reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CA Ins Code § 12122 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 4 - MISCELLANEOUS CASUALTY INSURANCES|CHAPTER 1 - Surety Insurers on Reserve Basis; Capital Requirements and Permitted Insurances|ARTICLE 5 - Financial Guaranty Insurance|Section 12122.

12122.  No insurer authorized to transact financial guaranty insurance shall pay any commission to or make any gift of money, property, or other valuable thing to any employee, agent, or representative of any issuer of any debt instrument or other monetary obligation of any kind which may be insured pursuant to this article or to any trustee or agent of any such issuer, or to any employee, agent, or representative of any underwriter of any issuer of those debt instruments or monetary obligations as an inducement to the purchase of that insurance, nor may, at any time there is in force a policy issued by that insurer insuring those debt instruments or monetary obligations, any employee, agent, or representative of the issuer or underwriter receive from or on behalf of that insurer any such payment or gift.(Added by Stats. 1990, Ch. 1032, Sec. 6.)
CA Ins Code § 12340 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.

12340.  The definitions set forth in this article shall govern the construction of the terms used in this chapter, but shall not affect any other provisions of this code.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1973, Ch. 1130.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.1 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.1.

12340.1.  “Title insurance” means insuring, guaranteeing or indemnifying owners of real or personal property or the holders of liens or encumbrances thereon or others interested therein against loss or damage suffered by reason of:(a) Liens or encumbrances on, or defects in the title to said property;(b) Invalidity or unenforceability of any liens or encumbrances thereon; or(c) Incorrectness of searches relating to the title to real or personal property.(Added by Stats. 1973, Ch. 1130.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.2 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.2.

12340.2.  “Title policy” means any written instrument or contract by means of which title insurance liability is assumed.(Added by Stats. 1973, Ch. 1130.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.3 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.3.

12340.3.  “Business of title insurance” includes:(a) Issuing or proposing to issue any title policy as insurer, guarantor, or indemnitor;(b) Transacting or proposing to transact any phase of title insurance, including solicitation, negotiation preliminary to execution, or execution of a title policy, insuring and transacting matters subsequent to the execution of a title policy and arising out of such policy, excluding reinsurance;(c) The performance by a title insurer, an underwritten title company or a controlled escrow company of any service in conjunction with the issuance or contemplated issuance of a title policy including but not limited to the handling of any escrow, settlement or closing in connection therewith; or the doing of or proposing to do any business, which is in substance the equivalent of any of the above.(d) The issuance, by a title insurer, of a letter of indemnity. Any such letter of indemnity shall be limited to and issued solely for the purpose of indemnifying the commissioner on behalf of any member of the public who transacts an escrow with an underwritten title company, with whom the title insurer has an underwriting agreement. A title insurer may charge a reasonable fee in connection with the issuance of any such letter. No rate or form filing shall be required with respect to any such letter of indemnity.(e) The act of an insurer in furnishing in writing to a prospective purchaser of the insurer’s title policy a statement which assures, and assumes the liability for, the proper performance of services necessary to the conduct of a real estate closing performed by an underwritten title company with whom the insurer maintains an underwriting agreement. A title insurer may charge a reasonable fee in connection with the furnishing of any such statement. No rate or form filing shall be required with respect to any such statement.(Amended by Stats. 1981, Ch. 479, Sec. 1.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.4 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.4.

12340.4.  “Title insurer” means any company issuing title policies as insurer, guarantor or indemnitor.“Domestic title insurer” means any title insurer organized under the laws of this state.“Foreign title insurer” means any title insurer organized under the laws of any other jurisdiction.(Added by Stats. 1973, Ch. 1130.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.5 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.5.

12340.5.  “Underwritten title company” means any corporation engaged in the business of preparing title searches, title examinations, title reports, certificates or abstracts of title upon the basis of which a title insurer writes title policies.(Added by Stats. 1973, Ch. 1130.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.6 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.6.

12340.6.  (a) “Controlled escrow company” means any person, other than a title insurer or underwritten title company, whose principal business is the handling of escrows of real property transactions in connection with which title policies are issued, which person, if an artificial person, directly or indirectly, is controlled by, controls, or is under common control with a title insurer, or controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with an underwritten title company, or, if a natural person, is employed by, or controlled by, a title insurer or by an underwritten title company. As used in this section, the term “control” has the meaning set forth in subdivision (c) of Section 1215.(b) Except for Article 6 (commencing with Section 12404), this section does not apply to any person or entity doing business under any law of this state or the United States relating to banks or savings and loan associations.(Amended by Stats. 2017, Ch. 417, Sec. 31. (AB 1696) Effective January 1, 2018.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.7 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.7.

12340.7.  Except as provided in Section 12401.8, and excluding miscellaneous charges, “rate” or “rates” means the charge or charges, whether denominated premium or otherwise, made to the public by a title insurer, an underwritten title company or a controlled escrow company, for all services it performs in transacting the business of title insurance. As used in this section miscellaneous charges means conveyancing fees, notary fees, inspection fees, tax service contract fees and such other fees as the commissioner by regulation may prescribe.(Added by Stats. 1973, Ch. 1130.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.8 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.8.

12340.8.  “Advisory organization” means every person or entity (other than a title insurer, underwritten title company, or controlled escrow company) which recommends or prepares policy forms or endorsements, or procedural manuals (but not including the making of rates, rating plans, or rating systems), or which collects and furnishes to its members or insurance supervisory officials loss and expense statistics or other statistical information and data relating to the business of title insurance and who otherwise acts in an advisory, as distinguished from a ratemaking, capacity. No duly authorized attorney at law acting in the usual course of his profession nor any entity engaging in the above activity on a nationwide basis shall be deemed to be an advisory organization.(Amended by Stats. 1992, Ch. 991, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.9 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.9.

12340.9.  “Willful” or “willfully” in relation to an act or omission which constitutes a violation of this chapter means with actual knowledge or belief that such act or omission constitutes such violation and with specific intent to commit such violation.(Added by Stats. 1973, Ch. 1130.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.10 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.10.

12340.10.  “Abstract of title” is a written representation, provided pursuant to a contract, whether written or oral, intended to be relied upon by the person who has contracted for the receipt of such representation, listing all recorded conveyances, instruments or documents which, under the laws of this state, impart constructive notice with respect to the chain of title to the real property described therein. An abstract of title is not a title policy as defined in Section 12340.2.(Added by Stats. 1981, Ch. 55, Sec. 1.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.11 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.11.

12340.11.  “Preliminary report”, “commitment”, or “binder” are reports furnished in connection with an application for title insurance and are offers to issue a title policy subject to the stated exceptions set forth in the reports and such other matters as may be incorporated by reference therein. The reports are not abstracts of title, nor are any of the rights, duties or responsibilities applicable to the preparation and issuance of an abstract of title applicable to the issuance of any report. Any such report shall not be construed as, nor constitute, a representation as to the condition of title to real property, but shall constitute a statement of the terms and conditions upon which the issuer is willing to issue its title policy, if such offer is accepted.(Added by Stats. 1981, Ch. 55, Sec. 2.)
CA Ins Code § 12340.13 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12340.13.

12340.13.  “Business location” means a facility or other place of business in this state where an underwritten title company or controlled escrow company engages in the business of conducting escrow services.(Added by Stats. 2015, Ch. 370, Sec. 1. (AB 704) Effective January 1, 2016.)
CA Ins Code § 12342 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 1 - Definitions|Section 12342.

12342.  For purposes of this chapter, “holders of liens or encumbrances” includes, but is not limited to, the institutional third parties described in Sections 1452 and 1717 of Title 12 of the United States Code.(Added by Stats. 1995, Ch. 433, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 1996.)
CA Ins Code § 12350 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 2 - Title Insurers; Capital and Guarantee Fund Requirements|Section 12350.

12350.  Every title insurer, before issuing any policy, shall deposit $100,000 with the Insurance Commissioner or other designated official of its home State as a “guarantee fund” for the security and protection of the holders of, or beneficiaries under, its title policies.(Amended by Stats. 1935, Ch. 292.)
CA Ins Code § 12351 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 2 - Title Insurers; Capital and Guarantee Fund Requirements|Section 12351.

12351.  Any such deposit may be made either in lawful money of the United States or in any of the securities, other than collateral trust bonds or notes, authorized for investment, other than excess funds investments, of all the assets of domestic incorporated insurers.(Enacted by Stats. 1935, Ch. 145.)
CA Ins Code § 12352 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 2 - Title Insurers; Capital and Guarantee Fund Requirements|Section 12352.

12352.  If the deposit is made in this state, it shall first be approved by the commissioner who shall make a special deposit thereof in the State Treasury, for the purpose specified in Section 12350. The Treasurer shall give his or her receipt therefor, to the commissioner.(Amended by Stats. 2011, Ch. 426, Sec. 12. (SB 712) Effective January 1, 2012.)
CA Ins Code § 12353 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 2 - Title Insurers; Capital and Guarantee Fund Requirements|Section 12353.

12353.  Except as provided in section 12355, assets in such deposits in this State may, with the approval of the commissioner, be withdrawn or exchanged from time to time for other assets of like character and value.(Amended by Stats. 1935, Ch. 292.)
CA Ins Code § 12354 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 2 - Title Insurers; Capital and Guarantee Fund Requirements|Section 12354.

12354.  As long as the depositing insurer continues solvent, it shall receive the interest and dividends on any assets in the deposit.(Enacted by Stats. 1935, Ch. 145.)
CA Ins Code § 12355 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 2 - Title Insurers; Capital and Guarantee Fund Requirements|Section 12355.

12355.  Except on withdrawal of the insurer from this State, or substitution pursuant to section 12353, assets in the deposit in this State shall be subject to final sale, transfer, and disposal of the proceeds thereof by the commissioner only on the order of a court of competent jurisdiction and for the security and protection of the holders of, or beneficiaries under, the depositing insurers title insurance policies.(Amended by Stats. 1935, Ch. 292.)
CA Ins Code § 12356 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 2 - Title Insurers; Capital and Guarantee Fund Requirements|Section 12356.

12356.  When any part of the assets to be deposited in this State consists of mortgage-secured notes or bonds, or loans upon real property secured by mortgage, such mortgages shall be accompanied by a policy of mortgage insurance issued under the provisions of this code, or by evidence of title issued by a person designated or approved by the commissioner and either authorized by law or found by the commissioner to be competent to issue such evidence. Such evidence of title shall consist either of a full abstract of title, a full certificate of title, or a policy of title insurance, and shall be assigned and approved by, or under the direction of, the commissioner.In any case where he ascertains that the expense thereof would not be unreasonable or such as to make the deposit impracticable, the commissioner may require a policy of title insurance or a guaranty that the abstract is correct and that it shows title to be in the proper party, issued by a corporation authorized to issue such policies or guaranties.(Amended by Stats. 1937, Ch. 732.)
CA Ins Code § 12357 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 2 - Title Insurers; Capital and Guarantee Fund Requirements|Section 12357.

12357.  Unless the mortgage is covered by mortgage insurance, the value of the property covered by each such mortgage constituting all or part of such deposit in this State shall be appraised by one or more appraisers selected or approved by the commissioner. The appraisers shall be familiar with property values of the particular type of property and generally in the region in which the property or some part thereof is situated.(Amended by Stats. 1937, Ch. 732.)
CA Ins Code § 12358 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 2 - Title Insurers; Capital and Guarantee Fund Requirements|Section 12358.

12358.  The reasonable cost of examining such evidence of title and of making such appraisement, shall be paid by the title insurer making the deposit.(Amended by Stats. 1937, Ch. 732.)
CA Ins Code § 12359 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 2 - Title Insurers; Capital and Guarantee Fund Requirements|Section 12359.

12359.  A title insurer shall not transact any insurance in this state unless it has paid-in capital represented by shares of stock of at least five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000).(Amended by Stats. 1981, Ch. 479, Sec. 2.)
CA Ins Code § 12360 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 2 - Title Insurers; Capital and Guarantee Fund Requirements|Section 12360.

12360.  An insurer which anywhere in the United States transacts any class of insurance other than title insurance is not eligible for the issuance of a certificate of authority to transact title insurance in this State nor for the renewal thereof.(Amended by Stats. 1951, Ch. 542.)
CA Ins Code § 12370 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 3 - Title Insurers: Finances and Investments|Section 12370.

12370.  Every title insurer shall annually set apart a sum equal to 10 percent of its premiums collected during the year. Such sums shall be allowed to accumulate until a fund is created equal in amount to 25 percent of the aggregate of the subscribed capital stock of the insurer, or one million dollars ($1,000,000), whichever is the lower amount. After the establishment by a title insurer of an unearned premium reserve, pursuant to Article 3.5 (commencing with Section 12380) of this chapter, such amount shall be reduced by the aggregate amount which shall be set aside and maintained by such insurer in such unearned premium reserve. Such fund shall be known as the “title insurance surplus fund.”(Amended by Stats. 1971, Ch. 1318.)
CA Ins Code § 12371 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 3 - Title Insurers: Finances and Investments|Section 12371.

12371.  The title insurance surplus fund shall be maintained as a further security to holders and beneficiaries of the title policies issued by the insurer. If all or any part of the fund shall at any time be in excess of the amount required by Section 12370, such excess may be transferred by the insurer to its general assets. If at any time the fund is impaired by reason of a loss, the amount by which it is impaired shall be restored in the manner provided for its accumulation. The reporting of a loss is an impairment of such fund for the purposes of this section.(Amended by Stats. 1965, Ch. 272.)
CA Ins Code § 12372 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 3 - Title Insurers: Finances and Investments|Section 12372.

12372.  Any such domestic insurer, after having its required capital paid in and depositing its required guarantee fund with the State Treasurer, may invest its funds in the preparation and purchase of materials and plant necessary to enable it to engage in the title insurance business. In all statements and proceedings required by law for the ascertainment and determination of the condition of such insurer, such materials and plant shall be treated in one of the following ways:(a) They may be treated as an asset, valued at actual cost to the insurer not in excess of 50 per cent of the aggregate par value of the shares of the insurer’s capital stock then issued outstanding, and apportioned to its title insurance department, including treasury shares; (b) They may be treated as an asset, at such lesser value than that permitted by paragraph (a) of this section as the insurer estimates;(c) They may be omitted entirely from the statement or proceeding.(Amended by Stats. 1939, Ch. 325.)
CA Ins Code § 12372.5 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 3 - Title Insurers: Finances and Investments|Section 12372.5.

12372.5.  Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 12372, where a title plant is not being currently maintained, the asset value of such plant shall not exceed its asset value as of the last annual statement date preceding the first month such plant is not currently maintained, less 1/10th thereof for each succeeding year or part thereof that such plant is not being currently maintained. For the purposes of this section, a title plant shall be deemed currently maintained so long as it is used in the normal conduct of the business of title insurance, and (1) the owner thereof continues regularly to obtain and index title record data to such plant or to a continuation thereof in a format other than that previously used, including, but not limited to, computerization of such data, or (2) the owner thereof is a participant, in an arrangement for joint use of a title plant system regularly maintained in any format, provided such owner is contractually entitled to receive a copy of the title record data contained in such jointly used title plant system during the period of such owner’s participation therein, either periodically or upon termination of such participation, at a cost not to exceed the actual cost of duplication of such title record data.(Added by Stats. 1978, Ch. 846.)
CA Ins Code § 12373 (2021)
2021 California Code|Insurance Code - INS|DIVISION 2 - CLASSES OF INSURANCE|PART 6 - INSURANCE COVERING LAND|CHAPTER 1 - Title Insurance|ARTICLE 3 - Title Insurers: Finances and Investments|Section 12373.

12373.  A title insurer shall not make any dividends except from profits remaining on hand after retaining unimpaired assets aggregating in value an amount equal to the sum of the following:(a) The aggregate par value of the shares of its capital stock issued and outstanding, including treasury shares;(b) The amount required to be set apart as the title insurance surplus fund; (c) The amount required to be maintained in the unearned premium reserve;(d) The amount required to be maintained in the reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expense;(e) A sum sufficient to pay all liabilities for expenses and taxes and all other indebtedness.(Amended by Stats. 1965, Ch. 272.)