GA Code § 14-2-1302 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 14 - Corporations, Partnerships, and Associations|Chapter 2 - Business Corporations|Article 13 - Dissenters' Rights|Part 1 - Right to Dissent and Obtain Payment for Shares|§ 14-2-1302. Right to Dissent

  A record shareholder of the corporation is entitled to dissent from, and obtain payment of the fair value of his or her shares in the event of, any of the following corporate actions:   Consummation of a plan of merger to which the corporation is a party:   If approval of the shareholders of the corporation is required for the merger by Code Section 14-2-1103 or the articles of incorporation and the shareholder is entitled to vote on the merger, unless:   The corporation is merging into a subsidiary corporation pursuant to Code Section 14-2-1104;   Each shareholder of the corporation whose shares were outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the merger shall receive a like number of shares of the surviving corporation, with designations, preferences, limitations, and relative rights identical to those previously held by each shareholder; and   The number and kind of shares of the surviving corporation outstanding immediately following the effective time of the merger, plus the number and kind of shares issuable as a result of the merger and by conversion of securities issued pursuant to the merger, shall not exceed the total number and kind of shares of the corporation authorized by its articles of incorporation immediately prior to the effective time of the merger; or     If the corporation is a subsidiary that is merged with its parent under Code Section 14-2-1104;     Consummation of a plan of share exchange to which the corporation is a party as the corporation whose shares will be acquired, if the shareholder is entitled to vote on the plan;   Consummation of a sale or exchange of all or substantially all of the property of the corporation if a shareholder vote is required on the sale or exchange pursuant to Code Section 14-2-1202, but not including a sale pursuant to court order or a sale for cash pursuant to a plan by which all or substantially all of the net proceeds of the sale will be distributed to the shareholders within one year after the date of sale;   An amendment of the articles of incorporation with respect to a class or series of shares that reduces the number of shares of a class or series owned by the shareholder to a fraction of a share if the fractional share so created is to be acquired for cash under Code Section 14-2-604;   Consummation of an action described in subsection (a) or (b) of Code Section 14-2-1805;   Any corporate action taken pursuant to a shareholder vote to the extent that Article 9 of this chapter, the articles of incorporation, the bylaws, or a resolution of the board of directors provides that voting or nonvoting shareholders are entitled to dissent and obtain payment for their shares; or   Consummation of a division, as defined in Code Section 33-14-120, to which the corporation is a party, provided any such appraisal is subject to the limitations of Code Section 33-14-127.     A shareholder entitled to dissent and obtain payment for his or her shares under this article may not challenge the corporate action creating his or her entitlement unless the corporate action fails to comply with procedural requirements of this chapter or the articles of incorporation or bylaws of the corporation or the vote required to obtain approval of the corporate action was obtained by fraudulent and deceptive means, regardless of whether the shareholder has exercised dissenter's rights.   Notwithstanding any other provision of this article, there shall be no right of dissent in favor of the holder of shares of any class or series which, at the record date fixed to determine the shareholders entitled to receive notice of and to vote at a meeting at which a plan of merger or share exchange or a sale or exchange of property or an amendment of the articles of incorporation is to be acted on, were either listed on a national securities exchange or held of record by more than 2,000 shareholders, unless:   In the case of a plan of merger or share exchange, any holders of shares of the class or series are required under the plan of merger or share exchange to accept for their shares:   Anything except shares of the surviving corporation or another publicly held corporation which at the effective date of the merger or share exchange are either listed on a national securities exchange or held of record by more than 2,000 shareholders, except for scrip or cash payments in lieu of fractional shares; or   Any shares of the surviving corporation or another publicly held corporation which at the effective date of the merger or share exchange are either listed on a national securities exchange or held of record by more than 2,000 shareholders that are different, in type or exchange ratio per share, from the shares to be provided or offered to any other holder of shares of the same class or series of shares in exchange for such shares; or     The articles of incorporation or a resolution of the board of directors approving the transaction provides otherwise.       (Code 1981, §14-2-1302, enacted by Ga. L. 1988, p. 1070, § 1; Ga. L. 1989, p. 946, § 58; Ga. L. 1999, p. 405, § 11; Ga. L. 2003, p. 897, § 11; Ga. L. 2006, p. 825, § 16/SB 469; Ga. L. 2019, p. 474, § 4/SB 156; Ga. L. 2020, p. 305, § 2-2/HB 230.)    The 2019 amendment,  effective July 1, 2019, added paragraph (a)(6).    The 2020 amendment,  effective January 1, 2021, deleted "or" at the end of paragraph (a)(4); added paragraph (a)(5); redesignated former paragraph (a)(5) as present paragraph (a)(6); and substituted "the bylaws" for "bylaws" in the middle of paragraph (a)(6).   Code Commission notes.   - Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 2003, "unless: (i) The corporation" was substituted for "unless the corporation: (i)", "(ii) Each" was substituted for "(ii) each", and "(iii) The" was substituted for "(iii) the" in subparagraph (a)(1)(A).   Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 2019, "or" was deleted at the end of subparagraph (a)(4) and "; or" was substituted for a period at the end of subparagraph (a)(5).   Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 2020, former subparagraphs (a)(5) and (a)(6) were redesignated as present subparagraphs (a)(6) and (a)(7), "or" was deleted at the end of subparagraph (a)(5), and "; or" was substituted for a period at the end of subparagraph (a)(6).   Law reviews.   - For article, "Business Associations," see 53 Mercer L. Rev. 109 (2001). For article, "Why Discounts are Now Inappropriate Under Georgia's Dissenters' Rights Statute," see 6 Ga. St. B. J. 12 (2001). For article, "2019 Georgia Corporation and Business Organization Case Law Developments,” see 25 Ga. St. B.J. 30 (June 2020).   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 19 Am. Jur. 2d, Corporations, § 2192 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 19 C.J.S., Corporations, § 896 et seq.   ALR.    - Status of owners of nonregistered stock as "stockholders" within state statute relating to merger or consolidation or reorganization of corporation, or sale of its entire assets, 158 A.L.R. 983.    Construction and effect of provision for payment of dissenting stockholders in statutes relating to merger, consolidation, or reorganization of banks or other corporations, 162 A.L.R. 1237; 174 A.L.R. 960.   Propriety of applying minority discount to value of shares purchased by corporation or its shareholders from minority shareholders, 13 A.L.R.5th 840.