reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CO Code § 4-5-104 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 5 - Letters of Credit|§ 4-5-104. Formal Requirements

 A letter of credit, confirmation, advice, transfer, amendment, or cancellation may be issued in any form that is a record and is authenticated (i) by a signature or (ii) in accordance with the agreement of the parties or the standard practice referred to in section 4-5-108 (e).   History. Source: L. 96: Entire article R&RE, p. 194, § 1, effective July 1.    Editor's note:   This section is similar to former § 4-5-104 as it existed prior to 1996.   OFFICIAL COMMENT   1. Neither Section 5-104 nor the definition of letter of credit in Section 5-102(a)(10) requires inclusion of all the terms that are normally contained in a letter of credit in order for an undertaking to be recognized as a letter of credit under Article 5. For example, a letter of credit will typically specify the amount available, the expiration date, the place where presentation should be made, and the documents that must be presented to entitle a person to honor. Undertakings that have the formalities required by Section 5-104 and meet the conditions specified in Section 5-102(a)(10) will be recognized as letters of credit even though they omit one or more of the items usually contained in a letter of credit.   2. The authentication specified in this section is authentication only of the identity of the issuer, confirmer, or adviser.   An authentication agreement may be by system rule, by standard practice, or by direct agreement between the parties. The reference to practice is intended to incorporate future developments in the UCP and other practice rules as well as those that may arise spontaneously in commercial practice.   3. Many banking transactions, including the issuance of many letters of credit, are now conducted mostly by electronic means. For example, S.W.I.F.T. is currently used to transmit letters of credit from issuing to advising banks. The letter of credit text so transmitted may be printed at the advising bank, stamped “original” and provided to the beneficiary in that form. The printed document may then be used as a way of controlling and recording payments and of recording and authorizing assignments of proceeds or transfers of rights under the letter of credit. Nothing in this section should be construed to conflict with that practice.   To be a record sufficient to serve as a letter of credit or other undertaking under this section, data must have a durability consistent with that function. Because consideration is not required for a binding letter of credit or similar undertaking (Section 5-105) yet those undertakings are to be strictly construed (Section 5-108), parties to a letter of credit transaction are especially dependent on the continued availability of the terms and conditions of the letter of credit or other undertaking. By declining to specify any particular medium in which the letter of credit must be established or communicated, Section 5-104 leaves room for future developments.
CO Code § 4-5-105 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 5 - Letters of Credit|§ 4-5-105. Consideration

 Consideration is not required to issue, amend, transfer, or cancel a letter of credit, advice, or confirmation.   History. Source: L. 96: Entire article R&RE, p. 194, § 1, effective July 1.    Editor's note:   This section is similar to former § 4-5-105 as it existed prior to 1996.   OFFICIAL COMMENT   It is not to be expected that any issuer will issue its letter of credit without some form of remuneration. But it is not expected that the beneficiary will know what the issuer's remuneration was or whether in fact there was any identifiable remuneration in a given case. And it might be difficult for the beneficiary to prove the issuer's remuneration. This section dispenses with this proof and is consistent with the position of Lord Mansfield in Pillans v. Van Mierop, 97 Eng.Rep. 1035 (K.B. 1765) in making consideration irrelevant.
CO Code § 4-5-113 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 5 - Letters of Credit|§ 4-5-113. Transfer by Operation of Law

  A successor of a beneficiary may consent to amendments, sign and present documents, and receive payment or other items of value in the name of the beneficiary without disclosing its status as a successor.    A successor of a beneficiary may consent to amendments, sign and present documents, and receive payment or other items of value in its own name as the disclosed successor of the beneficiary. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, an issuer shall recognize a disclosed successor of a beneficiary as beneficiary in full substitution for its predecessor upon compliance with the requirements for recognition by the issuer of a transfer of drawing rights by operation of law under the standard practice referred to in section 4-5-108 (e) or, in the absence of such a practice, compliance with other reasonable procedures sufficient to protect the issuer.    An issuer is not obliged to determine whether a purported successor is a successor of a beneficiary or whether the signature of a purported successor is genuine or authorized.    Honor of a purported successor's apparently complying presentation under subsection (a) or (b) of this section has the consequences specified in section 4-5-108 (i) even if the purported successor is not the successor of a beneficiary. Documents signed in the name of the beneficiary or of a disclosed successor by a person who is neither the beneficiary nor the successor of the beneficiary are forged documents for the purposes of section 4-5-109.    An issuer whose rights of reimbursement are not covered by subsection (d) of this section or substantially similar law and any confirmer or nominated person may decline to recognize a presentation under subsection (b) of this section.    A beneficiary whose name is changed after the issuance of a letter of credit has the same rights and obligations as a successor of a beneficiary under this section.     History. Source: L. 96: Entire article R&RE, p. 198, § 1, effective July 1.    OFFICIAL COMMENT   This section affirms the result in Pastor v. Nat. Republic Bank of Chicago, 76 Ill.2d 139, 390 N.E.2d 894 (Ill. 1979) and Federal Deposit Insurance Co. v. Bank of Boulder, 911 F.2d 1466 (10th Cir. 1990).   An issuer's requirements for recognition of a successor's status might include presentation of a certificate of merger, a court order appointing a bankruptcy trustee or receiver, a certificate of appointment as bankruptcy trustee, or the like. The issuer is entitled to rely upon such documents which on their face demonstrate that presentation is made by a successor of a beneficiary. It is not obliged to make an independent investigation to determine the fact of succession.
CO Code § 4-5-115 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 5 - Letters of Credit|§ 4-5-115. Statute of Limitations

 An action to enforce a right or obligation arising under this article must be commenced within one year after the expiration date of the relevant letter of credit or one year after the cause of action accrues, whichever occurs later. A cause of action accrues when the breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved party's lack of knowledge of the breach.   History. Source: L. 96: Entire article R&RE, p. 200, § 1, effective July 1.    OFFICIAL COMMENT   1. This section is based upon Sections 4-111 and 2-725(2).   2. This section applies to all claims for which there are remedies under Section 5-111 and to other claims made under this article, such as claims for breach of warranty under Section 5-110. Because it covers all claims under Section 5-111, the statute of limitations applies not only to wrongful dishonor claims against the issuer but also to claims between the issuer and the applicant arising from the reimbursement agreement. These might be for reimbursement (issuer v. applicant) or for breach of the reimbursement contract by wrongful honor (applicant v. issuer).   3. The statute of limitations, like the rest of the statute, applies only to a letter of credit issued on or after the effective date and only to transactions, events, obligations, or duties arising out of or associated with such a letter. If a letter of credit was issued before the effective date and an obligation on that letter of credit was breached after the effective date, the complaining party could bring its suit within the time that would have been permitted prior to the adoption of Section 5-115 and would not be limited by the terms of Section 5-115.
CO Code § 4-5-117.5 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 5 - Letters of Credit|§ 4-5-117.5. Security Interest of Issuer or Nominated Person

  An issuer or nominated person has a security interest in a document presented under a letter of credit to the extent that the issuer or nominated person honors or gives value for the presentation.    So long as and to the extent that an issuer or nominated person has not been reimbursed or has not otherwise recovered the value given with respect to a security interest in a document under subsection (a) of this section, the security interest continues and is subject to article 9 of this title, but:   A security agreement is not necessary to make the security interest enforceable under section 4-9-203 (b)(3);    If the document is presented in a medium other than a written or other tangible medium, the security interest is perfected; and    If the document is presented in a written or other tangible medium and is not a certificated security, chattel paper, a document of title, an instrument, or a letter of credit, the security interest is perfected and has priority over a conflicting security interest in the document so long as the debtor does not have possession of the document.        History. Source: L. 2001: Entire section added, p. 1441, § 28, effective July 1.
CO Code § 4-5-118 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 5 - Letters of Credit|§ 4-5-118. Applicability

 This article applies to a letter of credit that is issued on or after July 1, 1996. This article does not apply to a transaction, event, obligation, or duty arising out of or associated with a letter of credit that was issued before July 1, 1996.   History. Source: L. 96: Entire article R&RE, p. 202, § 1, effective July 1.
CO Code § 4-5-119 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 5 - Letters of Credit|§ 4-5-119. Saving Clause

 A transaction arising out of or associated with a letter of credit that was issued before July 1, 1996, and the rights, obligations, and interests flowing from that transaction are governed by any statute or other law amended or repealed when this article was enacted as if repeal or amendment had not occurred and may be terminated, completed, consummated, or enforced under that statute or other law.   History. Source: L. 96: Entire article R&RE, p. 202, § 1, effective July 1.
CO Code § 4-9.5-101 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 9.5 - Central Filing of Effective Financing Statements|§ 4-9.5-101. Short Title

 This article shall be known and may be cited as the “Central Filing of Effective Financing Statement Act”.   History. Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 325, § 1, effective May 29.    Cross references:   For offenses relating to this title, see part 5 of article 5 of title 18.   Official Comments   Copyright by the American Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. Reproduced with the permission of the Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code. All rights reserved. —   Editor's note:   The Official Comments to the Uniform Commercial Code are available only in the printed book form of Colorado Revised Statutes. As noted above, the Official Comments are subject to copyright by the American Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. At this time, Colorado has a license to reprint the Official Comments in the printed book form.   Editor's note - Colorado legislative change: (1) Section 5 of chapter 40, Session Laws of Colorado 1988, provides that the act enacting this article is effective May 29, 1988, but the central filing system shall not become operational until receipt by the central filing system board of certification for the central filing system for effective financing statements, established in this article, by the United States department of agriculture pursuant to the federal “Food Security Act of 1985”, Pub.L. 99-198. Certification for the central filing system was issued by the United States department of agriculture on September 28, 1992.   (2) Colorado adopted this additional article which has no counterpart in the uniform act.   Law reviews:   For article, “A Central Filing System for Financing Statements”, see 28 Colo. Law. 5 (Sept. 1999).
CO Code § 4-9.5-102 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 9.5 - Central Filing of Effective Financing Statements|§ 4-9.5-102. Legislative Declaration

 The general assembly finds, determines, and declares its intent to adopt a central filing system for security interests relating to farm products pursuant to section 1324 of the federal “Food Security Act of 1985”, Pub.L. 99-198. The general assembly further finds, determines, and declares that upon the certification and operation of this central filing system, security interest holders shall use such system in lieu of any other notice provided by section 1324 of the federal “Food Security Act of 1985” for farm products used or produced in the state of Colorado which are included in the central filing system, except as otherwise allowed by this article or required by law.   History. Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 325, § 1, effective May 29.
CO Code § 4-9.5-104 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 9.5 - Central Filing of Effective Financing Statements|§ 4-9.5-104. Central Filing System

  The central filing officer shall be responsible for the design, implementation, and operation of a central filing system for effective financing statements. The system shall provide a means for filing effective financing statements with the central filing officer. The system shall include requirements:   That an effective financing statement be filed in the office of the central filing officer;    That the central filing officer record the date and hour of the filing of effective financing statements; and    That the central filing officer assign a file number to each effective financing statement.       Repealed.    Repealed.    Repealed.    Repealed.    Repealed.    (Deleted by amendment,L. 99, p. 747, § 15, effective January 1, 2000.)    and (9)Repealed.     History. Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 328, § 1, effective May 29. L. 91: (5)(a) amended, p. 323, § 2, effective May 24. L. 94: (1) and (5)(a) amended, p. 1552, § 4, effective July 1. L. 95: (5)(a) amended, p. 1139, § 13, effective July 1, 1996. L. 99: (1), (4), (5)(a), and (7) amended, p. 747, § 15, effective January 1, 2000. L. 2003: IP(1), IP(2), IP(3)(a), (4), (5), and (6) amended and (8) added, p. 1670, § 3, effective July 1. L. 2004: (5)(a) amended, p. 1172, § 2, effective July 1. L. 2006: (9) added by revision, pp. 1144, 1154, § § 2, 12, effective May 29, 2012.    Editor's note:   Subsection (9) provided for the repeal of subsections (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (8), and (9) effective ninety days following certification in writing by the secretary of state to the revisor of statutes. The revisor of statutes received certification from the secretary of state on February 29, 2012.
CO Code § 4-9.5-105 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 9.5 - Central Filing of Effective Financing Statements|§ 4-9.5-105. Confirmations

  (Deleted by amendment,L. 2006, p. 1148, § 4.)    (Deleted by amendment,L. 96, p. 1385, § 7, effective July 1, 1996.)    (Deleted by amendment,L. 96, p. 1385, § 7, effective July 1, 1996.)    (Deleted by amendment,L. 96, p. 1385, § 7, effective July 1, 1996.)    A buyer of farm products, whether or not registered, may rely conclusively on information obtained from the master list published and distributed electronically, regardless of any errors or omissions committed by the central filing officer in the electronic publication or distribution of the master list. If the information obtained electronically confirms that the name of the seller of a specified farm product is not on the master list, the sale of the farm product to the buyer shall be free of any security interest granted by that seller with respect to the farm product and the buyer may rely on the representation of the seller as to the seller's identity, so long as the reliance is in good faith.     History. Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 330, § 1, effective May 29. L. 94: (1) and (4) amended, p. 1553, § 5, effective July 1. L. 96: (1), (2), (3), and (4) amended, p. 1385, § 7, effective July 1. L. 99: (1) and (5) amended, p. 749, § 16, effective January 1, 2000. L. 2003: (5) amended, p. 1672, § 4, effective July 1. L. 2006: (1) and (5) amended, p. 1148, § 4, effective May 29, 2012.    Editor's note:   Section 12 of chapter 249, Session Laws of Colorado 2006, provides that the act amending subsections (1) and (5) is effective ninety days following certification in writing by the secretary of state to the revisor of statutes that approval of changes to the central filing system enacted by the act has been obtained from the United States department of agriculture, and the secretary of state has implemented the necessary computer system to publish and distribute the master list electronically and is able to do so. The revisor of statutes received certification from the secretary of state on February 29, 2012.
CO Code § 4-9.5-105.3 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 9.5 - Central Filing of Effective Financing Statements|§ 4-9.5-105.3. Effective Financing Statements

  An effective financing statement shall state:   The name and address of the secured party;    The name and address of the debtor, which, in the case of an individual, shall have the surname appear first, and in the case of a corporation or other entity that is not an individual, shall have the name appear beginning with the first word or character that is not an article or punctuation mark;    The social security number, or other unique identifier, of the debtor or, in the case of a debtor doing business other than as an individual, the federal internal revenue service taxpayer identification number, or other unique identifier, of such debtor;    A description of the farm products subject to the security interest created by the debtor, including:   The amount of the farm products, unless all of a particular farm product is subject to the particular security interest;    The name of each county in which the farm products are produced, stored, or otherwise located or to be produced, stored, or otherwise located; and    The crop year, unless every crop year for the duration of the effective financing statement is subject to the particular security interest.       Further details of the farm products subject to the security interest, if needed to distinguish them from other farm products owned by the same person but not subject to the particular security interest; and    Such other additional information as the central filing officer may require to comply with 7 U.S.C. sec. 1631 or to more effectively carry out the purposes of this article.       An effective financing statement shall remain effective for a period of five years after the date of filing, unless its effectiveness is extended by filing one or more continuation statements in accordance with section 4-9.5-106 (1).    An effective financing statement may:   Cover more than one farm product located in more than one county for any given debtor; and    Cover more than one debtor.       An effective financing statement may not be created by amending a financing statement filed under article 9 of this title.     History. Source: L. 2006: Entire section added, p. 1148, § 5, effective May 29, 2012.    Editor's note:   Section 12 of chapter 249, Session Laws of Colorado 2006, provides that the act enacting this section is effective ninety days following certification in writing by the secretary of state to the revisor of statutes that approval of changes to the central filing system enacted by the act has been obtained from the United States department of agriculture, and the secretary of state has implemented the necessary computer system to publish and distribute the master list electronically and is able to do so. The revisor of statutes received certification from the secretary of state on February 29, 2012.
CO Code § 4-9.5-105.7 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 4 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 9.5 - Central Filing of Effective Financing Statements|§ 4-9.5-105.7. Amendment of Effective Financing Statements

  An effective financing statement may be amended to add or delete collateral, or otherwise to amend the information provided in the effective financing statement, by filing an amendment with the central filing officer that identifies the effective financing statement to which the amendment relates by providing its file number, filing office where originally filed, and date filed.    An effective financing statement that is amended by an amendment that adds collateral is effective as to the added collateral only from the date of the filing of the amendment.    An effective financing statement that is amended by an amendment that adds a debtor is effective as to the added debtor only from the date of the filing of the amendment.    If the security interest is terminated as to one or more of the farm products shown on the filed effective financing statement and the effective financing statement is to remain effective as to one or more other farm products, the secured party shall, within thirty days after such partial termination, file an amendment reflecting such partial termination with the central filing officer. If the affected secured party fails to file an amendment reflecting such partial termination within the thirty-day period, the secured party shall be liable to the debtor for five hundred dollars and, in addition, for any loss caused to the debtor by such failure.    An amendment to an effective financing statement to delete collateral does not amend or otherwise impair the perfection of any security interest perfected by the effective financing statement for purposes of article 9 of this title.     History. Source: L. 2006: Entire section added, p. 1148, § 5, effective May 29, 2012.    Editor's note:   Section 12 of chapter 249, Session Laws of Colorado 2006, provides that the act enacting this section is effective ninety days following certification in writing by the secretary of state to the revisor of statutes that approval of changes to the central filing system enacted by the act has been obtained from the United States department of agriculture, and the secretary of state has implemented the necessary computer system to publish and distribute the master list electronically and is able to do so. The revisor of statutes received certification from the secretary of state on February 29, 2012.