reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 64.2-1800 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 18 - Custody and Care of Ward and Estate|§ 64.2-1800. Custody, care, and education of ward; ward's estate

Unless a guardian of the person of a minor is appointed by a parent, the circuit court, or the circuit court clerk, and except as otherwise provided in §§ 64.2-1700 and 64.2-1701, a guardian of a minor's estate who is appointed pursuant to Chapter 17 (§ 64.2-1700 et seq.) shall have custody of his ward. The guardian of a minor's estate shall have the possession, care, and management of the minor's estate, real and personal, and, after first taking into account the minor's other sources of income, support rights, and other reasonably available resources of which the guardian is aware, shall provide for the minor's health, education, maintenance, and support from the income of the minor's estate and, if income is not sufficient, from the corpus of the minor's estate.Code 1919, § 5320; 1930, p. 686; Code 1950, § 31-8; 1989, c. 535; 1999, c. 16; 2011, c. 113; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1801 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 18 - Custody and Care of Ward and Estate|§ 64.2-1801. Parental duty of support

A. Notwithstanding the provisions of § 64.2-1800, a guardian of a minor's estate shall not make any distribution of income or corpus of the minor's estate to or for the benefit of a ward who has a living parent, whether or not the guardian is such parent, except to the extent that the distribution is authorized by (i) the deed, will, or other instrument under which the estate is derived or (ii) the circuit court, upon a finding that (a) the parent is unable to completely fulfill the parental duty of supporting the minor, (b) the parent cannot for some reason be required to provide such support, or (c) a proposed distribution is beyond the scope of parental duty of support in the circumstances of a specific case. The existence of a parent-child relationship shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of § 64.2-102. The circuit court's authorization may be contained in the order appointing the guardian or it may be obtained at any time prior to the distribution in question; however, in extenuating circumstances where the interests of equity so require, the court's authorization may be obtained after the distribution in question.B. A guardian who desires to make any distribution specified in subsection A that is not authorized by an existing court order or a deed, will, or other instrument under which the estate is derived shall file a petition in the circuit court wherein his accounts may be settled. The petition shall name the ward as a defendant and set forth the reasons why such distribution is appropriate. If the ward is 14 years of age or older, the guardian shall give notice of the petition to the ward at least five days before filing the petition. The court or clerk shall appoint an attorney-at-law as guardian ad litem to represent the ward. Proceedings on the petition shall conform to the procedures governing a civil action and the evidence may be taken orally. No attorney fees shall be taxed in the costs and no writ tax shall be required upon the petition. The court may fix reasonable attorney fees for services in connection with the filing of the petition, and the court shall fix the guardian ad litem's fee. Such fees shall be paid out of the estate unless the court directs that they be paid personally by the guardian. The clerk shall receive a fee as provided in subdivision A 18 of § 17.1-275 for all services rendered thereon, to be paid by the guardian out of the estate. Any notice required to be served under this section may be served by any person other than the guardian.C. Notwithstanding subsection B, if the court determines that an emergency exists, an order authorizing a distribution may be entered without the appointment of a guardian ad litem, provided that the court makes such further provisions in its order for the protection of the ward's estate as it may deem proper in each case.1999, c. 16, § 31-8.1; 2002, c. 832; 2005, c. 681; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1802 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 18 - Custody and Care of Ward and Estate|§ 64.2-1802. Parental duty of support; limited authority of commissioner of accounts

A commissioner of accounts for the jurisdiction where a guardian qualifies may authorize the same distributions under the same circumstances as the circuit court may authorize under subsection A of § 64.2-1801, except that (i) the total distributions authorized in any one year shall not exceed $5,000 and (ii) the commissioner of accounts shall, in his report to the court on the guardian's next accounting, explain the necessity for the distributions so authorized. The provisions of subsection B of § 64.2-1801 shall not apply to proceedings under this section, but the commissioner shall give five days' written notice of the scheduled hearing date to any minor who is 14 years of age or older. The commissioner of accounts shall not charge a fee in excess of $100 for such hearing.1999, c. 16, § 31-8.2; 2012, c. 614; 2014, c. 532.
VA Code § 64.2-1803 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 18 - Custody and Care of Ward and Estate|§ 64.2-1803. Termination of guardianship

Unless the guardian of a minor's estate dies, is removed, or resigns the guardianship, the guardian shall continue in office until the minor attains the age of majority or, in the case of testamentary guardianship, until the termination of the period set forth in the testator's will. At the expiration of the guardianship, the guardian shall deliver and pay all the estate and money in his possession, or with which he is chargeable, to the person entitled to receive such estate and money.Code 1919, § 5320; 1930, p. 687; Code 1950, § 31-9; 1972, c. 825; 1973, c. 401; 1999, c. 16; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1804 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 18 - Custody and Care of Ward and Estate|§ 64.2-1804. Powers of courts over guardians

The circuit courts may hear and determine all matters between guardians and their wards, require settlements of guardianship accounts, remove any guardian for neglect or breach of trust and appoint another guardian for the ward, and make any order for the custody, health, maintenance, education, and support of a ward and the management, disbursement, preservation, and investment of the ward's estate.Code 1919, § 5326; Code 1950, § 31-14; 1999, c. 16; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1806 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 18 - Custody and Care of Ward and Estate|§ 64.2-1806. Powers of guardian; transition rule

The provisions of Chapter 17 (§ 64.2-1700 et seq.) and this chapter are applicable to all guardianships, whenever created, except that a guardian who qualifies prior to July 1, 1999, shall have the power to make conveyances of his ward's estate only in accordance with the laws in effect on June 30, 1999, unless the guardian in office on June 30, 1999, has requalified on or after July 1, 1999.1999, c. 16, § 31-18.1; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1900 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1900. Definitions

In this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:"Adult" means an individual who attained the age of 18 years."Benefit plan" means an employer's plan for the benefit of an employee or partner."Broker" means a person lawfully engaged in the business of effecting transactions in securities or commodities for the person's own account or for the account of others."Conservator" means a person appointed or qualified by a court to act as general, limited, or temporary guardian of a minor's property or a person legally authorized to perform substantially the same functions."Court" means the circuit court having appropriate jurisdiction."Custodial property" means (i) any interest in property transferred to a custodian under this chapter and (ii) the income from and proceeds of that interest in property."Custodian" means a person so designated under § 64.2-1908 or a successor or substitute custodian designated under § 64.2-1917."Financial institution" means a bank, trust company, savings institution, or credit union chartered and supervised under state or federal law."Legal representative" means an individual's personal representative or conservator."Member of the minor's family" means the minor's parent, stepparent, spouse, grandparent, brother, sister, uncle, or aunt, whether of the whole or half blood or by adoption."Minor" means an individual who has not attained the age of 18 years."Person" means an individual, corporation, organization, or other legal entity."Personal representative" means an executor, administrator, successor personal representative, or special administrator of a decedent's estate or a person legally authorized to perform substantially the same functions."Qualified minor's trust" means any trust, including a trust created by a custodian, that meets the requirements of § 2503(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and the regulations implementing that section."State" includes any state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory or possession subject to the legislative authority of the United States."Transfer" means a transaction that creates custodial property under § 64.2-1908."Transferor" means a person who makes a transfer under this chapter."Trust company" means a financial institution, corporation, or other legal entity authorized to exercise general trust powers.1988, c. 516, § 31-37; 2007, c. 307; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1901 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1901. Scope and jurisdiction

A. This chapter applies to any transfer that refers to the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act or this chapter in the designation under subsection A of § 64.2-1908 by which the transfer is made if, at the time of the transfer, the transferor, the minor, or the custodian is a resident of the Commonwealth or the custodial property is located in the Commonwealth. The custodianship so created remains subject to this chapter despite a subsequent change in residence of a transferor, the minor, or the custodian or the removal of custodial property from the Commonwealth.B. A person designated as custodian under this chapter is subject to personal jurisdiction in the Commonwealth with respect to any matter relating to the custodianship.C. A transfer that purports to be made and that is valid under the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act, the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act, or a substantially similar act of another state is governed by the law of the designated state and may be executed and is enforceable in the Commonwealth if, at the time of the transfer, the transferor, the minor, or the custodian is a resident of the designated state or the custodial property is located in the designated state.1988, c. 516, § 31-38; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1902 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1902. Nomination of custodian

A. A person having the right to designate the recipient of property transferable upon the occurrence of a future event may revocably nominate a custodian to receive the property for a minor beneficiary upon the occurrence of the event by naming the custodian followed in substance by the words: "as custodian for............… (name of minor) under the Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act." The nomination may name one or more persons as substitute custodians to whom the property shall be transferred, in the order named, if the first nominated custodian dies before the transfer or is unable, declines, or is ineligible to serve. The nomination may be made in a will, a trust, a deed, an instrument exercising a power of appointment, or a writing designating a beneficiary of contractual rights that is registered with or delivered to the payor, issuer, or other obligor of the contractual rights.B. A custodian nominated under this section shall be a person to whom a transfer of property of that kind may be made under subsection A of § 64.2-1908.C. The nomination of a custodian under this section does not create custodial property until the nominating instrument becomes irrevocable or a transfer to the nominated custodian is completed under § 64.2-1908. Unless the nomination of custodian has been revoked, upon the occurrence of the future event the custodianship becomes effective and the custodian shall enforce a transfer of the custodial property pursuant to § 64.2-1908.1988, c. 516, § 31-39; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1903 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1903. Transfer by gift or exercise of power of appointment

A person may make a transfer by irrevocable gift to, or the irrevocable exercise of a power of appointment in favor of, a custodian for the benefit of a minor pursuant to § 64.2-1908.1988, c. 516, § 31-40; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1904 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1904. Transfer authorized by will or trust

A personal representative or trustee may make an irrevocable transfer pursuant to § 64.2-1908 to a custodian for the benefit of a minor as authorized in the governing will or trust. If the testator or settlor has nominated a custodian under § 64.2-1902 to receive the custodial property, the transfer shall be made to that person.If the testator or settlor has not nominated a custodian under § 64.2-1902 or all persons so nominated as custodian die before the transfer or are unable, decline, or are ineligible to serve, the personal representative or the trustee shall designate the custodian from among those eligible to serve as custodian for property of that kind under subsection A of § 64.2-1908.1988, c. 516, § 31-41; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1905 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1905. Other transfer by fiduciary

A. Subject to subsection C, a personal representative or trustee may make an irrevocable transfer to an adult or trust company as custodian for the benefit of a minor pursuant to § 64.2-1908 in the absence of a will or under a will or trust that does not contain an authorization to do so.B. Subject to subsection C, a conservator may make an irrevocable transfer to an adult or trust company as custodian for the benefit of the minor pursuant to § 64.2-1908.C. A transfer under either subsection A or B may be made only if (i) the personal representative, trustee, or conservator considers the transfer to be in the best interest of the minor, (ii) the transfer is not prohibited by or inconsistent with provisions of the applicable will, trust agreement, or other governing instrument, and (iii) the transfer is authorized by the court if it exceeds $25,000 in value or is made by a conservator.1988, c. 516, § 31-42; 2012, c. 614; 2014, c. 532.
VA Code § 64.2-1906 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1906. Transfer by obligor

A. Subject to subsections B and C, a person not subject to § 64.2-1904 or who holds property of or owes a liquidated debt to a minor not having a conservator may make an irrevocable transfer to a custodian for the benefit of the minor pursuant to § 64.2-1908.B. If a person having the right to do so under § 64.2-1902 has nominated a custodian under that section to receive the custodial property, the transfer shall be made to that person.C. If no custodian has been nominated under § 64.2-1902, or all persons so nominated as custodian die before the transfer or are unable, decline, or are ineligible to serve, a transfer under this section may be made to an adult member of the minor's family or to a trust company unless the property exceeds $25,000 in value, in which event the transfer may be made if authorized by the court.1988, c. 516, § 31-43; 2012, c. 614; 2014, c. 532.
VA Code § 64.2-1907 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1907. Receipt for custodial property

A written acknowledgment of delivery by a custodian constitutes a sufficient receipt and discharge for custodial property transferred to the custodian pursuant to this chapter.1988, c. 516, § 31-44; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1909 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1909. Single and joint custodians

A transfer may be made only for one minor, and up to two persons may be joint custodians. All custodial property held under this chapter by the same custodian or joint custodians for the benefit of the same minor constitutes a single custodianship. Unless otherwise specified in any document creating the custodial property, each joint custodian shall have full power and authority to act alone with respect to the custodial property. If either joint custodian resigns, dies, becomes incapacitated, or is removed, then the remaining joint custodian shall become sole custodian.1988, c. 516, § 31-46; 2006, c. 657; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1910 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1910. Validity and effect of transfer

A. The validity of a transfer made in a manner prescribed in this chapter is not affected by:1. Failure of the transferor to comply with subsection C of § 64.2-1908 concerning possession and control;2. Designation of an ineligible custodian, except designation of the transferor in the case of property for which the transferor is ineligible to serve as custodian under subsection A of § 64.2-1908; or3. Death or incapacity of a person nominated under § 64.2-1902 or designated under § 64.2-1908 as custodian or the disclaimer of the office by that person.B. A transfer made pursuant to § 64.2-1908 is irrevocable, and the custodial property is indefeasibly vested in the minor, but the custodian has all the rights, powers, duties, and authority provided in this chapter and neither the minor nor the minor's legal representative has any right, power, duty, or authority with respect to the custodial property except as provided in this chapter.C. By making a transfer, the transferor incorporates in the disposition all the provisions of this chapter and grants to the custodian, and to any third person dealing with a person designated as custodian, the respective powers, rights, and immunities provided in this chapter.1988, c. 516, § 31-47; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1911 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1911. Care of custodial property; duties of custodian

A. A custodian shall take control of custodial property, register or record title to custodial property, if appropriate, and collect, hold, manage, invest, and reinvest custodial property.B. In dealing with custodial property, a custodian shall observe the standard of care set forth in the Uniform Prudent Investor Act (§ 64.2-780 et seq.), except to the extent provided by § 64.2-1502. However, a custodian, in the custodian's discretion and without liability to the minor or the minor's estate, may retain any custodial property received from a transferor.C. A custodian may invest in or pay premiums on life insurance or endowment policies on (i) the life of the minor only if the minor or the minor's estate is the sole beneficiary or (ii) the life of another person in whom the minor has an insurable interest only to the extent that the minor, the minor's estate, or the custodian in the capacity of custodian is the beneficiary during the period of custodianship.D. A custodian at all times shall keep custodial property separate and distinct from all other property in a manner sufficient to identify it clearly as custodial property of the minor. Custodial property consisting of an undivided interest is so identified if the minor's interest is held as a tenant in common and is fixed. Custodial property subject to recordation is so identified if it is recorded, and custodial property subject to registration is so identified if it is either registered, or held in an account designated, in the name of the custodian, followed in substance by the words: "as a custodian for......…(name of minor) under the Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act."E. A custodian shall keep records of all transactions with respect to custodial property, including the information necessary for the preparation of the minor's tax returns, and shall make them available for inspection at reasonable intervals by a parent or legal representative of the minor or by the minor if the minor has attained the age of 14 years.1988, c. 516, § 31-48; 2007, c. 517; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1912 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1912. Powers of custodian

A custodian, acting in a custodial capacity, has all the rights, powers, and authority over custodial property that unmarried adult owners have over their own property, which shall include but not be limited to those powers set forth in § 64.2-105 as of the date the custodian acts, but a custodian may exercise such rights, powers, and authority in that capacity only. However, this section does not relieve a custodian from liability for breach of a duty imposed under § 64.2-1911.1988, c. 516, § 31-49; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1913 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1913. Use of custodial property

A. A custodian may deliver or pay to the minor or expend for the minor's benefit so much of the custodial property as the custodian considers advisable for the use and benefit of the minor, without court order and without regard to (i) the duty or ability of the custodian personally or of any other person to support the minor or (ii) any other income or property of the minor which may be applicable or available for that purpose.B. At any time a custodian may, without court order, transfer all or part of the custodial property to a qualified minor's trust. Such a transfer terminates the custodianship to the extent of the custodial property transferred.C. On petition of an interested person or the minor if the minor has attained the age of 14 years, the court may order the custodian to deliver or pay to the minor or expend for the minor's benefit so much of the custodial property as the court considers advisable for the use and benefit of the minor.D. A delivery, payment, or expenditure under this section is in addition to, not in substitution for, and does not affect any obligation of a person to support the minor.1988, c. 516, § 31-50; 2007, c. 307; 2012, c. 614.
VA Code § 64.2-1914 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 64.2 - Wills, Trusts, and Fiduciaries|Chapter 19 - Virginia Uniform Transfers to Minors Act|§ 64.2-1914. Custodian's expenses, compensation, and bond

A. A custodian is entitled to reimbursement from custodial property for reasonable expenses incurred in the performance of the custodian's duties.B. A custodian, other than one who is a transferor under § 64.2-1903, has a noncumulative election during each calendar year to charge reasonable compensation for services performed during that year.C. Except upon petition as provided in subsection F of § 64.2-1917, a custodian need not give a bond.1988, c. 516, § 31-51; 2012, c. 614.