescue child or incapacitated person from unattended motor vehicle.
(a) As used in this section, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
(1) INCAPACITATED PERSON. A person as defined in Section 26-2A-20.
(2) MOTOR VEHICLE. A motor vehicle as defined in Section 32-1-1.1.
(b) A person who enters a motor vehicle by force or otherwise, for the purpose of removing a child or an incapacitated person from the vehicle shall be immune from civil liability for damage to the motor vehicle if the person meets all of the following requirements:
(1) Determines the motor vehicle is locked or there is otherwise no reasonable method for the child or incapacitated person to exit the motor vehicle without assistance.
(2) Has a good faith and reasonable belief, based upon the known circumstances, that entry into the motor vehicle is necessary because the child or incapacitated person is in imminent danger of suffering harm.
(3) Ensures that law enforcement is notified or 911 called before entering the motor vehicle or immediately thereafter.
(4) Uses no more force to enter the motor vehicle and remove the child or incapacitated person than is necessary.
(5) Remains with the child or incapacitated person in a safe location in reasonable proximity to the motor vehicle until law enforcement or other first responders arrive.
(Act 2017-241, §1.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-332.5 - Persons Who Rescue Child or Incapacitated Person From Unattended Motor Vehicle; Public Safety Officials.

Section 6-5-332.5
Persons who rescue child or incapacitated person from unattended motor vehicle; public safety officials.
(a) As used in this section, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
(1) CHILD. A person who is under nine years of age.
(2) INCAPACITATED PERSON. As defined in Section 26-2A-20.
(3) MOTOR VEHICLE. As defined in Section 32-1-1.1.
(4) PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICIAL. An individual employed by a law enforcement agency, fire department, or 911 emergency service.
(b) No person shall leave a child or an incapacitated person in a motor vehicle unattended in a manner that creates an unreasonable risk of injury or harm to the child or incapacitated person. A vehicle that has an ambient interior temperature of 99 degrees Fahrenheit or less shall be presumed safe.
(c) A person who enters a motor vehicle by force or otherwise at the direction of a public safety official for the purpose of removing a child or an incapacitated person from the vehicle shall be immune from criminal liability for damage to the motor vehicle if the person meets all of the following requirements:
(1) Determines the motor vehicle is locked or there is otherwise no reasonable method for the child or incapacitated person to exit the motor vehicle without assistance.
(2) Has a good faith and reasonable belief, based upon the known circumstances, that entry into the motor vehicle is necessary because the child or incapacitated person is in imminent danger of suffering harm.
(3) Contacts a public safety official before entering the motor vehicle, provides information requested by the public safety official, and remains in contact with the public safety official until the child or incapacitated person is in a safe condition.
(4) Uses no more force to enter the motor vehicle and remove the child or incapacitated person than is necessary.
(5) Remains with the child or incapacitated person in a safe location in reasonable proximity to the motor vehicle until law enforcement or other first responders arrive.
(d) A public safety official who has been contacted by a person reporting a child or incapacitated person in a motor vehicle unattended in a manner that creates an unreasonable risk of injury or harm to the child or incapacitated person shall immediately dispatch a locksmith or towing company with vehicle lockout capabilities and attempt to make contact with a registered vehicle owner and the vehicle operator.
(e) A public safety official, acting reasonably in the course of his or her employment and pursuant to this section, shall be immune from criminal liability and civil liability in accordance with Section 36-1-12.
(Act 2019-475, §§1-2.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-332.6 - Persons Who Provide Transportation to Health Care Facility or Health Care Provider Under Certain Circumstances.

Section 6-5-332.6
Persons who provide transportation to health care facility or health care provider under certain circumstances.
(a) A person who, in good faith, and not for compensation, provides an individual transportation to a health care facility or health care provider is not subject to civil liability for negligence claimed by the individual receiving the transportation, if the provider could not have reasonably anticipated the particular harm caused by the negligent act while acting in the line and scope of a volunteer in providing transportation, or the act or omission was not the result of the provider's willful or wanton misconduct. The immunity provided in this subsection includes transportation from an individual's residence.
(b) Acceptance by the transportation provider of a gratuitous contribution or donation made by the individual receiving transportation services does not constitute a waiver of immunity under this section.
(Act 2019-450, §1.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-334 - Employees of Medical Services Administration, etc., Investigating and Bringing Charges Against Doctors, etc., Relating to Fraud or Abuse of Medicaid Program, Etc.

Section 6-5-334
Employees of medical services administration, etc., investigating and bringing charges against doctors, etc., relating to fraud or abuse of Medicaid program, etc.
Any employee of the medical services administration and any other state employee who has the authority to investigate and bring charges against doctors or providers of health care relating to medical payments and cases of alleged fraud or abuse of the Medicaid program shall be relieved and exempt from civil liability arising from said investigation or charges so long as such investigation and charges have been made in good faith without malice and on the basis of facts reasonably known or reasonably believed.
(Acts 1976, No. 693, p. 960, §1.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-335 - Volunteer Firemen or Rescue Squad Members Entering Burning Buildings, etc., and Attempting to Preserve and Protect Said Buildings, Property Therein, Etc.

Section 6-5-335
Volunteer firemen or rescue squad members entering burning buildings, etc., and attempting to preserve and protect said buildings, property therein, etc.
When any member of any organized rescue squad or volunteer nonprofit fire department, gratuitously and in good faith, enters any building, house, or structure which is burning or endangered by fire and makes efforts to preserve and protect said property and any other property contained therein or located on the premises thereof, such members shall not be liable for any civil damages for such entering or as result of any acts or omissions in rendering such efforts; nor shall such members be liable for any civil damages in rendering such efforts for their acts or omissions causing injuries to fellow volunteers or to owners of said property; provided, however, that this section shall not apply to civil damages for wanton misconduct.
(Acts 1976, No. 675, p. 925; Acts 1979, No. 79-625, p. 1107.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-336 - Volunteers.

Section 6-5-336
Volunteers.
(a) This section shall be known as "The Volunteer Service Act."
(b) The Legislature finds and declares that:
(1) The willingness of volunteers to offer their services has been increasingly deterred by a perception that they put personal assets at risk in the event of tort actions seeking damages arising from their activities as volunteers;
(2) The contributions of programs, activities, and services to communities is diminished and worthwhile programs, activities, and services are deterred by the unwillingness of volunteers to serve either as volunteers or as officers, directors, or trustees of nonprofit public and private organizations;
(3) The provisions of this section are intended to encourage volunteers to contribute their services for the good of their communities and at the same time provide a reasonable basis for redress of claims which may arise relating to those services.
(c) For the purposes of this section, the meaning of the terms specified shall be as follows:
(1) GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY. Any county, municipality, township, school district, chartered unit, or subdivision, governmental unit, other special district, similar entity, or any association, authority, board, commission, division, office, officer, task force, or other agency of any state;
(2) NONPROFIT CORPORATION. Any corporation which is exempt from taxation pursuant to Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. Section 501(a);
(3) NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION. Any organization which is exempt from taxation pursuant to Section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. Section 501(c), as amended;
(4) VOLUNTEER. A person performing services for a nonprofit organization, a nonprofit corporation, a hospital, or a governmental entity without compensation, other than reimbursement for actual expenses incurred. The term includes a volunteer serving as a director, officer, trustee, or direct service volunteer.
(d) Any volunteer shall be immune from civil liability in any action on the basis of any act or omission of a volunteer resulting in damage or injury if:
(1) The volunteer was acting in good faith and within the scope of such volunteer's official functions and duties for a nonprofit organization, a nonprofit corporation, hospital, or a governmental entity; and
(2) The damage or injury was not caused by willful or wanton misconduct by such volunteer.
(e) In any suit against a nonprofit organization, nonprofit corporation, or a hospital for civil damages based upon the negligent act or omission of a volunteer, proof of such act or omission shall be sufficient to establish the responsibility of the organization therefor under the doctrine of "respondeat superior," notwithstanding the immunity granted to the volunteer with respect to any act or omission included under subsection (d).
(Acts 1991, No. 91-439, p. 781, §§1-4; Acts 1993, No. 93-614, p. 1006, §1.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-339 - Volunteer Medical Professionals.

Section 6-5-339
Volunteer medical professionals.
Repealed by Act 2000-680, § 1, 2000 Regular Session, effective August 1, 2000.
(Act 98-297, p. 484, §§1-4.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-343 - Liability for Farmer Allowing Nonprofit Entity Onto Property.

Section 6-5-343
Liability for farmer allowing nonprofit entity onto property.
Notwithstanding any law to the contrary, any farmer, as an owner, lessee, occupant, or person otherwise in control of land, who allows without compensation another person who is employed by or who is an agent of a nonprofit entity to enter upon the land for the purpose of removing any crops remaining in the farmer's fields following the harvesting of the crops, owes that person the same duty of care the farmer owes a trespasser. For purposes of this section a nonprofit entity is an entity that is exempt from federal income tax under 26 U.S.C. Section 501(c)(3).
(Act 2004-367, p. 598, §1.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-344 - Volunteer Athletic Coach, Manager, or Official.

Section 6-5-344
Volunteer athletic coach, manager, or official.
(a) Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, no person who provides services or assistance free of charge, except for reimbursement of expenses, as an athletic coach, manager, or official for a sports team which is organized or performing as a nonprofit or similar entity or which is a member team in a league affiliated with an organized county or municipal recreation department, shall be liable in any civil action for damages to a player, participant, or spectator as a result of his or her acts or omissions arising out of and in the course of rendering that service or assistance.
(b) This section shall apply to competitions, instruction, practice, and other activities related to the organized sport.
(c) Nothing in this section shall grant immunity to any of the following:
(1) Any person causing damage by his or her willful, wanton, or grossly negligent act or omission.
(2) Any coach, manager, assistant, or official who has not participated in a safety and training skills program which shall include, but not be limited to, injury prevention, first aid procedures, and general coaching concepts.
(3) Any person causing damage or injury as a result of his or her negligent operation of a motor vehicle.
(4) Any person for any damage caused by that person permitting a competition or practice to be conducted without supervision.
(Act 2006-605, p. 1668, §1.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 18 - Exemptions From Liability. › Section 6-5-346 - Defense of Self, Others, and Property.

Section 6-5-346
Defense of self, others, and property.
(a) As used in this section, property shall mean real property and buildings, structures, and improvements thereon.
(b) Any person who unlawfully enters or attempts to enter upon the property of another for the purposes of engaging in criminal conduct, for purposes of civil liability only, assumes the risk for any injury caused or resulting to him or her due to the commission or effort to commit criminal conduct; provided the property owner acts as a reasonably prudent person would act under same or similar circumstances. The owner and his or her agents shall be immune from any civil liability due to the reasonable and proportionate acts of the owner or his or her agents in resisting the commission of the criminal conduct; provided that the person acts as a prudent person would act under same or similar circumstances.
(c) The provisions of this section do not apply to the creation of a hidden hazardous or hidden dangerous condition on the property designed to prevent criminal conduct or cause injury to a person engaging in criminal conduct.
(Act 2012-502, p. 1481, §1.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 19 - Seduction. › Section 6-5-350 - Action by Unmarried Woman Under 19 Years of Age.

Section 6-5-350
Action by unmarried woman under 19 years of age.
An unmarried woman under the age of 19 years may prosecute as plaintiff an action for her own seduction and may recover such damages as may be assessed in her favor.
(Code 1852, §2133; Code 1867, §2529; Code 1876, §2896; Code 1886, §2585; Code 1896, §23; Code 1907, §2482; Code 1923, §5692; Acts 1935, No. 356, p. 780; Code 1940, T. 7, §116.)
2023 Code of Alabama › Title 6 - Civil Practice. › Chapter 5 - Actions. › Article 19 - Seduction. › Section 6-5-351 - Action by Father or Mother for Seduction of Daughter.

Section 6-5-351
Action by father or mother for seduction of daughter.
The father or, in case of his death or desertion of his family, or of his imprisonment for a term of two years or more under a conviction for crime, or of his confinement in an insane hospital, or of his having been declared of unsound mind, the mother, may commence an action for the seduction of a daughter under the age of 19 years though she be not living with or in the service of the plaintiff at the time of the seduction or afterwards and there is no loss of service; provided, that an action by the daughter is a bar to an action by the father or mother.
(Code 1852, §2134; Code 1867, §2530; Code 1876, §2897; Code 1886, §2586; Code 1896, §24; Code 1907, §2483; Code 1923, §5693; Acts 1935, No. 356, p. 780; Code 1940, T. 7, §117.)