reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
KS Stat § 60-429 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-429 Penitential communication privilege.

60-429. Penitential communication privilege. (a) Definitions. As used in this section, (1) the term "duly ordained minister of religion" means a person who has been ordained, in accordance with the ceremonial ritual, or discipline of a church, religious sect, or organization established on the basis of a community of faith and belief, doctrines and practices of a religious character, to preach and to teach the doctrines of such church, sect, or organization and to administer the rites and ceremonies thereof in public worship, and who as his or her regular and customary vocation preaches and teaches the principles of religion and administers the ordinances of public worship as embodied in the creed or principles of such church, sect, or organization; (2) the term "regular minister of religion" means one who as his or her customary vocation preaches and teaches the principles of religion of a church, a religious sect, or organization of which he or she is a member, without having been formally ordained as a minister of religion, and who is recognized by such church, sect, or organization as a regular minister; (3) the term "regular or duly ordained minister of religion" does not include a person who irregularly or incidentally preaches and teaches the principles of religion of a church, religious sect, or organization and does not include any person who may have been duly ordained a minister in accordance with the ceremonial, rite, or discipline of a church, religious sect or organization, but who does not regularly, as a vocation, teach and preach the principles of religion and administer the ordinances of public worship as embodied in the creed or principles of his or her church, sect, or organization; (4) "penitent" means a person who recognizes the existence and the authority of God and who seeks or receives from a regular or duly ordained minister of religion advice or assistance in determining or discharging his or her moral obligations, or in obtaining God's mercy or forgiveness for past culpable conduct; (5) "penitential communication" means any communication between a penitent and a regular or duly ordained minister of religion which the penitent intends shall be kept secret and confidential and which pertains to advice or assistance in determining or discharging the penitent's moral obligations, or to obtaining God's mercy or forgiveness for past culpable conduct.(b) Privilege. A person, whether or not a party, has a privilege to refuse to disclose, and to prevent a witness from disclosing a communication if he or she claims the privilege and the judge finds that (1) the communication was a penitential communication and (2) the witness is the penitent or the minister, and (3) the claimant is the penitent, or the minister making the claim on behalf of an absent penitent.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-429; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-430 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-430 Religious belief.

60-430. Religious belief. Every person has a privilege to refuse to disclose his or her theological opinion or religious belief unless his or her adherence or nonadherence to such an opinion or belief is material to an issue in the action other than that of his or her credibility as a witness.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-430; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-431 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-431 Political vote.

60-431. Political vote. Every person has a privilege to refuse to disclose the tenor of his or her vote at a political election unless the judge finds that the vote was cast illegally.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-431; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-432 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-432 Trade secret.

60-432. Trade secret. The owner of a trade secret has a privilege, which may be claimed by the owner or his or her agent or employee, to refuse to disclose the secret and to prevent other persons from disclosing it if the judge finds that the allowance of the privilege will not tend to conceal fraud or otherwise work injustice.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-432; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-433 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-433 Secret of state.

60-433. Secret of state. (a) As used in this section, "secret of state" means information not open or theretofore officially disclosed to the public involving the public security or concerning the military or naval organization or plans of the United States, or a state or territory, or concerning international relations.(b) A witness has a privilege to refuse to disclose a matter on the ground that it is a secret of state, and evidence of the matter is inadmissible, (1) if the judge finds that the matter is a secret of state, or (2) unless the chief officer of the department of government administering the subject matter which the secret concerns has consented that it be disclosed in the action.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-433; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-434 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-434 Official information.

60-434. Official information. (a) As used in this section, "official information" means information not open or theretofore officially disclosed to the public relating to internal security of this state or of the United States acquired by a public official of this state or the United States in the course of his or her duty, or transmitted from one such official to another in the course of duty.(b) A witness has the privilege to refuse to disclose a matter on the ground that it is official information, and evidence of the matter is inadmissible, if the judge finds that the matter is official information, and (1) disclosure is forbidden by an act of the congress of the United States or a statute of this state, or (2) disclosure of the information in the action will be harmful to the security of the government of which the witness is an officer in a governmental capacity.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-434; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-435 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-435 Communication to grand jury.

60-435. Communication to grand jury. A witness has a privilege to refuse to disclose a communication made to a grand jury by a complainant or witness, and evidence thereof is inadmissible, unless the judge finds (a) the matter which the communication concerned was not within the function of the grand jury to investigate, or (b) the grand jury has finished its investigation, if any, of the matter, and its finding, if any, has lawfully been made public by filing it in court or otherwise, or (c) disclosure should be made in the interests of justice.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-435; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-436 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-436 Identity of informer.

60-436. Identity of informer. A witness has a privilege to refuse to disclose the identity of a person who has furnished information purporting to disclose a violation of a provision of the laws of this state or of the United States to a representative of the state or the United States or a governmental division thereof, charged with the duty of enforcing that provision, or to a member of a crime stoppers chapter recognized by the Kansas state crime stoppers organization, and evidence thereof is inadmissible, unless the judge finds that: (a) the identity of the person furnishing the information has already been otherwise disclosed; or (b) disclosure of such person's identity is essential to assure a fair determination of the issues. The privilege extends to documenting records as well as testimony.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-436; L. 1994, ch. 326, § 1; July 1.
KS Stat § 60-437 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-437 Waiver of privilege by contract or previous disclosure.

60-437. Waiver of privilege by contract or previous disclosure. A person who would otherwise have a privilege to refuse to disclose or to prevent another from disclosing a specified matter has no such privilege with respect to that matter if the judge finds that such person or any other person while the holder of the privilege has (a) contracted with a party against whom the privilege is claimed that he or she would not claim the privilege or, (b) without coercion, or without any trickery, deception, or fraud practiced against him or her, and with knowledge of the privilege, made disclosure of any part of the matter or consented to such a disclosure made by anyone.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-437; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-438 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-438 Admissibility of disclosure wrongfully compelled.

60-438. Admissibility of disclosure wrongfully compelled. Evidence of a statement or other disclosure is inadmissible against the holder of the privilege if the judge finds that he or she had and claimed a privilege to refuse to make the disclosure but was nevertheless required to make it.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-438; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-439 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-439 Reference to exercise of privilege; presumption and adverse inference not permitted.

60-439. Reference to exercise of privilege; presumption and adverse inference not permitted. If a privilege is exercised not to testify or to prevent another from testifying, either in the action or with respect to particular matters, or to refuse to disclose or to prevent another from disclosing any matter, the judge and counsel may not comment thereon, no presumption shall arise with respect to the exercise of the privilege, and the trier of fact may not draw any adverse inference therefrom. In those jury cases wherein the right to exercise a privilege, as herein provided, may be misunderstood and unfavorable inferences drawn by the trier of the fact, or may be impaired in the particular case, the court, at the request of the party exercising the privilege, may instruct the jury in support of such privilege.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-439; L. 1967, ch. 323, § 1; July 1.
KS Stat § 60-440 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-440 Effect of error in overruling claim of privilege.

60-440. Effect of error in overruling claim of privilege. A party may predicate error on a ruling disallowing a claim of privilege only if such party is the holder of the privilege.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-440; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-441 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-441 Evidence to test a verdict or indictment.

60-441. Evidence to test a verdict or indictment. Upon an inquiry as to the validity of a verdict or an indictment no evidence shall be received to show the effect of any statement, conduct, event or condition upon the mind of a juror as influencing him or her to assent to or dissent from the verdict or indictment or concerning the mental processes by which it was determined.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-441; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-442 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-442 Testimony by the judge.

60-442. Testimony by the judge. Against the objection of a party, the judge presiding at the trial may not testify in that trial as a witness.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-442; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-443 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-443 Testimony by a juror.

60-443. Testimony by a juror. A member of a jury sworn and empanelled in the trial of an action, may not testify in that trial as a witness.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-443; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-444 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-444 Testimony of jurors not limited except by this article.

60-444. Testimony of jurors not limited except by this article. This article shall not be construed to (a) exempt a juror from testifying as a witness to conditions or occurrences either within or outside of the jury room having a material bearing on the validity of the verdict or the indictment, except as expressly limited by K.S.A. 60-441; (b) exempt a grand juror from testifying to testimony or statements of a person appearing before the grand jury, where such testimony or statements are the subject of lawful inquiry in the action in which the juror is called to testify.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-444; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-445 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-445 Discretion of judge to exclude admissible evidence.

60-445. Discretion of judge to exclude admissible evidence. Except as in this article otherwise provided, the judge may in his or her discretion exclude evidence if he or she finds that its probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk that its admission will unfairly and harmfully surprise a party who has not had reasonable opportunity to anticipate that such evidence would be offered.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-445; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-446 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-446 Character — manner of proof.

60-446. Character — manner of proof. When a person's character or a trait of his or her character is in issue, it may be proved by testimony in the form of opinion, evidence of reputation, or evidence of specific instances of the person's conduct, subject, however, to the limitations of K.S.A. 60-447 and 60-448.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-446; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-447 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-447 Character trait as proof of conduct.

60-447. Character trait as proof of conduct. Subject to K.S.A. 60-448 when a trait of a person's character is relevant as tending to prove conduct on a specified occasion, such trait may be proved in the same manner as provided by K.S.A. 60-446, except that (a) evidence of specific instances of conduct other than evidence of conviction of a crime which tends to prove the trait to be bad shall be inadmissible, and (b) in a criminal action evidence of a trait of an accused's character as tending to prove guilt or innocence of the offense charged, (i) may not be excluded by the judge under K.S.A. 60-445 if offered by the accused to prove innocence, and (ii) if offered by the prosecution to prove guilt, may be admitted only after the accused has introduced evidence of his or her good character.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-447; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-448 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-448 Character trait for care or skill.

60-448. Character trait for care or skill. Evidence of a trait of a person's character with respect to care or skill is inadmissible as tending to prove the quality of his or her conduct on a specified occasion.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-448; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-449 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-449 Habit or custom to prove specific behavior.

60-449. Habit or custom to prove specific behavior. Evidence of habit or custom is relevant to an issue of behavior on a specified occasion, but is admissible on that issue only as tending to prove that the behavior on such occasion conformed to the habit or custom.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-449; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-450 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-450 Opinion and specific instances of behavior to prove habit or custom.

60-450. Opinion and specific instances of behavior to prove habit or custom. Testimony in the form of opinion is admissible on the issue of habit or custom. Evidence of specific instances of behavior is admissible to prove habit or custom if the evidence is of a sufficient number of such instances to warrant a finding of such habit or custom.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-450; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-451 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-451 Subsequent remedial conduct.

60-451. Subsequent remedial conduct. When after the occurrence of an event remedial or precautionary measures are taken, which, if taken previously would have tended to make the event less likely to occur, evidence of such subsequent measures is not admissible to prove negligence or culpable conduct in connection with the event.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-451; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-452 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-452 Offer to compromise and the like, not evidence of liability.

60-452. Offer to compromise and the like, not evidence of liability. Evidence that a person has, in compromise or from humanitarian motives furnished or offered or promised to furnish money, or any other thing, act or service to another who has sustained or claims to have sustained loss or damage, is inadmissible to prove his or her liability for the loss or damage of any part of it. This section shall not affect the admissibility of evidence (a) of partial satisfaction of an asserted claim on demand without questioning its validity, as tending to prove the validity of the claim, or (b) of a debtor's payment or promise to pay all or a part of his or her pre-existing debt as tending to prove the creation of a new duty on his or her part, or a revival of his or her pre-existing duty.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-452; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-452a (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-452a Dispute resolution; confidentiality.

60-452a. Dispute resolution; confidentiality. (a) All verbal or written information transmitted between any party to a dispute and a neutral person conducting the proceeding, or the staff of an approved program under K.S.A. 5-501 et seq., and amendments thereto, shall be confidential communications. No admission, representation or statement made in the proceeding shall be admissible as evidence or subject to discovery. A neutral person shall not be subject to process requiring the disclosure of any matter discussed during the proceedings unless all the parties consent to a waiver. Any party and the neutral person or staff of an approved program conducting the proceeding, participating in the proceeding has a privilege in any action to refuse to disclose, and to prevent a witness from disclosing, any communication made in the course of the proceeding. The privilege may be claimed by the party or the neutral person or anyone the party or the neutral person authorizes to claim the privilege.(b) The confidentiality and privilege requirements of this section shall not apply to:(1) Information that is reasonably necessary to allow investigation of or action for ethical violations against the neutral person conducting the proceeding or for the defense of the neutral person or staff of an approved program conducting the proceeding in an action against the neutral person or staff of an approved program if the action is filed by a party to the proceeding;(2) any information that the neutral person is required to report under K.S.A. 38-2223, and amendments thereto;(3) any information that is reasonably necessary to stop the commission of an ongoing crime or fraud or to prevent the commission of a crime or fraud in the future for which there was an expressed intent to commit such crime or fraud;(4) any information that the neutral person is required to report or communicate under the specific provisions of any statute or in order to comply with orders of the court; or(5) any report to the court that a party has issued a threat of physical violence against a party, a party's dependent or family member, the mediator or an officer or employee of the court with the apparent intention of carrying out such threat.History: L. 1984, ch. 212, § 1; L. 1996, ch. 129, § 4; L. 1999, ch. 157, § 3; L. 2006, ch. 200, § 106; January 1, 2007.
KS Stat § 60-453 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-453 Offer to discount claim, not evidence of invalidity.

60-453. Offer to discount claim, not evidence of invalidity. Evidence that a person has accepted or offered or promised to accept a sum of money or any other thing, act or service in satisfaction of a claim, is inadmissible to prove the invalidity of the claim or any part of it.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-453; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-454 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-454 Liability insurance.

60-454. Liability insurance. Evidence that a person was, at the time a harm was suffered by another, insured wholly or partially against loss arising from liability for that harm is inadmissible as tending to prove negligence or other wrongdoing.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-454; Jan. 1, 1964.
KS Stat § 60-456 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-456 Testimony in form of opinion or inferences.

60-456. Testimony in form of opinion or inferences. (a) If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to such opinions or inferences as the judge finds: (1) Are rationally based on the perception of the witness; (2) are helpful to a clearer understanding of the testimony of the witness; and (3) are not based on scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge within the scope of subsection (b).(b) If scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (1) The testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (3) the witness has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.(c) Unless the judge excludes the testimony, the judge shall be deemed to have made the finding requisite to its admission.(d) Testimony in the form of opinions or inferences otherwise admissible under this article is not objectionable because it embraces the ultimate issue or issues to be decided by the trier of the fact.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-456; L. 2014, ch. 84, § 2; July 1.
KS Stat § 60-457 (2021)
2021 Kansas Statutes|Chapter 60 - Procedure, Civil|Article 4 - Rules Of Evidence|60-457 Preliminary examination for non-expert witness; pre-trial hearing for expert witness.

60-457. Preliminary examination for non-expert witness; pre-trial hearing for expert witness. (a) If a witness is not testifying as an expert, the judge may require that a witness before testifying in terms of opinion or inference be first examined concerning the facts or data upon which the opinion or inference is founded.(b) If a witness is testifying as an expert, upon motion of a party, the court may hold a pretrial hearing to determine whether the witness qualifies as an expert and whether the witness's testimony satisfies the requirements of subsection (b) of K.S.A. 60-456, and amendments thereto. The court shall allow sufficient time for a hearing. The court shall rule on the qualifications of the witness to testify as an expert and whether or not the testimony satisfies the requirements of subsection (b) of K.S.A. 60-456, and amendments thereto. Such hearing and ruling shall be completed no later than the final pretrial conference contemplated under subsection (d) of K.S.A. 60-216, and amendments thereto.History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-457; L. 2014, ch. 84, § 3; July 1.