reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CT Gen Stat § 53-441 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53 - Crimes|Chapter 949e - Health Insurance Fraud Act|Section 53-441 - Definitions.

 As used in sections 53-440 to 53-443, inclusive:(a) “Statement” includes but is not limited to any notice, statement, invoice, account, bill for services, explanation of services, medical opinion, test result, computer generated document, electronic transmission or other evidence of loss, injury or expense;(b) “Person” means any individual, corporation, limited liability company, partnership, association or any other legal entity;(c) “Insurer” means any insurance company, health care center, corporation, Lloyd's insurer, fraternal benefit society or any other legal entity authorized to provide health care benefits in this state, including benefits provided under health insurance, disability insurance, workers' compensation and automobile insurance or any person, partnership, association or legal entity which is self-insured and provides health care benefits to its employees or governmental entity which provides medical benefits to Medicare or Medicaid recipients.(P.A. 87-481, S. 2; P.A. 93-430, S. 2; P.A. 95-79, S. 181, 189.)History: P.A. 93-430 amended the definition of “statement” to include “electronic transmission” and changed the definition of “health care insurer” to “insurer” and included health care centers and governmental entities providing medical benefits to Medicare and Medicaid recipients and added reference to the benefits provided under health insurance, disability insurance, workers' compensation and automobile insurance to the definition of “insurer”; P.A. 95-79 redefined “person” to include a limited liability company, effective May 31, 1995.
CT Gen Stat § 53-442 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53 - Crimes|Chapter 949e - Health Insurance Fraud Act|Section 53-442 - Health insurance fraud.

 A person is guilty of health insurance fraud when he, with the intent to defraud or deceive any insurer, (1) presents or causes to be presented to any insurer or any agent thereof any written or oral statement as part of or in support of an application for any policy of insurance or claim for payment or other benefit from a plan providing health care benefits, whether for himself, a family member or a third party, knowing that such statement contains any false, incomplete, deceptive or misleading information concerning any fact or thing material to such claim or application, or omits information concerning any fact or thing material to such claim or application, or (2) assists, abets, solicits or conspires with another to prepare or present any written or oral statement to any insurer or any agent thereof, in connection with, or in support of, an application for any policy of insurance or claim for payment or other benefit from a plan providing health care benefits knowing that such statement contains any false, deceptive or misleading information concerning any fact or thing material to such application or claim. For purposes of this section, “misleading information” includes but is not limited to falsely representing that goods or services were medically necessary in accordance with professionally accepted standards.(P.A. 87-481, S. 3; P.A. 93-430, S. 3.)History: P.A. 93-430 deleted references to “health care insurer” and substituted “insurer” in lieu thereof, included a reference to application for “policy of insurance” in lieu of “application” and added a provision re assisting, abetting, soliciting or conspiring to defraud an insurer or any agent thereof.Cited. 44 CA 294.
CT Gen Stat § 53-443 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53 - Crimes|Chapter 949e - Health Insurance Fraud Act|Section 53-443 - Penalty. Order of restitution. Attorneys' fees and investigation costs included in restitution.

 Any person who violates any provision of sections 53-440 to 53-443, inclusive, shall be subject to the penalties for larceny under sections 53a-122 to 53a-125b, inclusive. Each act shall be considered a separate offense. In addition to any fine or term of imprisonment imposed, including any order of probation, any such person shall make restitution to an aggrieved insurer, including reasonable attorneys' fees and investigation costs.(P.A. 87-481, S. 4; P.A. 93-430, S. 4.)History: P.A. 93-430 specified that each act of fraud constitutes a separate offense and included reasonable attorneys' fees and investigation costs in the restitution order.Cited. 44 CA 294.
CT Gen Stat § 53-444 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53 - Crimes|Chapter 949e - Health Insurance Fraud Act|Section 53-444 - Cause of action, when.

 Any insurer, as defined in subsection (c) of section 53-441, that is aggrieved as a result of an act of insurance fraud may institute an action against the perpetrator of such fraud to recover all damages resulting from the fraud.(P.A. 93-430, S. 5.)
CT Gen Stat § 53-445 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53 - Crimes|Chapter 949e - Health Insurance Fraud Act|Section 53-445 - Knowledge of health insurance fraud, report to Insurance Commissioner. Independent investigation conducted. Subject to civil liability, when.

 (a) Any person, including an insurer, as defined in subsection (c) of section 53-441, who has knowledge of or has reason to believe that health insurance fraud, as defined in section 53-442, has occurred, shall provide notice and any information, evidence and documentation in the person's or its possession relative to the suspected fraud to the Insurance Commissioner.(b) The commissioner shall review and investigate any reports of or information received by any person regarding insurance fraud; he shall conduct an independent investigation of the suspected insurance fraud; and when he reasonably believes that a violation has occurred, he shall refer such investigation to the appropriate state agency for criminal prosecution, civil enforcement or disciplinary action. During the commissioner's investigation and prior to the referral of such investigation, the investigation and record thereof shall be confidential.(c) Any person, including an insurer, as defined in subsection (c) of section 53-441, or a not-for-profit organization established to detect and prevent insurance fraud or his or its agents or employees may disclose otherwise personal or privileged information as defined in section 38a-976, orally or in writing to another person concerning any alleged, suspected or anticipated insurance fraud as defined in section 53-442, when such disclosure is limited to that which is reasonably necessary to detect, investigate or prevent criminal activity, fraud, material misrepresentation or material nondisclosure.(d) No person shall be subject to liability for libel, slander or any other civil liability in connection with the filing of reports or documents, or furnishing orally or in writing information concerning any suspected, anticipated or alleged insurance fraud, when the reports, documents or information are provided or received in accordance with the provisions of subsection (a) or (c) of this section or in accordance with an order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction to provide testimony or evidence, unless such person disclosed false information with malice or wilful intent to injure any person.(P.A. 93-430, S. 7, 9; P.A. 00-211, S. 5.)History: P.A. 93-430 effective October 1, 1994 (Revisor's note: In subsections (a) and (c) the words “their possession” and “their agents” were changed editorially by the Revisors to “his or its possession” and “his or its agents” respectively, for grammatical correctness); P.A. 00-211 amended Subsec. (a) to require notice and evidence in a person's possession relative to suspected fraud to be provided to the Insurance Commissioner, and made a technical change for purposes of gender neutrality.
CT Gen Stat § 53-450 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53 - Crimes|Chapter 949f - Videotape Rental and Privacy|Section 53-450 - Confidentiality of videotape rental information. Cause of action. Penalty.

 (a) All personally identifiable information contained in the circulation records of any person renting videotape cassettes shall be confidential.(b) Any person who has been injured by a violation of this section shall have a right of action against any person renting videotape cassettes who has committed the violation to recover damages for such injury.(c) Any person who violates any provisions of this section shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars.(P.A. 88-205, S. 1–3.)
CT Gen Stat § 53-452 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53 - Crimes|Chapter 949g - Computer Crimes|Section 53-452 - Civil actions. Recovery of attorney's fees and costs. Damages. Statute of limitations.

 (a) Any person whose property or person is injured by reason of a violation of any provision of section 53-451 may bring a civil action in the Superior Court to enjoin further violations and to recover the actual damages sustained by reason of such violation and the costs of the civil action. Without limiting the generality of the term, “damages” includes loss of profits.(b) If the injury arises from the transmission of unsolicited bulk electronic mail, the injured person, other than an electronic mail service provider, may also recover reasonable attorneys' fees and costs, and may elect, in lieu of actual damages, to recover the lesser of ten dollars for each and every unsolicited bulk electronic mail message transmitted in violation of section 53-451 or twenty-five thousand dollars per day for each day of violation. The injured person shall not have a cause of action against the electronic mail service provider that merely transmits the unsolicited bulk electronic mail over its computer network.(c) If the injury arises from the transmission of unsolicited bulk electronic mail, an injured electronic mail service provider may also recover reasonable attorneys' fees and costs and may elect, in lieu of actual damages, to recover the greater of ten dollars for each and every unsolicited bulk electronic mail message transmitted in violation of section 53-451 or twenty-five thousand dollars per day.(d) At the request of any party to an action brought pursuant to this section, the court may, in its discretion, conduct all legal proceedings in such a way as to protect the secrecy and security of the computer, computer network, computer data, computer program and computer software involved in order to prevent any possible recurrence of the same or a similar act by another person and to protect any trade secrets of any party.(e) The provisions of this section shall not be construed to limit any person's right to pursue any additional civil remedy otherwise allowed by law.(f) A civil action under this section shall not be commenced but within two years from the date of the act complained of. In actions alleging injury arising from the transmission of unsolicited bulk electronic mail, personal jurisdiction may be exercised pursuant to section 52-59b.(P.A. 99-160, S. 2.)See Sec. 52-570b re civil action for computer-related offenses.
CT Gen Stat § 53-453 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53 - Crimes|Chapter 949g - Computer Crimes|Section 53-453 - Civil enforcement by Attorney General.

 The Attorney General, acting on behalf of the state of Connecticut, may bring an action in the superior court for the judicial district in which a violation of any provision of section 53-451 occurs to enforce the provisions of said section. In any such action, the Attorney General may obtain, for the benefit of persons adversely affected by the violations of section 53-451, any relief to which such persons may be entitled. The Attorney General may combine such action with any other action within the Attorney General's power to maintain, including an action under chapter 735a. Nothing in this section shall limit the right of a person adversely affected by violations of the law from bringing a private cause of action under section 53-452 or any other law that may entitle such person to relief.(P.A. 99-160, S. 3.)
CT Gen Stat § 53-454 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53 - Crimes|Chapter 949g - Computer Crimes|Section 53-454 - Misrepresentation as on-line Internet business. Civil enforcement by Attorney General or aggrieved person. Damages. Exclusions. Penalty.

 (a) For purposes of this section:(1) “Electronic mail message” means a message sent to a unique destination that consists of a unique user name or mailbox and a reference to an Internet domain, whether or not displayed, to which such message can be sent or delivered.(2) “Identifying information” means specific details that can be used to access a person's financial accounts or to obtain goods or services, including, but not limited to, such person's Social Security number, driver's license number, bank account number, credit or debit card number, personal identification number, automated or electronic signature, unique biometric data or account password.(b) No person shall, by means of an Internet web page, electronic mail message or otherwise using the Internet, solicit, request or take any action to induce another person to provide identifying information by representing that the person, either directly or by implication, is an on-line Internet business, without the authority or approval of such on-line Internet business.(c) The Attorney General or any person aggrieved by a violation of subsection (b) of this section may file a civil action in Superior Court to enforce the provisions of this section and to enjoin further violations of this section. The Attorney General or such aggrieved person may recover actual damages or twenty-five thousand dollars, whichever is greater, for each violation of subsection (b) of this section.(d) In a civil action under subsection (c) of this section, the court may increase the damage award to an amount equal to not more than three times the award provided in said subsection (c) if the court determines that the defendant has engaged in a pattern and practice of violating subsection (b) of this section.(e) An interactive computer service provider shall not be held liable or found in violation of this section for identifying, removing or disabling access to an Internet web page or other on-line location that such provider believes in good faith is being used to engage in a violation of this section.(f) A violation of subsection (b) of this section shall be a class D felony. Multiple violations resulting from a single action or act shall constitute one violation for the purposes of this subsection.(P.A. 06-50, S. 1.)
CT Gen Stat § 53a-1 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53a - Penal Code|Chapter 950 - Penal Code: General Provisions|Section 53a-1 - Short title: Penal Code.

 This title shall be known as the “Penal Code”.(1969, P.A. 828, S. 1.)Cited. 171 C. 524.
CT Gen Stat § 53a-2 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53a - Penal Code|Chapter 950 - Penal Code: General Provisions|Section 53a-2 - Application and scope.

 The provisions of this title shall apply to any offense defined in this title or the general statutes, unless otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires, and committed on or after October 1, 1971, and to any defense to prosecution for such an offense.(1969, P.A. 828, S. 2.)Cited. 192 C. 154; 201 C. 505; 207 C. 456; 211 C. 258; 228 C. 758.Cited. 2 CA 204; 11 CA 665; 29 CA 591.
CT Gen Stat § 53a-4 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53a - Penal Code|Chapter 951 - Penal Code: Statutory Construction; Principles of Criminal Liability|Section 53a-4 - Saving clause.

 The provisions of this chapter shall not be construed as precluding any court from recognizing other principles of criminal liability or other defenses not inconsistent with such provisions.(1969, P.A. 828, S. 4.)Cited. 209 C. 75; 227 C. 32; 229 C. 60; 233 C. 174; 236 C. 266.Cited. 23 CA 615; 30 CA 470; Id., 527; 32 CA 224; 36 CA 680.
CT Gen Stat § 53a-5 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53a - Penal Code|Chapter 951 - Penal Code: Statutory Construction; Principles of Criminal Liability|Section 53a-5 - Criminal liability; mental state required.

 When the commission of an offense defined in this title, or some element of an offense, requires a particular mental state, such mental state is ordinarily designated in the statute defining the offense by use of the terms “intentionally”, “knowingly”, “recklessly” or “criminal negligence”, or by use of terms, such as “with intent to defraud” and “knowing it to be false”, describing a specific kind of intent or knowledge. When one and only one of such terms appears in a statute defining an offense, it is presumed to apply to every element of the offense unless an intent to limit its application clearly appears.(1969, P.A. 828, S. 5.)Cited. 173 C. 35; 186 C. 45; 201 C. 505; 202 C. 520; 209 C. 75; 235 C. 477; 242 C. 211. When a statute requires state to prove that defendant intentionally engaged in the statutorily proscribed conduct, section does not require court to presume that the statute requires state to prove that defendant had knowledge of a circumstance described in the statute. 265 C. 35.Cited. 9 CA 161; Id., 686; 17 CA 339; 19 CA 609; 40 CA 643.
CT Gen Stat § 53a-6 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53a - Penal Code|Chapter 951 - Penal Code: Statutory Construction; Principles of Criminal Liability|Section 53a-6 - Effect of ignorance or mistake.

 (a) A person shall not be relieved of criminal liability for conduct because he engages in such conduct under a mistaken belief of fact, unless: (1) Such factual mistake negates the mental state required for the commission of an offense; or (2) the statute defining the offense or a statute related thereto expressly provides that such factual mistake constitutes a defense or exemption; or (3) such factual mistake is of a kind that supports a defense of justification.(b) A person shall not be relieved of criminal liability for conduct because he engages in such conduct under a mistaken belief that it does not, as a matter of law, constitute an offense, unless (1) the law provides that the state of mind established by such mistaken belief constitutes a defense, or unless (2) such mistaken belief is founded upon an official statement of law contained in a statute or other enactment, an administrative order or grant of permission, a judicial decision of a state or federal court, or an interpretation of the statute or law relating to the offense, officially made or issued by a public servant, agency or body legally charged or empowered with the responsibility or privilege of administering, enforcing or interpreting such statute or law.(1969, P.A. 828, S. 6.)Defendant entitled as matter of law to a theory of defense instruction when evidence of defense under section is placed before jury. 178 C. 704. Cited. 199 C. 537; 204 C. 240; 209 C. 75.Cited. 17 CA 326.Subsec. (a):Cited. 198 C. 454; 210 C. 132. When mistake of fact defense arises and when jury instruction re mistake of fact is required. 246 C. 268.
CT Gen Stat § 53a-7 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53a - Penal Code|Chapter 951 - Penal Code: Statutory Construction; Principles of Criminal Liability|Section 53a-7 - Effect of intoxication.

 Intoxication shall not be a defense to a criminal charge, but in any prosecution for an offense evidence of intoxication of the defendant may be offered by the defendant whenever it is relevant to negate an element of the crime charged, provided when recklessness or criminal negligence is an element of the crime charged, if the actor, due to self-induced intoxication, is unaware of or disregards or fails to perceive a risk which he would have been aware of had he not been intoxicated, such unawareness, disregard or failure to perceive shall be immaterial. As used in this section, “intoxication” means a substantial disturbance of mental or physical capacities resulting from the introduction of substances into the body.(1969, P.A. 828, S. 7.)Cited. 172 C. 65; 173 C. 35; 176 C. 224; 178 C. 480. Defendant is entitled, as matter of law, to a theory of defense instruction when evidence under section is before jury. Id., 704. Cited. 184 C. 121; 185 C. 63; 186 C. 414; 189 C. 611; 193 C. 632; 196 C. 341; 198 C. 560; Id., 644; 199 C. 102; 201 C. 190; 204 C. 240; 209 C. 75; 210 C. 481; 212 C. 195; 217 C. 648; 223 C. 41; Id., 273; 234 C. 139.Cited. 1 CA 260; 6 CA 701; 10 CA 643; 11 CA 122; 16 CA 358; 22 CA 521; 23 CA 315; Id., 502; 24 CA 678; 25 CA 456; 27 CA 73; 35 CA 699; 37 CA 404; 41 CA 361; 44 CA 818. Application of section. 51 CA 345. Trial court did not improperly exclude proffered evidence re defendant's claim of intoxication at time of murder. 91 CA 169. While intoxication is neither a defense nor an affirmative defense to a murder charge, evidence of defendant's intoxication is relevant to negate specific intent which is an essential element of crime of murder; however, intoxication does not automatically negate intent. 95 CA 263.
CT Gen Stat § 53a-9 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53a - Penal Code|Chapter 951 - Penal Code: Statutory Construction; Principles of Criminal Liability|Section 53a-9 - Lack of criminal responsibility; absence of prosecution or conviction not a defense.

 In any prosecution for an offense in which the criminal liability of the defendant is based upon the conduct of another person under section 53a-8 it shall not be a defense that: (1) Such other person is not guilty of the offense in question because of lack of criminal responsibility or legal capacity or awareness of the criminal nature of the conduct in question or of the defendant's criminal purpose or because of other factors precluding the mental state required for the commission of the offense in question; or (2) such other person has not been prosecuted for or convicted of any offense based upon the conduct in question, or has been acquitted thereof, or has legal immunity from prosecution therefor; or (3) the offense in question, as defined, can be committed only by a particular class or classes of persons, and the defendant, not belonging to such class or classes, is for that reason legally incapable of committing the offense in an individual capacity.(1969, P.A. 828, S. 9.)Cited. 179 C. 1; 209 C. 75; 242 C. 409. Section clearly abrogates judicially created doctrine of collateral estoppel to the extent that the doctrine would preclude retrial of the issue of the principal's guilt. 270 C. 458.Cited. 35 CA 138; Id., 360.
CT Gen Stat § 53a-10 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 53a - Penal Code|Chapter 951 - Penal Code: Statutory Construction; Principles of Criminal Liability|Section 53a-10 - Defense.

 (a) In any prosecution in which the criminal liability of the defendant is based upon the conduct of another person under section 53a-8, it shall be a defense that the defendant terminated his complicity prior to the commission of the offense under circumstances: (1) Wholly depriving it of effectiveness in the commission of the offense, and (2) manifesting a complete and voluntary renunciation of his criminal purpose.(b) For purposes of this section, renunciation of criminal purpose is not voluntary if it is motivated, in whole or in part, by circumstances, not present or apparent at the inception of the actor's course of conduct, which increase the probability of detection or apprehension or which make more difficult the accomplishment of the criminal purpose. Renunciation is not complete if it is motivated by a decision to postpone the criminal conduct until a more advantageous time or to transfer the criminal effort to another but similar objective or victim.(1969, P.A. 828, S. 10; 1971, P.A. 871, S. 3.)History: 1971 act deleted word “affirmative” modifying “defense” in Subsec. (a).Cited. 176 C. 451. Defendant is entitled, as matter of law, to a theory of defense instruction when evidence under section is before jury. 178 C. 704. Cited. 204 C. 240; 209 C. 75; 225 C. 270; 242 C. 409.Cited. 22 CA 216; 40 CA 526.