reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 8.01-216.13 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-216.13. Civil investigative demands; service and jurisdiction

Any civil investigative demand issued under this article may be served by an investigator, or by any person authorized to serve process on individuals in the Commonwealth.Any such demand or any petition filed under this article may be served upon any person who is not found within Virginia in such manner as the Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia or the Code of Virginia prescribe for service of process outside Virginia. To the extent that the courts of this Commonwealth can assert jurisdiction over any such person consistent with due process, the courts of this Commonwealth shall have the same jurisdiction to take any action respecting compliance with the provisions of this article by any such person that the court would have if such person were personally within the jurisdiction of the court.Service of any civil investigative demand issued under this article or of any petition filed under this article may be made upon a partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity by (i) delivering an executed copy of such demand or petition to any partner, executive officer, managing agent, or general agent of the partnership, corporation, association, or entity, or to any agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process on behalf of such partnership, corporation, association, or entity; (ii) delivering an executed copy of such demand or petition to the principal office or place of business of the partnership, corporation, association, or entity; or (iii) depositing an executed copy of such demand or petition in the United States mail by registered or certified mail, with a return receipt requested, addressed to such partnership, corporation, association, or entity at its principal office or place of business.Service of any such demand or petition may be made upon any natural person by (i) delivering an executed copy of such demand or petition to the person, or (ii) depositing an executed copy of such demand or petition in the United States mail by registered or certified mail, with a return receipt requested, addressed to the person at the person's residence or principal office or place of business.A verified return by the individual serving any civil investigative demand issued under this article or any petition filed under this article setting forth the manner of such service shall be proof of service. In the case of service by registered or certified mail, such return shall be accompanied by the return post office receipt of delivery of such demand.2002, c. 842.
VA Code § 8.01-216.14 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-216.14. Civil investigative demands; documentary material

The production of documentary material in response to a civil investigative demand served under this article shall be made under a sworn certificate, in such form as the demand designates, by (i) in the case of a natural person, the person to whom the demand is directed, or (ii) in the case of a person other than a natural person, a person having knowledge of the facts and circumstances relating to such production and authorized to act on behalf of such person. The certificate shall state that all of the documentary material required by the demand and in the possession, custody, or control of the person to whom the demand is directed has been produced and made available to the investigator identified in the demand.Any person upon whom any civil investigative demand for the production of documentary material has been served shall make such material available for inspection and copying to the investigator identified in such demand at the principal place of business of such person, or at such other place as the investigator and the person thereafter may agree and prescribe in writing, or as the court may direct. Such material shall be made available on the return date specified in such demand, or on such later date as the investigator may prescribe in writing. Such person may, upon written agreement between the person and the investigator, substitute copies for originals of all or any part of such material.2002, c. 842.
VA Code § 8.01-216.15 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-216.15. Civil investigative demands; interrogatories

Each inquiry in a civil investigative demand served under this article shall be answered separately and fully in writing under oath and shall be submitted under a sworn certificate, in such form as the demand designates, by (i) in the case of a natural person, the person to whom the demand is directed, or (ii) in the case of a person other than a natural person, the person or persons responsible for answering each inquiry. If any inquiry is objected to, the reasons for the objection shall be stated in the certificate instead of an answer. The certificate shall state that all information required by the demand and in the possession, custody, control, or knowledge of the person to whom the demand is directed has been submitted. To the extent that any information is not furnished, the information shall be identified and reasons set forth with particularity regarding the reasons why the information was not furnished.2002, c. 842.
VA Code § 8.01-216.19 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-216.19. Application of the Rules of the Supreme Court

The Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia shall apply to all proceedings under this article, except when those Rules are inconsistent with this article.2002, c. 842.
VA Code § 8.01-218 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-218. Replevin abolished

No action of replevin shall be hereafter brought.Code 1950, § 8-647; 1977, c. 617.
VA Code § 8.01-219 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-219. Effect of judgment in trover

A judgment for the plaintiff in an action of trover shall not operate to transfer the title to the property converted unless and until such judgment has been satisfied.Code 1950, § 8-648; 1977, c. 617.
VA Code § 8.01-219.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-219.1. Responsibility of possessor of real property for harm to trespasser

A. A possessor of real property, including an owner, lessee, or other lawful occupant, owes no duty of care to a trespasser except in those circumstances where a common-law right of action, statutory right of action, or judicial exception existed as of July 1, 2013.B. This section does not affect any immunities from or defenses to liability established by another section of the Code or available at common law to which a possessor of real property may be entitled.2013, c. 217.
VA Code § 8.01-220 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-220. Action for alienation of affection, breach of promise, criminal conversation and seduction abolished

A. Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, no civil action shall lie or be maintained in this Commonwealth for alienation of affection, breach of promise to marry, or criminal conversation upon which a cause of action arose or occurred on or after June 28, 1968.B. No civil action for seduction shall lie or be maintained where the cause of action arose or accrued on or after July 1, 1974.Code 1950, § 20-37.2; 1968, c. 716; 1974, c. 606; 1977, c. 617.
VA Code § 8.01-220.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-220.1. Defense of interspousal immunity abolished as to certain causes of action arising on or after July 1, 1981

The common-law defense of interspousal immunity in tort is abolished and shall not constitute a valid defense to any such cause of action arising on or after July 1, 1981.1981, c. 451.
VA Code § 8.01-220.1:1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-220.1:1. Civil immunity for officers, partners, members, managers, trustees and directors of certain tax exempt organizations

A. Directors, partners, members, managers, trustees and officers of organizations exempt from income taxation under § 501(c) or § 528 of the Internal Revenue Code who serve without compensation shall be immune from civil liability for acts taken in their capacities as officers, partners, members, managers, trustees or directors of such organizations.B. In any proceeding against a director, partner, member, manager, trustee or officer of an organization exempt from income taxation under § 501(c) or § 528 of the Internal Revenue Code who receives compensation, the damages assessed for acts taken in his capacity as an officer, partner, member, manager, trustee or director and arising out of a single transaction, occurrence or course of conduct shall not exceed the amount of compensation received by the officer, partner, member, manager, trustee or director during the 12 months immediately preceding the act or omission for which liability was imposed. As used herein "compensation" shall mean payment for services over and above per diem and expenses.C. The liability of an officer, partner, member, manager, trustee or director shall not be limited as provided in this section if the officer, partner, member, manager, trustee or director engaged in willful misconduct or a knowing violation of the criminal law or if liability derives from the operation of a motor vehicle, or from the violation of a fiduciary obligation imposed during the period of declarant control by § 55.1-1943.D. The immunity provided by this section shall survive any termination, cancellation, or other discontinuance of the organization.1987, c. 637; 1988, c. 566; 2005, c. 255; 2011, cc. 693, 704.
VA Code § 8.01-220.1:2 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-220.1:2. Civil immunity for teachers under certain circumstances

A. Any teacher employed by a local school board in the Commonwealth shall not be liable for any civil damages for any acts or omissions resulting from the supervision, care or discipline of students when such acts or omissions are within such teacher's scope of employment and are taken in good faith in the course of supervision, care or discipline of students, unless such acts or omissions were the result of gross negligence or willful misconduct.B. No school employee or school volunteer shall be liable for any civil damages arising from the prompt good faith reporting of alleged acts of bullying or crimes against others to the appropriate school official in compliance with §§ 22.1-279.6 and 22.1-291.4 and specified procedures.C. This section shall not be construed to limit, withdraw, or overturn any defense or immunity already existing in statutory or common law, to affect any claim occurring prior to the effective date of this law, or to prohibit any person subject to bullying or a criminal act from seeking redress under any other provision of law.1997, cc. 349, 879; 2005, c. 462; 2013, c. 575.
VA Code § 8.01-220.1:3 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-220.1:3. Immunity for members of church, synagogue or religious body

No member of any church, synagogue or religious body shall be liable in tort or contract for the actions of any officer, employee, leader, or other member of such church, synagogue or religious body solely because of his membership in such church, synagogue or religious body. Nothing in this section shall prevent any person from being held liable for his own actions.1997, c. 480.
VA Code § 8.01-220.1:4 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-220.1:4. Civil immunity for officers and directors of certain nonprofit organizations

A. Directors and officers of any entity created to ensure the implementation in the Commonwealth of a national tobacco trust established to provide payments to tobacco growers and tobacco quota owners to ameliorate adverse economic consequences resulting from a national settlement of states' claims against tobacco manufacturers shall be immune from civil liability for acts taken in their capacities as officers or directors of such entities.B. The liability of an officer or director shall not be limited as provided in this section if the officer or director was grossly negligent or engaged in willful misconduct or a knowing violation of the criminal law.2000, c. 1048.
VA Code § 8.01-220.1:5 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-220.1:5. Defense of intra-family immunity abolished for wrongful death actions

In any action for death by wrongful act under § 8.01-50, the common-law defense of intra-family immunity is abolished and shall not constitute a valid defense as to any such cause of action that arises on or after July 1, 2020.2020, c. 906.
VA Code § 8.01-220.2 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-220.2. Spousal liability for medical care

Each spouse shall be jointly and severally liable for all emergency medical care furnished to the other spouse by a physician licensed to practice medicine in the Commonwealth or by a hospital located in the Commonwealth, including all follow-up inpatient care provided during the initial emergency admission to any such hospital, which is furnished while the spouses are living together. For the purposes of this section, emergency medical care shall mean any care the physician or other health care professional deems necessary to preserve the patient's life or health and which, if not rendered timely, can be reasonably anticipated to adversely affect the patient's recovery or imperil his life or health.Any lien arising out of a judgment under this section against the judgment debtor's principal residence held as tenants by the entireties shall not be enforced unless the residence is refinanced or is transferred to a new owner.1984, c. 482; 2009, c. 797; 2016, c. 240.
VA Code § 8.01-221 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-221. Damages from violation of statute, remedy therefor and penalty

Any person injured by the violation of any statute may recover from the offender such damages as he may sustain by reason of the violation, even though a penalty or forfeiture for such violation be thereby imposed, unless such penalty or forfeiture be expressly mentioned to be in lieu of such damages. And the damages so sustained together with any penalty or forfeiture imposed for the violation of the statute may be recovered in a single action when the same person is entitled to both damages and penalty; but nothing herein contained shall affect the existing statutes of limitation applicable to the foregoing causes of action respectively.Code 1950, § 8-652; 1954, c. 333; 1977, c. 617.
VA Code § 8.01-221.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-221.1. Unestablished business damages; lost profits

Damages for lost profits of a new or unestablished business may be recoverable upon proper proof. A party shall not be deemed to have failed to prove lost profits because the new or unestablished business has no history of profits. Such damages for a new or unestablished business shall not be recoverable in wrongful death or personal injury actions other than actions for defamation.2002, c. 624.
VA Code § 8.01-221.2 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-221.2. Rescission; undue influence; attorney fees

In any civil action to rescind a deed, contract, or other instrument, the court may award to the plaintiff reasonable attorney fees and costs associated with bringing such action where the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that the deed, contract, or other instrument was obtained by fraud or undue influence on the part of the defendant.2014, c. 164.
VA Code § 8.01-223 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-223. Lack of privity no defense in certain cases

In cases not provided for in § 8.2-318 where recovery of damages for injury to person, including death, or to property resulting from negligence is sought, lack of privity between the parties shall be no defense.Code 1950, § 8-654.4; 1966, c. 439; 1977, c. 617.
VA Code § 8.01-223.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-223.1. Use of constitutional rights

In any civil action, the exercise by a party of any constitutional protection shall not be used against him, except that in any civil proceeding for spousal support, custody, or visitation under Title 16.1 or any civil action for divorce or separate maintenance under Title 20 filed on or after July 1, 2020, if a party or witness refuses to answer a question about conduct described in subdivision A (1) of § 20-91 or in § 18.2-365 on the ground that the testimony might be self-incriminating, the trier of fact may draw an adverse inference from such refusal.1985, c. 192; 2020, c. 1062.
VA Code § 8.01-223.2 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-223.2. Immunity of persons for statements made at public hearing or communicated to third party

A. A person shall be immune from civil liability for a violation of § 18.2-499, a claim of tortious interference with an existing contract or a business or contractual expectancy, or a claim of defamation based solely on statements (i) regarding matters of public concern that would be protected under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution made by that person that are communicated to a third party or (ii) made at a public hearing before the governing body of any locality or other political subdivision, or the boards, commissions, agencies and authorities thereof, and other governing bodies of any local governmental entity concerning matters properly before such body. The immunity provided by this section shall not apply to any statements made with actual or constructive knowledge that they are false or with reckless disregard for whether they are false.B. Any person who has a suit against him dismissed or a witness subpoena or subpoena duces tecum quashed pursuant to the immunity provided by this section may be awarded reasonable attorney fees and costs.2007, c. 798; 2016, c. 239; 2017, cc. 586, 597; 2020, c. 824.
VA Code § 8.01-224 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-224. Defense of governmental immunity not available to certain persons in actions for damages from blasting, etc.

The defense of governmental immunity shall not be available to any person, firm or corporation in any cause of action for damages to the property of others proximately or directly resulting from blasting or the use of explosives in the performance of work for or on behalf of any governmental agency.Code 1950, § 8-654.5; 1970, c. 642; 1977, c. 617.
VA Code § 8.01-225.01 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-225.01. Certain immunity for health care providers during disasters under specific circumstances

A. In the absence of gross negligence or willful misconduct, any health care provider who responds to a disaster by delivering health care to persons injured in such disaster shall be immune from civil liability for any injury or wrongful death arising from abandonment by such health care provider of any person to whom such health care provider owes a duty to provide health care when (i) a state or local emergency has been or is subsequently declared; and (ii) the provider was unable to provide the requisite health care to the person to whom he owed such duty of care as a result of the provider's voluntary or mandatory response to the relevant disaster.B. In the absence of gross negligence or willful misconduct, any hospital or other entity credentialing health care providers to deliver health care in response to a disaster shall be immune from civil liability for any cause of action arising out of such credentialing or granting of practice privileges if (i) a state or local emergency has been or is subsequently declared and (ii) the hospital has followed procedures for such credentialing and granting of practice privileges that are consistent with the applicable standards of an approved national accrediting organization for granting emergency practice privileges.C. For the purposes of this section:"Approved national accrediting organization" means an organization granted authority by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to ensure compliance with Medicare conditions of participation pursuant to § 1865 of Title XVIII of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. § 1395bb)."Disaster" means any "disaster," "emergency," or "major disaster" as those terms are used and defined in § 44-146.16; and"Health care provider" means those professions defined as such in § 8.01-581.1.D. The immunity provided by this section shall be in addition to, and shall not be in lieu of, any immunities provided in other state or federal law, including, but not limited to, §§ 8.01-225 and 44-146.23.2003, c. 507; 2008, cc. 121, 157; 2014, c. 320.
VA Code § 8.01-225.02 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.01 - Civil Remedies and Procedure|Chapter 3 - Actions|§ 8.01-225.02. Certain liability protection for health care providers during disasters

A. In the absence of gross negligence or willful misconduct, any health care provider who responds to a disaster shall not be liable for any injury or wrongful death of any person arising from the delivery or withholding of health care when (i) a state or local emergency has been or is subsequently declared in response to such disaster, and (ii) the emergency and subsequent conditions caused a lack of resources, attributable to the disaster, rendering the health care provider unable to provide the level or manner of care that otherwise would have been required in the absence of the emergency and which resulted in the injury or wrongful death at issue.B. For purposes of this section:"Disaster" means any "disaster," "emergency," or "major disaster" as those terms are used and defined in § 44-146.16; and"Health care provider" has the same definition as provided in § 8.01-581.1.2008, cc. 121, 157.