reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 8.4A-507 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.4A - Commercial Code - Funds Transfers|Sections|§ 8.4A-507. Choice of law

(a) The following rules apply unless the affected parties otherwise agree or subsection (c) of this section applies:(1) The rights and obligations between the sender of a payment order and the receiving bank are governed by the law of the jurisdiction in which the receiving bank is located.(2) The rights and obligations between the beneficiary's bank and the beneficiary are governed by the law of the jurisdiction in which the beneficiary's bank is located.(3) The issue of when payment is made pursuant to a funds transfer by the originator to the beneficiary is governed by the law of the jurisdiction in which the beneficiary's bank is located.(b) If the parties described in each subdivision of subsection (a) of this section have made an agreement selecting the law of a particular jurisdiction to govern rights and obligations between each other, the law of that jurisdiction governs those rights and obligations, whether or not the payment order or the funds transfer bears a reasonable relation to that jurisdiction.(c) A funds-transfer system rule may select the law of a particular jurisdiction to govern (i) rights and obligations between participating banks with respect to payment orders transmitted or processed through the system, or (ii) the rights and obligations of some or all parties to a funds transfer any part of which is carried out by means of the system. A choice of law made pursuant to clause (i) of this subsection is binding on participating banks. A choice of law made pursuant to clause (ii) of this subsection is binding on the originator, other sender, or a receiving bank having notice that the funds-transfer system might be used in the funds transfer and of the choice of law by the system which the originator, other sender, or receiving bank issued or accepted a payment order. The beneficiary of a funds transfer is bound by the choice of law if, when the funds transfer is initiated, the beneficiary has notice that the funds transfer system might be used in the funds transfer and of the choice of law by the system. The law of a jurisdiction selected pursuant to this subsection may govern, whether or not that law bears a reasonable relation to the matter in issue.(d) In the event of inconsistency between an agreement under subsection (b) of this section, and a choice-of-law rule under subsection (c) of this section, the agreement under subsection (b) of this section prevails.(e) If a funds transfer is made by use of more than one funds-transfer system and there is inconsistency between choice-of-law rules of the systems, the matter in issue is governed by the law of the selected jurisdiction that has the most significant relationship to the matter in issue.1990, c. 9.
VA Code § 8.7-101 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-101. Short title

This title shall be known and may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code -- Documents of Title.1964, c. 219.
VA Code § 8.7-102 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-102. Definitions and index of definitions

(1) In this title, unless the context otherwise requires:(a) "Bailee" means the person who by a warehouse receipt, bill of lading or other document acknowledges possession of goods and contracts to deliver them.(b) "Carrier" means a person that issues a bill of lading.(c) "Consignee" means the person named in a bill to whom or to whose order the bill promises delivery.(d) "Consignor" means the person named in a bill as the person from whom the goods have been received for shipment.(e) "Delivery order" means a record that contains an order to deliver goods directed to a warehouseman, carrier or other person who in the ordinary course of business issues warehouse receipts or bills of lading.(f) "Document" means document of title as defined in the general definitions in Title 8.1A (§ 8.1A-201).(g) "Good faith" means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.(h) "Goods" means all things that are treated as movable for the purposes of a contract of storage or transportation.(i) "Issuer" means a bailee who issues a document except that in relation to an unaccepted delivery order it means the person who orders the possessor of goods to deliver. Issuer includes any person for whom an agent or employee purports to act in issuing a document if the agent or employee has real or apparent authority to issue documents, even if the issuer received no goods, the goods were misdescribed, or in any other respect the agent or employee violated the issuer's instructions.(j) "Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.(k) "Shipper" means a person that enters into a contract of transportation with a carrier.(l) "Sign" means, with present intent to authenticate or adopt a record (1) to execute or adopt a tangible symbol or (2) to attach to or logically associate with the record an electronic sound, symbol, or process.(m) "Warehouseman" is a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.(2) Other definitions applying to this title or to specified parts thereof, and the sections in which they appear are:"Duly negotiate." § 8.7-501."Person entitled under the document." § 8.7-403(4).(3) Definitions in other titles applying to this title and the sections in which they appear are:"Contract for sale." § 8.2-106."Lessee in ordinary course." § 8.2A-103."Overseas." § 8.2-323."Receipt" of goods. § 8.2-103.(4) In addition Title 8.1A contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this title.Code 1950, § 61-1; 1964, c. 219; 2003, c. 353; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-103 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-103. Relation of title to treaty or statute

(1) To the extent that any treaty or statute of the United States or regulatory statute of this State is applicable, the provisions of this title are subject thereto.(2) This article does not modify or repeal any law prescribing the form or content of a document of title or the services or facilities to be afforded by a bailee, or otherwise regulating a bailee's business in respects not specifically treated in this article. However, violation of such a law does not affect the status of a document that otherwise is within the definition of a document.(3) This Title modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (15 U.S.C. § 7001, et seq.) but does not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of that act (15 U.S.C. § 7001(c)) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103 (b) of that act (15 U.S.C. § 7003 (b)).(4) To the extent there is a conflict between the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (§ 59.1-479 et seq.) and this article this article governs.1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-104 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-104. Negotiable and nonnegotiable documents

(1) Except as otherwise provided in subsection 3, a document is negotiable:(a) if by its terms the goods are to be delivered to bearer or to the order of a named person; or(b) where recognized in overseas trade, if it runs to a named person or assigns.(2) A document other than one described in subsection 1 is nonnegotiable. A bill of lading in which it is stated that the goods are consigned to a named person is not made negotiable by a provision that the goods are to be delivered only against an order in a record signed by the same or another named person.(3) A document is nonnegotiable if, at the time it is issued, the document has a conspicuous legend, however expressed, that it is nonnegotiable.Code 1950, §§ 61-7, 61-8; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-105.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-105.1. Reissuance in alternative medium

(1) Upon request of a person entitled under an electronic document, the issuer of the electronic document may issue a tangible document as a substitute for the electronic document if:(a) the person entitled under the electronic document surrenders control of the document to the issuer; and(b) the tangible document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the electronic document.(2) Upon issuance of a tangible document in substitution for an electronic document in accordance with subsection (1):(a) the electronic document ceases to have any effect or validity; and(b) the person that procured issuance of the tangible document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the tangible document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the electronic document when the warrantor surrendered control of the electronic document to the issuer.(3) Upon request of a person entitled under a tangible document, the issuer of the tangible document may issue an electronic document as a substitute for the tangible document if:(a) the person entitled under the tangible document surrenders possession of the document to the issuer; and(b) the electronic document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the tangible document.(4) Upon issuance of an electronic document in substitution for a tangible document in accordance with subsection (3):(a) the tangible document ceases to have any effect or validity; and(b) the person that procured issuance of the electronic document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the electronic document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the tangible document when the warrantor surrendered possession of the tangible document to the issuer.2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-106 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-106. Control of electronic document

(1) A person has control of an electronic document if a system employed for evidencing the transfer of interests in the electronic document reliably establishes that person as the person to which the electronic document was issued or transferred.(2) A system satisfies subsection (1), and a person is deemed to have control of an electronic document, if the document is created, stored, and assigned in such a manner that:(a) a single authoritative copy of the document exists that is unique, identifiable, and, except as otherwise provided in subdivisions (c), (d), and (e), unalterable;(b) the authoritative copy identifies the person asserting control as:(i) the person to whom the document was issued; or(ii) if the authoritative copy indicates that the document has been transferred, the person to whom the document was most recently transferred;(c) the authoritative copy is communicated to and maintained by the person asserting control or his designated custodian;(d) copies or amendments that add or change an identified assignee of the authoritative copy can be made only with the consent of the person asserting control;(e) each copy of the authoritative copy and any copy of a copy is readily identifiable as a copy that is not the authoritative copy; and(f) any amendment of the authoritative copy is readily identifiable as authorized or unauthorized.2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-201 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-201. Who may issue a warehouse receipt; storage under government bond

(1) A warehouse receipt may be issued by any warehouseman.(2) Where goods including distilled spirits and agricultural commodities are stored under a statute requiring a bond against withdrawal or a license for the issuance of receipts in the nature of warehouse receipts, a receipt issued for the goods has like effect as a warehouse receipt even though issued by a person who is the owner of the goods and is not a warehouseman.Code 1950, § 61-4; 1964, c. 219.
VA Code § 8.7-202 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-202. Form of warehouse receipt; essential terms; optional terms

(1) A warehouse receipt need not be in any particular form.(2) Unless a warehouse receipt provides for each of the following, the warehouseman is liable for damages caused by the omission to a person injured thereby:(a) the location of the warehouse where the goods are stored;(b) the date of issue of the receipt;(c) the consecutive number of the receipt;(d) a statement whether the goods received will be delivered to the bearer, to a specified person, or to a specified person or his order;(e) the rate of storage and handling charges, except that where goods are stored under a field warehousing arrangement a statement of that fact is sufficient on a nonnegotiable receipt;(f) a description of the goods or of the packages containing them;(g) the signature of the warehouseman, which may be made by his authorized agent;(h) if the receipt is issued for goods of which the warehouseman is owner, either solely or jointly or in common with others, the fact of such ownership; and(i) a statement of the amount of advances made and of liabilities incurred for which the warehouseman claims a lien or security interest (§ 8.7-209). If the precise amount of such advances made or of such liabilities incurred is, at the time of the issue of the receipt, unknown to the warehouseman or to his agent who issued the receipt, a statement of the fact that advances have been made or liabilities incurred and the purpose thereof is sufficient.(3) A warehouseman may insert in his receipt any other terms that are not contrary to the provisions of this act and do not impair his obligation of delivery (§ 8.7-403) or his duty of care (§ 8.7-204). Any contrary provisions shall be ineffective.Code 1950, § 61-5; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-203 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-203. Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription

A party to or purchaser for value in good faith of a document other than a bill of lading relying in either case upon the description therein of the goods may recover from the issuer damages caused by the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that the document conspicuously indicates that the issuer does not know whether any part or all of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, as where the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity or condition, or the receipt or description is qualified by "contents, condition and quality unknown," "said to contain" or the like, if such indication be true, or the party or purchaser otherwise has notice.Code 1950, § 61-23; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-204 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-204. Duty of care; contractual limitation of warehouseman's liability

(1) A warehouseman is liable for damages for loss of or injury to the goods caused by his failure to exercise such care in regard to them as a reasonably careful man would exercise under like circumstances but unless otherwise agreed he is not liable for damages that could not have been avoided by the exercise of such care.(2) Damages may be limited by a term in the warehouse receipt or storage agreement limiting the amount of liability in case of loss or damage, beyond which the warehouseman shall not be liable. On request of the bailor in a record at the time of signing such storage agreement or within a reasonable time after receipt of the warehouse receipt, the warehouseman's liability may be increased on part or all of the goods thereunder. In this event, increased rates may be charged based on such increased valuation. No such limitation is effective with respect to the warehouseman's liability for conversion to his own use.(3) Reasonable provisions as to the time and manner of presenting claims and instituting actions based on the bailment may be included in the warehouse receipt or storage agreement.Code 1950, §§ 61-6, 61-24; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-205 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-205. Title under warehouse receipt defeated in certain cases

A buyer in the ordinary course of business of fungible goods sold and delivered by a warehouseman who is also in the business of buying and selling such goods takes the goods free of any claim under a warehouse receipt even though the receipt is negotiable and has been duly negotiated.1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-206 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-206. Termination of storage at warehouseman's option

(1) A warehouseman may on notifying the person on whose account the goods are held and any other person known to claim an interest in the goods require payment of any charges and removal of the goods from the warehouse at the termination of the period of storage fixed by the document, or, if no period is fixed, within a stated period not less than 30 days after the notification. If the goods are not removed before the date specified in the notification, the warehouseman may sell them in accordance with the provisions of the section on enforcement of a warehouseman's lien (§ 8.7-210).(2) If a warehouseman in good faith believes that the goods are about to deteriorate or decline in value to less than the amount of his lien within the time prescribed in subsection (1), the warehouseman may specify in the notification any reasonable shorter time for removal of the goods and in case the goods are not removed, may sell them at public sale held not less than one week after a single advertisement or posting.(3) If as a result of a quality or condition of the goods of which the warehouseman had no notice at the time of deposit the goods are a hazard to other property or to the warehouse or to persons, the warehouseman may sell the goods at public or private sale without advertisement or posting on reasonable notification to all persons known to claim an interest in the goods. If the warehouseman after a reasonable effort is unable to sell the goods he may dispose of them in any lawful manner and shall incur no liability by reason of such disposition.(4) The warehouseman must deliver the goods to any person entitled to them under this title upon due demand made at any time prior to sale or other disposition under this section.(5) The warehouseman may satisfy his lien from the proceeds of any sale or disposition under this section but must hold the balance for delivery on the demand of any person to whom he would have been bound to deliver the goods.Code 1950, § 61-37; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-207 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-207. Goods must be kept separate; fungible goods

(1) Unless the warehouse receipt otherwise provides, a warehouseman must keep separate the goods covered by each receipt so as to permit at all times identification and delivery of those goods except that different lots of fungible goods may be commingled.(2) Fungible goods so commingled are owned in common by the persons entitled thereto and the warehouseman is severally liable to each owner for that owner's share. Where because of overissue a mass of fungible goods is insufficient to meet all the receipts which the warehouseman has issued against it, the persons entitled include all holders to whom overissued receipts have been duly negotiated.Code 1950, §§ 61-25, 61-26; 1964, c. 219.
VA Code § 8.7-208 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-208. Altered warehouse receipts

Where a blank in a negotiable warehouse receipt has been filled in without authority, a good faith purchaser for value and without notice of the lack of authority may treat the insertion as authorized. Any other unauthorized alteration leaves any tangible or electronic receipt enforceable against the issuer according to its original tenor.Code 1950, § 61-16; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-301 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-301. Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription; "said to contain"; "shipper's load and count"; improper handling

(1) A consignee of a nonnegotiable bill of lading who has given value in good faith, or a holder to whom a negotiable bill has been duly negotiated, relying upon the description therein of the goods, or upon the date therein shown, may recover from the issuer damages caused by the misdating of the bill or the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that the bill indicates that the issuer does not know whether any part or all of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, as where the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity, or condition or the receipt or description is qualified by "contents or condition of contents of packages unknown," "said to contain," "shipper's weight, load and count" or the like, if such indication be true.(2) When goods are loaded by an issuer of a bill of lading, the issuer must count the packages of goods, if shipped in packages, and ascertain the kind and quantity if shipped in bulk. In such cases "shipper's weight, load and count" or other words indicating that the description was made by the shipper are ineffective except as to goods concealed by packages.(3) When bulk goods are loaded by a shipper who makes available to the issuer of a bill of lading adequate facilities for weighing such goods, the issuer must ascertain the kind and quantity within a reasonable time after receiving, in a record, the shipper's request to do so. In such cases "shipper's weight" or other words of like purport are ineffective.(4) The issuer of a bill of lading, by inserting in the bill the words "shipper's weight, load and count" or other words of like purport, may indicate that the goods were loaded by the shipper; and if such statement is true, the issuer shall not be liable for damages caused by the improper loading. However, their omission does not imply liability for such damages.(5) The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the issuer the accuracy at the time of shipment of the description, marks, labels, number, kind, quantity, condition and weight, as furnished by him; and the shipper shall indemnify the issuer against damage caused by inaccuracies in such particulars. The right of the issuer to such indemnity shall in no way limit his responsibility and liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.