reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
AK Stat § 45.03.110 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 1. Short Title, Form, and Interpretation.|Sec. 45.03.110. Identification of person to whom instrument is payable.

(a) The person to whom an instrument is initially payable is determined by the intent of the person, whether or not authorized, signing as, or in the name or on the behalf of, the issuer of the instrument. The instrument is payable to the person intended by the signer even if that person is identified in the instrument by a name or other identification that is not that of the intended person. If more than one person signs in the name or on the behalf of the issuer of an instrument and all the signers do not intend the same person as payee, the instrument is payable to any person intended by one or more of the signers. (b) If the signature of the issuer of an instrument is made by automated means, such as a check-writing machine, the payee of the instrument is determined by the intent of the person who supplied the name or identification of the payee, whether or not authorized to do so. (c) A person to whom an instrument is payable may be identified in any way, including by name, identifying number, office, or account number. For the purpose of determining the holder of an instrument, the following rules apply: (1) if an instrument is payable to an account and the account is identified only by number, the instrument is payable to the person to whom the account is payable. If an instrument is payable to an account identified by number and by the name of a person, the instrument is payable to the named person, whether or not that person is the owner of the account identified by number; (2) if an instrument is payable to (A) a trust, an estate, or a person described as trustee or representative of a trust or estate, the instrument is payable to the trustee, the representative, or a successor of either, whether or not the beneficiary or estate is also named; (B) a person described as agent or similar representative of a named or identified person, the instrument is payable to the represented person, the representative, or a successor of the representative; (C) a fund or organization that is not a legal entity, the instrument is payable to a representative of the members of the fund or organization; or (D) an office or a person described as holding an office, the instrument is payable to the named person, the incumbent of the office, or a successor to the incumbent. (d) If an instrument is payable to two or more persons alternatively, it is payable to any of them and may be negotiated, discharged, or enforced by any or all of them in possession of the instrument. If an instrument is payable to two or more persons not alternatively, it is payable to all of them and may be negotiated, discharged, or enforced only by all of them. If an instrument payable to two or more persons is ambiguous as to whether it is payable to the persons alternatively, the instrument is payable to the persons alternatively.
AK Stat § 45.03.111 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 1. Short Title, Form, and Interpretation.|Sec. 45.03.111. Place of payment.

Except as otherwise provided for items in AS 45.04, an instrument is payable at the place of payment stated in the instrument. If no place of payment is stated, an instrument is payable at the address of the drawee or maker stated in the instrument. If no address is stated, the place of payment is the place of business of the drawee or maker. If a drawee or maker has more than one place of business, the place of payment is any place of business of the drawee or maker chosen by the person entitled to enforce the instrument. If the drawee or maker has no place of business, the place of payment is the residence of the drawee or maker.
AK Stat § 45.03.112 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 1. Short Title, Form, and Interpretation.|Sec. 45.03.112. Interest.

(a) Unless otherwise provided in the instrument, an instrument is not payable with interest, and interest on an interest-bearing instrument is payable from the date of the instrument. (b) Interest may be stated in an instrument as a fixed or variable amount of money or it may be expressed as a fixed or variable rate or rates. The amount or rate of interest may be stated or described in the instrument in any manner and may require reference to information not contained in the instrument. If an instrument provides for interest but the amount of interest payable cannot be ascertained from the description, interest is payable at the judgment rate in effect at the place of payment of the instrument and at the time interest first accrues.
AK Stat § 45.03.113 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 1. Short Title, Form, and Interpretation.|Sec. 45.03.113. Date of instrument.

(a) An instrument may be antedated or postdated. The date stated determines the time of payment if the instrument is payable at a fixed period after the date. Except as provided in AS 45.04.401(c), an instrument payable on demand is not payable before the date of the instrument. (b) If an instrument is undated, the date of the instrument is the date of the instrument's issue or, in the case of an unissued instrument, the date the instrument first comes into possession of a holder.
AK Stat § 45.03.114 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 1. Short Title, Form, and Interpretation.|Sec. 45.03.114. Contradictory terms of instrument.

If an instrument contains contradictory terms, typewritten terms prevail over printed terms, handwritten terms prevail over both, and words prevail over numbers.
AK Stat § 45.03.115 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 1. Short Title, Form, and Interpretation.|Sec. 45.03.115. Incomplete instrument.

(a) “Incomplete instrument” means a signed writing, whether or not issued by the signer, the contents of which show at the time of signing that it is incomplete but that the signer intended it to be completed by the addition of words or numbers. (b) Subject to (c) of this section, if an incomplete instrument is an instrument under AS 45.03.104, it may be enforced according to its terms if it is not completed, or according to its terms as augmented by completion. If an incomplete instrument is not an instrument under AS 45.03.104 but, after completion, the requirements of AS 45.03.104 are met, the instrument may be enforced according to its terms as augmented by completion. (c) If words or numbers are added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer, there is an alteration of the incomplete instrument under AS 45.03.407. (d) The burden of establishing that words or numbers were added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer is on the person asserting the lack of authority.
AK Stat § 45.03.116 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 1. Short Title, Form, and Interpretation.|Sec. 45.03.116. Joint and several liability; contribution.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in the instrument, two or more persons who have the same liability on an instrument as makers, drawers, acceptors, endorsers who endorse as joint payees, or anomalous endorsers are jointly and severally liable in the capacity in which they sign. (b) Except as provided in AS 45.03.419(e), or by agreement of the affected parties, a party having joint and several liability who pays the instrument is entitled to receive from any party having the same joint and several liability contribution in accordance with applicable law. (c) Discharge of one party having joint and several liability by a person entitled to enforce the instrument does not affect the right under (b) of this section of a party having the same joint and several liability to receive contribution from the party discharged.
AK Stat § 45.03.117 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 1. Short Title, Form, and Interpretation.|Sec. 45.03.117. Other agreements affecting instrument.

Subject to applicable law regarding exclusion of proof of contemporaneous or previous agreements, the obligation of a party to an instrument to pay the instrument may be modified, supplemented, or nullified by a separate agreement of the obligor and a person entitled to enforce the instrument, if the instrument is issued or the obligation is incurred in reliance on the agreement or a part of the same transaction giving rise to the agreement. To the extent an obligation is modified, supplemented, or nullified by an agreement under this section, the agreement is a defense to the obligation.
AK Stat § 45.03.118 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 1. Short Title, Form, and Interpretation.|Sec. 45.03.118. Statute of limitations.

(a) Except as provided in (e) of this section, an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay a note payable at a definite time must be commenced within six years after the due date or dates stated in the note or, if a due date is accelerated, within six years after the accelerated due date. (b) Except as provided in (d) or (e) of this section, if demand for payment is made to the maker of a note payable on demand, an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the note must be commenced within six years after the demand. If no demand for payment is made to the maker, an action to enforce the note is barred if neither principal nor interest on the note has been paid for a continuous period of 10 years. (c) Except as provided in (d) of this section, an action to enforce the obligation of a party to an unaccepted draft to pay the draft must be commenced within three years after dishonor of the draft or 10 years after the date of the draft, whichever period expires first. (d) An action to enforce the obligation of the acceptor of a certified check, or the issuer of a teller's check, cashier's check, or traveler's check, must be commenced within three years after demand for payment is made to the acceptor or issuer. (e) An action to enforce the obligation of a party to a certificate of deposit to pay the instrument must be commenced within six years after demand for payment is made to the maker, but if the instrument states a due date and the maker is not required to pay before that date, the six-year period begins when a demand for payment is in effect and the due date has passed. (f) An action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay an accepted draft, other than a certified check, must be commenced (1) within six years after the due date stated in the draft or acceptance, if the obligation of the acceptor is payable at a definite time; or (2) within six years after the date of the acceptance, if the obligation of the acceptor is payable on demand. (g) Unless governed by other law regarding claims for indemnity or contribution, an action for conversion of an instrument, for money had and received, or like action based on conversion, for breach of warranty, or to enforce an obligation, duty, or right arising under this chapter and not governed by this section, must be commenced within three years after the cause of action accrues.
AK Stat § 45.03.119 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 1. Short Title, Form, and Interpretation.|Sec. 45.03.119. Notice of right to defend action.

In an action for breach of an obligation for which a third person is answerable over under this chapter or AS 45.04, the defendant may give the third person written notice of the litigation, and the person notified may then give similar notice to any other person who is answerable over. If the notice states that the person notified may come in and defend and that failure to do so will bind the person notified in an action later brought by the person giving the notice as to any determination of fact common to the two litigations, the person notified is so bound unless after seasonable receipt of the notice the person notified does come in and defend.
AK Stat § 45.03.201 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 2. Transfer and Negotiation.|Sec. 45.03.201. Negotiation.

(a) “Negotiation” means a transfer of possession, whether voluntary or involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person who thereby becomes the holder of the instrument. (b) Except for negotiation by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an identified person, negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument and its endorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, the instrument may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone.
AK Stat § 45.03.202 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 2. Transfer and Negotiation.|Sec. 45.03.202. Negotiation subject to rescission.

(a) Negotiation is effective even if obtained (1) from an infant, a corporation exceeding its powers, or a person without capacity; (2) by fraud, duress, or mistake; or (3) in breach of duty or as part of an illegal transaction. (b) To the extent permitted by other law, negotiation may be rescinded or may be subject to other remedies, but those remedies may not be asserted against a subsequent holder in due course or a person paying the instrument in good faith and without knowledge of facts that are a basis for rescission or other remedy.
AK Stat § 45.03.203 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 2. Transfer and Negotiation.|Sec. 45.03.203. Transfer of instrument; rights acquired by transfer.

(a) An instrument is transferred when the instrument is delivered by a person other than its issuer for the purpose of giving to the person receiving delivery the right to enforce the instrument. (b) Transfer of an instrument, whether or not the transfer is a negotiation, vests in the transferee any right of the transferor to enforce the instrument, including any right as a holder in due course, but the transferee cannot acquire rights of a holder in due course by a transfer, directly or indirectly, from a holder in due course if the transferee engaged in fraud or illegality affecting the instrument. (c) Unless otherwise agreed, if an instrument is transferred for value and the transferee does not become a holder because of lack of endorsement by the transferor, the transferee has a specifically enforceable right to the unqualified endorsement of the transferor, but negotiation of the instrument does not occur until the endorsement is made. (d) If a transferor purports to transfer less than the entire instrument, negotiation of the instrument does not occur, and the transferee obtains no rights under this chapter and has only the rights of a partial assignee.
AK Stat § 45.03.204 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 2. Transfer and Negotiation.|Sec. 45.03.204. Endorsement.

(a) “Endorsement” means a signature, other than that of a signer as maker, drawer, or acceptor, that alone or accompanied by other words is made on an instrument for the purpose of negotiating the instrument, restricting payment of the instrument, or incurring endorser's liability on the instrument, but regardless of the intent of the signer, a signature and its accompanying words are an endorsement unless the accompanying words, terms of the instrument, place of the signature, or other circumstances unambiguously indicate that the signature was made for a purpose other than endorsement. For the purpose of determining whether a signature is made on an instrument, a paper affixed to the instrument is a part of the instrument. (b) “Endorser” means a person who makes an endorsement. (c) For the purpose of determining whether the transferee of an instrument is a holder, an endorsement that transfers a security interest in the instrument is effective as an unqualified endorsement of the instrument. (d) If an instrument is payable to a holder under a name that is not the name of the holder, endorsement may be made by the holder in the name stated in the instrument or in the holder's name or both, but signature in both names may be required by a person paying or taking the instrument for value or collection.
AK Stat § 45.03.205 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 2. Transfer and Negotiation.|Sec. 45.03.205. Special endorsement; blank endorsement; anomalous endorsement.

(a) If an endorsement is made by the holder of an instrument, whether payable to an identified person or payable to bearer, and the endorsement identifies a person to whom it makes the instrument payable, it is a “special endorsement.” When specially endorsed, an instrument becomes payable to the identified person and may be negotiated only by the endorsement of that person. The principles stated in AS 45.03.110 apply to special endorsements. (b) If an endorsement is made by the holder of an instrument and it is not a special endorsement, it is a “blank endorsement.” When endorsed in blank, an instrument becomes payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone until specially endorsed. (c) The holder may convert a blank endorsement that consists only of a signature into a special endorsement by writing, above the signature of the endorser, words identifying the person to whom the instrument is made payable. (d) “Anomalous endorsement” means an endorsement made by a person who is not the holder of the instrument. An anomalous endorsement does not affect the manner in which the instrument may be negotiated.
AK Stat § 45.03.207 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 2. Transfer and Negotiation.|Sec. 45.03.207. Reacquisition.

Reacquisition of an instrument occurs if it is transferred to a former holder, by negotiation or otherwise. A former holder who reacquires the instrument may cancel endorsements made after the reacquirer first became a holder of the instrument. If the cancellation causes the instrument to be payable to the reacquirer or to bearer, the reacquirer may negotiate the instrument. An endorser whose endorsement is canceled is discharged, and the discharge is effective against a subsequent holder.
AK Stat § 45.03.301 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 3. Rights of a Holder.|Sec. 45.03.301. Person entitled to enforce instrument.

A person entitled to enforce an instrument is the holder of the instrument, a nonholder in possession of the instrument who has the rights of a holder, or a person not in possession of the instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument under AS 45.03.309 or 45.03.418(d). A person may be a person entitled to enforce the instrument even though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument.
AK Stat § 45.03.302 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 3. Rights of a Holder.|Sec. 45.03.302. Holder in due course.

(a) Subject to (c) of this section and AS 45.03.106(d), “holder in due course” means the holder of an instrument, if (1) the instrument when issued or negotiated to the holder does not bear such apparent evidence of forgery or alteration or is not otherwise so irregular or incomplete as to call into question its authenticity; and (2) the holder took the instrument (A) for value; (B) in good faith; (C) without notice that the instrument is overdue or has been dishonored or that there is an uncured default with respect to payment of another instrument issued as part of the same series; (D) without notice that the instrument contains an unauthorized signature or has been altered; (E) without notice of any claim to the instrument described in AS 45.03.306; and (F) without notice that any party has a defense or claim in recoupment described in AS 45.03.305(a). (b) Notice of discharge of a party, other than discharge in an insolvency proceeding, is not notice of a defense under (a) of this section, but discharge is effective against a person who became a holder in due course with notice of the discharge. Public filing or recording of a document does not of itself constitute notice of a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument. (c) Except to the extent a transferor or predecessor in interest has rights as a holder in due course, a person does not acquire rights of a holder in due course of an instrument taken by legal process or by purchase in an execution, bankruptcy, or creditor's sale or similar proceeding, by purchase as part of a bulk transaction not in the ordinary course of business of the transferor, or as the successor in interest to an estate or other organization. (d) If, under AS 45.03.303(a)(1), the promise of performance that is the consideration for an instrument has been partially performed, the holder may assert rights as a holder in due course of the instrument only to the fraction of the amount payable under the instrument equal to the value of the partial performance divided by the value of the promised performance. (e) If the person entitled to enforce an instrument has only a security interest in the instrument and the person obliged to pay the instrument has a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument that may be asserted against the person who granted the security interest, the person entitled to enforce the instrument may assert rights as a holder in due course only to an amount payable under the instrument that, at the time of enforcement of the instrument, does not exceed the amount of the unpaid obligation secured. (f) To be effective, notice must be received at a time and in a manner that gives a reasonable opportunity to act on it. (g) This section is subject to any law limiting status as a holder in due course in particular classes of transactions.
AK Stat § 45.03.303 (2021)
2021 Alaska Statutes|Title 45. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 03. Negotiable Instruments|Article 3. Rights of a Holder.|Sec. 45.03.303. Value and consideration.

(a) An instrument is issued or transferred for value if (1) the instrument is issued or transferred for a promise of performance, to the extent the promise has been performed; (2) the transferee acquires a security interest or other lien in the instrument other than a lien obtained by judicial proceeding; (3) the instrument is issued or transferred as payment of, or as security for, an antecedent claim against a person, whether or not the claim is due; (4) the instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for a negotiable instrument; or (5) the instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for the incurring of an irrevocable obligation to a third party by the person taking the instrument. (b) “Consideration” means any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract. The drawer or maker of an instrument has a defense if the instrument is issued without consideration. If an instrument is issued for a promise of performance, the issuer has a defense to the extent performance of the promise is due and the promise has not been performed. If an instrument is issued for value as stated in (a) of this section, the instrument is also issued for consideration.