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WV Code § 2-2-5 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 2. Common Law, Statutes, Legal Holidays, Definitions and Legal Capacity|Article 2. Legal Holidays; Special Memorial Days; Construction of Statutes; Definitions|§2-2-5. Acts by Agent or Deputy

When a statute requires an act to be done by an officer or person, it shall be sufficient if it be done by his agent or deputy, unless it be such as cannot lawfully be done by deputation.
WV Code § 2-2-6 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 2. Common Law, Statutes, Legal Holidays, Definitions and Legal Capacity|Article 2. Legal Holidays; Special Memorial Days; Construction of Statutes; Definitions|§2-2-6. Seals

When the seal of the state, or of a court, officer or corporation is to be affixed to any paper, an impression of such seal upon the paper shall be sufficient. When the seal of a natural person is required to a paper, he may affix thereto a scroll by way of seal, or adopt as his seal any scroll, written, printed or engraved, made thereon by another.
WV Code § 2-2-7 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 2. Common Law, Statutes, Legal Holidays, Definitions and Legal Capacity|Article 2. Legal Holidays; Special Memorial Days; Construction of Statutes; Definitions|§2-2-7. Affirmation Equivalent to Oath

A solemn affirmation shall be equivalent to an oath in all cases, unless otherwise expressly provided, and the word "oath" shall be deemed to include an affirmation and the word "swear" or "sworn" to be complied with if the person referred to make solemn affirmation.
WV Code § 2-2-8 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 2. Common Law, Statutes, Legal Holidays, Definitions and Legal Capacity|Article 2. Legal Holidays; Special Memorial Days; Construction of Statutes; Definitions|§2-2-8. Effect of Repeal or Expiration of Law

The repeal of a law, or its expiration by virtue of any provision contained therein, shall not affect any offense committed, or penalty or punishment incurred, before the repeal took effect, or the law expired, save only that the proceedings thereafter had shall conform as far as practicable to the laws in force at the time such proceedings take place, unless otherwise specially provided; and that if any penalty or punishment be mitigated by the new law, such new law may, with the consent of the party affected thereby, be applied to any judgment pronounced after it has taken effect.
WV Code § 2-2-9 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 2. Common Law, Statutes, Legal Holidays, Definitions and Legal Capacity|Article 2. Legal Holidays; Special Memorial Days; Construction of Statutes; Definitions|§2-2-9. Repeal of Repealing Act

When a law which has repealed another is itself repealed, the former law shall not be revived without express words for the purpose.
WV Code § 2-2-11 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 2. Common Law, Statutes, Legal Holidays, Definitions and Legal Capacity|Article 2. Legal Holidays; Special Memorial Days; Construction of Statutes; Definitions|§2-2-11. Repeal of Validating Statutes; Effect

The repeal by any provision of this code of a statute validating previous acts, contracts or transactions shall not affect the validity of such acts, contracts or transactions, but the same shall remain as valid as if there had been no such repeal, but no further.
WV Code § 2-2-12 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 2. Common Law, Statutes, Legal Holidays, Definitions and Legal Capacity|Article 2. Legal Holidays; Special Memorial Days; Construction of Statutes; Definitions|§2-2-12. Headlines, etc., Not Part of Act; Notes, etc., Attached to Bills Not to Be Construed as Expressing Legislative Intent

Chapter, article or section headings, headlines or headnotes of any act of the Legislature, whether in the act at the time of passage or inserted by the Clerk of the House of Delegates in editing, compiling and publishing the acts of the Legislature, are hereby declared to be mere catchwords and shall not be deemed or construed to be titles of such chapters, articles or sections, or as any part thereof, or as indicating or expressing legislative intent or purpose.Abstracts of bills or of changes proposed in existing statutes, explanatory notes and declarations of purpose accompanying bills at the time of introduction in the Legislature or appended or attached thereto after introduction, and included with copies of such bills printed or otherwise reproduced by the Legislature or either house thereof, are hereby declared not to be a part of such bills or of reports of committees thereon, and shall not be construed or interpreted as indicating or expressing legislative intent.
WV Code § 2-2-13 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 2. Common Law, Statutes, Legal Holidays, Definitions and Legal Capacity|Article 2. Legal Holidays; Special Memorial Days; Construction of Statutes; Definitions|§2-2-13. Official Business and Records of the State to Be in English; Exceptions; Definition

(a) All official business of this state shall be conducted in the English language. All official records, documents, rules, orders, and publications shall be printed in English and all official programs, meetings, transactions, and actions conducted by or on behalf of the state and all its political subdivisions shall be in English.(b) Other languages may be used by government officials, and in official documents, whenever necessary to:(1) Protect public health and safety;(2) Teach or study other languages;(3) Protect the rights of criminal defendants or victims of crime;(4) Promote trade, tourism or commerce;(5) Facilitate activities pertaining to the compilation of any census;(6) Comply with the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, PL 101-476;(7) Use proper names, terms of art, legal terms or phrases from languages other than English; or(8) Comply with the Constitution and laws of the United States of America or the Constitution of West Virginia. Except in exigent circumstances, when an official government document is translated into any language other than English under this section, an English translation shall also be provided in the same document, appearing in such a manner as to afford the reader the opportunity to observe the English translation of all phrases used.(c) This section may not be construed to:(1) Diminish the usage of, prevent the study or development of, or discourage the use of, any Native American language in any context or for any purpose;(2) Prohibit an elected official from speaking to any person in a language other than English while campaigning or providing constituent services. However, those officials are encouraged to use English as much as possible to promote fluency in English;(3) Disparage any language or discourage any person from learning or using any language; or(4) Prohibit informal and nonbinding translations or communications among or between representatives of government and other persons if the activity does not affect or impair supervision, management, conduct, or execution of official actions and if the representatives of government make clear that these translations or communications are unofficial and not binding on the state or any political subdivision of the state.(d) Any examination related to employment administered by any state, municipal or county entity may be administered in a language other than English if the test is available in that language.(e) As used in this section, "official" means any government action or document that binds the government, is required by law, or is authorized by law.
WV Code § 2-3-1 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 2. Common Law, Statutes, Legal Holidays, Definitions and Legal Capacity|Article 3. Legal Capacity|§2-3-1. Legal Capacity; Saving Provisions

On and after June 9, 1972, except as otherwise specifically provided in this code, no person who is eighteen years of age or older shall lack legal capacity, by reason of his age, to enter into contracts, sell or purchase real or personal property, create a lien, execute any legal or other written instrument, prosecute or defend legal actions, assert claims or deal in his own affairs in any manner whatsoever.The provisions of this section, and the provisions of chapter sixty-one, acts of the Legislature, regular session, 1972, reducing various prescribed age requirements to eighteen years of age, shall not, however, by operation of law affect any rights, duties, obligations or interests accruing or vesting by virtue of any statute, act, event, transaction, order, judgment or decree prior to June 9, 1972, or any cause of action which arose or any civil action or claim instituted or asserted prior to such date, and any such right, duty, obligation, interest, cause of action, civil action or claim may be enforced, exercised, enjoyed, terminated, discharged, consummated, prosecuted, maintained or asserted with like effect as if said chapter sixty-one had not been enacted: Provided, That any person who has attained the age of eighteen years shall have full power and authority to exercise any and all of the rights, privileges and powers granted to him in the first paragraph of this section with respect to any legal or equitable interest acquired by or which vested in such person before he became eighteen years of age: Provided, however, That under no circumstances whatever shall any of the changes made by said chapter sixty-one have any effect upon any of the terms or provisions of or any conditions imposed by any last will and testament, trust agreement or any other written instrument of any kind or character executed prior to such date of June 9, 1972: Provided further, That any order or mandate providing for payment of child support for any person up to the age of twenty-one years contained in any decree or order of divorce or separate maintenance or in any order in any nonsupport or bastardy proceeding, which decree or order was entered prior to June 9, 1972, may by order of the court be terminated as to such person upon such person attaining the age of eighteen years. Moreover, the provisions of this section shall not affect any acts performed or transactions entered into by a person under the age of twenty-one years prior to June 9, 1972. No change in the general age of legal capacity or in the definitions of the words "under disability," "infant" or "minor" contained in section ten, article two of this chapter shall alter any statute of limitations as to causes of action arising before such date of June 9, 1972.
WV Code § 3-1-1 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 3. Elections|Article 1. General Provisions and Definitions|§3-1-1. Short Title; Purpose

This chapter shall constitute and may be cited as the "West Virginia Election Code" and contemplates and comprehends a code of laws for the establishment, administration and regulation of elections and election procedures in the State of West Virginia.
WV Code § 3-1-2 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 3. Elections|Article 1. General Provisions and Definitions|§3-1-2. Scope of Chapter; Definitions

Unless restricted by the context, the provisions of this chapter shall apply to every general, primary and special election in which candidates are nominated or elected or in which voters pass upon any public question submitted to them, except that the provisions hereof shall be construed to be operative in municipal elections only in those instances in which they are made expressly so applicable.Unless the context clearly requires a different meaning, as herein used:"Voter" shall mean any person who possesses the statutory and Constitutional qualifications for voting;"Election" shall mean the procedure whereby the voters of this state or any subdivision thereof elect persons to fill public offices, or elect members of a Constitutional convention, or vote on public questions;"Any election" or "all elections" shall include every general, primary, or special election held in this state, or in any of its subdivisions, for the purpose of nominating or electing federal or state officers, or county, city, town or village officers of any subdivision now existing or hereafter created, or for the purpose of electing members of a Constitutional convention, or for voting upon any public question submitted to the people of the state or any of the aforesaid subdivisions;"Office" shall be construed to mean "public office" which shall include (1) any elective office provided for by the Constitution or laws of the United States or of this state to which a salary or other compensation attaches, and (2) membership in a Constitutional convention;"Candidate" shall mean any person to be voted for at an election;"Public question" shall mean any issue or proposition, now or hereafter required by the governing body of this state or any of its subdivisions to be submitted to the voters of the state or subdivision for decision at elections;The term "minor" as used in article four, section one of the state Constitution and as used in this chapter shall mean a person who has not become eighteen years of age.
WV Code § 3-1-2a (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 3. Elections|Article 1. General Provisions and Definitions|§3-1-2a. Municipal Elections

(a) Notwithstanding other provisions of this code or of any special legislative or home rule city charter, the provisions of: (1) Articles eight and nine of this chapter; (2) any rules promulgated under authority granted in articles eight and nine of this chapter; and (3) any provisions of this chapter making a practice or conduct unlawful shall apply to every municipal election held for any purpose.(b) For purposes of:(1) This section; (2) The application of articles eight and nine of this chapter;(3) The application of the rules mentioned in this section; and (4) The application of provisions of this chapter making a practice or conduct unlawful, the provisions of law which impose any duty upon or define any offense or prohibition with respect to the duty or authority of a county officer or county election officer or body of county election officers shall be construed to and shall apply with equal force and effect to the person or persons in a municipal election upon whom this code or the city charter or ordinance imposes such duty or vests the same or similar authority.(c) Every municipality shall by charter or ordinance designate the persons in the municipality who perform the same duties as any officer in a county election. The designated persons shall attend a biannual election training held and conducted by the office of the Secretary of State.(d) This section shall not be construed to abrogate the applicability of other provisions of this chapter to municipal elections.
WV Code § 3-1-3 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 3. Elections|Article 1. General Provisions and Definitions|§3-1-3. Persons Entitled to Vote

Citizens of the state shall be entitled to vote at all elections held within the precincts of the counties and municipalities in which they respectively reside. But no person who has not been registered as a voter as required by law, or who is a minor, or who has been declared mentally incompetent by a court of competent jurisdiction, or who is under conviction of treason, felony or bribery in an election, or who is not a bona fide resident of the state, county or municipality in which he or she offers to vote, shall be permitted to vote at such election while such disability continues, unless otherwise specifically provided by federal or state code. Subject to the qualifications otherwise prescribed in this section, however, a minor shall be permitted to vote only in a primary election if he or she will have reached the age of eighteen years on the date of the general election next to be held after such primary election.
WV Code § 3-1-3a (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 3. Elections|Article 1. General Provisions and Definitions|§3-1-3a. Persons Entitled to Vote Under Federal Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970; Authority of Secretary of State

(1) Any citizen of the United States who is a resident of the state and who applies, not later than thirty days immediately prior to any presidential election for registration or qualification to vote for the choice of electors for president and vice-president, or for president and vice-president, in such election, and who is otherwise qualified to vote, may register to vote, and vote, for the choice of electors for president and vice-president, or for president and vice-president, in such election, as provided by the federal Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970.(2) Any citizen of the United States who has moved his residence from this state within thirty days next preceding any election for president and vice-president, and who was otherwise qualified to vote in this state as of the date of his change of residence and who has not satisfied the registration requirements of the state to which he has moved, may vote for the choice of electors for president and vice-president, or for president and vice-president, in such election, as provided by the federal Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970.(3) Any citizen of the United States who has attained the age of eighteen years but who has not attained the age of twenty-one years by the time of the next ensuing primary or election in which he may vote under section 302 of the federal Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970, as interpreted and limited by the United States supreme court, and who is otherwise qualified to vote, may vote in any primary or election for those candidates for whom he is entitled to vote under said section 302 of the federal Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970, as interpreted and limited by the United States supreme court.(4) The Secretary of State shall have authority to make, amend and rescind such rules, regulations, orders and instructions, and prescribe such registration and voting procedures, forms (including registration, ballot and ballot label forms), lists and records, as may be necessary in order for this state to fully implement, and comply with, the federal Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970, as interpreted and limited by the United States supreme court, and it shall be the duty of all public officers, election officers, boards and commissioners having any authority or responsibility in connection with any election, to comply with all such rules, regulations, orders and instructions, and use, make, follow or comply with all such registration and voting procedures, forms (including registration, ballot and ballot label forms), lists and records as have been prescribed by the Secretary of State under the foregoing authority vested in that office.
WV Code § 3-1-4 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 3. Elections|Article 1. General Provisions and Definitions|§3-1-4. Manner of Voting

In all elections the mode of voting shall be by ballot, but the voter shall be left free to vote by either open, sealed, or secret ballot, as he may elect. Voting by ballot may be accomplished as provided in articles three, four, five and six of this chapter.
WV Code § 3-1-6 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 3. Elections|Article 1. General Provisions and Definitions|§3-1-6. Municipal Voting Precincts

The governing bodies of all municipalities shall, for the purpose of municipal elections, provide by ordinance for making the voting precincts in the respective municipalities coincide, as nearly as possible, to the boundaries of the voting precincts fixed by the county court for all state and county elections.
WV Code § 3-1-8 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 3. Elections|Article 1. General Provisions and Definitions|§3-1-8. Political Party Defined; Parties or Groups That May Participate in Municipal Primary Elections

Any affiliation of voters representing any principle or organization which, at the last preceding general election, polled for its candidate for Governor at least one per cent of the total number of votes cast for all candidates for that office in the state, shall be a political party, within the meaning and for the purpose of this chapter: Provided, That notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section, the governing body of any municipality may, by ordinance adopted by the affirmative vote of at least three fourths of the members of such governing body by recorded vote, provide that municipal political parties or groups within such municipality that do not meet the requirements of this section for classification as a political party may participate in the primary elections of any such municipality. Any such ordinance shall contain provisions implementing the foregoing proviso, which implementing provisions shall conform as nearly as practicable to any general provisions of law relating to municipal primary elections.
WV Code § 3-1-10 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 3. Elections|Article 1. General Provisions and Definitions|§3-1-10. Party Committees in Office

The members of all state, congressional, senatorial, and county executive committees for political parties in office at the time this section becomes effective, and the various officers of such committees, shall hold their several offices and discharge the duties thereof until their successors are chosen and installed in accordance with the provisions of section nine of this article effective simultaneously herewith and other applicable provisions of this article, the prior provisions of section nine having become effective after the election of such members and officers for terms ending in the year 1982. The Legislature finds and declares that the prior provisions of section nine of this article should not operate to limit the terms of such members and officers before the expiration thereof as contemplated by law effective at the time of the primary election held May, 1978.
WV Code § 3-1-11 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 3. Elections|Article 1. General Provisions and Definitions|§3-1-11. Powers of State Executive Committee; Central or Subcommittees; Party Emblems

The state executive committee of each party may make such rules for the government of such party, not inconsistent with law, as may be deemed expedient; and it may also revoke, alter, or amend, in any manner not inconsistent with law, any present or future rules of such party. All acts of such state or other committees may be reviewable by the courts.Any party executive committee may create and appoint subcommittees, campaign, or central committees, and delegate to them such powers and authority in the executive and administrative work of the committee as they shall deem advisable; but no power or authority shall be delegated to such subcommittee, campaign committee, or central committee, in contravention of any law of the state.The state executive committee shall adopt a party emblem or device for the party to distinguish and identify the party ticket, and shall certify the same to the ballot commissioners, and it shall be printed on the party ticket. The device or emblem of no two parties shall be similar or of such a nature as to mislead or confuse the voter. If two or more parties seek the same device, or similar devices, preference shall be given to the party polling the largest number of votes for the candidate for Governor at the last election for such office.
WV Code § 3-1-12 (2021)
2021 West Virginia Code|Chapter 3. Elections|Article 1. General Provisions and Definitions|§3-1-12. Members of National Party Committee

The members of the national party executive committee of any political party, to which the state is entitled under the national organization and the rules and regulations of the national committee of the party, shall be elected by the state executive committee of such party, unless the rules of the national party otherwise provide, in which latter event they shall be selected in all respects as provided for the selection thereof by the rules and regulations of the national organization of the political party and the resolutions of the delegated representatives of the political party passed and adopted by any national convention of such political party. A vacancy in the membership of a national party executive committee shall be filled by the state committee of the party unless the rules of the national party otherwise provide.