reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
AL Code § 31-2A-36 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-36 - (Article 36.) Governor or the Adjutant General May Prescribe Rules

Section 31-2A-36(Article 36.) Governor or the Adjutant General may prescribe rules  Pretrial, trial, and post-trial procedures, including modes of proof, for court-martial cases arising under this code, and for courts of inquiry, may be prescribed by the Governor or the Adjutant General by rules, or as otherwise provided by law, which shall apply the principles of law and the rules of evidence generally recognized in military criminal cases in the courts of the Armed Forces but which may not be contrary to or inconsistent with this code. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-37 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-37 - (Article 37.) Unlawfully Influencing Action of Court.

Section 31-2A-37(Article 37.) Unlawfully influencing action of court. (a) No authority convening a general, special, or summary court-martial, nor any other commanding officer, or officer serving on the staff thereof, may censure, reprimand, or admonish the court or any member, the military judge, or counsel thereof, with respect to the findings or sentence adjudged by the court or with respect to any other exercise of its or their functions in the conduct of the proceedings. No person subject to this code may attempt to coerce or, by any unauthorized means, influence the action of a court-martial or court of inquiry or any member thereof, in reaching the findings or sentence in any case, or the action of any convening, approving, or reviewing authority with respect to its judicial acts. This subsection shall not apply to either of the following: (1) General instructional or informational courses in military justice if such courses are designed solely for the purpose of instructing members of a command in the substantive and procedural aspects of courts-martial. (2) Statements and instructions given in open court by the military judge, summary court-martial officer, or counsel. (b) In the preparation of an effectiveness, fitness, or efficiency report, or any other report or document used in whole or in part for the purpose of determining whether a member of the state military forces is qualified to be advanced in grade, or in determining the assignment or transfer of a member of the state military forces, or in determining whether a member of the state military forces should be retained on active status, no person subject to this code, in preparing any report, may do either of the following: (1) Consider or evaluate the performance of duty of any such member as a member of a court-martial or witness therein. (2) Give a less favorable rating or evaluation of any counsel of the accused because of zealous representation before a court-martial. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-38 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-38 - (Article 38.) Duties of Trial Counsel and Defense Counsel.

Section 31-2A-38(Article 38.) Duties of trial counsel and defense counsel.  (a) The trial counsel of a general or special court-martial shall prosecute in the name of the state, and, under the direction of the court, shall prepare the record of the proceedings. (b)(1) The accused has the right to be represented in defense before a general or special court-martial or at an investigation under Section 31-2A-32 (Article 32) as provided in this subsection. (2) The accused may be represented by civilian counsel at the provision and expense of the accused. (3) The accused may be represented by either of the following: a. By military counsel detailed under Section 31-2A-27 (Article 27). b. By military counsel of the accused's own selection if that counsel is reasonably available as determined under subdivision (7). (4) If the accused is represented by civilian counsel, military counsel detailed or selected under subdivision (3) shall act as associate counsel unless excused at the request of the accused. (5) Except as provided under subdivision (6), if the accused is represented by military counsel of his or her own selection under paragraph (3)b., any military counsel detailed under paragraph (3)a. shall be excused. (6) The accused is not entitled to be represented by more than one military counsel. However, the person authorized under rules prescribed under Section 31-2A-27 (Article 27) to detail counsel, in that person's sole discretion: a. May detail additional military counsel as assistant defense counsel. b. If the accused is represented by military counsel of the accused's own selection under paragraph (3)b., may approve a request from the accused that military counsel detailed under paragraph (3)a. act as associate defense counsel. (7) The senior force judge advocate of the same force of which the accused is a member, shall determine whether the military counsel selected by an accused is reasonably available. (c) In any court-martial proceeding resulting in a conviction, the defense counsel may do any of the following: (1) Forward for attachment to the record of proceedings a brief of such matters as counsel determines should be considered in behalf of the accused on review, including any objection to the contents of the record which counsel considers appropriate. (2) Assist the accused in the submission of any matter under Section 31-2A-60 (Article 60). (3) Take other action authorized by this code. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-39 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-39 - (Article 39.) Sessions.

Section 31-2A-39(Article 39.) Sessions.  (a) At any time after the service of charges which have been referred for trial to a court-martial composed of a military judge and members, the military judge, subject to Section 31-2A-35 (Article 35), may call the court into session without the presence of the members for the purpose of: (1) Hearing and determining motions raising defenses or objections which are capable of determination without trial of the issues raised by a plea of not guilty. (2) Hearing and ruling upon any matter which may be ruled upon by the military judge under this code, whether or not the matter is appropriate for later consideration or decision by the members of the court. (3) Holding the arraignment and receiving the pleas of the accused. (4) Performing any other procedural function which does not require the presence of the members of the court under this code. These proceedings shall be conducted in the presence of the accused, the defense counsel, and the trial counsel and shall be made a part of the record. These proceedings may be conducted notwithstanding the number of court members and without regard to Section 31-2A-29 (Article 29). (b) When the members of a court-martial deliberate or vote, only the members may be present. All other proceedings, including any other consultation of the members of the court with counsel or the military judge, shall be made a part of the record and shall be in the presence of the accused, the defense counsel, the trial counsel, and the military judge. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-40 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-40 - (Article 40.) Continuances.

Section 31-2A-40(Article 40.) Continuances.  The military judge of a court-martial or the summary court-martial officer, for reasonable cause, may grant a continuance to any party for such time, and as often, as may appear to be just. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-41 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-41 - (Article 41.) Challenges.

Section 31-2A-41(Article 41.) Challenges.  (a) Challenges For Cause. (1) The military judge and members of a general or special court-martial may be challenged by the accused or the trial counsel for cause stated to the court. The military judge or the court shall determine the relevancy and validity of challenges for cause and may not receive a challenge to more than one person at a time. Challenges by the trial counsel shall ordinarily be presented and decided before those by the accused are offered. (2) If exercise of a challenge for cause reduces the court below the minimum number of members required by Section 31-2A-16 (Article 16), all parties, notwithstanding Section 31-2A-29 (Article 29), shall either exercise or waive any challenge for cause then apparent against the remaining members of the court before additional members are detailed to the court. However, peremptory challenges shall not be exercised at that time. (b) Peremptory Challenges. (1) Each accused and the trial counsel are entitled initially to one peremptory challenge of members of the court. The military judge may not be challenged except for cause. (2) If exercise of a peremptory challenge reduces the court below the minimum number of members required by Section 31-2A-16 (Article 16), the parties, notwithstanding Section 31-2A-29 (Article 29), shall either exercise or waive any remaining peremptory challenge, not previously waived, against the remaining members of the court before additional members are detailed to the court. (3) Whenever additional members are detailed to the court, and after any challenges for cause against such additional members are presented and decided, each accused and the trial counsel are entitled to one peremptory challenge against members not previously subject to peremptory challenge. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-42 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-42 - (Article 42.) Oaths or Affirmations.

Section 31-2A-42(Article 42.) Oaths or affirmations.  (a) Before performing their respective duties, military judges, general and special courts-martial members, trial counsel, defense counsel, reporters, and interpreters shall take an oath or affirmation in the presence of the accused to perform their duties faithfully. The form of the oath or affirmation, the time and place of the taking of the oath, the manner of recording the oath, and whether the oath or affirmation shall be taken for all cases in which these duties are to be performed or for a particular case, shall be as prescribed in regulation or as provided by law. These regulations may provide that an oath or affirmation to perform faithfully the duties as a military judge, trial counsel, or defense counsel may be taken at any time by any judge advocate or other person certified or designated to be qualified or competent for the duty, and if such an oath or affirmation is taken, it need not again be taken at the time the judge advocate or other person is detailed to that duty. (b) Each witness before a court-martial shall be examined under oath or affirmation. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-43 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-43 - (Article 43.) Statute of Limitations.

Section 31-2A-43(Article 43.) Statute of limitations.  (a) Except as otherwise provided in this article, a person charged with any offense is not liable to be tried by courts-martial or punished under Section 31-2A-15 (Article 15) if the offense was committed more than 12 months before the receipt of sworn charges and specifications by an officer exercising court-martial jurisdiction over the command or before the imposition of punishment under Section 31-2A-15 (Article 15). (b) Periods in which the accused is absent without authority or fleeing from justice shall be excluded in computing the period of limitation prescribed in this article. (c) Periods in which the accused was absent from territory in which the state has the authority to apprehend him or her, or in the custody of civil authorities, or in the hands of the enemy, shall be excluded in computing the period of limitation prescribed in this article. (d) When the United States is at war, the running of any statute of limitations applicable to any offense under this code is suspended until two years after the termination of hostilities as proclaimed by the President or by a joint resolution of Congress if the offense: (1) Involves fraud or attempted fraud against the United States, any state, or any agency of either in any manner, whether by conspiracy or not. (2) Is committed in connection with the acquisition, care, handling, custody, control, or disposition of any real or personal property of the United States or any state. (3) Is committed in connection with the negotiation, procurement, award, performance, payment, interim financing, cancellation, or other termination or settlement, of any contract, subcontract, or purchase order which is connected with or related to the prosecution of the war, or with any disposition of termination inventory by any war contractor or government agency. (e)(1) If charges or specifications are dismissed as defective or insufficient for any cause and the period prescribed by the applicable statute of limitations has expired or will expire within 180 days after the date of dismissal of the charges and specifications, trial and punishment under new charges and specifications are not barred by the statute of limitations if the conditions specified in subdivision (2) are met. (2) The conditions referred to in subdivision (1) are that the new charges and specifications shall: a. Be received by an officer exercising summary court-martial jurisdiction over the command within 180 days after the dismissal of the charges or specifications. b. Allege the same acts or omissions that were alleged in the dismissed charges or specifications, or allege acts or omissions that were included in the dismissed charges or specifications. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-44 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-44 - (Article 44.) Former Jeopardy.

Section 31-2A-44(Article 44.) Former jeopardy.  (a) No person, without his or her consent, may be tried a second time for the same offense. (b) No proceeding in which an accused has been found guilty by a court-martial upon any charge or specification is a trial pursuant to this article until the finding of guilty has become final after review of the case has been fully completed. (c) A proceeding which, after the introduction of evidence but before a finding, is dismissed or terminated by the convening authority or on motion of the prosecution for failure of available evidence or witnesses without any fault of the accused is a trial in the sense of this article. (d) Any offense adjudicated under Chapter 47 of Title 10, U.S.C., shall be barred from prosecution under this code. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-45 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-45 - (Article 45.) Pleas of the Accused.

Section 31-2A-45(Article 45.) Pleas of the accused.  (a) If an accused after arraignment makes an irregular pleading, or after a plea of guilty sets up matter inconsistent with the plea, or if it appears that the accused has entered the plea of guilty improvidently or through lack of understanding of its meaning and effect, or if the accused fails or refuses to plead, a plea of not guilty shall be entered in the record, and the court shall proceed as though the accused had pleaded not guilty. (b) With respect to any charge or specification to which a plea of guilty has been made by the accused and accepted by the military judge or by a court-martial without a military judge, a finding of guilty of the charge or specification may be entered immediately without vote. This finding shall constitute the finding of the court unless the plea of guilty is withdrawn prior to announcement of the sentence, in which event, the proceedings shall continue as though the accused had pleaded not guilty. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-46 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-46 - (Article 46.) Opportunity to Obtain Witnesses and Other Evidence; Subpoena.

Section 31-2A-46(Article 46.) Opportunity to obtain witnesses and other evidence; subpoena. The trial counsel, the defense counsel, and the court-martial shall have equal opportunity to obtain witnesses and other evidence as prescribed by regulations and provided by law. Process issued in court-martial cases to compel witnesses to appear and testify and to compel the production of other evidence shall apply the principles of law and the rules of courts-martial generally recognized in military criminal cases in the courts of the Armed Forces of the United States, but which may not be contrary to or inconsistent with this code. Process shall run to any part of the United States, or the territories, commonwealths, and possessions, and may be executed by civil officers as prescribed by the laws of the place where the witness or evidence is located or outside of the United States. A court-martial convened under this code may subpoena and compel the presence of witnesses and the production of documents in the same manner as a circuit court in a criminal case. Such subpoena, however, shall be signed and issued by the military judge and shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 21 of Title 12. Any reference therein to the issuance of process by a clerk of court shall not apply in a court-martial proceeding. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1; Act 2017-260, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-47 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-47 - (Article 47.) Refusal to Appear or Testify.

Section 31-2A-47(Article 47.) Refusal to appear or testify. (a) Any person not subject to this code who does all of the following may be punished by the military court in the same manner as a criminal court of the state: (1) Has been duly subpoenaed to appear as a witness or to produce books and records before a court-martial or court of inquiry, or before any military or civil officer designated to take a deposition to be read in evidence before such a court. (2) Has been duly paid or tendered the fees and mileage of a witness at the rates allowed to witnesses attending a criminal court of the state. (3) Willfully neglects or refuses to appear, or refuses to qualify as a witness or to testify or to produce any evidence which that person may have been legally subpoenaed to produce. (b) The fees and mileage of witnesses shall be advanced or paid out of the appropriations for the compensation of witnesses. (c) At the request of the military judge or the convening authority and upon receipt of proof that a person not subject to this code has refused to appear or testify or produce evidence as set forth in subsection (a), the circuit court of the county where the court-martial has been convened, upon application, shall institute criminal contempt proceedings against such person under the provisions of Rule 33, et seq., of the Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1; Act 2017-260, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-48 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-48 - (Article 48.) Contempt.

Section 31-2A-48(Article 48.) Contempt.   A military judge or summary court-martial officer may punish for contempt any person who uses any menacing word, sign, or gesture in its presence, or who disturbs its proceedings by any riot or disorder. A person subject to this code may be punished for contempt by confinement not to exceed five days or a fine of one hundred dollars ($100), or both. A person not subject to this code may be punished for contempt by a military court in the same manner as a criminal court of the state. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-49 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-49 - (Article 49.) Depositions.

Section 31-2A-49(Article 49.) Depositions.  (a) At any time after charges have been signed as provided in Section 31-2A-30 (Article 30), any party may take oral or written depositions unless the military judge or summary court-martial officer hearing the case or, if the case is not being heard, an authority competent to convene a court-martial for the trial of those charges forbids it for good cause. (b) The party at whose instance a deposition is to be taken shall give to every other party reasonable written notice of the time and place for taking the deposition. (c) Depositions may be taken before and authenticated by any military or civil officer authorized by the laws of the state or by the laws of the place where the deposition is taken to administer oaths. (d) A duly authenticated deposition taken upon reasonable notice to the other parties, so far as otherwise admissible under the rules of evidence, may be read in evidence or, in the case of audiotape, videotape, digital image or file, or similar material, may be played in evidence before any military court, if any one of the following occurs: (1) The witness resides or is beyond the state in which the court is ordered to sit, or beyond 100 miles from the place of trial or hearing. (2) The witness by reason of death, age, sickness, bodily infirmity, imprisonment, military necessity, nonamenability to process, or other reasonable cause, is unable or refuses to appear and testify in person at the place of trial or hearing. (3) The present location of the witness is unknown. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)
AL Code § 31-2A-50 (2021)
2021 Code of Alabama|Title 31 - Military Affairs and Civil Defense.|Chapter 2A - Military Justice.|Part VII - Trial Procedure.|Section 31-2A-50 - (Article 50.) Admissibility of Records of Courts of Inquiry.

Section 31-2A-50(Article 50.) Admissibility of records of courts of inquiry. (a) In any case not extending to the dismissal of a commissioned officer, the sworn testimony, contained in the duly authenticated record of proceedings of a court of inquiry, of a person whose oral testimony cannot be obtained, if otherwise admissible under the rules of evidence, may be read in evidence by any party before a court-martial if the accused was a party before the court of inquiry and if the same issue was involved or if the accused consents to the introduction of such evidence. (b) Such testimony may be read in evidence only by the defense in cases extending to the dismissal of a commissioned officer. (c) Such testimony may also be read in evidence before a court of inquiry. (Act 2012-334, p. 790, §1.)