reglab/statecodes huggingface dataset:
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.1.

43.1. A child conceived, but not yet born, is deemed an existing person, so far as necessary for the child’s interests in the event of the child’s subsequent birth.
(Added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 163, Sec. 4. Effective January 1, 1993. Operative January 1, 1994, by Sec. 161 of Ch. 163.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.3.

43.3. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a mother may breastfeed her child in any location, public or private, except the private home or residence of another, where the mother and the child are otherwise authorized to be present.
(Added by Stats. 1997, Ch. 59, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 1998.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.5.

43.5. No cause of action arises for:
(a) Alienation of affection.
(b) Criminal conversation.
(c) Seduction of a person over the age of legal consent.
(d) Breach of promise of marriage.
(Added by Stats. 1939, Ch. 128.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.54.

43.54. (a) A person shall not be subject to civil arrest in a courthouse while attending a court proceeding or having legal business in the courthouse.
(b) This section does not narrow, or in any way lessen, any existing common law privilege.
(c) This section does not apply to arrests made pursuant to a valid judicial warrant.
(Added by Stats. 2019, Ch. 787, Sec. 2. (AB 668) Effective January 1, 2020.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.55.

43.55. (a) There shall be no liability on the part of, and no cause of action shall arise against, any peace officer who makes an arrest pursuant to a warrant of arrest regular upon its face if the peace officer in making the arrest acts without malice and in the reasonable belief that the person arrested is the one referred to in the warrant.
(b) As used in this section, a “warrant of arrest regular upon its face” includes both of the following:
(1) A paper arrest warrant that has been issued pursuant to a judicial order.
(2) A judicial order that is entered into an automated warrant system by law enforcement or court personnel authorized to make those entries at or near the time the judicial order is made.
(Amended by Stats. 2005, Ch. 706, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 2006.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.56.

43.56. No cause of action arises against a foster parent for alienation of affection of a foster child.
(Added by renumbering Section 43.55 (as amended by Stats. 1988, Ch. 195) by Stats. 1990, Ch. 216, Sec. 5.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.6.

43.6. (a) No cause of action arises against a parent of a child based upon the claim that the child should not have been conceived or, if conceived, should not have been allowed to have been born alive.
(b) The failure or refusal of a parent to prevent the live birth of his or her child shall not be a defense in any action against a third party, nor shall the failure or refusal be considered in awarding damages in any such action.
(c) As used in this section “conceived” means the fertilization of a human ovum by a human sperm.
(Added by Stats. 1981, Ch. 331, Sec. 1.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.8.

43.8. (a) In addition to the privilege afforded by Section 47, there shall be no monetary liability on the part of, and no cause of action for damages shall arise against, any person on account of the communication of information in the possession of that person to any hospital, hospital medical staff, veterinary hospital staff, professional society, medical, dental, podiatric, psychology, marriage and family therapy, professional clinical counselor, midwifery, or veterinary school, professional licensing board or division, committee or panel of a licensing board, the Senior Assistant Attorney General of the Health Quality Enforcement Section appointed under Section 12529 of the Government Code, peer review committee, quality assurance committees established in compliance with Sections 4070 and 5624 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, or underwriting committee described in Section 43.7 when the communication is intended to aid in the evaluation of the qualifications, fitness, character, or insurability of a practitioner of the healing or veterinary arts.
(b) The immunities afforded by this section and by Section 43.7 shall not affect the availability of any absolute privilege that may be afforded by Section 47.
(c) Nothing in this section is intended in any way to affect the California Supreme Court’s decision in Hassan v. Mercy American River Hospital (2003) 31 Cal.4th 709, holding that subdivision (a) provides a qualified privilege.
(Amended by Stats. 2017, Ch. 775, Sec. 106. (SB 798) Effective January 1, 2018.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.91.

43.91. (a) There shall be no monetary liability on the part of, and no cause of action shall arise against, any member of a duly appointed committee of a professional society which comprises a substantial percentage of the persons licensed pursuant to Part 1 (commencing with Section 10000) of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code and situated in the geographic area served by the particular society, for any act or proceeding undertaken or performed within the scope of the functions of any such committee which is formed to maintain the professional standards of the society established by its bylaws, if such member acts without malice, has made a reasonable effort to obtain the facts of the matter as to which he acts, and acts in reasonable belief that the action taken by him is warranted by the facts known to him after such reasonable effort to obtain facts.
(b) There shall be no monetary liability on the part of, and no cause of action for damages shall arise against, any person on account of the communication of information in the possession of such person to any committee specified in subdivision (a) when such communication is intended to aid in the evaluation of the qualifications, fitness or character of a member or applicant for membership in any such professional society, and does not represent as true any matter not reasonably believed to be true.
(c) The immunities afforded by this section shall not affect the availability of any absolute privilege which may be afforded by Section 47.
(d) This section shall not be construed to confer immunity from liability on any professional society. In any case in which, but for the enactment of this section, a cause of action would arise against a professional society, such cause of action shall exist as if this section had not been enacted.
(Added by Stats. 1980, Ch. 492, Sec. 1.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.92.

43.92. (a) There shall be no monetary liability on the part of, and no cause of action shall arise against, any person who is a psychotherapist as defined in Section 1010 of the Evidence Code in failing to protect from a patient’s threatened violent behavior or failing to predict and protect from a patient’s violent behavior except if the patient has communicated to the psychotherapist a serious threat of physical violence against a reasonably identifiable victim or victims.
(b) There shall be no monetary liability on the part of, and no cause of action shall arise against, a psychotherapist who, under the limited circumstances specified in subdivision (a), discharges his or her duty to protect by making reasonable efforts to communicate the threat to the victim or victims and to a law enforcement agency.
(c) It is the intent of the Legislature that the amendments made by the act adding this subdivision only change the name of the duty referenced in this section from a duty to warn and protect to a duty to protect. Nothing in this section shall be construed to be a substantive change, and any duty of a psychotherapist shall not be modified as a result of changing the wording in this section.
(d) It is the intent of the Legislature that a court interpret this section, as amended by the act adding this subdivision, in a manner consistent with the interpretation of this section as it read prior to January 1, 2013.
(Amended by Stats. 2012, Ch. 149, Sec. 1. (SB 1134) Effective January 1, 2013.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.93.

43.93. (a) For the purposes of this section the following definitions are applicable:
(1) “Psychotherapy” means the professional treatment, assessment, or counseling of a mental or emotional illness, symptom, or condition.
(2) “Psychotherapist” means a physician and surgeon specializing in the practice of psychiatry, a psychologist, a psychological assistant, a marriage and family therapist, a registered marriage and family therapist intern or trainee, an educational psychologist, an associate clinical social worker, a licensed clinical social worker, a professional clinical counselor, or a registered clinical counselor intern or trainee.
(3) “Sexual contact” means the touching of an intimate part of another person. “Intimate part” and “touching” have the same meanings as defined in subdivisions (f) and (d), respectively, of Section 243.4 of the Penal Code. For the purposes of this section, sexual contact includes sexual intercourse, sodomy, and oral copulation.
(4) “Therapeutic relationship” exists during the time the patient or client is rendered professional service by the psychotherapist.
(5) “Therapeutic deception” means a representation by a psychotherapist that sexual contact with the psychotherapist is consistent with or part of the patient’s or former patient’s treatment.
(b) A cause of action against a psychotherapist for sexual contact exists for a patient or former patient for injury caused by sexual contact with the psychotherapist, if the sexual contact occurred under any of the following conditions:
(1) During the period the patient was receiving psychotherapy from the psychotherapist.
(2) Within two years following termination of therapy.
(3) By means of therapeutic deception.
(c) The patient or former patient may recover damages from a psychotherapist who is found liable for sexual contact. It is not a defense to the action that sexual contact with a patient occurred outside a therapy or treatment session or that it occurred off the premises regularly used by the psychotherapist for therapy or treatment sessions. No cause of action shall exist between spouses within a marriage.
(d) In an action for sexual contact, evidence of the plaintiff’s sexual history is not subject to discovery and is not admissible as evidence except in either of the following situations:
(1) The plaintiff claims damage to sexual functioning.
(2) The defendant requests a hearing prior to conducting discovery and makes an offer of proof of the relevancy of the history, and the court finds that the history is relevant and the probative value of the history outweighs its prejudicial effect.
The court shall allow the discovery or introduction as evidence only of specific information or examples of the plaintiff’s conduct that are determined by the court to be relevant. The court’s order shall detail the information or conduct that is subject to discovery.
(Amended by Stats. 2011, Ch. 381, Sec. 16. (SB 146) Effective January 1, 2012.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.96.

43.96. (a) Any medical or podiatric society, health facility licensed or certified under Division 2 (commencing with Section 1200) of the Health and Safety Code, state agency as defined in Section 11000 of the Government Code, or local government agency that receives written complaints related to the professional competence or professional conduct of a physician and surgeon or doctor of podiatric medicine from the public shall inform the complainant that the Medical Board of California or the California Board of Podiatric Medicine, as the case may be, is the only authority in the state that may take disciplinary action against the license of the named licensee, and shall provide to the complainant the address and toll-free telephone number of the applicable state board.
(b) The immunity provided in Section 2318 of the Business and Professions Code and in Section 47 shall apply to complaints and information made or provided to a board pursuant to this section.
(Amended by Stats. 1995, Ch. 708, second Sec. 12. Effective January 1, 1996.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.97.

43.97. There shall be no monetary liability on the part of, and no cause of action for damages, other than economic or pecuniary damages, shall arise against, a hospital for any action taken upon the recommendation of its medical staff, or against any other person or organization for any action taken, or restriction imposed, which is required to be reported pursuant to Section 805 of the Business and Professions Code, if that action or restriction is reported in accordance with Section 805 of the Business and Professions Code. This section shall not apply to an action knowingly and intentionally taken for the purpose of injuring a person affected by the action or infringing upon a person’s rights.
(Amended by Stats. 2006, Ch. 538, Sec. 36. Effective January 1, 2007.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.98.

43.98. (a) There shall be no monetary liability on the part of, and no cause of action shall arise against, any consultant on account of any communication by that consultant to the Director of the Department of Managed Health Care or any other officer, employee, agent, contractor, or consultant of the Department of Managed Health Care, when that communication is for the purpose of determining whether health care services have been or are being arranged or provided in accordance with the Knox-Keene Health Care Service Plan Act of 1975 (Chapter 2.2 (commencing with Section 1340) of Division 2 of the Health and Safety Code) and any regulation adopted thereunder and the consultant does all of the following:
(1) Acts without malice.
(2) Makes a reasonable effort to obtain the facts of the matter communicated.
(3) Acts with a reasonable belief that the communication is warranted by the facts actually known to the consultant after a reasonable effort to obtain the facts.
(4) Acts pursuant to a contract entered into on or after January 1, 1998, between the Commissioner of Corporations and a state licensing board or committee, including, but not limited to, the Medical Board of California, or pursuant to a contract entered into on or after January 1, 1998, with the Commissioner of Corporations pursuant to Section 1397.6 of the Health and Safety Code.
(5) Acts pursuant to a contract entered into on or after July 1, 2000, between the Director of the Department of Managed Health Care and a state licensing board or committee, including, but not limited to, the Medical Board of California, or pursuant to a contract entered into on or after July 1, 1999, with the Director of the Department of Managed Health Care pursuant to Section 1397.6 of the Health and Safety Code.
(b) The immunities afforded by this section shall not affect the availability of any other privilege or immunity which may be afforded under this part. Nothing in this section shall be construed to alter the laws regarding the confidentiality of medical records.
(Amended by Stats. 2000, Ch. 857, Sec. 3. Effective January 1, 2001.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.100.

43.100. (a) There shall not be any civil liability on the part of, and no cause of action shall accrue against, a person for property damage or trespass to a motor vehicle, if the damage was caused while the person was rescuing an animal in accordance with subdivision (b) of Section 597.7 of the Penal Code.
(b) The immunity from civil liability for property damage to a motor vehicle that is established by subdivision (a) does not affect a person’s civil liability or immunity from civil liability for rendering aid to an animal.
(Added by Stats. 2016, Ch. 554, Sec. 1. (AB 797) Effective January 1, 2017.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.101.

43.101. (a) An emergency responder shall not be liable for any damage to an unmanned aircraft or unmanned aircraft system, if that damage was caused while the emergency responder was providing, and the unmanned aircraft or unmanned aircraft system was interfering with, the operation, support, or enabling of the emergency services listed in Section 853 of the Government Code.
(b) (1) For purposes of this section, “emergency responder” means either of the following, if acting within the scope of authority implicitly or expressly provided by a local public entity or a public employee of a local public entity to provide emergency services:
(A) A paid or an unpaid volunteer.
(B) A private entity.
(2) All of the following terms shall have the same meaning as the terms as used in Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 853) of Part 2 of Division 3.6 of Title 1 of the Government Code:
(A) Local public entity.
(B) Public employee of a local public entity.
(C) Unmanned aircraft.
(D) Unmanned aircraft system.
(Added by Stats. 2016, Ch. 834, Sec. 1. (SB 807) Effective January 1, 2017.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 43.102.

43.102. There shall not be any civil liability on the part of, and no cause of action shall accrue against, a person for property damage or trespass to a motor vehicle, if the damage was caused while the person was rescuing a child in accordance with subdivision (a) or (b) of Section 1799.101 of the Health and Safety Code. For purposes of this section, “child” means a child who is six years of age or younger.
(Added by Stats. 2020, Ch. 352, Sec. 1. (AB 2717) Effective January 1, 2021.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 45.

45. Libel is a false and unprivileged publication by writing, printing, picture, effigy, or other fixed representation to the eye, which exposes any person to hatred, contempt, ridicule, or obloquy, or which causes him to be shunned or avoided, or which has a tendency to injure him in his occupation.
(Enacted 1872.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 45a.

45a. A libel which is defamatory of the plaintiff without the necessity of explanatory matter, such as an inducement, innuendo or other extrinsic fact, is said to be a libel on its face. Defamatory language not libelous on its face is not actionable unless the plaintiff alleges and proves that he has suffered special damage as a proximate result thereof. Special damage is defined in Section 48a of this code.
(Added by Stats. 1945, Ch. 1489.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 46.

46. Slander is a false and unprivileged publication, orally uttered, and also communications by radio or any mechanical or other means which:
1. Charges any person with crime, or with having been indicted, convicted, or punished for crime;
2. Imputes in him the present existence of an infectious, contagious, or loathsome disease;
3. Tends directly to injure him in respect to his office, profession, trade or business, either by imputing to him general disqualification in those respects which the office or other occupation peculiarly requires, or by imputing something with reference to his office, profession, trade, or business that has a natural tendency to lessen its profits;
4. Imputes to him impotence or a want of chastity; or
5. Which, by natural consequence, causes actual damage.
(Amended by Stats. 1945, Ch. 1489.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 47.1.

47.1. (a) A communication made by an individual, without malice, regarding an incident of sexual assault, harassment, or discrimination is privileged under Section 47.
(b) A prevailing defendant in any defamation action brought against that defendant for making a communication that is privileged under this section shall be entitled to their reasonable attorney’s fees and costs for successfully defending themselves in the litigation, plus treble damages for any harm caused to them by the defamation action against them, in addition to punitive damages available under Section 3294 or any other relief otherwise permitted by law.
(c) This section shall only apply to an individual that has, or at any time had, a reasonable basis to file a complaint of sexual assault, harassment, or discrimination, whether the complaint is, or was, filed or not.
(d) For the purposes of this section, “communication” means factual information related to an incident of sexual assault, harassment, or discrimination experienced by the individual making the communication, including, but not limited to, any of the following:
(1) An act of sexual assault.
(2) An act of sexual harassment, as described in Section 51.9.
(3) An act of workplace harassment or discrimination, failure to prevent an act of workplace harassment or discrimination, aiding, abetting, inciting, compelling, or coercing an act of workplace harassment or discrimination, or an act of retaliation against a person for reporting or opposing workplace harassment or discrimination, as described in subdivision (a), (h), (i), (j), or (k) of Section 12940 of the Government Code.
(4) An act of harassment or discrimination, or an act of retaliation against a person for reporting harassment or discrimination, by the owner of a housing accommodation, as described in Section 12955 of the Government Code.
(5) An act of sexual harassment, as defined in Sections 212.5 and 66262.5 of the Education Code.
(6) An act of harassment or discrimination, or an act of retaliation against a person for reporting harassment or discrimination, based on any of the protected classes enumerated in Sections 220, 221.51, and 66270 of the Education Code.
(7) An act of cyber sexual bullying, as defined in Section 48900 of the Education Code.
(Added by Stats. 2023, Ch. 670, Sec. 1. (AB 933) Effective January 1, 2024.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 47.5.

47.5. Notwithstanding Section 47, a peace officer may bring an action for defamation against an individual who has filed a complaint with that officer’s employing agency alleging misconduct, criminal conduct, or incompetence, if that complaint is false, the complaint was made with knowledge that it was false and that it was made with spite, hatred, or ill will. Knowledge that the complaint was false may be proved by a showing that the complainant had no reasonable grounds to believe the statement was true and that the complainant exhibited a reckless disregard for ascertaining the truth.
(Added by Stats. 1982, Ch. 1588, Sec. 1.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 48.5.

48.5. (1) The owner, licensee or operator of a visual or sound radio broadcasting station or network of stations, and the agents or employees of any such owner, licensee or operator, shall not be liable for any damages for any defamatory statement or matter published or uttered in or as a part of a visual or sound radio broadcast by one other than such owner, licensee or operator, or agent or employee thereof, if it shall be alleged and proved by such owner, licensee or operator, or agent or employee thereof, that such owner, licensee or operator, or such agent or employee, has exercised due care to prevent the publication or utterance of such statement or matter in such broadcast.
(2) If any defamatory statement or matter is published or uttered in or as a part of a broadcast over the facilities of a network of visual or sound radio broadcasting stations, the owner, licensee or operator of any such station, or network of stations, and the agents or employees thereof, other than the owner, licensee or operator of the station, or network of stations, originating such broadcast, and the agents or employees thereof, shall in no event be liable for any damages for any such defamatory statement or matter.
(3) In no event, however, shall any owner, licensee or operator of such station or network of stations, or the agents or employees thereof, be liable for any damages for any defamatory statement or matter published or uttered, by one other than such owner, licensee or operator, or agent or employee thereof, in or as a part of a visual or sound radio broadcast by or on behalf of any candidate for public office, which broadcast cannot be censored by reason of the provisions of federal statute or regulation of the Federal Communications Commission.
(4) As used in this Part 2, the terms “radio,” “radio broadcast,” and “broadcast,” are defined to include both visual and sound radio broadcasting.
(5) Nothing in this section contained shall deprive any such owner, licensee or operator, or the agent or employee thereof, of any rights under any other section of this Part 2.
(Added by Stats. 1949, Ch. 1258.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 48.7.

48.7. (a) No person charged by indictment, information, or other accusatory pleading of child abuse may bring a civil libel or slander action against the minor, the parent or guardian of the minor, or any witness, based upon any statements made by the minor, parent or guardian, or witness which are reasonably believed to be in furtherance of the prosecution of the criminal charges while the charges are pending before a trial court. The charges are not pending within the meaning of this section after dismissal, after pronouncement of judgment, or during an appeal from a judgment.
Any applicable statute of limitations shall be tolled during the period that such charges are pending before a trial court.
(b) Whenever any complaint for libel or slander is filed which is subject to the provisions of this section, no responsive pleading shall be required to be filed until 30 days after the end of the period set forth in subdivision (a).
(c) Every complaint for libel or slander based on a statement that the plaintiff committed an act of child abuse shall state that the complaint is not barred by subdivision (a). A failure to include that statement shall be grounds for a demurrer.
(d) Whenever a demurrer against a complaint for libel or slander is sustained on the basis that the complaint was filed in violation of this section, attorney’s fees and costs shall be awarded to the prevailing party.
(e) Whenever a prosecutor is informed by a minor, parent, guardian, or witness that a complaint against one of those persons has been filed which may be subject to the provisions of this section, the prosecutor shall provide that person with a copy of this section.
(f) As used in this section, child abuse has the meaning set forth in Section 11165 of the Penal Code.
(Added by Stats. 1981, Ch. 253, Sec. 1.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 48.8.

48.8. (a) A communication by any person to a school principal, or a communication by a student attending the school to the student’s teacher or to a school counselor or school nurse and any report of that communication to the school principal, stating that a specific student or other specified person has made a threat to commit violence or potential violence on the school grounds involving the use of a firearm or other deadly or dangerous weapon, is a communication on a matter of public concern and is subject to liability in defamation only upon a showing by clear and convincing evidence that the communication or report was made with knowledge of its falsity or with reckless disregard for the truth or falsity of the communication. Where punitive damages are alleged, the provisions of Section 3294 shall also apply.
(b) As used in this section, “school” means a public or private school providing instruction in kindergarten or grades 1 to 12, inclusive.
(Added by Stats. 2001, Ch. 570, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 2002.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 48.9.

48.9. (a) An organization which sponsors or conducts an anonymous witness program, and its employees and agents, shall not be liable in a civil action for damages resulting from its receipt of information regarding possible criminal activity or from dissemination of that information to a law enforcement agency.
(b) The immunity provided by this section shall apply to any civil action for damages, including, but not limited to, a defamation action or an action for damages resulting from retaliation against a person who provided information.
(c) The immunity provided by this section shall not apply in any of the following instances:
(1) The information was disseminated with actual knowledge that it was false.
(2) The name of the provider of the information was disseminated without that person’s authorization and the dissemination was not required by law.
(3) The name of the provider of information was obtained and the provider was not informed by the organization that the disclosure of his or her name may be required by law.
(d) As used in this section, an “anonymous witness program” means a program whereby information relating to alleged criminal activity is received from persons, whose names are not released without their authorization unless required by law, and disseminated to law enforcement agencies.
(Added by Stats. 1983, Ch. 495, Sec. 1.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 49.

49. The rights of personal relations forbid:
(a) The abduction or enticement of a child from a parent, or from a guardian entitled to its custody;
(b) The seduction of a person under the age of legal consent;
(c) Any injury to a servant which affects his ability to serve his master, other than seduction, abduction or criminal conversation.
(Amended by Stats. 1939, Ch. 1103.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section [50.].

[50.] Any necessary force may be used to protect from wrongful injury the person or property of oneself, or of a spouse, child, parent, or other relative, or member of one’s family, or of a ward, servant, master, or guest.
(Amended by Stats. 2016, Ch. 50, Sec. 4. (SB 1005) Effective January 1, 2017.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 51.1.

51.1. If a violation of Section 51, 51.5, 51.7, 51.9, or 52.1 is alleged or the application or construction of any of these sections is in issue in any proceeding in the Supreme Court of California, a state court of appeal, or the appellate division of a superior court, each party shall serve a copy of the party’s brief or petition and brief, on the State Solicitor General at the Office of the Attorney General. No brief may be accepted for filing unless the proof of service shows service on the State Solicitor General. Any party failing to comply with this requirement shall be given a reasonable opportunity to cure the failure before the court imposes any sanction and, in that instance, the court shall allow the Attorney General reasonable additional time to file a brief in the matter.
(Added by Stats. 2002, Ch. 244, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 2003.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 51.4.

51.4. (a) The Legislature finds and declares that the requirements for senior housing under Sections 51.2 and 51.3 are more stringent than the requirements for that housing under the federal Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-430) in recognition of the acute shortage of housing for families with children in California. The Legislature further finds and declares that the special design requirements for senior housing under Sections 51.2 and 51.3 may pose a hardship to some housing developments that were constructed before the decision in Marina Point, Ltd. v. Wolfson (1982) 30 Cal.3d 721. The Legislature further finds and declares that the requirement for specially designed accommodations in senior housing under Sections 51.2 and 51.3 provides important benefits to senior citizens and also ensures that housing exempt from the prohibition of age discrimination is carefully tailored to meet the compelling societal interest in providing senior housing.
(b) Any person who resided in, occupied, or used, prior to January 1, 1990, a dwelling in a senior citizen housing development that relied on the exemption to the special design requirement provided by this section prior to January 1, 2001, shall not be deprived of the right to continue that residency, occupancy, or use as the result of the changes made to this section by the enactment of Chapter 1004 of the Statutes of 2000.
(c) This section shall not apply to the County of Riverside.
(Amended by Stats. 2006, Ch. 538, Sec. 37. Effective January 1, 2007.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 51.5.

51.5. (a) No business establishment of any kind whatsoever shall discriminate against, boycott or blacklist, or refuse to buy from, contract with, sell to, or trade with any person in this state on account of any characteristic listed or defined in subdivision (b) or (e) of Section 51, or of the person’s partners, members, stockholders, directors, officers, managers, superintendents, agents, employees, business associates, suppliers, or customers, because the person is perceived to have one or more of those characteristics, or because the person is associated with a person who has, or is perceived to have, any of those characteristics.
(b) As used in this section, “person” includes any person, firm, association, organization, partnership, business trust, corporation, limited liability company, or company.
(c) This section shall not be construed to require any construction, alteration, repair, structural or otherwise, or modification of any sort whatsoever, beyond that construction, alteration, repair, or modification that is otherwise required by other provisions of law, to any new or existing establishment, facility, building, improvement, or any other structure, nor shall this section be construed to augment, restrict, or alter in any way the authority of the State Architect to require construction, alteration, repair, or modifications that the State Architect otherwise possesses pursuant to other laws.
(Amended by Stats. 2005, Ch. 420, Sec. 4. Effective January 1, 2006.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 51.8.

51.8. (a) No franchisor shall discriminate in the granting of franchises solely on account of any characteristic listed or defined in subdivision (b) or (e) of Section 51 of the franchisee and the composition of a neighborhood or geographic area reflecting any characteristic listed or defined in subdivision (b) or (e) of Section 51 in which the franchise is located. Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to prohibit a franchisor from granting a franchise to prospective franchisees as part of a program or programs to make franchises available to persons lacking the capital, training, business experience, or other qualifications ordinarily required of franchisees, or any other affirmative action program adopted by the franchisor.
(b) Nothing in this section shall be construed to require any construction, alteration, repair, structural or otherwise, or modification of any sort whatsoever, beyond that construction, alteration, repair, or modification that is otherwise required by other provisions of law, to any new or existing establishment, facility, building, improvement, or any other structure, nor shall anything in this section be construed to augment, restrict, or alter in any way the authority of the State Architect to require construction, alteration, repair, or modifications that the State Architect otherwise possesses pursuant to other laws.
(Amended by Stats. 2005, Ch. 420, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 2006.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 51.9.

51.9. (a) A person is liable in a cause of action for sexual harassment under this section when the plaintiff proves all of the following elements:
(1) There is a business, service, or professional relationship between the plaintiff and defendant or the defendant holds himself or herself out as being able to help the plaintiff establish a business, service, or professional relationship with the defendant or a third party. Such a relationship may exist between a plaintiff and a person, including, but not limited to, any of the following persons:
(A) Physician, psychotherapist, or dentist. For purposes of this section, “psychotherapist” has the same meaning as set forth in paragraph (1) of subdivision (c) of Section 728 of the Business and Professions Code.
(B) Attorney, holder of a master’s degree in social work, real estate agent, real estate appraiser, investor, accountant, banker, trust officer, financial planner loan officer, collection service, building contractor, or escrow loan officer.
(C) Executor, trustee, or administrator.
(D) Landlord or property manager.
(E) Teacher.
(F) Elected official.
(G) Lobbyist.
(H) Director or producer.
(I) A relationship that is substantially similar to any of the above.
(2) The defendant has made sexual advances, solicitations, sexual requests, demands for sexual compliance by the plaintiff, or engaged in other verbal, visual, or physical conduct of a sexual nature or of a hostile nature based on gender, that were unwelcome and pervasive or severe.
(3) The plaintiff has suffered or will suffer economic loss or disadvantage or personal injury, including, but not limited to, emotional distress or the violation of a statutory or constitutional right, as a result of the conduct described in paragraph (2).
(b) In an action pursuant to this section, damages shall be awarded as provided by subdivision (b) of Section 52.
(c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit application of any other remedies or rights provided under the law.
(d) The definition of sexual harassment and the standards for determining liability set forth in this section shall be limited to determining liability only with regard to a cause of action brought under this section.
(Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 951, Sec. 1. (SB 224) Effective January 1, 2019.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 51.10.

51.10. (a) Section 51 shall be construed to prohibit a business establishment from discriminating in the sale or rental of housing based upon age. A business establishment may establish and preserve housing for senior citizens, pursuant to Section 51.11, except housing as to which Section 51.11 is preempted by the prohibition in the federal Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-430) and implementing regulations against discrimination on the basis of familial status.
(b) This section is intended to clarify the holdings in Marina Point, Ltd. v. Wolfson (1982) 30 Cal.3d 721, and O’Connor v. Village Green Owners Association (1983) 33 Cal.3d 790.
(c) Selection preferences based on age, imposed in connection with a federally approved housing program, do not constitute age discrimination in housing.
(d) This section shall only apply to the County of Riverside.
(Amended by Stats. 2010, Ch. 524, Sec. 3. (SB 1252) Effective January 1, 2011.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 51.12.

51.12. (a) The Legislature finds and declares that the requirements for senior housing under Sections 51.10 and 51.11 are more stringent than the requirements for that housing under the federal Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-430).
(b) Any person who resided in, occupied, or used, prior to January 1, 1990, a dwelling in a senior citizen housing development which relied on the exemption to the special design requirement provided by Section 51.4 as that section read prior to January 1, 2001, shall not be deprived of the right to continue that residency, or occupancy, or use as the result of the changes made to this section by the enactment of Senate Bill 1382 or Senate Bill 2011 at the 1999–2000 Regular Session of the Legislature.
(c) This section shall only apply to the County of Riverside.
(Amended by Stats. 2000, Ch. 1004, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 2001.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 51.13.

51.13. Any discount or other benefit offered to or conferred on a consumer or prospective consumer by a business because the consumer or prospective consumer has suffered the loss or reduction of employment or reduction of wages shall not be considered an arbitrary discrimination in violation of Section 51.
(Added by Stats. 2009, Ch. 641, Sec. 1. (SB 367) Effective November 2, 2009.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 51.17.

51.17. (a) For purposes of this section, “department” refers to the Civil Rights Department.
(b) (1) On or before January 1, 2025, the department shall establish a pilot program that recognizes businesses for creating safe and welcoming environments free from discrimination and harassment of customers.
(2) To qualify for recognition under the pilot program, a business shall meet the criteria set out by the department, which may include, but not be limited to, the following:
(A) Demonstrating compliance with Section 51.
(B) Offering additional training to educate and inform employees or build skills.
(C) Informing the public of their rights to be free from discrimination and harassment and how to report violations.
(D) Outlining a code of conduct for the public that encourages respectful and civil behavior.
(E) Any other actions designed to prevent and respond to discrimination and harassment regardless of the identity of the perpetrator.
(3) The department shall provide a certificate to qualifying businesses that may be prominently displayed on site and publish on its internet website a database of businesses receiving that certificate.
(4) On or before January 1, 2028, the department shall evaluate whether that recognition is effective, including, at a minimum, whether it affects customer behavior, incentivizes compliance among businesses with Section 51, or reduces the incidence of discrimination and harassment at businesses.
(5) Recognition under the pilot program does not establish and is not relevant to any defense of claims brought under existing law.
(c) This section shall remain in effect only until July 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.
(Added by Stats. 2022, Ch. 315, Sec. 1. (AB 2448) Effective January 1, 2023. Repealed as of July 1, 2028, by its own provisions.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 52.2.

52.2. An action pursuant to Section 52 or 54.3 may be brought in any court of competent jurisdiction. A “court of competent jurisdiction” shall include small claims court if the amount of the damages sought in the action does not exceed the jurisdictional limits stated in Sections 116.220 and 116.221 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
(Amended by Stats. 2006, Ch. 167, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 2007.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 52.3.

52.3. (a) No governmental authority, or agent of a governmental authority, or person acting on behalf of a governmental authority, shall engage in a pattern or practice of conduct by law enforcement officers that deprives any person of rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States or by the Constitution or laws of California.
(b) The Attorney General may bring a civil action in the name of the people to obtain appropriate equitable and declaratory relief to eliminate the pattern or practice of conduct specified in subdivision (a), whenever the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that a violation of subdivision (a) has occurred.
(Added by Stats. 2000, Ch. 622, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 2001.)
2023 California Code › Civil Code - CIV › DIVISION 1 - PERSONS › PART 2 - PERSONAL RIGHTS › Section 52.4.

52.4. (a) Any person who has been subjected to gender violence may bring a civil action for damages against any responsible party. The plaintiff may seek actual damages, compensatory damages, punitive damages, injunctive relief, any combination of those, or any other appropriate relief. A prevailing plaintiff may also be awarded attorney’s fees and costs.
(b) An action brought pursuant to this section shall be commenced within three years of the act, or if the victim was a minor when the act occurred, within eight years after the date the plaintiff attains the age of majority or within three years after the date the plaintiff discovers or reasonably should have discovered the psychological injury or illness occurring after the age of majority that was caused by the act, whichever date occurs later.
(c) For purposes of this section, “gender violence” is a form of sex discrimination and means either of the following:
(1) One or more acts that would constitute a criminal offense under state law that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another, committed at least in part based on the gender of the victim, whether or not those acts have resulted in criminal complaints, charges, prosecution, or conviction.
(2) A physical intrusion or physical invasion of a sexual nature under coercive conditions, whether or not those acts have resulted in criminal complaints, charges, prosecution, or conviction.
(d) For purposes of this section, “gender” has the meaning set forth in Section 51.
(e)  Notwithstanding any other laws that may establish the liability of an employer for the acts of an employee, this section does not establish any civil liability of a person because of his or her status as an employer, unless the employer personally committed an act of gender violence.
(Amended by Stats. 2015, Ch. 202, Sec. 1. (AB 830) Effective January 1, 2016.)