reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 8.01-412.10 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-412.10. Issuance of subpoena

A. To request the issuance of a subpoena under this article, a party shall submit to the clerk of court in the circuit in which discovery is sought to be conducted in the Commonwealth (i) a foreign subpoena and (ii) a written statement that the law of the foreign jurisdiction grants reciprocal privileges to citizens of the Commonwealth for taking discovery in the jurisdiction that issued the foreign subpoena.B. When a party submits a foreign subpoena to a clerk of court in the Commonwealth, the clerk, in accordance with that court's procedure, shall promptly issue a subpoena for service upon the person to which the foreign subpoena is directed.C. A subpoena under subsection B shall:1. Incorporate the terms used in the foreign subpoena; and2. Contain or be accompanied by the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of all counsel of record in the proceeding to which the subpoena relates and of any party not represented by counsel.D. A request for the issuance of a subpoena under this article does not constitute an appearance in the courts of the Commonwealth, and no civil action need be filed in the circuit court of the Commonwealth.E. The provisions of this article shall be in addition to other procedures authorized in the Code of Virginia and the rules of court for obtaining discovery, except that no subpoena issued in the Commonwealth pursuant to this article may be issued by any person other than the applicable circuit court clerk of court in the Commonwealth, in accordance with subsections A and B.2009, c. 701; 2018, c. 530.
VA Code § 8.01-412.11 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-412.11. Service of subpoena

A subpoena issued by a clerk of court under this article shall be served in compliance with the applicable statutes of the Commonwealth for service of a subpoena.2009, c. 701.
VA Code § 8.01-412.12 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-412.12. Deposition, production, and inspection

Statutes and rules applicable in actions pending in the circuit courts of the Commonwealth with respect to compliance with subpoenas to attend and give testimony, produce designated books, documents, records, electronically stored information, or tangible things, or permit inspection of premises, shall apply to subpoenas issued under § 8.01-412.10.2009, c. 701.
VA Code § 8.01-412.13 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-412.13. Application to court

An application to the court for a protective order or to enforce, quash, or modify a subpoena issued by a clerk of court under § 8.01-412.10 shall comply with the statutes and rules of court of the Commonwealth and be submitted to the court in the circuit in which discovery is to be conducted. A separate civil action need not be filed.2009, c. 701.
VA Code § 8.01-412.14 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-412.14. Uniformity of application and construction; reciprocal privileges

In applying and construing this uniform act, consideration shall be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter among states that enact it. The privilege extended to persons in other states for discovery under this article shall only apply if the jurisdiction where the action is pending has extended a similar privilege to persons in the Commonwealth, by that jurisdiction's enactment of the Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act, a predecessor uniform act, or another comparable law or rule of court providing substantially similar mechanisms for use by out-of-state parties.2009, c. 701.
VA Code § 8.01-412.15 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-412.15. Application to pending actions

This article applies to requests for discovery submitted on or after July 1, 2009.2009, c. 701.
VA Code § 8.01-413.01 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-413.01. Authenticity and reasonableness of medical bills; presumption

A. In any action for personal injuries, wrongful death, or for medical expense benefits payable under a motor vehicle insurance policy issued pursuant to § 38.2-124 or § 38.2-2201, the authenticity of bills for medical services provided and the reasonableness of the charges of the health care provider shall be rebuttably presumed upon identification by the plaintiff of the original bill or a duly authenticated copy and the plaintiff's testimony (i) identifying the health care provider, (ii) explaining the circumstances surrounding his receipt of the bill, (iii) describing the services rendered, and (iv) stating that the services were rendered in connection with treatment for the injuries received in the event giving rise to the action. If the court finds the plaintiff is unable to provide such testimony, the plaintiff's guardian, agent under an advance directive, or agent under a power of attorney may identify the bill or an authenticated copy and provide testimony in lieu of the plaintiff. The presumption herein shall not apply unless the opposing party or his attorney has been furnished such medical records at least 30 days prior to the trial.B. Where no medical bill is rendered or specific charge made by a health care provider to the insured, an insurer, or any other person, the usual and customary fee charged for the service rendered may be established by the testimony or the affidavit of an expert having knowledge of the usual and customary fees charged for the services rendered. If the fee is to be established by affidavit, the affidavit shall be submitted to the opposing party or his attorney at least 30 days prior to trial. The testimony or the affidavit is subject to rebuttal and may be admitted in the same manner as an original bill or authenticated copy described in subsection A.1993, c. 610; 1996, c. 516; 1997, c. 503; 2016, c. 243.
VA Code § 8.01-413.02 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-413.02. Admissibility of written reports or records of blood alcohol tests conducted in the regular course of providing emergency medical treatment

A. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the written reports or records of blood alcohol tests conducted upon persons receiving medical treatment in a hospital or emergency room are admissible in evidence as a business records exception to the hearsay rule in any civil proceeding.B. The provisions of law pertaining to confidentiality of medical records and medical treatment shall not be applicable to reports or records of blood alcohol tests sought or admitted as evidence under the provisions of this section. Owners or custodians of such reports or records may disclose them, in accordance with regulations concerning patient privacy promulgated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, without obtaining consent or authorization for such disclosure. No person who is involved in taking blood or conducting blood alcohol tests shall be liable for civil damages for breach of confidentiality or unauthorized release of medical records because of the evidentiary use of blood alcohol test results under this section, or as a result of that person's testimony given pursuant to this section.2005, c. 801.
VA Code § 8.01-414 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-414. Affidavit prima facie evidence of nonresidence

In any action, an affidavit that a witness or party resides out of this Commonwealth, or is out of it, shall be prima facie evidence of the fact, although such affidavit be made by a party, and without previous notice.Code 1950, § 8-328; 1977, c. 617.
VA Code § 8.01-415 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-415. Affidavit evidence of publication

When anything is authorized or required by law to be published in a newspaper, the certificate of the editor, publisher, business manager or assistant business manager, or the affidavit of any other person, shall be admitted as evidence of what is stated herein as to the publication.Code 1950, § 8-329; 1977, c. 617.
VA Code § 8.01-416 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-416. Affidavit re damages to motor vehicle

A. In a civil action in any court, whether sounding in contract or tort, to recover for damages to a motor vehicle in excess of $2,500, evidence as to such damages may be presented by an itemized estimate or appraisal sworn to by a person who also makes oath (i) that he is a motor vehicle repairman, estimator or appraiser qualified to determine the amount of such damage or diminution in value; (ii) as to the approximate length of time that he has engaged in such work; and (iii) as to the trade name and address of his business and employer. Such estimate shall not be admitted unless by consent of the adverse party or his counsel, or unless a true copy thereof is mailed or delivered to the adverse party or his counsel not less than seven days prior to the date fixed for trial.B. In a civil action in any court, whether sounding in contract or tort, to recover for damages to a motor vehicle of $2,500 or less, evidence as to such damages may be presented by an itemized estimate or appraisal sworn to by a person who also makes oath (i) that he is a motor vehicle repairman, estimator or appraiser qualified to determine the amount of such damage or diminution in value; (ii) as to the approximate length of time that he has engaged in such work; and (iii) as to the trade name and address of his business and employer.1977, c. 617; 1980, c. 183; 1990, c. 724; 2010, c. 343.
VA Code § 8.01-417.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-417.1. Use of portions of documents in evidence (Subsection (b) of Supreme Court Rule 2:106 derived from this section)

To expedite trial proceedings in civil cases, upon appropriate and timely motion by counsel, the court may permit the reading to the jury, or the introduction into evidence, of relevant portions of lengthy and complex documents without the necessity of having the jury read or receive the entire document. The court, in its discretion, may permit the entire document to be received by the jury, or may order the parties to edit from any such document admitted into evidence information that is irrelevant to the proceedings.1992, c. 720.
VA Code § 8.01-418 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-418. When plea of guilty or nolo contendere or forfeiture in criminal prosecution or traffic case admissible in civil action; proof of such plea

Whenever, in any civil action, it is contended that any party thereto pled guilty or nolo contendere or suffered a forfeiture in a prosecution for a criminal offense or traffic infraction which arose out of the same occurrence upon which the civil action is based, evidence of said plea or forfeiture as shown by the records of the criminal court shall be admissible. Where the records of the court in which such prosecution was had are silent or ambiguous as to whether or not such plea was made or forfeiture occurred the court hearing the civil case shall admit such evidence on the question of such plea or forfeiture as may be relevant, and the question of whether such plea was made or forfeiture suffered shall be a question for the court to determine.Code 1950, § 8-267.1; 1970, c. 354; 1977, c. 617; 1986, c. 46.
VA Code § 8.01-418.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-418.1. Evidence of subsequent measures taken not admissible to prove negligence (Supreme Court Rule 2:407 derived from this section)

When, after the occurrence of an event, measures are taken which, if taken prior to the event would have made the event less likely to occur, evidence of such subsequently taken measures is not admissible to prove negligence or culpable conduct as a cause of the occurrence of the event; provided, that evidence of subsequent measures taken shall not be required to be excluded when offered for another purpose for which it may be admissible, including, but not limited to, proof of ownership, control, feasibility of precautionary measures if controverted, or for impeachment.1978, c. 165.
VA Code § 8.01-418.2 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-418.2. Evidence of polygraph examination inadmissible in any proceeding

The analysis of any polygraph test charts produced during any polygraph examination administered to a party or witness shall not be admissible in any proceeding conducted pursuant to § 2.2-1202.1 or conducted by any county, city or town over the objection of any party except as to disciplinary or other actions taken against a polygrapher.1993, c. 570; 1995, cc. 770, 818; 2012, cc. 803, 835.
VA Code § 8.01-419 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-419. Table of life expectancy

Whenever, in any case not otherwise specifically provided for, it is necessary to establish the expectancy of continued life of any person from any period of such person's life, whether he be living at the time or not, the following table shall be received in all courts and by all persons having power to determine litigation as evidence, with other evidence as to the health, constitution and habits of such person, of such expectancy represented by the figures in the following columns:BOTHAGESEXESMALEFEMALE077.474.78017774.379.527673.378.537572.477.647471.476.6573.170.475.6672.169.474.6771.168.473.6870.167.472.6969.166.571.61068.165.570.61167.164.569.61266.163.568.71365.162.567.71464.261.566.71563.260.565.71662.259.664.71761.258.663.71860.357.762.81959.356.761.82058.455.860.82157.454.959.82256.55458.92355.55357.92454.652.156.92553.651.2562652.750.3552751.749.3542850.848.4532949.847.452.13048.946.551.13147.945.650.1324744.649.2334643.748.23445.142.847.23544.141.846.33643.240.945.33742.34044.43841.339.143.43940.438.142.54039.537.241.54138.636.340.64237.635.439.74336.734.538.74435.833.637.84534.932.836.9463431.9364733.13135.14832.330.234.14931.429.333.25030.528.532.35129.627.631.45228.826.830.65327.92629.75427.125.128.85526.224.327.95625.423.5275724.622.726.25823.821.925.3592321.224.56022.220.423.76121.419.622.86220.618.9226319.818.221.26419.117.520.46518.416.819.76617.616.118.96716.915.418.16816.214.717.46915.514.116.77014.813.415.97114.212.815.27213.512.214.57312.911.613.87412.31113.27511.710.512.57611.19.911.97710.59.411.378108.910.7799.48.410.1808.97.99.5818.47.59827.978.4837.56.67.98476.37.4856.65.97866.25.56.6875.85.26.1885.54.95.7895.14.65.4904.84.35914.544.7924.23.84.49343.54.1943.73.33.8953.53.13.5963.22.93.39732.73.1982.82.52.9992.62.42.7100+2.52.22.5Code 1950, § 8-263.1; 1966, c. 472; 1977, c. 617; 1986, c. 317; 1996, c. 394; 2009, c. 454.
VA Code § 8.01-419.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-419.1. Motor vehicle value

Whenever in any case not otherwise specifically provided for the value of an automobile is in issue, either civilly or criminally, the tabulated retail values set forth in the National Automobile Dealers' Association (NADA) "yellow" or "black" books or any vehicle valuation service regularly used and recognized in the automobile industry that is in effect on the relevant date, shall be admissible as evidence of fair market value on the relevant date.The determination of value shall be subject to such other creditable evidence as any party may offer to demonstrate that the value as set forth in the NADA publication or any vehicle valuation service utilized by another party fails to reflect the actual condition of the vehicle and that therefore the value may be greater or less than that shown by the NADA publication or any vehicle valuation service.1993, c. 759; 2006, c. 402.
VA Code § 8.01-420 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-420. Depositions as basis for motion for summary judgment or to strike evidence

A. Except as provided in subsections B and C, no motion for summary judgment or to strike the evidence shall be sustained when based in whole or in part upon any discovery depositions under Rule 4:5, unless all parties to the suit or action shall agree that such deposition may be so used. Notwithstanding the foregoing, requests for admissions for which the responses are submitted in support of a motion for summary judgment may be based in whole or in part upon any discovery depositions under Rule 4:5 and may include admitted facts learned or referenced in such a deposition, provided that any such request for admission shall not reference the deposition or require the party to admit that the deponent gave specific testimony.B. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection A, a motion for summary judgment seeking dismissal of any claim or demand for punitive damages may be sustained, as to the punitive damages claim or demand only, when based in whole or in part upon any discovery depositions under Rule 4:5. However, such a motion may not be based upon discovery depositions under Rule 4:5 with respect to any claim or demand for punitive damages based on the operation of a motor vehicle by a person while under the influence of alcohol, any narcotic drug, or any other self-administered intoxicant or drug.C. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection A, discovery depositions under Rule 4:5 and affidavits may be used in support of or in opposition to a motion for summary judgment in any action when the only parties to the action are business entities and the amount at issue is $50,000 or more.Code 1950, § 8-315.1; 1973, c. 483; 1977, c. 617; 1978, c. 417; 2013, c. 76; 2019, cc. 10, 128.
VA Code § 8.01-420.01 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-420.01. Limiting further disclosure of discoverable materials and information; protective order

A. A protective order issued to prevent disclosure of materials or information related to a personal injury action or action for wrongful death produced in discovery in any cause shall not prohibit an attorney from voluntarily sharing such materials or information with an attorney involved in a similar or related matter, with the permission of the court, after notice and an opportunity to be heard to any party or person protected by the protective order, and provided the attorney who receives the material or information agrees, in writing, to be bound by the terms of the protective order.B. The provisions of this section shall apply only to protective orders issued on or after July 1, 1989.1989, c. 702.
VA Code § 8.01-420.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-420.1. Abolition of common-law perpetuation of testimony

The common-law proceeding to perpetuate testimony is abolished.1977, c. 617.
VA Code § 8.01-420.2 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-420.2. Limitation on use of recorded conversations as evidence

No mechanical recording, electronic or otherwise, of a telephone conversation shall be admitted into evidence in any civil proceeding unless (i) all parties to the conversation were aware the conversation was being recorded or (ii) the portion of the recording to be admitted contains admissions that, if true, would constitute criminal conduct which is the basis for the civil action, and one of the parties was aware of the recording and the proceeding is not one for divorce, separate maintenance or annulment of a marriage. The parties' knowledge of the recording pursuant to clause (i) shall be demonstrated by a declaration at the beginning of the recorded portion of the conversation to be admitted into evidence that the conversation is being recorded. This section shall not apply to emergency reporting systems operated by police and fire departments and by emergency medical services agencies, nor to any communications common carrier utilizing service observing or random monitoring pursuant to § 19.2-62.1983, c. 503; 1992, c. 567; 2015, cc. 502, 503.
VA Code § 8.01-420.3 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-420.3. Court reporters to provide transcripts; when recording may be stopped; use of transcript as evidence

Upon the request of any counsel of record, or of any party not represented by counsel, and upon payment of the reasonable cost thereof, the court reporter covering any proceeding shall provide the requesting party with a copy of the transcript of such proceeding or any requested portion thereof.The court shall not direct the court reporter to cease recording any portion of the proceeding without the consent of all parties or of their counsel of record.Whenever a party seeks to introduce the transcript or record of the testimony of a witness at an earlier trial, hearing or deposition, it shall not be necessary for the reporter to be present to prove the transcript or record, provided the reporter duly certifies, in writing, the accuracy of the transcript or record.1983, c. 505; 1990, c. 77.
VA Code § 8.01-420.4 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 14 - Evidence|§ 8.01-420.4. Taking of depositions

A. Party Depositions. -- A deposition of a party, or any witness designated under Rule 4:5(b)(6) to testify on behalf of a party, shall be taken in the county or city in which suit is pending, in an adjacent county or city, at a place upon which the parties agree, or at a place that the court may, for good cause, designate. Good cause may include the expense or inconvenience of a non-resident party defendant appearing in one of the locations specified in this subsection. The restrictions as to parties set forth in this subsection shall not apply where no responsive pleading has been filed or an appearance otherwise made.B. Non-party Witness Depositions. -- Unless otherwise provided by the law of the jurisdiction where a non-party witness resides, a deposition of a non-party witness shall be taken in the county or city where the non-party witness resides, is employed, or has his principal place of business; at a place upon which the witness and the parties to the litigation agree; or at a place that the court may, for good cause, designate.1989, c. 209; 1991, c. 81; 1993, cc. 428, 940; 2005, c. 597.