reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-208 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-208 - Security interest of collecting bank in items, accompanying documents and proceeds.

 25-4-208. Security interest of collecting bank in items, accompanying documents and proceeds.(a) A collecting bank has a security interest in an item and any accompanying documents or the proceeds of either:(1) In case of an item deposited in an account, to the extent to which credit given for the item has been withdrawn or applied;(2) In case of an item for which it has given credit available for withdrawal as of right, to the extent of the credit given, whether or not the credit is drawn upon or there is a right of charge-back; or(3) If it makes an advance on or against the item.(b) If credit given for several items received at one time or pursuant to a single agreement is withdrawn or applied in part, the security interest remains upon all the items, any accompanying documents or the proceeds of either. For the purpose of this section, credits first given are first withdrawn.(c) Receipt by a collecting bank of a final settlement for an item is a realization on its security interest in the item, accompanying documents, and proceeds. So long as the bank does not receive final settlement for the item or give up possession of the item or possession or control of the accompanying documents for purposes other than collection, the security interest continues to that extent and is subject to Article 9, but:(1) No security agreement is necessary to make the security interest enforceable (G.S. 25-9-203(b)(3)a.);(2) No filing is required to perfect the security interest; and(3) The security interest has priority over conflicting perfected security interests in the item, accompanying documents, or proceeds. (1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2; 2000-169, s. 17; 2006-112, s. 42.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-209 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-209 - When bank gives value for purposes of holder in due course.

 25-4-209. When bank gives value for purposes of holder in due course.For purposes of determining its status as a holder in due course, a bank has given value to the extent it has a security interest in an item, if the bank otherwise complies with the requirements of G.S. 25-3-302 on what constitutes a holder in due course. (1899, c. 733, s. 27; Rev., s. 2175; C.S., s. 3007; 1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-210 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-210 - Presentment by notice of item not payable by, through, or at a bank; liability of drawer or indorser.

 25-4-210. Presentment by notice of item not payable by, through, or at a bank; liability of drawer or indorser.(a) Unless otherwise instructed, a collecting bank may present an item not payable by, through or at a bank by sending to the party to accept or pay a written notice that the bank holds the item for acceptance or payment. The notice must be sent in time to be received on or before the day when presentment is due and the bank must meet any requirement of the party to accept or pay under G.S. 25-3-501 by the close of the bank's next banking day after it knows of the requirement.(b) If presentment is made by notice and payment, acceptance, or request for compliance with a requirement under G.S. 25-3-501 is not received by the close of business on the day after maturity or, in the case of demand items, by the close of business on the third banking day after notice was sent, the presenting bank may treat the item as dishonored and charge any drawer or indorser by sending it notice of the facts. (1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-211 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-211 - Medium and time of settlement by bank.

 25-4-211. Medium and time of settlement by bank.(a) With respect to settlement by a bank, the medium and time of settlement may be prescribed by federal reserve regulations or circulars, clearing-house rules, and the like, or agreement. In the absence of such prescription:(1) The medium of settlement is cash or credit to an account in a Federal Reserve Bank of or specified by the person to receive settlement; and(2) The time of settlement is:(i) With respect to tender of settlement by cash, a cashier's check, or teller's check, when the cash or check is sent or delivered;(ii) With respect to tender of settlement by credit in an account in a Federal Reserve Bank, when the credit is made;(iii) With respect to tender of settlement by a credit or debit to an account in a bank, when the credit or debit is made or, in the case of tender of settlement by authority to charge an account, when the authority is sent or delivered; or(iv) With respect to tender of settlement by a funds transfer, when payment is made pursuant to G.S. 25-4A-406(a) to the person receiving settlement.(b) If the tender of settlement is not by a medium authorized by subsection (a) of this section or the time of settlement is not fixed by subsection (a), no settlement occurs until the tender of settlement is accepted by the person receiving settlement.(c) If settlement for an item is made by cashier's check or teller's check and the person receiving settlement, before its midnight deadline:(1) Presents or forwards the check for collection, settlement is final when the check is finally paid; or(2) Fails to present or forward the check for collection, settlement is final at the midnight deadline of the person receiving settlement.(d) If settlement for an item is made by giving authority to charge the account of the bank giving settlement in the bank receiving settlement, settlement is final when the charge is made by the bank receiving settlement if there are funds available in the account for the amount of the item. (1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-212 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-212 - Right of charge-back or refund; liability of collecting bank; return of item.

 25-4-212. Right of charge-back or refund; liability of collecting bank; return of item.(a) If a collecting bank has made provisional settlement with its customer for an item and itself fails by reason of dishonor, suspension of payments by a bank or otherwise to receive a settlement for the item which is or becomes final, the bank may revoke the settlement given by it, charge back the amount of any credit given for the item to its customer's account, or obtain refund from its customer, whether or not it is able to return the item, if by its midnight deadline or within a longer reasonable time after it learns the facts it returns the item or sends notification of the facts. If the return or notice is delayed beyond the bank's midnight deadline or a longer reasonable time after it learns the facts, the bank may revoke the settlement, charge back the credit, or obtain refund from its customer, but it is liable for any loss resulting from the delay. These rights to revoke, charge back, and obtain refund terminate if and when a settlement for the item received by the bank is or becomes final.(b) A collecting bank returns an item when it is sent or delivered to the bank's customer or transferor or pursuant to its instructions.(c) A depositary bank that is also the payor may charge back the amount of an item to its customer's account or obtain refund in accordance with the section governing return of an item received by a payor bank for credit on its books (G.S. 25-4-301).(d) The right to charge back is not affected by:(1) Previous use of a credit given for the item; or(2) Failure by any bank to exercise ordinary care with respect to the item, but a bank so failing remains liable.(e) A failure to charge back or claim refund does not affect other rights of the bank against the customer or any other party.(f) If credit is given in dollars as the equivalent of the value of an item payable in foreign money, the dollar amount of any charge-back or refund must be calculated on the basis of the bank-offered spot rate for the foreign money prevailing on the day when the person entitled to the charge-back or refund learns that it will not receive payment in ordinary course. (1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-213 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-213 - Final payment of item by payor bank; when provisional debits and credits become final; when certain credits become available for withdrawal.

 25-4-213. Final payment of item by payor bank; when provisional debits and credits become final; when certain credits become available for withdrawal.(a) An item is finally paid by a payor bank when the bank has first done any of the following:(1) Paid the item in cash;(2) Settled for the item without having a right to revoke the settlement under statute, clearing-house rule, or agreement; or(3) Made a provisional settlement for the item and failed to revoke the settlement in the time and manner permitted by statute, clearing-house rule, or agreement.(b) If provisional settlement for an item does not become final, the item is not finally paid.(c) If provisional settlement for an item between the presenting and payor banks is made through a clearing house or by debits or credits in an account between them, then to the extent that provisional debits or credits for the item are entered in accounts between the presenting and payor banks or between the presenting and successive prior collecting banks seriatim, they become final upon final payment of the item by the payor bank.(d) If a collecting bank receives a settlement for an item which is or becomes final, the bank is accountable to its customer for the amount of the item and any provisional credit given for the item in an account with its customer becomes final.(e) Subject to (i) applicable law stating a time for availability of funds, and (ii) any right of the bank to apply the credit to an obligation of the customer, credit given by a bank for an item in a customer's account becomes available for withdrawal as of right:(1) If the bank has received a provisional settlement for the item, when the settlement becomes final and the bank has had a reasonable time to receive return of the item and the item has not been received within that time.(2) If the bank is both the depositary bank and the payor bank, and the item is finally paid, - at the opening of the bank's second banking day following receipt of the item.(f) Subject to applicable law stating a time for availability of funds and any right of a bank to apply a deposit to an obligation of the depositor, a deposit of money becomes available for withdrawal as of right at the opening of the bank's next banking day after receipt of the deposit. (1899, c. 733, s. 137; Rev., s. 2287; C.S., s. 3119; 1949, c. 954; 1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-214 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-214 - Insolvency and preference.

 25-4-214. Insolvency and preference.(a) If an item is in or comes into the possession of a payor or collecting bank that suspends payment and the item has not been finally paid, the item must be returned by the receiver, trustee or agent in charge of the closed bank to the presenting bank or the closed bank's customer.(b) If a payor bank finally pays an item and suspends payments without making a settlement for the item with its customer or the presenting bank which settlement is or becomes final, the owner of the item has a preferred claim against the payor bank.(c) If a payor bank gives or a collecting bank gives or receives a provisional settlement for an item and thereafter suspends payments, the suspension does not prevent or interfere with the settlement's becoming final if the finality occurs automatically upon the lapse of certain time or the happening of certain events.(d) If a collecting bank receives from subsequent parties settlement for an item, which settlement is or becomes final and the bank suspends payments without making a settlement for the item with its customer which settlement is or becomes final, the owner of the item has a preferred claim against the collecting bank. (1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-301 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-301 - Deferred posting; recovery of payment by return of items; time of dishonor; return of items by payor bank.

 25-4-301. Deferred posting; recovery of payment by return of items; time of dishonor; return of items by payor bank.(a) If a payor bank settles for a demand item other than a documentary draft presented otherwise than for immediate payment over the counter before midnight of the banking day of receipt, the payor bank may revoke the settlement and recover the settlement if, before it has made final payment and before its midnight deadline, it:(1) Returns the item; or(2) Sends written notice of dishonor or nonpayment if the item is unavailable for return.(b) If a demand item is received by a payor bank for credit on its books, it may return the item or send notice of dishonor and may revoke any credit given or recover the amount thereof withdrawn by its customer, if it acts within the time limit and in the manner specified in subsection (a) of this section.(c) Unless previous notice of dishonor has been sent, an item is dishonored at the time when for purposes of dishonor it is returned or notice sent in accordance with this section.(d) An item is returned:(1) As to an item presented through a clearing house, when it is delivered to the presenting or last collecting bank or to the clearing house or is sent or delivered in accordance with clearing-house rules; or(2) In all other cases, when it is sent or delivered to the bank's customer or transferor or pursuant to instructions. (1899, c. 733, s. 137; Rev., s. 2287; C.S., s. 3119; 1949, c. 954; 1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-302 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-302 - Payor bank's responsibility for late return of item.

 25-4-302. Payor bank's responsibility for late return of item.(a) If an item is presented to and received by a payor bank, the bank is accountable for the amount of:(1) A demand item, other than a documentary draft, whether properly payable or not, if the bank, in any case in which it is not also the depositary bank, retains the item beyond midnight of the banking day of receipt without settling for it or, whether or not it is also the depositary bank, does not pay or return the item or send notice of dishonor until after its midnight deadline; or(2) Any other properly payable item unless within the time allowed for acceptance or payment of that item, the bank either accepts or pays the item or returns it and accompanying documents.(b) The liability of a payor bank to pay an item pursuant to subsection (a) of this section is subject to defenses based on breach of a presentment warranty (G.S. 25-4-208) [25-4-207.1] or proof that the person seeking enforcement of the liability presented or transferred the item for the purpose of defrauding the payor bank. (1899, c. 733, s. 137; Rev., s. 2287; C.S., s. 3119; 1949, c. 954; 1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-303 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-303 - When items subject to notice, stop-payment order, legal process, or setoff; order in which items may be charged or certified.

 25-4-303. When items subject to notice, stop-payment order, legal process, or setoff; order in which items may be charged or certified.(a) Any knowledge, notice, or stop-payment order received by, legal process served upon, or setoff exercised by a payor bank comes too late to terminate, suspend, or modify the bank's right or duty to pay an item or to charge its customer's account for the item if the knowledge, notice, stop-payment order, or legal process is received or served and a reasonable time for the bank to act thereon expires or the setoff is exercised after the earliest of the following:(1) The bank accepts or certifies the item;(2) The bank pays the item in cash;(3) The bank settles for the item without having a right to revoke the settlement under statute, clearing-house rule, or agreement;(4) The bank becomes accountable for the amount of the item under G.S. 25-4-302 dealing with the payor bank's responsibility for late return of item; or(5) With respect to checks, a cutoff hour no earlier than one hour after the opening of the next banking day after the banking day on which the bank received the check and no later than the close of that next banking day or, if no cutoff hour is fixed, the close of the next banking day after the banking day on which the bank received the check.(b) Subject to subsection (a) of this section, items may be accepted, paid, certified or charged to the indicated account of its customer in any order. (1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-401 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-401 - When bank may charge customer's account.

 25-4-401. When bank may charge customer's account.(a) A bank may charge against the account of a customer an item that is properly payable from that account even though the charge creates an overdraft. An item is properly payable if it is authorized by the customer and is in accordance with any agreement between the customer and bank.(b) A customer is not liable for the amount of an overdraft if the customer neither signed the item nor benefited from the proceeds of the item.(c) A bank may charge against the account of a customer a check that is otherwise properly payable from the account, even though payment was made before the date of the check, unless the customer has given notice to the bank of the postdating describing the check with reasonable certainty. The notice is effective for the period stated in G.S. 25-4-403(b) for stop-payment orders, and must be received at a time and in a manner that afforded the bank a reasonable opportunity to act on it before the bank takes any action with respect to the check described in G.S. 25-4-303. If a bank charges against the account of a customer a check before the date stated in the notice of postdating, the bank is liable for damages for the loss resulting from its act. The loss may include damages for dishonor of subsequent items under G.S. 25-4-402.(d) A bank that in good faith makes payment to a holder may charge the indicated account of its customer according to:(1) The original terms of the altered item; or(2) The terms of the completed item, even though the bank knows the item has been completed unless the bank has notice that the completion was improper. (1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-402 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-402 - Bank's liability to customer for wrongful dishonor; time of determining insufficiency of account.

 25-4-402. Bank's liability to customer for wrongful dishonor; time of determining insufficiency of account.(a) Except as otherwise provided in this Article, a payor bank wrongfully dishonors an item if it dishonors an item that is properly payable, but a bank may dishonor an item that would create an overdraft unless it has agreed to pay the overdraft.(b) A payor bank is liable to its customer for damages proximately caused by the wrongful dishonor of an item. Liability is limited to actual damages proved and may include damages for an arrest or prosecution of the customer or other consequential damages. Whether any consequential damages are proximately caused by the wrongful dishonor is a question of fact to be determined in each case. This subsection does not preclude noncompensatory damages.(c) A payor bank's determination of the customer's account balance on which a decision to dishonor for insufficiency of available funds is based may be made at any time between the time the item is received by the payor bank and the time that the payor bank returns the item or gives notice in lieu of return, and no more than one determination need be made. If, at the election of the payor bank, a subsequent balance determination is made for the purpose of reevaluating the bank's decision to dishonor the item, the account balance at that time is determinative of whether a dishonor for insufficiency of available funds is wrongful. (1921, c. 4, s. 38; C.S., s. 220(m); 1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-403 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-403 - Customer's right to stop payment; burden of proof of loss.

 25-4-403. Customer's right to stop payment; burden of proof of loss.(a) A customer or any person authorized to draw on the account if there is more than one person may stop payment of any item drawn on the customer's account or close the account by an order to the bank describing the item or account with reasonable certainty received at a time and in a manner that affords the bank a reasonable opportunity to act on it before any action by the bank with respect to the item described in G.S. 25-4-303. If the signature of more than one person is required to draw on an account, any of these persons may stop payment or close the account.(b) A stop-payment order is effective for six months, but it lapses after 14 calendar days if the original order was oral and was not confirmed in writing within that period. A stop-payment order may be renewed for additional six-month periods by a writing given to the bank within a period during which the stop-payment order is effective.(c) The burden of establishing the fact and amount of loss resulting from the payment of an item contrary to a stop-payment order or order to close an account is on the customer. The loss from payment of an item contrary to a stop-payment order may include damages for dishonor of subsequent items under G.S. 25-4-402. (1929, c. 341, s. 1; 1965, c. 700, s. 1; 1995, c. 232, s. 2.)
NC Gen Stat § 25-4-404 (2021)
2021 North Carolina General Statutes|Chapter 25 - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 4 - Bank Deposits and Collections.|§ 25-4-404 - Bank not obligated to pay check more than six months old.

 25-4-404. Bank not obligated to pay check more than six months old.A bank is under no obligation to a customer having a checking account to pay a check, other than a certified check, which is presented more than six months after its date, but it may charge its customer's account for a payment made thereafter in good faith. (C. S., s. 3168; 1929, c. 341, s. 3; 1965, c. 700, s. 1.)