GA Code § 11-2-314 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 2 - Sales|Part 3 - General Obligation and Construction of Contract|§ 11-2-314. Implied Warranty: Merchantability; Usage of Trade

  Unless excluded or modified (Code Section 11-2-316), a warranty that the goods shall be merchantable is implied in a contract for their sale if the seller is a merchant with respect to goods of that kind. Under this Code section the serving for value of food or drink to be consumed either on the premises or elsewhere is a sale.   Goods to be merchantable must be at least such as:     Pass without objection in the trade under the contract description; and   In the case of fungible goods, are of fair average quality within the description; and   Are fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used; and   Run, within the variations permitted by the agreement, of even kind, quality, and quantity within each unit and among all units involved; and   Are adequately contained, packaged, and labeled as the agreement may require; and   Conform to the promises or affirmations of fact made on the container or label if any.    Unless excluded or modified (Code Section 11-2-316) other implied warranties may arise from course of dealing or usage of trade.   (Code 1933, § 109A-2 - 314, enacted by Ga. L. 1962, p. 156, § 1.)   Cross references.   - Misbranding of pesticides, § 2-7-53.    Labeling of fertilizer, § 2-12-6.    Misbranding of commercial feed, § 2-13-9.    Nonapplicability of implied warranties to blood transfusions, organ transplants, etc., §§ 11-2-316,51-1-28.   Standards for, labeling of, etc., food generally, Ch. 2, T. 26.    Products liability actions, § 51-1-11.    Civil action for knowing or negligent selling of unwholesome provisions, drugs, alcoholic beverages, etc., to another person by use of which damage results to purchaser or his family, § 51-1-23 et seq.   Law reviews.   - For article discussing manufacturer's warranty of merchantability and fitness under former § 96-307, see 10 Mercer L. Rev. 272 (1959). For article, "Sales Warranties Under Georgia's Uniform Commercial Code," see 1 Ga. St. B.J. 191 (1964). For article, "Georgia's New Statutory Liability for Manufacturers: An Inadequate Legislative Response," see 2 Ga. L. Rev. 538 (1968). For article discussing aspects of third party practice (impleader) under the Georgia Civil Practice Act, see 4 Ga. St. B.J. 355 (1968). For article, "Consumer Protection Against Sellers Misrepresentations," see 20 Mercer L. Rev. 414 (1969). For article discussing interpretation of warranties under the Uniform Commercial Code, see 4 Ga. L. Rev. 469 (1970). For article discussing the implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, see 9 Ga. L. Rev. 149 (1974). For article, "Products Liability Law in Georgia: Is Change Coming?" see 10 Ga. St. B.J. 353 (1974). For article explaining the Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act, proposed in Georgia in 1973, see 10 Ga. St. B.J. 409 (1974). For article discussing modification of consumer warranty provisions of the U.C.C. by the Magnuson-Moss Act (15 U.S.C. §§ 2301-2312) with special emphasis on attempted disclaimers, see 27 Mercer L. Rev. 1111 (1976). For article discussing strict liability for defective products in Georgia, see 13 Ga. St. B.J. 142 (1977). For article, "Buyer's Right of Rejection: A Quarter Century Under the Uniform Commercial Code, and Recent International Developments," see 13 Ga. L. Rev. 805 (1979). For article discussing applicability of implied warranty provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code to construction contracts, see 28 Emory L.J. 335 (1979). For article discussing the applicability of warranty provisions under the Uniform Commercial Code to domestic solar energy devices, see 30 Mercer L. Rev. 547 (1979). For article surveying recent judicial developments in commercial law, see 31 Mercer L. Rev. 13 (1979). For article surveying developments in Georgia commercial law from mid-1980 through mid-1981, see 33 Mercer L. Rev. 33 (1981). For article, "Contractual Limitations of Remedy and the Failure of Essential Purpose Doctrine," see 26 Ga. St. B.J. 113 (1990). For article, "Products Liability Law in Georgia Including Recent Developments," see 43 Mercer L. Rev. 27 (1991). For annual survey article on product liability, see 67 Mercer L. Rev. 177 (2015). For annual survey on product liability, see 69 Mercer L. Rev. 231 (2017). For annual survey on construction law, see 71 Mercer L. Rev. 57 (2019). For article, "Do's and Don'ts When Handling a Product Liability Matter in Georgia," see 25 Ga. St. B.J. 17 (Aug. 2019). For note discussing implied warranties in the sale of second-hand goods, see 17 Mercer L. Rev. 455 (1966). For note discussing products liability actions based on breach of implied warranty under the Uniform Commercial Code, see 4 Ga. L. Rev. 164 (1969). For note, "Allowance of Punitive Damages in Products Liability Claims," see 6 Ga. L. Rev. 613 (1972). For note, "Buyer's Right to Revoke Acceptance Against the Automobile Manufacturer for Breach of its Continuing Warranty of Repair or Replacement," see 7 Ga. L. Rev. 711 (1973). For note, "Puppies, Puppies, Puppies: Why Georgia Should 'Adopt' a Progressive Puppy Lemon Law and Engage in Much-Needed Statutory Reform," see 55 Ga. L. Rev. 431 (2020). For comment on Felder v. Neeves, 36 Ga. App. 41, 135 S.E. 219 (1926), see 1 Ga. L. Rev. No. 1 P. 51 (1927). For comment on Davis v. Williams, 58 Ga. App. 274, 198 S.E. 357 (1938), see 1 Ga. B.J. 41 (1939). For comment on Revlon, Inc. v. Murdock, 103 Ga. App. 842, 120 S.E.2d 912 (1961), see 24 Ga. B.J. 271 (1961). For comment discussing evolution of the implied warranty of habitability in sales of new homes in light of Humber v. Morton, 426 S.W.2d 554 (Tex. 1968), and criticizing absence of this doctrine in Georgia law, see 20 Mercer L. Rev. 464 (1969). For comment on Redfern Meats, Inc. v. Hertz Corp., 134 Ga. App. 381, 215 S.E.2d 10 (1975), see 27 Mercer L. Rev. 347 (1975). For comment on Fender v. Colonial Stores, Inc., 138 Ga. App. 31, 225 S.E.2d 691 (1976), see 28 Mercer L. Rev. 751 (1977). For comment discussing the prohibition of wrongful death suits under Georgia's strict liability in Ford Motor Co. v. Carter, 239 Ga. 657, 238 S.E.2d 361 (1977), see 29 Mercer L. Rev. 649 (1978).   JUDICIAL DECISIONS   ANALYSIS    General Consideration   Leases   Torts   Exclusion or Waiver   Evidentiary Issues   Privity   Damages    RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 15A Am. Jur. 2d, Commercial Code, § 14. 63 Am. Jur. 2d, Products Liability, § 705 et seq. 67A Am. Jur. 2d, Sales, §§ 747-760.   6 Am. Jur. Pleading and Practice Forms, Commercial Code, §§ 2:234, 2:260. 20A Am. Jur. Pleading and Practice Forms, Products Liability, § 57.   Implied Warranty of Merchantability, 26 POF2d 1.   C.J.S.   - 77A C.J.S., Sales, § 254 et seq.   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 2-314.   ALR.    - Liability of seller of article not inherently dangerous for personal injuries to the buyer, due to the defective or dangerous condition of the article, 13 A.L.R. 1176; 74 A.L.R. 343; 168 A.L.R. 1054.    Warranties and conditions upon sale of seeds, nursery stock, etc., 16 A.L.R. 859; 32 A.L.R. 1241; 62 A.L.R. 451; 117 A.L.R. 470; 168 A.L.R. 581.    Right of dealer against his vendor in case of breach of warranty as to article purchased for resale and resold, 22 A.L.R. 133; 64 A.L.R. 883.    Implied warranty upon retail sale of garment for personal wear, 27 A.L.R. 1507.    Loss of profits as elements of damages for fraud of seller, as to quality of goods purchased for resale, 28 A.L.R. 354.    Seller's duty to ascertain at his peril that articles of food conform to food regulations, 28 A.L.R. 1385.    Express or implied warranty on sale for accommodation of buyer, 32 A.L.R. 1150; 59 A.L.R. 1541.    Express or implied warranty of quality, condition, or fitness of automobile or truck sold by retail dealer, 34 A.L.R. 535; 43 A.L.R. 648.    Warranty or condition as to kind or quality implied by sale under trade term which by use has become generic, 35 A.L.R. 249.    Express or implied warranty of quality, condition, or fitness of automobile or truck sold by retail dealer, 43 A.L.R. 648.    Implied warranty or condition as to quality of timber or lumber, 52 A.L.R. 1536.    Implied warranty of fitness on sale of article by trademark, tradename, or other particular description, 59 A.L.R. 1180; 90 A.L.R. 410.    Implied warranty of strength or fitness of chain, cable, or wire, 59 A.L.R. 1235.    Express or implied warranty on sale for accommodation, 59 A.L.R. 1541.    Construction and effect of express or implied warranty on sale of an article intended for use as an explosive, 62 A.L.R. 1510.    Right of dealer against his vendor in case of breach of warranty as to article purchased for resale or resold, 64 A.L.R. 883.    Implied warranty by other than packer, of fitness of goods sold in sealed cans, 90 A.L.R. 1269; 142 A.L.R. 1434.    Implied warranty of quality, condition, or fitness on sale of "job lot," "leftovers," and the like, 103 A.L.R. 1347.    Presumption of negligence from foreign substance in food, 105 A.L.R. 1039.    Liability of manufacturer or packer of defective article for injury to person or property of ultimate consumer who purchased from middleman, 105 A.L.R. 1502; 111 A.L.R. 1239; 140 A.L.R. 191; 142 A.L.R. 1490.    Liability for injury or death from refrigerating machinery or apparatus, 117 A.L.R. 1425.    Joinder of manufacturer or packer and retailer or other middleman as defendants in action for injury to person or damage to property of purchaser or consumer of defective article, 119 A.L.R. 1356.    Infected or tainted condition of milk or other food, or contamination in water, and its causation of the sickness of the consumer, as inferable from such sickness, 130 A.L.R. 616.    Implied warranty by retailer of cosmetics, 131 A.L.R. 123.    Warranty of title by seller in conditional sale contract, 132 A.L.R. 338.    Construction and application of provision in conditional sale contract regarding implied warranties, 139 A.L.R. 1276.    Implied warranty, by other than packer, of fitness of goods sold in sealed cans, 142 A.L.R. 1434.    Implied warranty of reasonable fitness of food for human consumption as breached by substance natural to the original product and not removed in processing, 143 A.L.R. 1421.    Implied warranty of quality, condition, or fitness on sale of secondhand article, 151 A.L.R. 446.    Manufacturer's liability for injury or damage as affected by his test, or by his failure to test, for defects, 156 A.L.R. 479.    Law of sales and liability in respect thereof as applied to transactions in self-service stores, 163 A.L.R. 238.    Intervening purchaser's knowledge of defects in or danger of article, or failure to inspect therefor, as affecting liability of manufacturer or dealer for personal injury or property damage to subsequent purchaser or other third person, 164 A.L.R. 371.    Implied warranty of quality, fitness, or condition as affected by buyer's inspection of, or opportunity to inspect, goods, 168 A.L.R. 389.    Liability of seller of article not inherently dangerous for personal injuries due to the defective or dangerous condition of the article, 168 A.L.R. 1054.   Implied warranty of fitness by one serving food, 7 A.L.R.2d 1027, 87 A.L.R.4th 804, 90 A.L.R.4th 12.   Recovery by contractor or artisan, suing for breach of warranty, of damages for loss of good will occasioned by use in his business of unfit materials, 28 A.L.R.2d 591.   Measure and elements of recovery of buyer rescinding sale of domestic animal for seller's breach of warranty, 35 A.L.R.2d 1273.   Form and substance of notice which buyer of goods must give in order to recover damages for seller's breach of warranty, 53 A.L.R.2d 270.   Implied warranty of fitness on sale of livestock, 53 A.L.R.2d 892.   Size and kind of trees contemplated by contracts or deeds in relation to standing timber, 72 A.L.R.2d 727.   What law governs liability of manufacturer or seller for injury caused by product sold, 76 A.L.R.2d 130.   Liability of manufacturer or seller for injury caused by food or food product sold, 77 A.L.R.2d 7.   Liability of manufacturer or seller for injury caused by beverage sold, 77 A.L.R.2d 215.   Liability of manufacturer or seller for injury caused by automobile or other vehicle, aircraft, boat, or their parts, supplies, or equipment, 78 A.L.R.2d 460; 81 A.L.R.3d 318; 97 A.L.R.3d 627; 1 A.L.R.4th 411; 3 A.L.R.4th 489; 5 A.L.R.4th 483.   Liability of manufacturer or seller for injury caused by industrial, business, or farm machinery, tools, equipment, or materials, 78 A.L.R.2d 594; 2 A.L.R.4th 262.   Liability of manufacturer or seller for injury caused by paint, cement, lumber, building supplies, ladders, small tools, and like products, 78 A.L.R.2d 696; 84 A.L.R.3d 877.   Liability of manufacturer or seller for injury caused by toys, games, athletic or sports equipment, or like products, 78 A.L.R.2d 738; 95 A.L.R.3d 390.   Liability of manufacturer or seller for injury caused by firearms, explosives, and flammables, 80 A.L.R.2d 488; 94 A.L.R.3d 291; 15 A.L.R.4th 909; 18 A.L.R.4th 206.   Liability of auctioneer or clerk to buyer as to title, condition, or quality of property sold, 80 A.L.R.2d 1237.   Liability of manufacturer or seller for injury caused by household and domestic machinery, appliances, furnishings, and equipment, 80 A.L.R.2d 598; 89 A.L.R.3d 210; 93 A.L.R.3d 99; 1 A.L.R.4th 748.   Liability of manufacturer or seller for injury caused by clothing, shoes, combs, and similar products, 80 A.L.R.2d 702.   Liability of auctioneer or clerk to buyer as to title, condition, or quality of property sold, 80 A.L.R.2d 1237.   Liability of manufacturer or seller of product sold in container or package for injury caused by container or packaging, 81 A.L.R.2d 229; 36 A.L.R.4th 419.   Liability of manufacturer or seller of container (bottle, barrel, drum, tank, etc.) or other packaging material for injury caused thereby, 81 A.L.R.2d 350; 36 A.L.R.4th 419.   Products liability: manufacturer's responsibility for defective component supplied by another and incorporated in product, 3 A.L.R.3d 1016.   Contributory negligence or assumption of risk as defense to action for personal injury, death, or property damage resulting from alleged breach of implied warranty, 4 A.L.R.3d 501.   Statute of limitations: when cause of action arises on action against manufacturer or seller of product causing injury or death, 4 A.L.R.3d 821.   Seller's duty to test or inspect as affecting his liability for product-caused injury, 6 A.L.R.3d 12.   Manufacturer's duty to test or inspect as affecting his liability for product-caused injury, 6 A.L.R.3d 91.   Liability for warranties and representations in connection with the sale of air-conditioning equipment, 15 A.L.R.3d 1207.   Products liability: right of manufacturer or seller to contribution or indemnity from user of product causing injury or damage to third person, and vice versa, 28 A.L.R.3d 943.   Products liability: extension of strict liability in tort to permit recovery by a third person who was neither a purchaser nor user of product, 33 A.L.R.3d 415.   Liability of manufacturer, seller, or distributor of motor vehicle for defect which merely enhances injury from accident otherwise caused, 42 A.L.R.3d 560; 96 A.L.R.3d 900.   Application of warranty provisions of Uniform Commercial Code to bailments, 48 A.L.R.3d 668.   Liability for injury or death of pallbearer, 48 A.L.R.3d 1280.   Necessity and propriety of instructing on alternative theories of negligence or breach of warranty, where instruction on strict liability in tort is given in products liability case, 52 A.L.R.3d 101.   Failure to warn as basis of liability under doctrine of strict liability in tort, 53 A.L.R.3d 239.   Products liability: strict liability in tort where injury results from allergenic (side-effect) reaction to product, 53 A.L.R.3d 298.   Strict liability in tort: liability of seller of used product, 53 A.L.R.3d 337.   Liability of hospital or medical practitioner under doctrine of strict liability in tort, or breach of warranty, for harm caused by drug, medical instrument, or similar device used in treating patient, 54 A.L.R.3d 258.   Products liability: product as unreasonably dangerous or unsafe under doctrine of strict liability in tort, 54 A.L.R.3d 352.   Liability of water supplier for damages resulting from furnishing impure water, 54 A.L.R.3d 936.   Products liability: proof, under strict tort liability doctrine, that defect was present when product left hands of defendant, 54 A.L.R.3d 1079.   Liability of builder or subcontractor for insufficiency of building resulting from latent defects in materials used, 61 A.L.R.3d 792.   Contracts for artificial insemination of cattle, 61 A.L.R.3d 811.   Liability of installer or maintenance company for injury caused by door of automatic passenger elevator, 64 A.L.R.3d 1005.   Promises or attempts by seller to repair goods as tolling statute of limitations for breach of warranty, 68 A.L.R.3d 1277.   Admissibility of evidence of subsequent repairs or other remedial measures in products liability cases, 74 A.L.R.3d 1001, 38 A.L.R.4th 583, 64 A.L.R.5th 119.   Statements on container that enclosed toy, game, sports equipment, or the like, is safe as affecting manufacturer's liability for injury caused by product sold, 74 A.L.R.3d 1298.   What constitutes a contract for sale under Uniform Commercial Code § 2-314, 78 A.L.R.3d 696.   Products liability: liability for injury or death allegedly caused by defective tire, 81 A.L.R.3d 318.   Products liability: liability for injury or death allegedly caused by defect in snowmobile or other recreational-purpose vehicle, 81 A.L.R.3d 394; 66 A.L.R.4th 622.   Products liability: liability for injury or death allegedly caused by defect in mobile home or trailer, 81 A.L.R.3d 421.   What are "merchantable" goods within meaning of UCC § 2-314 dealing with implied warranty of merchantability, 83 A.L.R.3d 694.   Liability of manufacturer, seller, or installer for personal injury caused by door glass, 84 A.L.R.3d 877.   Products liability: drain cleaners, 85 A.L.R.3d 727.   Liability of manufacturer or seller for personal injury or property damage caused by television set, 89 A.L.R.3d 210.   Practices forbidden by state deceptive trade practice and consumer protection acts, 89 A.L.R.3d 449.   Products liability: what statute of limitations governs actions based on strict liability in tort, 91 A.L.R.3d 455.   Who is "merchant" under UCC § 2-314(1) dealing with implied warranties of merchantability, 91 A.L.R.3d 876.   Products liability: stoves, 93 A.L.R.3d 99.   Products liability: toys and games, 95 A.L.R.3d 390.   Farmers as "merchants" within provisions of UCC Article 2, dealing with sales, 95 A.L.R.3d 484.   Products liability: forklift trucks, 95 A.L.R.3d 541.   Products liability: duty of manufacturer to equip product with safety device to protect against patent or obvious danger, 95 A.L.R.3d 1066.   Products liability: modern cases determining whether product is defectively designed, 96 A.L.R.3d 22.   Products liability: defective vehicular gasoline tanks, 96 A.L.R.3d 265.   Liability of packer, foodstore, or restaurant for causing trichinosis, 96 A.L.R.3d 451.   Products liability: personal injury or death allegedly caused by defect in aircraft or its parts, supplies, or equipment, 97 A.L.R.3d 627.   Products liability: personal injury or death allegedly caused by defect in motorcycle or its parts, supplies, or equipment, 98 A.L.R.3d 317.   Products liability: liability of manufacturer or seller for injury or death caused by defect in boat or its parts, supplies, or equipment, 1 A.L.R.4th 411.   Products liability: defective heating equipment, 1 A.L.R.4th 748.   Products liability: industrial accidents involving conveyor belts or systems, 2 A.L.R.4th 262.   Construction and effect of new motor vehicle warranty limiting manufacturer's liability to repair or replacement of defective parts, 2 A.L.R.4th 576.   Products liability: Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 2 A.L.R.4th 1091.   Liability of manufacturer or seller of snowthrower for injuries to user, 2 A.L.R.4th 1284.   Products liability: defective vehicular windows, 3 A.L.R.4th 489.   Products liability: farm machinery, 4 A.L.R.4th 13.   Products liability: glue and other adhesive products, 7 A.L.R.4th 155.   Products liability: elevators, 7 A.L.R.4th 852.   Products liability: stud guns, staple guns, or parts thereof, 8 A.L.R.4th 70.   Products liability: transformer and other electrical equipment, 10 A.L.R.4th 854.   Products liability: fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, fungicides, weedkillers, and the like, or articles used in application thereof, 12 A.L.R.4th 462.   Products liability: cranes and other lifting apparatuses, 13 A.L.R.4th 476.   Extent of liability of seller of livestock infected with communicable disease, 14 A.L.R.4th 1096.   Products liability: cement and concrete, 15 A.L.R.4th 1186.   Products liability: tire rims and wheels, 16 A.L.R.4th 137.   Products liability: firefighting equipment, 19 A.L.R.4th 326.   Liability of hospital, physician, or other individual medical practitioner for injury or death resulting from blood transfusion, 20 A.L.R.4th 136.   Liability of blood supplier or donor for injury or death resulting from blood transfusion, 24 A.L.R.4th 508.   Products liability: animal feed or medicines, 29 A.L.R.4th 1045.   Products liability: stud guns, staple guns, or parts thereof, 33 A.L.R.4th 1189.   Products liability: household appliances relating to cleaning, washing, personal care, and water supply, quality, and disposal, 34 A.L.R.4th 95.   Products liability: household equipment relating to storage, preparation, cooking, and disposal of food, 35 A.L.R.4th 663.   Products liability: home and office furnishings, 36 A.L.R.4th 170.   Computer sales and leases: breach of warranty, misrepresentation, or failure of consideration as defense or ground for affirmative relief, 37 A.L.R.4th 110.   Products liability: personal soap, 54 A.L.R.4th 574.   Liability of successor corporation for punitive damages for injury caused by predecessor's product, 55 A.L.R.4th 166.   Products liability: sufficiency of evidence to support product misuse defense in actions concerning lawnmowers, 55 A.L.R.4th 1062.   Products liability: toxic shock syndrome, 59 A.L.R.4th 50.   Products liability: sufficiency of evidence to support product misuse defense in actions concerning agricultural implements and equipment, 60 A.L.R.4th 678.   Products liability: electricity, 60 A.L.R.4th 732.   Products liability: building and construction lumber, 61 A.L.R.4th 121.   Liability of manufacturer of oral live polio (Sabin) vaccine for injury or death from its administration, 66 A.L.R.4th 83.   Liability for injury incurred in operation of power golf cart, 66 A.L.R.4th 622.   Products liability: industrial refrigerator equipment, 72 A.L.R.4th 90.   Products liability: scaffolds and scaffolding equipment, 74 A.L.R.4th 904.   Products liability: tractors, 75 A.L.R.4th 312.   Products liability: bicycles and accessories, 76 A.L.R.4th 117.   Products liability: exercise and related equipment, 76 A.L.R.4th 145.   Products liability: trampolines and similar devices, 76 A.L.R.4th 171.   Products liability: competitive sports equipment, 76 A.L.R.4th 201.   Products liability: skiing equipment, 76 A.L.R.4th 256.   Products liability: general recreational equipment, 77 A.L.R.4th 1121.   Products liability: mechanical amusement rides and devices, 77 A.L.R.4th 1152.   Products liability: lubricating products and systems, 80 A.L.R.4th 972.   Liability for injury or death allegedly caused by spoilage or contamination of beverage, 87 A.L.R.4th 804.   Liability for injury or death allegedly caused by foreign substance in beverage, 90 A.L.R.4th 12.   Liability for injury or death allegedly caused by foreign object in food or food product, 1 A.L.R.5th 1.   Liability for injury or death allegedly caused by spoilage, contamination, or other deleterious condition of food or food product, 2 A.L.R.5th 1.   Liability for injury or death allegedly caused by food product containing object related to, but not intended to be present in, product, 2 A.L.R.5th 189.   Products liability: roofs and roofing materials, 3 A.L.R.5th 851.   Products liability: prefabricated buildings, 4 A.L.R.5th 667.   Purchaser's disbelief in, or nonreliance upon, express warranties made by seller in contract for sale of business as precluding action for breach of express warranties, 7 A.L.R.5th 841.   Products liability: application of strict liability doctrine to seller of used product, 9 A.L.R.5th 1.   Products liability: cigarettes and other tobacco products, 36 A.L.R.5th 541.   Validity, construction, and application of computer software licensing agreements, 38 A.L.R.5th 1.   Products liability: theatrical equipment and props, 42 A.L.R.5th 699.   Causes of action governed by limitations period in UCC § 2-725, 49 A.L.R.5th 1.   Breach of warranty in sale, installation, repair, design, or inspection of septic or sewage disposal systems, 50 A.L.R.5th 417.   Liability of manufacturer or seller for injury or death allegedly caused by use of contraceptive, 54 A.L.R.5th 1.   Construction and application of learned-intermediary doctrine, 57 A.L.R.5th 1.   Products liability: computer hardware and software, 59 A.L.R.5th 461.   Products liability: liability for injury or death allegedly caused by defect in mobile home or trailer, 61 A.L.R.5th 473.   Products liability: swimming pools and accessories, 65 A.L.R.5th 105.   Products liability: paints, stains, and similar products, 69 A.L.R.5th 137.   Products liability: helicopters, 72 A.L.R.5th 299.   Products liability: consumer expectations test, 73 A.L.R.5th 75.   Products liability: ladders, 81 A.L.R.5th 245.   Products liability: personal injury or death allegedly caused by defect in motorcycle or its parts or equipment, 14 A.L.R.7th 7.   Products Liability: Necessity and Admissibility of Expert or Opinion Evidence as to Causation of Injury to User of Construction Products and Equipment, 53 A.L.R.7th 8.   Products Liability: Duty of Manufacturer or Seller of Component Part Incorporated in Another Product to Warn of Dangers, 58 A.L.R.7th Art. 4.