reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 54.1-4413.5 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 54.1 - Professions and Occupations|Chapter 44 - Public Accountants|§ 54.1-4413.5. Confidential consent agreements

A. The Board may enter into a confidential consent agreement with a person or firm in lieu of disciplinary action.B. A confidential consent agreement:1. Shall be entered into only in cases involving minor violations of the provisions of this chapter or regulations promulgated by the Board;2. Shall not be disclosed by the person or firm;3. Shall include findings of fact and may include an admission or a finding of a violation; and4. Shall not be considered a notice or order of the Board but may be considered by the Board in future disciplinary proceedings.C. The Board shall adopt regulations in accordance with the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000 et seq.) to implement the provisions of this section. Such regulations shall identify the type of minor violations for which confidential consent orders may be offered and limit the number of confidential consent orders that may be offered to the same licensee in any given period. The Board shall not enter into a confidential consent agreement if there is probable cause to believe a licensee has demonstrated gross negligence or intentional misconduct in the practice of public accounting.2007, c. 804.
VA Code § 54.1-4414 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 54.1 - Professions and Occupations|Chapter 44 - Public Accountants|§ 54.1-4414. Prohibited acts

Neither (i) a person who does not hold a Virginia license or who does not meet the requirements to use the CPA title in Virginia under the substantial equivalency provisions of § 54.1-4411 nor (ii) an entity that does not meet the criteria prescribed by subdivision D 1 of § 54.1-4412.1 shall:1. Practice public accounting;2. Claim to hold a license to use the CPA title;3. Make any other claim of licensure, registration, or approval related to the preparation of financial statements that is false or misleading;4. Use the CPA title; or5. Refer to any of the standard-setting authorities listed in the standards of conduct and practice in subdivisions 5 and 6 of § 54.1-4413.3, or refer to or use any of the terminology prescribed by those authorities for reporting on financial statements, in any form or manner of communication about services provided to persons or entities located in Virginia.2001, c. 832; 2004, c. 602; 2007, c. 804.
VA Code § 54.1-4415 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 54.1 - Professions and Occupations|Chapter 44 - Public Accountants|§ 54.1-4415. Exemptions from unlawful acts

The unlawful acts listed in § 54.1-4414 shall not apply to a person or entity holding a certification, designation, degree, or license granted in a foreign country entitling the holder to engage in the practice of public accounting or its equivalent in the country, provided that:1. The practice of the person or entity in Virginia is limited to providing services to persons or entities who are residents of, governments of, or business entities of the country in which the entitlement is held;2. The person or entity does not engage in the practice of public accounting for any other person, firm, or governmental unit located in Virginia; and3. The person or entity designates the country of origin and does not use any title or designation other than the one under which he or the entity may lawfully practice in the country of origin, which may be followed by a translation of the title or designation into English.2001, c. 832; 2007, c. 804.
VA Code § 54.1-4416 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 54.1 - Professions and Occupations|Chapter 44 - Public Accountants|§ 54.1-4416. Board's powers with respect to hearings under this chapter

The Board may, in hearings arising under this chapter, determine the place in Virginia where the hearings shall be held; subpoena witnesses; take depositions of witnesses in the manner provided for in civil actions in courts of record; pay the witnesses fees and mileage and other expense reimbursements for their attendance as is provided for witnesses in civil actions in courts of record; and administer oaths.2001, c. 832; 2007, c. 804.
VA Code § 54.1-4418 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 54.1 - Professions and Occupations|Chapter 44 - Public Accountants|§ 54.1-4418. Recovery of cost after grant of formal fact-finding

After a formal fact-finding under § 2.2-4020 in which a penalty is imposed to fine, or to suspend, revoke or refuse to reinstate or lift the suspension of a Virginia license, the Board may assess the holder or former holder of the license the cost of conducting the fact-finding when the Board has final authority to grant the license, unless the Board determines that the offense was inadvertent or done in a good-faith belief that the act did not violate provisions of this chapter or regulations promulgated by the Board. The cost shall be limited to (i) the reasonable hourly rate for the hearing officer, (ii) the actual cost of recording the proceedings, (iii) a reasonable administrative charge for personnel and other administrative costs incurred by the Board in connection with the hearing, and (iv) a reasonable charge for any consultants retained by the Board.2001, c. 832; 2007, c. 804.
VA Code § 54.1-4420 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 54.1 - Professions and Occupations|Chapter 44 - Public Accountants|§ 54.1-4420. Annual audit

The Board's financial statements shall be prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and shall be audited annually by the Auditor of Public Accounts, or his legally authorized representatives, or by a firm selected by the Board through a competitive procurement.2001, c. 832; 2007, c. 804.
VA Code § 54.1-4421 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 54.1 - Professions and Occupations|Chapter 44 - Public Accountants|§ 54.1-4421. Biennial report

The Board shall submit a biennial report to the Governor and General Assembly on or before November 1 of each even-numbered year. The biennial report shall contain, at a minimum, the following information: (i) a description of the Board's activities, (ii) a report on the audit of the Board's financial statements for the biennium, (iii) statistical information regarding the administrative hearings and decisions of the Board, and (iv) a general summary of all complaints received against persons and firms and the procedures used to resolve the complaints.2001, c. 832; 2004, c. 650; 2007, c. 804.
VA Code § 54.1-4422 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 54.1 - Professions and Occupations|Chapter 44 - Public Accountants|§ 54.1-4422. Expired

Expired.
VA Code § 54.1-4423 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 54.1 - Professions and Occupations|Chapter 44 - Public Accountants|§ 54.1-4423. Use of consultants in investigations

A. The Board may develop a roster of consultants and may contract with consultants to assist the Board in investigating and evaluating violations of the provisions of this chapter and regulations promulgated by the Board and to provide expert testimony as necessary in any subsequent administrative hearing or court proceeding. The consultants' compensation shall be determined and paid by the Board.B. Any consultant under contract with the Board shall have immunity from civil liability resulting from any communication, finding, opinion, or conclusion made in the course of his duties unless the person acted in bad faith or with malicious intent.2003, c. 291; 2007, c. 804.
VA Code § 54.1-4424 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 54.1 - Professions and Occupations|Chapter 44 - Public Accountants|§ 54.1-4424. Certain information not to be made public

Tax returns, financial statements, and other financial information that is not generally available to the public through regulatory disclosure or otherwise, subdivision 3 of § 54.1-108 notwithstanding, provided to the Board by a complainant or as a result of an investigation of a licensee by the Board in response to a complaint shall be exempt from the provisions of the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (§ 2.2-3700 et seq.).2012, c. 375.
VA Code § 54.1-4425 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 54.1 - Professions and Occupations|Chapter 44 - Public Accountants|§ 54.1-4425. Time for filing complaints against CPAs or CPA firms

A. Except as otherwise provided in subsections B and C, any complaint against the holder of a Virginia license for any violation of statutes or regulations pertaining to the Board or any of the programs that may be in another title of the Code for which the Board has enforcement responsibility, in order to be investigated by the Board, shall be made in writing, or otherwise made in accordance with Board procedures, and received by the Board within three years of the act, omission, or occurrence giving rise to the violation.B. However, where a holder of a Virginia license has materially and willfully misrepresented, concealed, or omitted any information and the information so misrepresented, concealed, or omitted is material to the establishment of the violation, the complaint may be made at any time within two years after discovery of the misrepresentation, concealment, or omission.C. In cases where criminal charges have been filed involving matters that, if found to be true, would also constitute a violation of the regulations or laws of the regulant's profession enforced by the Board, an investigation may be initiated by the Board at any time within two years following the date such criminal charges are filed.D. In order to be investigated by the Board, any complaint against an individual using the CPA title in Virginia under the substantial equivalency provisions of § 54.1-4411 or against a firm providing attest services, compilation services, or financial statement preparation services under subsection C of § 54.4412.1 for any violation of statutes or regulations pertaining to the Board or any of the programs that may be in another title of this Code for which the Board has enforcement responsibility shall be made in writing, or otherwise made in accordance with Board procedures, and received by the Board within five years of the act, omission, or occurrence giving rise to the violation.E. Public information obtained from any source may serve as the basis for a written complaint. Nothing in this section shall be construed to require the filing of a complaint if the alleged violation of the statute or regulation is discovered during an investigation authorized by law, and the acts, omissions, or conditions constituting the alleged violations are witnessed by a sworn investigator appointed by the Executive Director.F. Nothing herein shall deny the right of any party to bring a civil cause of action in a court of law.2013, c. 297; 2017, c. 403.
VA Code § 55.1-100 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-100. Aliens may acquire, hold, and transmit real estate; when reciprocity required

Any alien, not an enemy, may acquire by purchase or descent and hold real estate in the Commonwealth, and such real estate shall be transmitted in the same manner as real estate held by citizens. However, if, at the time of the transfer, a court of the Commonwealth determines that the laws of a foreign country or sovereignty effectively deny a Virginia resident, legatee, or distributee the benefit, use, or control of money or other property held in such foreign country or sovereignty, a judgment or order issued in the Commonwealth concerning the rights of a resident of that foreign country or sovereignty to the benefit, use, or control of money or property held in the Commonwealth may direct that the money or property be paid into the court for the benefit of the alien. The money or property paid into court shall be paid out only upon order of the court or pursuant to the order or judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction. Any of the money or property remaining with the court upon expiration of three years from the decedent's death shall be paid out by the court as if the alien had predeceased the decedent.Code 1919, § 66; Code 1950, § 55-1; 1993, c. 535; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-101 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-101. When deed or will necessary to convey estate; no parol partition or gift valid

A. No estate of inheritance or freehold in lands shall be conveyed unless by deed or will, and no voluntary partition of lands by coparceners, having such an estate in such land, shall be made except by deed. In addition, no right to a conveyance of any such estate or term in land shall accrue to the donee of the land or those claiming under him, under a gift or promise of gift of such estate or term in land not in writing, even if such gift or promise is followed by possession and improvement of the land by the donee or those claiming under him.B. Any lease agreement or other written document conveying a non-freehold estate in land, which was entered into before, and which remains in effect as of, February 13, 2019, or which is entered into after February 13, 2019, shall not be invalid, unenforceable, or subject to repudiation by the parties to such agreement on account of, or otherwise affected by, the fact that the conveyance of the estate was not in the form of a deed.Code 1919, § 5141; Code 1950, § 55-2; 2019, cc. 11, 49, 712.
VA Code § 55.1-102 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-102. When gift of personal property invalid

No gift of any personal property is valid (i) unless conveyed by deed or will or (ii) unless the donee or a person claiming under the donee has and remains in actual possession of such personal property. If the donor and donee reside together at the time of the gift, possession at the place of their residence is not a sufficient possession within the meaning of this section. This section shall not apply to personal paraphernalia used exclusively by the donee.Code 1919, § 5142; Code 1950, § 55-3; 1973, c. 401; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-103 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-103. Suicide or attainder of felony

Neither suicide nor attainder of felony shall cause a corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate.Code 1919, § 4762; Code 1950, § 55-4; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-104 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-104. Estates to lie in grant as well as in livery

All real estate shall, as regards the conveyance of the immediate freehold thereof, be deemed to lie in grant as well as in livery.Code 1919, § 5146; Code 1950, § 55-5; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-105 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-105. Same estates may be created by deed as by will

Any interest in or claim to real estate, including easements in gross, may be transferred by deed or will. Any estate may be made to commence at a future date, by deed, in like manner as by will, and any estate that would be valid as an executory devise or bequest is valid if created by deed.Code 1919, § 5147; Code 1950, § 55-6; 1962, c. 169; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-106 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-106. Power of disposal in life tenant not to defeat remainder unless exercised; power of disposal held by fiduciary

If any interest in or claim to real estate or personal property is disposed of by deed or will for life, with a limitation in remainder over, and the same instrument confers expressly or by implication a power upon the life tenant in his lifetime or by will to dispose absolutely of such property, the limitation in remainder over shall not fail, or be defeated, except to the extent that the life tenant lawfully exercised such power of disposal. A deed of trust or mortgage executed by the life tenant shall not be construed to be an absolute disposition of the estate, unless such estate is sold under the deed of trust or mortgage. A power of disposal held by any person in a fiduciary capacity under an express trust in writing shall not be deemed to be held by such fiduciary in a beneficial capacity and shall not be construed in any manner to enlarge the beneficial interest otherwise given to him under such trust.Code 1919, § 5147; Code 1950, § 55-7; 1978, c. 659; 2005, c. 935; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-107 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-107. Default or surrender of tenant for life not to prejudice remainderman

If any tenant for life of land make default or surrender, the heirs or those entitled to the remainder may, before judgment, be admitted to defend their right or, after judgment, may assert their right without prejudice from such default or surrender.Code 1919, § 5443; Code 1950, § 55-8; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-108 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-108. Conveyance of estate or interest in property by grantor to himself and another

Any person having an estate or interest in real or personal property may convey such estate or interest to himself or to himself and another or others, including to himself and his spouse as tenants by the entirety or otherwise, and the fact that one or more persons are both grantor or grantee or grantors and grantees in the same conveyance shall be no objection to the conveyance. The grantee or grantees in any such conveyance shall take title in like manner, and the estate vested in them shall be the same as if the conveyance had been made by one or more persons who are not also grantee or grantees.All such conveyances made prior to July 1, 1986, are validated notwithstanding defects in the form thereof that do not affect vested rights.1945, p. 39; Michie Suppl. 1946, § 5147a; Code 1950, § 55-9; 1986, c. 583; 1987, c. 186; 1999, c. 196; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-109 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-109. Deed valid for grantor's right; operation of warranty

A writing that purports to pass or assure a greater right or interest in real estate than the person making it may lawfully pass or assure shall operate as an alienation of such right or interest in such real estate as such person might lawfully convey or assure; and when the deed of the alienor mentions that he and his heirs will warrant what it purports to pass or assure, if anything descends from him, his heirs shall be barred for the value of what is so descended or liable for such value.Code 1919, § 5148; Code 1950, § 55-10; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-110 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-110. Conveyance, devise, or grant without words of limitation

When any real estate is conveyed, devised, or granted to any person without any words of limitation, such conveyance, devise, or grant shall be construed to pass the fee simple or other whole estate or interest that the testator or grantor has power to dispose of in such real estate, unless a contrary intention is apparent in the conveyance, devise, or grant.Code 1919, § 5149; Code 1950, § 55-11; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-111 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-111. Fee tail converted into fee simple

Every estate in lands so limited that, as the law was on October 7, 1776, such estate would have been an estate tail shall be deemed an estate in fee simple, and every limitation upon such an estate shall be held valid if the same would be valid when limited upon an estate in fee simple created by technical language.Code 1919, § 5150; Code 1950, § 55-12; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-112 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-112. Estate of freehold to one with remainder to heirs, etc.; rule in Shelley's Case abolished

Wherever any person by deed, will, or other writing takes an estate of freehold in land, or takes such an interest in personal property as would be an estate of freehold if it were an estate in land, and in the same deed, will, or writing an estate is afterwards limited by way of remainder to his heirs, or the heirs of his body, or his issue, the words "heirs," "heirs of his body," and "issue," or other words of like import used in the deed, will, or writing in the limitation therein by way of remainder shall not be construed as words of limitation carrying to such person the inheritance as to the land, or the absolute estate as to the personal property, but they shall be construed as words of purchase, creating a remainder in the heirs, heirs of the body, or issue.Code 1919, § 5152; Code 1950, § 55-14; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-113 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-113. Doctrine of worthier title abolished

The doctrine of worthier title is abolished in the Commonwealth as a rule of law and as a rule of construction.2007, c. 215, § 55-14.1; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-114 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-114. When contingent remainder not to fail

A contingent remainder shall not fail for want of a particular estate to support it.Code 1919, § 5153; Code 1950, § 55-15; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-115 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-115. When remainders not defeated

The alienation of a particular estate on which a remainder depends, or the union of such estate with the inheritance by purchase or descent, shall not operate, by merger or otherwise, to defeat, impair, or otherwise affect such remainder.Code 1919, § 5154; Code 1950, § 55-16; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-116 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-116. In what conveyances possession transferred to the use

By deed of bargain and sale, or by deeds of lease and release, or by covenant to stand seized to the use, or deed operating by way of covenant to stand seized to the use, the possession of the grantor shall be deemed transferred to the grantee or other person entitled to the use, for the estate or interest that such person has in the use, as perfectly as if the grantee or other person entitled to the use had been enfeoffed with livery of seisin of the land intended to be conveyed by such deed or covenant.Code 1919, § 5155; Code 1950, § 55-17; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-118 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 1 - Creation and Limitation of Estates|§ 55.1-118. Deed of release effectual

Every deed of release of any estate or interest capable of passing by deed of lease or release shall be as effectual for the purposes expressed in such deed of release, without the execution of a lease, as if the same had been executed.Code 1919, § 5156; Code 1950, § 55-18; 2019, c. 712.