reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3309 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3309 - Enforcement of lost, destroyed or stolen instrument

47-3309.  Enforcement of lost,  destroyed or stolen instrument A. A person not in possession of an instrument is entitled to enforce the instrument if: 1. The person was in possession of the instrument and entitled to enforce it when loss of possession occurred;  2. The loss of possession was not the result of a transfer by the person or a lawful seizure;  and 3. The person cannot reasonably obtain possession of the instrument because the instrument was destroyed,  its whereabouts cannot be determined or it is in the wrongful possession of an unknown person or a person that cannot be found or is not amenable to service of process. B. A person seeking enforcement of an instrument under subsection A of this section must prove the terms of the instrument and the person's right to enforce the instrument. If that proof is made,  section 47-3308 applies to the case as if the person seeking enforcement had produced the instrument. The court may not enter judgment in favor of the person seeking enforcement unless it finds that the person required to pay the instrument is adequately protected against loss that might occur by reason of a claim by another person to enforce the instrument. Adequate protection may be provided by any reasonable means.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3310 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3310 - Effect of instrument on obligation for which taken

47-3310.  Effect of instrument on obligation for which taken A. Unless otherwise agreed,  if a certified check,  cashier's check or teller's check is taken for an obligation,  the obligation is discharged to the same extent discharge would result if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken in payment of the obligation. Discharge of the obligation does not affect any liability that the obligor may have as an indorser of the instrument. B. Unless otherwise agreed and except as provided in subsection A,  if a note or an uncertified check is taken for an obligation,  the obligation is suspended to the same extent the obligation would be discharged if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken,  and the following rules apply: 1. In the case of an uncertified check,  suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the check or until it is paid or certified. Payment or certification of the check results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the amount of the check. 2. In the case of a note,  suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the note or until it is paid. Payment of the note results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the payment. 3. Except as provided in paragraph 4,  if the check or note is dishonored and the obligee of the obligation for which the instrument was taken is the person entitled to enforce the instrument,  the obligee may enforce either the instrument or the obligation. In the case of an instrument of a third person which is negotiated to the obligee by the obligor,  discharge of the obligor on the instrument also discharges the obligation. 4. If the person entitled to enforce the instrument taken for an obligation is a person other than the obligee,  the obligee may not enforce the obligation to the extent the obligation is suspended. If the obligee is the person entitled to enforce the instrument but no longer has possession of it because it was lost,  stolen or destroyed,  the obligation may not be enforced to the extent of the amount payable on the instrument,  and to that extent the obligee's rights against the obligor are limited to enforcement of the instrument. C. If an instrument other than one described in subsection A or B is taken for an obligation,  the effect is: 1. That stated in subsection A if the instrument is one on which a bank is liable as maker or acceptor;  or 2. That stated in subsection B in any other case.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3311 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3311 - Accord and satisfaction by use of instrument

47-3311.  Accord and satisfaction by use of instrument A. If a person against whom a claim is asserted proves that the person in good faith tendered an instrument to the claimant as full satisfaction of the claim,  the amount of the claim was unliquidated or subject to a bona fide dispute and the claimant obtained payment of the instrument,  subsections B and C apply. B. Unless subsection C applies,  the claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that the instrument or an accompanying written communication contained a conspicuous statement to the effect that the instrument was tendered as full satisfaction of the claim. C. Subject to subsection D,  a claim is not discharged under subsection B if either of the following applies: 1. The claimant,  if an organization,  proves that: (a) Within a reasonable time before the tender,  the claimant sent a conspicuous statement to the person against whom the claim is asserted that communications concerning disputed debts,  including an instrument tendered as full satisfaction of a debt,  are to be sent to a designated person,  office or place;  and (b) The instrument or accompanying communication was not received by that designated person,  office or place. 2. The claimant,  whether or not an organization,  proves that within ninety days after payment of the instrument,  the claimant tendered repayment of the amount of the instrument to the person against whom the claim is asserted. This paragraph does not apply if the claimant is an organization that sent a statement complying with paragraph 1,  subdivision (a). D. A claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that within a reasonable time before collection of the instrument was initiated,  the claimant,  or an agent of the claimant having direct responsibility with respect to the disputed obligation,  knew that the instrument was tendered in full satisfaction of the claim.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3401 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3401 - Signature

47-3401.  Signature A. A person is not liable on an instrument unless: 1. The person signed the instrument;  or 2. The person is represented by an agent or representative who signed the instrument and the signature is binding on the represented person under section 47-3402. B. A signature may be made: 1. Manually or by means of a device or machine;  and 2. By the use of any name,  including a trade or assumed name,  or by a word,  mark or symbol executed or adopted by a person with present intention to authenticate a writing.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3402 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3402 - Signature by representative

47-3402.  Signature by representative A. If a person acting,  or purporting to act,  as a representative signs an instrument by signing either the name of the represented person or the name of the signer,  the represented person is bound by the signature to the same extent the represented person would be bound if the signature were on a simple contract. If the represented person is bound,  the signature of the representative is the " authorized signature of the represented person"  and the represented person is liable on the instrument,  whether or not identified in the instrument. B. If a representative signs the name of the representative to an instrument and the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person,  the following rules apply: 1. If the form of the signature shows unambiguously that the signature is made on behalf of the represented person who is identified in the instrument,  the representative is not liable on the instrument. 2. Subject to subsection C,  if the form of the signature does not show unambiguously that the signature is made in a representative capacity or the represented person is not identified in the instrument,  the representative is liable on the instrument to a holder in due course that took the instrument without notice that the representative was not intended to be liable on the instrument. With respect to any other person,  the representative is liable on the instrument unless the representative proves that the original parties did not intend the representative to be liable on the instrument. C. If a representative signs the name of the representative as drawer of a check without indication of the representative status and the check is payable from an account of the represented person who is identified on the check,  the signer is not liable on the check if the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3403 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3403 - Unauthorized signature

47-3403.  Unauthorized signature A. Unless otherwise provided in this chapter or chapter 4 of this title,  an unauthorized signature is ineffective except as the signature of the unauthorized signer in favor of a person who in good faith pays the instrument or takes it for value. An unauthorized signature may be ratified for all purposes of this chapter. B. If the signature of more than one person is required to constitute the authorized signature of an organization,  the signature of the organization is unauthorized if one of the required signatures is lacking. C. The civil or criminal liability of a person who makes an unauthorized signature is not affected by any provision of this chapter which makes the unauthorized signature effective for the purposes of this chapter.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3404 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3404 - Impostors; fictitious payees

47-3404.  Impostors;  fictitious payees A. If an impostor,  by use of the mails or otherwise,  induces the issuer of an instrument to issue the instrument to the impostor,  or to a person acting in concert with the impostor,  by impersonating the payee of the instrument or a person authorized to act for the payee,  an indorsement of the instrument by any person in the name of the payee is effective as the indorsement of the payee in favor of a person who,  in good faith,  pays the instrument or takes it for value or for collection. B. If a person whose intent determines to whom an instrument is payable (section 47-3110,  subsection A or B) does not intend the person identified as payee to have any interest in the instrument or the person identified as payee of an instrument is a fictitious person,  the following rules apply until the instrument is negotiated by special indorsement: 1. Any person in possession of the instrument is its holder. 2. An indorsement by any person in the name of the payee stated in the instrument is effective as the indorsement of the payee in favor of a person who,  in good faith,  pays the instrument or takes it for value or for collection. C. Under subsection A or B of this section,  an indorsement is made in the name of a payee if: 1. It is made in a name substantially similar to that of the payee;  or 2. The instrument,  whether or not indorsed,  is deposited in a depositary bank to an account in a name substantially similar to that of the payee. D. With respect to an instrument to which subsection A or B of this section applies,  if a person paying the instrument or taking it for value or for collection fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking the instrument and that failure substantially contributes to loss resulting from payment of the instrument,  the person bearing the loss may recover from the person failing to exercise ordinary care to the extent the failure to exercise ordinary care contributed to the loss.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3405 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3405 - Employer's responsibility for fraudulent indorsement by employee

47-3405.  Employer's responsibility for fraudulent indorsement by employee A. In this section: 1. " Employee"  includes an independent contractor and employee of an independent contractor retained by the employer. 2. " Fraudulent indorsement"  means: (a) In the case of an instrument payable to the employer,  a forged indorsement purporting to be that of the employer;  or (b) In the case of an instrument with respect to which the employer is the issuer,  a forged indorsement purporting to be that of the person identified as payee. 3. " Responsibility"  with respect to instruments means authority to: (a) Sign or indorse instruments on behalf of the employer;  (b) Process instruments received by the employer for bookkeeping purposes,  for deposit to an account or for other disposition;  (c) Prepare or process instruments for issue in the name of the employer;  (d) Supply information determining the names or addresses of payees of instruments to be issued in the name of the employer;  (e) Control the disposition of instruments to be issued in the name of the employer;  or (f) Act otherwise with respect to instruments in a responsible capacity. Responsibility does not include authority that merely allows an employee to have access to instruments or blank or incomplete instrument forms that are being stored or transported or are part of incoming or outgoing mail,  or similar access. B. For the purpose of determining the rights and liabilities of a person who,  in good faith,  pays an instrument or takes it for value or for collection,  if an employer entrusted an employee with responsibility with respect to the instrument and the employee or a person acting in concert with the employee makes a fraudulent indorsement of the instrument,  the indorsement is effective as the indorsement of the person to whom the instrument is payable if it is made in the name of that person. If the person paying the instrument or taking it for value or for collection fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking the instrument and that failure substantially contributes to loss resulting from the fraud,  the person bearing the loss may recover from the person failing to exercise ordinary care to the extent the failure to exercise ordinary care contributed to the loss. C. Under subsection B,  an indorsement is made in the name of the person to whom an instrument is payable if: 1. It is made in a name substantially similar to the name of that person;  or 2. The instrument,  whether or not indorsed,  is deposited in a depositary bank to an account in a name substantially similar to the name of that person.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3406 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3406 - Negligence contributing to forged signature or alteration of instrument

47-3406.  Negligence contributing to forged signature or alteration of instrument A. A person whose failure to exercise ordinary care substantially contributes to an alteration of an instrument or to the making of a forged signature on an instrument is precluded from asserting the alteration or the forgery against a person who,  in good faith,  pays the instrument or takes it for value or for collection. B. Under subsection A,  if the person asserting the preclusion fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking the instrument and that failure substantially contributes to loss,  the loss is allocated between the person precluded and the person asserting the preclusion according to the extent to which the failure of each to exercise ordinary care contributed to the loss. C. Under subsection A,  the burden of proving failure to exercise ordinary care is on the person asserting the preclusion. Under subsection B,  the burden of proving failure to exercise ordinary care is on the person precluded.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3407 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3407 - Alteration

47-3407.  Alteration A. " Alteration"  means: 1. An unauthorized change in an instrument that purports to modify in any respect the obligation of a party;  or 2. An unauthorized addition of words or numbers or other change to an incomplete instrument relating to the obligation of a party. B. Except as provided in subsection C,  an alteration fraudulently made discharges a party whose obligation is affected by the alteration unless that party assents or is precluded from asserting the alteration. No other alteration discharges a party,  and the instrument may be enforced according to its original terms. C. A payor bank or drawee paying a fraudulently altered instrument or a person taking it for value,  in good faith and without notice of the alteration,  may enforce rights with respect to the instrument: 1. According to its original terms;  or 2. In the case of an incomplete instrument altered by unauthorized completion,  according to its terms as completed.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3408 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3408 - Drawee not liable on unaccepted draft

47-3408.  Drawee not liable on unaccepted draft A check or other draft does not of itself operate as an assignment of funds in the hands of the drawee available for its payment,  and the drawee is not liable on the instrument until the drawee accepts it.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3409 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3409 - Acceptance of draft; certified check

47-3409.  Acceptance of draft;  certified check A. " Acceptance"  means the drawee's signed agreement to pay a draft as presented. It must be written on the draft and may consist of the drawee's signature alone. Acceptance may be made at any time and becomes effective when notification pursuant to instructions is given or the accepted draft is delivered for the purpose of giving rights on the acceptance to any person. B. A draft may be accepted although it has not been signed by the drawer,  is otherwise incomplete,  is overdue or has been dishonored. C. If a draft is payable at a fixed period after sight and the acceptor fails to date the acceptance,  the holder may complete the acceptance by supplying a date in good faith. D. " Certified check"  means a check accepted by the bank on which it is drawn. Acceptance may be made as stated in subsection A or by a writing on the check which indicates that the check is certified. The drawee of a check has no obligation to certify the check,  and refusal to certify is not dishonor of the check.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3410 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3410 - Acceptance varying draft

47-3410.  Acceptance varying draft A. If the terms of a drawee's acceptance vary from the terms of the draft as presented,  the holder may refuse the acceptance and treat the draft as dishonored. In that case,  the drawee may cancel the acceptance. B. The terms of a draft are not varied by an acceptance to pay at a particular bank or place in the United States,  unless the acceptance states that the draft is to be paid only at that bank or place. C. If the holder assents to an acceptance varying the terms of a draft,  the obligation of each drawer and indorser that does not expressly assent to the acceptance is discharged.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3411 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3411 - Refusal to pay cashier's checks, teller's checks and certified checks

47-3411.  Refusal to pay cashier's checks,  teller's checks and certified checks A. In this section,  " obligated bank"  means the acceptor of a certified check or the issuer of a cashier's check or teller's check bought from the issuer. B. If the obligated bank wrongfully refuses to pay a cashier's check or certified check,  stops payment of a teller's check or refuses to pay a dishonored teller's check,  the person asserting the right to enforce the check is entitled to compensation for expenses and loss of interest resulting from the nonpayment and may recover consequential damages if the obligated bank refuses to pay after receiving notice of particular circumstances giving rise to the damages. C. Expenses or consequential damages under subsection B are not recoverable if the refusal of the obligated bank to pay occurs because: 1. The bank suspends payments;  2. The obligated bank asserts a claim or defense of the bank that it has reasonable grounds to believe is available against the person entitled to enforce the instrument;  3. The obligated bank has a reasonable doubt whether the person demanding payment is the person entitled to enforce the instrument;  or 4. Payment is prohibited by law.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3412 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3412 - Obligation of issuer of note or cashier's check

47-3412.  Obligation of issuer of note or cashier's check The issuer of a note or cashier's check or other draft drawn on the drawer is obliged to pay the instrument: 1. According to its terms at the time it was issued or,  if not issued,  at the time it first came into possession of a holder;  or 2. If the issuer signed an incomplete instrument,  according to its terms when completed,  to the extent stated in sections 47-3115 and 47-3407. The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the instrument or to an indorser who paid the instrument under section 47-3415.
AZ Rev Stat § 47-3413 (2021)
2021 Arizona Revised Statutes|Title 47 - Uniform Commercial Code|§ 47-3413 - Obligation of acceptor

47-3413.  Obligation of acceptor A. The acceptor of a draft is obliged to pay the draft: 1. According to its terms at the time it was accepted,  even though the acceptance states that the draft is payable " as originally drawn"  or equivalent terms;  2. If the acceptance varies the terms of the draft,  according to the terms of the draft as varied;  or 3. If the acceptance is of a draft that is an incomplete instrument,  according to its terms when completed,  to the extent stated in sections 47-3115 and 47-3407. The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the draft or to the drawer or an indorser who paid the draft under section 47-3414 or 47-3415. B. If the certification of a check or other acceptance of a draft states the amount certified or accepted,  the obligation of the acceptor is that amount. If the certification or acceptance does not state an amount,  if the amount of the instrument is subsequently raised and if the instrument is then negotiated to a holder in due course,  the obligation of the acceptor is the amount of the instrument at the time it was taken by the holder in due course.