reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CO Code § 14-5-313 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 3 - Civil Provisions of General Application|§ 14-5-313. Costs and Fees

  The petitioner may not be required to pay a filing fee or other costs.    If an obligee prevails, a responding tribunal of this state may assess against an obligor filing fees, reasonable attorney's fees, other costs, and necessary travel and other reasonable expenses incurred by the obligee and the obligee's witnesses. The tribunal may not assess fees, costs, or expenses against the obligee or the support enforcement agency of either the initiating or the responding state or foreign country, except as provided by other law. Attorney's fees may be taxed as costs, and may be ordered paid directly to the attorney, who may enforce the order in the attorney's own name. Payment of support owed to the obligee has priority over fees, costs, and expenses.    The tribunal shall order the payment of costs and reasonable attorney's fees if it determines that a hearing was requested primarily for delay. In a proceeding under part 6 of this article, a hearing is presumed to have been requested primarily for delay if a registered support order is confirmed or enforced without change.     History. Source: L. 93: Entire article R&RE, p. 1592, § 1, effective January 1, 1995. L. 2003: (c) amended, p. 1253, § 21, effective July 1, 2004. L. 2015: (b) amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 552, § 22, effective July 1.    Editor's note:   This section is similar to former § 14-5-116 as it existed prior to 1993.   COMMENT   Subsection (a) permits either party, i.e., as petitioner, to file without payment of a filing fee or other costs. This provision dates back to UIFSA (1992) when the term “unfunded mandate” was basically unknown.   Subsection (b), however, provides that only the support obligor may be assessed the authorized costs and fees by a tribunal. Federal law permits a state support enforcement agency to charge limited fees and to recover administrative costs from applicants for Title IV-D services, but many states have opted not to do so, or only to seek recovery from the obligor.   Subsection (c) provides a sanction to deal with a frivolous contest regarding compliance with an interstate withholding order, registration of a support order, or comparable delaying tactics regarding an appropriate enforcement remedy.   Related to Convention: art. 14. Effective access to procedures; art. 43. Recovery of costs.
CO Code § 14-5-317 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 3 - Civil Provisions of General Application|§ 14-5-317. Communications Between Tribunals

 A tribunal of this state may communicate with a tribunal outside this state in a record, or by telephone, electronic mail, or other means, to obtain information concerning the laws, the legal effect of a judgment, decree, or order of that tribunal, and the status of a proceeding. A tribunal of this state may furnish similar information by similar means to a tribunal outside this state.   History. Source: L. 93: Entire article R&RE, p. 1594, § 1, effective January 1, 1995. L. 2003: Entire section amended, p. 1254, § 24, effective July 1, 2004. L. 2015: Entire section amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 553, § 24, effective July 1.    COMMENT   This section explicitly authorizes a state tribunal to communicate with a tribunal of another state, foreign country, or in a foreign nation state not defined as a foreign country. It was derived from UCCJA § 110 authorizing such communications to facilitate a fully informed decision. The amendment in UIFSA (2008) not only expands the authorization to worldwide scope, i.e., “outside this state,” but specifically adds email to the select modes of communication. Broad cooperation by tribunals is strongly encouraged in order to expedite establishment and enforcement of a support order. American judges are very familiar with this procedure. It remains to be seen whether overseas communication between judges will be received with similar cooperation.
CO Code § 14-5-318 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 3 - Civil Provisions of General Application|§ 14-5-318. Assistance With Discovery

 A tribunal of this state may:    Request a tribunal outside this state to assist in obtaining discovery; and    Upon request, compel a person over which it has jurisdiction to respond to a discovery order issued by a tribunal outside this state.     History. Source: L. 93: Entire article R&RE, p. 1594, § 1, effective January 1, 1995. L. 2015: Entire section amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 553, § 25, effective July 1.    COMMENT   This section takes a logical step to facilitate interstate and international cooperation by enlisting the power of the forum to assist a tribunal of another state or country with the discovery process. The grant of authority is quite broad, enabling the tribunal of the enacting state to fashion its remedies to facilitate discovery consistent with local practice.
CO Code § 14-5-402 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 4 - Establishment of Support Order or Determination of Parentage|§ 14-5-402. Proceeding to Determine Parentage

 A tribunal of this state authorized to determine parentage of a child may serve as a responding tribunal in a proceeding to determine parentage of a child brought under this article or a law or procedure substantially similar to this article.   History. Source: L. 2015: Entire part amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 554, § 27, effective July 1.    COMMENT   This article authorizes a “pure” parentage action in the interstate context, i.e., an action not joined with a claim for support. The mother, an alleged father of a child, or a support enforcement agency may bring such an action. Typically an action to determine parentage across a state line or international border will also seek to establish a support order. Section 401. An action to establish parentage under UIFSA is to be treated identically to such an action brought in the responding state.  See  In a departure from the rest of this act, in UIFSA (2001) the term “tribunal” was replaced by “court” in this section. The several states have a variety of combinations of judicial or administrative entities that are authorized to establish, enforce, and modify a child-support order. Because the Uniform Parentage Act (UPA) (2000) § 104 restricts parentage determinations to “a court,” UPA (2000) § 104, the drafters took the view that only a judicial officer should determine parentage as a matter of public policy. This conclusion was in error insofar as some states are concerned and is reversed in this iteration of the act.  see  Related to Convention: art. 2. Scope; art. 6. Specific functions of Central Authorities; art. 10. Available applications.
CO Code § 14-5-503 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 5 - Enforcement of Order of Another State Without Registration|§ 14-5-503. Employer's Compliance With Two or More Income-Withholding Orders

 If an obligor's employer receives two or more income-withholding orders with respect to the earnings of the same obligor, the employer satisfies the terms of the orders if the employer complies with the law of the state of the obligor's principal place of employment to establish the priorities for withholding and allocating income withheld for two or more child support obligees.   History. Source: L. 97: Entire part amended with relocations, p. 540, § 11, effective July 1. L. 2003: Entire section amended, p. 1256, § 29, effective July 1, 2004.    COMMENT   Consistent with the act's general problem-solving approach, the employer is directed to deal with multiple income orders for multiple families in the same manner as required by local law for orders of the forum state.   In addition to income withholding orders issued by tribunals of other states, state support enforcement agencies may also issue income withholding orders to enforce foreign child-support orders.
CO Code § 14-5-504 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 5 - Enforcement of Order of Another State Without Registration|§ 14-5-504. Immunity From Civil Liability

 An employer that complies with an income-withholding order issued in another state in accordance with this article is not subject to civil liability to an individual or agency with regard to the employer's withholding of child support from the obligor's income.   History. Source: L. 97: Entire part amended with relocations, p. 540, § 11, effective July 1. L. 2015: Entire section amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 554, § 28, effective July 1.    COMMENT   Because employer cooperation is a key element in interstate child support enforcement, it is sound policy to state explicitly that an employer who complies with an income-withholding order from another state is immune from civil liability.
CO Code § 14-5-505 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 5 - Enforcement of Order of Another State Without Registration|§ 14-5-505. Penalties for Noncompliance

 An employer that willfully fails to comply with an income-withholding order issued in another state and received for enforcement is subject to the same penalties that may be imposed for noncompliance with an order issued by a tribunal of this state.   History. Source: L. 97: Entire part amended with relocations, p. 540, § 11, effective July 1. L. 2015: Entire section amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 554, § 29, effective July 1.    COMMENT   Only an employer who willfully fails to comply with an interstate order will be subject to enforcement procedures. Local law is the appropriate source for the applicable sanctions and other remedies available under state law.
CO Code § 14-5-601 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 6 - Registration, Enforcement, and Modification of Support Order|§ 14-5-601. Registration of Order for Enforcement

 A support order or income-withholding order issued in another state or a foreign support order may be registered in this state for enforcement.   History. Source: L. 93: Entire article R&RE, p. 1596, § 1, effective January 1, 1995. L. 2003: Entire section amended, p. 1257, § 32, effective July 1, 2004. L. 2015: Entire part amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 555, § 31, effective July 1.    COMMENT   Registration of an order in a tribunal of the responding state is the first step to enforce a support order from another state or foreign country. If a prior support order has been validly issued by a tribunal with continuing, exclusive jurisdiction, Section 205, such an order is to be prospectively enforced against the obligor in the absence of narrow, strictly defined fact situations in which an existing order may be modified. Sections 609 through 614. Until and unless that order is modified, however, it remains an order of the issuing tribunal and is fully enforceable in the responding state.  see See  Although registration that is not accompanied by a request for the affirmative relief of enforcement is not prohibited, the act does not contemplate registration as serving a purpose in itself. In that regard, registration is a process, and the failure to register does not deprive an otherwise appropriate forum of subject matter jurisdiction. Note that either or both a state support order or a state income-withholding order may be registered. However, although a foreign support order also may be registered, this section does not contemplate recognition of a foreign income-withholding order.   Related to Convention: art. 23. Procedure on an application for recognition and enforcement; art. 26. Procedure on an application for recognition.   ANNOTATION   A district court in a RURESA action may not enter a judgment for child support arrearages under the original decree in another state unless the petitioning party proceeds under the alternative registration of a foreign support order provisions of §§ 14-5-137 to 14-5-141 . Henry v. Knight, 746 P.2d 1375 (Colo. App. 1987) (decided under former § 14-5-137 as it existed prior to the 1993 repeal and reenactment of this article).
CO Code § 14-5-608 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 6 - Registration, Enforcement, and Modification of Support Order|§ 14-5-608. Confirmed Order

 Confirmation of a registered support order, whether by operation of law or after notice and hearing, precludes further contest of the order with respect to any matter that could have been asserted at the time of registration.   History. Source: L. 93: Entire article R&RE, p. 1599, § 1, effective January 1, 1995. L. 2015: Entire part amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 558, § 31, effective July 1.    COMMENT   If, after notice, the nonregistering party fails to contest, the registered support order is confirmed by operation of law and no further action by a responding tribunal is necessary. Although the statute is not explicit on the subject, it seems likely in the absence of a contest both the registering and nonregistering party would be estopped from subsequently collaterally attacking the confirmed order, whether on the basis that “the wrong order was registered” or otherwise.   If contested, a registered support order must be confirmed by the responding tribunal if, after a hearing, the defenses authorized in Section 607 are rejected. Thus, either scenario precludes the nonregistering party from raising any issue that could have been asserted in a hearing. Confirmation of a support order, whether by action or as the result of inaction, validates both the terms of the order and the asserted arrearages.   Related to Convention: art. 22. Grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement; art. 26. Procedure on an application for recognition.
CO Code § 14-5-609 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 6 - Registration, Enforcement, and Modification of Support Order|§ 14-5-609. Procedure to Register Child Support Order of Another State for Modification

 A party or support enforcement agency seeking to modify, or to modify and enforce, a child support order issued in another state shall register that order in this state in the same manner provided in sections 14-5-601 through 14-5-608 if the order has not been registered. A petition for modification may be filed at the same time as a request for registration, or later. The pleading must specify the grounds for modification.   History. Source: L. 93: Entire article R&RE, p. 1599, § 1, effective January 1, 1995. L. 2003: Entire section amended, p. 1260, § 38, effective July 1, 2004. L. 2015: Entire part amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 559, § 31, effective July 1.    Editor's note:   This section is similar to former § 14-5-110 as it existed prior to 1993.   COMMENT   Sections 609 through 614 deal with situations in which it is permissible for a registering state to modify the existing child-support order of another state. The first step for modification of another state's child-support order is registration in the responding tribunal under Sections 601 to 604. In some situations, this may also involve identification of the controlling order. A petitioner wishing to register a support order of another state for purposes of modification must conform to the general requirements for pleadings in Section 311, and follow the procedure for registration set forth in Section 602. If the tribunal has the requisite personal jurisdiction over the parties and may assume subject matter jurisdiction as provided in Sections 611 or 613, modification may be sought independently, in conjunction with registration and enforcement, or at a later date after the order has been registered and enforced if circumstances have changed.   ANNOTATION   Annotator's note: Since § 14-5-609 is similar to § 14-5-110 as it existed prior to the 1993 repeal and reenactment of this article, relevant cases construing that provision have been included in the annotations to this section.   Full faith and credit must be given to another state's final order for arrearages entered under RURESA, § 14-5-101 et seq. In re Sabala, 802 P.2d 1163 (Colo. App. 1990).   The doctrine of equitable estoppel may properly be applied to afford relief from accrued arrearages in child support if the party asserting the claim demonstrates reasonable reliance, to the party's detriment, upon the acts or representations of the other person, and lack of knowledge or convenient means of knowing the facts. In re Dennin and Lohf, 811 P.2d 449 (Colo. App. 1991).
CO Code § 14-5-610 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 6 - Registration, Enforcement, and Modification of Support Order|§ 14-5-610. Effect of Registration for Modification

 A tribunal of this state may enforce a child support order of another state registered for purposes of modification, in the same manner as if the order had been issued by a tribunal of this state, but the registered support order may be modified only if the requirements of section 14-5-611 or 14-5-613 have been met.   History. Source: L. 93: Entire article R&RE, p. 1599, § 1, effective January 1, 1995. L. 2003: Entire section amended, p. 1260, § 39, effective July 1, 2004. L. 2015: Entire part amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 559, § 31, effective July 1.    COMMENT   An order issued in another state registered for purposes of modification may be enforced in the same manner as an order registered for purposes of enforcement. But, the power of the forum tribunal to modify a child-support order of another tribunal is limited by the specific factual preconditions set forth in Sections 611 and 613.
CO Code § 14-5-613 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 6 - Registration, Enforcement, and Modification of Support Order|§ 14-5-613. Jurisdiction to Modify Child Support Order of Another State When Individual Parties Reside in This State

  If all of the parties who are individuals reside in this state and the child does not reside in the issuing state, a tribunal of this state has jurisdiction to enforce and to modify the issuing state's child support order in a proceeding to register that order.    A tribunal of this state exercising jurisdiction under this section shall apply the provisions of parts 1 and 2 of this article, this part 6, and the procedural and substantive law of this state to the proceeding for enforcement or modification. Parts 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 of this article do not apply.     History. Source: L. 97: Entire section added, p. 542, § 15, effective July 1. L. 2015: Entire part amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 560, § 31, effective July 1.    COMMENT   It is not unusual for the parties and the child subject to a child-support order to no longer reside in the issuing state, and for the individual parties to have moved to the same new state. The result is that the child-support order remains enforceable, but the issuing tribunal no longer has continuing, exclusive jurisdiction to modify its order. A tribunal of the state of mutual residence of the individual parties has jurisdiction to modify the child-support order and assume continuing, exclusive jurisdiction. Although the individual parties must reside in the forum state, there is no requirement that the child must also reside in the forum state (although the child must have moved from the issuing state).   Finally, because modification of the child-support order when all parties reside in the forum is essentially an intrastate matter, subsection (b) withdraws authority to apply most of the substantive and procedural provisions of UIFSA, i.e., those found in the act other than in Articles 1, 2, and 6. Note the duration of the support obligation is a nonmodifiable aspect of the original controlling order, Section 611(c)-(d).  see
CO Code § 14-5-614 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 6 - Registration, Enforcement, and Modification of Support Order|§ 14-5-614. Notice to Issuing Tribunal of Modification

 Within thirty days after issuance of a modified child support order, the party obtaining the modification shall file a certified copy of the order with the issuing tribunal that had continuing, exclusive jurisdiction over the earlier order, and in each tribunal in which the party knows the earlier order has been registered. A party who obtains the order and fails to file a certified copy is subject to appropriate sanctions by a tribunal in which the issue of failure to file arises. The failure to file does not affect the validity or enforceability of the modified order of the new tribunal having continuing, exclusive jurisdiction.   History. Source: L. 97: Entire section added, p. 542, § 15, effective July 1. L. 2015: Entire part amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 560, § 31, effective July 1.    COMMENT   For the act to function properly, the prevailing party in a proceeding that modifies a controlling order must inform the original issuing tribunal about its loss of continuing, exclusive jurisdiction over its child-support order. Thereafter, the original tribunal may not modify, or review and adjust, the amount of child support. Notice to the issuing tribunal and other affected tribunals that the continuing, exclusive jurisdiction of the former controlling order has been modified is crucial to avoid the confusion and chaos of the multiple-order system UIFSA replaced.   The new issuing tribunal has authority to impose sanctions on a party who fails to comply with the requirement to give notice of a modification to all interested tribunals. Note, however, that failure to notify a displaced tribunal of the modification of its order does not affect the validity of the modified order.
CO Code § 14-5-616 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 14 - Domestic Matters|Article 5 - Uniform Interstate Family Support Act|Part 6 - Registration, Enforcement, and Modification of Support Order|§ 14-5-616. Procedure to Register Child Support Order of Foreign Country for Modification

 A party or support enforcement agency seeking to modify, or to modify and enforce, a foreign child support order not under the Convention may register that order in this state under sections 14-5-601 through 14-5-608 if the order has not been registered. A petition for modification may be filed at the same time as a request for registration, or at another time. The petition must specify the grounds for modification.   History. Source: L. 2015: Entire part amended,(HB 15-1198), ch. 173, p. 561, § 31, effective July 1.    COMMENT   The procedure for registration and enforcement set forth in Sections 601 through 608 is applicable to a child-support order from a non-Convention country. This section provides coverage for modification in that situation. Presumptively, the general law of the state regarding modification of a child-support order will apply because, by their terms, Sections 609 through 614 apply only to modification of a child-support order by a state tribunal. The rationale is that modification is available because the foreign order is not founded on the UIFSA principles of continuing, exclusive jurisdiction and a controlling order. Sections 205 through 207.  See