reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
AL Code § 27-13-21 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-21 - Applicability of Article - Generally.

Section 27-13-21Applicability of article - Generally. (a) This article shall apply to insurance against loss to property located in this state, or to any valuable interest therein, by fire, lightning, windstorm, explosion, or by theft or physical damage to motor vehicles and all other kinds of insurance which fire insurance companies are authorized to write in this state, except this article shall not apply to reinsurance, aviation insurance, flood insurance, and marine insurance, which term shall mean, and include, insurance and reinsurance against any, and all, kinds of loss or damage to all of the following subject matters of insurance and interests therein: (1) Hulls, vessels, and craft of every kind. (2) Aids to navigation. (3) Dry docks and marine railways, including marine builders' and repairers' risks, and whether complete or in process of, or awaiting, construction. (4) All marine protection and indemnity risks. (5) All goods, freights, cargoes, merchandise, effects, disbursements, profits, monies, bullion, precious stones, securities, chooses in action, evidences of debt, valuable papers, bottomry and respondentia interest, and all other kinds of property and interests therein, in respect to, appertaining to, or in connection with any and all risks or perils of navigation, transit, or transportation on or under any seas, lakes, rivers, or other waters, or in the air or on land in connection with, or incident to, export, import, or waterborne risks, or while being assembled, packed, crated, baled, compressed, or similarly prepared for shipment, or while awaiting the same, or during any delays, storage, transshipment, or reshipment incident thereto, including the insurance of war risks in respect to any or all of the aforesaid subject matters of insurance. (b) This article shall apply to inland marine insurance in the manner provided in Section 27-13-22, and to flood insurance for motor vehicles. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §2; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §258; Act 2021-173, §1.)
AL Code § 27-13-22 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-22 - Applicability of Article - Inland Marine Insurance.

Section 27-13-22Applicability of article - Inland marine insurance. The provisions of this section shall apply to all insurance which is now or hereafter defined by statute, by ruling of the commissioner or by lawful custom as inland marine insurance, but this article shall not apply to insurance of vessels or craft, their cargoes, marine builder's risks, marine protection and indemnity, or other risks commonly insured under marine insurance policies: (1) As to all classes of inland marine insurance for which class rates or rating plans are customarily fixed by rating organizations or associations of underwriters, rates or rating plans shall be filed by all authorized insurers writing such classes, with the department in such manner and form as it shall direct, and also special rates fixed by any such rating organization or association shall be similarly filed. All such rates shall be reasonable, adequate and not unfairly discriminatory. Due consideration shall be given to past experience within the state and outside the state when necessary, and due consideration may be given to prospective loss experience within the state and without when necessary, including catastrophe hazards, to a reasonable margin for profit and contingencies, to policyholders' dividends in the case of participating insurers and to all other relevant factors within the state and without the state when necessary; (2) Any filing made pursuant to this section shall be approved by the commissioner unless he finds that such filing does not meet the requirements of this section. As soon as reasonably possible after the filing has been made, the commissioner shall in writing approve or disapprove the same; provided, however, that any filing of class rates, special rates, or rating plans shall be deemed approved unless disapproved within 30 days. The commissioner may investigate rates not required to be filed under the provisions of this section and may require the filing of any particular rate not otherwise required to be filed; and (3) An insurer may satisfy its obligation to make such filings by becoming a member of, or a subscriber to, a licensed rating organization which makes such filings and by authorizing the department to accept such filings on its behalf. An insurer may belong or subscribe to an inland marine rating organization for inland marine insurance and also to other rating organizations for other types of insurance. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §3; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §259.)
AL Code § 27-13-23 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-23 - Applicability of Article - Exemptions.

Section 27-13-23Applicability of article - Exemptions. Nothing in this article shall apply to any town or county farmers' mutual fire insurance association restricting their operations to not more than one county or to domestic insurance companies, associations, orders, or fraternal benefit societies now doing business in this state on the assessment plan. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §25; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §282.)
AL Code § 27-13-25 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-25 - Rating Organizations - Provisions for Insurers to Become Members or Subscribers.

Section 27-13-25Rating organizations - Provisions for insurers to become members or subscribers. Every rating organization shall make reasonable provision in its bylaws, rules, constitution, or otherwise to permit any insurer engaged in the kind of insurance for which rate-making is done by such rating organization to become a member or subscriber thereof upon application therefor by such insurer. An insurer may be a member of, or a subscriber to, more than one rating organization, but not for the purpose of rating the same risk. No insurer shall use any rate or rating systems made by a rating organization of which it is not a member or subscriber or by another insurer. No rating organization shall discriminate unfairly between insurers in the conditions imposed for admission as subscribers or in the services rendered to either members or subscribers. The refusal of any rating organization to admit an insurer as a subscriber shall, at the request of such insurer, be reviewed by the commissioner at a hearing held upon at least 10 days' notice to such rating organization and such insurer. If the commissioner shall find that the insurer has been refused admittance to such rating organization as a subscriber without justification, he shall make an order directing such rating organization to admit such insurer as a subscriber. If he shall find that the action of the rating organization in refusing admittance to an insurer as a subscriber is justified, he shall make an order affirming its action. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §5; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §261.)
AL Code § 27-13-26 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-26 - Rating Organizations - Withdrawal, Expulsion, and Readmission of Members or Subscribers.

Section 27-13-26Rating organizations - Withdrawal, expulsion, and readmission of members or subscribers. Every rating organization shall notify the department within 10 days upon the withdrawal or expulsion therefrom of any member or subscriber. Should a rating organization expel or otherwise exclude a subscriber for the refusal or failure of such subscriber to pay such rating organization the subscribership fee agreed upon, such rating organization shall readmit such subscriber upon payment to it of any delinquent charges. No insurer shall, after expulsion or withdrawal from a rating organization, use any rate or rating system made by such rating organization during the period that such expulsion or withdrawal continues. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §16; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §273.)
AL Code § 27-13-27 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-27 - Rate-Making and Making Rating Systems.

Section 27-13-27Rate-making and making rating systems. Every rating organization and every insurer which makes its own rates shall make rates that are not unreasonably high or inadequate for the safety and soundness of the insurer and which do not unfairly discriminate between risks in this state involving essentially the same hazards and shall, in rate-making and in making rating systems: (1) Adopt basis classifications, which shall be used as the basis of all manual, minimum, class, schedule, or experience rates; (2) Adopt reasonable standards for construction, for protective facilities and for other conditions that materially affect the hazard or peril, which shall be applied in the determination or fixing of rates; (3) Give consideration to past experience within the state and without the state when necessary, and due consideration may be given to prospective loss experience within the state and without the state when necessary, over such period of years as appears to be fairly representative of the frequency of the occurrence of the particular hazard or peril, including, where pertinent, the conflagration and catastrophe hazards, if any; and (4) Give consideration to all factors reasonably related to the kind of insurance involved, including a reasonable profit for the insurer and, in the case of participating insurers, to policyholders' dividends. In the case of fire insurance, consideration shall be given to the latest available experience of the fire insurance business, other than fire insurance covering motor vehicles, during a period of not less than five years preceding the year in which rates are made or revised. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §6; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §262.)
AL Code § 27-13-28 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-28 - Annual Statistical Reports of Insurers.

Section 27-13-28Annual statistical reports of insurers. Every insurer shall file annually, on or before July 1, with the rating organization of which it is a member or subscriber, or with such other common agency representing a group of insurers as the department may approve, and with the department a statistical report showing a classification schedule of its premiums and its losses on all kinds of insurance to which this article is applicable, together with such other information as the department may deem necessary for the proper determination of the reasonableness and adequacy of rates. Such statistical report filed with the rating organization may be consolidated and filed by such common agency. Such data shall be kept and reports made in such manner and on such forms as may be prescribed by the commissioner. All such annual filings with the department shall be kept under lock and key, and any official or employee of the department who shall divulge the contents or permit the examination thereof, except for the purpose of properly administering the provisions of this article or upon the order of court, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be subject to a fine of not more than $50.00, and shall thereafter be ineligible to be an employee or agent of said department. A mutual fire insurance company or reciprocal fire exchange which confines its business chiefly to the insurance of sprinklered risks and which pays no commission or brokerage for the acquisition of business shall be deemed to comply with the provisions of this section if it files its statistical reports of premium deposits and losses on the basis of comprehensive coverage. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §7; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §263.)
AL Code § 27-13-29 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-29 - Filing of Rating Systems With Department by Insurers - Requirement.

Section 27-13-29Filing of rating systems with department by insurers - Requirement. Beginning 180 days after January 1, 1972, every insurer shall, before using or applying any rate to any kind of insurance coming within the scope of this article, file with the department a copy of the rating system upon which such rate is based or by which such rate is fixed or determined. The filing required in this section may be made on behalf of such insurer by a rating organization of which such insurer is a member or subscriber. The provisions of this section shall be deemed to have been complied with by any insurer which had, before January 1, 1972, been a member or subscriber of a rating organization doing business in the state. From and after the date of the filing of such rating systems, every insurer shall charge and receive rates fixed or determined in strict conformity therewith, except as in this article otherwise expressly provided. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §8; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §264.)
AL Code § 27-13-31 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-31 - Survey of Risks Rated Upon Schedule.

Section 27-13-31Survey of risks rated upon schedule. Every rating organization, and every insurer which does its own rate-making, shall keep in its office a written survey of every risk rated upon schedule after inspection and shall, upon request, furnish a copy of such survey to the interested insured or his duly authorized representative. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §10; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §266.)
AL Code § 27-13-32 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-32 - Hearings on Applications to Reduce Rates.

Section 27-13-32Hearings on applications to reduce rates. Every rating organization, and every insurer which does its own rate-making, shall provide reasonable means within this state, to be approved by the department, whereby any person, or persons, affected by rate made by it may be heard on an application to reduce such rate. If such rating organization or such insurer shall refuse to reduce such rate, the person or persons affected thereby may make a like application to the commissioner within 30 days after receipt of notice in writing that the application for reduction of rate has been denied by such rating organization or by such insurer. If, upon the expiration of 20 days after application for the reduction of a rate, such rating organization or such insurer fails to grant or reject the application, the person, or persons, affected may make the application to the commissioner in the same manner as if the application had been rejected by such rating organization or by such insurer. The commissioner shall fix a time and place for hearing on such application, upon not less than 10 days' notice by registered or certified mail, for the applicant and such rating organization or such insurer to be heard. The commissioner shall make such order as he shall deem just and lawful upon the evidence placed before him at such hearing. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §11; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §267.)
AL Code § 27-13-33 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-33 - Applications for Uniform Percentage Increase or Decrease of Rates by Insurers.

Section 27-13-33Applications for uniform percentage increase or decrease of rates by insurers. Any insurer may apply to the commissioner for permission to effect a uniform percentage increase or decrease in the rates applied to all risks of a particular class in the state in a particular kind, or kinds, of insurance. Upon the filing of such application, the commissioner shall give notice thereof by registered or certified mail to the rating organization, if any, of which such insurer is a member or subscriber and shall fix a time and place for a hearing upon the merits of such application. At such hearing, such insurer and such rating organization, or their representatives, shall be entitled to be heard and to present evidence in support of, or against, such application. The commissioner shall, upon the conclusion of such hearing, make such order as he shall deem consistent with the establishment and maintenance of reasonable, adequate and non-discriminatory rates. If the application is granted, such increase or decrease shall remain in force unless withdrawn by the insurer with the consent of, or by order of, the commissioner. If the commissioner shall find that such increase or decrease will result in rates that are unreasonable, inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory, he shall make an order denying the application. Notwithstanding the foregoing, but subject to the provisions of Section 27-13-30, to the extent not inconsistent therewith, when a filing of adjustments of rates for existing rating systems is made under this section and does not involve a change in the relationship between such rates and the expense portion thereof or does not involve a change of the element of expenses which are paid as a percentage of premiums and does not involve a change in rate relativities among such classifications on any basis other than loss experience, such filing shall become effective upon the date, or dates, specified in the filing and shall be deemed to meet the requirements of this title. A rate in excess of that promulgated by such rating organization may be charged on any specific risk provided such higher rate is charged with the knowledge and written consent of both the insured and the commissioner. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §12; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §268.)
AL Code § 27-13-34 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-34 - Approval of Rates and Forms for Insuring Special Types or Classes of Risks.

Section 27-13-34Approval of rates and forms for insuring special types or classes of risks. Any insurer, individually or as a member of a pool, group, or association, engaged in the business of insuring special types or classes of risks in connection with a particular inspection or engineering service or with respect to which a set of standards has been maintained to the satisfaction of the commissioner may submit its loss experience data, forms, and proposed rates and negotiate with the commissioner for his approval of such rates and forms either directly in its own behalf or through a unified facility of the group created, licensed as a rating organization and maintained entirely or in part for such purpose. In evaluating the forms and rates of such an insurer, or pool or association of insurers, the commissioner shall act with due regard for the previous record of such insurer or group of insurers and with due appreciation of previous and prospective loss trends, both within and outside the state, and to any other factors reasonably related to the classes or types of insurance written by such insurer or group of insurers. If approved, such forms and rates shall be filed with the rating organization, licensed to make rates on such types or classes of risks, of which such insurer is a member or subscriber. Nothing contained in this section shall be construed as exempting any insurer, pool, group, or association of insurers from all other provisions of this article. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §13; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §270.)
AL Code § 27-13-35 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-35 - Factors to Be Considered by Commissioner in Determining Reasonableness, etc., of Rates.

Section 27-13-35Factors to be considered by commissioner in determining reasonableness, etc., of rates. In every case where, pursuant to the provisions of this article, the commissioner is authorized or required to determine whether rates are reasonable and adequate and not unfairly discriminatory, he shall consider: (1) The factors applied by insurers and rating organizations generally in determining the bases for rates; (2) The financial condition of the insurer; (3) The method of operation of such insurer; (4) The past loss experience of the insurer within the state and without the state when necessary and may give consideration to prospective loss experience within the state and without the state when necessary, over such period of years as shall appear to be fairly representative of the frequency of the occurrence of the particular hazard or peril, including, where pertinent, the conflagration and catastrophe hazards, if any; (5) All factors reasonably related to the kind of insurance involved; and (6) A reasonable profit for the insurer and, in the case of participating insurers, to policyholders' dividends. In the case of fire insurance, he shall consider the latest available experience of the fire insurance business, other than fire insurance covering motor vehicles, during a period of not less than five years preceding the year in which such rates are reviewed by him. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §14; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §271.)
AL Code § 27-13-36 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 27 - Insurance.|Chapter 13 - Rates and Rating Organizations.|Article 2 - Fire, etc., and Inland Marine Insurance.|Section 27-13-36 - Examination of Business, etc., of Rating Organizations and Insurers Making Own Rates.

Section 27-13-36Examination of business, etc., of rating organizations and insurers making own rates. The commissioner may, whenever he deems it expedient, but at least once in every five years, make, or cause to be made, an examination of the business, affairs, and method of operation of every rating organization doing business in this state and a like examination of an insurer making its own rates. The cost of such examination shall be fixed in the same manner as provided for in this title and shall be paid by the rating organization or insurer making its own rates being examined. The commissioner may, in his discretion, waive such examination upon proof that such rating organization has, within a reasonably recent period, been examined by a public official or department of another state pursuant to the laws of such state and upon the filing with the department of a certified copy of the report of such examination. The officers, managers, agents, and employees of such rating organization or insurer making its own rates shall exhibit all its books, records, documents, or agreements governing its method of operation, its rating systems, and its accounts for the purpose of such examination. The commissioner, or his representative, may, for the purpose of facilitating and furthering such examination, examine, under oath, the officers, managers, agents, and employees of such rating organization or insurer making its own rates. (Acts 1945, No. 132, p. 133, §15; Acts 1971, No. 407, p. 707, §272.)