reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
AL Code § 12-21-139 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 1 - Generally.|Section 12-21-139 - Disclosure of Evidence Sought by Objected-to Question.

Section 12-21-139Disclosure of evidence sought by objected-to question. In the examination of witnesses and the introduction of evidence, it shall not be necessary to state or disclose to the court the substance of the anticipated answer of the witness or of the evidence sought to be introduced by the question in order to put the court in error in its ruling on objection to the question unless the court requests that counsel disclose to the court the evidence sought by the question. (Acts 1927, No. 550, p. 636; Code 1940, T. 7, §445.)
AL Code § 12-21-140 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 1 - Generally.|Section 12-21-140 - Motion to Exclude Answer Unnecessary.

Section 12-21-140Motion to exclude answer unnecessary. Where there is an objection to a question propounded to a witness in the trial of any case and the objection is overruled, it shall not be necessary to make a motion to exclude the answer of the witness in order to put the court in error on its ruling on such objection. (Acts 1927, No. 550, p. 636; Code 1940, T. 7, §446.)
AL Code § 12-21-141 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 1 - Generally.|Section 12-21-141 - Right of Witness to Be Protected.

Section 12-21-141Right of witness to be protected. It is the right of a witness to be protected from improper questions and from harsh or insulting demeanor. (Code 1907, §4016; Code 1923, §7730; Code 1940, T. 7, §442.)
AL Code § 12-21-142 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 1 - Generally.|Section 12-21-142 - Exemption of News-Gathering Persons From Disclosing Sources.

Section 12-21-142Exemption of news-gathering persons from disclosing sources. No person engaged in, connected with or employed on any newspaper, radio broadcasting station or television station, while engaged in a news-gathering capacity, shall be compelled to disclose in any legal proceeding or trial, before any court or before a grand jury of any court, before the presiding officer of any tribunal or his agent or agents or before any committee of the Legislature or elsewhere the sources of any information procured or obtained by him and published in the newspaper, broadcast by any broadcasting station, or televised by any television station on which he is engaged, connected with or employed. (Acts 1935, No. 253, p. 649; Code 1940, T. 7, §370; Acts 1949, No. 376, p. 548.)
AL Code § 12-21-143 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 1 - Generally.|Section 12-21-143 - Failure of Witnesses to Testify.

Section 12-21-143Failure of witnesses to testify. (a) Any witness refusing to testify, unless privileged by law from testifying in the case, must be committed to the jail of the county, there to remain without bail until he consents to testify. (b) No witness so imprisoned shall be discharged at the adjournment of the court, or afterwards, until he gives bond and surety in an amount to be prescribed by the judge of such court, to be approved by the clerk of the court, payable to the state and conditioned to appear at the next session and give evidence in the case. (Code 1852, §§2309, 2310; Code 1867, §§2711, 2712; Code 1876, §§3066, 3067; Code 1886, §§2799, 2800; Code 1896, §§1831, 1832; Code 1907, §§4028, 4029; Code 1923, §§7742, 7743; Code 1940, T. 7, §§455, 456.)
AL Code § 12-21-144 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 1 - Generally.|Section 12-21-144 - Taxation of Costs for Taking of Depositions.

Section 12-21-144Taxation of costs for taking of depositions. The costs of any deposition introduced, in whole or in part, into evidence at the trial by the party taking it shall be taxed as costs in the case upon the certificate of the person before whom the deposition was taken; the costs of depositions in other cases shall be taxed as costs in the case only if the court so directs. (Code 1896, §738; Code 1907, §3154; Code 1923, §6591; Code 1940, T. 7, §298.)
AL Code § 12-21-145 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 1 - Generally.|Section 12-21-145 - Applicability of Provisions Regulating Admissibility or Proof of Facts.

Section 12-21-145Applicability of provisions regulating admissibility or proof of facts. Any provision of this division regulating the admissibility or proof of facts in any proceeding shall apply only if the admissibility or proof of such facts is not governed by the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure, or any other rule of practice as may be adopted by the Supreme Court of Alabama, or by Title 6 of this code. (Acts 1977, No. 20, p. 28.)
AL Code § 12-21-146 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 1 - Generally.|Section 12-21-146 - Definition of "Physician" Extended.

Section 12-21-146Definition of "physician" extended. (a) For the purpose of the use of deposition testimony in any court proceeding in any civil action, the term "physician" as used in the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure or otherwise shall include any licensed Doctor of Chiropractic and any licensed podiatrist. (b) The provisions of this section are supplemental and shall not be construed to repeal any law not in direct conflict with this section. (Acts 1995, No. 95-739, p. 1587, §§1, 2; Act 99-573, p. 435, §1.)
AL Code § 12-21-148 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 1 - Generally.|Section 12-21-148 - Use of Certified Facility Dog in Certain Legal Proceedings.

Section 12-21-148Use of certified facility dog in certain legal proceedings. (a) For the purposes of this section, the following terms shall have the following meanings: (1) CERTIFIED FACILITY DOG. A trained working dog that is a graduate of an assistance dog organization, a nonprofit organization that sets standards of training for the health, welfare, task work, and oversight for assistance dogs and their handlers, and shall have at a minimum all of the following: a. Two years of training and must have passed the same public-access test as a service dog. b. Documentation showing that the certified facility dog has graduated from an assistance dog organization. c. A current annual certificate of health from an Alabama veterinarian. d. Proof of liability insurance in the minimum amount of five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000). (2) CERTIFIED HANDLER. A certified handler who has received training from an assistance dog organization and has received training on the protocols and policies of legal proceedings and the role of the certified facility dog and certified handler to assure there is no interference with the collection of evidence and testimony, or the administration of justice. (b) In a legal proceeding, to reduce the stress of a witness and to enhance the ability of the court to obtain full and accurate testimony, the court may allow a certified facility dog to accompany a victim or witness while testifying, or in other court proceedings, if a certified facility dog is available. (c) If the court, in its sole discretion, grants the use of a certified facility dog, and a jury has been empaneled in the legal proceeding, the certified facility dog shall be accompanied by the certified handler to the witness stand with the witness outside of the presence of the jury, and the certified handler shall return to his or her position in the courtroom within view of the witness stand. Subsequently the jury shall be seated and the court shall instruct the jury on the presence of the certified facility dog and that the presence of a certified facility dog should not create any prejudice to any party. (d) During trial proceedings, all precautions should be taken to obscure the presence of the dog from the jury. (e) Markings identifying the dog as a certified facility dog while working must be visible. (f) Subject to the Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure, if requested by either party in a legal proceeding, the court may examine and confirm the credentials of the certified facility dog and certified handler. (g) Prior to the use of a certified facility dog in a court proceeding the state or moving party must file a notice of intent to use the registered therapy dog. (Act 2017-413, §6.)
AL Code § 12-21-160 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 2 - Competency.|Section 12-21-160 - Expert Witnesses.

Section 12-21-160Expert witnesses. (a) Generally. If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise. (b) Scientific evidence. In addition to requirements set forth in subsection (a), expert testimony based on a scientific theory, principle, methodology, or procedure is only admissible if: (1) The testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, (2) The testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) The witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case. (c) Nothing in this section shall modify, amend, or supersede any provisions of the Alabama Medical Liability Act of 1987 and the Alabama Medical Liability Act of 1996, commencing with Section 6-5-540, et seq., or any judicial interpretation thereof. (d) This section shall apply to all civil state court actions commenced on or after January 1, 2012. In criminal actions, this section shall only apply to non-juvenile felony proceedings in which the defendant that is the subject of the proceeding was arrested on the charge that is the subject of the proceeding on or after January 1, 2012. This section shall not apply to domestic relations, child support, juvenile, or probate cases. (e) The provisions of this section, where inconsistent with any Alabama Rule of Civil Procedure, Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure or Alabama Rule of Evidence, including, but not limited to, Ala. R. Evid. 702, shall supersede such rule or parts of rules. (Code 1907, §4011; Code 1923, §7725; Code 1940, T. 7, §437; Act 2011-629, 1485, sect;§1-4.)
AL Code § 12-21-161 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 2 - Competency.|Section 12-21-161 - Testimony of Attorney, etc., for or Against Client.

Section 12-21-161Testimony of attorney, etc., for or against client. No attorney or his clerk shall be competent or compelled to testify in any court in this state for or against the client as to any matter or thing, knowledge of which may have been acquired from the client, or as to advice or counsel to the client given by virtue of the relation as attorney or given by reason of anticipated employment as attorney unless called to testify by the client, but shall be competent to testify, for or against the client, as to any matter or thing the knowledge of which may have been acquired in any other manner. (Code 1907, §§3962, 4012; Code 1923, §§7658, 7726; Code 1940, T. 7, §438.)
AL Code § 12-21-162 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 2 - Competency.|Section 12-21-162 - Witness Convicted of Crime.

Section 12-21-162Witness convicted of crime. (a) No objection must be allowed to the competency of a witness because of his conviction for any crime, except perjury or subornation of perjury. (b) As affecting his credibility, a witness may be examined touching his conviction for a crime involving moral turpitude, and his answers may be contradicted by other evidence. (Code 1886, §2766; Code 1896, §§1795, 1796; Code1907, §§4008, 4009; Code 1923, §§7722, 7723; Code 1940, T. 7, §§434, 435.)
AL Code § 12-21-163 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 2 - Competency.|Section 12-21-163 - Witness Having Interest.

Section 12-21-163Witness having interest. In civil actions and proceedings, there must be no exclusion of any witness because he is a party or interested in the issue tried, except that no person having a pecuniary interest in the result of the action or proceeding shall be allowed to testify against the party to whom his interest is opposed as to any transaction with, or statement by, the deceased person whose estate is interested in the result of the action or proceeding or when such deceased person, at the time of such transaction or statement, acted in any representative or fiduciary relation whatsoever to the party against whom such testimony is sought to be introduced, unless called to testify thereto by the party to whom such interest is opposed or unless the testimony of such deceased person in relation to such transaction or statement is introduced in evidence by the party whose interest is opposed to that of the witness or has been taken and is on file in the case. No person who is an incompetent witness under this section shall make himself competent by transferring his interest to another. (Code 1867, §2704; Code 1876, §3058; Code 1886, §2765; Code 1896, §1794; Code 1907, §4007; Code 1923, §7721; Code 1940, T. 7, §433.)
AL Code § 12-21-164 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 2 - Competency.|Section 12-21-164 - Deceased Borrower's Representative as Usury Witness.

Section 12-21-164Deceased borrower's representative as usury witness. When the borrower is dead and usury is relied on as a defense, the representative of the borrower, having given 10 days' notice to the plaintiff, or his attorney of his intention so to do, is a competent witness to prove the usury by swearing that he believes the contract to be usurious, if the plaintiff was the lender, unless the plaintiff denies on oath, in open court, the truth of the facts proposed to be sworn to by the defendant. (Code 1852, §2317; Code 1867, §2715; Code 1876, §3059; Code 1886, §2767; Code 1896, §1798; Code 1907, §4015; Code1923, §7729; Code 1940, T. 7, §441.)
AL Code § 12-21-165 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 2 - Competency.|Section 12-21-165 - Incompetent Witnesses.

Section 12-21-165Incompetent witnesses. (a) Persons who have not the use of reason, such as idiots, lunatics during lunacy and children who do not understand the nature of an oath, are incompetent witnesses. (b) The court must, by examination, decide upon the capacity of one alleged to be incompetent from idiocy, lunacy, insanity, drunkenness or infancy. (Code 1907, §§4013, 4014; Code 1923, §§7727, 7728; Code 1940, T. 7, §§439, 440.)
AL Code § 12-21-166 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 2 - Competency.|Section 12-21-166 - Confidentiality of Communications With Clergymen.

Section 12-21-166Confidentiality of communications with clergymen. (a) As used in this section, unless a contrary meaning is clearly intended from the context in which the term appears, the following terms have the respective meanings hereinafter set forth and indicated: (1) CLERGYMAN. Any duly ordained, licensed or commissioned minister, pastor, priest, rabbi or practitioner of any bona fide established church or religious organization and shall include and be limited to any person who regularly, as a vocation, devotes a substantial portion of his time and abilities to the service of his respective church or religious organization. (2) LEGAL OR QUASI-LEGAL PROCEEDINGS. Any proceeding, civil or criminal, in any court, whether a court of record, a grand jury investigation, a coroner's inquest and any proceeding or hearing before any public officer or administrative agency of the state or any political subdivision thereof. (b) If any person shall communicate with a clergyman in his professional capacity and in a confidential manner (1) to make a confession, (2) to seek spiritual counsel or comfort, or (3) to enlist help or advice in connection with a marital problem, either such person or the clergyman shall have the privilege, in any legal or quasi-legal proceeding, to refuse to disclose and to prevent the other from disclosing anything said by either party during such communication. (Acts 1979, No. 79-184, p. 295.)
AL Code § 12-21-181 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 3 - Attendance.|Section 12-21-181 - Compelling of Appearance and Testimony of Expert Witnesses.

Section 12-21-181Compelling of appearance and testimony of expert witnesses. A witness who is an expert in any art, science, trade or profession may be compelled to appear and testify to an opinion as such expert in relation to any matter whenever such opinion is material evidence relevant to an issue on trial before a court or jury without payment or tender of compensation other than the per diem and mileage allowed by law to witnesses under the same rules and regulations by which he can be compelled to appear and testify as to his knowledge of facts relevant to the same issue. (Code 1923, §7713; Code 1940, T. 7, §366.)
AL Code § 12-21-182 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 3 - Attendance.|Section 12-21-182 - Proceedings Upon Failure of Subpoenaed Witness to Attend and Remain.

Section 12-21-182Proceedings upon failure of subpoenaed witness to attend and remain. (a) Any witness who, after being subpoenaed, fails to attend pursuant to the mandate of the subpoena and remain until his testimony is given or he is discharged forfeits $100.00 to the use of the party summoning him, and the attendance of such witness may be compelled by attachment. (b) A conditional judgment must, on motion of such party, be entered against such witness and a notice issued to him that such judgment will be made absolute unless he appears within 30 days from the date of the service of such notice and renders a good excuse for his default; and, if he fails to appear and render a satisfactory excuse for his default, such judgment may be made absolute or reduced, as the court may direct. (c) Witnesses failing to attend court may make their excuse by affidavit, or viva voce, in open court, which the court must hear at any time, unless engaged in the trial of a case, and, if the excuse is sufficient, release the party from any fine imposed, without the payment of costs. (Code 1852, §§2307, 2308, 2312; Code 1867, §§2709, 2710, 2714; Code 1876, §§3064, 3065, 3068; Code 1886, §§2796-2798; Code 1896, §§1828-1830; Code 1907, §§4025-4027; Code 1923, §§7739-7741; Code 1940, T. 7, §§452-454.)
AL Code § 12-21-183 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 3 - Attendance.|Section 12-21-183 - Execution of Warrants for Witnesses and Other Process in Adjoining Counties.

Section 12-21-183Execution of warrants for witnesses and other process in adjoining counties. The sheriff, his deputy or any person specially deputed by a court of record may execute all warrants of arrest, attachments, subpoenas, etc., for witnesses or any other process issued by a court of record, during trial or within three days before trial, in any adjoining county. The sheriff, the deputy sheriff or person specially deputed may act upon a copy of such warrant, attachment or subpoena, given him over a telephone, by telegraph or by radio by the sheriff or clerk of the court. (Code 1907, §4023; Code 1923, §7737; Code 1940, T. 7, §450.)
AL Code § 12-21-184 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 1 - General Provisions.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 3 - Attendance.|Section 12-21-184 - Securing Attendance of Witnesses Until Case Disposed Of.

Section 12-21-184Securing attendance of witnesses until case disposed of. In all civil cases where the case is not decided at the first session, witnesses who have been served with subpoenas must not again be summoned by the clerk for further attendance, unless otherwise directed by the party originally summoning them, but such witnesses are bound to attend from session to session until the case is disposed of. If a judgment is entered in the case which is reversed on appeal, new subpoenas must be issued when the case is reset for trial; provided, however, that in the circuit court of counties having a population of 400,000 or more, according to the last or any subsequent federal census, the clerk of the said court must subpoena witnesses to attend court at each regular setting of a case after said witnesses have once been ordered summoned by the party, unless otherwise directed by said party originally summoning them. (Code 1852, §2306; Code 1867, §2708; Code 1876, §3063; Code 1886, §2795; Code 1896, §1827; Code 1907, §4024; Code 1923, §7738; Code 1940, T. 7, §451; Acts 1947, No. 653, p. 504.)
AL Code § 12-21-220 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 2 - Criminal Cases.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 1 - Competency.|Section 12-21-220 - Right of Defendant to Be Witness; Effect of Prosecution's Comment on Defendant's Failure to Testify.

Section 12-21-220Right of defendant to be witness; effect of prosecution's comment on defendant's failure to testify. On the trial of all indictments, complaints or other criminal proceedings, the person on trial shall, at his own request, but not otherwise, be a competent witness, and his failure to make such a request shall not create any presumption against him nor be the subject of comment by counsel. If the district attorney makes any comment concerning the defendant's failure to testify, a new trial must be granted on motion filed within 30 days from entry of the judgment. (Code 1886, §4473; Code 1896, §5279; Code 1907, §7894; Code 1923, §5632; Code 1940, T. 15, §305; Acts 1949, No. 124, p.150.)
AL Code § 12-21-221 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 12 - Courts.|Chapter 21 - Evidence and Witnesses.|Article 2 - Criminal Cases.|Division 2 - Witnesses.|Division 1 - Competency.|Section 12-21-221 - Witness Having Pecuniary Interest in Case.

Section 12-21-221Witness having pecuniary interest in case. There shall be no exclusion of a witness in a criminal case because, on conviction of the defendant, he may be entitled to a reward or to a restoration of property or to the whole or any part of the fine or penalty inflicted. The witness may be examined touching such circumstances, but the examination goes to his credibility and not to his competency as a witness. (Code 1886, §4474; Code 1896, §5298; Code 1907, §7895; Code 1923, §5633; Code 1940, T. 15, §306.)