reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 55.1-2007 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2007. Exclusive and common rights of owners

An apartment owner has an exclusive right to his apartment and has a common right to a share, with other co-owners, in the common elements of the property.1962, c. 627, § 6, § 55-79.6; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2008 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2008. Master deed or lease; recordation; particulars

A master deed or lease shall be recorded in the same manner and subject to the same provisions of law as are other deeds, provided that no state or local recordation tax upon the value of the property transferred shall apply to any such deed recorded solely for the purpose of complying with the provisions of § 55.1-2003.The master deed or lease required pursuant to § 55.1-2003 shall include the following particulars:1. The description of the land, whether leased or in fee simple, and the building, expressing their respective areas;2. The general description and the number of each apartment, expressing its area, location, and any other data necessary for its identification;3. The description of the general common elements of the building; and4. The provisions requiring the council of co-owners to maintain insurance on the horizontal property regime.1962, c. 627, § 7, § 55-79.7; 1966, c. 683; 1973, c. 375; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2009 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2009. Deeds of individual apartments

The deed of each individual apartment shall express the particulars prescribed under subdivisions 1 and 2 of § 55.1-2008 relative to the apartments concerned and shall also express all encumbrances on such apartments.1962, c. 627, § 8, § 55-79.8; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2010 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2010. Regrouping or merger of estates with principal property

All of the co-owners or such lesser percentage as may be authorized in the master deed, or the sole owner of a building constituted into a horizontal property regime, may by deed waive this regime and regroup, amend the master deed, or merge the records of the filial estates with the principal property, provided that the filial estates are unencumbered, or if they are encumbered, that the creditors on whose behalf the encumbrances are recorded accept as security the undivided portions of the property owned by the debtors.1962, c. 627, § 9, § 55-79.9; 1966, c. 683; 1973, c. 374; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2011 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2011. Merger not to bar subsequent condominium

The merger provided for in § 55.1-2010 shall not bar the subsequent constitution of the property into a condominium whenever so desired, provided that the requirements of the Virginia Condominium Act (§ 55.1-1900 et seq.) are met.1962, c. 627, § 10, § 55-79.10; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2012 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2012. Bylaws governing administration of buildings

The administration of every building established as a horizontal property regime shall be governed by bylaws approved and adopted by the council of co-owners. The bylaws may be amended from time to time by the council or the governing board provided for in the council's bylaws.1962, c. 627, § 11, § 55-79.11; 1966, c. 683; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2013 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2013. Books and records; inspection; audit

The administrator, board of administration, or person appointed by the bylaws of the regime shall keep a book with a detailed account of the receipts and expenditures affecting the building and its administration and specifying the maintenance and repair expenses of the common elements and any other expenses incurred by or on behalf of the regime. Both the book and vouchers accrediting the entries made in the book shall be available for examination by all the co-owners during business hours that shall be set and announced for general knowledge. All books and records shall be kept in accordance with good accounting procedures and be audited at least once a year by an auditor outside of the organization.1962, c. 627, § 12, § 55-79.12; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2014 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2014. Contributions by co-owners

All co-owners are bound to contribute pro rata toward the expenses of administration and of maintenance and repairs of the general common elements, and, in the appropriate case, of the limited common elements of the building, and toward any other expenses lawfully agreed upon by the council of co-owners.If a co-owner fails to contribute his share as provided in this section, the manager or board of directors of the council of co-owners, or in a proper case, an aggrieved co-owner, may maintain an action at law on behalf of the council of co-owners to recover sums due for damages or in equity for injunctive relief.No co-owner shall be exempt from contributing toward such expenses by waiver or nonuse of the use or enjoyment of the common elements, both general and limited, or by abandonment of the apartment belonging to him.Such contributions may be determined and a lien, as the master deed may provide upon default in the payment of any such contribution, may be perfected by filing in the clerk's office in which the master deed is recorded a memorandum showing the name of the delinquent co-owner, the name of the council of co-owners as claimant of the lien, the amount of the claim, and a description of the property on which a lien is claimed verified by oath of the agent of the council of co-owners. The clerk shall record and index such lien as provided in § 43-4.1 and shall charge such fees as are provided by law. Such lien shall be released as provided in §§ 55.1-339 through 55.1-345 upon payment by the co-owner of his contributions.1962, c. 627, § 13, § 55-79.13; 1966, c. 683; 1973, c. 375; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2015 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2015. Payment of assessments upon conveyance of apartment; priority

Upon the sale or conveyance of an apartment, all unpaid assessments against a co-owner for his pro rata share in the expenses provided for in § 55.1-2014 shall first be paid out of the sale price or by the purchaser in priority over any other assessments or charges of whatever nature except the following:1. Assessments, liens, and charges in favor of the Commonwealth or any locality for taxes past due and unpaid on the apartment; and2. Payments due under mortgages duly recorded.1962, c. 627, § 15, § 55-79.15; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2016 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2016. Liens or encumbrances

A. Subsequent to establishment of a horizontal property regime as provided in this chapter, and while the property remains subject to this chapter, no lien shall arise or be effective against the property as a whole or against the common elements. During such period, liens or encumbrances shall arise or be created and enforced only against each apartment and the percentage of undivided interest in the common areas and facilities appurtenant to such apartment in the same manner and under the same conditions in every respect as liens or encumbrances may arise or be created upon or against any other separate parcel of real property subject to individual ownership, provided that no labor performed or materials furnished with the consent or at the request of an apartment owner or such owner's agent, contractor, or subcontractor shall be the basis for the filing of a mechanic's lien against the apartment or any other property of any other apartment owner not expressly consenting to or requesting the same, except that such express consent shall be deemed to be given by the owner of any apartment in the case of emergency repairs to such apartment. Labor performed or materials furnished for the common elements and facilities, if duly authorized by the council of co-owners, the manager, or the board of directors in accordance with this chapter, the master deed, or the bylaws, shall be deemed to be performed or furnished with the express consent of each apartment owner and shall be the basis for the filing of a mechanic's lien against each of the apartments and shall be subject to the provisions of subsection B. Notice of such lien may be served on the manager or the board of directors of the council of co-owners.B. If a lien is filed against two or more apartments and their respective percentage interest in the common elements, the apartment owners of the separate apartments may remove their apartments and their percentage interests in the common elements appurtenant to such apartments from the lien by payment of the fractional or proportional amounts attributable to each of the apartments affected, or they may file a written undertaking with surety approved by the court. Such individual payment, or amount of bond, shall be computed by reference to the percentage established pursuant to the bylaws of the horizontal property regime. After such partial payment, filing of bond, partial discharge, or release, or other satisfaction, the apartment and its percentage interest in the common elements shall be free and clear of such lien. Such partial payment, indemnity, satisfaction, or discharge shall not prevent the lienor from proceeding to enforce its rights against any apartment and its percentage interest in the common elements not so paid, indemnified, satisfied, or discharged.1966, c. 683, § 55-79.35; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2017 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2017. Rule against perpetuities; rule restricting unreasonable restraints on alienation

The rules of property law known as the rule against perpetuities and the rule restricting unreasonable restraints on alienation shall not be applied to defeat any of the provisions of this chapter or of any provisions of any master deed or lease, bylaws, or other document executed in accordance with this chapter as to the horizontal property regime. This exemption shall not apply to estates in the individual apartments.1966, c. 683, § 55-79.36; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2018 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2018. Liability of owner

A. The liability of the owner of an apartment for pro rata expenses shall be limited to the amounts assessed from time to time in accordance with this chapter, the master deed or lease, or the bylaws.B. The owner of an apartment shall not be personally liable with respect to the negligence of any other co-owner except insofar as the negligent co-owner is acting for the council of co-owners.1966, c. 683, § 55-79.37; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2019 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2019. Compliance by co-owner with bylaws and administrative rules and regulations

Each co-owner shall comply with the bylaws of the horizontal property regime and with the administrative rules and regulations adopted pursuant to such bylaws, as may be amended from time to time, and with the covenants, conditions, or restrictions set forth in the deed to the individual apartment. Failure to comply with any such bylaws, rules and regulations, or covenants, conditions, or restrictions is grounds for an action by the manager or board of directors of the council of co-owners, or in a proper case, an aggrieved owner, on behalf of the council of co-owners to recover sums due for damages and for injunctive relief.1966, c. 683, § 55-79.38; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2020 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 20 - Horizontal Property Act|§ 55.1-2020. Deposits to be held in escrow

Any deposit made with a reservation to purchase or a contract to purchase shall be held in escrow in a separate fund for such deposits designated as such until the deed for which a deposit was made is delivered to the depositor.1973, c. 375, § 55-79.21:1; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2101 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 21 - Virginia Real Estate Cooperative Act|§ 55.1-2101. Applicability

A. This chapter applies to all cooperatives created within the Commonwealth after July 1, 1982. Unless the declaration provides that the entire chapter is applicable, such a cooperative is subject only to §§ 55.1-2104 and 55.1-2105 if the cooperative contains only units restricted to nonresidential use or contains no more than three units and is not subject to any development rights.B. Except as provided in subsection C, §§ 55.1-2100, 55.1-2104, 55.1-2105, 55.1-2109, 55.1-2114, and 55.1-2131, subdivisions A 1 through 6 and 11 through 17 of § 55.1-2133, and §§ 55.1-2143, 55.1-2148, 55.1-2151, 55.1-2161, 55.1-2169, and 55.1-2170 apply to all cooperatives created in the Commonwealth before July 1, 1982. Those sections apply only with respect to events and circumstances occurring after July 1, 1982, and do not invalidate existing provisions of the cooperative documents of those cooperatives. With regard to any cooperative created before July 1, 1982, § 55.1-2104 applies only to real estate acquired by that cooperative's association on or after that date. For the purposes of this section, a cooperative was created before July 1, 1982, if the cooperative was conveyed to the association before that date.C. If a cooperative created within the Commonwealth before July 1, 1982, contains no more than three units and is not subject to any development rights, it is subject only to §§ 55.1-2104 and 55.1-2105, unless the declaration is amended to make any or all of the sections enumerated in subsection B apply to that cooperative.D. This chapter does not apply to cooperatives or cooperative interests located outside the Commonwealth, but the public offering statement provisions as given in §§ 55.1-2153 through 55.1-2160 apply to all contracts for the disposition of cooperative interests signed in the Commonwealth by any party, unless exempt under subsection B of § 55.1-2153. The Common Interest Community Board regulations provisions under Article 5 (§ 55.1-2173 et seq.) apply to any such offering in the Commonwealth.E. This chapter does not apply to any cooperatives that receive federal funding pursuant to the public housing or Section 8 program under the United States Housing Act of 1937, as amended.F. This chapter does not apply to any cooperative that, when acquired by an association, is subject to a mortgage or deed of trust securing an indebtedness owed to any government or governmental authority to which the association has contractual obligations in addition to those set forth in such mortgage or deed of trust.1982, c. 277, § 55-425; 1983, c. 312; 1986, cc. 368, 557; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2102 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 21 - Virginia Real Estate Cooperative Act|§ 55.1-2102. Variation by agreement

Except as expressly provided in this chapter, provisions of this chapter shall not be varied by agreement, and rights conferred by this chapter shall not be waived. A declarant shall not act under a power of attorney, or use any other device, to evade the limitations or prohibitions of this chapter or the declaration.1982, c. 277, § 55-427; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2105 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 21 - Virginia Real Estate Cooperative Act|§ 55.1-2105. Eminent domain

A. If a unit is acquired by eminent domain, or if part of a unit is acquired by eminent domain leaving the proprietary lessee with a remnant that may not practically or lawfully be used for any purpose permitted by the declaration, the award for such unit shall include compensation to the proprietary lessee for the value of his cooperative interest. Upon acquisition, unless the order otherwise provides, that cooperative interest's allocated interests are automatically reallocated to the remaining cooperative interests in proportion to the respective allocated interests of those cooperative interests before the taking, and the association shall promptly prepare, execute, and record an amendment to the declaration reflecting the reallocations. Any remnant of a unit remaining after part of a unit is taken under this subsection is thereafter a common element.B. Except as provided in subsection A, if part of a unit is acquired by eminent domain, the award for such unit shall compensate the proprietary lessee for the reduction in value of his cooperative interest. Unless the order provides otherwise, upon acquisition (i) that cooperative interest's allocated interests are reduced in proportion to the reduction in the size of the unit, or on any other basis specified in the declaration, and (ii) the portion of the allocated interests divested from the cooperative interest of which the partially acquired unit is a part is automatically reallocated to that cooperative interest and the remaining units in proportion to the respective allocated interests of those cooperative interests before the taking, with the cooperative interest of which the partially acquired unit is a part participating in the reallocation on the basis of its reduced allocated interests.C. If part of the common elements is acquired by eminent domain, the portion of the award attributable to the common elements taken shall be paid to the association. Unless the declaration provides otherwise, any portion of the award attributable to the acquisition of a limited common element shall be equally divided among the proprietary lessees of the units to which that limited common element was allocated at the time of acquisition.D. The court order shall be recorded in every county or city in which any portion of the cooperative is located.1982, c. 277, § 55-430; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2106 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 21 - Virginia Real Estate Cooperative Act|§ 55.1-2106. General principles of law applicable

The principles of law and equity, including the law of corporations and unincorporated associations, the law of real property, and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, eminent domain, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, receivership, substantial performances, or other validating or invalidating cause supplement the provisions of this chapter, except to the extent inconsistent with this chapter.1982, c. 277, § 55-431; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2107 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 21 - Virginia Real Estate Cooperative Act|§ 55.1-2107. Construction against implicit repeal

This chapter, being a general act intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, shall not be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if that construction can reasonably be avoided.1982, c. 277, § 55-432; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2108 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 21 - Virginia Real Estate Cooperative Act|§ 55.1-2108. Uniformity of application and construction

This chapter shall be applied and construed so as to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to cooperatives in the Commonwealth.1982, c. 277, § 55-433; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2109 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 21 - Virginia Real Estate Cooperative Act|§ 55.1-2109. Unconscionable agreement or term of contract

A. The court, upon finding as a matter of law that a contract or contract clause was unconscionable at the time the contract was made, may (i) refuse to enforce the contract, (ii) enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or (iii) limit the application of any unconscionable clause in order to avoid an unconscionable result.B. Whenever it is claimed, or appears to the court, that a contract or any contract clause is or may be unconscionable, the parties, in order to aid the court in making the determination, shall be afforded a reasonable opportunity to present evidence as to:1. The commercial setting of the negotiations;2. Whether a party has knowingly taken advantage of the inability of the other party to reasonably protect his interests by reason of physical or mental infirmity, illiteracy, or inability to understand the language of the agreement or similar factors;3. The effect and purpose of the contract or clause; and4. If a sale, any gross disparity at the time of contracting between the amount charged for the cooperative interest and the value of the cooperative interest measured by the price at which similar cooperative interests were readily obtainable in similar transactions; however, a disparity between the contract price and the value of the cooperative interest measured by the price at which similar cooperative interests were readily obtainable in similar transactions does not, of itself, render the contract unconscionable.1982, c. 277, § 55-434; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2110 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 21 - Virginia Real Estate Cooperative Act|§ 55.1-2110. Obligation of good faith

Every contract or duty governed by this chapter imposes an obligation of good faith in its performance or enforcement.1982, c. 277, § 55-435; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2111 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 21 - Virginia Real Estate Cooperative Act|§ 55.1-2111. Remedies to be liberally administered

A. The remedies provided by this chapter shall be liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party is put in a position as good as its position had the other party fully performed. However, consequential, special, or punitive damages may not be awarded except as specifically provided in this chapter or by other rule of law.B. Any right or obligation declared by this chapter is enforceable by judicial proceeding.1982, c. 277, § 55-436; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2112 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 21 - Virginia Real Estate Cooperative Act|§ 55.1-2112. Creation of cooperative ownership

A cooperative may be created pursuant to this chapter only by recording a declaration executed in the same manner as a deed and by conveying to the association the real estate subject to that declaration. The declaration shall be recorded in every county or city in which any portion of the cooperative is located, indexed in the grantee's index in the name of the cooperative and the association, and indexed in the grantor's index in the name of each person executing the declaration.1982, c. 277, § 55-438; 2019, c. 712.