reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 8.7-508 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-508. Warranties of collecting bank as to documents

A collecting bank or other intermediary known to be entrusted with documents on behalf of another or with collection of a draft or other claim against delivery of documents warrants by such delivery of the documents only its own good faith and authority. This rule applies even though the intermediary has purchased or made advances against the claim or draft to be collected.1964, c. 219.
VA Code § 8.7-509 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-509. Receipt or bill; when adequate compliance with commercial contract

Whether a document is adequate to fulfill the obligations of a contract for sale, a contract for lease, or the conditions of a letter of credit is governed by the titles on sales (Title 8.2), leases (Title 8.2A), or letters of credit (Title 8.5A).1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-601 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-601. Lost, stolen or destroyed documents

(1) If a document has been lost, stolen or destroyed, a court may order delivery of the goods or issuance of a substitute document and the bailee may without liability to any person comply with such order. If the document was negotiable, a court may not order delivery of the goods or issuance of a substitute document without the claimant's posting security unless it finds that any person who may suffer loss as a result of nonsurrender of possession or control of the document is adequately protected against the loss. If the document was not negotiable, the court may require security. The court may also in its discretion order payment of the bailee's reasonable costs and attorney's fees in any action under this subsection.(2) A bailee who, without court order, delivers goods to a person claiming under a missing negotiable document is liable to any person injured thereby. If the delivery is not in good faith, the bailee becomes liable for conversion. Delivery in good faith is not conversion if the claimant posts security with the bailee in an amount at least double the value of the goods at the time of posting to indemnify any person injured by the delivery who files a notice of claim within one year after the delivery.Code 1950, § 61-17; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-602 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-602. Attachment of goods covered by a negotiable document

Except where the document was originally issued upon delivery of the goods by a person who had no power to dispose of them, no lien attaches by virtue of any judicial process to goods in the possession of a bailee for which a negotiable document is outstanding unless possession or control of the document is first surrendered to the bailee or its negotiation is enjoined. The bailee shall not be compelled to deliver the goods pursuant to process until possession or control of the document is surrendered to him or the court. One who purchases the document for value without notice of the process or injunction takes free of the lien imposed by judicial process.Code 1950, § 61-28; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-603 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-603. Conflicting claims; interpleader

If more than one person claims title or possession of the goods, the bailee is excused from delivery until he has had a reasonable time to ascertain the validity of the adverse claims or to bring an action for interpleader. The bailee may assert an interpleader either in defending an action for nondelivery of the goods or by original action.Code 1950, §§ 61-19, 61-20; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.8A-101 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-101. Short title

This title may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code -- Investment Securities.1996, c. 216.
VA Code § 8.8A-103 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-103. Rules for determining whether certain obligations and interests are securities or financial assets

(a) A share or similar equity interest issued by a corporation, business trust, joint stock company, or similar entity is a security.(b) An "investment company security" is a security. "Investment company security" means a share or similar equity interest issued by an entity that is registered as an investment company under the federal investment company laws, an interest in a unit investment trust that is so registered, or a face-amount certificate issued by a face-amount certificate company that is so registered. Investment company security does not include an insurance policy or endowment policy or annuity contract issued by an insurance company.(c) An interest in a partnership or limited liability company is not a security unless it is dealt in or traded on securities exchanges or in securities markets, its terms expressly provide that it is a security governed by this title, or it is an investment company security. However, an interest in a partnership or limited liability company is a financial asset if it is held in a securities account.(d) A writing that is a security certificate is governed by this title and not by Title 8.3A, even though it also meets the requirements of that title. However, a negotiable instrument governed by Title 8.3A is a financial asset if it is held in a securities account.(e) An option or similar obligation issued by a clearing corporation to its participants is not a security, but is a financial asset.(f) A commodity contract, as defined in subdivision (a) (15) of § 8.9A-102, is not a security or a financial asset.(g) A document of title is not a financial asset unless subdivision (a) (9) (iii) of § 8.8A-102 applies.1996, c. 216; 2000, c. 1007; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.8A-104 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-104. Acquisition of security or financial asset or interest therein

(a) A person acquires a security or an interest therein, under this title, if:(1) the person is a purchaser to whom a security is delivered pursuant to § 8.8A-301; or(2) the person acquires a security entitlement to the security pursuant to § 8.8A-501.(b) A person acquires a financial asset, other than a security, or an interest therein, under this title, if the person acquires a security entitlement to the financial asset.(c) A person who acquires a security entitlement to a security or other financial asset has the rights specified in Part 5, but is a purchaser of any security, security entitlement, or other financial asset held by the securities intermediary only to the extent provided in § 8.8A-503.(d) Unless the context shows that a different meaning is intended, a person who is required by other law, regulation, rule, or agreement to transfer, deliver, present, surrender, exchange, or otherwise put in the possession of another person a security or financial asset satisfies that requirement by causing the other person to acquire an interest in the security or financial asset pursuant to subsection (a) or (b).1996, c. 216.
VA Code § 8.8A-105 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-105. Notice of adverse claim

(a) A person has notice of an adverse claim if:(1) the person knows of the adverse claim;(2) the person is aware of facts sufficient to indicate that there is a significant probability that the adverse claim exists and deliberately avoids information that would establish the existence of the adverse claim; or(3) the person has a duty, imposed by statute or regulation, to investigate whether an adverse claim exists, and the investigation so required would establish the existence of the adverse claim.(b) Having knowledge that a financial asset or interest therein is or has been transferred by a representative imposes no duty of inquiry into the rightfulness of a transaction and is not notice of an adverse claim. However, a person who knows that a representative has transferred a financial asset or interest therein in a transaction that is, or whose proceeds are being used, for the individual benefit of the representative or otherwise in breach of duty has notice of an adverse claim.(c) An act or event that creates a right to immediate performance of the principal obligation represented by a security certificate or sets a date on or after which the certificate is to be presented or surrendered for redemption or exchange does not itself constitute notice of an adverse claim except in the case of a transfer more than:(1) one year after a date set for presentment or surrender for redemption or exchange; or(2) six months after a date set for payment of money against presentation or surrender of the certificate, if money was available for payment on that date.(d) A purchaser of a certificated security has notice of an adverse claim if the security certificate:(1) whether in bearer or registered form, has been endorsed "for collection" or "for surrender" or for some other purpose not involving transfer; or(2) is in bearer form and has on it an unambiguous statement that it is the property of a person other than the transferor, but the mere writing of a name on the certificate is not such a statement.(e) Filing of a financing statement under Title 8.9A is not notice of an adverse claim to a financial asset.1996, c. 216.
VA Code § 8.8A-106 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-106. Control

(a) A purchaser has "control" of a certificated security in bearer form if the certificated security is delivered to the purchaser.(b) A purchaser has "control" of a certificated security in registered form if the certificated security is delivered to the purchaser, and:(1) the certificate is endorsed to the purchaser or in blank by an effective endorsement; or(2) the certificate is registered in the name of the purchaser, upon original issue or registration of transfer by the issuer.(c) A purchaser has "control" of an uncertificated security if:(1) the uncertificated security is delivered to the purchaser; or(2) the issuer has agreed that it will comply with instructions originated by the purchaser without further consent by the registered owner.(d) A purchaser has "control" of a security entitlement if:(1) the purchaser becomes the entitlement holder;(2) the securities intermediary has agreed that it will comply with entitlement orders originated by the purchaser without further consent by the entitlement holder; or(3) another person has control of the security entitlement on behalf of the purchaser or, having previously acquired control of the security entitlement, acknowledges that it has control on behalf of the purchaser.(e) If an interest in a security entitlement is granted by the entitlement holder to the entitlement holder's own securities intermediary, the securities intermediary has control.(f) A purchaser who has satisfied the requirements of subsection (c) or (d) has control even if the registered owner in the case of subsection (c) or the entitlement holder in the case of subsection (d) retains the right to make substitutions for the uncertificated security or security entitlement, to originate instructions or entitlement orders to the issuer or securities intermediary, or otherwise to deal with the uncertificated security or security entitlement.(g) An issuer or a securities intermediary may not enter into an agreement of the kind described in subsection (c) (2) or (d) (2) without the consent of the registered owner or entitlement holder, but an issuer or a securities intermediary is not required to enter into such an agreement even though the registered owner or entitlement holder so directs. An issuer or securities intermediary that has entered into such an agreement is not required to confirm the existence of the agreement to another party unless requested to do so by the registered owner or entitlement holder.1996, c. 216; 2000, c. 1007.
VA Code § 8.8A-107 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-107. Whether endorsement, instruction or entitlement order is effective

(a) "Appropriate person" means:(1) with respect to an endorsement, the person specified by a security certificate or by an effective special endorsement to be entitled to the security;(2) with respect to an instruction, the registered owner of an uncertificated security;(3) with respect to an entitlement order, the entitlement holder;(4) if the person designated in paragraph (1), (2), or (3) is deceased, the designated person's successor taking under other law or the designated person's personal representative acting for the estate of the decedent; or(5) if the person designated in paragraph (1), (2), or (3) lacks capacity, the designated person's guardian, conservator, or other similar representative who has power under other law to transfer the security or financial asset.(b) An endorsement, instruction, or entitlement order is effective if:(1) it is made by the appropriate person;(2) it is made by a person who has power under the law of agency to transfer the security or financial asset on behalf of the appropriate person, including, in the case of an instruction or entitlement order, a person who has control under § 8.8A-106 (c) (2) or (d) (2); or(3) the appropriate person has ratified it or is otherwise precluded from asserting its ineffectiveness.(c) An endorsement, instruction, or entitlement order made by a representative is effective even if:(1) the representative has failed to comply with a controlling instrument or with the law of the state having jurisdiction of the representative relationship, including any law requiring the representative to obtain court approval of the transaction; or(2) the representative's action in making the endorsement, instruction, or entitlement order or using the proceeds of the transaction is otherwise a breach of duty.(d) If a security is registered in the name of or specially endorsed to a person described as a representative, or if a securities account is maintained in the name of a person described as a representative, an endorsement, instruction, or entitlement order made by the person is effective even though the person is no longer serving in the described capacity.(e) Effectiveness of an endorsement, instruction, or entitlement order is determined as of the date the endorsement, instruction, or entitlement order is made, and an endorsement, instruction, or entitlement order does not become ineffective by reason of any later change of circumstances.1996, c. 216.
VA Code § 8.8A-109 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-109. Warranties in indirect holding

(a) A person who originates an entitlement order to a securities intermediary warrants to the securities intermediary that:(1) the entitlement order is made by an appropriate person, or if the entitlement order is by an agent, the agent has actual authority to act on behalf of the appropriate person; and(2) there is no adverse claim to the security entitlement.(b) A person who delivers a security certificate to a securities intermediary for credit to a securities account or originates an instruction with respect to an uncertificated security directing that the uncertificated security be credited to a securities account makes to the securities intermediary the warranties specified in § 8.8A-108 (a) or (b).(c) If a securities intermediary delivers a security certificate to its entitlement holder or causes its entitlement holder to be registered as the owner of an uncertificated security, the securities intermediary makes to the entitlement holder the warranties specified in § 8.8A-108 (a) or (b).1996, c. 216.
VA Code § 8.8A-111 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-111. Clearing corporation rules

A rule adopted by a clearing corporation governing rights and obligations among the clearing corporation and its participants in the clearing corporation is effective even if the rule conflicts with this act and affects another party who does not consent to the rule.1996, c. 216.
VA Code § 8.8A-112 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-112. Creditor's legal process

(a) The interest of a debtor in a certificated security may be reached by a creditor only by actual seizure of the security certificate by the officer making the attachment or levy, except as otherwise provided in subsection (d). However, a certificated security for which the certificate has been surrendered to the issuer may be reached by a creditor by legal process upon the issuer.(b) The interest of a debtor in an uncertificated security may be reached by a creditor only by legal process upon the issuer at its chief executive office in the United States, except as otherwise provided in subsection (d).(c) The interest of a debtor in a security entitlement may be reached by a creditor only by legal process upon the securities intermediary with whom the debtor's securities account is maintained, except as otherwise provided in subsection (d).(d) The interest of a debtor in a certificated security for which the certificate is in the possession of a secured party, or in an uncertificated security registered in the name of a secured party, or a security entitlement maintained in the name of a secured party, may be reached by a creditor by legal process upon the secured party.(e) A creditor whose debtor is the owner of a certificated security, uncertificated security, or security entitlement is entitled to aid from a court of competent jurisdiction, by injunction or otherwise, in reaching the certificated security, uncertificated security, or security entitlement or in satisfying the claim by means allowed at law or in equity in regard to property that cannot readily be reached by other legal process.1996, c. 216.
VA Code § 8.8A-113 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-113. Statute of frauds inapplicable

A contract or modification of a contract for the sale or purchase of a security is enforceable whether or not there is a writing signed or record authenticated by a party against whom enforcement is sought, even if the contract or modification is not capable of performance within one year of its making.1996, c. 216.
VA Code § 8.8A-114 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-114. Evidentiary rules concerning certificated securities

The following rules apply in an action on a certificated security against the issuer:(1) Unless specifically denied in the pleadings, each signature on a security certificate or in a necessary endorsement is admitted.(2) If the effectiveness of a signature is put in issue, the burden of establishing effectiveness is on the party claiming under the signature, but the signature is presumed to be genuine or authorized.(3) If signatures on a security certificate are admitted or established, production of the certificate entitles a holder to recover on it unless the defendant establishes a defense or a defect going to the validity of the security.(4) If it is shown that a defense or defect exists, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing that the plaintiff or some person under whom the plaintiff claims is a person against whom the defense or defect cannot be asserted.1996, c. 216.
VA Code § 8.8A-115 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-115. Securities intermediary and others not liable to adverse claimant

A securities intermediary that has transferred a financial asset pursuant to an effective entitlement order, or a broker or other agent or bailee that has dealt with a financial asset at the direction of its customer or principal, is not liable to a person having an adverse claim to the financial asset, unless the securities intermediary, or broker or other agent or bailee:(1) took the action after it had been served with an injunction, restraining order, or other legal process enjoining it from doing so, issued by a court of competent jurisdiction, and had a reasonable opportunity to act on the injunction, restraining order, or other legal process; or(2) acted in collusion with the wrongdoer in violating the rights of the adverse claimant; or(3) in the case of a security certificate that has been stolen, acted with notice of the adverse claim.1996, c. 216.
VA Code § 8.8A-116 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-116. Securities intermediary as purchaser for value

A securities intermediary that receives a financial asset and establishes a security entitlement to the financial asset in favor of an entitlement holder is a purchaser for value of the financial asset. A securities intermediary that acquires a security entitlement to a financial asset from another securities intermediary acquires the security entitlement for value if the securities intermediary acquiring the security entitlement establishes a security entitlement to the financial asset in favor of an entitlement holder.1996, c. 216.
VA Code § 8.8A-201 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.8A - Commercial Code - Investment Securities|Sections|§ 8.8A-201. Issuer

(a) With respect to an obligation on or a defense to a security, an "issuer" includes a person that:(1) places or authorizes the placing of its name on a security certificate, other than as authenticating trustee, registrar, transfer agent, or the like, to evidence a share, participation, or other interest in its property or in an enterprise, or to evidence its duty to perform an obligation represented by the certificate;(2) creates a share, participation, or other interest in its property or in an enterprise, or undertakes an obligation, that is an uncertificated security;(3) directly or indirectly creates a fractional interest in its rights or property, if the fractional interest is represented by a security certificate; or(4) becomes responsible for, or in place of, another person described as an issuer in this section.(b) With respect to an obligation on or defense to a security, a guarantor is an issuer to the extent of its guaranty, whether or not its obligation is noted on a security certificate.(c) With respect to a registration of a transfer, issuer means a person on whose behalf transfer books are maintained.1996, c. 216.