reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CO Code § 18-8-503 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 5 - Perjury and Related Offenses|§ 18-8-503. Perjury in the Second Degree

  A person commits perjury in the second degree if, other than in an official proceeding, with an intent to mislead a public servant in the performance of his duty, he makes a materially false statement, which he does not believe to be true, under an oath required or authorized by law.    [ ] Perjury in the second degree is a class 1 misdemeanor.    Editor's note: This version of subsection (2) is effective until March 1, 2022.  (2) [ ] Perjury in the second degree is a class 2 misdemeanor.  Editor's note: This version of subsection (2) is effective March 1, 2022.  History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 463, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-503 . L. 2021: (2) amended,(SB 21-271), ch. 462, p. 3200, § 300, effective March 1, 2022.    Editor's note:   Section 803(2) of chapter 462 (SB 21-271), Session Laws of Colorado 2021, provides that the act changing this section applies to offenses committed on or after March 1, 2022.   ANNOTATION   Annotator's note. Since § 18-8-503 is similar to former § 40-7-1 , C.R.S. 1963, a relevant case construing that provision has been included in the annotations to this section.   To make a valid oath, for the falsity of which perjury will lie, there must be in some form, in the presence of an officer authorized to administer it, an unequivocal and present act by which the affiant consciously takes upon himself the obligation of an oath. Rogers v. People, 161 Colo. 317 , 422 P.2d 377 (1966).   No presumption of oath-taking is held to apply where the notary's testimony was equivocal on the issue of whether the oath was taken. Rogers v. People, 161 Colo. 317 , 422 P.2d 377 (1966).   Independent proof required where presumption fails. Although in some cases a criminal conviction may be had upon a bare presumption, the presumption so allowed must fall where there is some evidence to counter the notion that the oath was actually taken. The courts then require independent proof of the actual oath-taking. Rogers v. People, 161 Colo. 317 , 422 P.2d 377 (1966).   Written versus oral statements. The difference between first- and second-degree perjury does not turn on whether a statement is written versus oral, but rather upon whether a false statement made under oath occurs in an “official proceeding.” People v. Chaussee, 847 P.2d 156 (Colo. App. 1992), aff'd in part and rev'd in part on other grounds, People v. Chaussee, 880 P.2d 749 (Colo. 1994).   Applied in People v. Francois, 198 Colo. 249 , 598 P.2d 144 (1979).
CO Code § 18-8-504 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 5 - Perjury and Related Offenses|§ 18-8-504. False Swearing

  A person commits false swearing if he knowingly makes a materially false statement, other than those prohibited by sections 18-8-502 and 18-8-503, which he does not believe to be true, under an oath required or authorized by law.    [ ] False swearing is a class 1 petty offense.    Editor's note: This version of subsection (2) is effective until March 1, 2022.  (2) [ ] False swearing is a petty offense.  Editor's note: This version of subsection (2) is effective March 1, 2022.  History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 463, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-504 . L. 77: (1) amended, p. 968, § 47, effective July 1. L. 2021: (2) amended,(SB 21-271), ch. 462, p. 3200, § 301, effective March 1, 2022.    Editor's note:   Section 803(2) of chapter 462 (SB 21-271), Session Laws of Colorado 2021, provides that the act changing this section applies to offenses committed on or after March 1, 2022.   ANNOTATION   Applied in People v. Francois, 198 Colo. 249 , 598 P.2d 144 (1979).
CO Code § 18-8-505 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 5 - Perjury and Related Offenses|§ 18-8-505. Perjury or False Swearing - Inconsistent Statements

  Where a person charged with perjury or false swearing has made inconsistent material statements under oath, both having been made within the period of the statute of limitations, the prosecution may proceed by setting forth the inconsistent statements in a single count alleging in the alternative that one or the other was false and not believed by the defendant. In such case it shall not be necessary for the prosecution to prove which statement was false but only that one or the other statement was false and not believed by the defendant to be true.    The highest offense of which a person may be convicted in such an instance shall be determined by hypothetically assuming each statement to be false. If the assumption establishes perjury of different degrees, the person may be convicted of the lesser degree at most. If perjury or false swearing is established by the making of the two statements, the person may be convicted of false swearing at the most.     History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 464, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-505 . L. 73: P. 535, § 4.
CO Code § 18-8-506 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 5 - Perjury and Related Offenses|§ 18-8-506. Perjury and False Swearing - Proof

 In any prosecution for perjury or false swearing, except a prosecution based upon inconsistent statements pursuant to section 18-8-505 , falsity of a statement may not be established solely through contradiction by the uncorroborated testimony of a single witness.   History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 464, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-506 .    ANNOTATION   Section requires testimony of two witnesses or witness plus corroboration of equal weight. In face of the positiveness of § 16-5-204 , requiring at least two witnesses to the same fact to find an indictment for perjury, it would seem incongruous to prosecute and convict on less direct proof than is required to indict, and, therefore, if a conviction is to stand on the testimony of one witness and corroborating circumstances, such corroboratory proof must meet the strict requirement of quality equal to the weight of another witness. Lindsay v. People, 119 Colo. 438 , 204 P.2d 878 (1949) (decided under former CSA, C. 48, § 448).   To convict one of the crime of perjury the offense must be proved by the testimony of two witnesses, or the testimony of one witness and by other independent and corroborating circumstances which are deemed of equal weight of the testimony of another witness. Marrs v. People, 135 Colo. 458 , 312 P.2d 505 (1957) (decided under former § 39-3-2 , CRS 53); People v. Losinki, 710 P.2d 1163 (Colo. App. 1985).   Requirements of “two-witness” rule can be satisfied by independent documentary evidence if that evidence is of sufficient weight. People v. Fueston, 717 P.2d 978 (Colo. App. 1985), aff'd in part and rev'd in part on other grounds, 749 P.2d 952 (Colo. 1988); People v. Ellsworth, 15 P.3d 1111 (Colo. App. 2000).
CO Code § 18-8-507 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 5 - Perjury and Related Offenses|§ 18-8-507. Perjury and False Swearing - Previous Criminal Action

 No prosecution may be brought under section 18-8-502 , 18-8-503 , or 18-8-504 if the substance of the defendant's false statement is the entry of a plea of not guilty in a previous criminal action in which he or she was accused of an offense.   History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 464, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-507 . L. 2000: Entire section amended, p. 28, § 1, effective July 1.
CO Code § 18-8-508 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 5 - Perjury and Related Offenses|§ 18-8-508. Perjury - Retraction

 No person shall be convicted of perjury in the first degree if he retracted his false statement in the course of the same proceeding in which it was made. Statements made in separate hearings at separate stages of the same trial or administrative proceeding shall be deemed to have been made in the course of the same proceeding. Retraction is an affirmative defense.   History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 464, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-508 .    Cross references:   For affirmative defenses generally, see §§ 18-1-407 , 18-1-710 , and 18-1-805 .   ANNOTATION   The only requirement under the section is that the witness recant during the course of a single continuous trial, which may include various hearings and stages which are a part thereof. People v. Valdez, 39 Colo. App. 213, 568 P.2d 71 (1977).   A trial which ends in a mistrial and a retrial are “separate proceedings”, rather than “separate hearings at separate stages of the same trial”. People v. Valdez, 39 Colo. App. 213, 568 P.2d 71 (1977).
CO Code § 18-8-509 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 5 - Perjury and Related Offenses|§ 18-8-509. Perjury and False Swearing - Irregularities No Defense

  It is no defense to a prosecution under sections 18-8-502 to 18-8-504 that:   The defendant was not competent, for reasons other than mental disability or immaturity, to make the false statement alleged;    The statement was inadmissible under the law of evidence;    The oath was administered or taken in an irregular manner; or    The person administering the oath lacked authority to do so, if the taking of the oath was required by law.        History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 464, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-509 .
CO Code § 18-8-601 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 6 - Offenses Relating to Judicial and Other Proceedings|§ 18-8-601. Definitions

 The definitions contained in sections 18-8-101 , 18-8-301 , and 18-8-501 are applicable to the provisions of this part 6, and, in addition to those definitions:    “Juror” means any person who is a member of any jury or grand jury impaneled by any court of this state or by any public servant authorized by law to impanel a jury. The term “juror” also includes any person who has been drawn or summoned to attend as a prospective juror.    “Testimony” includes oral or written statements, documents, or any other evidence that may be offered by or through a witness in an official proceeding.     History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 464, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-601 .
CO Code § 18-8-603 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 6 - Offenses Relating to Judicial and Other Proceedings|§ 18-8-603. Bribe-Receiving by a Witness

  A witness or a person believing he is to be called as a witness in any official proceeding commits a class 4 felony if he intentionally solicits, accepts, or agrees to accept any benefit upon an agreement or understanding that:   He will testify falsely or unlawfully withhold testimony; or    He will attempt to avoid legal process summoning him to testify; or    He will attempt to absent himself from an official proceeding to which he has been legally summoned.        History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 465, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-603 . L. 77: IP(1) amended, p. 968, § 48, effective July 1.
CO Code § 18-8-606 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 6 - Offenses Relating to Judicial and Other Proceedings|§ 18-8-606. Bribing a Juror

  A person commits bribing a juror if he offers, confers, or agrees to confer any benefit upon a juror with intent to influence the juror's vote, opinion, decision, or other action as a juror.    Bribing a juror is a class 4 felony.     History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 466, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-606 .
CO Code § 18-8-607 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 6 - Offenses Relating to Judicial and Other Proceedings|§ 18-8-607. Bribe-Receiving by a Juror

  A person commits bribe-receiving by a juror if he intentionally solicits, accepts, or agrees to accept any benefit upon an agreement or understanding that his vote, opinion, decision, or other action as a juror will thereby be influenced.    Bribe-receiving by a juror is a class 4 felony.     History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 466, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-607 . L. 77: (1) amended, p. 968, § 51, effective July 1.
CO Code § 18-8-608 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 6 - Offenses Relating to Judicial and Other Proceedings|§ 18-8-608. Intimidating a Juror

  A person commits intimidating a juror if he intentionally attempts by use of a threat of harm or injury to any person or property to influence a juror's vote, opinion, decision, or other action as a juror.    Intimidating a juror is a class 4 felony.     History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 466, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-608 . L. 77: (1) amended, p. 968, § 52, effective July 1.
CO Code § 18-8-609 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 6 - Offenses Relating to Judicial and Other Proceedings|§ 18-8-609. Jury-Tampering

  A person commits jury-tampering if, with intent to influence a juror's vote, opinion, decision, or other action in a case, he attempts directly or indirectly to communicate with a juror other than as a part of the proceedings in the trial of the case. (1.5) A person commits jury-tampering if he knowingly participates in the fraudulent processing or selection of jurors or prospective jurors.    Jury-tampering is a class 5 felony; except that jury-tampering in any class 1 felony trial is a class 4 felony.     History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 466, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-609 . L. 89: (1.5) added and (2) amended, pp. 776, 840, §§ 10, 86, effective July 1.    ANNOTATION   Acts constituting crime must be set forth specifically. Where the acts constituting the offense are not described by the statute, as in this section, the acts which constitute the crime must be set forth with enough specificity to give notice to the defendant. People v. Zupancic, 192 Colo. 231 , 557 P.2d 1195 (1976).   The plain language of subsection (1) limits prosecution to attempts to influence persons who have been chosen as jurors or who have been selected as part of a venire from which a jury in a particular case will be chosen. People v. Iannicelli, 2017 COA 150 , 454 P.3d 314, aff'd, 2019 CO 80, 449 P.3d 387.   Although the definition of “juror” in § 18-8-601 includes persons who have merely been summoned for jury duty, this section limits the definition to jurors and prospective jurors in a specific case. People v. Iannicelli, 2017 COA 150 , 454 P.3d 314, aff'd, 2019 CO 80, 449 P.3d 387.   This section's prohibition against jury tampering is limited to attempts to influence a person's vote, opinion, decision, or other action in a specifically identifiable case. People v. Iannicelli, 2019 CO 80, 449 P.3d 387.   Insufficient indictment. Where the prosecution contends in an indictment that the defendant attempted to induce “a grand juror” to disclose the names of the witnesses who appeared before the grand jury and their testimony, the indictment failed to disclose the prohibited conduct. People v. Zupancic, 192 Colo. 231 , 557 P.2d 1195 (1976).   Where defendants handed out fliers advocating jury nullification to all potential jurors entering a courthouse, no crime under this section was committed. Intent to “influence a juror's vote, opinion, decision, or other action” is required, and a person who has merely been summoned for jury duty is in no position to take any such action. People v. Iannicelli, 2017 COA 150 , 454 P.3d 314, aff'd, 2019 CO 80, 449 P.3d 387.   Applied in People v. Donachy, 196 Colo. 289 , 586 P.2d 14 (1978).
CO Code § 18-8-610 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 6 - Offenses Relating to Judicial and Other Proceedings|§ 18-8-610. Tampering With Physical Evidence

  A person commits tampering with physical evidence if, believing that an official proceeding is pending or about to be instituted and acting without legal right or authority, he:   Destroys, mutilates, conceals, removes, or alters physical evidence with intent to impair its verity or availability in the pending or prospective official proceeding; or    Knowingly makes, presents, or offers any false or altered physical evidence with intent that it be introduced in the pending or prospective official proceeding.       “Physical evidence”, as used in this section, includes any article, object, document, record, or other thing of physical substance; except that “physical evidence” does not include a human body, part of a human body, or human remains subject to a violation of section 18-8-610.5.    [ ] Tampering with physical evidence is a class 6 felony.   [ ] Tampering with physical evidence of a felony crime is a class 6 felony.    Tampering with physical evidence of a misdemeanor crime is a class 1 misdemeanor.       Editor's note: This version of subsection (3) is effective until March 1, 2022. Editor's note: This version of subsection (3) is effective March 1, 2022.  History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 466, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-610 . L. 89: (3) amended, p. 840, § 87, effective July 1. L. 2016: (2) amended,(SB 16-034), ch. 72, p. 191, § 2, effective September 1. L. 2021: (3) amended,(SB 21-271), ch. 462, p. 3201, § 302, effective March 1, 2022.    Editor's note:   Section 803(2) of chapter 462 (SB 21-271), Session Laws of Colorado 2021, provides that the act changing this section applies to offenses committed on or after March 1, 2022.   ANNOTATION   Law reviews. For article, “Incriminating Evidence: What to do With a Hot Potato”, see 11 Colo. Law. 880 (1982). For article, “The Search for Truth Continued: More Disclosure, Less Privilege”, see 54 U. Colo. L. Rev. 51 (1982). For article, “The Search for Truth Continued, The Privilege Retained: A Response to Judge Frankel”, see 54 U. Colo. L. Rev. 67 (1982).   The tampering statute is intended to criminalize behavior that interferes with an official proceeding even if that behavior occurs before the proceeding is instituted. In this case, the defendant knew proceedings were “about to be instituted”, because the defendant was about to be taken into custody and had a controlled substance that would have been discovered upon a search incident to arrest. People v. Atencio, 140 P.3d 73 (Colo. App. 2005).   “Physical evidence” includes false affidavit presented to a grand jury. People v. Board, 656 P.2d 712 (Colo. App. 1982).   “Physical evidence” includes electronically stored documents or information. People v. Rieger, 2019 COA 14 , 436 P.3d 610.   Evidence sufficient for jury to infer that defendant believed official proceeding was about to be instituted against her. People v. Frayer, 661 P.2d 1189 (Colo. App. 1982), aff'd, 684 P.2d 927 (Colo. 1984).
CO Code § 18-8-610.5 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 6 - Offenses Relating to Judicial and Other Proceedings|§ 18-8-610.5. Tampering With a Deceased Human Body

  A person commits tampering with a deceased human body if, believing that an official proceeding is pending, in progress, or about to be instituted and acting without legal right or authority, the person willfully destroys, mutilates, conceals, removes, or alters a human body, part of a human body, or human remains with intent to impair its or their appearance or availability in the official proceedings.    Tampering with a deceased human body is a class 3 felony.      A defendant may not be convicted of both tampering with a deceased human body, as described in subsection (1) of this section, and abuse of a corpse, as described in section 18-13-101 (1), if the act arises out of a single incident.    If a defendant is charged with both tampering with a deceased human body, as described in subsection (1) of this section, and abuse of a corpse, as described in section 18-13-101, the court shall proceed pursuant to section 18-1-408.         History. Source: L. 2016: Entire section added, (SB 16-034), ch. 72, p. 191, § 1, effective September 1. L. 2020: (3) added, (HB 20-1148), ch. 100, p. 387, § 1, effective September 14.
CO Code § 18-8-611 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 6 - Offenses Relating to Judicial and Other Proceedings|§ 18-8-611. Simulating Legal Process

  A person commits simulating legal process if he knowingly delivers or causes to be delivered to another a request for the payment of money on behalf of any creditor including himself which in form and substance simulates any legal process issued by any court of this state.    [ ] Simulating legal process is a class 3 misdemeanor.    Editor's note: This version of subsection (2) is effective until March 1, 2022.  (2) [ ] Simulating legal process is a class 2 misdemeanor.  Editor's note: This version of subsection (2) is effective March 1, 2022.  History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 466, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-8-611 . L. 2021: (2) amended,(SB 21-271), ch. 462, p. 3201, § 303, effective March 1, 2022.    Editor's note:   Section 803(2) of chapter 462 (SB 21-271), Session Laws of Colorado 2021, provides that the act changing this section applies to offenses committed on or after March 1, 2022.
CO Code § 18-8-612 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 6 - Offenses Relating to Judicial and Other Proceedings|§ 18-8-612. Failure to Obey a Juror Summons

  A juror commits failure to obey a juror summons if he receives a summons to serve as a trial or grand juror as provided in section 13-71-110, C.R.S., and knowingly fails to obey the summons without justifiable excuse.    [ ] Failure to obey a juror summons is a class 3 misdemeanor.    Editor's note: This version of subsection (2) is effective until March 1, 2022.  (2) [ ] Failure to obey a juror summons is a petty offense.  Editor's note: This version of subsection (2) is effective March 1, 2022.  History. Source: L. 89: Entire section added, p. 776, § 11, effective July 1. L. 2021: (2) amended,(SB 21-271), ch. 462, p. 3201, § 304, effective March 1, 2022.    Editor's note:   Section 803(2) of chapter 462 (SB 21-271), Session Laws of Colorado 2021, provides that the act changing this section applies to offenses committed on or after March 1, 2022.
CO Code § 18-8-613 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 8 - Offenses - Governmental Operations|Part 6 - Offenses Relating to Judicial and Other Proceedings|§ 18-8-613. Willful Misrepresentation of Material Fact on Juror Questionnaire

  A juror commits willful misrepresentation of a material fact if he willfully makes a misrepresentation of a material fact when he provides information on the juror questionnaire as provided in section 13-71-115, C.R.S.    [ ] Willful misrepresentation of a material fact on a juror questionnaire is a class 3 misdemeanor.    Editor's note: This version of subsection (2) is effective until March 1, 2022.  (2) [ ] Willful misrepresentation of a material fact on a juror questionnaire is a class 2 misdemeanor.  Editor's note: This version of subsection (2) is effective March 1, 2022.  History. Source: L. 89: Entire section added, p. 776, § 11, effective July 1. L. 2021: (2) amended,(SB 21-271), ch. 462, p. 3201, § 305, effective March 1, 2022.    Editor's note:   Section 803(2) of chapter 462 (SB 21-271), Session Laws of Colorado 2021, provides that the act changing this section applies to offenses committed on or after March 1, 2022.