reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
WI Stat § 623.02 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 623 - Insurance — accounting and reserves.|623.02 - Standards for accounting rules.

623.02  Standards for accounting rules. When promulgating accounting rules, the commissioner shall consider recommendations made by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, generally accepted accounting principles both in the insurance industry and outside it, the requirements of the law and the needs of regulation, including detection of insolvency, and the needs for information of insureds, investors, and the public.History:  1973 c. 293.NOTE:  The bill that created ss. 623.02 to 623.04 and s. 623.21, 1973 SB 174, contained extensive explanatory notes that may be found in the bill drafting file in the Legislative Reference Bureau for Chapter 293, laws of 1973.
WI Stat § 623.03 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 623 - Insurance — accounting and reserves.|623.03 - Valuation of assets.

623.03  Valuation of assets. The commissioner shall promulgate rules for the valuation of assets to be reported on the statements submitted under s. 601.42 (1g) (a) as well as for other purposes. The commissioner may specify that certain classes of assets shall be valued at zero or given a nominal value, and when necessary to achieve the purposes of this section may specify different bases of valuation for different purposes.History:  1973 c. 293; 1979 c. 102 s. 236 (7); 1987 a. 247.
WI Stat § 623.04 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 623 - Insurance — accounting and reserves.|623.04 - Valuation of liabilities.

623.04  Valuation of liabilities. The commissioner shall promulgate rules specifying the liabilities required to be reported by insurers in the financial statements submitted under s. 601.42 (1g) (a) and the methods of valuing them. In the case of life insurance such methods shall be consistent with s. 623.06.History:  1973 c. 293; 1977 c. 153 s. 6; 1977 c. 339 s. 44; 1987 a. 247.
WI Stat § 623.12 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 623 - Insurance — accounting and reserves.|623.12 - Amount of security surplus.

623.12  Amount of security surplus. The security surplus shall be set by the commissioner between 110 percent and 140 percent of the compulsory surplus. In setting the figure the commissioner may consider such factors as the size of the insurer, its recent experience, the volatility of the lines of insurance in which it engages and any other relevant factors.History:  1971 c. 260.
WI Stat § 623.15 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 623 - Insurance — accounting and reserves.|623.15 - Fraternal rates and reserves.

623.15  Fraternal rates and reserves. (1) Nonreserve fraternals. (a) In this subsection, “owner" means the owner of a policy or certificate issued by a fraternal in accordance with s. 614.10.(b) A fraternal may be organized for the transaction of business on a plan set forth in the contract which provides for sufficient contributions by each owner in each year to pay the owner's share of the actual death claims of the year through advance payments graded according to any mortality table approved by the commissioner, without any reserve, or with such reserve as may accumulate from overpayments of individual owners, in which case each owner shall each year be informed of the owner's credit and of the cost of the owner's insurance. (2)  Rates. Every fraternal shall collect regular premiums for each coverage it provides at adequate rates that are approved by the commissioner or conform to standards set in rules promulgated by the commissioner. (3)  Reserves. The reserves of a fraternal are subject to the same requirements as those of ch. 611 insurers writing the same coverages except that the commissioner may authorize the use of suitable fraternal mortality tables or other appropriate tables instead of the tables used by ch. 611 insurers.History:  1975 c. 373, 421; 1989 a. 336; 1997 a. 177.Legislative Council Note, 1975: Sub. (1) continues s. 208.18 with a change from a specified mortality table to one approved by the commissioner. A nonreserve society can be perfectly sound actuarially and should be permitted if it is. The natural premium basis contemplated by this section is sound but not very attractive in the market.Sub. (2) continues in simplified form the provisions of s. 208.15 (1) and (2).Sub. (3) much simplifies ss. 208.09 (2) (b) and (c) and 208.15 (4) and (5). [Bill 643-S]
WI Stat § 623.21 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 623 - Insurance — accounting and reserves.|623.21 - Adjustment of reserves.

623.21  Adjustment of reserves. The commissioner may order an insurer to adjust its reserves if they do not bear an appropriate relationship to its obligations.History:  1973 c. 293.
WI Stat § 623.34 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 623 - Insurance — accounting and reserves.|623.34 - Accounting for repurchased shares.

623.34  Accounting for repurchased shares. When a corporation acquires its own shares under s. 611.34 or in any other way, the acquired shares shall be accounted for as a deduction from capital and not as assets.History:  1979 c. 102.
WI Stat § 625.01 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.01 - Construction and purposes.

625.01  Construction and purposes. (1) Construction. This chapter shall be liberally construed to achieve the purposes stated in sub. (2), which shall constitute an aid and guide to interpretation but not an independent source of power. (2)  Purposes. The purposes of this chapter are:(a) To protect policyholders and the public against the adverse effects of excessive, inadequate or unfairly discriminatory rates;(b) To encourage, as the most effective way to produce rates that conform to the standards of par. (a), independent action by and reasonable price competition among insurers;(c) To provide formal regulatory controls for use if independent action and price competition fail;(d) To authorize cooperative action among insurers in the rate-making process, and to regulate such cooperation in order to prevent practices that tend to bring about monopoly or to lessen or destroy competition;(e) To encourage the most efficient and economic marketing practices; and(f) To regulate the business of insurance in a manner that will preclude application of federal antitrust laws.
WI Stat § 625.02 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.02 - Definitions.

625.02  Definitions. In this chapter, unless contrary to context: (1) “Market segment" means any line or kind of insurance or, if it is described in general terms, any subdivision thereof or any class of risks or combination of classes. (2) “Rate service organization" means any person, other than an employee of an insurer, who assists insurers in rate making or filing by:(a) Collecting, compiling and furnishing loss or expense statistics;(b) Recommending, making or filing rates or supplementary rate information; or by(c) Advising about rate questions, except as an attorney giving legal advice. (3) “Supplementary rate information" includes any manual or plan of rates, statistical plan, classification, rating schedule, minimum premium, policy fee, rating rule, rate-related underwriting rule and any other information prescribed by rule of the commissioner.History:  1983 a. 189.
WI Stat § 625.03 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.03 - Scope of application.

625.03  Scope of application. (1m) This chapter applies to all kinds and lines of direct insurance written on risks or operations in this state by any insurer authorized to do business in this state, except:(a) Ocean marine insurance;(b) Worker's compensation insurance;(c) Life insurance other than credit life insurance;(d) Variable and fixed annuities; and(e) Group and blanket accident and sickness insurance other than credit accident and sickness insurance. (7) To the extent that ch. 424 is inconsistent with this chapter, ch. 424 shall apply.History:  1973 c. 3; 1975 c. 147 s. 54; 1975 c. 373; 1999 a. 85.Legislative Council Note to sub. (3), 1975: Fraternals should be subjected to rate regulation to the same extent as and no farther than other insurers. [Bill 643-S]
WI Stat § 625.04 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.04 - Exemptions.

625.04  Exemptions. The commissioner may by rule exempt any person or class of persons or any market segment from any or all of the provisions of this chapter, if and to the extent that the commissioner finds their application unnecessary to achieve the purposes of this chapter.History:  1979 c. 102 s. 236 (6).
WI Stat § 625.11 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.11 - Rate standards.

625.11  Rate standards. (1) General. Rates shall not be excessive, inadequate or unfairly discriminatory, nor shall an insurer charge any rate which if continued will have or tend to have the effect of destroying competition or creating a monopoly. (2)  Excessiveness. (a)  Competitive market. Rates are presumed not to be excessive if a reasonable degree of price competition exists at the consumer level with respect to the class of business to which they apply. In determining whether a reasonable degree of price competition exists, the commissioner shall consider all relevant tests including:1. The number of insurers actively engaged in the class of business;2. The existence of rate differentials in that class of business;3. Whether long-run profitability for insurers generally of the class of business is unreasonably high in relation to its riskiness.(b)  Noncompetitive market. If such competition does not exist, rates are excessive if they are likely to produce a long run profit that is unreasonably high in relation to the riskiness of the class of business, or if expenses are unreasonably high in relation to the services rendered. (3)  Inadequacy. Rates are inadequate if they are clearly insufficient, together with the investment income attributable to them, to sustain projected losses and expenses in the class of business to which they apply. (4)  Unfair discrimination. One rate is unfairly discriminatory in relation to another in the same class if it clearly fails to reflect equitably the differences in expected losses and expenses. Rates are not unfairly discriminatory because different premiums result for policyholders with like loss exposures but different expense factors, or like expense factors but different loss exposures, so long as the rates reflect the differences with reasonable accuracy. Rates are not unfairly discriminatory if they are averaged broadly among persons insured under a group, franchise or blanket policy.Read together, ss. 625.11 and 625.22 provide that the insurance commissioner shall disapprove any rate that destroys competition, thus providing a regulatory remedy for rates that constitute restraints of trade and barring private rate-related suits for damages. Prentice v. Minnesota Title Ins. Co. 176 Wis. 2d 714, 500 N.W.2d 658 (1993).There is no active state supervision of the organization established by title insurance companies to set uniform rates for its members and thus no “state-action immunity" for otherwise prohibited price-fixing engaged in by the member title insurers. FTC v. Ticor Title Insurance Co. 504 U.S. 621, 119 L. Ed. 2d 410 (1992).There is no private right of action to enforce sub. (1). NAACP v. American Family Mutual Insurance Co. 978 F.2d 287 (1992).
WI Stat § 625.12 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.12 - Rating methods.

625.12  Rating methods. In determining whether rates comply with the standards under s. 625.11, the following criteria shall be applied: (1)  Basic factors in rates. Due consideration shall be given to all of the following that apply:(a) Past and prospective loss and expense experience within and outside of this state.(b) Catastrophe hazards and contingencies.(c) Trends within and outside of this state.(d) Loadings for leveling premium rates over time or for dividends or savings to be allowed or returned by insurers to their policyholders, members or subscribers.(e) Subject to s. 632.365, all other relevant factors, including the judgment of technical personnel. (2)  Classification. Except as provided in s. 632.729, risks may be classified in any reasonable way for the establishment of rates and minimum premiums, except that no classifications may be based on race, color, creed or national origin, and classifications in automobile insurance may not be based on physical condition or developmental disability as defined in s. 51.01 (5). Subject to ss. 632.365 and 632.729, rates thus produced may be modified for individual risks in accordance with rating plans or schedules that establish reasonable standards for measuring probable variations in hazards, expenses, or both. Rates may also be modified for individual risks under s. 625.13 (2). (3)  Expenses. The expense provisions included in the rates to be used by an insurer may reflect the operating methods of the insurer and, so far as it is credible, its own expense experience. (4)  Profits. The rates may contain an allowance permitting a profit that is not unreasonable in relation to the riskiness of the class of business.History:  1975 c. 275; 1977 c. 418 s. 929 (55); 1979 c. 93; 1991 a. 279; 2019 a. 185.
WI Stat § 625.13 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.13 - Filing of rates and consent to rate.

625.13  Filing of rates and consent to rate. (1) Filing procedure. Except as provided in sub. (2), every authorized insurer and every rate service organization licensed under s. 625.31 which has been designated by any insurer for the filing of rates under s. 625.15 (2) shall file with the commissioner all rates and supplementary rate information and all changes and amendments thereof made by it for use in this state within 30 days after they become effective. (2)  Consent to rate. Upon written application of the insured, stating the insured's reasons therefor, filed with and not disapproved by the commissioner within 10 days after filing, a rate in excess of that provided by a filing otherwise applicable may be applied to any specific risk. The rate may be disapproved without a hearing, subject to s. 601.62 (3). If disapproved, the rate otherwise applicable applies from the effective date of the policy, but the insurer may cancel the policy proportionally on 10 days' notice to the policyholder. If the insurer does not cancel the policy the insurer shall refund any excess premium from the effective date of the policy.History:  1979 c. 93, 177; 1983 a. 36.Legislative Council Note, 1979: This amendment to sub. (2) legitimizes a practice that is virtually universal throughout the country. Although it was not specifically provided for in ch. 625, the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance has assumed that ch. 625 intended to continue it and has accepted and handled “consent to rate" filings much as it did prior to the enactment of ch. 625. Adoption of the amendment makes it clear that the department practice is appropriate. [Bill 20-S]
WI Stat § 625.14 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.14 - Filings open to inspection.

625.14  Filings open to inspection. Each filing and any supporting information filed under this chapter shall, as soon as filed, be open to public inspection at any reasonable time. Copies may be obtained by any person on request and upon payment of a reasonable charge therefor.
WI Stat § 625.15 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.15 - Delegation of rate making and rate filing obligation.

625.15  Delegation of rate making and rate filing obligation. (1) Rate making. An insurer may itself establish rates and supplementary rate information for one or more market segments based on the factors in s. 625.12 and, if the rates are for motor vehicle liability insurance, subject to s. 632.365, or the insurer may use rates and supplementary rate information prepared by a rate service organization, with average expense factors determined by the rate service organization or with such modification for its own expense and loss experience as the credibility of that experience allows. (2)  Rate filing. An insurer may discharge its obligation under s. 625.13 (1) by giving notice to the commissioner that it uses rates and supplementary rate information prepared by a designated rate service organization, with such information about modifications thereof as is necessary fully to inform the commissioner. The insurer's rates and supplementary rate information shall be those filed from time to time by the rate service organization, including any amendments thereto as filed, subject, however, to the modifications filed by the insurer.History:  1979 c. 177 s. 85; 1991 a. 279.
WI Stat § 625.16 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.16 - Loss ratios for certain disability policies.

625.16  Loss ratios for certain disability policies. The commissioner may by rule establish reasonable minimum standards for loss ratios of medicare supplement policies, medicare replacement policies and long-term care insurance policies. The standards shall be based on incurred claims experience and earned premiums and be in accord with accepted actuarial principles so that benefits will be reasonable in relation to the premiums charged.History:  1981 c. 82; 1985 a. 29; 1989 a. 31.
WI Stat § 625.21 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.21 - Delaying effect of rates.

625.21  Delaying effect of rates. (1) Rule instituting delayed effect. If the commissioner finds that competition is not an effective regulator of the rates charged or that a substantial number of companies are competing irresponsibly through the rates charged, or that there are widespread violations of this chapter, in any kind or line of insurance or subdivision thereof or in any rating class or rating territory, he or she may promulgate a rule requiring that in the kind or line of insurance or subdivision thereof or rating class or rating territory comprehended by the finding any subsequent changes in the rates or supplementary rate information be filed with the commissioner at least 15 days before they become effective. The commissioner may extend the waiting period for not to exceed 15 additional days by written notice to the filer before the first 15-day period expires. (2)  Supporting data. By rule, the commissioner may require the filing of supporting data as to any or all kinds or lines of insurance or subdivisions thereof or classes of risks or combinations thereof as the commissioner deems necessary for the proper functioning of the rate monitoring and regulating process. The supporting data shall include:(a) The experience and judgment of the filer, and, to the extent it wishes or the commissioner requires, of other insurers or rate service organizations;(b) Its interpretation of any statistical data relied upon;(c) Descriptions of the actuarial and statistical methods employed in setting the rates; and(d) Any other relevant matters required by the commissioner. (3)  Expiration of rule. A rule promulgated under sub. (1) shall expire no more than one year after issue. The commissioner may renew it after a hearing and appropriate findings under sub. (1). (4)  Supporting information. Whenever a filing is not accompanied by the information the commissioner requires under sub. (2), the commissioner may so inform the insurer and the filing shall be deemed to be made when the information is furnished.History:  1979 c. 102; 1991 a. 316.
WI Stat § 625.22 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.22 - Disapproval of rates.

625.22  Disapproval of rates. (1) Order in event of violation. If the commissioner finds after a hearing that a rate is not in compliance with s. 625.11, the commissioner shall order that its use be discontinued for any policy issued or renewed after a date specified in the order. (2)  Timing of order. The order under sub. (1) shall be issued within 30 days after the close of the hearing or within such reasonable time extension as the commissioner may fix. (3)  Approval of substituted rate. Within one year after the effective date of an order under sub. (1), no rate promulgated to replace a disapproved one may be used until it has been filed with the commissioner and not disapproved within 30 days thereafter. (4)  Interim rates. Whenever an insurer has no legally effective rates as a result of the commissioner's disapproval of rates or other act, the commissioner shall on request specify interim rates for the insurer that are high enough to protect the interests of all parties and may order that a specified portion of the premiums be placed in an escrow account approved by the commissioner. When new rates become legally effective, the commissioner shall order the escrowed funds or any overcharge in the interim rates to be distributed appropriately, except that refunds to policyholders that are trifling shall not be required.History:  1979 c. 102 s. 236 (6), (21); 1979 c. 110.Read together, ss. 625.11 and 625.22 provide that the insurance commissioner shall disapprove any rate that destroys competition, thus providing a regulatory remedy for rates that constitute restraints of trade and barring private rate-related suits for damages. Prentice v. Minnesota Title Ins. Co. 176 Wis. 2d 714, 500 N.W.2d 658 (1993).
WI Stat § 625.23 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.23 - Special restrictions on individual insurers.

625.23  Special restrictions on individual insurers. The commissioner may by order require that a particular insurer file any or all of its rates and supplementary rate information 15 days prior to their effective date, if and to the extent that he or she finds, after a hearing, that the protection of the interests of its insureds and the public in this state requires closer supervision of its rates because of the insurer's financial condition or rating practices. The commissioner may extend the waiting period for any filing for not to exceed 15 additional days by written notice to the insurer before the first 15-day period expires. A filing not disapproved before the expiration of the waiting period shall be deemed to meet the requirements of this chapter, subject to the possibility of subsequent disapproval under s. 625.22.History:  1979 c. 102.
WI Stat § 625.31 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 625 - Insurance — rate regulation.|625.31 - Operation and control of rate service organizations.

625.31  Operation and control of rate service organizations. (1) License required. No rate service organization shall provide any service relating to the rates of any insurance subject to this chapter, and no insurer shall utilize the services of such organization for such purposes unless the organization has obtained a license under s. 625.32. (2)  Availability of services. No rate service organization shall refuse to supply any services for which it is licensed in this state to any insurer authorized to do business in this state and offering to pay the fair and usual compensation for the services.