reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
LA Code Ev art. 615 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 615. Exclusion of witnesses

A. As a matter of right. On its own motion the court may, and on request of a party the court shall, order that the witnesses be excluded from the courtroom or from a place where they can see or hear the proceedings, and refrain from discussing the facts of the case with anyone other than counsel in the case. In the interests of justice, the court may exempt any witness from its order of exclusion. B. Exceptions. This Article does not authorize exclusion of any of the following: (1) A party who is a natural person. (2) A single officer or single employee of a party which is not a natural person designated as its representative or case agent by its attorney. (3) A person whose presence is shown by a party to be essential to the presentation of his cause such as an expert. (4) The victim of the offense or the family of the victim. C. Violation of exclusion order. A court may impose appropriate sanctions for violations of its exclusion order including contempt, appropriate instructions to the jury, or when such sanctions are insufficient, disqualification of the witness. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989; Acts 1999, No. 783, §2, eff. Jan. 1, 2000.
LA Code Ev art. 701 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 701. Opinion testimony by lay witnesses

If the witness is not testifying as an expert, his testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are:  (1) Rationally based on the perception of the witness; and  (2) Helpful to a clear understanding of his testimony or the determination of a fact in issue. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 702 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 702. Testimony by experts

  A. A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:  (1) The expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;  (2) The testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;  (3) The testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and  (4) The expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.  B. This Article shall also govern expert witnesses on the issue of memory and eyewitness identification. In a criminal case, if a party seeks to offer the testimony of a memory and eyewitness identification expert under this Article, such expert testimony may be considered for admission only if all provisions of Paragraph A of this Article are satisfied. A memory and eyewitness identification expert's testimony may not be admitted under this Article if there is physical or scientific evidence that corroborates the eyewitness identification of the defendant. An expert's testimony admitted under this Paragraph shall not offer an opinion as to whether a witness's memory or eyewitness identification is accurate.  Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989; Acts 2014, No. 630, §1; Acts 2019, No. 115, §1, eff. June 5, 2019. NOTE: No changes in law or result in a ruling on evidence admissibility shall be presumed or is intended by the Legislature of Louisiana by the passage of Acts 2014, No. 630.
LA Code Ev art. 703 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 703. Bases of opinion testimony by experts

The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to him at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 704 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 704. Opinion on ultimate issue

Testimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not to be excluded solely because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact. However, in a criminal case, an expert witness shall not express an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 705 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 705. Disclosure of facts or data underlying expert opinion; foundation

A. Civil cases. In a civil case, the expert may testify in terms of opinion or inference and give his reasons therefor without prior disclosure of the underlying facts or data, unless the court requires otherwise. The expert may in any event be required to disclose the underlying facts or data on cross-examination. B. Criminal cases. In a criminal case, every expert witness must state the facts upon which his opinion is based, provided, however, that with respect to evidence which would otherwise be inadmissible such basis shall only be elicited on cross-examination. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 706 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 706. Court appointed experts

A. Civil cases. In a civil case, the court may on its own motion or on the motion of any party enter an order to show cause why expert witnesses should not be appointed, and may request the parties to submit nominations. The court may appoint any expert witnesses agreed upon by the parties, and may appoint expert witnesses of its own selection. An expert witness shall not be appointed by the court unless he consents to act. A witness so appointed shall be informed of his duties by the court in writing, a copy of which shall be filed with the clerk, or at a conference in which the parties shall have opportunity to participate. A witness so appointed shall advise the parties of his findings, if any; his deposition may be taken by any party; and he may be called to testify by the court or any party. B. Disclosure of appointment. In a civil case, in the exercise of its discretion, the court may authorize disclosure to the jury of the fact that the court appointed the expert witness. C. Parties' experts of own selection. Nothing in this Article limits the parties in calling expert witnesses of their own selection. D. Criminal cases. In a criminal case, the court may appoint an expert witness only when specifically authorized by statute, or as constitutionally required. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 802 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 802. Hearsay rule

Hearsay is not admissible except as otherwise provided by this Code or other legislation. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 803.1 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 803.1. Hearsay exceptions; foreign records of regularly conducted activity

A.(1) Except as otherwise provided by this Code, in a criminal proceeding, a foreign record of regularly conducted activity, or a copy of such record, shall not be excluded as evidence by the hearsay rule if a foreign certification attests to the following: (a) Such record was made, at or near the time of the occurrence of the matters set forth, by or from information transmitted by, a person with knowledge of those matters; and (b) Such record was kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity; and (c) The business activity made such a record as a regular practice; and (d) If such record is not the original, such record is a duplicate of the original, unless the source of information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness. (2) A party intending to offer in evidence pursuant to this Article a foreign record of regularly conducted activity shall provide written notice of that intention to each other party not less than ten days prior to trial. A motion opposing admission in evidence of such record shall be made by the opposing party and determined by the court before trial. Failure by a party to file such motion before trial shall constitute a waiver of objection to such record or duplicate, but the court for cause shown may grant relief from the waiver. B. As used in this Article: (1) "Foreign record of regularly conducted activity" means a memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form, of acts, events, conditions, opinions, or diagnoses, maintained by a business domiciled in a jurisdiction outside the territorial limits of the state of Louisiana. (2) "Foreign certification" means a written declaration made and signed in a jurisdiction outside the territorial limits of the state of Louisiana by the custodian of a business record of regularly conducted activity or another qualified person that, if falsely made, would subject the maker to criminal penalty under the laws of the state of Louisiana. (3) "Business" includes a business, institution, association, profession, occupation, and calling of every kind, whether or not conducted for profit. Acts 2008, No. 178, §1.
LA Code Ev art. 805 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 805. Hearsay within hearsay

Hearsay included within hearsay is not excluded under the hearsay rule if each part of the combined statements conforms with an exception to the hearsay rule provided by legislation. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 806 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 806. Attacking and supporting credibility of declarant

When a hearsay statement, or a statement defined in Article 801(D)(2)(c) or (D)(3), has been admitted in evidence, the credibility of the declarant may be attacked, and if attacked may be supported, by any evidence which would be admissible for those purposes if declarant had testified as a witness. Evidence of a statement or conduct by the declarant at any time, offered to attack the declarant's credibility, is not subject to any requirement that he may have been afforded an opportunity to deny or explain. If the party against whom a hearsay statement has been admitted calls the declarant as a witness, the party is entitled to examine him on the statement as a witness identified with an adverse party. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 901 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 901. Requirement of authentication or identification

A. General provision. The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims. B. Illustrations. By way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation, the following are examples of authentication or identification conforming with the requirements of this Article:  (1) Testimony of witness with knowledge. Testimony that a matter is what it is claimed to be. (2) Nonexpert opinion on handwriting. Nonexpert opinion as to the genuineness of handwriting, based upon familiarity not acquired for purposes of the litigation. (3) Comparison by trier or expert witness. Comparison by the trier of fact or by expert witnesses with specimens which have been authenticated. (4) Distinctive characteristics and the like. Appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics, taken in conjunction with circumstances. (5) Voice identification. Identification of a voice, whether heard firsthand or through mechanical or electronic transmission or recording, by opinion based upon hearing the voice at any time under circumstances connecting it with the alleged speaker. (6) Telephone conversations. Telephone conversations, by evidence that a call was made to the number assigned at the time by the telephone company to a particular person or business, if:  (a) In the case of a person, circumstances, including self-identification, show the person answering to be the one called; or  (b) In the case of a business, the call was made to a place of business and the conversation related to business reasonably transacted over the telephone. (7) Public records or reports. Evidence that a writing authorized by law to be recorded or filed and in fact recorded or filed in a public office, or a purported public record, report, statement, or data compilation, in any form, is from the public office where items of this nature are kept. (8) Ancient documents or data compilation. Evidence that a document or data compilation, in any form:  (a) Is in such condition as to create no suspicion concerning its authenticity;  (b) Was in a place where it, if authentic, would likely be; and  (c) Has been in existence thirty years or more at the time it is offered. (9) Process or system. Evidence describing a process or system used to produce a result and showing that the process or system produces an accurate result. (10) Methods provided by legislation. Any method of authentication or identification provided by Act of Congress or by Act of the Louisiana Legislature. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 903 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 903. Subscribing witness' testimony unnecessary

The testimony of a subscribing witness is not necessary to authenticate a writing unless required by the laws of the jurisdiction whose laws govern the validity of the writing. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 904 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 904. Self-authentication of copies of public documents

When an original public document is deemed authentic without proof by extrinsic evidence as provided in Article 902(1), (2), or (3), a purported copy of the document also shall be deemed authentic when certified as true or correct by the custodian or other person authorized to make that certification, by certificate complying with Article 902(1), (2), or (3). Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 905 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 905. Self-authentication of other public records

A. Self-authentication. Extrinsic evidence of authenticity as a condition precedent to admissibility is not required with respect to a document purporting to be a document authorized by law to be recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed in a public office, including data compilations in any form, when it is certified as being true or correct by the custodian or other person authorized to make the certification, by certificate complying with Article 902(1), (2), or (3) and when, by statute, it is made to be presumptively or prima facie genuine or authentic. B. Copy of original document described in Paragraph A. A document which purports to be a copy of an original document described in Paragraph A shall be deemed as authentic as the original when certified as true or correct by the custodian or other person authorized to make the certification, by certificate complying with Article 902(1), (2), or (3). C. Copy of other public records. A document which purports to be a copy of an original document, other than a document described in Paragraph A, which is recorded or filed in a public office, including a data compilation in any form, shall be prima facie evidence that the copy accurately reflects the contents of the document which is filed or recorded when the copy is certified as true or correct by the custodian or other person authorized to make the certification, by certificate complying with Article 902(1), (2), or (3). Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 1001 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 1001. Definitions

For purposes of this Chapter the following definitions are applicable: (1) Writings and recordings. "Writings" and "recordings" consist of letters, words, numbers, sounds, or their equivalent, set down by handwriting, typewriting, printing, photostating, photographing, magnetic impulse, mechanical or electronic recording, or other form of data compilation. (2) Photographs. "Photographs" include still photographs, X-ray films, video tapes, motion pictures, and their equivalents. (3) Original. An "original" of a writing or recording is the writing or recording itself or any counterpart intended to have the same effect by a person executing or issuing it. An "original" of a photograph includes the negative or any print therefrom. If data are stored in or copied onto a computer or similar device, including any portable or hand-held computer or electronic storage device, any printout or other output readable by sight, shown to reflect the data accurately, is an "original". (4) Optical disk imaging system. An "optical disk imaging system" is a storage system that utilizes non-erasable Write Once Read Many (WORM) optical storage technology to record information on an optical disk with the use of laser technology, and that utilizes laser technology to retrieve and read previously stored information. (5) Duplicate. A "duplicate" is a counterpart produced by the same impression as the original, or from the same matrix, or by means of photography, including enlargements and miniatures, or by mechanical or electronic re-recording, or electronic imaging, or by chemical reproduction, or by an optical disk imaging system, or by other equivalent techniques, which accurately reproduces the original. (6) Electronic imaging. "Electronic imaging" is the process of storing and retrieving any record, document, data, or other information through the use of electronic data processing, or computerized, digital, or optical scanning, or other electronic imaging system. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989; Acts 1995, No. 346, §1; Acts 2001, No. 941, §1; Acts 2003, No. 1135, §1, eff. July 2, 2003.
LA Code Ev art. 1002 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 1002. Requirement of original

To prove the content of a writing, recording, or photograph, the original writing, recording, or photograph is required, except as otherwise provided by this Code or other legislation. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 1003 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 1003. Admissibility of duplicates

A duplicate is admissible to the same extent as an original unless: (1) A genuine question is raised as to the authenticity of the original; (2) In the circumstances it would be unfair to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original; or (3) The original is a testament offered for probate, a contract on which the claim or defense is based, or is otherwise closely related to a controlling issue. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989; Acts 2001, No. 941, §1; Acts 2003, No. 1135, §1, eff. July 1, 2003.
LA Code Ev art. 1003.1 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 1003.1. Electronic duplicates

A duplicate may not be deemed inadmissible or excluded from evidence solely because it is in electronic form or is a reproduction of electronically imaged or stored records, documents, data, or other information. Acts 2001, No. 941, §1.
LA Code Ev art. 1004 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 1004. Admissibility of other evidence of contents

The original is not required, and other evidence of the contents of a writing, recording, or photograph is admissible if:  (1) Originals lost or destroyed. All originals are lost or have been destroyed, unless the proponent lost or destroyed them in bad faith;  (2) Original not obtainable. No original can be obtained by any available judicial process or procedure;  (3) Original in possession of opponent. At a time when an original was under the control of the party against whom offered, he was put on notice, by the pleadings or otherwise, that the contents would be a subject of proof at the hearing, and he does not produce the original at the hearing;  (4) Collateral matters. The writing, recording, or photograph is not closely related to a controlling issue; or  (5) Impracticality of producing original. The original, because of its location, permanent fixture, or otherwise, cannot as a practical matter be produced in court; or the cost or other consideration to be incurred in securing the original is prohibitive and it appears that a copy will serve the evidentiary purpose. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 1005 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 1005. Public records

The contents of an official record, or of a document authorized to be recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed, including data compilations in any form, if otherwise admissible, may be proved by copy, certified as correct in accordance with Article 902 or testified to be correct by a witness who has compared it with the original. If a copy which complies with the foregoing cannot be obtained by the exercise of reasonable diligence, then other evidence of the contents may be given. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 1006 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 1006. Summaries

The contents of otherwise admissible voluminous writings, recordings, or photographs which cannot conveniently be examined in court may be presented in the form of a chart, summary, or calculation. The originals, or duplicates, shall be made available for examination or copying, or both, by other parties at a reasonable time and place. The court may order that they be produced in court. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 1007 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 1007. Testimony or written admission of party

Contents of writings, recordings, or photographs may be proved by the testimony or, in a civil case, deposition of the party against whom offered or by his written admission, without accounting for the nonproduction of the original. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 1008 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 1008. Functions of court and jury

When the admissibility of other evidence of contents of writings, recordings, or photographs under these articles depends upon the fulfillment of a condition of fact, the question whether the condition has been fulfilled is ordinarily for the court to determine in accordance with the provisions of Article 104. However, when an issue is raised (1) whether the asserted writing ever existed, or (2) whether another writing, recording, or photograph produced at the trial is the original, or (3) whether other evidence of contents correctly reflects the contents, the issue is for the trier of fact to determine as in the case of other issues of fact. Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 1102 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 1102. Title

This Code may be known and cited as the "Louisiana Code of Evidence."  Acts 1988, No. 515, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1989.
LA Code Ev art. 1104 (2021)
2021 Louisiana Laws|Code of Evidence|Art. 1104. State v. Prieur; pretrial; burden of proof

The burden of proof in a pretrial hearing held in accordance with State v. Prieur, 277 So.2d 126 (La. 1973), shall be identical to the burden of proof required by Federal Rules of Evidence Article IV, Rule 404. Acts 1994, 3rd Ex. Sess., No. 51, §2.