reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CA Civ Code § 890 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 2 - REAL OR IMMOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 6 - RENT SKIMMING|Section 890.

890.  (a) (1) “Rent skimming” means using revenue received from the rental of a parcel of residential real property at any time during the first year period after acquiring that property without first applying the revenue or an equivalent amount to the payments due on all mortgages and deeds of trust encumbering that property. (2) For purposes of this section, “rent skimming” also means receiving revenue from the rental of a parcel of residential real property where the person receiving that revenue, without the consent of the owner or owner’s agent, asserted possession or ownership of the residential property, whether under a false claim of title, by trespass, or any other unauthorized means, rented the property to another, and collected rents from the other person for the rental of the property. This paragraph does not apply to any tenant, subtenant, lessee, sublessee, or assignee, nor to any other hirer having a lawful occupancy interest in the residential dwelling.(b) “Multiple acts of rent skimming” means knowingly and willfully rent skimming with respect to each of five or more parcels of residential real property acquired within any two-year period.(c) “Person” means any natural person, any form of business organization, its officers and directors, and any natural person who authorizes rent skimming or who, being in a position of control, fails to prevent another from rent skimming.(Amended by Stats. 1998, Ch. 193, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 1999.)
CA Civ Code § 892 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 2 - REAL OR IMMOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 6 - RENT SKIMMING|Section 892.

892.  (a) Any person who engages in multiple acts of rent skimming is subject to criminal prosecution. Each act of rent skimming comprising the multiple acts of rent skimming shall be separately alleged. A person found guilty of five acts shall be punished by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 of the Penal Code or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, by a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment. A person found guilty of additional acts shall be separately punished for each additional act by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 of the Penal Code or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, by a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment.(b) If a defendant has been once previously convicted of a violation of subdivision (a), any subsequent knowing and willful act of rent skimming shall be punishable by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 of the Penal Code or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, or by a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment.(c) A prosecution for a violation of this section shall be commenced within three years after the date of the acquisition of the last parcel of property that was the subject of the conduct for which the defendant is prosecuted.(d)  The penalties under this section are in addition to any other remedies or penalties provided by law for the conduct proscribed by this section.(Amended by Stats. 2011, Ch. 15, Sec. 31. (AB 109) Effective April 4, 2011. Operative October 1, 2011, by Sec. 636 of Ch. 15, as amended by Stats. 2011, Ch. 39, Sec. 68.)
CA Civ Code § 893 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 2 - REAL OR IMMOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 6 - RENT SKIMMING|Section 893.

893.  (a) It is an affirmative defense for a natural person who is a defendant in a civil action brought under Section 891, or a criminal action brought under Section 892, if all of the following occurred:(1) The defendant used the rental revenue due but not paid to holders of mortgages or deeds of trust to make payments to any of the following:(A) Health care providers, as defined in paragraph (2) of subdivision (c) of Section 6146 of the Business and Professions Code, for the unforeseen and necessary medical treatment of the defendant or his or her spouse, parents, or children.(B) Licensed contractors or material suppliers to correct the violation of any statute, ordinance, or regulation relating to the habitability of the premises. (2) The defendant made the payments within 30 days of receiving the rental revenue.(3) The defendant had no other source of funds from which to make the payments.(b) The defendant has the burden of producing evidence of each element of the defense specified in subdivision (a) in a criminal action under Section 892 and the burden of proof of each element of the defense in a civil action under Section 891.(Added by Stats. 1986, Ch. 838, Sec. 1.)
CA Civ Code § 894 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 2 - REAL OR IMMOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 6 - RENT SKIMMING|Section 894.

894.  If any provision of this title or the application thereof to any person or circumstances is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of the title and the application of its provisions to other persons and circumstances shall not be affected thereby.(Added by Stats. 1986, Ch. 838, Sec. 1.)
CA Civ Code § 946 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 1 - PERSONAL PROPERTY IN GENERAL|Section 946.

946.  If there is no law to the contrary, in the place where personal property is situated, it is deemed to follow the person of its owner, and is governed by the law of his domicile.(Added by Code Amendments 1875-76, Ch. 167.)
CA Civ Code § 1000 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 1 - MODES IN WHICH PROPERTY MAY BE ACQUIRED|Section 1000.

1000.  Property is acquired by:1. Occupancy;2. Accession;3. Transfer;4. Will; or,5. Succession.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1001 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 1 - MODES IN WHICH PROPERTY MAY BE ACQUIRED|Section 1001.

1001.  (a) As used in this section, “utility service” means water, gas, electric, drainage, sewer, or telephone service.(b) Any owner of real property may acquire by eminent domain an appurtenant easement to provide utility service to the owner’s property.(c) In lieu of the requirements of Section 1240.030 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the power of eminent domain may be exercised to acquire an appurtenant easement under this section only if all of the following are established:(1) There is a great necessity for the taking.(2) The location of the easement affords the most reasonable service to the property to which it is appurtenant, consistent with the least damage to the burdened property.(3) The hardship to the owner of the appurtenant property, if the taking is not permitted, clearly outweighs any hardship to the owner of the burdened property.(Added by Stats. 1976, Ch. 994.)
CA Civ Code § 1002 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 1 - MODES IN WHICH PROPERTY MAY BE ACQUIRED|Section 1002.

1002.  (a) Subject to the provisions of Article 3 (commencing with Section 1245.310) of Chapter 4 of Title 7 of Part 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the power of eminent domain may be exercised by an owner of real property to acquire a temporary right to enter upon adjacent or nearby property to repair or reconstruct land or improvements, if all of the following conditions are established or met:(1) There is a necessity to do the repair or reconstruction work and there is a great necessity to enter upon the adjacent or nearby property to do the repair or reconstruction work because (A) the repair or reconstruction work cannot be done safely without entry, or the cost of performing the repair or reconstruction work without entry would be substantially higher; and (B) the property without repair or reconstruction adversely affects the surrounding community.(2) The right to enter upon the adjacent or nearby land will be exercised in a manner which provides the least damage to the property and the least inconvenience or annoyance to the occupants or owners thereof consistent with satisfactory completion of the repair or reconstruction work.(3) The hardship to the person seeking to exercise the power of eminent domain, if that power is not exercised, clearly outweighs any hardship to the owner or occupant of the adjacent or nearby property.(b) No entry shall be made upon the property to be condemned until an eminent domain proceeding has been commenced and then only after a court order permitting entry is issued or after judgment is entered for the plaintiff.A deposit of security, in the form of cash or a bond, shall be made to the court in an amount the court determines is necessary to permit the owner of the adjacent or nearby property to restore the property to the condition it was in prior to the entry, if the person exercising the power of eminent domain does not do so within a reasonable period of time as determined by the court.(c) The court may order the person acquiring the temporary right to enter the land of another, pursuant to this section, to pay the owner of the land subject to that temporary right a reasonable amount of rent for the use of the land.(d) “Adjacent” or “nearby” for purposes of this section shall mean land contiguous with the property needing repair or reconstruction, or land through which the party granted temporary access must pass to reach adjacent land.(e) The provisions of this section shall not apply to the temporary entry upon lands used primarily for the commercial production of agricultural commodities and forest products.(Added by Stats. 1982, Ch. 1239, Sec. 1.)
CA Civ Code § 1006 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - OCCUPANCY|Section 1006.

1006.  Occupancy for any period confers a title sufficient against all except the state and those who have title by prescription, accession, transfer, will, or succession; but the title conferred by occupancy is not a sufficient interest in real property to enable the occupant or the occupant’s privies to commence or maintain an action to quiet title, unless the occupancy has ripened into title by prescription.(Amended by Stats. 1980, Ch. 44, Sec. 1.)
CA Civ Code § 1007 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - OCCUPANCY|Section 1007.

1007.  Occupancy for the period prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure as sufficient to bar any action for the recovery of the property confers a title thereto, denominated a title by prescription, which is sufficient against all, but no possession by any person, firm or corporation no matter how long continued of any land, water, water right, easement, or other property whatsoever dedicated to a public use by a public utility, or dedicated to or owned by the state or any public entity, shall ever ripen into any title, interest or right against the owner thereof.(Amended by Stats. 1968, Ch. 1112.)
CA Civ Code § 1008 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - OCCUPANCY|Section 1008.

1008.  No use by any person or persons, no matter how long continued, of any land, shall ever ripen into an easement by prescription, if the owner of such property posts at each entrance to the property or at intervals of not more than 200 feet along the boundary a sign reading substantially as follows: “Right to pass by permission, and subject to control, of owner: Section 1008, Civil Code.”(Added by Stats. 1965, Ch. 926.)
CA Civ Code § 1414 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 8 - WATER RIGHTS|Section 1414.

1414.  As between appropriators, the one first in time is the first in right.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1415 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 8 - WATER RIGHTS|Section 1415.

1415.  A person desiring to appropriate water must post a notice, in writing, in a conspicuous place at the point of intended diversion, stating therein:1. That he claims the water there flowing to the extent of (giving the number) inches, measured under a four-inch pressure;2. The purposes for which he claims it, and the place of intended use;3. The means by which he intends to divert it, and the size of the flume, ditch, pipe, or aqueduct in which he intends to divert it.A copy of the notice must, within ten days after it is posted, be recorded in the office of the recorder of the county in which it is posted. After filing such copy for record, the place of intended diversion or the place of intended use or the means by which it is intended to divert the water, may be changed by the person posting said notice or his assigns, if others are not injured by such change. This provision applies to notices already filed as well as to notices hereafter filed.(Amended by Stats. 1903, Ch. 262.)
CA Civ Code § 1416 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 8 - WATER RIGHTS|Section 1416.

1416.  Within sixty days after the notice is posted, the claimant must commence the excavation or construction of the works in which he intends to divert the water, or the survey, road or trail building, necessarily incident thereto, and must prosecute the work diligently and uninterruptedly to completion, unless temporarily interrupted by snows or rain; provided, that if the erection of a dam has been recommended by the California dGbris commission at or near the place where it is intended to divert the water, the claimant shall have sixty days after the completion of such dam in which to commence the excavation or construction of the works in which he intends to divert the water; provided, that whenever any city and county, or any incorporated city or town within this state makes, or has made, or acquires, or has acquired any appropriation of any of the waters of this state in accordance with the provisions of section 1415 of this code, it shall not be necessary for such city and county, city or town to commence the work for development of more of the water so claimed than is actually necessary for the immediate needs of such city and county, city or town and it shall be held to be a sufficient compliance with the requirements of this chapter, to the full amount of water stated in the notice posted and recorded, for such city and county, city or town to within sixty days make the necessary surveys, or within six months to authorize the issuance of municipal bonds, for the construction of the necessary works designed to supply such city and county, city or town with the water required for immediate use. Any appropriation heretofore made by any such city and county, city or town in connection with which surveys were at any time made, or an issue of bonds authorized for the construction of any portion of the works necessary for a diversion of any part of the water appropriated, is hereby confirmed to the full amount of water stated in the original notice or notices.(Amended by Stats. 1911, Ch. 730.)
CA Civ Code § 1417 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 8 - WATER RIGHTS|Section 1417.

1417.  By “completion” is meant conducting the waters to the place of intended use.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1418 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 8 - WATER RIGHTS|Section 1418.

1418.  By a compliance with the above rules the claimant’s right to the use of the water relates back to the time the notice was posted.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1419 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 8 - WATER RIGHTS|Section 1419.

1419.  A failure to comply with such rules deprives the claimants of the right to the use of the water as against a subsequent claimant who complies therewith.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1420 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 8 - WATER RIGHTS|Section 1420.

1420.  Persons who have heretofore claimed the right to water, and who have not constructed works in which to divert it, and who have not diverted nor applied it to some useful purpose, must, after this Title takes effect, and within twenty days thereafter, proceed as in this Title provided, or their right ceases.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1421 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 8 - WATER RIGHTS|Section 1421.

1421.  The Recorder of each county must keep a book, in which he must record the notices provided for in this Title.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1422 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 8 - WATER RIGHTS|Section 1422.

1422.  If the place of intended diversion or any part of the route of intended conveyance of water so claimed, be within, and a part of, any national park, forest reservation, or other public reservation, and be so shown in the notice of appropriation of said water, then the claimant shall have sixty days, after the grant of authority to occupy and use such park or reservation for such intended purpose, within which to commence the excavation or construction of said works; provided that within sixty days after the posting of said notice of appropriation, as provided in section 1415 of the Civil Code, the claimant shall in good faith commence (and thereafter diligently and continuously, except when temporarily interrupted by snow or rain, prosecute to completion) such surveys and other work as under the regulations governing such park or reservations, may be required as preliminary to, or for use with, an application for such authority; and provided also that the claimant shall in good faith on completion of said survey and preliminary work, apply to the officer, board, or body, having charge of such park or reservation, for such authority, and shall thereafter, prosecute said application with reasonable diligence.(Added by Stats. 1903, Ch. 272.)
CA Civ Code § 1427 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 1 - DEFINITION OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1427.

1427.  An obligation is a legal duty, by which a person is bound to do or not to do a certain thing.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § [1428.] (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 1 - DEFINITION OF OBLIGATIONS|Section [1428.].

[1428.]   Section Fourteen Hundred and Twenty-eight. An obligation arises either from:One—The contract of the parties; or,Two—The operation of law. An obligation arising from operation of law may be enforced in the manner provided by law, or by civil action or proceeding.(Amended by Code Amendments 1873-74, Ch. 612.)
CA Civ Code § 1457 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 3 - TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1457.

1457.  The burden of an obligation may be transferred with the consent of the party entitled to its benefit, but not otherwise, except as provided by Section 1466.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1458 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 3 - TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1458.

1458.  A right arising out of an obligation is the property of the person to whom it is due, and may be transferred as such.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1459 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 3 - TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1459.

1459.  A non-negotiable written contract for the payment of money or personal property may be transferred by indorsement, in like manner with negotiable instruments. Such indorsement shall transfer all the rights of the assignor under the instrument to the assignee, subject to all equities and defenses existing in favor of the maker at the time of the indorsement.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1459.5 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 3 - TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1459.5.

1459.5.  A plaintiff who prevails on a cause of action against a defendant named pursuant to Part 433 of Title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations or any successor thereto, or pursuant to the contractual language required by that part or any successor thereto, may claim attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses from that defendant to the fullest extent permissible if the plaintiff had prevailed on that cause of action against the seller.(Amended by Stats. 2020, Ch. 370, Sec. 28. (SB 1371) Effective January 1, 2021.)
CA Civ Code § 1460 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 3 - TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1460.

1460.  Certain covenants, contained in grants of estates in real property, are appurtenant to such estates, and pass with them, so as to bind the assigns of the covenantor and to vest in the assigns of the covenantee, in the same manner as if they had personally entered into them. Such convenants are said to run with the land.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1461 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 3 - TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1461.

1461.  The only covenants which run with the land are those specified in this Title, and those which are incidental thereto.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1462 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 3 - TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1462.

1462.  Every covenant contained in a grant of an estate in real property, which is made for the direct benefit of the property, or some part of it then in existence, runs with the land.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1463 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 3 - TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1463.

1463.  The last section includes covenants “of warranty,” “for quiet enjoyment,” or for further assurance on the part of a grantor, and covenants for the payment of rent, or of taxes or assessments upon the land, on the part of a grantee.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1465 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 3 - TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1465.

1465.  A covenant running with the land binds those only who acquire the whole estate of the covenantor in some part of the property.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1466 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 3 - TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1466.

1466.  No one, merely by reason of having acquired an estate subject to a covenant running with the land, is liable for a breach of the covenant before he acquired the estate, or after he has parted with it or ceased to enjoy its benefits.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1467 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 3 - OBLIGATIONS|PART 1 - OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL|TITLE 3 - TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS|Section 1467.

1467.  Where several persons, holding by several titles, are subject to the burden or entitled to the benefit of a covenant running with the land, it must be apportioned among them according to the value of the property subject to it held by them respectively, if such value can be ascertained, and if not, then according to their respective interests in point of quantity.(Enacted 1872.)