reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
MT Code § Rule 16 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 19. Uniform District Court Rules|Part 1. Rules|Rule 16. Attorney's Copied or Electronically-Generated Signature

  Rule 16 - Attorney's Copied or Electronically-Generated Signature.   (a) An attorney's copied or electronically-generated signature shall be deemed original for all court-filed documents.   (b) Pursuant to M. R. Civ. P. 5(b)(E), some or all of the parties may stipulate to provide service of all papers required to be served under M. R. Civ. P. 5(a)(1) by electronic means, including papers provided in response to written discovery requests. All parties that choose to accept service by electronic means shall sign a stipulation to be filed with the Court. Any party that chooses not to stipulate to service by electronic means must be served by one of the other methods identified in M. R. Civ. P. 5(b).   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0110, Sept. 16, 2014, eff. Sept. 16, 2014; amd. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0110, Oct. 29, 2019, eff. Jan. 1, 2020.
MT Code § Rule 1 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part I. Scope of Rules; Form of Action|Rule 1. Scope of Rules

  Rule 1. Scope of Rules. These rules govern the procedure in all civil actions and proceedings in the district courts of the state of Montana, including probate proceedings, unless specifically provided to the contrary in the Uniform Probate Code; and except as stated in Rule 81. They should be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 2 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part I. Scope of Rules; Form of Action|Rule 2. One form of Action

  Rule 2. One form of Action. There is one form of action -- the civil action.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 3 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part II. Commencing an Action; Service of Process, Pleadings, Motions, and Orders|Rule 3. Commencing an Action

  Rule 3. Commencing an Action. A civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 4.1 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part II. Commencing an Action; Service of Process, Pleadings, Motions, and Orders|Rule 4.1. Limited Representation Permitted -- Process

  Rule 4.1. Limited Representation Permitted -- Process.   (a) In accordance with Rule 1.2(c) of the Montana Rules of Professional Conduct, an attorney may undertake to provide limited representation to a person involved in a court proceeding.   (b) Providing limited representation of a person under these rules shall not constitute an entry of appearance by the attorney for purposes of Rule 5(b) and does not authorize or require the service or delivery of pleadings, papers, or other documents upon the attorney under Rule 5(b).   (c) Representation of the person by the attorney at any proceeding before a judge or other judicial officer on behalf of the person constitutes an entry of appearance, except to the extent that a limited notice of appearance as provided for under Rule 4.2 is filed and served prior to or simultaneous with the actual appearance. Service on an attorney who has made a limited appearance for a party shall be valid only in connection with the specific proceedings for which the attorney appeared, including any hearing or trial at which the attorney appeared and any subsequent motions for presentation of orders.   (d) The attorney's violation of this Rule may subject the attorney to sanctions provided in Rule 11.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 4.2 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part II. Commencing an Action; Service of Process, Pleadings, Motions, and Orders|Rule 4.2. Notice of Limited Appearance and Withdrawal as Attorney

  Rule 4.2. Notice of Limited Appearance and Withdrawal as Attorney.   (a) Notice of limited appearance. If specifically so stated in a notice of limited appearance filed and served prior to or simultaneous with the proceeding, an attorney's role may be limited to one or more individual proceedings in the action.   (b) At the conclusion of such proceedings the attorney's role terminates without the necessity of leave of court, upon the attorney filing notice of completion of limited appearance.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 5.1 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part II. Commencing an Action; Service of Process, Pleadings, Motions, and Orders|Rule 5.1. Constitutional Challenge to a Statute -- Notice and Intervention

  Rule 5.1. Constitutional Challenge to a Statute -- Notice and Intervention.   (a) Notice by a Party. A party that files a pleading, written motion, or other paper challenging the constitutionality of a state statute must promptly file a notice of constitutional question stating the question and identifying the paper that raises it, and serve the notice and paper on the state attorney general either by certified or registered mail or by sending it to an electronic address designated by the attorney general for this purpose.   (b) Intervention; Final Decision on the Merits. Unless the court sets a later time, the attorney general may intervene within 60 days after the notice is filed or after the court certifies the challenge, whichever is earlier. Before the time to intervene expires, the court may reject the constitutional challenge, but may not enter a final judgment holding the statute unconstitutional.   (c) No Forfeiture. A party's failure to file and serve the notice, or the court's failure to certify, does not forfeit a constitutional claim or defense that is otherwise timely asserted.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 5.2 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part II. Commencing an Action; Service of Process, Pleadings, Motions, and Orders|Rule 5.2. Privacy Protection for Filings Made With the Court

  Rule 5.2. Privacy Protection for Filings Made With the Court.   (a) Redacted Filings. Unless the court orders or the law requires otherwise, in any filing with the court that contains an individual's social security number, taxpayer identification number, or birth date, or a financial account number, a party or nonparty making the filing must include only:   (1) the last four digits of the social security number or taxpayer identification number;   (2) the year of the individual's birth; and   (3) the last four digits of the financial account number.   (b) Exemptions from the Redaction Requirement. The redaction requirement does not apply to the following:   (1) a financial account number that identifies the property allegedly subject to forfeiture in a forfeiture proceeding;   (2) the record of an administrative or agency proceeding;   (3) the record of a court or tribunal, if that record was not subject to the redaction requirement when originally filed; and   (4) a filing covered by Rule 5.2(c).   (c) Filings Made Under Seal. The court may order that a filing be made under seal without redaction. The court may later unseal the filing or order the person who made the filing to file a redacted version for the public record.   (d) Protective Orders. For good cause, the court may by order in a case:   (1) require redaction of additional information;   (2) limit or prohibit a nonparty's remote electronic access to a document filed with the court; or   (3) provide other guidance regarding privacy and access consistent with the Rules for Privacy and Public Access to Court Records in Montana.   (e) Option for Additional Unredacted Filing under Seal. A person making a redacted filing may also file an unredacted copy under seal. The court must retain the unredacted copy as part of the record.   (f) Option for Filing a Reference List. A filing that contains redacted information may be filed together with a reference list that identifies each item of redacted information and specifies an appropriate identifier that uniquely corresponds to each item listed. The list must be filed under seal and may be amended as of right. Any reference in the case to a listed identifier will be construed to refer to the corresponding item of information.   (g) Non-conforming Documents.   (1) Waiver. A person waives the protection of Rule 5.2(a) as to the person's own information by filing it without redaction and not under seal.   (2) Sanctions. If a party fails to comply with this rule, the court on motion of another party or its own motion may order the pleading or other document to be reformed. If the order is not obeyed, the court may order the document stricken.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 7. (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part III. Pleadings and Motions|Rule 7.. Pleadings Allowed; Form of Motions and Other Papers

  Rule 7. Pleadings Allowed; Form of Motions and Other Papers.   (a) Pleadings. Only these pleadings are allowed:   (1) a complaint;   (2) an answer to a complaint;   (3) an answer to a counterclaim designated as a counterclaim;   (4) an answer to a crossclaim;   (5) a third-party complaint;   (6) an answer to a third-party complaint; and   (7) if the court orders one, a reply to an answer.   (b) Motions and Other Papers.   (1) In General. A request for a court order must be made by motion. The motion must:   (A) be in writing unless made during a hearing or trial;   (B) state with particularity the grounds for seeking the order; and   (C) state the relief sought.   (2) Form. The rules governing captions and other matters of form in pleadings apply to motions and other papers.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 7.1 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part III. Pleadings and Motions|Rule 7.1. Disclosure Statement

  Rule 7.1. Disclosure Statement.   (a) Who Must File; Contents. A nongovernmental corporate party must file and serve a disclosure statement that:   (1) identifies any parent corporation and any publicly held corporation owning 10% or more of its stock; or   (2) states that there is no such corporation.   (b) Time to File; Supplemental Filing. A party must:   (1) file and serve the disclosure statement with its first appearance, pleading, petition, motion, response, or other request addressed to the court; and   (2) promptly file and serve a supplemental statement if any required information changes.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 9 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part III. Pleadings and Motions|Rule 9. Pleading Special Matters

  Rule 9. Pleading Special Matters.   (a) Capacity or Authority to Sue; Legal Existence.   (1) In General. A pleading need not allege:   (A) a party's capacity to sue or be sued;   (B) a party's authority to sue or be sued in a representative capacity; or   (C) the legal existence of an organized association of persons that is made a party.   (2) Raising Those Issues. To raise any of those issues, a party must do so by a specific denial, which must state any supporting facts that are peculiarly within the party's knowledge.   (b) Fraud or Mistake; Conditions of Mind. In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind may be alleged generally.   (c) Conditions Precedent. In pleading conditions precedent, it suffices to allege generally that all conditions precedent have occurred or been performed. But when denying that a condition precedent has occurred or been performed, a party must do so with particularity.   (d) Official Document or Act. In pleading an official document or official act, it suffices to allege that the document was legally issued or the act legally done.   (e) Judgment. In pleading a judgment or decision of a domestic or foreign court, a judicial or quasi-judicial tribunal, or a board or officer, it suffices to plead the judgment or decision without showing jurisdiction to render it.   (f) Time and Place. An allegation of time or place is material when testing the sufficiency of a pleading.   (g) Special Damages. If an item of special damage is claimed, it must be specifically stated.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 10 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part III. Pleadings and Motions|Rule 10. Form of Pleadings

  Rule 10. Form of Pleadings.   (a) Caption; Names of Parties. Every pleading must have a caption with the court's name, a title, a file number, and a Rule 7(a) designation. The title of the complaint must name all the parties; the title of other pleadings, after naming the first party on each side, may refer generally to other parties.   (b) Paragraphs; Separate Statements. A party must state its claims or defenses in numbered paragraphs, each limited as far as practicable to a single set of circumstances. A later pleading may refer by number to a paragraph in an earlier pleading. If doing so would promote clarity, each claim founded on a separate transaction or occurrence -- and each defense other than a denial -- must be stated in a separate count or defense.   (c) Adoption by Reference; Exhibits. A statement in a pleading may be adopted by reference elsewhere in the same pleading or in any other pleading or motion. A copy of a written instrument that is an exhibit to a pleading is a part of the pleading for all purposes.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 13 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part III. Pleadings and Motions|Rule 13. Counterclaim and Crossclaim

  Rule 13. Counterclaim and Crossclaim.   (a) Compulsory Counterclaim.   (1) In General. A pleading must state as a counterclaim any claim that -- at the time of its service -- the pleader has against an opposing party if the claim:   (A) arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party's claim; and   (B) does not require adding another party over whom the court cannot acquire jurisdiction.   (2) Exceptions. The pleader need not state the claim if:   (A) when the action was commenced, the claim was the subject of another pending action; or   (B) the opposing party sued on its claim by attachment or other process that did not establish personal jurisdiction over the pleader on that claim, and the pleader does not assert any counterclaim under this rule.   (b) Permissive Counterclaims. A pleading may state as a counterclaim against an opposing party any claim that is not compulsory.   (c) Relief Sought in a Counterclaim. A counterclaim need not diminish or defeat the recovery sought by the opposing party. It may request relief that exceeds in amount or differs in kind from the relief sought by the opposing party.   (d) Counterclaim against the State. These rules do not expand the right to assert a counterclaim -- or to claim a credit -- against the State of Montana or a state officer or agency.   (e) Counterclaim Maturing or Acquired after Pleading. The court may permit a party to file a supplemental pleading asserting a counterclaim that matured or was acquired by the party after serving an earlier pleading.   (f) [Abrogated.]   (g) Crossclaim against a Coparty. A pleading may state as a crossclaim any claim by one party against a coparty if the claim arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the original action or of a counterclaim, or if the claim relates to any property that is the subject matter of the original action. The crossclaim may include a claim that the coparty is or may be liable to the crossclaimant for all or part of a claim asserted in the action against the crossclaimant.   (h) Joining Additional Parties. Rules 19 and 20 govern the addition of a person as a party to a counterclaim or crossclaim.   (i) Separate Trials; Separate Judgments. If the court orders separate trials under Rule 42(b), it may enter judgment on a counterclaim or crossclaim under Rule 54(b) when it has jurisdiction to do so, even if the opposing party's claims have been dismissed or otherwise resolved.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 14 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part III. Pleadings and Motions|Rule 14. Third-Party Practice

  Rule 14. Third-Party Practice.   (a) When a Defending Party May Bring in a Third Party.   (1) Timing of the Summons and Complaint. A defending party may, as third-party plaintiff, serve a summons and complaint on a nonparty who is or may be liable to it for all or part of the claim against it. But the third-party plaintiff must, by motion, obtain the court's leave if it files the third-party complaint more than 14 days after serving its original answer.   (2) Third-Party Defendant's Claims and Defenses. The person served with the summons and third-party complaint -- the "third-party defendant":   (A) must assert any defense against the third-party plaintiff's claim under Rule 12;   (B) must assert any counterclaim against the third-party plaintiff under Rule 13(a), and may assert any counterclaim against the third-party plaintiff under Rule 13(b) or any crossclaim against another third-party defendant under Rule 13(g);   (C) may assert against the plaintiff any defense that the third-party plaintiff has to the plaintiff's claim; and   (D) may also assert against the plaintiff any claim arising out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the plaintiff's claim against the third-party plaintiff.   (3) Plaintiff's Claims against a Third-Party Defendant. The plaintiff may assert against the third-party defendant any claim arising out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the plaintiff's claim against the third-party plaintiff. The third-party defendant must then assert any defense under Rule 12 and any counterclaim under Rule 13(a), and may assert any counterclaim under Rule 13(b) or any crossclaim under Rule 13(g).   (4) Motion to Strike, Sever, or Try Separately. Any party may move to strike the third-party claim, to sever it, or to try it separately.   (5) Third-Party Defendant's Claim against a Nonparty. A third-party defendant may proceed under this rule against a nonparty who is or may be liable to the third-party defendant for all or part of any claim against it.   (b) When a Plaintiff May Bring in a Third Party. When a claim is asserted against a plaintiff, the plaintiff may bring in a third party if this rule would allow a defendant to do so.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 17 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part IV. Parties|Rule 17. Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity; Public Officers

  Rule 17. Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity; Public Officers.   (a) Real Party in Interest.   (1) Designation in General. An action must be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest. The following may sue in their own names without joining the person for whose benefit the action is brought:   (A) an executor;   (B) an administrator;   (C) a guardian;   (D) a bailee;   (E) a trustee of an express trust;   (F) a party with whom or in whose name a contract has been made for another's benefit; and   (G) a party authorized by statute.   (2) Action in the Name of the State of Montana for Another's Use or Benefit. When a state statute so provides, an action for another's use or benefit must be brought in the name of the State of Montana.   (3) Joinder of the Real Party in Interest. The court may not dismiss an action for failure to prosecute in the name of the real party in interest until, after an objection, a reasonable time has been allowed for the real party in interest to ratify, join, or be substituted into the action. After ratification, joinder, or substitution, the action proceeds as if it had been originally commenced by the real party in interest.   (b) Capacity to Sue or be Sued. Capacity to sue or be sued is determined by appropriate statutory provisions.   (c) Minor or Incompetent Person.   (1) With a Representative. The following representatives may sue or defend on behalf of a minor or an incompetent person:   (A) a general guardian;   (B)  a committee;   (C) a conservator; or   (D)  a like fiduciary.   (2) Without a Representative. A minor or an incompetent person who does not have a duly appointed representative may sue by a next friend or by a guardian ad litem. The court must appoint a guardian ad litem -- or issue another appropriate order -- to protect a minor or incompetent person who is unrepresented in an action.   (d) Public Officer's Title and Name. A public officer who sues or is sued in an official capacity may be designated by official title rather than by name, but the court may order that the officer's name be added.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.
MT Code § Rule 18 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 25. Civil Procedure|Chapter 20. Rules of Civil Procedure|Part IV. Parties|Rule 18. Joinder of Claims

  Rule 18. Joinder of Claims.   (a) In General. A party asserting a claim, counterclaim, crossclaim, or third-party claim may join, as independent or alternative claims, as many claims as it has against an opposing party.   (b) Joinder of Contingent Claims. A party may join two claims even though one of them is contingent on the disposition of the other; but the court may grant relief only in accordance with the parties' relative substantive rights. In particular, a plaintiff may state a claim for money and a claim to set aside a conveyance that is fraudulent as to that plaintiff, without first obtaining a judgment for the money. In tort cases, this rule does not allow a liability or indemnity insurance carrier to join, unless under law or a contract the carrier is directly liable to the person injured or damaged.   History: En. Sup. Ct. Ord. No. AF 07-0157, April 26, 2011, eff. Oct. 1, 2011.