reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
IA Code § 554.3402 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3402 - Signature by representative.

554.3402 Signature by representative.   1. If a person acting, or purporting to act, as a representative signs an instrument by signing either the name of the represented person or the name of the signer, the represented person is bound by the signature to the same extent the represented person would be bound if the signature were on a simple contract. If the represented person is bound, the signature of the representative is the “authorized signature of the represented person” and the represented person is liable on the instrument, whether or not identified in the instrument.   2. If a representative signs the name of the representative to an instrument and the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person, the following rules apply:   a. If the form of the signature shows unambiguously that the signature is made on behalf of the represented person who is identified in the instrument, the representative is not liable on the instrument.   b. Subject to subsection 3, if the form of the signature does not show unambiguously that the signature is made in a representative capacity or the represented person is not identified in the instrument, the representative is liable on the instrument to a holder in due course that took the instrument without notice that the representative was not intended to be liable on the instrument. With respect to any other person, the representative is liable on the instrument unless the representative proves that the original parties did not intend the representative to be liable on the instrument.   3. If a representative signs the name of the representative as drawer of a check without indication of the representative status and the check is payable from an account of the represented person who is identified on the check, the signer is not liable on the check if the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §49, 121, 122; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §261  Referred to in §554.3308, 554.3401
IA Code § 554.3403 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3403 - Unauthorized signature.

554.3403 Unauthorized signature.   1. Unless otherwise provided in this Article or Article 4, an unauthorized signature is ineffective except as the signature of the unauthorized signer in favor of a person who in good faith pays the instrument or takes it for value. An unauthorized signature may be ratified for all purposes of this Article.   2. If the signature of more than one person is required to constitute the authorized signature of an organization, the signature of the organization is unauthorized if one of the required signatures is lacking.   3. The civil or criminal liability of a person who makes an unauthorized signature is not affected by any provision of this Article which makes the unauthorized signature effective for the purposes of this Article.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §50, 121, 122  Referred to in §554.4104
IA Code § 554.3404 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3404 - Impostors — fictitious payees.

554.3404 Impostors — fictitious payees.   1. If an impostor, by use of the mails or otherwise, induces the issuer of an instrument to issue the instrument to the impostor, or to a person acting in concert with the impostor, by impersonating the payee of the instrument or a person authorized to act for the payee, an endorsement of the instrument by any person in the name of the payee is effective as the endorsement of the payee in favor of a person who, in good faith, pays the instrument or takes it for value or for collection.   2. If a person whose intent determines to whom an instrument is payable (section 554.3110, subsection 1 or 2) does not intend the person identified as payee to have any interest in the instrument, or the person identified as payee of an instrument is a fictitious person, the following rules apply until the instrument is negotiated by special endorsement:   a. Any person in possession of the instrument is its holder.   b. An endorsement by any person in the name of the payee stated in the instrument is effective as the endorsement of the payee in favor of a person who, in good faith, pays the instrument or takes it for value or for collection.   3. Under subsection 1 or 2, an endorsement is made in the name of a payee if it is made in a name substantially similar to that of the payee or the instrument, whether or not endorsed, is deposited in a depositary bank to an account in a name substantially similar to that of the payee.   4. With respect to an instrument to which subsection 1 or 2 applies, if a person paying the instrument or taking it for value or for collection fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking the instrument and that failure substantially contributes to loss resulting from payment of the instrument, the person bearing the loss may recover from the person failing to exercise ordinary care to the extent the failure to exercise ordinary care contributed to the loss.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §51, 121, 122; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §261  Referred to in §554.3417, 554.4208
IA Code § 554.3405 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3405 - Employer’s responsibility for fraudulent endorsement by employee.

554.3405 Employer’s responsibility for fraudulent endorsement by employee.   1. In this section:   a. “Employee” includes an independent contractor and employee of an independent contractor retained by the employer.   b. “Fraudulent endorsement” means one of the following:   (1) in the case of an instrument payable to the employer, a forged endorsement purporting to be that of the employer;   (2) in the case of an instrument with respect to which the employer is the issuer, a forged endorsement purporting to be that of the person identified as payee.   c. “Responsibility” with respect to instruments means authority to sign or endorse instruments on behalf of the employer; to process instruments received by the employer for bookkeeping purposes, for deposit to an account, or for other disposition; to prepare or process instruments for issue in the name of the employer; to supply information determining the names or addresses of payees of instruments to be issued in the name of the employer; to control the disposition of instruments to be issued in the name of the employer; or to act otherwise with respect to instruments in a responsible capacity. “Responsibility” does not include authority that merely allows an employee to have access to instruments or blank or incomplete instrument forms that are being stored or transported or are part of incoming or outgoing mail, or similar access.   2. For the purpose of determining the rights and liabilities of a person who, in good faith, pays an instrument or takes it for value or for collection, if an employer entrusted an employee with responsibility with respect to the instrument and the employee or a person acting in concert with the employee makes a fraudulent endorsement of the instrument, the endorsement is effective as the endorsement of the person to whom the instrument is payable if it is made in the name of that person. If the person paying the instrument or taking it for value or for collection fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking the instrument and that failure substantially contributes to loss resulting from the fraud, the person bearing the loss may recover from the person failing to exercise ordinary care to the extent the failure to exercise ordinary care contributed to the loss.   3. Under subsection 2, an endorsement is made in the name of the person to whom an instrument is payable if it is made in a name substantially similar to the name of that person or the instrument, whether or not endorsed, is deposited in a depositary bank to an account in a name substantially similar to the name of that person.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §52, 121, 122; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §147, 261  Referred to in §554.3417, 554.4208
IA Code § 554.3406 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3406 - Negligence contributing to forged signature or alteration of instrument.

554.3406 Negligence contributing to forged signature or alteration of instrument.   1. A person whose failure to exercise ordinary care substantially contributes to an alteration of an instrument or to the making of a forged signature on an instrument is precluded from asserting the alteration or the forgery against a person who, in good faith, pays the instrument or takes it for value or for collection.   2. Under subsection 1, if the person asserting the preclusion fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking the instrument and that failure substantially contributes to loss, the loss is allocated between the person precluded and the person asserting the preclusion according to the extent to which the failure of each to exercise ordinary care contributed to the loss.   3. Under subsection 1, the burden of proving failure to exercise ordinary care is on the person asserting the preclusion. Under subsection 2, the burden of proving failure to exercise ordinary care is on the person precluded.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §53, 121, 122  Referred to in §554.3417, 554.4208
IA Code § 554.3407 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3407 - Alteration.

554.3407 Alteration.   1. “Alteration” means an unauthorized change in an instrument that purports to modify in any respect the obligation of a party, or an unauthorized addition of words or numbers or other change to an incomplete instrument relating to the obligation of a party.   2. Except as provided in subsection 3, an alteration fraudulently made discharges a party whose obligation is affected by the alteration unless that party assents or is precluded from asserting the alteration. No other alteration discharges a party, and the instrument may be enforced according to its original terms.   3. A payor bank or drawee paying a fraudulently altered instrument or a person taking it for value, in good faith and without notice of the alteration, may enforce rights with respect to the instrument according to its original terms, or in the case of an incomplete instrument altered by unauthorized completion, according to its terms as completed.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §54, 121, 122; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §261  Referred to in §554.3103, 554.3115, 554.3412, 554.3413, 554.3414, 554.3415, 554.4104, 554.4207
IA Code § 554.3408 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3408 - Drawee not liable on unaccepted draft.

554.3408 Drawee not liable on unaccepted draft.   A check or other draft does not of itself operate as an assignment of funds in the hands of the drawee available for its payment, and the drawee is not liable on the instrument until the drawee accepts it.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §55, 121, 122
IA Code § 554.3409 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3409 - Acceptance of draft — certified check.

554.3409 Acceptance of draft — certified check.   1. “Acceptance” means the drawee’s signed agreement to pay a draft as presented. It must be written on the draft and may consist of the drawee’s signature alone. Acceptance may be made at any time and becomes effective when notification pursuant to instructions is given or the accepted draft is delivered for the purpose of giving rights on the acceptance to any person.   2. A draft may be accepted although it has not been signed by the drawer, is otherwise incomplete, is overdue, or has been dishonored.   3. If a draft is payable at a fixed period after sight and the acceptor fails to date the acceptance, the holder may complete the acceptance by supplying a date in good faith.   4. “Certified check” means a check accepted by the bank on which it is drawn. Acceptance may be made as stated in subsection 1 or by a writing on the check which indicates that the check is certified. The drawee of a check has no obligation to certify the check, and refusal to certify is not dishonor of the check.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §56, 121, 122  Referred to in §554.3103, 554.4104, 554.5102
IA Code § 554.3410 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3410 - Acceptance varying draft.

554.3410 Acceptance varying draft.   1. If the terms of a drawee’s acceptance vary from the terms of the draft as presented, the holder may refuse the acceptance and treat the draft as dishonored. In that case, the drawee may cancel the acceptance.   2. The terms of a draft are not varied by an acceptance to pay at a particular bank or place in the United States, unless the acceptance states that the draft is to be paid only at that bank or place.   3. If the holder assents to an acceptance varying the terms of a draft, the obligation of each drawer and endorser that does not expressly assent to the acceptance is discharged.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §57, 121, 122
IA Code § 554.3411 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3411 - Refusal to pay cashier’s checks, teller’s checks, and certified checks.

554.3411 Refusal to pay cashier’s checks, teller’s checks, and certified checks.   1. In this section, “obligated bank” means the acceptor of a certified check or the issuer of a cashier’s check or teller’s check bought from the issuer.   2. If the obligated bank wrongfully refuses to pay a cashier’s check or certified check, stops payment of a teller’s check, or refuses to pay a dishonored teller’s check, the person asserting the right to enforce the check is entitled to compensation for expenses and loss of interest resulting from the nonpayment and may recover consequential damages if the obligated bank refuses to pay after receiving notice of particular circumstances giving rise to the damages.   3. Expenses or consequential damages under subsection 2 are not recoverable if the refusal of the obligated bank to pay occurs because the bank suspends payments, the obligated bank asserts a claim or defense of the bank that it has reasonable grounds to believe is available against the person entitled to enforce the instrument, the obligated bank has a reasonable doubt whether the person demanding payment is the person entitled to enforce the instrument, or payment is prohibited by law.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §58, 121, 122; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §261
IA Code § 554.3412 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3412 - Obligation of issuer of note or cashier’s check.

554.3412 Obligation of issuer of note or cashier’s check.   The issuer of a note or cashier’s check or other draft drawn on the drawer is obliged to pay the instrument according to its terms at the time it was issued or, if not issued, at the time it first came into possession of a holder, or if the issuer signed an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed, to the extent stated in sections 554.3115 and 554.3407. The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the instrument or to an endorser who paid the instrument under section 554.3415.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §59, 121, 122; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §261
IA Code § 554.3413 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3413 - Obligation of acceptor.

554.3413 Obligation of acceptor.   1. The acceptor of a draft is obliged to pay the draft according to its terms at the time it was accepted, even though the acceptance states that the draft is payable “as originally drawn” or equivalent terms, if the acceptance varies the terms of the draft, according to the terms of the draft as varied, or if the acceptance is of a draft that is an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed, to the extent stated in sections 554.3115 and 554.3407. The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the draft or to the drawer or an endorser who paid the draft under section 554.3414 or 554.3415.   2. If the certification of a check or other acceptance of a draft states the amount certified or accepted, the obligation of the acceptor is that amount. If the certification or acceptance does not state an amount, the amount of the instrument is subsequently raised, and the instrument is then negotiated to a holder in due course, the obligation of the acceptor is the amount of the instrument at the time it was taken by the holder in due course.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §60, 121, 122; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §261
IA Code § 554.3414 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3414 - Obligation of drawer.

554.3414 Obligation of drawer.   1. This section does not apply to cashier’s checks or other drafts drawn on the drawer.   2. If an unaccepted draft is dishonored, the drawer is obliged to pay the draft according to its terms at the time it was issued or, if not issued, at the time it first came into possession of a holder, or if the drawer signed an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed, to the extent stated in sections 554.3115 and 554.3407. The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the draft or to an endorser who paid the draft under section 554.3415.   3. If a draft is accepted by a bank, the drawer is discharged, regardless of when or by whom acceptance was obtained.   4. If a draft is accepted and the acceptor is not a bank, the obligation of the drawer to pay the draft if the draft is dishonored by the acceptor is the same as the obligation of an endorser under section 554.3415, subsections 1 and 3.   5. If a draft states that it is drawn “without recourse” or otherwise disclaims liability of the drawer to pay the draft, the drawer is not liable under subsection 2 to pay the draft if the draft is not a check. A disclaimer of the liability stated in subsection 2 is not effective if the draft is a check.   6. If a check is not presented for payment or given to a depositary bank for collection within thirty days after its date, the drawee suspends payments after expiration of the thirty-day period without paying the check, and because of the suspension of payments, the drawer is deprived of funds maintained with the drawee to cover payment of the check, the drawer to the extent deprived of funds may discharge its obligation to pay the check by assigning to the person entitled to enforce the check the rights of the drawer against the drawee with respect to the funds.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §61, 121, 122; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §261  Referred to in §554.3413, 554.3503, 554.3605, 554.5108
IA Code § 554.3415 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3415 - Obligation of endorser.

554.3415 Obligation of endorser.   1. Subject to subsections 2, 3, and 4 and to section 554.3419, subsection 4, if an instrument is dishonored, an endorser is obliged to pay the amount due on the instrument according to the terms of the instrument at the time it was endorsed, or if the endorser endorsed an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed, to the extent stated in sections 554.3115 and 554.3407. The obligation of the endorser is owed to a person entitled to enforce the instrument or to a subsequent endorser who paid the instrument under this section.   2. If an endorsement states that it is made “without recourse” or otherwise disclaims liability of the endorser, the endorser is not liable under subsection 1 to pay the instrument.   3. If notice of dishonor of an instrument is required by section 554.3503 and notice of dishonor complying with that section is not given to an endorser, the liability of the endorser under subsection 1 is discharged.   4. If a draft is accepted by a bank after an endorsement is made, the liability of the endorser under subsection 1 is discharged.   5. If an endorser of a check is liable under subsection 1 and the check is not presented for payment, or given to a depositary bank for collection, within thirty days after the day the endorsement was made, the liability of the endorser under subsection 1 is discharged.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §62, 121, 122; 2013 Acts, ch 30, §261  Referred to in §554.3412, 554.3413, 554.3414, 554.3503, 554.5108
IA Code § 554.3416 (2021)
2021 Iowa Code|Title XIII - COMMERCE|Chapter 554 - UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE|Section 554.3416 - Transfer warranties.

554.3416 Transfer warranties.   1. A person who transfers an instrument for consideration warrants to the transferee and, if the transfer is by endorsement, to any subsequent transferee that:   a. the warrantor is a person entitled to enforce the instrument;   b. all signatures on the instrument are authentic and authorized;   c. the instrument has not been altered;   d. the instrument is not subject to a defense or claim in recoupment of any party which can be asserted against the warrantor;   e. the warrantor has no knowledge of any insolvency proceeding commenced with respect to the maker or acceptor or, in the case of an unaccepted draft, the drawer; and   f. if the instrument is a demand draft, creation of the instrument according to the terms on its face was authorized by the person identified as the drawer.   2. A person to whom the warranties under subsection 1 are made and who took the instrument in good faith may recover from the warrantor as damages for breach of warranty an amount equal to the loss suffered as a result of the breach, but not more than the amount of the instrument plus expenses and loss of interest incurred as a result of the breach.   3. The warranties stated in subsection 1 cannot be disclaimed with respect to checks. Unless notice of a claim for breach of warranty is given to the warrantor within sixty days after the claimant has reason to know of the breach and the identity of the warrantor, the liability of the warrantor under subsection 2 is discharged to the extent of any loss caused by the delay in giving notice of the claim.   4. A cause of action for breach of warranty under this section accrues when the claimant has reason to know of the breach.   5. If a warranty under subsection 1, paragraph “f”, is not given by a transferor under applicable conflict of laws rules, the warranty is not given to that transferor when that transferor is a transferee.  94 Acts, ch 1167, §63, 121, 122; 2005 Acts, ch 11, §4, 5