reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
AL Code § 8-9B-7 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 9B - Alabama Uniform Voidable Transactions Act|Section 8-9B-7 - When Transfer Is Made.

Section 8-9B-7When transfer is made. For the purposes of this chapter: (1) a transfer is made: (i) with respect to an asset that is real property other than a fixture, but including the interest of a seller or purchaser under a contract for the sale of the asset, when the transfer is so far perfected that a good-faith purchaser of the asset from the debtor against which applicable law permits the transfer to be perfected cannot acquire an interest in the asset that is superior to the interest of the transferee; and (ii) with respect to an asset that is not real property or that is a fixture, when the transfer is so far perfected that a creditor on a simple contract cannot acquire a judicial lien otherwise than under this chapter that is superior to the interest of the transferee; (2) if applicable law permits the transfer to be perfected as provided in paragraph (1) and the transfer is not so perfected before the commencement of an action for relief under this chapter, the transfer is deemed made immediately before the commencement of the action; (3) if applicable law does not permit the transfer to be perfected as provided in paragraph (1), the transfer is made when it becomes effective between the debtor and the transferee; and (4) except with respect to personal property and fixtures where a lender has perfected its security interest in such property in which event paragraph (1)(i) shall apply, a transfer is not made until the debtor has acquired rights in the asset transferred. (Act 2018-163, §1.)
AL Code § 8-9B-8 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 9B - Alabama Uniform Voidable Transactions Act|Section 8-9B-8 - Remedies of Creditor.

Section 8-9B-8Remedies of creditor. (a) In an action for relief against a transfer under this chapter, a creditor, subject to the limitations in Section 8-9B-9, may obtain: (1) avoidance of the transfer to the extent necessary to satisfy the creditor’s claim; (2) an attachment or other provisional remedy against the asset transferred or other property of the transferee if available under applicable law; and (3) subject to applicable principles of equity and in accordance with applicable rules of civil procedure: (i) an injunction against further disposition by the debtor or a transferee, or both, of the asset transferred or of other property; (ii) appointment of a receiver to take charge of the asset transferred or of other property of the transferee; or (iii) any other relief the circumstances may require.  (b) If a creditor has obtained a judgment on a claim against the debtor, the creditor, if the court so orders, may levy execution on the asset transferred or its proceeds. (Act 2018-163, §1.)
AL Code § 8-9B-10 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 9B - Alabama Uniform Voidable Transactions Act|Section 8-9B-10 - Extinguishment of Claim for Relief.

Section 8-9B-10Extinguishment of claim for relief. A claim for relief with respect to a transfer under this chapter is extinguished unless action is brought: (a) under Section 8-9B-5(a)(1), within ten years after the transfer of real property was made; (b) under Section 8-9B-5(a)(1), within six years after the transfer of personal property was made; (c) under Section 8-9B-5(a)(2) or 8-9B-6(a), within four years after the transfer was made when the action is brought by a creditor whose claim arose before the transfer was made; (d) under Section 8-9B-5(a)(2), within one year after the transfer was made when the action is brought by a creditor whose claim arose after the transfer was made; or (e) under Section 8-9B-6(b), within one year after the transfer was made. (Act 2018-163, §1.)
AL Code § 8-9B-11 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 9B - Alabama Uniform Voidable Transactions Act|Section 8-9B-11 - Governing Law.

Section 8-9B-11Governing law. (a) In this section, the following rules determine a debtor's location: (1) A debtor who is an individual is located at the individual's principal residence. (2) A debtor that is an organization and has only one place of business is located at its place of business. (3) A debtor that is an organization and has more than one place of business is located at its chief executive office. (b) A claim for relief in the nature of a claim for relief under this chapter is governed by the local law of the jurisdiction in which the debtor is located when the transfer is made. (Act 2018-163, §1.)
AL Code § 8-9B-12 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 9B - Alabama Uniform Voidable Transactions Act|Section 8-9B-12 - Application to Series Organization.

Section 8-9B-12Application to series organization. (a) In this section: (1) "Series" means an arrangement, however denominated, created by a series organization that, pursuant to the law under which the series organization is organized, has the characteristics set forth in paragraph (2). (2) "Series organization" means an organization that, pursuant to the law under which it is organized, has the following characteristics: (i) The public organic record of the organization provides for creation by the organization of one or more series, however denominated, with respect to specified property of the organization, and for records to be maintained for each series that identify the property of or associated with the series. (ii) Debt incurred or existing with respect to the activities of, or property of or associated with, a particular series is enforceable against the property of or associated with the series only, and not against the property of or associated with the organization or associated with any other series of the organization. (iii) Debt incurred or existing with respect to the activities or property of the organization is enforceable against the property of the organization only, and not against the property of or associated with a series of the organization. (b) A series organization and each series of the organization is a separate person for purposes of this chapter, even if for other purposes a series is not a person separate from the organization or other series of the organization. (Act 2018-163, §1.)
AL Code § 8-9B-13 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 9B - Alabama Uniform Voidable Transactions Act|Section 8-9B-13 - Supplementary Provisions.

Section 8-9B-13Supplementary provisions. Unless displaced by the provisions of this chapter, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relating to principal and agent, estoppel, laches, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, insolvency, or other validating or invalidating cause, supplement its provisions. (Act 2018-163, §1.)
AL Code § 8-9B-14 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 9B - Alabama Uniform Voidable Transactions Act|Section 8-9B-14 - Uniformity of Application and Construction.

Section 8-9B-14Uniformity of application and construction. This chapter shall be applied and construed to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to the subject of this chapter among states enacting it. (Act 2018-163, §1.)
AL Code § 8-9B-15 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 9B - Alabama Uniform Voidable Transactions Act|Section 8-9B-15 - Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act.

Section 8-9B-15Relation to electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act. This chapter modifies, limits, or supersedes the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001 et seq., but does not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of that act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001(c), or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7003(b). (Act 2018-163, §1.)
AL Code § 8-9B-16 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 9B - Alabama Uniform Voidable Transactions Act|Section 8-9B-16 - Application; Conforming Amendments.

Section 8-9B-16Application; conforming amendments. This chapter applies to transfers made on or after January 1, 2019, and does not apply to a transfer made before January 1, 2019. The Alabama Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, Sections 8-9A-1 to 8-9A-12, inclusive, shall apply to transfers made prior to January 1, 2019, and shall not apply to a transfer made on or after January 1, 2019. (Act 2018-163, §1.)
AL Code § 8-10-1 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 10 - Restraint of Trade or Production.|Section 8-10-1 - Entering Combination, Pool, etc., to Fix Price or Limit Quantity of Commodity.

Section 8-10-1Entering combination, pool, etc., to fix price or limit quantity of commodity. Any person or corporation who engages or agrees with other persons or corporations or enters, directly or indirectly, into any combination, pool, trust, or confederation to regulate or fix the price of any article or commodity to be sold or produced within this state or any person or corporation who enters into, becomes a member of or party to any pool agreement, combination, or confederation to fix or limit the quantity of any article or commodity to be produced, manufactured, mined, or sold in this state must be fined, on conviction, not less than $500 nor more than $2,000. (Code 1896, §5557; Code 1907, §7579; Code 1923, §5212; Code 1940, T. 57, §106.)
AL Code § 8-10-2 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 10 - Restraint of Trade or Production.|Section 8-10-2 - Entering Combination to Control Management of Corporation With Intent to Fix Price, Diminish Production, Etc.

Section 8-10-2Entering combination to control management of corporation with intent to fix price, diminish production, etc. Any corporation chartered under the laws of this state or any officer, stockholder, agent, or employee of any such corporation which enters into any combination with any other corporation or person with the intent to place the management or control of any such corporation in the hands of another corporation or person and thereby limit or fix the price, restrict or diminish the production, manufacture, sale, use, or consumption of any article of commerce must be fined, on conviction, not less than $500 nor more than $2,000. (Code 1896, §5558; Code 1907, §7580; Code 1923, §5213; Code 1940, T. 57, §107.)
AL Code § 8-10-3 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 10 - Restraint of Trade or Production.|Section 8-10-3 - Restraining Trade or Production, Monopolizing Commodities or Business, Destruction of Competition, Etc.

Section 8-10-3Restraining trade or production, monopolizing commodities or business, destruction of competition, etc. Any person or corporation, domestic or foreign, which shall restrain, or attempt to restrain, the freedom of trade or production, or which shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, the production, control, or sale of any commodity or the prosecution, management, or control of any kind, class, or description of business or which shall destroy, or attempt to destroy, competition in the manufacture or sale of a commodity shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be fined not less than $500 nor more than $2,000 for each offense. (Code 1907, §7581; Code 1923, §5214; Code 1940, T. 57, §108.)
AL Code § 8-11-4 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 11 - Rebates, Discounts, Drawbacks, Return Commissions, Gifts or Gratuities.|Section 8-11-4 - Taking Rebate, etc., by Officer, Agent, etc., of Railroad, Manufacturing or Mining Corporation.

Section 8-11-4Taking rebate, etc., by officer, agent, etc., of railroad, manufacturing or mining corporation. Any officer, agent, or servant of any railroad, manufacturing, or mining corporation who is authorized or employed to buy any property or who may be empowered to contract for, let out, locate, superintend, or estimate for any work or construction for such corporation and who demands, asks for, bargains for, agrees to take, takes, or receives, directly or indirectly, from the seller of such property or the contractor or other person any rebate, discount, drawback, return commission, gift, or gratuity, must be punished on conviction as if he had stolen it. (Code 1886, §3826; Code 1896, §4744; Code 1907, §7706; Code 1923, §5417; Code 1940, T. 57, §112.)
AL Code § 8-11-5 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 11 - Rebates, Discounts, Drawbacks, Return Commissions, Gifts or Gratuities.|Section 8-11-5 - Taking Rebate, etc., by Factor, Commission Merchant, Broker, Attorney, Auctioneer, or Agent.

Section 8-11-5Taking rebate, etc., by factor, commission merchant, broker, attorney, auctioneer, or agent. Any factor, commission merchant, broker, attorney, auctioneer, architect, or agent who is employed or authorized to sell the property of another or to contract for, survey, locate, estimate for, or superintend any work and who demands, asks for, bargains for, agrees to take, takes, or receives, directly or indirectly, from the purchaser, contractor, or any person who is employed to store, move, handle, transport, insure, repair, or do any act or service in or about the taking care of, preserving, and marketing such property any rebate, discount, drawback, return commission, gift, or gratuity, who charges his principal on account of any one or more of the above enumerated services more than he actually paid therefor or who buys any property or thing for his principal and charges his principal more than he actually paid therefor, must be punished on conviction as if he had stolen it. (Code 1886, §3827; Code 1896, §4745; Code 1907, §7707; Code 1923, §5418; Code 1940, T. 57, §113.)
AL Code § 8-12A-1 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 12A - Patent Infriingement.|Section 8-12A-1 - Definitions.

Section 8-12A-1Definitions.  The following terms shall have the following meanings: (1) DEMAND LETTER. A letter, e-mail, or other communication asserting or claiming that the target has engaged in patent infringement. (2) TARGET. A person located in this state that satisfies any of the following: a. Has received a demand letter alleging that a patent infringement has been made. b. Has been threatened with litigation alleging patent infringement. c. The customers of which have received a demand letter asserting that the person's product, service, or technology has infringed a patent. (Act 2014-218, p. 686, §1.)
AL Code § 8-12A-3 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 12A - Patent Infriingement.|Section 8-12A-3 - Commencement of Actions.

Section 8-12A-3Commencement of actions.  An action under Section 8-12A-2 shall be commenced no later than five years after the violation occurred. (Act 2014-218, p. 686, §3.)
AL Code § 8-12A-4 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 12A - Patent Infriingement.|Section 8-12A-4 - Enforcement and Licensing of Patent.

Section 8-12A-4Enforcement and licensing of patent.  Provided that the assertion of patent infringement is not made in bad faith, nothing in this chapter shall be construed to deem it a violation of this chapter for any person who owns or has the right to license or enforce a patent to advise others of that ownership or right of license or enforcement; to communicate to others that the patent is available for license or sale; to notify another of the infringement of that patent pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 287; or to seek compensation on account of a past or present infringement, or for a license to the patent, when it is reasonable to believe that the person from whom compensation is sought may owe such compensation or may need or want such a license to practice the patent. (Act 2014-218, p. 686, §4.)
AL Code § 8-12A-5 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 12A - Patent Infriingement.|Section 8-12A-5 - Violations.

Section 8-12A-5Violations.  Any person who continuously and willfully violates Section 8-12A-2 shall be guilty of a Class A misdemeanor. (Act 2014-218, p. 686, §5.)
AL Code § 8-12A-6 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 12A - Patent Infriingement.|Section 8-12A-6 - Construction of Chapter.

Section 8-12A-6Construction of chapter.  (a) This chapter shall not be construed to limit rights and remedies available to the State of Alabama or to any person under any other law and shall not alter or restrict the Attorney General's authority under law with regard to conduct involving assertions of patent infringement. (b) This chapter shall be interpreted consistently with any federal law or regulations governing patents or patent infringement. (Act 2014-218, p. 686, §6.)
AL Code § 8-12A-7 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 12A - Patent Infriingement.|Section 8-12A-7 - Relation to Federal Law.

Section 8-12A-7Relation to federal law. A demand letter or civil action that includes a claim for relief arising under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2) is not subject to the requirements of this chapter. (Act 2014-218, p. 686, §7.)
AL Code § 8-13-2 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 13 - Going Out of Business or Distress Merchandise Sales.|Section 8-13-2 - License - Required; Display on Premises of Sale; Display of License Number and Date of Issuance in Advertising.

Section 8-13-2License - Required; display on premises of sale; display of license number and date of issuance in advertising. (a) It shall be unlawful for any person to sell, offer for sale, or advertise for sale at a going out of business sale or a distress merchandise sale any goods, wares, or merchandise, whether it be his property or that of another, unless a license for such sale has been issued pursuant to this chapter and is in effect. (b) Such license must be displayed in a prominent place on the premises wherein any such sale is being conducted, and the number and date of issue of the license must be displayed in any advertising of the sale. (Acts 1965, No. 553, p. 1027, §2.)
AL Code § 8-13-4 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 13 - Going Out of Business or Distress Merchandise Sales.|Section 8-13-4 - License - Bond Required of Applicant.

Section 8-13-4License - Bond required of applicant. (a) Every applicant for a going out of business sale or distress merchandise sale license shall execute and file with the probate judge to whom the application is made a good and sufficient bond in the sum of $2,500 or five percent of the wholesale value of the inventory as set forth in the application, whichever is greater, with two or more sureties thereon, approved by said probate judge or with the surety thereon a surety company authorized to do business in the State of Alabama, which bond in any event shall be approved by said probate judge, payable to the State of Alabama, and shall be conditioned upon faithful observance of all the conditions of this chapter and shall also indemnify any purchaser at such sale who suffers any loss by reason of misrepresentation in said sale. (b) Such bond shall continue in effect for one year after the termination of the sale for which it is made. (c) The licensee shall notify the probate judge issuing the license of any action filed as a result of the operation hereby licensed. Any purchaser claiming to have been damaged by misrepresentation in such going out of business sale or distress merchandise sale may maintain an action against the licensee making such misrepresentations and may join as party defendant the surety or sureties on the bond. (d) If an action is filed by any purchaser or purchasers at a licensed sale within one year after the termination of the sale, the bond shall remain in force and effect until all actions are concluded and the judgment or judgments, if any, paid in full. (e) In the event the applicant fails to observe all of the provisions of this chapter in conducting such sale for which the bond is given, the bond will be deemed to be forfeited, and any district attorney of the State of Alabama may recover in an action in the circuit court of the county in which the bond was given the amount of the bond from applicant and his sureties for the use and benefit of the State of Alabama. (Acts 1965, No. 553, p. 1027, §4.)
AL Code § 8-13-5 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 13 - Going Out of Business or Distress Merchandise Sales.|Section 8-13-5 - License - Public Hearing on Application.

Section 8-13-5License - Public hearing on application. The probate judge to whom the application for a going out of business sale or distress merchandise sale license is made, or his designee, shall conduct a public hearing not later than two weeks after an application has been filed. At least one week prior to such hearing the probate judge shall publish, at the expense of the applicant, a notice of the hearing in a local newspaper of general circulation. The probate judge may require that a record be made of the public hearing and that the testimony at such hearing be under oath. (Acts 1965, No. 553, p. 1027, §6.)
AL Code § 8-13-6 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 13 - Going Out of Business or Distress Merchandise Sales.|Section 8-13-6 - License - Investigation; Investigation Fee; Cost of Independent Audit; Applicant's Refusal to Pay Investigation Fee and Costs.

Section 8-13-6License - Investigation; investigation fee; cost of independent audit; applicant's refusal to pay investigation fee and costs. (a) When an application for a license to conduct a going out of business sale or distress merchandise sale is filed, the probate judge to whom the application is made shall make such investigation as he deems necessary prior to the public hearing hereinafter provided. (b) The applicant shall pay to such probate judge at the time the application is filed a fee of $10 for making such an investigation, and if such probate judge deems it necessary to have an independent inventory or audit of the applicant's books made, he shall advise the applicant of the cost of such independent inventory or audit and applicant shall pay such amount to such probate judge to be used by him to pay the cost of such inventory and/or audit. (c) The applicant's refusal to pay the fee and costs hereinabove provided and his refusal to permit examination of his books and records or his goods, wares and merchandise is ground for refusal by such probate judge to issue a license. (Acts 1965, No. 553, p. 1027, §5.)
AL Code § 8-13-7 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 8 - Commercial Law and Consumer Protection.|Chapter 13 - Going Out of Business or Distress Merchandise Sales.|Section 8-13-7 - License - License Issued Only to Bona Fide Merchant.

Section 8-13-7License - License issued only to bona fide merchant. No license for a going out of business sale or a distress merchandise sale shall be issued except to a bona fide licensed merchant of the State of Alabama, and no such license shall be granted to an applicant who sets up an establishment or who acquires an interest in an establishment solely or principally for the purpose of conducting a going out of business sale or distress merchandise sale. (Acts 1965, No. 553, p. 1027, §10.)