CO Code § 11-51-201 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 11 - Financial Institutions|Article 51 - Securities|Part 2 - Definitions and References to Federal Statutes and Rules|§ 11-51-201. Definitions

 As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:    “Bank” means a banking institution organized under the laws of the United States, a member bank of the federal reserve system, any other banking institution or trust company, whether incorporated or not, doing business under the laws of any state or of the United States, a substantial portion of the business of which consists of receiving deposits or exercising fiduciary powers similar to those permitted to national banks under the authority of the comptroller of the currency, which is supervised and examined by a state or federal authority having supervision over banks, and which is not operated for the purpose of evading the provisions of the federal “Securities Act of 1933”, and a receiver, conservator, or other liquidating agent of any institution or firm described in this subsection (1).    “Broker-dealer” means a person engaged in the business of effecting purchases or sales of securities for the accounts of others or in the business of purchasing and selling securities for the person's own account. The term does not include the following:   A sales representative;    An issuer with respect to purchasing and selling the issuer's own securities;    A bank; or    Any other person or class of persons the securities commissioner designates by rule or order.       “Central registration depository” means the computer registration system known as the central registration depository, which is maintained by the financial industry regulatory authority and the states that participate in that system, or any successor system.    “Commodity futures trading commission” means the commission established by the federal “Commodity Exchange Act”.    “Depository institution” means:   A person that is organized or chartered, or is doing business or holds an authorization certificate, under the laws of a state or of the United States which authorize the person to receive deposits, including deposits in savings, share, certificate, or other deposit accounts, and that is supervised and examined for the protection of depositors by an official or agency of a state or the United States; and    A trust company or other institution that is authorized by federal or state law to exercise fiduciary powers of the type a national bank is permitted to exercise under the authority of the comptroller of the currency and is supervised and examined by an official or agency of a state or the United States. The term does not include an insurance company or other organization primarily engaged in the insurance business. (5.5)   “Federal covered adviser” means a person who is registered or required to be registered under section 203 of the federal “Investment Advisers Act of 1940”.    “Federal covered adviser” does not include either a person excepted from the definition of “investment adviser” or exempt from registration under the federal “Investment Advisers Act of 1940” solely by reason of the fact such person advises a local government investment pool trust fund under article 75 of title 24, C.R.S.          “Financial or institutional investor” means any of the following, whether acting for itself or others in a fiduciary capacity:   A depository institution;    An insurance company;    A separate account of an insurance company;    An investment company registered under the federal “Investment Company Act of 1940”;    A business development company as defined in the federal “Investment Company Act of 1940”;    Any private business development company as defined in the federal “Investment Advisers Act of 1940”;    An employee pension, profit-sharing, or benefit plan if the plan has total assets in excess of five million dollars or its investment decisions are made by a named fiduciary, as defined in the federal “Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974”, that is a broker-dealer registered under the federal “Securities Exchange Act of 1934”, an investment adviser registered or exempt from registration under the federal “Investment Advisers Act of 1940”, a depository institution, or an insurance company;    An entity, but not an individual, a substantial part of whose business activities consist of investing, purchasing, selling, or trading in securities of more than one issuer and not of its own issue and that has total assets in excess of five million dollars as of the end of its latest fiscal year;    A small business investment company licensed by the federal small business administration under the federal “Small Business Investment Act of 1958”; and    Any other institutional buyer.       “Fraud”, “deceit”, and “defraud” are not limited to common-law deceit.    “Fraudulent conduct” means, for the purposes of section 11-51-410, conduct within this state which constitutes a willful violation of section 11-51-501 or conduct outside this state which would constitute a willful violation of section 11-51-501 if it had occurred within this state.    “Guaranteed” means guaranteed as to payment of principal, interest, or dividends. (9.5)     “Investment adviser” means any person who, for compensation, engages in the business of advising others, either directly or through publications or writings, as to the value of securities or as to the advisability of investing in, purchasing, or selling securities, or who, for compensation and as part of a regular business, issues or promulgates analyses or reports concerning securities. (a) (I)“Investment adviser” means any person who, for compensation, engages in the business of advising others, either directly or through publications or writings, as to the value of securities or as to the advisability of investing in, purchasing, or selling securities, or who, for compensation and as part of a regular business, issues or promulgates analyses or reports concerning securities.    “Investment adviser” includes financial planners or other persons who, as an integral component of other financially related services, provide investment advisory services to others for compensation and as a part of a business or who hold themselves out as providing investment advisory services to others for compensation.       “Investment adviser” does not include:   A federal covered adviser;    A publisher of a bona fide newspaper, magazine, or business or financial publication with a regular paid circulation;    A publisher of a securities advisory newsletter with a regular and paid circulation who does not provide advice to subscribers on their specific investment situations;    An author of material included in a newspaper, magazine, publication, or newsletter who does not otherwise come within the definition of an investment adviser or investment adviser representative;    An investment adviser representative;    A licensed broker-dealer or sales representative for a licensed broker-dealer whose performance of investment advisory services is solely incidental to the conduct of the person's business as a broker-dealer and who receives no special compensation for such services;    A depository institution or a person employed by or directly associated with a depository institution;    Any lawyer, accountant, engineer, or teacher whose performance of such services is solely incidental to the practice of that person's profession;    A person who provides investment advisory services solely while acting as an investment banker or business broker on behalf of one or more parties to, and in connection with, a transaction or proposed transaction for the transfer of a controlling interest in a business enterprise;    An official, employee, or representative of the United States, an individual state, a political subdivision of an individual state, or an agency or a corporate or other instrumentality of the United States or an individual state, while acting in such person's official capacity on behalf of such entity;    A licensed real estate broker or salesperson whose advice to clients relates only to the investment or acquisition of real property or an interest in real property; or    Any other person or class of persons excluded by rule or order of the securities commissioner. (9.6)   “Investment adviser representative” with respect to an investment adviser means an individual who has a place of business in this state; who is a partner, officer, or director of an investment adviser; who occupies a status similar to or performs functions similar to those of a partner, officer, or director for an investment adviser; or who is employed or otherwise associated with an investment adviser who:   Makes recommendations or otherwise renders advice to clients regarding securities;    Manages securities accounts or portfolios for clients;    Determines which recommendation or advice regarding securities should be given to clients; or    Supervises employees of, or persons otherwise associated with, an investment adviser or a federal covered adviser who perform any of the duties specified in this paragraph (a).       “Investment adviser representative” for a federal covered adviser means any individual with a place of business in this state who is an “investment adviser representative” as defined by the securities and exchange commission in rule 203A-3 promulgated under the federal “Investment Advisers Act of 1940”.    The term “investment adviser representative” does not include:   A licensed sales representative for a licensed broker-dealer whose performance of investment advisory services is solely incidental to the conduct of business as a sales representative and who receives no special consideration in connection with providing such services; or    Any other individual or class of individuals excluded by rule or order of the securities commissioner. (9.7) “Investment advisory services” means those activities performed by a person in connection with such person's engaging in any of the activities described in paragraph   of subsection (9.5) of this section, including such activities by a federal covered adviser or an investment adviser representative for a federal covered adviser.                   “Issuer” means any person who issues or proposes to issue any security; except that, with respect to certificates of deposit, voting-trust certificates, or collateral-trust certificates or with respect to certificates of interest or shares in an unincorporated investment trust not having a board of directors or persons performing similar functions or of the fixed, restricted management, or unit type, the term “issuer” means the person performing the acts and assuming the duties of depositor or manager pursuant to the provisions of the trust or other agreement or instrument under which such securities are issued; except that, in the case of an unincorporated association which provides by its articles for limited liability of any or all of its members or in the case of a trust, committee, or other legal entity, the trustees or members thereof shall not be individually liable as issuers of any security issued by the association, trust, committee, or other legal entity; except that, with respect to equipment-trust certificates or like securities, the term “issuer” means the person by whom the equipment or property is or is to be used; and except that, with respect to fractional undivided interests in oil, gas, or other mineral rights, the term “issuer” means the owner of any such right or of any interest in such right (whether whole or fractional) who creates fractional interests therein for the purpose of offering them for sale.    “Nonissuer” means not directly or indirectly for the benefit of the issuer. (11.5) “Online intermediary” means a person:   Acting pursuant to section 11-51-308.5 as an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer through a website of securities for the account of an issuer; and    Who does not:   Offer investment advice or recommendations;    Solicit purchases, sales, or offers to buy the securities offered or displayed on its website;    Compensate employees, agents, or other persons for such solicitation or based on the sale of securities displayed or referenced on its website;    Hold, manage, possess, or otherwise handle purchaser funds or securities;    Act as an exchange or listing or quotation service for the offer or sale of securities by third parties; or    Engage in such other activities as the securities commissioner, by rule, determines is inappropriate.          “Person” means an individual, a corporation, a partnership, an association, an estate, a joint-stock company, a trust where the interests of the beneficiaries are evidenced by a security, an unincorporated organization, a government, a governmental subdivision or agency, or any other legal entity. (12.5) “Place of business” for investment adviser representatives shall have the same meaning as defined by the securities and exchange commission in rule 203A-3 promulgated under the federal “Investment Advisers Act of 1940”.      “Sale” or “sell” includes every contract of sale of, contract to sell, or disposition of a security or interest in a security for value. “Offer to sell” includes every attempt or offer to dispose of, or solicitation of an offer to buy, a security or interest in a security for value.    “Purchase” or “buy” includes every contract of purchase of, contract to buy, or acquisition of a security or interest in a security for value. “Offer to purchase” includes every attempt or offer to acquire, or solicitation of an offer to sell, a security or interest in a security for value.    “Offer” means an offer to sell or an offer to purchase.    Any security given or delivered with, or as a bonus on account of, any purchase of securities or any other thing is considered to constitute part of the subject of the purchase and to have been offered, sold, and purchased for value.    A purported gift of assessable stock is considered to involve an offer, sale, and purchase.    Every sale or offer of a warrant or right to purchase or subscribe to another security of the same or another issuer, as well as every sale or offer of a security which gives the holder a present or future right or privilege to convert into another security of the same or another issuer, is considered to include an offer of the other security.    An “offer”, “offer to sell”, “offer to purchase”, “sale”, and “purchase” shall be deemed to be involved so far as the security holders of a corporation or other person are concerned where, pursuant to statutory provisions of the jurisdiction under which such corporation or other person is organized, or pursuant to provisions contained in its articles of incorporation or similar controlling instruments, or otherwise, there is submitted for the vote or consent of such security holders a plan or agreement for the following:   A reclassification of securities of such corporation or other person, other than a stock split, reverse stock split, or change in par value, which involves the substitution of a security for another security;    A statutory merger or consolidation or similar plan of acquisition in which securities of such corporation or other person held by such security holders will become or be exchanged for securities of any other person, except where the sole purpose of the transaction is to change an issuer's domicile; or    A transfer of assets of such corporation or other person to another person, in consideration of the issuance of securities of such other person or any of its affiliates, if:   Such plan or agreement provides for dissolution of the corporation or other person whose security holders are voting or consenting;    Such plan or agreement provides for a pro rata or similar distribution of such securities to the security holders voting or consenting;    The board of directors or similar representative of such corporation or other person adopts resolutions relative to sub-subparagraph (A) or (B) of this subparagraph (III) within one year after taking of such vote or consent; or    The transfer of assets is a part of a preexisting plan for distribution of such securities, notwithstanding the provisions of sub-subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of this subparagraph (III).          The terms defined in this subsection (13) do not include any bona fide pledge or loan or any dividend payable by an issuer only in its own securities if nothing of value is given by stockholders for the dividend.       “Sales representative” means an individual, other than a broker-dealer, either authorized to act and acting for a broker-dealer in effecting or attempting to effect purchases or sales of securities or authorized to act and acting for an issuer in effecting or attempting to effect purchases or sales of the issuer's own securities. An individual so acting for an issuer is not a sales representative if the individual primarily performs, or is intended primarily to perform upon completion of an offering of the issuer's own securities, substantial duties for or on behalf of the issuer otherwise than in connection with transactions in the issuer's own securities and the individual's compensation is not based, in whole or in part, upon the amount of purchases or sales of the issuer's own securities effected for the issuer. A partner, officer, or director of a broker-dealer or issuer, or an individual occupying a similar status or performing similar functions, is a sales representative only if the individual otherwise comes within the definition.    “Securities and exchange commission” means the commission established by the federal “Securities Exchange Act of 1934”.    “Securities commissioner” means the commissioner of securities created by section 11-51-701.    “Security” means any note; stock; treasury stock; bond; debenture; evidence of indebtedness; certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement; collateral-trust certificate; preorganization certificate of subscription; transferable share; investment contract; viatical settlement investment; voting-trust certificate; certificate of deposit for a security; certificate of interest or participation in an oil, gas, or mining title or lease or in payments out of production under such a title or lease; or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a “security” or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, guarantee of, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase any of the foregoing. “Security” does not include any insurance or endowment policy or annuity contract under which an insurance company promises to pay a sum of money either in a lump sum or periodically for life or some other specified period. For purposes of this article, an “investment contract” need not involve more than one investor nor be limited to those circumstances wherein there are multiple investors who are joint participants in the same enterprise.    “Self-regulatory organization” means a national securities exchange registered under section 6 of the federal “Securities Exchange Act of 1934”, a national securities association of broker-dealers registered under section 15A of the federal “Securities Exchange Act of 1934”, a clearing agency registered under section 17A of the federal “Securities Exchange Act of 1934”, the municipal securities rule-making board established under section 15B of the federal “Securities Exchange Act of 1934”, or a futures association registered under section 21 of the federal “Commodity Exchange Act”.    “State” means any state, territory, or possession of the United States, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico.    “Viatical settlement investment” means the contractual right to receive any portion of the death benefit or ownership of a life insurance policy or certificate, in exchange for consideration that is less than the expected death benefit of the life insurance policy or certificate. “Viatical settlement investment” does not include:   Any transaction between a viator and a viatical settlement provider as defined by section 10-7-602, C.R.S.;    Any transfer of ownership or beneficial interest in a life insurance policy from a viatical settlement provider to another viatical settlement provider as defined by section 10-7-602, C.R.S., or to any legal entity formed solely for the purpose of holding ownership or beneficial interest in a life insurance policy or policies;    The bona fide assignment of a life insurance policy to a bank, savings bank, savings and loan association, savings association, credit union, or other licensed lending institution as collateral for a loan; or    The exercise of accelerated benefits pursuant to the terms of a life insurance policy issued in accordance with title 10, C.R.S.        History. Source: L. 90: Entire article R&RE, p. 702, § 1, effective July 1. L. 98: (5.5), (9.5), (9.6), (9.7), and (12.5) added, p. 547, § 2, effective April 30. L. 2005: (17) amended and (20) added, p. 1324, § 2, effective January 1, 2006. L. 2015: (3) and (20)(c) amended,(SB 15-104), ch. 177, p. 575, § 2, effective May 11; (11.5) added,(HB 15-1246), ch. 98, p. 286, § 2, effective August 5.    Editor's note:   This section is similar to former § 11-51-102 as it existed prior to 1990.   Cross references:   For the “Securities Act of 1933”, see Pub.L. 73-22, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 77a et seq.; for the “Commodity Exchange Act”, see Pub.L. 67-331, codified at 7 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.; for the “Investment Advisers Act of 1940”, see Pub.L. 76-768, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 80b-1 et seq.; for the “Investment Company Act of 1940”, see Pub.L. 76-768, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 80a-1 et seq.; for the “Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974”, see Pub.L. 93-406, codified at 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq.; for the “Securities Exchange Act of 1934”, see Pub.L. 73-291, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 78a et seq.; for the “Small Business Investment Act of 1958”, see Pub.L. 85-699, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 661 et seq.   ANNOTATION   Law reviews. For note, “Corporations -- Investment Clubs”, see 31 Rocky Mt. L. Rev. 358 (1959). For article, “Impact of the Uniform Commercial Code on Colorado Law”, see 42 Den. L. Ctr. J. 67 (1965). For article, “Criminal Prosecutions under the Colorado Securities Act”, see 47 U. Colo. L. Rev. 233 (1976). For article, “Securities Registration Considerations in Condominium Developments”, see 11 Colo. Law. 2795 (1982). For article, “A Practitioner's Guide for Entrance to NASD Membership”, see 14 Colo. Law. 1967 (1985). For article, “Misstatements of the Rule Against Perpetuities by Experts”, see 15 Colo. Law. 210 (1986). For article, “The Distinction Between a Financial Planner, Investment Advisor and Broker/Dealer”, see 15 Colo. Law. 211 (1986).   Annotator's note. Since § 11-51-201 is similar to § 11-51-102 as it existed prior to the 1990 repeal and reenactment of this article, relevant cases construing that provision have been included in the annotations to this section.   The hallmark of state and federal securities regulation has always been close attention to the facts of each case and a substantive appraisal of the commercial realities of the offering. Lowery v. Ford Hill Inv. Co., 192 Colo. 125 , 556 P.2d 1201 (1976).   Legislative intent. Such expansive language in the Colorado statute defining “security” indicates a legislative intent to provide the flexibility needed to regulate the various schemes devised by those who seek the use of the money of others with the lure of profits. Lowery v. Ford Hill Inv. Co., 192 Colo. 125 , 556 P.2d 1201 (1976); Griffin v. Jackson, 759 P.2d 839 (Colo. App. 1988).   Purpose. The broad purpose of securities acts is to prevent the exploitation of investors through full and fair disclosure relative to the issuance of securities. Raymond Lee Org., Inc. v. Sec. Comm'n, 36 Colo. App. 417, 543 P.2d 75 (1975), rev'd on other grounds, 192 Colo. 112 , 556 P.2d 1209 (1976).   Securities acts are remedial in nature and should be broadly construed to effectuate their purpose. Raymond Lee Org., Inc. v. Sec. Comm'n, 36 Colo. App. 417, 543 P.2d 75 (1975), rev'd on other grounds, 192 Colo. 112 , 556 P.2d 1209 (1976); Griffin v. Jackson, 759 P.2d 839 (Colo. App. 1988).   Parallels federal acts. The Colorado securities act parallels the federal securities act of 1933 and the securities and exchange act of 1934. Sauer v. Hays, 36 Colo. App. 190, 539 P.2d 1343 (1975).   The definition of “security” in the federal securities act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. § 77b(1)) is parallel to Colorado's definition; “investment contract” is included as a “security” under both statutes; and, therefore, federal cases on the subject can be persuasive. Raymond Lee Org., Inc. v. Div. of Sec., 192 Colo. 112 , 556 P.2d 1209 (1976).   The definition of a security embodies a flexible rather than a static principle. Raymond Lee Org., Inc. v. Sec. Comm'n, 36 Colo. App. 417, 543 P.2d 75 (1975), rev'd on other grounds, 192 Colo. 112 , 556 P.2d 1209 (1976).   Investment contract defined. An investment contract for purposes of the securities act means a contract, transaction, or scheme whereby a person invests his money in a common enterprise and is led to expect profits solely from the efforts of the promoter or a third party. Raymond Lee Org., Inc. v. Div. of Sec., 192 Colo. 112 , 556 P.2d 1209 (1976); Griffin v. Jackson, 759 P.2d 839 (Colo. App. 1988).   The transaction's substance and economic realities control, not what a party labels the transaction. Jenkins v. Jacobs, 748 P.2d 1318 (Colo. App. 1987).   Question of law. Whether an interest or instrument is an investment contract is a question of law to be determined by the court. Straub v. Mtn. Trails Resort, Inc., 770 P.2d 1321 (Colo. App. 1988).   Determining whether a transaction is a security. Whether a transaction is a security is a question of fact to be determined by the jury. People v. Hoover, 165 P.3d 784 (Colo. App. 2006).   It is the jury's responsibility to apply the facts to the definition of “security” supplied by the court to decide whether a particular transaction is a security. People v. Pahl, 169 P.3d 169 (Colo. App. 2006); People v. Hoover, 165 P.3d 784 (Colo. App. 2006).   Whether a particular transaction involves a security depends not on the name or the form of the instrument, but on the substantive economic realities underlying the transaction. Joseph v. Viatica Mgmt., LLC, 55 P.3d 264 (Colo. App. 2002); People v. Hoover, 165 P.3d 784 (Colo. App. 2006).   The three-part test to determine if a transaction is an investment contract, included within the definition of “security”, establishes whether such transaction is: (1) An investment of money; (2) in a common enterprise; (3) with the expectation of profit from the efforts of others. People v. Hoover, 165 P.3d 784 (Colo. App. 2006); Joseph v. Mieka Corp., 2012 COA 84 , 282 P.3d 509.   A “security” is defined to include an “investment contract”, but, because this article doesn't define an “investment contract”, state courts apply the three-part test set forth in federal law. The critical factor in analyzing this general partnership agreement is whether the partners were dependent on the managerial efforts of others for their expected profits. Where the parties' agreement purports to give participants rights typical of those possessed by a general partner, there is a strong presumption that the general partnership interests are not investment contracts. The case is remanded for the trial court to determine whether the presumption applies here. Chan v. HEI Res., Inc., 2020 COA 87 , __ P.3d __.   Joint venture agreement was an illusory general partnership, and investments in it were investment contracts. Joint venture lacked the hallmarks of traditional general partnership in that: Investors lacked the right or ability to vote on the admission or exclusion of new investors; investors could not bind the joint venture; investors had not taken any votes or action concerning management decisions; investors lacked sufficient voting power to remove the operator; respondents did not inquire into or assess investors' specific knowledge or sophistication concerning the joint venture activity; and respondents solicited a large number of investors with whom they had no prior relationship. Joseph v. Mieka Corp., 2012 COA 84 , 282 P.3d 509.   Investment notes issued by loan association were securities where each noteholder entrusted money with expectation of periodic interest in addition to repayment of principal, interest rates were raised periodically, investors' return was dependent upon continuing operation and success of business, and investor's expectation of profit was derived solely from managerial efforts of others. People v. Milne, 690 P.2d 829 (Colo. 1984), overruled in Thompson v. People, 2020 CO 72, 471 P.3d 1045.   Determining whether a promissory note is a security is based on an analysis of whether the promissory note is within one of seven categories of notes that are excluded from being a security and, if not, an analysis of whether the note bears a strong family resemblance to one of the excluded categories. Thompson v. People, 2020 CO 72, 471 P.3d 1045 (following Reves v. Ernst & Young, 494 U.S. 56 (1990), and overruling People v. Milne, 690 P.2d 829 (Colo. 1984)).   Commodity accounts may be investment contracts and thus securities. In order to qualify as an investment contract, a commodity account must involve an investment of money in a common enterprise with profits to come solely from the efforts of others. Clayton Brokerage Co. v. Stansfield, 582 F. Supp. 837 (D. Colo. 1984 ).   Pyramid sales scheme as a security. A pyramid sales scheme is no less a security because of the sale of distributorships where what, in essence, was being offered was an opportunity to contribute money and to share in the profits of an enterprise managed and owned by Master Industries. Sauer v. Hays, 36 Colo. App. 190, 539 P.2d 1343 (1975).   A pyramid promotional scheme involved an “investment contract”, a “common enterprise” whereby the “fortunes of the investors” were “inextricably tied” and dependent upon the efforts and success of the corporation in obtaining and recruiting new prospects for its seminars and in consummating sales, and constituted the sale of securities in violation of Colorado's securities act. Sauer v. Hays, 36 Colo. App. 190, 539 P.2d 1343 (1975).   Promoters of pyramid promotional plans must make full, complete, and fair disclosure, through the registration statement, of the perils involved before their prospects invest their money. Sauer v. Hays, 36 Colo. App. 190, 539 P.2d 1343 (1975).   Agreements to promote inventions. Agreements whereby an inventor paid a fee to petitioner and assigned a percentage interest in the invention or a fee plus a commission on any net proceeds received as a result of petitioner's efforts in exchange for certain promotional services were held not to be “securities”. Raymond Lee Org., Inc. v. Div. of Sec., 192 Colo. 112 , 556 P.2d 1209 (1976).   The element of commonality was absent where no other inventor acquired any interest in, nor received any direct benefit from, a particular inventor's invention. Raymond Lee Org., Inc. v. Div. of Sec., 192 Colo. 112 , 556 P.2d 1209 (1976).   The sale of condominium property, when accompanied by collateral agreements involving rental of the units, did constitute the sale of a “security” within the meaning of the Colorado statute. Lowery v. Ford Hill Inv. Co., 192 Colo. 125 , 556 P.2d 1201 (1976).   The fact that a rental agreement imposed by an investment company selling condominiums was mandatory and exclusive as to all purchasers, and that the rental rate, supporting services, and promotion and allocation of renters were all controlled by a common agent, made the venture a “common enterprise” for the purpose of defining an investment contract. Lowery v. Ford Hill Inv. Co., 192 Colo. 125 , 556 P.2d 1201 (1976).   Despite the finding of a “secondary” purpose of personal recreational use, this subordinate motive for a purchase of a condominium did not sufficiently eclipse the plaintiffs' primary purpose of an “expectation of profit”. Lowery v. Ford Hill Inv. Co., 192 Colo. 125 , 556 P.2d 1201 (1976).   Plaintiff's percentage interest in real estate venture met the statutory definitions of a security contained in the securities acts, state and federal. Andrews v. Blue, 489 F.2d 367 (10th Cir. 1973).   A contract to jointly purchase viatical settlements of life insurance policies is an investment contract and thus qualifies as a security. A fund that invests in life insurance settlements and sells such investments is a security. Joseph v. Viatica Mgmt., LLC, 55 P.3d 264 (Colo. App. 2002).   Jurisdiction. Whether the contracts are executed in Colorado or out of state is irrelevant since the Colorado securities act expressly covers the solicitation of an offer to buy in this state, and actual execution of a contract within the state is not essential to the exercise of jurisdiction over appellant. Raymond Lee Org., Inc. v. Sec. Comm'n, 36 Colo. App. 417, 543 P.2d 75 (1975), rev'd on other grounds, 192 Colo. 112 , 556 P.2d 1209 (1976).   Selling of memberships in outdoor campground did not involve an investment contract. Straub v. Mtn. Trails Resort, Inc., 770 P.2d 1321 (Colo. App. 1988).   “Investment of money”, for purposes of this section, means that the investor must commit his assets to an enterprise or venture in such a manner as to subject himself to a financial loss. Griffin v. Jackson, 759 P.2d 839 (Colo. App. 1988).   A common enterprise exists when the fortunes of the investors are interwoven with and dependent upon the efforts and success of those seeking the investment or of third parties. Griffin v. Jackson, 759 P.2d 839 (Colo. App. 1988).   Franchise agreement not a sale of a security. Mr. Steak, Inc. v. River City Steak, Inc., 342 F. Supp. 640 (D. Colo. 1970 ), aff'd and modified, 460 F.2d 666 (10th Cir. 1972).   Acting as a lead trader for an auto-trading platform, a system whereby investors mimic the trades of a single investor (the lead trader), and directly responding to investors' questions that were tied to specific market activity with personalized advice about particular stocks constitutes acting as an investment advisor. Offering an exempt newsletter in addition to these services did not exempt the defendant from the licensing requirement. Rome v. Mandel, 2016 COA 192 M, 405 P.3d 387.   Applied in Sterling Recreation Org. Co. v. Segal, 537 F. Supp. 1024 (D. Colo. 1982 ).