reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
AL Code § 6-9-252 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 9 - Judgments.|Article 11 - Alabama Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act.|Section 6-9-252 - Applicability of Article.

Section 6-9-252Applicability of article. (a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), this article applies to a foreign-country judgment to the extent that the judgment: (1) grants or denies recovery of a sum of money; and (2) under the law of the foreign country where rendered, is final, conclusive, and enforceable. (b) This article does not apply to a foreign-country judgment, even if the judgment grants or denies recovery of a sum of money, to the extent that the judgment is: (1) a judgment for taxes; (2) a fine or other penalty; or (3) a judgment for divorce, support, or maintenance, or other judgment rendered in connection with domestic relations. (c) A party seeking recognition of a foreign-country judgment has the burden of establishing that this article applies to the foreign-country judgment. (Act 2012-470, p. 1296, §3.)
AL Code § 6-9-253 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 9 - Judgments.|Article 11 - Alabama Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act.|Section 6-9-253 - Recognition of Foreign-Country Judgments.

Section 6-9-253Recognition of foreign-country judgments. (a) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (c), a court of this state shall recognize a foreign-country judgment to which this article applies. (b) A court of this state shall not recognize a foreign-country judgment if: (1) the judgment was rendered under a judicial system that does not provide impartial tribunals or procedures compatible with the requirements of due process of law; (2) the foreign court did not have personal jurisdiction over the defendant; or (3) the foreign court did not have jurisdiction over the subject matter. (c) A court of this state need not recognize a foreign-country judgment if: (1) the defendant in the proceeding in the foreign court did not receive notice of the proceeding in sufficient time to enable the defendant to defend; (2) the judgment was obtained by fraud that deprived the losing party of an adequate opportunity to present its case; (3) the judgment or the claim for relief on which the judgment is based is repugnant to the public policy of this state or of the United States; (4) the judgment conflicts with another final and conclusive judgment; (5) the proceeding in the foreign court was contrary to an agreement between the parties under which the dispute in question was to be determined otherwise than by proceedings in that foreign court; (6) in the case of jurisdiction based only on personal service, the foreign court was a seriously inconvenient forum for the trial of the action; (7) the judgment was rendered in circumstances that raise substantial doubt about the integrity of the rendering court with respect to the judgment; or (8) the specific proceeding in the foreign court leading to the judgment was not compatible with the requirements of due process of law. (d) A party resisting recognition of a foreign-country judgment has the burden of establishing that a ground for nonrecognition stated in subsection (b) or (c) exists. (Act 2012-470, p. 1296, §4.)
AL Code § 6-9-254 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 9 - Judgments.|Article 11 - Alabama Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act.|Section 6-9-254 - Lack of Personal Jurisdiction; Recognition Sought.

Section 6-9-254Lack of personal jurisdiction; recognition sought. (a) A foreign-country judgment may not be refused recognition for lack of personal jurisdiction if: (1) the defendant was served with process personally in the foreign country; (2) the defendant voluntarily appeared in the proceeding, other than for the purpose of protecting property seized or threatened with seizure in the proceeding or of contesting the jurisdiction of the court over the defendant; (3) the defendant, before the commencement of the proceeding, had agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the foreign court with respect to the subject matter involved; (4) the defendant was domiciled in the foreign country when the proceeding was instituted or was a corporation or other form of business organization that has its principal place of business in, or was organized under the laws of, the foreign country; (5) the defendant had a business office in the foreign country and the proceeding in the foreign court involved a claim for relief arising out of business done by the defendant through that office in the foreign country; or (6) the defendant operated a motor vehicle or airplane in the foreign country and the proceeding involved a claim for relief arising out of that operation. (b) The list of bases for personal jurisdiction in subsection (a) is not exclusive. The courts of this state may recognize bases of personal jurisdiction other than those listed in subsection (a) as sufficient to support a foreign-country judgment. (Act 2012-470, p. 1296, §5.)
AL Code § 6-9-255 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 9 - Judgments.|Article 11 - Alabama Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act.|Section 6-9-255 - Action Seeking Recognition of Foreign-Country Judgment.

Section 6-9-255Action seeking recognition of foreign-country judgment. (a) If recognition of a foreign-country judgment is sought as an original matter, the issue of recognition shall be raised by filing an action seeking recognition of the foreign-country judgment. (b) If recognition of a foreign-country judgment is sought in a pending action, the issue of recognition may be raised by counterclaim, cross-claim, or affirmative defense. (c) The party seeking recognition is required to provide the court with a certified copy of the judgment, and if not in English, an English translation which complies with the requirements of Alabama law. (Act 2012-470, p. 1296, §6.)
AL Code § 6-9-256 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 9 - Judgments.|Article 11 - Alabama Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act.|Section 6-9-256 - Judgment Conclusive and Enforceable.

Section 6-9-256Judgment conclusive and enforceable. If the court in a proceeding under Section 6-9-255 finds that the foreign-country judgment is entitled to recognition under this article, then, to the extent that the foreign-country judgment grants or denies recovery of a sum of money, the foreign-country judgment is: (1) conclusive between the parties to the same extent as the judgment of a sister state entitled to full faith and credit in this state would be conclusive; and (2) enforceable in the same manner and to the same extent as a judgment rendered in this state. (Act 2012-470, p. 1296, §7.)
AL Code § 6-9-257 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 9 - Judgments.|Article 11 - Alabama Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act.|Section 6-9-257 - Stay of Proceedings on Appeal.

Section 6-9-257Stay of proceedings on appeal. If a party establishes that an appeal from a foreign-country judgment is pending or will be taken, the court may stay any proceedings with regard to the foreign-country judgment until the appeal is concluded, the time for appeal expires, or the appellant has had sufficient time to prosecute the appeal and has failed to do so. (Act 2012-470, p. 1296, §8.)
AL Code § 6-9-258 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 9 - Judgments.|Article 11 - Alabama Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act.|Section 6-9-258 - Commencement of Action.

Section 6-9-258Commencement of action. An action to recognize a foreign-country judgment must be commenced within the later of the time during which the foreign-country judgment is effective in the foreign country or 5 years from the date that the foreign-country judgment became final, conclusive, and enforceable in the foreign country. (Act 2012-470, p. 1296, §9.)
AL Code § 6-9-259 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 9 - Judgments.|Article 11 - Alabama Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act.|Section 6-9-259 - Construction and Application of Article.

Section 6-9-259Construction and application of article. In applying and construing this uniform act, consideration must be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter among states that enact it. (Act 2012-470, p. 1296, §10.)
AL Code § 6-9-260 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 9 - Judgments.|Article 11 - Alabama Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act.|Section 6-9-260 - Comity.

Section 6-9-260Comity. This article does not prevent the recognition under principles of comity or otherwise of a foreign-country judgment not within the scope of this article. (Act 2012-470, p. 1296, §11.)
AL Code § 6-9-261 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 9 - Judgments.|Article 11 - Alabama Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act.|Section 6-9-261 - Date of Commencement.

Section 6-9-261Date of commencement. This article applies to all actions commenced on or after January 1, 2013, in which the issue of recognition of a foreign-country judgment is raised. (Act 2012-470, p. 1296, §12.)
AL Code § 6-10-120 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 10 - Exemptions.|Article 3 - Waiver of Right to Exemptions.|Section 6-10-120 - Right to Waive.

Section 6-10-120Right to waive. Any person, by an instrument in writing, may waive his or her right to an exemption in any property exempt from levy and sale under execution or other process. (Code 1876, §2846; Code 1886, §2567; Code 1896, §2104; Code 1907, §4231; Code 1923, §7960; Code 1940, T. 7, §706.)
AL Code § 6-10-121 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 10 - Exemptions.|Article 3 - Waiver of Right to Exemptions.|Section 6-10-121 - How Made - Personalty.

Section 6-10-121How made - Personalty. As to personal property, the waiver may be made by a separate instrument in writing, subscribed by the party making the same, or it may be included in any bond, bill of exchange, promissory note, or other written contract executed by him or her. (Code 1876, §§2847, 2848; Code 1886, §2568; Code 1896, §2105; Code 1907, §4232; Code 1923, §7961; Code 1940, T. 7, §707.)
AL Code § 6-10-122 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 10 - Exemptions.|Article 3 - Waiver of Right to Exemptions.|Section 6-10-122 - How Made - Homestead.

Section 6-10-122How made - Homestead. As to the homestead, the waiver must be by a separate instrument in writing, subscribed by the party making the same and attested by one witness. If such party is a married man, such waiver shall not be valid without the voluntary signature and assent of the wife and acknowledgment by her before an officer authorized to take acknowledgments in the form of the individual acknowledgment prescribed by this Code. If such party is a married woman, such waiver shall be executed only in the mode prescribed by Section 30-4-12 for the alienation of her lands. (Code 1876, §§2847, 2848; Code 1886, §2569; Code 1896, §2106; Code 1907, §4233; Code 1923, §7962; Code 1940, T. 7, §708; Acts 1951, No. 84, p. 301.)
AL Code § 6-10-123 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 10 - Exemptions.|Article 3 - Waiver of Right to Exemptions.|Section 6-10-123 - Enforcement in Action.

Section 6-10-123Enforcement in action. In any civil action, in which a waiver of the right of homestead or other exemption is sought to be enforced, the fact of waiver and its extent must be averred in the complaint or petition and by appropriate pleading may be controverted. If such averment is sustained, the fact of waiver and its extent must be declared in the judgment and endorsed on the execution or other process issued thereon. Such waiver shall extend to the costs of the action. (Code 1876, §2849; Code 1886, §2570; Code 1896, §2107; Code 1907, §4234; Code 1923, §7963; Code 1940, T. 7, §709.)
AL Code § 6-10-124 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 10 - Exemptions.|Article 3 - Waiver of Right to Exemptions.|Section 6-10-124 - Attachment - Endorsement on Writ.

Section 6-10-124Attachment - Endorsement on writ. When such action is commenced by attachment or, in aid thereof, an ancillary attachment is sued out, the officer issuing the writ of the plaintiff, in person or by his agent or attorney, producing before him the written evidence of the waiver or making and filing with him an affidavit that the exemption has been waived, must endorse on the writ the fact of such waiver and the extent thereof. (Code 1876, §2850; Code 1886, §2571; Code 1896, §2108; Code 1907, §4235; Code 1923, §7964; Code 1940, T. 7, §710.)
AL Code § 6-10-125 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 10 - Exemptions.|Article 3 - Waiver of Right to Exemptions.|Section 6-10-125 - Attachment - Proceedings When Waiver Not Sustained.

Section 6-10-125Attachment - Proceedings when waiver not sustained. When such attachment is levied on property embraced in a declaration of claim of exemption which has been filed for record, or subsequent to the levy a claim to such property as exempt is interposed, if, on the trial, the averment of waiver is not sustained, the levy shall be discharged and the property returned to the defendant, unless the plaintiff, within five days after judgment, shall contest the claim. If such plaintiff should desire to contest, such contest may be instituted and prosecuted as in other cases. (Code 1886, §2572; Code 1896, §2109; Code 1907, §4236; Code 1923, §7965; Code 1940, T. 7, §711.)
AL Code § 6-10-126 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 10 - Exemptions.|Article 3 - Waiver of Right to Exemptions.|Section 6-10-126 - Exceptions.

Section 6-10-126Exceptions. (a) No waiver of exemption in any written instrument shall be held to apply to or include or authorize the levy of an execution or attachment on any of the following property for any debt contracted: (1) Cooking utensils, cooking stoves, table, tableware, chairs, bed and bed clothing in actual use by the family; (2) Wearing apparel; (3) A vehicle used by and essential to the debtor's business; (4) Tools used personally by and essential to the debtor's business; (5) The library of the debtor. (b) Any levy upon such property is absolutely void. (c) This section shall not apply to such property set out in subdivisions (3) and (4) of subsection (a) pledged in a consensual security agreement. (Code 1907, §4237; Acts 1915, No. 797, p. 916; Code 1923, §7966; Code 1940, T. 7, §712; Acts 1984, No. 84-381, p. 890.)
AL Code § 6-11-1 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 11 - Damages.|Article 1 - Structured Damages.|Section 6-11-1 - Damages Assessed by Factfinder to Be Itemized; Future Damages Not to Be Reduced to Present Value.

Section 6-11-1Damages assessed by factfinder to be itemized; future damages not to be reduced to present value. In any civil action based upon tort and any action for personal injury based upon breach of warranty, except actions for wrongful death pursuant to Sections 6-5-391 and 6-5-410, the damages assessed by the factfinder shall be itemized as follows: (1) Past damages. (2) Future damages. (3) Punitive damages. The factfinder shall not reduce any future damages to present value. Where the court determines that any one or more of the above categories is not recoverable in the action, those categories shall be omitted from the itemization. (Acts 1987, No. 87-183, p. 245, §1.)
AL Code § 6-11-2 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 11 - Damages.|Article 1 - Structured Damages.|Section 6-11-2 - Definitions.

Section 6-11-2Definitions. For purposes of this article, the following definitions shall apply: (1) PAST DAMAGES. Damages and losses suffered or incurred prior to the date of judgment. (2) FUTURE DAMAGES. Damages and losses reasonably anticipated to be suffered or incurred following the date of judgment. As used herein, the terms "plaintiff" and "defendant" shall include the singular and the plural. (Acts 1987, No. 87-183, p. 245, §2.)
AL Code § 6-11-4 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 11 - Damages.|Article 1 - Structured Damages.|Section 6-11-4 - Requirements When Judgment Structured; Termination.

Section 6-11-4Requirements when judgment structured; termination. Where a judgment is structured pursuant to Section 6-11-3 above, the following shall apply: (1) Should the judgment creditor die before the final installment is paid, the remaining payments shall be made to the estate of the decedent, or as otherwise directed by the court having jurisdiction over the estate. (2) Where an installment payment is more than 15 days late, there shall be added to the amount due for that installment interest from the date payment was due at the rate of 20 percent per annum, compounded daily, and attorney's fee if necessary to collect the amount due. (3) Upon motion of the judgment creditor, or his estate in the event of this death, the structure may be terminated and all unpaid installments declared immediately due if the court finds that the judgment debtor has exhibited a continuing pattern of failing to pay installments when due or that there is a reasonable likelihood that future payments may not be timely made. In all such cases, the court may further assess the debtor with costs and the creditor's attorney's fees relating to all proceedings conducted pursuant to this paragraph. (4) No certificate of judgment shall issue or be recorded against any defendant for that portion of an award of future damages which is structured. (Acts 1987, No. 87-183, p. 245, §4.)
AL Code § 6-11-5 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 11 - Damages.|Article 1 - Structured Damages.|Section 6-11-5 - Court to Conduct Hearings and Receive Evidence.

Section 6-11-5Court to conduct hearings and receive evidence. The court may conduct hearings and receive such evidence as is deemed necessary in order to make the determinations required in Section 6-11-3 and Section 6-11-4. (Acts 1987, No. 87-183, p. 245, §5.)
AL Code § 6-11-6 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 11 - Damages.|Article 1 - Structured Damages.|Section 6-11-6 - Damages Not Affected.

Section 6-11-6Damages not affected. Nothing in this article shall be construed to alter or affect the nature, elements, form, or amount of damages recoverable in any action. (Acts 1987, No. 87-183, p. 245, §6.)
AL Code § 6-11-7 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 11 - Damages.|Article 1 - Structured Damages.|Section 6-11-7 - Prior Rights Not Affected.

Section 6-11-7Prior rights not affected. This article shall not affect the rights of any person if such rights accrued prior to June 11, 1987. (Acts 1987, No. 87-183, p. 245, §8.)
AL Code § 6-11-20 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 11 - Damages.|Article 2 - Punitive Damages.|Section 6-11-20 - Punitive Damages Not to Be Awarded Other Than Where Clear and Convincing Evidence Proven; Definitions.

Section 6-11-20Punitive damages not to be awarded other than where clear and convincing evidence proven; definitions. (a) Punitive damages may not be awarded in any civil action, except civil actions for wrongful death pursuant to Sections 6-5-391 and 6-5-410, other than in a tort action where it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant consciously or deliberately engaged in oppression, fraud, wantonness, or malice with regard to the plaintiff. Nothing contained in this article is to be construed as creating any claim for punitive damages which is not now present under the law of the State of Alabama. (b) As used in this article, the following definitions shall apply: (1) FRAUD. An intentional misrepresentation, deceit, or concealment of a material fact the concealing party had a duty to disclose, which was gross, oppressive, or malicious and committed with the intention on the part of the defendant of thereby depriving a person or entity of property or legal rights or otherwise causing injury. (2) MALICE. The intentional doing of a wrongful act without just cause or excuse, either: a. With an intent to injure the person or property of another person or entity, or b. Under such circumstances that the law will imply an evil intent. (3) WANTONNESS. Conduct which is carried on with a reckless or conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others. (4) CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE. Evidence that, when weighed against evidence in opposition, will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm conviction as to each essential element of the claim and a high probability as to the correctness of the conclusion. Proof by clear and convincing evidence requires a level of proof greater than a preponderance of the evidence or the substantial weight of the evidence, but less than beyond a reasonable doubt. (5) OPPRESSION. Subjecting a person to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious disregard of that person's rights. (Acts 1987, No. 87-185, p. 251, §1.)
AL Code § 6-11-22 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 11 - Damages.|Article 2 - Punitive Damages.|Section 6-11-22 - Grounds for Mistrial if Limitations Mentioned in Presence of Jury

Section 6-11-22Grounds for mistrial if limitations mentioned in presence of jury Argument or mention, in the presence of the jury, of the classifications or limitations established in Section 6-11-21 is not permissible and shall be ground for a mistrial. (Acts 1987, No. 87-185, p. 251, §3.)
AL Code § 6-11-23 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 11 - Damages.|Article 2 - Punitive Damages.|Section 6-11-23 - No Presumption of Correctness; Court to Conduct Hearings; Admissible Relevant Evidence; Trial Court to Independently Reassess Award of Punitive Damages.

Section 6-11-23No presumption of correctness; court to conduct hearings; admissible relevant evidence; trial court to independently reassess award of punitive damages. (a) No presumption of correctness shall apply as to the amount of punitive damages awarded by the trier of the fact. (b) In all cases wherein a verdict for punitive damages is awarded, the trial court shall, upon motion of any party, either conduct hearings or receive additional evidence, or both, concerning the amount of punitive damages. Any relevant evidence, including but not limited to the economic impact of the verdict on the defendant or the plaintiff, the amount of compensatory damages awarded, whether or not the defendant has been guilty of the same or similar acts in the past, the nature and the extent of any effort the defendant made to remedy the wrong and the opportunity or lack of opportunity the plaintiff gave the defendant to remedy the wrong complained of shall be admissible; however, such information shall not be subject to discovery, unless otherwise discoverable, until after a verdict for punitive damages has been rendered. After such post verdict hearing the trial court shall independently (without any presumption that the award of punitive damages is correct) reassess the nature, extent, and economic impact of such an award of punitive damages, and reduce or increase the award if appropriate in light of all the evidence. (Acts 1987, No. 87-185, p. 251, §4.)
AL Code § 6-11-24 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 6 - Civil Practice.|Chapter 11 - Damages.|Article 2 - Punitive Damages.|Section 6-11-24 - No Presumption of Correctness to Apply to Damages on Appeal.

Section 6-11-24No presumption of correctness to apply to damages on appeal. (a) On appeal, no presumption of correctness shall apply to the amount of punitive damages awarded. (b) The appellate court shall independently reassess the nature, extent and economic impact of such an award and reduce or increase the award if appropriate in light of all the evidence. (Acts 1987, No. 87-185, p. 251, §5.)