reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
GA Code § 44-2-36 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 1 - Recording|Part 2 - Uniform Real Property Electronic Recording|§ 44-2-36. Definitions

 As used in this part, the term:    "Authority" means the Georgia Superior Court Clerks' Cooperative Authority established pursuant to Code Section 15-6-94.   "Document" means information that is:   Inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form; and   Eligible to be recorded in the land records maintained by the clerk of superior court.     "Electronic" means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.   "Electronic document" means a document that is received by the clerk of superior court in an electronic form.   "Electronic signature" means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a document and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the document.   "Paper document" means a document that is received by the clerk of superior court that is not electronic.   "Person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, public corporation, government, or governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality, or any other legal or commercial entity.   "State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.     (Code 1981, §44-2-36, enacted by Ga. L. 2009, p. 695, § 1/HB 127.)
GA Code § 44-2-37 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 1 - Recording|Part 2 - Uniform Real Property Electronic Recording|§ 44-2-37. Electronic Documents Treated as Original; Electronic Signatures Acceptable

  An electronic document prepared and filed in compliance with this part shall satisfy any requirement as a condition for recording that a document be an original, on paper or another tangible medium, or in writing.   An electronic signature shall satisfy any requirement as a condition for recording that a document be signed.   A requirement that a document or a signature associated with a document be notarized, acknowledged, verified, witnessed, or made under oath is satisfied if the electronic signature of the person authorized to perform that act, and all other information required to be included by other applicable law, is attached to or logically associated with the document or signature. A physical or electronic image of a stamp, impression, or seal need not accompany an electronic signature.     (Code 1981, §44-2-37, enacted by Ga. L. 2009, p. 695, § 1/HB 127.)
GA Code § 44-2-38 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 1 - Recording|Part 2 - Uniform Real Property Electronic Recording|§ 44-2-38. Role of Clerk of Court

 A clerk of superior court:    Who implements any of the functions listed in this Code section shall do so in compliance with standards established by the authority;   May receive, index, store, archive, and transmit electronic documents;   May provide for access to, and search and retrieval of, documents and information by electronic means;   Who accepts electronic documents for recording shall continue to accept for filing paper documents as authorized by state law and shall record both electronic documents and paper documents in the same manner as provided for by law;   For archival purposes, may convert into electronic form paper documents accepted for recording;   May convert into electronic form historical documents recorded on paper;   May accept electronically any fee or other moneys that the clerk of superior court is authorized to collect; and   May agree with other officials of a state or a political subdivision thereof, or of the United States, on procedures or processes to electronically facilitate satisfaction of prior approvals and conditions precedent to recording and on the electronic payment of statutorily required fees and other moneys.     (Code 1981, §44-2-38, enacted by Ga. L. 2009, p. 695, § 1/HB 127.)
GA Code § 44-2-39 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 1 - Recording|Part 2 - Uniform Real Property Electronic Recording|§ 44-2-39. Adoption of Rules and Regulations; Standardization

  The authority shall adopt rules and regulations and any standardized forms necessary to implement this part.   To promote uniform standards and practices and compatibility of technology used within offices of clerks of superior court in this state and recording offices in other states that have enacted or may enact provisions substantially similar to those contained within this part, the authority shall consider when adopting, amending, and repealing its rules and regulations and any standardized forms:   Standards and practices of other jurisdictions;   The most recent standards promulgated by national standard-setting bodies, such as the Property Records Industry Association;   The views of interested persons and governmental officials and entities;   The needs of counties of varying size, population, and resources; and   Standards that ensure that electronic documents are accurate, authentic, adequately preserved, and resistant to tampering.       (Code 1981, §44-2-39, enacted by Ga. L. 2009, p. 695, § 1/HB 127.)
GA Code § 44-2-39.1 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 1 - Recording|Part 2 - Uniform Real Property Electronic Recording|§ 44-2-39.1. Promotion of Uniformity

 In applying and construing this part, consideration shall be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter among states that enact substantially similar provisions.    (Code 1981, §44-2-39.1, enacted by Ga. L. 2009, p. 695, § 1/HB 127.)
GA Code § 44-2-39.2 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 1 - Recording|Part 2 - Uniform Real Property Electronic Recording|§ 44-2-39.2. Construction With Federal Law

 The provisions of this part modify, limit, and supersede the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001, et seq., but shall not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of that federal act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001(c), or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that federal act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7003(b).    (Code 1981, §44-2-39.2, enacted by Ga. L. 2009, p. 695, § 1/HB 127.)
GA Code § 44-2-40 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 1 - In General|§ 44-2-40. Short Title

 This article shall be known and may be cited as "The Land Registration Law."   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 1; Code 1933, § 60-101.)   Law reviews.   - For article, "Tracing Georgia's English Common Law Equity Jurisprudential Roots: Quia Timet," see 14 The Journal of Southern Legal History 135 (2006).   JUDICIAL DECISIONS    Cited in Couey v. Talalah Estates Corp., 183 Ga. 442, 188 S.E. 822 (1936).
GA Code § 44-2-41 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 1 - In General|§ 44-2-41. Definitions

 As used in this article, the term:    "Clerk" means the clerk of the superior court of the county where the land is located and includes his lawful deputies and any person lawfully acting as clerk under the general laws or under this article.   "Court" means the superior court of the county where the land is located.   "Involuntary transaction" means all transmissions of registered land or of any interest therein other than those included in paragraph (6) of this Code section and all other rights or claims, judicial proceedings, liens, charges, or encumbrances not created directly by contract with the registered owner but arising by operation of law or of equitable principles or because of dower, the exercise of the right of eminent domain, levies on delinquent taxes, or any other like matters affecting registered land or any interest therein.   "Judge," "judge of the court," "judge of the superior court," "judge of the superior court of the county where the land is located" or words of similar purport mean any judge presiding in the superior court of the county where the land is located. While it is intended that as a usual matter the judge of the superior court of each circuit shall be the judge who shall act upon and sit in the various matters arising in that circuit with which the judges of such courts are charged under this article, as to such matters any judge of the superior court shall have jurisdiction to perform the functions of judge under this article. In the event the judge of the superior court of the circuit in which the transaction or matter arises is disqualified, absent from the circuit, ill, dead, or from any other cause cannot act in the matter, it shall be the duty of any other judge of the superior court to whom the matter is presented to act in the matter to the same extent as if the same arose in one of the counties of his own circuit. In any matter arising under this article, upon the request of the judge of the superior court of the circuit in which it arose, any judge of the superior court may act upon it as if it had arisen in his own circuit.   "Registered land" means any estate or interest in land which shall have been registered under this article.   "Voluntary transaction" means all contractual and other voluntary acts or dealings, except by will, by any registered owner of any estate or interest in land, with reference to such estate or interest and any right of homestead or exemption therein.    (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 3; Code 1933, § 60-102; Ga. L. 1982, p. 3, § 44.)
GA Code § 44-2-42 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 1 - In General|§ 44-2-42. Performance of Clerk's and Sheriff's Duties by Deputies; Liability

 The duties required of the clerk and the sheriff by this article may be performed through their lawful deputies; but the clerk or the sheriff, as the case may be, shall be responsible for the acts of such deputies.   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 83; Code 1933, § 60-415; Ga. L. 1982, p. 3, § 44.)
GA Code § 44-2-43 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 1 - In General|§ 44-2-43. Fraud, Forgery, and Theft in Connection With Registration of Title to Land; Penalty

 Any person who: (1) fraudulently obtains or attempts to obtain a decree of registration of title to any land or interest therein; (2) knowingly offers in evidence any forged or fraudulent document in the course of any proceedings with regard to registered lands or any interest therein; (3) makes or utters any forged instrument of transfer or instrument of mortgage or any other paper, writing, or document used in connection with any of the proceedings required for the registration of lands or the notation of entries upon the register of titles; (4) steals or fraudulently conceals any owner's certificate, creditor's certificate, or other certificate of title provided for under this article; (5) fraudulently alters, changes, or mutilates any writing, instrument, document, record, registration, or register provided for under this article; (6) makes any false oath or affidavit with respect to any matter or thing provided for in this article; or (7) makes or knowingly uses any counterfeit of any certificate provided for by this article shall be guilty of a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than ten years.   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 85; Code 1933, § 60-9901; Ga. L. 1982, p. 3, § 44.)   Cross references.   - Forgery and fraudulent practices generally, Ch. 9, T. 16.   JUDICIAL DECISIONS   No private right of action.    - Because no state court would find that a borrower's complaint stated a claim against a non-diverse foreclosure administrator, whether under O.C.G.A. § 44-2-43 (because the statute did not provide a private right of action) or common law, the administrator was properly dismissed and its citizenship properly disregarded under the doctrine of fraudulent joinder for purposes of diversity jurisdiction and removal. Restivo v. Bank of Am. Corp., 618 Fed. Appx. 537 (11th Cir. 2015)(Unpublished).    Cited in Crowell v. Akin, 152 Ga. 126, 108 S.E. 791, 19 A.L.R. 51 (1921).   RESEARCH REFERENCES   ALR.   - Forged deed or bond for title as constituting color of title, 68 A.L.R.2d 452.
GA Code § 44-2-44 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 1 - In General|§ 44-2-44. Fraudulent Acts by Office of Clerk Personnel; Penalties

 Any clerk, deputy clerk, special clerk, or other person performing the duties of the office of clerk who: (1) fraudulently enters a decree of registration without authority of the court; (2) fraudulently registers any title; (3) fraudulently makes any notation or entry upon the title register; (4) fraudulently issues any certificate of title, creditor's certificate, or other instrument provided for by this article; or (5) knowingly, intentionally, and fraudulently does any act of omission or commission under color of his office in relation to the matters provided for by this article shall be guilty of a felony and shall be removed from office and be permanently disqualified from holding any public office and shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than ten years.   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 85; Code 1933, § 60-9902; Ga. L. 1982, p. 3, § 44.)   Cross references.   - Forgery and fraudulent practices generally, Ch. 9, T. 16.   JUDICIAL DECISIONS    Cited in DeKalb County Sch. Dist. v. Ga. State Bd. of Educ., 294 Ga. 349, 751 S.E.2d 827 (2013).
GA Code § 44-2-45 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 1 - In General|§ 44-2-45. Fraud or False Entries by Sheriffs and Deputies; Penalties

 Any sheriff, deputy sheriff, or other person performing the duties of the office of sheriff who knowingly and fraudulently makes any false entry or return in connection with any matter arising under this article or who fraudulently conspires with any person or persons to defraud any other person or persons through this article shall be guilty of a felony and shall be removed from office and be permanently disqualified from holding any public office in this state and shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than ten years.   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 85; Code 1933, § 60-9904.)   Cross references.   - Forgery and fraudulent practices generally, Ch. 9, T. 16.
GA Code § 44-2-46 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 1 - In General|§ 44-2-46. Fraudulent Acts and Malpractice of Examiners; Penalty

 Any examiner of title who knowingly and fraudulently makes any false report to the court as to any matter relating to any title which is sought to be registered under this article, as to any matter affecting the same, or as to any other matter referred to him under this article or who fraudulently conspires with any other person or persons to use this article in defrauding any other person or persons, firm, or corporation or who is guilty of any willful malpractice in his office shall be guilty of a felony and be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than ten years.   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 85; Code 1933, § 60-9903.)   Cross references.   - Forgery and fraudulent practices generally, Ch. 9, T. 16.
GA Code § 44-2-47 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 1 - In General|§ 44-2-47. Reduction of Felonies Under This Article to Misdemeanors

 The felonies provided for in this article may, in the matter of punishment, be reduced to misdemeanors in the manner prescribed in Code Section 17-10-5.   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 85; Code 1933, § 60-9905.)
GA Code § 44-2-60 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 2 - Proceedings to Register|§ 44-2-60. Jurisdiction of Superior Court Over Matters in This Article

 For the purpose of enabling all persons owning real estate within this state to have the title thereto settled and registered as prescribed by this article, the superior court of the county in which the land is located shall have exclusive original jurisdiction of all petitions and proceedings had thereupon.   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 2; Code 1933, § 60-201.)   Cross references.   - Judges who may preside in the superior court of the county where the land is located, § 44-2-41.   JUDICIAL DECISIONS   Dispossessory action held not transferable.    - In a dispossessory action filed in state court, there was no evidence of the lack of a landlord-tenant relationship, and no evidence justifying a challenge to the ownership of the land so as to require transfer of the case to the superior court. Bread of Life Baptist Church v. Price, 194 Ga. App. 693, 392 S.E.2d 15 (1990).    Cited in Setlock v. Setlock, 286 Ga. 384, 688 S.E.2d 346 (2010).   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 66 Am. Jur. 2d, Registration of Land Titles, §§ 2, 10.   C.J.S.   - 76 C.J.S., Registration of Land Titles, § 4.
GA Code § 44-2-61 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 2 - Proceedings to Register|§ 44-2-61. Proceedings to Be in Rem; Operation of Decree

 The proceedings under any petition for the registration of land and all proceedings in the court in relation to registered land shall be proceedings in rem against the land; and the decree of the court shall operate directly on the land and shall vest and establish title thereto in accordance with this article upon all persons who are parties to said proceedings, whether by name or under the general designation of "whom it may concern."   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 4; Ga. L. 1931, p. 190, § 1; Code 1933, § 60-202; Ga. L. 1939, p. 341, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 66 Am. Jur. 2d, Registration of Land Titles, §§ 1, 5, 7, 10.   C.J.S.   - 76 C.J.S., Registration of Land Titles, §§ 1, 2, 22.   ALR.    - Necessity of actual possession to give title by adverse possession under invalid tax title, 22 A.L.R. 550.
GA Code § 44-2-62 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 2 - Proceedings to Register|§ 44-2-62. Procedure as to Actions for Registration; Persons Under Disability

 Action for registration of title shall be begun by a petition to the court by the person, persons, or corporation claiming, singly or collectively, to own or to have the power of appointing or disposing of an estate in fee simple in any land whether or not subject to liens, encumbrances, or lesser estate. Minors and other persons under disability may bring and defend actions by a guardian, a guardian ad litem, a next friend, or a trustee, as the case may be.   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 5; Code 1933, § 60-203.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 66 Am. Jur. 2d, Registration of Land Titles, § 10 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 76 C.J.S., Registration of Land Titles, § 2 et seq.
GA Code § 44-2-63 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 2 - Proceedings to Register|§ 44-2-63. Persons Claiming Less Than Fee; Establishing Title Without Registration

 Any person possessing lands and claiming an interest or estate less than the fee therein may have his title to such lands established under this article without the registration and transfer features provided in this article.   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 6; Code 1933, § 60-204.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 66 Am. Jur. 2d, Registration of Land Titles, §§ 5, 18.   C.J.S.   - 76 C.J.S., Registration of Land Titles, §§ 2, 5.
GA Code § 44-2-65 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 2 - Proceedings to Register|§ 44-2-65. Petition - Inclusion of Separate Parcels in One Proceeding; Individual Registration of Separate Parts of One Tract

 Any number of separate parcels of land which are claimed by the petitioner under the same general claim of title and are located in the same county may be included in the same proceeding. Any one tract may be established in several parts, each of which shall be clearly and accurately described and registered separately.   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 8; Code 1933, § 60-208.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 66 Am. Jur. 2d, Registration of Land Titles, § 19.   C.J.S.   - 76 C.J.S., Registration of Land Titles, §§ 13, 14.
GA Code § 44-2-66 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 2 - Proceedings to Register|§ 44-2-66. Petition - Persons Included as Defendants

 The petition shall include as defendants all persons whom it shows to have any interest, equity, or claim upon said land or upon any interest in the land whether such claim is vested or contingent and whether or not the claim is adverse to the petitioner; and the petition shall also include as defendants all other persons "whom it may concern."   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 9; Code 1933, § 60-205.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 66 Am. Jur. 2d, Registration of Land Titles, § 18.   C.J.S.   - 76 C.J.S., Registration of Land Titles, § 9.
GA Code § 44-2-68 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 44 - Property|Chapter 2 - Recordation and Registration of Deeds and Other Instruments|Article 2 - Land Registration|Part 2 - Proceedings to Register|§ 44-2-68. Appointment of Resident Agent for Service on Nonresident Petitioner

 A nonresident petitioner shall appoint a resident agent or attorney upon whom process and notice may be served.   (Ga. L. 1917, p. 108, § 7; Code 1933, § 60-210.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 66 Am. Jur. 2d, Registration of Land Titles, § 10 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 76 C.J.S., Registration of Land Titles, § 11.