DC Code § 48-902.04 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 48 - Foods and Drugs|Chapter 9 - Controlled Substances Act|Subchapter II - Standards and Schedules|§ 48-902.04. Schedule I enumerated

The controlled substances listed in this section are included in Schedule I, unless and until removed therefrom pursuant to § 48-902.01: (1) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, whenever the existence of these isomers, esters, ethers and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation: (A) Acetylmethadol; (B) Allylprodine; (C) Alphacetylmethadol (except levo-alphacetylmethadol, also known as levo-alphaacetylmethadol, levomethadyl, accetate, or LAAM); (D) Alphameprodine; (E) Alphamethadol; (F) Benzethidine; (G) Betacetylmethadol; (H) Betameprodine; (I) Betamethadol; (J) Betaprodine; (K) Clonitazene; (L) Dextromoramide; (M) Diampromide; (N) Diethylthiambutene; (O) Difenoxin; (P) Dimenoxadol; (Q) Dimepheptanol; (R) Dimethylthiambutene; (S) Dioxaphetylbutyrate; (T) Dipipanone; (U) Ethylmethylthiambutene; (V) Etonitazene; (W) Etoxeridine; (X) Furethidine; (Y) Hydroxypethidine; (Z) Ketobemidone; (AA) Levomoramide; (BB) Levophenacylmorphan; (CC) Morpheridine; (DD) Noracymethadol; (EE) Norlevorphanol; (FF) Normethadone; (GG) Norpipanone; (HH) Phenadoxone; (II) Phenampromide; (JJ) Phenomorphan; (KK) Phenoperidine; (LL) Piritramide; (MM) Proheptazine; (NN) Properidine; (OO) Propiram; (PP) Racemoramide; (QQ) Thiophene; (RR) Trimeperidine; (SS) Acetyl-Alpha-Methylfentanyl; (TT) Alphe-methylfentanyl; (UU) Alpha-Methylthiofentanyl; (VV) Beta-hydroxyfentanyl; (WW) Beta-hydroxy-3-Methylfentanyl; (XX) 3-Methylfentanyl; (YY) 3-Methylthiofentanyl; (ZZ) MPPP; (AAA) Para-flurofentanyl; (BBB) PEPAP; (CCC) Thiofentanyl; and (DDD) Tilidine; (2) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following opium derivatives, its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers, whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: (A) Acetorphine; (B) Acetyldihydrocodeine; (C) Benzylmorphine; (D) Codeine methylbromide; (E) Codeine-N-Oxide; (F) Cyprenorphine; (G) Desomorphine; (H) Dihydromorphine; (I) Drotepanol; (J) Etorphine (except hydrochloride salt); (K) Diacetylated morphine (heroin); (L) Hydromorphinol; (M) Methyldesorphine; (N) Methyldihydromorphine; (O) Morphine methylbromide; (P) Morphine methylsulfonate; (Q) Morphine-N-Oxide; (R) Myrophine; (S) Nicocodeine; (T) Nicomorphine; (U) Normorphine; (V) Pholcodine; and (W) Thebacon; (3) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances, its salts, isomers and salts of isomers, whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation : (A) 4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxyamphetamine; (B) 2, 5 dimethoxyamphetamine; (C) 4-methoxyamphetamine; (D) 5-methoxy-3, 4-methylenedioxy amphetamine; (E) 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine; (F) 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine [MDA]; (G) 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy amphetamine; (G-i) 25I-NBOMe (also known as 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-benzeneethanamine); (G-ii) 25B-NBOMe (also known as 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-benzeneethanamine) (G-iii) 25C-NBOMe (also known as 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine); (G-iv) 5-APB (also known as α-methyl-5-benzofuranethanamine); (G-v) 5-APDB (also known as 2,3-dihydro-α-methyl-5-benzofuranethanamine); (G-vi) 6-APB (also known as α-methyl-6-benzofuranethanamine); (G-vii) 6-APDB (also known as 2,3-dihydro-α-methyl-6-benzofuranethanamine); (G-viii) 3-methoxy-PCE (also known as N-ethyl-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexanamine); (G-ix) 3-methoxy-PCP (also known as 1-[1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]-piperidine); (G-x) 4-methoxy-PCP (also known as 1-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine); (G-xi) 5-methoxy-DALT, also known as: (i) 5-MeO-DALT; or (ii) 5-methoxy-N,N-di-2-propen-1-yl-1H-indole-3-ethanamine; (G-xii) 4-acetoxy DMT, also known as: (i) 4-AcO-DMT; or (ii) 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-ol-4-acetate; (H) Bufotenine; (I) Diethyltryptamine; (J) Dimethyltryptamine; (K) Ethylamide analog of phencyclidine, PCE; (L) Ibogaine; (M) Lysergic acid diethylamide; (M-i) Methoxetamine (also known as 2-(ethylamino)-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone); (N) Mescaline; (O) Peyote; (P) N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate; (Q) N-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate; (R) Psilocybin; (S) Psilocyn; (T) Pyrrolidine analog of phencyclidine, PCPY; (U) Thiophene analog of phencyclidine; (V) Repealed; (W) Parahexyl; (X) 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine; (Y) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]; (Z) Alpha-methyltryptamine (other name: AMT); (AA) 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (other name: 5- MeO-DIPT); (BB) 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (other name: 2C-T-7); (CC) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-E); (DD) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-D); (EE) 2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-C); (FF) 2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-I); (GG) 2-[4-(Ethylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-2); (HH) 2-[4-(Isopropylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C- T-4); (II) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-H); (JJ) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitro-phenyl)ethanamine (2C-N); (KK) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-P); and (LL) Cathinone; (4) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, or mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a depressant effect on the central nervous system including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: (A) Mecloqualone; (B) Methaqualone; and (C) Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (some other names include GHB; gamma-hydroxybutyrate; 4-hydroxybutyrate; 4-hydroxybutanoic acid; sodium oxybate; sodium oxybutyrate); (5) As used in this paragraph, the term "synthetic cathinones" includes any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that is not otherwise listed as a controlled substance in this schedule or in Schedules II through V, is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a drug, and is structurally derived from or contains any quantity of the following substances, their salts, isomers, homologues, analogues, and salts of isomers, homologues, and analogues, unless specifically excepted, whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, homologues, analogues, and salts of isomers, homologues, and analogues is possible within the specific chemical designation: (A) Classified Synthetic Cathinones: (i) Cathinones. Any compound, other than methylnenedioxy cathinones and pyrrolidine cathinones, containing a 2-amino-1-propanone structure with substitution at the 1-position with a monocyclic ring system, with or without alkyl, alkoxyl, or halo substitutions, and a substitution at the nitrogen atom by an alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, or incorporation into a heterocyclic structure. Examples of this structural class include: (I) Mephedrone, also known as: (aa) 2-(methylamino )-1-(4-methylphenyl)-1-propanone; (bb) 4-MeMC; (cc) 4-Methylmethcathinone; (dd) 4-Methylephedrone; or (ee) 4-MMC; (II) Dimethylcathinone, also known as: (aa) 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanone; or (bb) N,N-Dimethylcathinone; (III) Ethcathinone, also known as: (aa) 2-(ethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanone; (bb) Ethylcathinone; (cc) N-Ethylcathinone; or (dd) 2-Ethylaminobuphedro; (IV) Buphedrone, also known as: (aa) 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylbutan-l-one; or (bb) MABP; (V) 3,4-DMMC, also known as: (aa) 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-(methylamino)-1- propanone; or (bb) 3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone; (VI) EMC, also known as: (aa) 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-(methylamino)propan-1-one; (bb) 4-EMC; or (cc) 4-Ethylmethcathinone; (VII) Fluoromethcathinone (also known as 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(methylamino) propan-1-one); (VIII) 3-FMC, also known as: (aa) 3-fluoro-N-methylcathinone); or (bb) 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)propan-1- one; (IX) 4-FMC, also known as: (aa) 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)propan-1-one; (bb) 4-fluoro-N-methylcathinone; or (cc) Flephedrone; (X) 4-MeBP, also known as: (aa) 2-(methylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-1-butanone; (bb) 4-Methylbuphedrone; (cc) 4-methyl BP; or (dd) 4-MeMABP; (XI) 3-MEC, also known as: (aa) 2-(ethylamino )-1-(m-tolyl)propan-l-one; or (bb) 3-Methyl-N-ethylcathinone; (XII) 4-MEC, also known as: (aa) 2-(ethylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-1-propanone; or (bb) 4-Methyl-N-ethylcathinone; (XIII) 3-MMC, also known as: (aa) 2-(methylamino)-1-(3-methylphenyl)-1-propanone; (bb) 3-methyl MS; or (cc) 3-Methylmethcathinone; (XIV) Methedrone (also known as l-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)-1-propanone); and (XV) Pentedrone (also known as 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpentan-1-one); (ii) Methylenedioxy Cathinones. Any compound containing a 2- amino-1-propanone structure with substitution at the 1-position with a monocyclic or fused polycyclic ring system and a substitution at any position of the ring system with an alkyl, haloalkyl, halogen, alkylenedioxy, or alkoxy group, whether or not further substituted at any position on the ring system to any extent. Examples of this structural class include: (I) 3-fluoromethylone; (II) Methylone, also known as (aa) 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)-1-propanone; or (bb) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone); (III) N-ethyl Pentylone, also known as: (aa) Ephylone; or (bb) 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(ethylamino)-1-pentanone; (IV) bk-MDDMA, also known as: (aa) 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(dimethylamino)propan-1-one; (bb) Dimethylone; (cc) N,N-dimethyl-3',4'-methylenedioxycathinone; (dd) N,N-dimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxycathinone; or (ee) N,N-Dimethyl MDCATH; (V) Butylone, also known as 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)butan-1-one); and (VI) Ethylone, also known as: (aa) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylcathinone; or (bb) MDEC; (iii) Pyrrolidine Cathinones. Any compound containing a 2-amino-1-propanone structure with substitution at the 1-position with an alkyl, cyclic, or fused polycyclic ring system and a substitution at the 3-position carbon with an alkyl, haloalkyl, halogen, alkoxy or alkylenedioxy group, and a substitution at the nitrogen atom incorporation into a heterocyclic structure, with or without further halogen substitutions. Examples include: (I) α-PVP (also known as α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone); (II) α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone, also known as: (aa) 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-l-propanone; or (bb) α-PPP; (III) α-PBP, also known as: (aa) 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-butanone; or (bb) α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone; (IV) MDPBP, also known as: (aa) 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-butanone; (bb) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-α-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone; or (cc) 3,4-MDPBP; (V) MDPPP, also known as: (aa) 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone; or (bb) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-α-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone; (VI) MDPV, also known as: (aa) 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone; or (bb) 3,4-Methylenedioxy Pyrovalerone; (VII) 4-MePPP, also known as (aa) 4'-methyl-α-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone; (bb) 4'-methyl PPP; or (cc) 2-(pyrrolidin-l-yl)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-l-one; (VIII) 4'-methyl PHP, also known as: (aa) 4'-methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone; (bb) MPHP; (cc) 4'-methyl-α-PHP; or (dd) PV4; (IX) Naphyrone, also known as: (aa) (RS)-1-naphthalen-2-yl-2-pyrrolidin-l- ylpentan-1-one; or (bb) Naphpyrovalerone; and (X) C-PVP, also known as: (aa) 4-Chloro-α-PVP; or (bb) 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan- 1-one; or (iv) Piperazine Stimulants. Any compound containing or structurally derived from a piperazine, or diethylenediamine, structure with or without substitution at one of the nitrogen atoms of the piperazine ring to any extent, including alkyl, cycloalkyl, or fused ring systems, with or without further halogen substitutions. Examples include: (I) BZP, also known as: (aa) 1-(phenylmethyl)-piperazine; (bb) 1-Benzylpiperazine; or (cc) N-Benzylpiperazine; and (II) TMFPP, also known as: (aa) 1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-piperazine; (bb) 1-(m-Trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine; or (cc) 3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine. (B) Unclassified Synthetic Cathinones: (i) Aminorex (also known as (RS)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine); (ii) α-ET, also known as: (I) α-ethyl-1H-indole-3-ethanamine; (II) α-ethyltryptamine; or (III) 3-Indolybutylamine; (iii) α-MT, also known as: (I) α-methyl-1H-indole-3-ethanamine; or (II) α-methyltryptamine; (iv) EMA, also known as: (I) N-ethyl-α-methyl-benzeneethanamine; or (II) N-Ethylamphetamine; (v) Fenethylline (also known as (RS)-1,3-dimethyl-7-[2-(1-phenylpropan-2-ylamino)ethyl]purine-2,6-dione); (vi) N-hydroxy MDA, also known as: (I) MDOH; (II) N-hydroxy-α-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole-5-ethanamine; (III) N-Hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; and (vii) N,N-DMA, also known as: (I) N,N,α-trimethyl-benzeethanamine; (II) N,N-Dimethylamphetamine; (III) Dimetamfetamine; or (IV) Metrotonin. (6) Synthetic cannabimimetic agents (also known as "synthetic cannabinoids"), which includes, unless specifically exempted, unless listed in another schedule, or unless approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a drug, any material, mixture, preparation, any compound structurally derived from, or that contains any quantity of the following synthetic substances, its salts, isomers, homologues, analogues and salts of isomers, homologues, and analogues, whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, homologues, analogues, and salts of isomers, homologues, and analogues is possible within the specific chemical designation: (A) Classified Synthetic Cannabimimetic Agents: (i) Adamantanoylindoles: Any compound containing or structurally derived from an adamantanyl-(1H-indol-3-yl)methanone structure with or without substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by an alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, 1-(N-methyl-3- morpholinyl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, 1-methylazepanyl, phenyl, or halophenyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the adamantyl ring to any extent. Examples include: (I) AB-001, also known as: (aa) (1s,3s)-adamantan-1-yl(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone; or (bb) JWH 018 adamantyl analog; and (II) AM-1248, also known as: (aa) [1-[(1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl]tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-yl-methanone; or (bb) AM1248; (ii) Benzimidazole Ketone: Any compound containing or structurally derived from (benzimidazole-2-yl) methanone structure with or without substitution at either nitrogen atom of the benzimidazole ring by an alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, 1-(N-methyl-3-morpholinyl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, 1-methylazepanyl, phenyl, or halophenyl group, with substitution at the carbon of the methanone group by an adamantyl, naphthyl, phenyl, benzyl, quinolinyl, cycloalkyl, 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-amino-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-methoxy-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl or pyrrole group, and whether or not further substituted in the benzimidazole, adamantyl, naphthyl, phenyl, pyrrole, quinolinyl, or cycloalkyl rings to any extent. Benzimidazole Ketones include: (I) FUBIMINA, also known as: (aa) (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone; or (bb) AM2201 benzimidazole analog; and (II) JWH-018 benzimidazole analog, also known as: (aa) naphthalen-1-yl(1-pentyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanone; or (bb) BIM-018; (iii) Benzoylindoles: Any compound containing or structurally derived from a 3-(benzoyl)indole structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring with alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, or 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, 1-(N-methyl-3-morpholinyl)methyl, or (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent. Examples include: (I) AM-630, also known as: (aa) [6-iodo-2-methyl-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](4-methoxyphenyl)-methanone; (bb) AM630; or (cc) Iodopravadoline ; (II) AM-661 (also known as 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidine)methyl-2-methyl-3-(2-iodo)benzoylindole); (III) AM-679, also known as: (aa) (2-iodophenyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone; or (bb) AM679; (IV) AM-694, also known as: (aa) [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2-iodophenyl)-methanone; (bb) 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole; or (cc) AM694; (V) AM-1241, also known as: (aa) (2-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)-(1-(1-methylpiperidin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone; or (bb) AM1241; (VI) AM-2233, also known as: (aa) (2-iodophenyl)[1-[(1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl]-methanone; or (bb) AM2233; (VII) RCS-4, also known as: (aa) (4-methoxyphenyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone; or (bb) SR-19; and (VIII) WIN 48,098, also known as (aa) (4-methoxyphenyl)[2-methyl]-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl]-methanone; or (bb) "Pravadoline"; (iv) Carbazole Ketone: Any compound containing or structurally derived from (9H-carbazole-3-yl) methanone structure with or without substitution at the nitrogen atom of the carbazole ring by an alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, 1-(N-methyl-3-morpholinyl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, 1-methylazepanyl, phenyl, or halophenyl group with substitution at the carbon of the methanone group by an adamantyl, naphthyl, phenyl, benzyl, quinolinyl, cycloalkyl, 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-amino-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-methoxy-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl or pyrrole group, and whether or not further substituted at the carbazole, adamantyl, naphthyl, phenyl, pyrrole, quinolinyl, or cycloalkyl rings to any extent. Examples include EG-018 (also known as naphthalen-1-yl(9-pentyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methanone); (v) Indazole Amide: Any compound containing or structurally derived from 3-carboxamide-lH-indazoles, whether or not substituted in the indazole ring to any extent and substituted to any degree on the carboxamide nitrogen and 3-carboxamide-1H-indoles, whether or not substituted in the indole ring to any extent and substituted to any degree on the carboxamide nitrogen. Examples include: (I) AB-CHMINACA (also known as N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide); (II) AB-FUBINACA (also known as N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide); (III) AB-PINACA (also known as N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide); (IV) 5F AB-PINACA, also known as: (aa) N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide); or (bb) 5-fluoro AB-PINACA; (V) ADB-FUBINACA (also known as N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-H-indazole-3-carboxamide); (VI) ADB-PINACA (also known as N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-l-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide); (VII) 5F ADB-PINACA, also known as: (aa) N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide); or (bb) 5-fluoro ADB-PINACA; (VIII) FUB-AMB, also known as: (aa) methyl (1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl)-L-valinate; (bb) AMB-FUBINACA; or (cc) MMB-FUBINACA; (IX) 5-fluoro-AMB (also known as (S)-methyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-lH-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate); (X) MAB-CHMINACA (also known as N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide ); (XI) MMB CHMINACA, also known as: (aa) methyl (S)-2-(l-(cyclohexylmethyl)-IH-indole-3-carboxamido )-3,3-dimethylbutanoate; or (bb) MDMB-CHMICA; (XII) 5F MN-18, also known as: (aa) 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-1-naphthalenyl-IH-indazole-3-carboxamide; or (bb) 5-fluoro MN-18; (XIII) 5F-APINACA, also known as: (aa) 5-fluoro-APINACA (bb) 5F-AKB-48; (cc) 5F-AKB48; (dd) N-((3s,5s,7s)-adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide; or (ee) N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide); and (XIV) APINACA, also known as: (aa) AKB-48; (bb) AKB48; (cc) 1-pentyl-N-tricyclo[3.3.l .13,7]dec-1-yl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide; or (dd) N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-lH-indazole-3-carboxamide; (vi) Cyclohexylphenols: Any compound containing or structurally derived from 2-(3-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenol by substitution at the 5-position of the phenolic ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, or 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, 1-(N-methyl-3-morpholinyl)methyl, or (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl group, whether or not further substituted in the cyclohexyl ring to any extent. Examples include: (I) CP 47,497 (also known as 2-[(1S,3R)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol); (II) CP 47,497 C8 homologue, also known as: (aa) rel-2-[(1S,3R)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-5-(2-methylnonan-2-yl)phenol; or (bb) Cannabicyclohexanol; (III) CP 55,490; (IV) CP 55,940 (also known as 5-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-2-[(1R,2R,5R)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexyl]-phenol); and (V) CP 56,667; (vii) Cyclopropanoylindoles: Any compound containing or structurally derived from 3-(cyclopropylmethanoyl)indole, 3-(cyclopropylmethanone)indole, 3-(cyclobutylmethanone)indole or 3-(cyclopentylmethanone)indole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent, and whether or not substituted on the cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl rings to any extent. Cyclopropanoylindoles include cyclopropylmethanone indoles, as well as other cycloalkanemethanones, whether or not substituted at the nitrogen atom on the indole ring, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent, and whether or not substituted on the cycloalkane ring to any extent. Examples of this structural class include: (I) A-796,260, also known as: (aa) [1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)-methanone; or (bb) A-796260; (II) A-834,735, also known as: (aa) [1-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)-methanone; or (bb) A-834735; (III) AB-034 (also known as [1-[(N-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indole-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone); (IV) UR-144 (also known as 1-pentyl-3-(2, 2, 3, 3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole); (V) 5-bromo-UR-144, also known as: (aa) ​[1-(5-bromopentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)-methanone; or (bb) UR-144 N-(5-bromopentyl) analog; (VI) 5-chloro-UR-144, also known as: (aa) 1-(5-chloropentyl)-3-(2, 2, 3, 3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole; or (bb) 5Cl-UR-144; (VII) XLR11, also known as: (aa) 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(2,2,3, 3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole; (bb) 5-FUR-144; or (cc) 5-fluoro UR-144; and (VIII) FUB-144 (also known as [1-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-lH-indol-3-yl](2,2,3 ,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone); (viii) Hexahydrodibenzopyrans: Any compound containing or structurally derived from Hexahydrodibenzopyrans, whether or not substituted in the tricyclic ring system, except where contained in cannabis or cannabis resin; (ix) Indazole Ester (also known as Carboxylate indazole): Any compound containing or structurally derived from 3-carboxylate-indazoles, whether or not substituted in the indazole ring to any extent or substituted to any degree on the carboxylate, whether or not substituted to any extent in the indazole ring or on the carboxylate oxygen. Examples of indazole esters include 5-fluoro SDB-005, also known as: (I) naphthalen-1-yl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylate; or (II) 5F SDB-005; (x) Indole Amides: Any compound containing or structurally derived from or containing a 1H-Indole-3-carboxamide structure with or without substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by an alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, 1-(N-methyl-3- morpholinyl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, 1-methylazepanyl, phenyl, or halophenyl group, whether or not substituted at the carboxamide group by an adamantyl, naphthyl, phenyl, benzyl, quinolinyl, cycloalkyl, 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-amino-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-methoxy-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl or pyrrole group and whether or not further substituted in the indole, adamantyl, naphthyl, phenyl, pyrrole, quninolinyl, or cycloalkyl rings to any extent. Indole amides include: (I) Adamantylamidoindoles, or any compound containing or structurally derived from an N-(adamantyl)-indole-3-carboxamide structure, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the adamantyl ring to any extent; (II) Adamantylindoles, or any compound containing or structurally derived from an N-(adamantyl)-indole-3-carboxamide with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring, whether or not further substituted on the indole ring to any extent, and whether or not substituted on the adamantyl ring to any extent; (III) 5F ABICA, also known as: (aa) (S)-N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide; (bb) N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide; or (cc) 5-fluoro ABICA; (IV) ADBICA (also known as N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide)); (V) 5F-ADBICA, also known as: (aa) N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide; or (bb) 5-fluoro-ADBICA; (VI) NNE1 (also known as N-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide); (VII) 5F-NNE1, also known as: (aa) 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-(naphthalene-1-yl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide); or (bb) 5-fluoro-NNE1; (VIII) SDB-006 (also known as N-benzyl-1-pentyl-1H- indole-3-carboxamide); (IX) 5F-SDB-006, also known as: (aa) N-benzyl-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide); or (bb) 5-fluoro-SDB-006; (X) 2NE 1, also known as: (aa) APICA; (bb) JWH 018 adamantyl carboxamide; or (cc) 1-pentyl-N-tricyclo[3.3. l .13, 7]dec-1-yl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide; (XI) STS-135, also known as: (aa) 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-tricyclo[3.3. l. l 3, 7]dec-1-yl-l H-indole-3-carboxamide; (bb) N-adamantyl-l-fluoropentylindole-3-Carboxamide; (cc) 5F-APICA; or (dd) 5-fluoro-APICA; (XII) SDB-006 (also known as N-benzyl-1-pentyl-lH-indole-3-carboxamide); and (XIII) 5-fluoro-MDMB-PICA (also known as N-[[1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]carbonyl]-3-methyl-L-valine, methyl ester); (xi) Indole Esters: Any compound containing or structurally derived from a 1H-Indole-3-carboxylate structure with or without substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by an alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, 1-(N-methyl-3-morpholinyl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, 1-methylazepanyl, phenyl, or halophenyl group, whether or not substituted at the carboxylate group by an adamantyl, naphthyl, phenyl, benzyl, quinolinyl, cycloalkyl, 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-amino-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-methoxy-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl or pyrrole group and whether or not further substituted in the indole, adamantyl, naphthyl, phenyl, pyrrole, quinolinyl, or cycloalkyl rings to any extent. Indole esters may also be referred to as Quinolinylindolecarboxylates. Indole esters include: (I) Quinolinyl ester indoles, or any compound containing or structurally derived from Quinolinyl ester indoles, being any compound containing or structurally derived from 1H-indole-3carboxylic acid-8-quinolinyl ester, whether or not substituted in the indole ring to any extent or the quinolone ring to any extent; (II) BB-22, also known as: (aa) 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-8-quinolinyl ester-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid; (bb) quinolin-8-yl 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate; or (cc) QUCHIC; (III) FDU-PB-22 (also known as naphthalen-1-yl 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate); (IV) FUB-PB-22, also known as: (aa) 1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid, 8-quinolinyl ester; or (bb) Quinolin-8-yl 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate; (V) NM2201, also known as: (aa) naphthalen-1-yl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate; or (bb) CBL-2201; (VI) PB-22, also known as: (aa) 1-pentyl-8-quinolinyl ester-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid; (bb) quinolin-8-yl 1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylate; (cc) 8-Quinolinyl 1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylate; or (dd) "QUPIC"; and (VII) 5F-PB-22, also known as: (aa) 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-8-quinolinyl ester-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid; (bb) quinolin-8-yl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate; (cc) 8-Quinolinyl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate; (dd) 5-fluoro-PB-22; or (ee) 5-fluoro QUPIC; (xii) Naphthoylindoles: Any compound containing or structurally derived from 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole or 1H-indol-3-yl-(1-naphthyl)methane by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group, 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, 1-(N-methyl-3-morpholinyl)methyl, or (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl group, whether or not further substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent, including the following: AM-678, AM-1220, AM-1221, AM-1235, AM-2232, EAM-2201, JWH-004, JWH-007, JWH-009, JWH-011, JWH-015, JWH-016, JWH-018, JWH-019, JWH-020, JWH-022, JWH-046, JWH-047, JWH-048, JWH-049, JWH-050, JWH-070, JWH-071, JWH-072, JWH-073, JWH-076, JWH-079, JWH-080, JWH-081, JWH-082, JWH-094, JWH-096, JWH-098, JWH-116, JWH-120, JWH-122, JWH-148, JWH-149, JWH-164, JWH-166, JWH-180, JWH-181, JWH-182, JWH-189, JWH-193, JWH-198, JWH-200, JWH-210, JWH-211, JWH-212, JWH-213, JWH-234, JWH-235, JWH-236, JWH-239, JWH-240, JWH-241, JWH-242, JWH-258, JWH-262, JWH-386, JWH-387, JWH-394, JWH-395, JWH-397, JWH-398, JWH-399, JWH-400, JWH-412, JWH-413, JWH-414, JWH-415, JWH-424, MAM-2201, WIN 55-212. Napthoylindoles also include: (I) AM-2201 (also known as (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole); and (II) WIN 55,212-2, also known as: (aa) (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-napthalenylmethanone; or (bb) [2,3-Dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-napthalenylmethanone); (xiii) Naphthoylnaphthalenes: Any compound containing or structurally derived from naphthalene-1-yl-(naphthalene-1-yl) methanone with substitutions on either of the naphthalene rings to any extent. Naphthoylnaphthalenes include CB-13 (also known as CRA-13 or 1-naphthalenyl[4-(pentylox)-1-naphthalenyl]-methanone); (xiv) Naphthoylpyrroles: Any compound containing or structurally derived from 3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the pyrrole ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, or 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, 1-(N-methyl-3-morpholinyl)methyl, or (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl group, whether or not further substituted in the pyrrole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent, including the following: JWH-030, JWH-031, JWH-145, JWH-146, JWH-147, JWH-150, JWH-156, JWH-243, JWH-244, JWH-245, JWH-246, JWH-292, JWH-293, JWH-307, JWH-308, JWH-309, JWH-346, JWH-348, JWH-363, JWH-364, JWH-365, JWH-367, JWH-368, JWH-369, JWH-370, JWH-371, JWH-373, JWH-392; (xv) Naphthylamidoindoles: Any compound containing or structurally derived from a N-(naphthyl)-indole-3-carboxamide structure, whether or not further substituted to any extent in the indole ring or in the naphthyl ring; (xvi) Naphthylmethyl Indoles: Any compound containing orstructurally derived from 1H-indol-3-yl-(1-naphthyl)methane structure, also known as napthylmethylindoles, with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by an alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, or 2- (4-morpholinyl)ethyl group, or 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, l-(N-methyl-3-morpholinyl)methyl, or (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl group, whether or not further substituted on the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted on the naphthyl ring to any extent. Examples of this structural class include: (I) JWH-175 (also known as 3-(1-naphthalenylmethyl)-1-pentyl-1 H-indole ); (II) JWH-184 (also known as 3-[(4-methyl-1-naphthalenyl)methyl)-1-pentyl-l H-indole); (III) JWH-185 (also known as 3-[(4-methoxy-1-naphthalenyl)methyl]-1 -pentyl-1 H-indole); (IV) JWH-192 (also known as (1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)indol-3-yl)-4-methylnaphthalen-1-ylmethane); (V) JWH-194 (also known as 2-methyl-1-pentyl-lH-indol-3-yl-( 4-methyl-1-naphthyl)methane); (VI) JWH-195 (also known as (1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)indol-3-yl)-naphthalen-1-ylmethane); (VII) JWH-196 (also known as 2-methyl-3-(1-naphthalenylmethyl)-1-pentyl-lH-Indole); (VIII) JWH-197 (also known as 2-methyl-l-pentyl-lH-indol-3-yl-( 4-methoxy-1-naphthyl)methane); and (IX) JWH-199 (also known as (1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)indol-3-yl)-4-methoxynaphthalen-1-ylmethane); (xvii) Naphthylmethylindenes: Any compound containing or structurally derived from a naphthylideneindene structure or that is structurally derived from 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)indene with substitution at the 3-position of the indene ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-( 4-morpholinyl)ethyl, or 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, 1-(N-methyl-3-morpholinyl)methyl, or (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indene ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent. Examples include: (I) JWH-171; (II) JWH-176 (also known as 1-[(E)-(3-pentyl-1 H-inden-1-ylidene)methyl]-naphthalene); and (III) JWH-220; (xviii) Phenylacetylindoles: Any compound containing or structurally derived from 3-phenylacetylindole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring with alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, or 1-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, 1-(N-methyl-3-morpholinyl)methyl, or (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent, including: JWH-167, JWH-201, JWH-202, JWH-203, JWH-204, JWH-205, JWH-206, JWH-207, JWH-208, JWH-209, JWH-237, JWH-248, JWH-249, JWH-250, JWH-251, JWH-253, JWH-302, JWH-303, JWH-304, JWH-305, JWH-306, JWH-311, JWH-312, JWH-313, JWH-314, JWH-315, JWH-316, RCS-8, SR-18, and Cannabipiperidiethanone (also known as 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-[1-[(1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl]-ethanone); (xix) Quinolinoyl pyrazole: Any compound containing or structurally derived from Quinolinoyl pyrazole carboxylate (also known as Quinolinyl fluoropentyl fluorophenyl pyrazole carboxylate); (xx) Tetrahydrobenzochromen: Any compound containing or structurally derived from (6aR,10aR)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6, 6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol. Includes tetrahydrodibenzopyrans, or any compound containing or structurally derived from tetrahydrodibenzopyrans, whether or not substituted in the tricyclic ring system, but does not include tetrahydrodibenzopyrans that are contained in cannabis or cannabis resin. Examples of this structural class include: (I) AM-087 (also known as (6aR,10aR)-3-(2-methyl-6-bromohex-2-yl)- 6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol); (II) AM-411 (also known as (6aR,10aR)-3-(1-adamantyl)-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol); (III) HU-210, also known as: (aa) 3-(1,1'-dimethylheptyl)-6aR,7,10,10aR-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-9-methanol; (bb) [(6aR,10aR)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a- tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol; (cc) 1,1-Dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol; or (dd) 1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol; (IV) HU-211, also known as: (aa) 3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-6aS,7,10,10aS-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-9-methanol; (bb) (6aS,10aS)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol; (cc) (6aS,10aS)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol; or (dd) "Dexanabinol"; (V) HU-243, also known as (aa) (6aR,8S,9S,10aR)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-8,9-ditritio-7,8,10,10a-tetrahydro-6aH-benzo[c]chromen-1-ol; or (bb) 3-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol; (VI) JWH-051 (also known as (6aR,10aR)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-9-yl)methanol); (VII) JWH-133 (also known as (6aR,10aR)-3-(1,1-Dimethylbutyl) -6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran); and (VIII) JWH-359 (also known as (6aR,10aR)- 1-methoxy-6,6,9-trimethyl- 3-[(2R)-1,1,2-trimethylbutyl]- 6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene); (xxi) Δ8 Tetrahydrocannabinol: Any compound containing or structurally derived from 11-hydroxy-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol structure, also known as dibenzopyrans, with further substitution on the 3-pentyl group by an alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkyethyl, 1-(n-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group; (xxii) Tetramethylcyclopropane-thiazole carboxamides: Any compound containing or structurally derived from 2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-N-(thiazol-2-ylidene)cyclopropanecarboxamide by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the thiazole ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-methylpiperidin-2-yl)alkyl, (4-tetrahydropyran)alkyl, or 2- (4-morpholinyl)alkyl, whether or not further substituted in the thiazole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the tetramethylcyclopropyl ring to any extent, including the group Tetramethylcyclopropyl thiazoles, or any compound containing or structurally derived from 2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-N-(thiazol- 2-ylidene)cyclopropanecarboxamide by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the thiazole ring, whether or not further substituted in the thiazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted in the tetramethylcyclopropyl ring to any extent. Tetramethylcyclopropane-thiazole carboxamides also include A-836,339, also known as: (I) [N(Z)]-N-[3-(2-methoxyethyl)-4,5-dimethyl-2(3H)-thiazolylidene]-2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropanecarboxamide; (II) N-[3-(2-Methoxyethyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene]-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide: and (III) A-836339; (xxiii) Benzodihydropyrans: Any compound containing or structurally derived from benzodihydropyrans, by substitution on the benzyl ring by hydroxy, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkene, haloalkene, cycloalkane, or by substitution on the pyran ring by alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkene, or cycloalkoxy group to any extent. Examples of this structural class include: (I) AM-855 (also known as (4aR,12bR)-8-hexyl-2,5,5-trimethyl-1,4,4a,8,9, 10,11,12b-octahydronaphtho[3,2-c]isochromen-l 2-ol); (II) AM-905 (also known as (6aR,9R, l0aR)-3-[(E)-hept-1-enyl]-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-6a, 7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol); (III) AM-906 (also known as (6aR,9R,10aR)-3-[(Z)-hept-1-enyl]-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-6a, 7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol); (IV) AM-2389 (also known as (6aR,9R,10aR)-3-(l-hexylcyclobut-l-yl)-6a, 7,8,9,10,1Oa-hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d)pyran-1,9 diol);and (V) JWH-057 (also known as (6aR,10aR)-3-(1,l-dimethylheptyl)-6a, 7, 10, 10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-Dibenzo[b,d]pyran); and (xxiv) Benzimidazole Ketone: Any compound containing or structurally derived from [IH-indazol-3-yl](l-naphthyl)methanone structure with or without substitution at either nitrogen atom of the indazole ring by an alkyl, haloalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, l-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl, l-(N-methyl-3-morpholinyl)methyl, (tetrahydropyran-4-yl)methyl, 1-methylazepanyl, phenyl, or halophenyl group, with substitution at the carbon of the methanone group by an adamantyl, naphthyl, phenyl, benzyl, quinolinyl, cycloalkyl, l-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, l-amino-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, l-methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, l-methoxy-3, 3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl or pyrrole group, and whether or not further substituted in the benzimidazole, adamantyl, naphthyl, phenyl, pyrrole, quinolinyl, or cycloalkyl rings to any extent. Examples of this structural class include: (I) THJ-2201 (also known as [l-(5-Fluoropentyl)-lH-indazol-3-yl](l-naphthyl)methanone); and (II) THJ-018 (also known as l-naphthalenyl(l-pentyl-IH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone); (B) Unclassified Synthetic Cannabimimetic Agents: (i) AM-356, also known as: (I) AM356; (II) arachidonyl-1'-hydroxy-2'-propylamide; (III) N-(2-hydroxy-1R-methylethyl)-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenamide; (IV) (R)-(+)-Arachidonyl-1'-Hydroxy-2'-Propylamide; (V) Methanandamide; or (VI) R-1 Methanandamide; (ii) BAY38-7271 (also known as (-)-(R)-3-(2-Hydroxymethylindanyl -4-oxy) phenyl-4,4,4-trifluorobutyl-1-sulfonate); (iii) CP 50,556-1, also known as: (I) 9-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-[5-phenylpentan-2-yl]oxy-5,6, 6a,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthridin-1-yl]acetate; (II) [(6S,6aR,9R,10aR)-9-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-[(2R)-5- phenylpentan-2-yl]oxy-5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-; octahydrophenanthridin-1-yl] acetate; (III) [9-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-[5-phenylpentan-2-yl]oxy-5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthridin-1-yl]acetate; or (IV) "Levonantradol"; (iv) HU-308 (also known as (91R,2R,5R)-2-[2,6-dimethoxy-4- (2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl]-7,7-dimethyl-4-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-enyl]methanol); (v) HU-331 (also known as 3-hydroxy-2-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6- (1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]-5-pentyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione); (vi) JTE-907 (also known as N-(benzol[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl) -7-methoxy-2-oxo-8-pentyloxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide); (vii) Mepirapim (also known as (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl) Methanone); (viii) URB597 (also known as [3-(3-carbamoylphenyl)phenyl] -N-Cyclohexylcarbamate); (ix) URB602, also known as: (I) [1,1'-Biphenyl]-3-yl-carbamic acid, cyclohexyl ester; or (II) cyclohexyl [1,1'-biphenyl]-3-ylcarbamate; (x) URB754 (also known as 6-methyl-2-[(4-methylphenyl)amino] -4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one); and (xi) URB937 (also known as 3'-carbamoyl-6-hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl Cyclohexylcarbamate). (7) Synthetic opioids, which includes, unless specifically exempted, unless listed in another schedule, or unless approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a drug, any material, mixture, preparation, any compound structurally derived from, or that contains any quantity of the following synthetic substances, their salts, isomers, homologues, analogues and salts of isomers, homologues, and analogues, whenever the existence of these salts, isomers, homologues, analogues, and salts of isomers, homologues, and analogues is possible within the specific chemical designation: (A) Classified Synthetic Opioids: (i) Fentanyls: Any compound, other than carbomethoxyfentanyls, containing or structurally derived from N-(1-(2-Phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl)-N-phenylpropanamide, whether or not substituted on the methanone group with an alkyl, alkene, halo, haloalkyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, alkenyl, haloalkenyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, furanyl, or alkoxy, and whether or not substituted on either phenyl ring with an alkyl, halo, cycloalkyl, or alkoxy group. Examples of fentanyls include: (I) Fentanyl (also known as N-(1-(2-Phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl)-N-phenylpropanamide); (II) Furanylfentanyl (also known as N-Phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]furan-2-carboxamide); (III) Acetylfentanyl (also known as N-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacetamide); (IV) Acrylfentanyl (also known as N-Phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]prop-2-enamide); (V) Parafluorofentanyl, also known as: (aa) 4-fluorofentanyl; or (bb) N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide; (VI) Butyryl fentanyl, also known as: (aa) Butyr fentanyl; (bb) NIH 10486; or (cc) N-phenyl-N-[l-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-butanamide; and (VII) para-Fluorobutyryl fentanyl, also known as: (aa) 4-FPF; (bb) p-FBF; (cc) 4-Fluorobutyryl fentanyl; (dd) p-Fluorobutyryl fentanyl; or (ee) N-( 4-fluorophenyl)-N-[ l -(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-butanamide); (ii) Carbomethoxyfentanyls: Any compound containing or structurally derived from 4-((1-oxopropyl)-phenylamino )-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid methyl ester, whether or not substituted on either phenyl ring with an alkyl, halo, cycloalkyl, or alkoxy group. Carbomethoxyfentanyls include: (I) Carfentanil, also known as: (aa) 4-Carbomethoxy Fentanyl; (bb) 4-carbomethoxy Fentanyl; or (cc) 4-[(1-oxopropyl)phenylamino]-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid, methyl ester; (II) Norcarfentanil (also known as: 4-[(1-oxopropyl)phenylamino]-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid, methyl ester; and (III) N-methyl Norcarfentanil, also known as: (aa) N-methyl Carfentanil; (bb) N-methyl Norremifentanil; (cc) N-methyl Remifentanil; or (dd) 1-methyl-4-[(1-oxopropyl)phenylamino]-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid, methyl ester; and (iii) Benzamides: Any compound containing or structurally derived from 3,4-Dichloro-N-[(1 R,2R)-2-(dimethylamino )cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide, whether or not substituted on the phenyl ring with an alkyl, halo, cycloalkyl, or alkoxy group, and whether or not substituted with an alkyl or hydrogen on the nitrogen of the amide, and whether or not substituted on the nitrogen of the amide with an alkyl, cycloalkyl, tertiary amine, or combination thereof. Benzamides include: (I) U-47700 (also known as 3,4-dichloro-N-[(1R,2R)-2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide); and (II) AH-7921 (also known as 3,4-dichloro-N-[[l-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl]benzamide). (B) Unclassified Synthetic Opioids: (i) W-18 (also known as 4-chloro-N-[1-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-2-piperidinylidene]-benzenesulfonamide); (ii) Sufentanil (also known as N-[4-(methoxymethyl)-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenyl-propanamide); (iii) Alfentanil (also known as N-[1-[2-(4-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl]-4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenyl-propanamide); (iv) Remifentanil (also known as 4-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-[(1-oxopropyl)phenylamino]-1-piperidinepropanoic acid, methyl ester); (v) Lofentanil (also known as methyl (3R,4S)-3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-(N-propanoylanilino)piperidine-4-carboxylate); (vi) Benzyl Carfentanil (also known as methyl 1-benzyl-4-(N-phenylpropionamido)piperidine-4-carboxylate); and (vii) N-methyl-Norcarfentanil (also known as 1-methyl-4-[(1-oxopropyl)phenylamino]-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid, methyl ester).  (Aug. 5, 1981, D.C. Law 4-29, § 204, 28 DCR 3081; amended by rule, 39 DCR 1882; amended by rule, Dec. 7, 1994, 41 DCR 7967; May 9, 2000, D.C. Law 13-99, § 2(a), 47 DCR 791; Dec. 10, 2009, D.C. Law 18-88, § 225, 56 DCR 7413; June 19, 2013, D.C. Law 19-320, § 301(b), 60 DCR 3390; Mar. 13, 2019, D.C. Law 22-243, § 2(b), 66 DCR 937.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 33-514. Section References This section is referenced in § 7-3002, § 44-1201, § 48-901.02, § 48-902.01, § 48-902.02, § 48-1004, and § 50-2206.13. Effect of Amendments D.C. Law 13-99 corrected the way in which two chemicals were stated in subsec. (3) and added provisions contained in (X) and (Y) in subsec. (3). D.C. Law 18-88, in par. (5), deleted “and” from the end of subpar. (A), substituted “; and” for a period at the end of subpar. (B), and added subpar. (C). The 2013 amendment by D.C. Law 19-320 added (3)(Z) through (3)(KK); added (4)(C); inserted “their analogues or derivatives and” in the introductory language of (5); added (5)(D) through (5)(H); and made related changes. Emergency Legislation  For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 2(b) of Revised Synthetics Abatement and Full Enforcement Drug Control Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 2018 (D.C. Act 22-550, Dec. 26, 2018, 66 DCR 225).   For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 2(b) of Revised Synthetics Abatement and Full Enforcement Drug Control Emergency Amendment Act of 2018 (D.C. Act 22-464, Oct. 5, 2018, 65 DCR 11377).  For temporary (90-day) amendment of section, see § 2 of the Uniform Controlled Substances Emergency Amendment Act of 1999 (D.C. Act 13-96, June 15, 1999, 46 DCR 5640). For temporary (90-day) amendment of section, see § 2 of the Uniform Controlled Substances Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 1999 (D.C. Act 13-144, October 18, 1999, 46 DCR 9904). For temporary (90 day) amendment of section, see § 225 of Omnibus Public Safety and Justice Emergency Amendment Act of 2009 (D.C. Act 18-181, August 6, 2009, 56 DCR 6903). For temporary (90 day) amendment of section, see § 225 of Omnibus Public Safety and Justice Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 2009 (D.C. Act 18-227, October 21, 2009, 56 DCR 8668). For temporary amendment of section, see § 301(b) of the Omnibus Public Safety and Justice Amendment Act of 2012 (D.C. Act 19-599, January 14, 2013, 60 DCR 1017). For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 301(b) of the Omnibus Criminal Code Amendment Congressional Review Emergency Act of 2013 (D.C. Act 20-44, April 1, 2013, 60 DCR 5381, 20 DCSTAT 1281). Temporary Legislation  For temporary (225 days) amendment of this section, see § 2(b) of Revised Synthetics Abatement and Full Enforcement Drug Control Temporary Amendment Act of 2018 (D.C. Law 22-204, Feb. 22, 2019, 65 DCR 12338).   For temporary (225 days) amendment of this section, see § 2(b) of Revised Synthetics Abatement and Full Enforcement Drug Control Temporary Amendment Act of 2016 (D.C. Law 21-131, July 1, 2016, 63 DCR 7110).  For temporary (225 day) amendment of section, see § 2 of Uniform Controlled Substances Temporary Amendment Act of 1999 (D.C. Law 13-34, October 7, 1999, law notification 47 DCR 3423).