reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
NY UCC § 3-205 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 2 - Transfer and Negotiation 3-205 - Restrictive Indorsements.

Section 3--205. Restrictive Indorsements.   An indorsement is restrictive which either  (a) is conditional; or  (b) purports to prohibit further transfer of the instrument; or  (c)  includes  the  words  "for  collection",  "for deposit", "pay any bank", or like terms signifying a purpose of deposit or collection; or  (d) otherwise states that it is for the benefit or use of the indorser or of another person.
NY UCC § 3-206 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 2 - Transfer and Negotiation 3-206 - Effect of Restrictive Indorsement.

Section 3--206. Effect of Restrictive Indorsement.  (1)   No   restrictive   indorsement   prevents  further  transfer  or negotiation of the instrument.  (2) An intermediary bank, or a payor bank which is not the  depositary bank,  is  neither  given notice nor otherwise affected by a restrictive indorsement of any person except the bank's immediate transferor or  the person presenting for payment.  (3)   Except  for  an  intermediary  bank,  any  transferee  under  an indorsement which is conditional or includes the words "for collection", "for deposit", "pay any bank", or like terms (subparagraphs (a) and  (c) of  Section  3--205)  must pay or apply any value given by him for or on the security of the instrument consistently with the indorsement and  to the  extent  that  he does so he becomes a holder for value. In addition such transferee is a holder in due course if he otherwise complies  with the  requirements  of Section 3--302 on what constitutes a holder in due course.  (4) The first taker under  an  indorsement  for  the  benefit  of  the indorser or another person (subparagraph (d) of Section 3--205) must pay or apply any value given by him for or on the security of the instrument consistently  with  the indorsement and to the extent that he does so he becomes a holder for value. In addition such taker is a  holder  in  due course  if he otherwise complies with the requirements of Section 3--302 on what constitutes a holder in due course. A later holder for value  is neither   given  notice  nor  otherwise  affected  by  such  restrictive indorsement unless he has knowledge that a fiduciary or other person has negotiated the instrument in any transaction  for  his  own  benefit  or otherwise in breach of duty (subsection (2) of Section 3--304).
NY UCC § 3-207 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 2 - Transfer and Negotiation 3-207 - Negotiation Effective Although It May Be Rescinded.

Section 3--207. Negotiation Effective Although It May Be Rescinded.  (1)  Negotiation  is effective to transfer the instrument although the negotiation is       (a) made by an infant, a corporation exceeding its powers, or any            other person without capacity; or       (b) obtained by fraud, duress or mistake of any kind; or       (c) part of an illegal transaction; or       (d) made in breach of duty.  (2)  Except  as  against  a  subsequent  holder  in  due  course  such negotiation  is  in  an  appropriate  case  subject  to  rescission, the declaration of a constructive trust or any  other  remedy  permitted  by law.
NY UCC § 3-208 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 2 - Transfer and Negotiation 3-208 - Reacquisition.

Section 3--208. Reacquisition.Where  an  instrument is returned to or reacquired by a prior party he   may cancel any indorsement which is  not  necessary  to  his  title  and   reissue  or  further negotiate the instrument, but any intervening party   is discharged as against the reacquiring party  and  subsequent  holders   not  in  due  course  and  if  his  indorsement  has  been  cancelled is   discharged as against subsequent holders in due course as well.
NY UCC § 3-301 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 3 - Rights of a Holder 3-301 - Rights of a Holder.

Section 3--301. Rights of a Holder.The  holder  of  an  instrument  whether  or  not  he is the owner may   transfer or negotiate it and, except as otherwise  provided  in  Section   3--603  on  payment  or satisfaction, discharge it or enforce payment in   his own name.
NY UCC § 3-302 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 3 - Rights of a Holder 3-302 - Holder in Due Course.

Section 3--302. Holder in Due Course.  (1) A holder in due course is a holder who takes the instrument       (a) for value; and       (b) in good faith; and       (c) without  notice  that it is overdue or has been dishonored or            of any defense against or claim to it  on  the  part  of  any            person.  (2) A payee may be a holder in due course.  (3) A holder does not become a holder in due course of an instrument:       (a) by  purchase  of  it  at  judicial sale or by taking it under            legal process; or       (b) by acquiring it in taking over an estate; or       (c) by purchasing it as part of a bulk transaction not in regular            course of business of the transferor.  (4) A purchaser of a limited interest can be a holder  in  due  course only to the extent of the interest purchased.
NY UCC § 3-303 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 3 - Rights of a Holder 3-303 - Taking for Value.

Section 3--303. Taking for Value.   A holder takes the instrument for value  (a)  to the extent that the agreed consideration has been performed or that he acquires a security interest in or  a  lien  on  the  instrument otherwise than by legal process; or  (b)  when  he takes the instrument in payment of or as security for an antecedent claim against any person whether or not the claim is due; or  (c) when  he  gives  a  negotiable  instrument  for  it  or  makes  an irrevocable commitment to a third person.
NY UCC § 3-304 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 3 - Rights of a Holder 3-304 - Notice to Purchaser.

Section 3--304. Notice to Purchaser.  (1) The purchaser has notice of a claim or defense if       (a) the  instrument is so incomplete, bears such visible evidence            of forgery or alteration, or is otherwise so irregular as  to            call  into  question  its  validity, terms or ownership or to            create an ambiguity as to the party to pay; or       (b) the purchaser has notice that the obligation of any party  is            voidable  in  whole or in part, or that all parties have been            discharged.  (2) The purchaser has notice of a claim against the instrument when he has knowledge that a fiduciary has negotiated the instrument in  payment of  or  as  security  for his own debt or in any transaction for his own benefit or otherwise in breach of duty.  (3) The purchaser has notice that an instrument is overdue if  he  has reason to know       (a) that  any  part  of  the  principal amount is overdue or that            there is an uncured default in payment of another  instrument            of the same series; or       (b) that acceleration of the instrument has been made; or       (c) that  he  is taking a demand instrument after demand has been            made or more than a  reasonable  length  of  time  after  its            issue. A reasonable time for a check drawn and payable within            the  states  and  territories  of  the  United States and the            District of Columbia is presumed to be thirty days.  (4) Knowledge of the following facts  does  not  of  itself  give  the purchaser notice of a defense or claim       (a) that the instrument is antedated or postdated;       (b) that  it  was issued or negotiated in return for an executory            promise or accompanied by a separate  agreement,  unless  the            purchaser  has notice that a defense or claim has arisen from            the terms thereof;       (c) that any party has signed for accommodation;       (d) that an incomplete instrument has been completed, unless  the            purchaser has notice of any improper completion;       (e) that  any  person  negotiating  the  instrument  is  or was a            fiduciary;       (f) that there has been default in payment  of  interest  on  the            instrument  or in payment of any other instrument, except one            of the same series.  (5) The  filing  or  recording  of  a  document  does  not  of  itself constitute  notice within the provisions of this Article to a person who would otherwise be a holder in due course.  (6) To be effective notice must be received at such time and  in  such manner as to give a reasonable opportunity to act on it.  (7)  In  any  event,  to  constitute notice of a claim or defense, the purchaser must have knowledge of the claim or defense  or  knowledge  of such  facts  that  his  action  in  taking the instrument amounts to bad faith.
NY UCC § 3-305 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 3 - Rights of a Holder 3-305 - Rights of a Holder in Due Course.

Section 3--305. Rights of a Holder in Due Course.   To  the  extent  that  a holder is a holder in due course he takes the instrument free from  (1) all claims to it on the part of any person; and  (2) all defenses of any party to the instrument with whom  the  holder has not dealt except       (a) infancy,  to  the  extent  that  it  is a defense to a simple            contract; and       (b) such other  incapacity,  or  duress,  or  illegality  of  the            transaction,  as  renders  the  obligation  of  the  party  a            nullity; and       (c) such misrepresentation as has induced the party to  sign  the            instrument  with neither knowledge nor reasonable opportunity            to obtain knowledge of its character or its essential  terms;            and       (d) discharge in insolvency proceedings; and       (e) any  other  discharge  of which the holder has notice when he            takes the instrument.
NY UCC § 3-306 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 3 - Rights of a Holder 3-306 - Rights of One Not Holder in Due Course.

Section 3--306. Rights of One Not Holder in Due Course.   Unless  he  has  the rights of a holder in due course any person takes the instrument subject to  (a) all valid claims to it on the part of any person; and  (b) all defenses of any party which would be available in an action on a simple contract; and  (c) the defenses of want or failure of consideration,  non-performance of  any  condition  precedent,  non-delivery,  or delivery for a special purpose (Section 3--408); and  (d) the defense that  he  or  a  person  through  whom  he  holds  the instrument acquired it by theft, or that payment or satisfaction to such holder   would   be   inconsistent  with  the  terms  of  a  restrictive indorsement. The claim of any third person  to  the  instrument  is  not otherwise  available as a defense to any party liable thereon unless the third person himself defends the action for such party.
NY UCC § 3-307 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 3 - Rights of a Holder 3-307 - Burden of Establishing Signatures, Defenses and Due Course.

Section 3--307. Burden  of  Establishing  Signatures,  Defenses  and Due                   Course.  (1) Unless specifically denied in the pleadings each signature  on  an instrument  is admitted. When the effectiveness of a signature is put in issue       (a) the burden of establishing it is on the party claiming  under            the signature; but       (b) the  signature is presumed to be genuine or authorized except            where the action is to enforce the obligation of a  purported            signer  who  has  died  or become incompetent before proof is            required.  (2) When signatures are admitted or  established,  production  of  the instrument  entitles  a  holder  to  recover  on it unless the defendant establishes a defense.  (3) After it is shown that a defense  exists  a  person  claiming  the rights  of a holder in due course has the burden of establishing that he or some person under whom he claims is in all respects a holder  in  due course.
NY UCC § 3-401 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-401 - Signature.

Section 3--401. Signature.  (1)  No person is liable on an instrument unless his signature appears thereon.  (2) A signature is made by use of any name,  including  any  trade  or assumed name, upon an instrument, or by any word or mark used in lieu of a written signature.
NY UCC § 3-402 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-402 - Signature in Ambiguous Capacity.

Section 3--402. Signature in Ambiguous Capacity.Unless  the  instrument  clearly indicates that a signature is made in   some other capacity it is an indorsement.
NY UCC § 3-403 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-403 - Signature by Authorized Representative.

Section 3--403. Signature by Authorized Representative.  (1)  A  signature may be made by an agent or other representative, and his authority to make it  may  be  established  as  in  other  cases  of representation.  No  particular  form  of  appointment  is  necessary to establish such authority.  (2) An  authorized  representative  who  signs  his  own  name  to  an instrument       (a) is  personally  obligated if the instrument neither names the            person represented nor shows that the  representative  signed            in a representative capacity;       (b) except   as   otherwise  established  between  the  immediate            parties, is personally obligated if the instrument names  the            person  represented but does not show that the representative            signed in a representative capacity,  or  if  the  instrument            does  not  name the person represented but does show that the            representative signed in a representative capacity.  (3) Except as  otherwise  established  the  name  of  an  organization preceded  or followed by the name and office of an authorized individual is a signature made in a representative capacity.
NY UCC § 3-404 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-404 - Unauthorized Signatures.

Section 3--404. Unauthorized Signatures.  (1)  Any  unauthorized  signature is wholly inoperative as that of the person whose name is signed unless he ratifies it or is  precluded  from denying  it; but it operates as the signature of the unauthorized signer in favor of any person who in good faith pays the instrument or takes it for value.  (2) Any unauthorized signature may be ratified  for  all  purposes  of this  Article. Such ratification does not of itself affect any rights of the person ratifying against the actual signer.
NY UCC § 3-405 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-405 - Impostors; Signature in Name of Payee.

Section 3--405. Impostors; Signature in Name of Payee.  (1)  An  indorsement  by  any  person  in the name of a named payee is effective if       (a) an impostor by use of the mails or otherwise has induced  the            maker  or  drawer  to  issue  the  instrument  to  him or his            confederate in the name of the payee; or       (b) a person signing as or on behalf of a maker or drawer intends            the payee to have no interest in the instrument; or       (c) an agent or employee of the maker or drawer has supplied  him            with  the  name  of the payee intending the latter to have no            such interest.  (2) Nothing in  this  section  shall  affect  the  criminal  or  civil liability of the person so indorsing.
NY UCC § 3-406 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-406 - Negligence Contributing to Alteration or Unauthorized Signature.

Section 3--406. Negligence  Contributing  to  Alteration or UnauthorizedSignature.Any person who  by  his  negligence  substantially  contributes  to  a   material   alteration   of  the  instrument  or  to  the  making  of  an   unauthorized signature is precluded from  asserting  the  alteration  or   lack  of authority against a holder in due course or against a drawee or   other payor who pays the instrument in good faith and in accordance with   the reasonable commercial standards of the drawee's or payor's business.
NY UCC § 3-407 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-407 - Alteration.

Section 3--407. Alteration.  (1)  Any  alteration  of  an  instrument is material which changes the contract of any party thereto in any respect, including any such  change in       (a) the number or relations of the parties; or       (b) an  incomplete instrument, by completing it otherwise than as            authorized; or       (c) the writing as signed, by adding to it  or  by  removing  any            part of it.  (2) As against any person other than a subsequent holder in due course       (a) alteration  by  the  holder  which  is  both  fraudulent  and            material discharges  any  party  whose  contract  is  thereby            changed  unless  that  party  assents  or  is  precluded from            asserting the defense;       (b) no other alteration discharges any party and  the  instrument            may  be  enforced  according  to its original tenor, or as to            incomplete instruments according to the authority given.  (3) A subsequent holder in due course may in  all  cases  enforce  the instrument  according  to  its  original  tenor,  and when an incomplete instrument has been completed, he may enforce it as completed.
NY UCC § 3-408 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-408 - Consideration.

Section 3--408. Consideration.Want  or  failure  of consideration is a defense as against any person   not having the rights of a holder in due course (Section 3--305), except   that no consideration is  necessary  for  an  instrument  or  obligation   thereon  given in payment of or as security for an antecedent obligation   of any kind. Nothing in this section shall  be  taken  to  displace  any   statute   outside   this  Act  under  which  a  promise  is  enforceable   notwithstanding lack or failure of  consideration.  Partial  failure  of   consideration is a defense pro tanto whether or not the failure is in an   ascertained or liquidated amount.
NY UCC § 3-409 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-409 - Draft Not an Assignment.

Section 3--409. Draft Not an Assignment.  (1) A check or other draft does not of itself operate as an assignment of  any  funds in the hands of the drawee available for its payment, and the drawee is not liable on the instrument until he accepts it.  (2) Nothing in this section shall affect any  liability  in  contract, tort  or otherwise arising from any letter of credit or other obligation or representation which is not an acceptance.
NY UCC § 3-410 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-410 - Definition and Operation of Acceptance.

Section 3--410. Definition and Operation of Acceptance.  (1) Acceptance is the drawee's signed engagement to honor the draft as presented.  It  must  be  written  on  the draft, and may consist of his signature alone. It becomes operative  when  completed  by  delivery  or notification.  (2)  A  draft  may  be accepted although it has not been signed by the drawer or is otherwise incomplete or is overdue or has been dishonored.  (3) Where the draft is payable at a fixed period after sight  and  the acceptor  fails  to  date  his  acceptance the holder may complete it by supplying a date in good faith.
NY UCC § 3-411 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-411 - Certification of a Check.

Section 3--411. Certification of a Check.  (1)  Certification  of  a check is acceptance. Where a holder procures certification the drawer and all prior indorsers are discharged.  (2) Unless otherwise agreed a bank has  no  obligation  to  certify  a check.  (3)  A bank may certify a check before returning it for lack of proper indorsement. If it does so the drawer is discharged.
NY UCC § 3-412 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-412 - Acceptance Varying Draft.

Section 3--412. Acceptance Varying Draft.  (1)  Where  the drawee's proffered acceptance in any manner varies the draft as presented the holder may refuse the acceptance  and  treat  the draft  as  dishonored  in  which case the drawee is entitled to have his acceptance cancelled.  (2) The terms of the draft are not varied by an acceptance to  pay  at any particular bank or place in the United States, unless the acceptance states that the draft is to be paid only at such bank or place.  (3) Where the holder assents to an acceptance varying the terms of the draft  each  drawer  and  indorser  who does not affirmatively assent is discharged.
NY UCC § 3-413 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-413 - Contract of Maker, Drawer and Acceptor.

Section 3--413. Contract of Maker, Drawer and Acceptor.  (1)  The  maker  or  acceptor  engages that he will pay the instrument according to its tenor at the time of his  engagement  or  as  completed pursuant to Section 3--115 on incomplete instruments.  (2)  The  drawer  engages  that  upon  dishonor  of  the draft and any necessary notice of dishonor or protest he will pay the  amount  of  the draft  to  the holder or to any indorser who takes it up. The drawer may disclaim this liability by drawing without recourse.  (3) By making, drawing or accepting the party admits  as  against  all subsequent  parties  including the drawee the existence of the payee and his then capacity to indorse.
NY UCC § 3-414 (2021)
2021 New York Laws UCC - Uniform Commercial Code Article 3 - Commercial Paper Part 4 - Liability of Parties 3-414 - Contract of Indorser; Order of Liability.

Section 3--414. Contract of Indorser; Order of Liability.  (1)  Unless  the  indorsement otherwise specifies (as by such words as "without recourse") every indorser engages that upon  dishonor  and  any necessary  notice  of  dishonor  and  protest he will pay the instrument according to its tenor at the time of his indorsement to the  holder  or to any subsequent indorser who takes it up, even though the indorser who takes it up was not obligated to do so.  (2) Unless they otherwise agree indorsers are liable to one another in the  order  in  which they indorse, which is presumed to be the order in which their signatures appear on the instrument.