HI Rev Stat § 237-13 (2021)
2021 Hawaii Revised Statutes|Title 14. Taxation|237. General Excise Tax Law|237-13 Imposition of tax.

  §237-13 Imposition of tax.  There is hereby levied and shall be assessed and collected annually privilege taxes against persons on account of their business and other activities in the State measured by the application of rates against values of products, gross proceeds of sales, or gross income, whichever is specified, as follows:  (1) Tax on manufacturers.  (A) Upon every person engaging or continuing within the State in the business of manufacturing, including compounding, canning, preserving, packing, printing, publishing, milling, processing, refining, or preparing for sale, profit, or commercial use, either directly or through the activity of others, in whole or in part, any article or articles, substance or substances, commodity or commodities, the amount of the tax to be equal to the value of the articles, substances, or commodities, manufactured, compounded, canned, preserved, packed, printed, milled, processed, refined, or prepared for sale, as shown by the gross proceeds derived from the sale thereof by the manufacturer or person compounding, preparing, or printing them, multiplied by one-half of one per cent.  (B) The measure of the tax on manufacturers is the value of the entire product for sale.  (2) Tax on business of selling tangible personal property; producing.  (A) Upon every person engaging or continuing in the business of selling any tangible personal property whatsoever, there is likewise hereby levied, and shall be assessed and collected, a tax equivalent to four per cent of the gross proceeds of sales of the business; provided that, in the case of a wholesaler, the tax shall be equal to one-half of one per cent of the gross proceeds of sales of the business; and provided further that insofar as the sale of tangible personal property is a wholesale sale under section 237-4(a)(8), the tax shall be one-half of one per cent of the gross proceeds. Upon every person engaging or continuing within this State in the business of a producer, the tax shall be equal to one-half of one per cent of the gross proceeds of sales of the business, or the value of the products, for sale.  (B) Gross proceeds of sales of tangible property in interstate and foreign commerce shall constitute a part of the measure of the tax imposed on persons in the business of selling tangible personal property, to the extent, under the conditions, and in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the United States and the Acts of the Congress of the United States which may be now in force or may be hereafter adopted, and whenever there occurs in the State an activity to which, under the Constitution and Acts of Congress, there may be attributed gross proceeds of sales, the gross proceeds shall be so attributed.  (C) No manufacturer or producer, engaged in such business in the State and selling the manufacturer's or producer's products for delivery outside of the State (for example, consigned to a mainland purchaser via common carrier f.o.b. Honolulu), shall be required to pay the tax imposed in this chapter for the privilege of so selling the products, and the value or gross proceeds of sales of the products shall be included only in determining the measure of the tax imposed upon the manufacturer or producer.  (D) A manufacturer or producer, engaged in such business in the State, shall pay the tax imposed in this chapter for the privilege of selling its products in the State, and the value or gross proceeds of sales of the products, thus subjected to tax, may be deducted insofar as duplicated as to the same products by the measure of the tax upon the manufacturer or producer for the privilege of manufacturing or producing in the State; provided that no producer of agricultural products who sells the products to a purchaser who will process the products outside the State shall be required to pay the tax imposed in this chapter for the privilege of producing or selling those products.  (E) A taxpayer selling to a federal cost-plus contractor may make the election provided for by paragraph (3)(C), and in that case the tax shall be computed pursuant to the election, notwithstanding this paragraph or paragraph (1) to the contrary.  (F) The department, by rule, may require that a seller take from the purchaser of tangible personal property a certificate, in a form prescribed by the department, certifying that the sale is a sale at wholesale; provided that:  (i) Any purchaser who furnishes a certificate shall be obligated to pay to the seller, upon demand, the amount of the additional tax that is imposed upon the seller whenever the sale in fact is not at wholesale; and  (ii) The absence of a certificate in itself shall give rise to the presumption that the sale is not at wholesale unless the sales of the business are exclusively at wholesale.  (3) Tax upon contractors.  (A) Upon every person engaging or continuing within the State in the business of contracting, the tax shall be equal to four per cent of the gross income of the business.  (B) In computing the tax levied under this paragraph, there shall be deducted from the gross income of the taxpayer so much thereof as has been included in the measure of the tax levied under subparagraph (A), on another taxpayer who is a contractor, as defined in section 237-6; provided that any person claiming a deduction under this paragraph shall be required to show in the person's return the name and general excise number of the person paying the tax on the amount deducted by the person.  (C) In computing the tax levied under this paragraph against any federal cost-plus contractor, there shall be excluded from the gross income of the contractor so much thereof as fulfills the following requirements:  (i) The gross income exempted shall constitute reimbursement of costs incurred for materials, plant, or equipment purchased from a taxpayer licensed under this chapter, not exceeding the gross proceeds of sale of the taxpayer on account of the transaction; and  (ii) The taxpayer making the sale shall have certified to the department that the taxpayer is taxable with respect to the gross proceeds of the sale, and that the taxpayer elects to have the tax on gross income computed the same as upon a sale to the state government.  (D) A person who, as a business or as a part of a business in which the person is engaged, erects, constructs, or improves any building or structure, of any kind or description, or makes, constructs, or improves any road, street, sidewalk, sewer, or water system, or other improvements on land held by the person (whether held as a leasehold, fee simple, or otherwise), upon the sale or other disposition of the land or improvements, even if the work was not done pursuant to a contract, shall be liable to the same tax as if engaged in the business of contracting, unless the person shows that at the time the person was engaged in making the improvements the person intended, and for the period of at least one year after completion of the building, structure, or other improvements the person continued to intend to hold and not sell or otherwise dispose of the land or improvements. The tax in respect of the improvements shall be measured by the amount of the proceeds of the sale or other disposition that is attributable to the erection, construction, or improvement of such building or structure, or the making, constructing, or improving of the road, street, sidewalk, sewer, or water system, or other improvements. The measure of tax in respect of the improvements shall not exceed the amount which would have been taxable had the work been performed by another, subject as in other cases to the deductions allowed by subparagraph (B). Upon the election of the taxpayer, this paragraph may be applied notwithstanding that the improvements were not made by the taxpayer, or were not made as a business or as a part of a business, or were made with the intention of holding the same. However, this paragraph shall not apply in respect of any proceeds that constitute or are in the nature of rent, which shall be taxable under paragraph (9); provided that insofar as the business of renting or leasing real property under a lease is taxed under section 237-16.5, the tax shall be levied by section 237-16.5.  (4) Tax upon theaters, amusements, radio broadcasting stations, etc.  (A) Upon every person engaging or continuing within the State in the business of operating a theater, opera house, moving picture show, vaudeville, amusement park, dance hall, skating rink, radio broadcasting station, or any other place at which amusements are offered to the public, the tax shall be equal to four per cent of the gross income of the business, and in the case of a sale of an amusement at wholesale under section 237-4(a)(13), the tax shall be one-half of one per cent of the gross income.  (B) The department may require that the person rendering an amusement at wholesale take from the licensed seller a certificate, in a form prescribed by the department, certifying that the sale is a sale at wholesale; provided that:  (i) Any licensed seller who furnishes a certificate shall be obligated to pay to the person rendering the amusement, upon demand, the amount of additional tax that is imposed upon the seller whenever the sale is not at wholesale; and  (ii) The absence of a certificate in itself shall give rise to the presumption that the sale is not at wholesale unless the person rendering the sale is exclusively rendering the amusement at wholesale.  (5) Tax upon sales representatives, etc. Upon every person classified as a representative or purchasing agent under section 237-1, engaging or continuing within the State in the business of performing services for another, other than as an employee, there is likewise hereby levied and shall be assessed and collected a tax equal to four per cent of the commissions and other compensation attributable to the services so rendered by the person.  (6) Tax on service business.  (A) Upon every person engaging or continuing within the State in any service business or calling including professional services not otherwise specifically taxed under this chapter, there is likewise hereby levied and shall be assessed and collected a tax equal to four per cent of the gross income of the business, and in the case of a wholesaler under section 237-4(a)(10), the tax shall be equal to one-half of one per cent of the gross income of the business.  (B) The department may require that the person rendering a service at wholesale take from the licensed seller a certificate, in a form prescribed by the department, certifying that the sale is a sale at wholesale; provided that:  (i) Any licensed seller who furnishes a certificate shall be obligated to pay to the person rendering the service, upon demand, the amount of additional tax that is imposed upon the seller whenever the sale is not at wholesale; and  (ii) The absence of a certificate in itself shall give rise to the presumption that the sale is not at wholesale unless the person rendering the sale is exclusively rendering services at wholesale.  (C) Where any person is engaged in the business of selling interstate or foreign common carrier telecommunication services within and without the State, other than as a home service provider, the tax shall be imposed on that portion of gross income received by a person from service which is originated or terminated in this State and is charged to a telephone number, customer, or account in this State notwithstanding any other state law (except for the exemption under section 237-23(a)(1)) to the contrary. If, under the Constitution and laws of the United States, the entire gross income as determined under this paragraph of a business selling interstate or foreign common carrier telecommunication services cannot be included in the measure of the tax, the gross income shall be apportioned as provided in section 237-21; provided that the apportionment factor and formula shall be the same for all persons providing those services in the State.  (D) Where any person is engaged in the business of a home service provider, the tax shall be imposed on the gross income received or derived from providing interstate or foreign mobile telecommunications services to a customer with a place of primary use in this State when the services originate in one state and terminate in another state, territory, or foreign country; provided that all charges for mobile telecommunications services which are billed by or for the home service provider are deemed to be provided by the home service provider at the customer's place of primary use, regardless of where the mobile telecommunications originate, terminate, or pass through; provided further that the income from charges specifically derived from interstate or foreign mobile telecommunications services, as determined by books and records that are kept in the regular course of business by the home service provider in accordance with section 239-24, shall be apportioned under any apportionment factor or formula adopted under subparagraph (C). Gross income shall not include:  (i) Gross receipts from mobile telecommunications services provided to a customer with a place of primary use outside this State;  (ii) Gross receipts from mobile telecommunications services that are subject to the tax imposed by chapter 239;  (iii) Gross receipts from mobile telecommunications services taxed under section 237-13.8; and  (iv) Gross receipts of a home service provider acting as a serving carrier providing mobile telecommunications services to another home service provider's customer.  For the purposes of this paragraph, "charges for mobile telecommunications services", "customer", "home service provider", "mobile telecommunications services", "place of primary use", and "serving carrier" have the same meaning as in section 239-22.  (7) Tax on insurance producers. Upon every person engaged as a licensed producer pursuant to chapter 431, there is hereby levied and shall be assessed and collected a tax equal to 0.15 per cent of the commissions due to that activity.  (8) Tax on receipts of sugar benefit payments. Upon the amounts received from the United States government by any producer of sugar (or the producer's legal representative or heirs), as defined under and by virtue of the Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, or other Acts of the Congress of the United States relating thereto, there is hereby levied a tax of one-half of one per cent of the gross amount received; provided that the tax levied hereunder on any amount so received and actually disbursed to another by a producer in the form of a benefit payment shall be paid by the person or persons to whom the amount is actually disbursed, and the producer actually making a benefit payment to another shall be entitled to claim on the producer's return a deduction from the gross amount taxable hereunder in the sum of the amount so disbursed. The amounts taxed under this paragraph shall not be taxable under any other paragraph, subsection, or section of this chapter.  (9) Tax on other business. Upon every person engaging or continuing within the State in any business, trade, activity, occupation, or calling not included in the preceding paragraphs or any other provisions of this chapter, there is likewise hereby levied and shall be assessed and collected, a tax equal to four per cent of the gross income thereof. In addition, the rate prescribed by this paragraph shall apply to a business taxable under one or more of the preceding paragraphs or other provisions of this chapter, as to any gross income thereof not taxed thereunder as gross income or gross proceeds of sales or by taxing an equivalent value of products, unless specifically exempted. [L 1935, c 141, §2 I; am L 1939, c 252, § §1, 2; am L 1943, c 81, pt of §1; RL 1945, §5455; am L 1945, c 100, §3 and c 253, §2; am L 1947, c 111, §9 and c 113, §7; am L 1953, c 183, §3; RL 1955, §117-14; am L 1957, c 34, § §5, 11(d) to (g); am L Sp 1957, c 1, §3(e) to (s); am L Sp 1959 2d, c 1, §16; am L 1960, c 4, § §2, 3, 4 and c 24, §1; am L 1962, c 27, §1; am L 1965, c 155, §14(a) to (h); am L 1966, c 28, §3; HRS §237-13; am L 1969, c 137, §1; am L 1970, c 180, §10; am L 1971, c 204, § §5, 6; am L 1977, c 160, §1; am L 1978, c 144, §2; am L 1982, c 204, §8; am L 1986, c 324, §1; am L 1991, c 21, §1; am L 1992, c 106, §6; am L 1993, c 188, §1; am L 1994, c 141, §1; am L 1997, c 353, §3; am L 1998, c 169, § §1, 3; am L 1999, c 71, §6 and c 173, §2; am L 2000, c 198, §3; am L 2002, c 209, §3; am L 2003, c 135, §3 and c 212, §3; am L 2008, c 16, §6; am L 2014, c 42, §2; am L 2015, c 22, §3; am L 2018, c 166, §2] Attorney General Opinions  General excise and use taxes may be applied to imported goods, no longer in transit, regardless of whether imported goods are in their original packages. Att. Gen Op. 94-2. Law Journals and Reviews  Rule of Strict Construction in Tax Cases, a Question of Classification or Exemption. 11 HBJ, no. 4, at 98 (1975). Case Notes  Professions defined. 34 H. 245 (1937).  Tax on persons selling to post exchanges and ship's stores allowed. Not unconstitutional. 37 H. 314 (1946), aff'd 174 F.2d 21 (1949).  Radio stations. 40 H. 121 (1953), aff'd 216 F.2d 700 (1954).  Applicability of tax on selling to sales by manufacturer. 41 H. 615 (1957).  A business printing and publishing a daily newspaper, etc., is not a "manufacturer". 43 H. 154 (1959). See 279 F.2d 636 (1960), aff'g 43 H. 154 (1959).  "Canning" under prior law construed; packing frozen pineapples in hermetically sealed cans is not "canning". 45 H. 167, 363 P.2d 990 (1961).  Doubt in tax statute is to be resolved in favor of taxpayer. 45 H. 167, 363 P.2d 990 (1961).  Tax on foreign manufacturer's representative, no violation of commerce clause. 46 H. 269, 379 P.2d 336 (1963).  Arrangement between milk producers and distributor created agency, rather than sales relationship, and producers were not subject to tax at producing rate. 46 H. 292, 380 P.2d 156 (1963).  The tax on trucking business' gross receipts for services rendered wholly within the State involving through bills of lading does not violate the commerce clause. 48 H. 486, 405 P.2d 382 (1965).  Applicable rules of construction in tax cases. 50 H. 603, 446 P.2d 171 (1968).  Rates applicable to advertising revenues of a printing and publishing firm. 50 H. 603, 446 P.2d 171 (1968).  Individual earning livelihood as trustee in bankruptcy is covered by either paragraph (6) or (10) or both. 52 H. 56, 469 P.2d 814 (1970).  Commissions received by travel agencies are subject to tax; application of tax does not contravene the commerce or the import-export clauses. 53 H. 419, 495 P.2d 1172 (1972).  Failure to collect tax from some who fall within statute cannot excuse others from paying what they owe. 53 H. 419, 495 P.2d 1172 (1972).  Catchall paragraph (10) broad enough to cover paragraphs (6) and (8). 53 H. 435, 496 P.2d 1 (1972).  Fees received as trustee, executor, and corporate director were held subject to tax. 53 H. 435, 496 P.2d 1 (1972).  "Intermediary" within meaning of paragraph (6) defined as one who merely acts as a conduit for the services rendered between the taxpayer rendering the service and the customer receiving the services. 53 H. 518, 497 P.2d 908 (1972).  Exemptions from taxation construed strictly against taxpayer. 55 H. 572, 524 P.2d 890 (1974).  Statutes imposing taxes are strictly construed in favor of taxpayer. 56 H. 321, 536 P.2d 91 (1975).  Gross income earned by out-of-state lessor of film prints and telecast rights to be used in Hawaii is taxable under this section. 57 H. 175, 554 P.2d 242 (1976).  Interest income earned by nondomiciliary corporation from installment sales of Hawaiian land is subject to tax. 57 H. 436, 559 P.2d 264 (1977).  "Service business or calling" in paragraph (6) v. "wholesaler" construed. 63 H. 579, 633 P.2d 535 (1981).  Tax on value of services rendered on behalf of or furnished to wholly owned subsidiary corporations and interest on funds borrowed and disbursed on their account upheld. 65 H. 240, 649 P.2d 1155 (1982).  Slaughterhouse operator, hog raisers, and pork merchants are not "manufacturers". 69 H. 125, 735 P.2d 935 (1987).  Taxpayer's photoprocessing activities constituted "manufacturing", which was taxable at rate of 0.5%, rather than a "service", which would be taxable at rate of 4%. 79 H. 503, 904 P.2d 517 (1995).  Federal Aviation Act preempts the State's ability to assess general excise taxes on revenues derived from the sale of "air transportation"; however, the State may assess general excise taxes under §237-21 and paragraph (6) on that portion of the gross receipts that a freight forwarder receives for ground transportation and other non-air services it provides. 89 H. 51, 968 P.2d 653 (1998).  Delaware corporation came within the purview of paragraph (2) where it sold books to the state library for economic gain, its activities took place in the State, and through its business activity in Hawaii, obtained opportunities, protections, and benefits afforded by the State. 103 H. 359, 82 P.3d 804 (2004).  Where taxpayer gained or economically benefited from subleasing transactions, the director's assessment and imposition of the general excise tax for taxpayer's subleasing activities was proper. 110 H. 25, 129 P.3d 528 (2006).  Where management company for foreign insurer authorized to do business in Hawaii did not hold a general agent, subagent, or solicitor license under chapter 431, article 9 (1993), it could not have been legally appointed as either a general agent, subagent, or solicitor of insurer; thus it did not qualify as a "general agent", "subagent", or "solicitor" as defined by chapter 431 (1993), did not fall within the parameters of the category described by paragraph (7) and was thus subject to a general excise tax rate of four per cent pursuant to paragraph (6). 115 H. 180, 166 P.3d 353 (2007).  There were sufficient business and other activities in the State to impose the general excise tax on gross income of online travel companies, where the companies received income under agreements with transients to provide accommodations in Hawaii hotel rooms, the companies gained and economically benefited from the transactions, the transients were Hawaii consumers when they purchased a Hawaii hotel room from a company, the companies actively solicited customers for Hawaii hotel rooms, the occupancy rights that the companies sold to transients were only consumable in Hawaii, and the companies constructively benefited through the transients' access to police, fire, lifeguard, and other state services. 135 H. 88, 346 P.3d 157 (2015).  The federal Marine Transportation Security Act of 2002, codified at 33 U.S.C. §5(b), did not preempt the assessment of Hawaii general excise tax under paragraph (6)(A) on the charter fishing revenue of plaintiff Hawaii businesses as the general excise tax was a tax assessed on gross business receipts for the privilege of doing business in Hawaii, and was not a tax on plaintiffs' vessels or passengers. 123 H. 494 (App.), 236 P.3d 1230 (2010).  Cited: 39 H. 157, 158 (1951); 40 H. 722, 728 (1955); 43 H. 131, 144 (1959); 44 H. 584, 587, 358 P.2d 539 (1961).