reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
GA Code § 14-10-12 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 14 - Corporations, Partnerships, and Associations|Chapter 10 - Professional Associations|§ 14-10-12. Valuation of Membership or Shares of Deceased, Retired, Expelled, or Disqualified Member or Shareholder

 If the articles of association or bylaws of a professional association fail to fix a price at which a professional association or its members or shareholders may purchase the membership or shares of a deceased, retired, expelled, or disqualified member or shareholder, and if the articles of association or bylaws do not otherwise provide, then the price for such membership or shares shall be the book value of such membership or shares at the end of the month immediately preceding the death or disqualification of the member or shareholder. Book value shall be determined by an independent certified public accountant employed for such purpose from the books and records of the professional association by the regular method of accounting employed by the professional association. The determination by the certified public accountant of book values shall be conclusive on the professional association and its members or shareholders.   (Ga. L. 1961, p. 404, § 12.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 18A Am. Jur. 2d, Corporations, § 699 et seq.
GA Code § 14-10-13 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 14 - Corporations, Partnerships, and Associations|Chapter 10 - Professional Associations|§ 14-10-13. Annual Report; Fee; Penalty for Failure to Furnish Report

 Reserved. Repealed by Ga. L. 1989, p. 1027, § 37, effective July 1, 1989.   Editor's notes.   - This Code section was based on Ga. L. 1961, p. 404, § 13 and Ga. L. 1985, p. 619, § 1.
GA Code § 14-10-14 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 14 - Corporations, Partnerships, and Associations|Chapter 10 - Professional Associations|§ 14-10-14. Limitation on Sale or Transfer of Membership or Shares

 A member or shareholder of a professional association may sell or transfer his membership or shares in such professional association only to another individual who is duly licensed or otherwise legally authorized to render the same professional services as those for which the association was organized.   (Ga. L. 1961, p. 404, § 14.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 18A Am. Jur. 2d, Corporations, § 563 et seq.
GA Code § 14-10-15 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 14 - Corporations, Partnerships, and Associations|Chapter 10 - Professional Associations|§ 14-10-15. Distribution of Assets Following Dissolution

 In the event of dissolution of a stock-type professional association, the board of governors, as trustees of the property of such professional association, shall apply the assets first to the payment of debts of the association and, secondly, to the holders of the stock as provided in the articles of association. In the event of dissolution of a nonstock association, the assets shall be distributed or sold and the net proceeds distributed first to the payment of debts of the association and, secondly, to or among the members of the association as the articles of association shall provide.   (Ga. L. 1961, p. 404, § 15.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 19 Am. Jur. 2d, Corporations, § 2405 et seq.
GA Code § 14-10-16 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 14 - Corporations, Partnerships, and Associations|Chapter 10 - Professional Associations|§ 14-10-16. Powers Generally; Assets Not Liable to Attachment for Debts of Members or Shareholders

 A professional association organized pursuant to this chapter may contract in its own name, take, hold, and sell real and personal property in its own name, independent of its members, and sue and be sued as an independent entity as provided by law. Any conveyance in the name of the professional association to a third person executed by the president and attested by the secretary shall be conclusively presumed to be properly executed and shall divest all right, title, and interest of the professional association, its members, and the board of governors thereof. The assets of a professional association shall not be liable to attachment for the individual debts of its members or shareholders.   (Ga. L. 1961, p. 404, § 16.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 18 Am. Jur. 2d, Corporations, § 45 et seq.
GA Code § 14-10-17 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 14 - Corporations, Partnerships, and Associations|Chapter 10 - Professional Associations|§ 14-10-17. Actions by or Against Associations

 Code Sections 9-2-24 and 9-2-25 are incorporated by reference and shall govern professional associations organized pursuant to this chapter in all respects as contained therein.   (Ga. L. 1961, p. 404, § 17.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   ALR.    - Mandamus against unincorporated association or its officers, 137 A.L.R. 311.   Right of labor union, or other organization for protection or promotion of interests of members, to challenge validity of statute or ordinance on behalf of members, 2 A.L.R.2d 917.   Recovery by member from unincorporated association for injuries inflicted by tort of fellow member, 14 A.L.R.2d 473.   Suspension or expulsion from professional association and the remedies therefor, 20 A.L.R.2d 531.   Compelling admission to membership in professional association or society, 89 A.L.R.2d 964.   Suability of individual members of unincorporated association as affected by statute or rule permitting association to be sued as an entity, 92 A.L.R.2d 499.   Tort liability of medical society or professional association for failure to discipline or investigate negligent or otherwise incompetent medical practitioner, 72 A.L.R.4th 1148.
GA Code § 14-10-18 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 14 - Corporations, Partnerships, and Associations|Chapter 10 - Professional Associations|§ 14-10-18. Applicability of Corporation Laws; Inapplicability of Partnership Laws

 A professional association organized pursuant to this chapter shall be governed generally by all laws governing or applying to corporations, where applicable, and not in conflict with this chapter; and no such association shall be held or deemed to be a partnership nor shall such association be governed by laws relating to partnerships.   (Ga. L. 1961, p. 404, § 18.)   Law reviews.   - For article enumerating the 1969 amendments to Georgia's Corporation Code of 1968, see 5 Ga. St. B. J. 433 (1969).   OPINIONS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL   One-man out-of-state professional service corporation.   - "One-man" Florida professional service corporation formed for the purpose of practicing medicine in Florida and Georgia cannot register as a foreign corporation under provisions pertaining to the admission of foreign corporations. 1969 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 69-507.
GA Code § 15-1-1 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 15 - Courts|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|§ 15-1-1. Where Judicial Power Vested

 The judicial power is vested in such tribunals as are created by the Constitution of this state, such other inferior courts as are or may be established by law, and such persons as are or may be specially invested with powers of a judicial nature.   (Orig. Code 1863, § 197; Code 1868, § 191; Code 1873, § 203; Code 1882, § 203; Civil Code 1895, § 4043; Civil Code 1910, § 4640; Code 1933, § 24-101.)   Cross references.   - Judicial power of the state, Ga. Const. 1983, Art. VI, Sec. I, Para. I.   JUDICIAL DECISIONS    Cited in Kitson v. Hawke, 136 Ga. App. 92, 220 S.E.2d 28 (1975).   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 20 Am. Jur. 2d, Courts, § 1 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 21 C.J.S., Courts, § 106 et seq.
GA Code § 15-1-2 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 15 - Courts|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|§ 15-1-2. No Jurisdiction by Consent; Waiver of Personal Jurisdiction

 Parties may not give jurisdiction to a court by consent, express or implied, as to the person or subject matter of an action. However, lack of jurisdiction of the person may be waived, insofar as the rights of the parties are concerned, but not so as to prejudice third persons.   (Orig. Code 1863, § 3389; Code 1868, § 3408; Code 1873, § 3460; Code 1882, § 3460; Civil Code 1895, § 5079; Civil Code 1910, § 5663; Code 1933, § 24-112.)   Law reviews.   - For article discussing aspects of third party practice (impleader) under the Georgia Civil Practice Act, see 4 Ga. St. B. J. 355 (1968). For article, "Current Problems with Venue in Georgia," see 12 Ga. St. B. J. 71 (1975). For comment on Musgrove v. Musgrove, 213 Ga. 610, 100 S.E.2d 577 (1957), upholding the validity of divorce decree granted in county other than residence of defendant when defendant now plaintiff, admittedly waived process and consented to trial elsewhere, see 20 Ga. B. J. 548 (1958).   JUDICIAL DECISIONS   ANALYSIS    General Consideration   Subject Matter Jurisdiction   Effect of Lack of Jurisdiction   Waiver   Rights of Third Persons    RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 20 Am. Jur. 2d, Courts, § 90 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 21 C.J.S., Courts, § 71 et seq.   ALR.    - Discretion of court to refuse to entertain action for nonstatutory tort occurring in another state or country, 32 A.L.R. 6; 48 A.L.R.2d 800.    Necessity as justifying action by judicial or administrative officer otherwise disqualified to act in particular case, 39 A.L.R. 1476.    Litigant's participation on merits, after objection to jurisdiction of person made under special appearance or the like has been overruled, as waiver of objection, 93 A.L.R. 1302; 62 A.L.R.2d 937.    Decree of divorce or separation as subject to attack because suit was brought in wrong county or judicial district, 130 A.L.R. 94.   Consent decree as affecting title to real estate in another state, 2 A.L.R.2d 1188.   Objection before judgment to jurisdiction of court over subject matter as constituting general appearance, 25 A.L.R.2d 833.   Validity of contractual provision limiting place or court in which action may be brought, 31 A.L.R.4th 404.
GA Code § 15-1-5 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 15 - Courts|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|§ 15-1-5. Effect of Rules of Court

 The rules of the respective courts, legally adopted and not in conflict with the Constitution of the United States or of this state, or the laws thereof, are binding and must be observed.   (Orig. Code 1863, § 198; Code 1868, § 192; Code 1873, § 204; Code 1882, § 204; Civil Code 1895, § 4044; Civil Code 1910, § 4641; Code 1933, § 24-106.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   ALR.    - Power of court to prescribe rules of pleadings, practice, or procedure, 110 A.L.R. 22; 158 A.L.R. 705.   Right to counsel in contempt proceedings, 52 A.L.R.3d 1002.
GA Code § 15-1-6 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 15 - Courts|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|§ 15-1-6. Court's Acts Not Invalid Without Clerk

 The acts of a court shall not lack validity for the want of a clerk. Whenever there is no clerk, or none to be had, or the clerk is incapable of discharging his duty, and any court performs that duty itself, its action as such is valid.   (Orig. Code 1863, § 203; Code 1868, § 197; Code 1873, § 209; Code 1882, § 209; Civil Code 1895, § 4050; Civil Code 1910, § 4647; Code 1933, § 24-109.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 20 Am. Jur. 2d, Courts, § 1 et seq.
GA Code § 15-1-7 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 15 - Courts|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|§ 15-1-7. Grounds for Impeachment

 It shall be unlawful for any Justice of the Supreme Court, Judge of the Court of Appeals, or judge of the superior courts to receive for himself or any member of his family, either directly or indirectly, any favor from any railroad company or any free railroad pass or any like favor not enjoyed by the general public from any telephone, telegraph, or express company or like quasi-public corporation. Any violation of this Code section shall be a ground for impeachment.   (Ga. L. 1904, p. 72, § 2; Civil Code 1910, § 324; Code 1933, § 24-103.)   Cross references.   - Impeachment, Ga. Const. 1983, Art. III, Sec. VII.   Law reviews.   - For article, "Judicial Retirement, Discipline and Removal," see 3 Ga. St. B. J. 197 (1966). For article discussing the inefficiency of mandamus and impeachment as remedies for judicial inaction, see 5 Ga. St. B. J. 467 (1969).   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 46 Am. Jur. 2d, Judges, § 16 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 48A C.J.S., Judges, § 84.   ALR.    - Carriers: free passes to public officials or employees, 8 A.L.R. 682.    Constitutionality of statute authorizing issuance of passes by carriers, 33 A.L.R. 373.
GA Code § 15-1-9 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 15 - Courts|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|§ 15-1-9. When Judge Not Disqualified

 Any judge, irrespective of his relationship to a party to the case or his interest in the case, shall be qualified to try any civil case in his court where there is no defense filed in the case, except where either party to the case objects to the related judge.   (Ga. L. 1933, p. 187, § 1; Code 1933, § 24-111.)   Cross references.   - Pleadings and motions generally, § 9-11-7 et seq.    Default judgments generally, § 9-11-55.   JUDICIAL DECISIONS    Cited in Georgia Power Co. v. Watts, 184 Ga. 135, 190 S.E. 654 (1937); Calhoun ex rel. Chapman v. Gulf Oil Corp., 189 Ga. 414, 5 S.E.2d 902 (1939).   RESEARCH REFERENCES   ALR.    - Affidavit to disqualify judge as contempt, 29 A.L.R. 1273.    Residence or ownership of property in city or other political subdivision which is party to or interested in action as disqualifying judge, 33 A.L.R. 1322.    Necessity as justifying action by judicial or administrative officer otherwise disqualified to act in particular case, 39 A.L.R. 1476.    Constitutionality of statute making mere filing of affidavit of bias or prejudice sufficient to disqualify judge, 46 A.L.R. 1179.    Right of judge not legally disqualified to decline to act in legal proceeding upon personal grounds, 96 A.L.R. 546.    Disqualification of judge who presided at trial or of juror as ground of habeas corpus, 124 A.L.R. 1079.    Disqualification of judge in pending case as subject to revocation or removal, 162 A.L.R. 641.   Interest of judge in an official or representative capacity, or relationship of judge to one who is a party in an official or representative capacity, as disqualification, 10 A.L.R.2d 1307.   Relationship to attorney as disqualifying judge, 50 A.L.R.2d 143.   Time for asserting disqualification of judge, and waiver of disqualification, 73 A.L.R.2d 1238.   Intervenor's right to disqualify judge, 92 A.L.R.2d 1110.   Disqualification of judge for having decided different case against litigant, 21 A.L.R.3d 1369.   Disqualification of judge because of his or another's holding or owning stock in corporation involved in litigation, 25 A.L.R.3d 1331.   Disqualification of original trial judge to sit on retrial after reversal or mistrial, 60 A.L.R.3d 176.   Disqualification of judge, justice of the peace, or similar judicial officer for pecuniary interest in fines, forfeitures, or fees payable by litigants, 72 A.L.R.3d 375.   Waiver or loss of right to disqualify judge by participation in proceedings - modern state civil cases, 24 A.L.R.4th 870.   Disqualification of judge for bias against counsel or litigant, 54 A.L.R.5th 575.   Prior representation or activity as prosecuting attorney as disqualifying judge from sitting or acting in criminal case, 85 A.L.R.5th 471.   Disqualification of judge for having decided different case against litigant - state cases, 85 A.L.R.5th 547.
GA Code § 15-1-10 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 15 - Courts|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|§ 15-1-10. Removal of Court Records; Storage

  No records or papers of any court shall be removed out of the county, except in cases of invasion whereby the same may be endangered, by order of the court, or as otherwise provided in this Code section.   Notwithstanding any other provision of this Code section, such records may be stored in accordance with the provisions of subsection (b) of Code Section 15-6-86 or subsection (c) of this Code section.   With the prior written consent of the governing authority of the county or municipality and the prior written consent of the chief judge, judge of the probate court, or chief magistrate of the affected court, the clerk of each superior court, state court, probate court, magistrate court, juvenile court, or municipal court in this state is authorized, but not required, to create and maintain digital copies of records, pleadings, orders, writs, process, and other documents submitted to or issued by the court in criminal, quasi-criminal, juvenile, or civil proceedings or in any proceedings involving the enforcement of ordinances of local governments. All digital copies created pursuant to this subsection shall be accurate copies of the original documents and shall be stored and indexed in such manner as to be readily retrievable in the office of the clerk during normal business hours. It shall be the duty of the clerk to provide and maintain software and computers, readers, printers, and other necessary equipment in sufficient numbers to permit the retrieval, duplication, and printing of such digitally stored documents in a timely fashion when copies are requested. A copy of such digitally stored document retrieved by the clerk shall be admissible in all courts in the same manner as the original document. If a backup copy is created pursuant to the process prescribed by subsections (b) and (c) of Code Section 15-6-62, the clerk is authorized to destroy the original document. This subsection shall not apply to documents or records which have been ordered sealed by the court nor to documents which are placed in evidence in a proceeding. The costs of creating and storing digital copies of documents and providing the necessary software and equipment to retrieve and reproduce such documents shall be paid from funds available for the operation of the court. The provisions of this subsection shall constitute an additional and alternative method of records management and shall not supersede or repeal Code Section 15-6-62, 15-6-62.1, 15-6-86, or 15-6-87.    (Orig. Code 1863, § 201; Code 1868, § 195; Code 1873, § 207; Code 1882, § 207; Civil Code 1895, § 4048; Civil Code 1910, § 4645; Code 1933, § 24-108; Ga. L. 1997, p. 925, § 1; Ga. L. 2005, p. 1505, § 1/HB 254; Ga. L. 2012, p. 173, § 2-2/HB 665.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 20 Am. Jur. 2d, Courts, § 22 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 21 C.J.S., Courts, § 245.
GA Code § 15-1-11 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 15 - Courts|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|§ 15-1-11. Attendance of Judges and Court Personnel at Educational Programs

  Judges of the courts of this state, the clerks thereof, and the prosecuting officials and public defenders, both full-time and part-time, attached thereto are authorized to attend institutes, seminars, conferences, and other programs of an educational nature in order to become better informed and better qualified relative to the duties of their offices and the more effective administration thereof.   The expense incurred in connection with the attendance at such institutes, seminars, conferences, and other programs shall be a proper expenditure of public funds. Any such person, prior to attendance at any of the above, must obtain approval therefor from the governing authority of any county or municipality located in whole or in part within the jurisdiction of the court to which the applicant is attached. When approval has been received, the expense of attendance shall be paid out of the public funds of such county or municipality or out of the funds provided for the operation of the court involved, upon the proper itemized expense voucher's being submitted.   This Code section shall be cumulative of other provisions of law and shall not be construed as repealing, restricting, or limiting alternative provisions for accomplishing the same purpose.    (Code 1933, § 24-113, enacted by Ga. L. 1968, p. 1191, § 1; Ga. L. 1990, p. 8, § 15.)   Cross references.   - Continuing judicial education, Uniform State Court Rules, Rule 43.   JUDICIAL DECISIONS    Cited in American Fed'n of State, County & Mun. Employees v. Rowe, 121 Ga. App. 99, 172 S.E.2d 866 (1970); Thompson v. Clarkson Power Flow, Inc., 149 Ga. App. 284, 254 S.E.2d 401 (1979).   OPINIONS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL   Legislature intended for governing authority to bear expense.   - Legislature, in granting to counties and municipalities sole authority to approve such attendance, intended for the approving county or municipal authority to bear the expense incurred in connection with such attendance; the judge should seek reimbursement from the governing authority which approved the judge's attendance. 1969 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 69-354.   Georgia Justice (Magistrate) Courts Training Council seminars.    - Former Code 1933, § 24-113 (see now O.C.G.A. § 15-1-11) was available to cities and counties who wish to reimburse justices of the peace (now magistrates) for expenses incurred in attending Georgia Justice (Magistrate) Courts Training Council seminars pursuant to Ga. L. 1978, p. 894. 1980 Op. Att'y Gen. No. U80-14.
GA Code § 15-1-13 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 15 - Courts|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|§ 15-1-13. Prior Removal From Judicial Office as Affecting Qualification for Judicial Office

  In addition to any other qualification for judicial office, if a person has been removed from any judicial office upon order of the Supreme Court after review, that person shall not be eligible to be elected or appointed to any judicial office in this state until seven years have elapsed from the time of such removal.   This Code section shall not apply with respect to any removal from office in which the order of the Supreme Court was entered prior to April 9, 1996.     (Code 1981, §15-1-13, enacted by Ga. L. 1996, p. 747, § 1.)   Code Commission notes.   - Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 1996, "April 9, 1996" was substituted for "the effective date of this Code section" at the end of subsection (b).   Both Ga. L. 1996, p. 747 and Ga. L. 1996, p. 748 enacted a Code Section 15-1-13. Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 1996, Code Section 15-1-13 as enacted by Ga. L. 1996, p. 748, was redesignated as Code Section 15-13-36.