WI Stat § 71.01 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 71 - Income and franchise taxes for state and local revenues.|71.01 - Definitions.

71.01  Definitions. In this chapter in regard to natural persons and fiduciaries, except fiduciaries of nuclear decommissioning trust or reserve funds: (1) “Adjusted gross income", when not preceded by the word “federal", means Wisconsin adjusted gross income, unless otherwise defined or the context plainly requires otherwise. (1am) “Aggregate effective tax rate" means the sum of the effective tax rates imposed by a state, U.S. possession, foreign country, or any combination thereof, on the person or entity.  (1as) “Broadcaster" means a television or radio station licensed by the federal communications commission, a television or radio broadcast network, a cable television network, or a television distribution company. “Broadcaster" does not include a cable service provider, a direct broadcast satellite system, or an Internet content distributor. (1b) For purposes of s. 71.04 (7) (df), (dh), (dj), and (dk), “commercial domicile" means the location from which a trade or business is principally managed and directed, based on any factors the department determines are appropriate, including the location where the greatest number of employees of the trade or business work, have their office or base of operations, or from which the employees are directed or controlled. (1m) “Department" means the department of revenue. (1n) For purposes of s. 71.04 (7) (df), (dh), (dj), and (dk), “domicile" means an individual's true, fixed, and permanent home where the individual intends to remain permanently and indefinitely and to which, whenever absent, the individual intends to return, except that no individual may have more than one domicile at any time. (1t) “Effective tax rate" means the maximum tax rate imposed by the state, U.S. possession, or foreign country, multiplied by the apportionment percentage, if any, applicable to the person or entity under the laws of that state, U.S. possession, or foreign country.  (2) “Entertainer" means a nonresident natural person who, for consideration, furnishes amusement, entertainment or public speaking services, or performs in one or more sporting events in this state and includes both employees and independent contractors. (3) “Federal net operating loss" of persons other than corporations means net operating loss as determined by the taxpayer under the internal revenue code, or if redetermined by the department, as determined by the department under such code or as may be determined on final appeal therefrom. (4) “Federal taxable income" and “federal adjusted gross income" of natural persons and fiduciaries mean taxable income or adjusted gross income as determined under the internal revenue code or, if redetermined by the department, as determined by the department under the internal revenue code or as may be determined on final appeal therefrom. (5) “Fiduciary", “income" and “person" and all other terms not otherwise defined, have the same meaning as in the internal revenue code unless otherwise defined or the context requires otherwise. (5g) “File" means mail or deliver a document that the department prescribes to the department or, if the department prescribes another method of submitting or another destination, use that other method or submit to that other destination. (5m) “Head of household" has the meaning given in section 2 (b) and (c) of the internal revenue code, except that “head of household" includes surviving spouse, as defined in section 2 (a) of the internal revenue code. (5n) For purposes of s. 71.05 (6) (a) 24. and (b) 46., “intangible expenses" include the following, to the extent that the amounts would otherwise be deductible in computing Wisconsin adjusted gross income:(a) Expenses, losses, and costs for, related to, or directly or indirectly in connection with the acquisition, use, maintenance, management, ownership, sale, exchange, or any other disposition of intangible property.(b) Losses related to, or incurred in connection directly or indirectly with, factoring transactions or discounting transactions.(c) Royalty, patent, technical, and copyright fees.(d) Licensing fees.(e) Other similar expenses, losses, and costs. (5p) “Intangible property" includes stocks, bonds, financial instruments, patents, patent applications, trade names, trademarks, service marks, copyrights, mask works, trade secrets, and similar types of intangible assets. (5s) For purposes of s. 71.05 (6) (a) 24. and (b) 46., “interest expenses" means interest that would otherwise be deductible under section 163 of the Internal Revenue Code and deductible in the computation of Wisconsin adjusted gross income.  (6) (j)1. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2013, and before January 1, 2017, for individuals and fiduciaries, except fiduciaries of nuclear decommissioning trust or reserve funds, “Internal Revenue Code" means the federal Internal Revenue Code as amended to December 31, 2013, except as provided in subds. 2. and 3. and subject to subd. 4.2. For purposes of this paragraph, “Internal Revenue Code" does not include the following provisions of federal public laws for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2013: section 13113 of P.L 103-66; sections 1, 3, 4, and 5 of P.L. 106-519; sections 101, 102, and 422 of P.L 108-357; sections 1310 and 1351 of P.L. 109-58; section 11146 of P.L. 109-59; section 403 (q) of P.L. 109-135; section 513 of P.L. 109-222; sections 104 and 307 of P.L. 109-432; sections 8233 and 8235 of P.L. 110-28; section 11 (e) and (g) of P.L. 110-172; section 301 of P.L. 110-245; sections 15303 and 15351 of P.L. 110-246; section 302 of division A, section 401 of division B, and sections 312, 322, 502 (c), 707, and 801 of division C of P.L. 110-343; sections 1232, 1241, 1251, 1501, and 1502 of division B of P.L. 111-5; sections 211, 212, 213, 214, and 216 of P.L. 111-226; sections 2011 and 2122 of P.L. 111-240; sections 753, 754, and 760 of P.L. 111-312; section 1106 of P.L. 112-95; and sections 104, 318, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, and 411 of P.L. 112-240.3. For purposes of this paragraph, “Internal Revenue Code" does not include amendments to the federal Internal Revenue Code enacted after December 31, 2013, except that “Internal Revenue Code" includes the provisions of the following federal public laws:a. P.L. 113-97.b. P.L. 113-159.c. P.L. 113-168.d. Section 302901 of P.L. 113-287.e. Sections 171, 172, and 201 to 221 of P.L. 113-295.f. Sections 102, 105, and 207 of division B of P.L. 113-295.g. P.L. 114-14.h. P.L. 114-26. i. Section 2004 of P.L. 114-41.j. Sections 503 and 504 of P.L. 114-74.k. Sections 103, 104, 124, 168, 184, 185, 190, 204, 303, 306, 336, and 341 of division Q of P.L. 114-113.L. P.L. 114-239.m. Sections 101 (m), (n), (o), (p), and (q), 104 (a), and 109 of division U of P.L. 115-141.n. Section 102 of division M and sections 110, 111, and 116 (b) of division O of P.L. 116-94.4. For purposes of this paragraph, the provisions of federal public laws that directly or indirectly affect the Internal Revenue Code, as defined in this paragraph, apply for Wisconsin purposes at the same time as for federal purposes. (k)1. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2016, and before January 1, 2018, for individuals and fiduciaries, except fiduciaries of nuclear decommissioning trust or reserve funds, “Internal Revenue Code" means the federal Internal Revenue Code as amended to December 31, 2016, except as provided in subds. 2. and 3. and s. 71.98 and subject to subd. 4.2. For purposes of this paragraph, “Internal Revenue Code" does not include the following provisions of federal public laws for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2016: section 13113 of P.L 103-66; sections 1, 3, 4, and 5 of P.L. 106-519; sections 101, 102, and 422 of P.L 108-357; sections 1310 and 1351 of P.L. 109-58; section 11146 of P.L. 109-59; section 403 (q) of P.L. 109-135; section 513 of P.L. 109-222; sections 104 and 307 of P.L. 109-432; sections 8233 and 8235 of P.L. 110-28; section 11 (e) and (g) of P.L. 110-172; section 301 of P.L. 110-245; section 15351 of P.L. 110-246; section 302 of division A, section 401 of division B, and sections 312, 322, 502 (c), 707, and 801 of division C of P.L. 110-343; sections 1232, 1241, 1251, 1501, and 1502 of division B of P.L. 111-5; sections 211, 212, 213, 214, and 216 of P.L. 111-226; sections 2011 and 2122 of P.L. 111-240; sections 753, 754, and 760 of P.L. 111-312; section 1106 of P.L. 112-95; sections 104, 318, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, and 411 of P.L. 112-240; P.L. 114-7; section 1101 of P.L. 114-74; section 305 of division P of P.L. 114-113; and sections 112, 123, 125 to 128, 143, 144, 151 to 153, 165 to 167, 169 to 171, 189, 191, 307, 326, and 411 of division Q of P.L. 114-113.3. For purposes of this paragraph, “Internal Revenue Code" does not include amendments to the federal Internal Revenue Code enacted after December 31, 2016, except that “Internal Revenue Code” includes sections 11024, 11025, and 13543 of P.L. 115-97; sections 40307 and 40413 of P.L. 115-123; sections 101 (m), (n), (o), (p), and (q), 104 (a), and 109 of division U of P.L. 115-141; and section 102 of division M and sections 110, 111, and 116 (b) of division O of P.L. 116-94.4. For purposes of this paragraph, the provisions of federal public laws that directly or indirectly affect the Internal Revenue Code, as defined in this paragraph, apply for Wisconsin purposes at the same time as for federal purposes, except that changes made by section 4007 (b) of P.L. 114-41, section 1102 of P.L. 114-74, sections 105, 111, 113 to 115, 133, 301, 302, 304, 305, 308, 311, 313 to 323, 325, 331, and 343 to 345 of division Q of P.L. 114-113 first apply for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2016.(L)1. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2021, for individuals and fiduciaries, except fiduciaries of nuclear decommissioning trust or reserve funds, “Internal Revenue Code" means the federal Internal Revenue Code as amended to December 31, 2017, except as provided in subds. 2. and 3. and s. 71.98 and subject to subd. 4.2. For purposes of this paragraph, “Internal Revenue Code" does not include the following provisions of federal public laws for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017: section 13113 of P.L. 103-66; sections 1, 3, 4, and 5 of P.L. 106-519; sections 101, 102, and 422 of P.L. 108-357; sections 1310 and 1351 of P.L. 109-58; section 11146 of P.L. 109-59; section 403 (q) of P.L. 109-135; section 513 of P.L. 109-222; sections 104 and 307 of P.L. 109-432; sections 8233 and 8235 of P.L. 110-28; section 11 (e) and (g) of P.L. 110-172; section 301 of P.L. 110-245; section 15351 of P.L. 110-246; section 302 of division A, section 401 of division B, and sections 312, 322, 502 (c), 707, and 801 of division C of P.L. 110-343; sections 1232, 1241, 1251, 1501, and 1502 of division B of P.L. 111-5; sections 211, 212, 213, 214, and 216 of P.L. 111-226; sections 2011 and 2122 of P.L. 111-240; sections 753, 754, and 760 of P.L. 111-312; section 1106 of P.L. 112-95; sections 104, 318, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, and 411 of P.L. 112-240; P.L. 114-7; section 1101 of P.L. 114-74; section 305 of division P of P.L. 114-113; sections 123, 125 to 128, 143, 144, 151 to 153, 165 to 167, 169 to 171, 189, 191, 307, 326, and 411 of division Q of P.L. 114-113; and sections 11011, 11012, 13201 (a) to (e) and (g), 13206, 13221, 13301, 13304 (a), (b), and (d), 13531, 13601, 13801, 14101, 14102, 14103, 14201, 14202, 14211, 14212, 14213, 14214, 14215, 14221, 14222, 14301, 14302, 14304, and 14401 of P.L. 115-97.3. For purposes of this paragraph, “Internal Revenue Code" does not include amendments to the federal Internal Revenue Code enacted after December 31, 2017, except that “Internal Revenue Code” includes sections 40307, 40413, and 41113 of P.L. 115-123; sections 101 (m), (n), (o), (p), and (q), 104 (a), 109, 401 (a) (54) and (b) (15) (A), (B), and (C), 19, 20, 23, 26, 27, and 28 of division U of P.L. 115-141; sections 102 and 104 of division M, sections 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 201, 204, 205, 206, 302, 401, and 601 of division O, section 1302 of division P, and sections 131, 202 (d), and 205 of division Q of P.L. 116-94; sections 1106, 2202, 2203, 2204, 2205, 2206, 2307, 3608, 3609, 3701, and 3702 of division A of P.L. 116-136; and sections 202, 208, 209, 211, and 214 of division EE and sections 276 (a) and (b), 277, 278 (a), (b), (c), and (d), 280, and 285 of division N of P.L. 116-260.4. For purposes of this paragraph, the provisions of federal public laws that directly or indirectly affect the Internal Revenue Code, as defined in this paragraph, apply for Wisconsin purposes at the same time as for federal purposes, except that changes made by P.L. 115-63 and sections 11026, 11027, 11028, 13207, 13306, 13307, 13308, 13311, 13312, 13501, 13705, 13821, and 13823 of P.L. 115-97 first apply for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017.(m)1. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020, for individuals and fiduciaries, except fiduciaries of nuclear decommissioning trust or reserve funds, “Internal Revenue Code” means the federal Internal Revenue Code as amended to December 31, 2020, except as provided in subds. 2. and 3. and s. 71.98 and subject to subd. 4.2. For purposes of this paragraph, “Internal Revenue Code” does not include the following provisions of federal public laws for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020: section 13113 of P.L. 103-66; sections 1, 3, 4, and 5 of P.L. 106-519; sections 101, 102, and 422 of P.L. 108-357; sections 1310 and 1351 of P.L. 109-58; section 11146 of P.L. 109-59; section 403 (q) of P.L. 109-135; section 513 of P.L. 109-222; sections 104 and 307 of P.L. 109-432; sections 8233 and 8235 of P.L. 110-28; section 11 (e) and (g) of P.L. 110-172; section 301 of P.L. 110-245; section 15351 of P.L. 110-246; section 302 of division A, section 401 of division B, and sections 312, 322, 502 (c), 707, and 801 of division C of P.L. 110-343; sections 1232, 1241, 1251, 1501, and 1502 of division B of P.L. 111-5; sections 211, 212, 213, 214, and 216 of P.L. 111-226; sections 2011 and 2122 of P.L. 111-240; sections 753, 754, and 760 of P.L. 111-312; section 1106 of P.L. 112-95; sections 104, 318, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, and 411 of P.L. 112-240; P.L. 114-7; section 1101 of P.L. 114-74; section 305 of division P of P.L. 114-113; sections 123, 125 to 128, 143, 144, 151 to 153, 165 to 167, 169 to 171, 189, 191, 307, 326, and 411 of division Q of P.L. 114-113; sections 11011, 11012, 13201 (a) to (e) and (g), 13206, 13221, 13301, 13304 (a), (b), and (d), 13531, 13601, 13801, 14101, 14102, 14103, 14201, 14202, 14211, 14212, 14213, 14214, 14215, 14221, 14222, 14301, 14302, 14304, and 14401 of P.L. 115-97; sections 40304, 40305, 40306, and 40412 of P.L. 115-123; section 101 (c) of division T of P.L. 115-141; sections 101 (d) and (e), 102, 201 to 207, 301, 302, and 401 (a) (47) and (195), (b) (13), (17), (22) and (30), and (d) (1) (D) (v), (vi), and (xiii) and (xvii) (II) of division U of P.L. 115-141; sections 104, 114, 115, 116, 130, and 145 of division Q of P.L. 116-94; sections 2304 and 2306 of P.L. 116-136; and sections 111, 114, 115, 116, 118 (a) and (d), 133, 137, 138, and 210 of division EE of P.L. 116-260.3. For purposes of this paragraph, “Internal Revenue Code” does not include amendments to the federal Internal Revenue Code enacted after December 31, 2020.4. For purposes of this paragraph, the provisions of federal public laws that directly or indirectly affect the Internal Revenue Code, as defined in this paragraph, apply for Wisconsin purposes at the same time as for federal purposes, except that changes made by sections 20101, 20102, 20104, 20201, 40201, 40202, 40203, 40308, 40309, 40311, 40414, 41101, 41107, 41114, 41115, and 41116 of P.L. 115-123; section 101 (a), (b), and (h) of division U of P.L. 115-141; section 1203 of P.L. 116-25; section 1122 of P.L. 116-92; section 301 of division O, section 1302 of division P, and sections 101, 102, 103, 117, 118, 132, 201, 202 (a), (b), and (c), 204 (a), (b), and (c), 301, and 302 of division Q of P.L. 116-94; section 2 of P.L. 116-98; and sections 301, 302, and 304 of division EE of P.L. 116-260 apply for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020. (7) Notwithstanding sub. (6), for natural persons, fiduciaries, trusts and estates, at the taxpayer's option, “internal revenue code", for taxable year 1986 and subsequent taxable years, includes any revisions to the federal internal revenue code adopted after January 1, 1986, that relate to the taxation of income derived from any source as a direct consequence of participation in the milk production termination program created by section 101 of P.L. 99-198. (7g) For purposes of s. 71.01 (6) (b), 2013 stats., “Internal Revenue Code" includes section 109 of division U of P.L. 115-141. (7m) Notwithstanding sub. (6), for natural persons, fiduciaries, trusts and estates, at the taxpayer's option, “internal revenue code" for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1987, includes any revisions to section 67 (c) of the internal revenue code adopted after January 1, 1988, that relate to the indirect expenses of regulated investment companies. (7n) Notwithstanding sub. (6), a qualified retirement fund for a taxable year for federal income tax purposes is a qualified retirement fund for the taxable year for purposes of this subchapter.  (7r) (a) Notwithstanding sub. (6), for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2014, for purposes of computing amortization or depreciation, “Internal Revenue Code" means the federal Internal Revenue Code as amended to December 31, 2000, except that property that, under s. 71.02 (2) (d) 12., 1985 stats., is required to be depreciated for taxable year 1986 under the Internal Revenue Code as amended to December 31, 1980, shall continue to be depreciated under the Internal Revenue Code as amended to December 31, 1980.(c) Notwithstanding sub. (6), section 101 of P.L. 109-222, related to extending the increased expense deduction under section 179 of the Internal Revenue Code, applies to property used in farming that is acquired and placed in service in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2007, and before January 1, 2010, and used by a person who is actively engaged in farming. For purposes of this paragraph, “actively engaged in farming" has the meaning given in 7 CFR 1400.201, and “farming" has the meaning given in section 464 (e) (1) of the Internal Revenue Code.  (7u) “Last day prescribed by law" has the meaning given in s. 71.738, except that in s. 71.03 (2) (e) 1. and 2. “last day prescribed by law" includes extensions. (7v) For purposes of s. 71.05 (6) (a) 24. and (b) 46., “management fees" include expenses and costs, not including interest expenses, pertaining to accounts receivable, accounts payable, employee benefit plans, insurance, legal matters, payroll, data processing, purchasing, taxation, financial matters, securities, accounting, or reporting and compliance matters or similar activities, to the extent that the amounts would otherwise be deductible in the computation of Wisconsin adjusted gross income. (8) “Married person" or “spouse" means a person determined under section 7703 (a) of the internal revenue code to be married, unless the context requires otherwise. A decree of divorce, annulment or legal separation terminates the marriage and the application of ch. 766 to property of the spouses after the date of the decree, unless the decree provides otherwise. (8g) “Member" does not include a member of a limited liability company treated as a corporation under s. 71.22 (1k). (8j) For purposes of ss. 71.05 (6) (a) 29., 71.21 (7), 71.26 (3) (e) 4., 71.34 (1k) (o), and 71.45 (2) (a) 20., “moving expenses” means all of the following:(a) Vehicle rentals.(b) Storage rentals.(c) Moving company expenses for packing, unpacking, and transportation.(d) Consulting fees and surveys.(e) Brokerage commissions or fees.(f) Architecture, design, and remodeling expenses.(g) Expenses paid or incurred to sell property in this state.(h) Loss on the sale of property in this state.(i) Lease cancellation fees.(j) Expenses paid or incurred for professional services, including legal services.(k) Utility fees.(L) Employee wages.(m) Reimbursement of an employee's expenses.(n) The cost of meals, lodging, and fuel.(o) Mileage deductions for vehicle use. (8m) “Partner" does not include a partner of a publicly traded partnership treated as a corporation under s. 71.22 (1k).  (8r) “Pay", in regard to submissions to or for the department, means mail or deliver funds to the department or, if the department prescribes another method of submitting or another destination, use that other method or submit to that other destination. (9) “Person" includes natural persons and fiduciaries, unless the context requires otherwise. (9ad) “Qualified real estate investment trust" has the meaning given in s. 71.22 (9ad).  (9am) “Related entity" means any person related to a taxpayer as provided under section 267 or 1563 of the Internal Revenue Code during all or a portion of the taxpayer's taxable year and any real estate investment trust under section 856 of the Internal Revenue Code, except a qualified real estate investment trust, if more than 50 percent of any class of the beneficial interests or shares of the real estate investment trust are owned directly, indirectly, or constructively by the taxpayer, or any person related to the taxpayer, during all or a portion of the taxpayer's taxable year. For purposes of this subsection, the constructive ownership rules of section 318 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code, as modified by section 856 (d) (5) of the Internal Revenue Code, shall apply in determining the ownership of stock, assets, or net profits of any person.  (9an) For purposes of s. 71.05 (6) (a) 24. and (b) 46., “rental expenses" means the gross amounts that would otherwise be deductible in the computation of Wisconsin adjusted gross income for the use of, or the right to use, real property and tangible personal property in connection with real property, including services furnished or rendered in connection with such property, regardless of how reported for financial accounting purposes and regardless of how computed.  (9c) “Sign" means write one's signature or, if the department prescribes another method of authenticating, use that other method. (10) “Small business stock" means an equity security, sold before January 1, 2014, that the taxpayer has held for at least 5 years and that is issued by a corporation that, on the December 31 before acquisition by the taxpayer, or, for a corporation which was incorporated during the calendar year in which the stock is issued, as of the date of the acquisition of the stock, fulfills all of the following requirements and so certifies to the taxpayer upon acquisitions: (a) Has at least 50 percent of its property and at least 50 percent of its payroll, both as computed under s. 71.25, in this state.(b) Has no more than 500 employees covered by Wisconsin unemployment insurance, including employees of any corporation that owns more than 50 percent of the stock of the issuing corporation.(c) Derives no more than 25 percent of its gross receipts from rents, interest, dividends and sales of intangible investment assets combined unless the corporation derives less than $3,000 of that income and has not been incorporated for more than 2 calendar years.(d) Has not issued stock that is listed on the New York stock exchange, the American stock exchange or the National Association of Securities Dealers automated quotation system.(e) Has not liquidated its assets in whole or in part for tax purposes only in order to fulfill the requirements under this subsection and then reorganized. (10g) For purposes of s. 71.04 (7) (df), (dh), (dj), and (dk), “state" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or possession of the United States, unless the context requires that “state" means only the state of Wisconsin. (11) “Taxable income" when not preceded by the word “federal" means Wisconsin taxable income unless otherwise defined or the context plainly requires otherwise. (12) “Taxable year" means the taxable period upon the basis of which the taxable income of the taxpayer is computed for federal income tax purposes. The taxable year of a taxpayer who keeps his or her accounting records on the basis of a 52-53 week period ends on the last day of the month closest to the end of the 52-53 week period. (13) “Wisconsin adjusted gross income" means federal adjusted gross income, with the modifications prescribed in s. 71.05 (6) to (12), (19), (20), (24), (25), (25m), and (26). (14) “Wisconsin net operating loss" of persons other than corporations means “federal net operating loss" adjusted as prescribed in s. 71.05 (6) (a) and (b), (7) to (12) and (19) to (21), except s. 71.05 (6) (b) 9., except that no deductions allowable on schedule A for federal income tax purposes are allowable. (16) “Wisconsin taxable income" of natural persons means Wisconsin adjusted gross income less the Wisconsin standard deduction, less the personal exemption described under s. 71.05 (23), with losses, depreciation, recapture of benefits, offsets, depletion, deductions, penalties, expenses and other negative income items determined according to the manner that income is or would be allocated, except that the negative income items on individual or separate returns for net rents and other net returns which are marital property attributable to the investment, rental, licensing or other use of nonmarital property shall be allocated to the owner of the property.History: 1987 a. 312; 1987 a. 411 ss. 6 to 8, 26, 27, 31; 1989 a. 31, 100, 336; 1991 a. 39, 269; 1993 a. 16, 112, 437; 1995 a. 27, 380, 428; 1997 a. 27, 37, 237; 1999 a. 9, 194; 2001 a. 109; 2003 a. 33; 2005 a. 25, 49, 362; 2007 a. 20, 226; 2009 a. 2, 28, 161, 183; 2011 a. 32; 2013 a. 20; 2015 a. 55, 216; 2017 a. 59, 231; 2019 a. 7, 136, 185; 2021 a. 1.Wisconsin Tax Policy Within a Federal System. McGaffey. 88 MLR 93 (2004).Tax Incentive: The Vulnerability of Using Tax Incentives in Wisconsin. Lindsey. 88 MLR 107 (2004).