reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
ID Code § 28-3-102 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-102 - SUBJECT MATTER.

28-3-102. SUBJECT MATTER. (1) This chapter applies to negotiable instruments. It does not apply to money, to payment orders governed by part 6 of chapter 4, or to securities governed by chapter 8. (2) If there is conflict between this chapter and chapter 4 or 9, chapters 4 and 9 govern. (3) Regulations of the board of governors of the federal reserve system and operating circulars of the federal reserve banks supersede any inconsistent provision of this chapter to the extent of the inconsistency.  History: [28-3-102, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1021.]
ID Code § 28-3-105 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-105 - ISSUE OF INSTRUMENT.

28-3-105. ISSUE OF INSTRUMENT. (1) "Issue" means the first delivery of an instrument by the maker or drawer, whether to a holder or nonholder, for the purpose of giving rights on the instrument to any person. (2) An unissued instrument, or an unissued incomplete instrument that is completed, is binding on the maker or drawer, but nonissuance is a defense. An instrument that is conditionally issued or is issued for a special purpose is binding on the maker or drawer, but failure of the condition or special purpose to be fulfilled is a defense. (3) "Issuer" applies to issued and unissued instruments and means a maker or drawer of an instrument.  History: [28-3-105, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1024.]
ID Code § 28-3-106 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-106 - UNCONDITIONAL PROMISE OR ORDER.

28-3-106. UNCONDITIONAL PROMISE OR ORDER. (1) Except as provided in this section, for the purposes of section 28-3-104(1), a promise or order is unconditional unless it states (i) an express condition to payment, (ii) that the promise or order is subject to or governed by another writing, or (iii) that rights or obligations with respect to the promise or order are stated in another writing. A reference to another writing does not of itself make the promise or order conditional. (2) A promise or order is not made conditional (i) by a reference to another writing for a statement of rights with respect to collateral, prepayment, or acceleration, or (ii) because payment is limited to resort to a particular fund or source. (3) If a promise or order requires, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by a person whose specimen signature appears on the promise or order, the condition does not make the promise or order conditional for the purposes of section 28-3-104(1). If the person whose specimen signature appears on an instrument fails to countersign the instrument, the failure to countersign is a defense to the obligation of the issuer, but the failure does not prevent a transferee of the instrument from becoming a holder of the instrument. (4) If a promise or order at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder contains a statement, required by applicable statutory or administrative law, to the effect that the rights of a holder or transferee are subject to claims or defenses that the issuer could assert against the original payee, the promise or order is not thereby made conditional for the purposes of section 28-3-104(1); but if the promise or order is an instrument, there cannot be a holder in due course of the instrument.  History: [28-3-106, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1024.]
ID Code § 28-3-107 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-107 - INSTRUMENT PAYABLE IN FOREIGN MONEY.

28-3-107. INSTRUMENT PAYABLE IN FOREIGN MONEY. Unless the instrument otherwise provides, an instrument that states the amount payable in foreign money may be paid in the foreign money or in an equivalent amount in dollars calculated by using the current bank-offered spot rate at the place of payment for the purchase of dollars on the day on which the instrument is paid.  History: [28-3-107, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1024.]
ID Code § 28-3-108 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-108 - PAYABLE ON DEMAND OR AT DEFINITE TIME.

28-3-108. PAYABLE ON DEMAND OR AT DEFINITE TIME. (1) A promise or order is "payable on demand" if it (i) states that it is payable on demand or at sight, or otherwise indicates that it is payable at the will of the holder, or (ii) does not state any time of payment. (2) A promise or order is "payable at a definite time" if it is payable on elapse of a definite period of time after sight or acceptance or at a fixed date or dates or at a time or times readily ascertainable at the time the promise or order is issued, subject to rights of (i) prepayment, (ii) acceleration, (iii) extension at the option of the holder, or (iv) extension to a further definite time at the option of the maker or acceptor or automatically upon or after a specified act or event. (3) If an instrument, payable at a fixed date, is also payable upon demand made before the fixed date, the instrument is payable on demand until the fixed date and, if demand for payment is not made before that date, becomes payable at a definite time on the fixed date.  History: [28-3-108, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1024.]
ID Code § 28-3-109 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-109 - PAYABLE TO BEARER OR TO ORDER.

28-3-109. PAYABLE TO BEARER OR TO ORDER. (1) A promise or order is payable to bearer if it: (a) States that it is payable to bearer or to the order of bearer or otherwise indicates that the person in possession of the promise or order is entitled to payment; (b) Does not state a payee; or (c) States that it is payable to or to the order of cash or otherwise indicates that it is not payable to an identified person. (2) A promise or order that is not payable to bearer is payable to order if it is payable (i) to the order of an identified person, or (ii) to an identified person or order. A promise or order that is payable to order is payable to the identified person. (3) An instrument payable to bearer may become payable to an identified person if it is specially indorsed pursuant to section 28-3-205(1). An instrument payable to an identified person may become payable to bearer if it is indorsed in blank pursuant to section 28-3-205(2).  History: [28-3-109, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1025.]
ID Code § 28-3-111 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-111 - PLACE OF PAYMENT.

28-3-111. PLACE OF PAYMENT. Except as otherwise provided for items in chapter 4, an instrument is payable at the place of payment stated in the instrument. If no place of payment is stated, an instrument is payable at the address of the drawee or maker stated in the instrument. If no address is stated, the place of payment is the place of business of the drawee or maker. If a drawee or maker has more than one (1) place of business, the place of payment is any place of business of the drawee or maker chosen by the person entitled to enforce the instrument. If the drawee or maker has no place of business, the place of payment is the residence of the drawee or maker.  History: [28-3-111, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1026.]
ID Code § 28-3-112 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-112 - INTEREST.

28-3-112. INTEREST. (1) Unless otherwise provided in the instrument, (i) an instrument is not payable with interest, and (ii) interest on an interest-bearing instrument is payable from the date of the instrument. (2) Interest may be stated in an instrument as a fixed or variable amount of money or it may be expressed as a fixed or variable rate or rates. The amount or rate of interest may be stated or described in the instrument in any manner and may require reference to information not contained in the instrument. If an instrument provides for interest, but the amount of interest payable cannot be ascertained from the description, interest is payable at the judgment rate in effect at the place of payment of the instrument and at the time interest first accrues.  History: [28-3-112, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1026.]
ID Code § 28-3-113 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-113 - DATE OF INSTRUMENT.

28-3-113. DATE OF INSTRUMENT. (1) An instrument may be antedated or postdated. The date stated determines the time of payment if the instrument is payable at a fixed period after date. Except as provided in section 28-4-401(3), an instrument payable on demand is not payable before the date of the instrument. (2) If an instrument is undated, its date is the date of its issue or, in the case of an unissued instrument, the date it first comes into possession of a holder.  History: [28-3-113, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1027.]
ID Code § 28-3-114 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-114 - CONTRADICTORY TERMS OF INSTRUMENT.

28-3-114. CONTRADICTORY TERMS OF INSTRUMENT. If an instrument contains contradictory terms, typewritten terms prevail over printed terms, handwritten terms prevail over both, and words prevail over numbers.  History: [28-3-114, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1027.]
ID Code § 28-3-115 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-115 - INCOMPLETE INSTRUMENT.

28-3-115. INCOMPLETE INSTRUMENT. (1) "Incomplete instrument" means a signed writing, whether or not issued by the signer, the contents of which show at the time of signing that it is incomplete but that the signer intended it to be completed by the addition of words or numbers. (2) Subject to subsection (3) of this section, if an incomplete instrument is an instrument under section 28-3-104 it may be enforced according to its terms if it is not completed, or according to its terms as augmented by completion. If an incomplete instrument is not an instrument under section 28-3-104 but, after completion, the requirements of section 28-3-104 are met, the instrument may be enforced according to its terms as augmented by completion. (3) If words or numbers are added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer, there is an alteration of the incomplete instrument under section 28-3-407. (4) The burden of establishing that words or numbers were added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer is on the person asserting the lack of authority.  History: [28-3-115, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1027.]
ID Code § 28-3-116 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-116 - JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY — CONTRIBUTION.

28-3-116. JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY — CONTRIBUTION. (1) Except as otherwise provided in the instrument, two (2) or more persons who have the same liability on an instrument as makers, drawers, acceptors, indorsers who indorse as joint payees, or anomalous indorsers are jointly and severally liable in the capacity in which they sign. (2) Except as provided in section 28-3-419(5) or by agreement of the affected parties, a party having joint and several liability who pays the instrument is entitled to receive from any party having the same joint and several liability contribution in accordance with applicable law. (3) Discharge of one (1) party having joint and several liability by a person entitled to enforce the instrument does not affect the right under subsection (2) of this section of a party having the same joint and several liability to receive contribution from the party discharged.  History: [28-3-116, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1027.]
ID Code § 28-3-117 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-117 - OTHER AGREEMENTS AFFECTING INSTRUMENT.

28-3-117. OTHER AGREEMENTS AFFECTING INSTRUMENT. Subject to applicable law regarding exclusion of proof of contemporaneous or previous agreements, the obligation of a party to an instrument to pay the instrument may be modified, supplemented or nullified by a separate agreement of the obligor and a person entitled to enforce the instrument, if the instrument is issued or the obligation is incurred in reliance on the agreement or as part of the same transaction giving rise to the agreement. To the extent an obligation is modified, supplemented or nullified by an agreement under this section, the agreement is a defense to the obligation.  History: [28-3-117, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1028.]
ID Code § 28-3-118 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-118 - STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS.

28-3-118. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS. (1) Except as provided in subsection (5) of this section, an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay a note payable at a definite time must be commenced within six (6) years after the due date or dates stated in the note or, if a due date is accelerated, within six (6) years after the accelerated due date. (2) Except as provided in subsection (4) or (5) of this section, if demand for payment is made to the maker of a note payable on demand, an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the note must be commenced within six (6) years after the demand. If no demand for payment is made to the maker, an action to enforce the note is barred if neither principal nor interest on the note has been paid for a continuous period of ten (10) years. (3) Except as provided in subsection (4) of this section, an action to enforce the obligation of a party to an unaccepted draft to pay the draft must be commenced within three (3) years after dishonor of the draft or ten (10) years after the date of the draft, whichever period expires first. (4) An action to enforce the obligation of the acceptor of a certified check or the issuer of a teller’s check, cashier’s check, or traveler’s check must be commenced within three (3) years after demand for payment is made to the acceptor or issuer, as the case may be. (5) An action to enforce the obligation of a party to a certificate of deposit to pay the instrument must be commenced within six (6) years after demand for payment is made to the maker, but if the instrument states a due date and the maker is not required to pay before that date, the six (6) year period begins when a demand for payment is in effect and the due date has passed. (6) An action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay an accepted draft, other than a certified check, must be commenced (i) within six (6) years after the due date or dates stated in the draft or acceptance if the obligation of the acceptor is payable at a definite time, or (ii) within six (6) years after the date of the acceptance if the obligation of the acceptor is payable on demand. (7) Unless governed by other law regarding claims for indemnity or contribution, an action (i) for conversion of an instrument, for money had and received, or like action based on conversion, (ii) for breach of warranty, or (iii) to enforce an obligation, duty or right arising under this chapter and not governed by this section must be commenced within three (3) years after the cause of action accrues.  History: [28-3-118, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1028.]
ID Code § 28-3-119 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS|Section 28-3-119 - NOTICE OF RIGHT TO DEFEND ACTION.

28-3-119. NOTICE OF RIGHT TO DEFEND ACTION. In an action for breach of an obligation for which a third person is answerable over pursuant to this chapter or chapter 4, the defendant may give the third person written notice of the litigation, and the person notified may then give similar notice to any other person who is answerable over. If the notice states (i) that the person notified may come in and defend and (ii) that failure to do so will bind the person notified in an action later brought by the person giving the notice as to any determination of fact common to the two (2) litigations, the person notified is so bound unless after seasonable receipt of the notice the person notified does come in and defend.  History: [28-3-119, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1029.]
ID Code § 28-3-201 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 2 - NEGOTIATION, TRANSFER, AND INDORSEMENT|Section 28-3-201 - NEGOTIATION.

28-3-201. NEGOTIATION. (1) "Negotiation" means a transfer of possession, whether voluntary or involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person who thereby becomes its holder. (2) Except for negotiation by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an identified person, negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument and its indorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, it may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone.  History: [28-3-201, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1029.]
ID Code § 28-3-202 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 2 - NEGOTIATION, TRANSFER, AND INDORSEMENT|Section 28-3-202 - NEGOTIATION SUBJECT TO RESCISSION.

28-3-202. NEGOTIATION SUBJECT TO RESCISSION. (1) Negotiation is effective even if obtained (i) from an infant, a corporation exceeding its powers, or a person without capacity, (ii) by fraud, duress or mistake, or (iii) in breach of duty or as part of an illegal transaction. (2) To the extent permitted by other law, negotiation may be rescinded or may be subject to other remedies, but those remedies may not be asserted against a subsequent holder in due course or a person paying the instrument in good faith and without knowledge of facts that are a basis for rescission or other remedy.  History: [28-3-202, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1029.]
ID Code § 28-3-203 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 2 - NEGOTIATION, TRANSFER, AND INDORSEMENT|Section 28-3-203 - TRANSFER OF INSTRUMENT — RIGHTS ACQUIRED BY TRANSFER.

28-3-203. TRANSFER OF INSTRUMENT — RIGHTS ACQUIRED BY TRANSFER. (1) An instrument is transferred when it is delivered by a person other than its issuer for the purpose of giving to the person receiving delivery the right to enforce the instrument. (2) Transfer of an instrument, whether or not the transfer is a negotiation, vests in the transferee any right of the transferor to enforce the instrument, including any right as a holder in due course, but the transferee cannot acquire rights of a holder in due course by a transfer, directly or indirectly, from a holder in due course if the transferee engaged in fraud or illegality affecting the instrument. (3) Unless otherwise agreed, if an instrument is transferred for value and the transferee does not become a holder because of lack of indorsement by the transferor, the transferee has a specifically enforceable right to the unqualified indorsement of the transferor, but negotiation of the instrument does not occur until the indorsement is made. (4) If a transferor purports to transfer less than the entire instrument, negotiation of the instrument does not occur. The transferee obtains no rights under this chapter and has only the rights of a partial assignee.  History: [28-3-203, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1029.]
ID Code § 28-3-204 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 2 - NEGOTIATION, TRANSFER, AND INDORSEMENT|Section 28-3-204 - INDORSEMENT.

28-3-204. INDORSEMENT. (1) "Indorsement" means a signature, other than that of a signer as maker, drawer or acceptor, that alone or accompanied by other words is made on an instrument for the purpose of (i) negotiating the instrument, (ii) restricting payment of the instrument, or (iii) incurring indorser’s liability on the instrument, but regardless of the intent of the signer, a signature and its accompanying words is an indorsement unless the accompanying words, terms of the instrument, place of the signature, or other circumstances unambiguously indicate that the signature was made for a purpose other than indorsement. For the purpose of determining whether a signature is made on an instrument, a paper affixed to the instrument is a part of the instrument. (2) "Indorser" means a person who makes an indorsement. (3) For the purpose of determining whether the transferee of an instrument is a holder, an indorsement that transfers a security interest in the instrument is effective as an unqualified indorsement of the instrument. (4) If an instrument is payable to a holder under a name that is not the name of the holder, indorsement may be made by the holder in the name stated in the instrument or in the holder’s name or both, but signature in both names may be required by a person paying or taking the instrument for value or collection.  History: [28-3-204, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1030.]
ID Code § 28-3-205 (2021)
2021 Idaho Code|Title 28 - COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS|Chapter 3 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE — NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|Part 2 - NEGOTIATION, TRANSFER, AND INDORSEMENT|Section 28-3-205 - SPECIAL INDORSEMENT — BLANK INDORSEMENT — ANOMALOUS INDORSEMENT.

28-3-205. SPECIAL INDORSEMENT — BLANK INDORSEMENT — ANOMALOUS INDORSEMENT. (1) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument, whether payable to an identified person or payable to bearer, and the indorsement identifies a person to whom it makes the instrument payable, it is a "special indorsement." When specially indorsed, an instrument becomes payable to the identified person and may be negotiated only by the indorsement of that person. The principles stated in section 28-3-110 apply to special indorsements. (2) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument and it is not a special indorsement, it is a "blank indorsement." When indorsed in blank, an instrument becomes payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone until specially indorsed. (3) The holder may convert a blank indorsement that consists only of a signature into a special indorsement by writing, above the signature of the indorser, words identifying the person to whom the instrument is made payable. (4) "Anomalous indorsement" means an indorsement made by a person who is not the holder of the instrument. An anomalous indorsement does not affect the manner in which the instrument may be negotiated.  History: [28-3-205, added 1993, ch. 288, sec. 2, p. 1030.]