reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-115 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-115 - Incomplete instrument.

 (a) “Incomplete instrument” means a signed writing, whether or not issued by the signer, the contents of which show at the time of signing that it is incomplete but that the signer intended it to be completed by the addition of words or numbers.(b) Subject to subsection (c), if an incomplete instrument is an instrument under section 42a-3-104, it may be enforced according to its terms if it is not completed, or according to its terms as augmented by completion. If an incomplete instrument is not an instrument under section 42a-3-104, but, after completion, the requirements of section 42a-3-104 are met, the instrument may be enforced according to its terms as augmented by completion.(c) If words or numbers are added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer, there is an alteration of the incomplete instrument under section 42a-3-407.(d) The burden of establishing that words or numbers were added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer is on the person asserting the lack of authority.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-115; P.A. 91-304, S. 15.)History: P.A. 91-304 substantially revised section.Cited. 156 C. 243. A promissory note remains a simple contract and is enforceable as such even though lacking an element essential for negotiability. 181 C. 207. Cited. 203 C. 394; 233 C. 304; 242 C. 17.Where note, when completed, was ratified by two payments thereon by defendants, they could not raise defense of unauthorized completion by party to whom they negotiated the signed note. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 620. Defendant endorser who consented to insertions and alterations of checks is disqualified from attaching their validity and his liability thereon. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 405.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-116 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-116 - Joint and several liability. Contribution.

 (a) Except as otherwise provided in the instrument, two or more persons who have the same liability on an instrument as makers, drawers, acceptors, endorsers who endorse as joint payees, or anomalous endorsers are jointly and severally liable in the capacity in which they sign.(b) Except as provided in section 42a-3-419(e) or by agreement of the affected parties, a party having joint and several liability who pays the instrument is entitled to receive from any party having the same joint and several liability contribution in accordance with applicable law.(c) Discharge of one party having joint and several liability by a person entitled to enforce the instrument does not affect the right under subsection (b) of a party having the same joint and several liability to receive contribution from the party discharged.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-116; P.A. 91-304, S. 16.)History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re instruments payable to two or more persons with provisions re joint and several liability and contribution.See Sec. 42a-3-110(d) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-116, revised to 1991, re instruments payable to two or more persons.Instrument payable to the order of two or more persons if not in the alternative is payable to all of them and may be negotiated, discharged or enforced only by all of them. 170 C. 691.Cited. 34 CS 606; 40 CS 70.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-117 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-117 - Other agreements affecting instrument.

 Subject to applicable law regarding exclusion of proof of contemporaneous or previous agreements, the obligation of a party to an instrument to pay the instrument may be modified, supplemented, or nullified by a separate agreement of the obligor and a person entitled to enforce the instrument, if the instrument is issued or the obligation is incurred in reliance on the agreement or as part of the same transaction giving rise to the agreement. To the extent an obligation is modified, supplemented, or nullified by an agreement under this section, the agreement is a defense to the obligation.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-117; P.A. 91-304, S. 17.)History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re instruments payable with words of description with provisions re other agreements affecting an instrument, a restatement in part of Sec. 42a-3-119, revised to 1991.See Sec. 42a-3-110(c)(2) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-117, revised to 1991, re instruments payable with words of description.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-119 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-119 - Notice of right to defend action.

 In an action for breach of an obligation for which a third person is answerable over pursuant to this article or article 4, the defendant may give the third person written notice of the litigation, and the person notified may then give similar notice to any other person who is answerable over. If the notice states (i) that the person notified may come in and defend and (ii) that failure to do so will bind the person notified in an action later brought by the person giving the notice as to any determination of fact common to the two litigations, the person notified is so bound unless after seasonable receipt of the notice the person notified does come in and defend.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-119; P.A. 91-304, S. 19.)History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re other written agreements affecting an instrument with provisions re notice of the right to defend an action, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-803, revised to 1991.See Secs. 42a-3-106(a) and (b) and 42a-3-117 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-119, revised to 1991, re other written agreements affecting an instrument.Cited. 215 C. 355.Cited. 33 CS 183.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-201 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-201 - Negotiation.

 (a) “Negotiation” means a transfer of possession, whether voluntary or involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person who thereby becomes its holder.(b) Except for negotiation by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an identified person, negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument and its endorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, it may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-201; P.A. 91-304, S. 20.)History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re transfer of an instrument with provisions re negotiation of an instrument, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-202(1), revised to 1991.See Sec. 42a-3-203(b) and (c) and Sec. 42a-3-204(c) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-201, revised to 1991, re transfer of an instrument and right to endorsement.Cited. 202 C. 277.Cited. 35 CA 326.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-202 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-202 - Negotiation subject to rescission.

 (a) Negotiation is effective even if obtained (i) from an infant, a corporation exceeding its powers, or a person without capacity, (ii) by fraud, duress, or mistake, or (iii) in breach of duty or as part of an illegal transaction.(b) To the extent permitted by other law, negotiation may be rescinded or may be subject to other remedies, but those remedies may not be asserted against a subsequent holder in due course or a person paying the instrument in good faith and without knowledge of facts that are a basis for rescission or other remedy.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-202; P.A. 91-304, S. 21.)History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re negotiation and endorsement with provisions re negotiation subject to rescission, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-207, revised to 1991.See Sec. 42a-3-201(a), 42a-3-203(d) and 42a-3-204(a) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-202, revised to 1991, re negotiation and endorsement.Cited. 35 CA 326.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-203 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-203 - Transfer of an instrument. Rights acquired by transfer.

 (a) An instrument is transferred when it is delivered by a person other than its issuer for the purpose of giving to the person receiving delivery the right to enforce the instrument.(b) Transfer of an instrument, whether or not the transfer is a negotiation, vests in the transferee any right of the transferor to enforce the instrument, including any right as a holder in due course, but the transferee cannot acquire rights of a holder in due course by a transfer, directly or indirectly, from a holder in due course if the transferee engaged in fraud or illegality affecting the instrument.(c) Unless otherwise agreed, if an instrument is transferred for value and the transferee does not become a holder because of lack of endorsement by the transferor, the transferee has a specifically enforceable right to the unqualified endorsement of the transferor, but negotiation of the instrument does not occur until the endorsement is made.(d) If a transferor purports to transfer less than the entire instrument, negotiation of the instrument does not occur. The transferee obtains no rights under this article and has only the rights of a partial assignee.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-203; P.A. 91-304, S. 22.)History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re instruments with wrong or misspelled names with provisions re transfer of an instrument and rights acquired by a transferee.See Sec. 42a-3-204(d) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-203, revised to 1991, re instruments with wrong or misspelled names.Cited. 240 C. 10. Loan servicer for owner and holder of a note and mortgage had standing in its own right to institute a foreclosure action against mortgagor as a transferee of the holder's rights. 309 C. 307.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-204 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-204 - Endorsement.

 (a) “Endorsement” means a signature, other than that of a signer as maker, drawer, or acceptor, that alone or accompanied by other words is made on an instrument for the purpose of (i) negotiating the instrument, (ii) restricting payment of the instrument, or (iii) incurring endorser's liability on the instrument, but regardless of the intent of the signer, a signature and its accompanying words is an endorsement unless the accompanying words, terms of the instrument, place of the signature, or other circumstances unambiguously indicate that the signature was made for a purpose other than endorsement. For the purpose of determining whether a signature is made on an instrument, a paper affixed to the instrument is a part of the instrument.(b) “Endorser” means a person who makes an endorsement.(c) For the purpose of determining whether the transferee of an instrument is a holder, an endorsement that transfers a security interest in the instrument is effective as an unqualified endorsement of the instrument.(d) If an instrument is payable to a holder under a name that is not the name of the holder, endorsement may be made by the holder in the name stated in the instrument or in the holder's name or both, but signature in both names may be required by a person paying or taking the instrument for value or collection.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-204; P.A. 91-304, S. 23.)History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re special and blank endorsements with provisions re endorsement.See Sec. 42a-3-205 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-204, revised to 1991, re special and blank endorsements.A stamped signature on a note that meets signature requirements under Sec. 42a-3-401(b) constitutes an endorsement under section, as it is a signature made for the purpose of negotiating the instrument. 197 CA 129.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-205 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-205 - Special endorsement. Blank endorsement. Anomalous endorsement.

 (a) If an endorsement is made by the holder of an instrument, whether payable to an identified person or payable to bearer, and the endorsement identifies a person to whom it makes the instrument payable, it is a “special endorsement”. When specially endorsed, an instrument becomes payable to the identified person and may be negotiated only by the endorsement of that person. The principles stated in section 42a-3-110 apply to special endorsements.(b) If an endorsement is made by the holder of an instrument and is not a special endorsement, it is a “blank endorsement”. When endorsed in blank, an instrument becomes payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone until specially endorsed.(c) The holder may convert a blank endorsement that consists only of a signature into a special endorsement by writing, above the signature of the endorser, words identifying the person to whom the instrument is made payable.(d) “Anomalous endorsement” means an endorsement made by a person who is not the holder of the instrument. An anomalous endorsement does not affect the manner in which the instrument may be negotiated.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-205; P.A. 91-304, S. 24.)History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re restrictive endorsements with provisions re special, blank and anomalous endorsements, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-204, revised to 1991.See Sec. 42a-3-206 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-205, revised to 1991, re restrictive endorsements.Subsec. (d):Any endorsement by a nonholder is an anomalous endorsement and does not affect negotiability of the instrument. 68 CA 716.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-207 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-207 - Reacquisition.

 Reacquisition of an instrument occurs if it is transferred to a former holder, by negotiation or otherwise. A former holder who reacquires the instrument may cancel endorsements made after the reacquirer first became a holder of the instrument. If the cancellation causes the instrument to be payable to the reacquirer or to bearer, the reacquirer may negotiate the instrument. An endorser whose endorsement is cancelled is discharged, and the discharge is effective against any subsequent holder.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-207; P.A. 91-304, S. 26.)History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re the effectiveness of a negotiation subject to rescission with provisions re reacquisition of an instrument, a restatement of Sec. 42a-3-208, revised to 1991.See Sec. 42a-3-202 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-207, revised to 1991, re negotiation subject to rescission.Cited. 208 C. 248.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-208 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-208 - Reacquisition.

 Section 42a-3-208 is repealed.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-208; P.A. 91-304, S. 112.)
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-301 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-301 - Person entitled to enforce instrument.

 “Person entitled to enforce” an instrument means (i) the holder of the instrument, (ii) a nonholder in possession of the instrument who has the rights of a holder, or (iii) a person not in possession of the instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to section 42a-3-309 or 42a-3-418(d). A person may be a person entitled to enforce the instrument even though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-301; P.A. 91-304, S. 27.)History: P.A. 91-304 entirely replaced former provisions re rights of a holder to transfer, negotiate, enforce or discharge an instrument with provisions defining a person entitled to enforce an instrument.Cited. 238 C. 745. Loan servicer for owner and holder of a note and mortgage had standing in its own right to institute a foreclosure action against mortgagor as a transferee of the holder's rights. 309 C. 307.Cited. 4 CA 376; 35 CA 326.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-303 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-303 - Value and consideration.

 (a) An instrument is issued or transferred for value if:(1) The instrument is issued or transferred for a promise of performance, to the extent the promise has been performed;(2) The transferee acquires a security interest or other lien in the instrument other than a lien obtained by judicial proceeding;(3) The instrument is issued or transferred as payment of, or as security for, an antecedent claim against any person, whether or not the claim is due;(4) The instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for a negotiable instrument; or(5) The instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for the incurring of an irrevocable obligation to a third party by the person taking the instrument.(b) “Consideration” means any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract. The drawer or maker of an instrument has a defense if the instrument is issued without consideration. If an instrument is issued for a promise of performance, the issuer has a defense to the extent performance of the promise is due and the promise has not been performed. If an instrument is issued for value as stated in subsection (a), the instrument is also issued for consideration.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-303; P.A. 91-304, S. 29.)History: P.A. 91-304 substantially revised provisions re when an instrument is issued or transferred for value and added Subsec. (b) re consideration.Cited. 187 C. 637; 242 C. 17.Bank which provisionally credits deposit against overdrawn account gives “value”; deposit as “value” discussed. 33 CS 641.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-304 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-304 - Overdue instrument.

 (a) An instrument payable on demand becomes overdue at the earliest of the following times:(1) On the day after the day demand for payment is duly made;(2) If the instrument is a check, ninety days after its date; or(3) If the instrument is not a check, when the instrument has been outstanding for a period of time after its date which is unreasonably long under the circumstances of the particular case in light of the nature of the instrument and usage of the trade.(b) With respect to an instrument payable at a definite time the following rules apply:(1) If the principal is payable in installments and a due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue upon default under the instrument for nonpayment of an installment, and the instrument remains overdue until the default is cured.(2) If the principal is not payable in installments and the due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the due date.(3) If a due date with respect to principal has been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the accelerated due date.(c) Unless the due date of principal has been accelerated, an instrument does not become overdue if there is default in payment of interest but no default in payment of principal.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-304; P.A. 91-304, S. 30.)History: P.A. 91-304 substantially revised provisions of former Subsecs. (3) and (4)(f) re overdue instruments and deleted remainder of former provisions re when the purchaser has notice of a claim or defense.See Sec. 42a-3-302(a)(1), 42a-3-302(a)(2)(iii), 42a-3-302(b) and 42a-3-307 for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-304, revised to 1991, re when a purchaser has notice of a claim or defense.Cited. 182 C. 437; 185 C. 463; 231 C. 441.Where plaintiff bank had no notice of complaint of defendant as to performance by freezer-food company of underlying contract at time it bought the note, this defense could not be raised against plaintiff, a payee holder in due course. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 620. Cited. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 413.
CT Gen Stat § 42a-3-306 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 42a - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments|Section 42a-3-306 - Claims to an instrument.

 A person taking an instrument, other than a person having rights of a holder in due course, is subject to a claim of a property or possessory right in the instrument or its proceeds, including a claim to rescind a negotiation and to recover the instrument or its proceeds. A person having rights of a holder in due course takes free of the claim to the instrument.(1959, P.A. 133, S. 3-306; P.A. 91-304, S. 32.)History: P.A. 91-304 revised former Subdiv. (a) re the claims to an instrument which a person not having the rights of a holder in due course is subject to and deleted former Subdivs. (b), (c) and (d) re the defenses which a person not having the rights of a holder in due course is subject to.See Sec. 42a-3-305(a)(2) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-306(b), revised to 1991, re defenses available in an action on a simple contract.See Secs. 42a-3-105(b), 42a-3-303(b) and 42a-3-305(a)(2) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-306(c), revised to 1991, re defenses of want or failure of consideration, nonperformance of any condition precedent, nondelivery or delivery for a special purpose.See Sec. 42a-3-305(c) for successor provisions to Sec. 42a-3-306(d), revised to 1991, re defense that the instrument was acquired by theft.Waiver of defense clause in consumer sales contract void as opposed to policy of section. 158 C. 543. Cited. 205 C. 604; 207 C. 483; 217 C. 205; 240 C. 10.Cited. 33 CS 641.