reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CO Code § 18-3-601 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 3 - Offenses Against the Person|Part 6 - Stalking|§ 18-3-601. Legislative Declaration

  The general assembly hereby finds and declares that:   Stalking is a serious problem in this state and nationwide;    Although stalking often involves persons who have had an intimate relationship with one another, it can also involve persons who have little or no past relationship;    A stalker will often maintain strong, unshakable, and irrational emotional feelings for his or her victim and may likewise believe that the victim either returns these feelings of affection or will do so if the stalker is persistent enough. Further, the stalker often maintains this belief, despite a trivial or nonexistent basis for it and despite rejection, lack of reciprocation, efforts to restrict or avoid the stalker, and other facts that conflict with this belief.    A stalker may also develop jealousy and animosity for persons who are in relationships with the victim, including family members, employers and co-workers, and friends, perceiving them as obstacles or as threats to the stalker's own “relationship” with the victim;    Because stalking involves highly inappropriate intensity, persistence, and possessiveness, it entails great unpredictability and creates great stress and fear for the victim;    Stalking involves severe intrusions on the victim's personal privacy and autonomy, with an immediate and long-lasting impact on quality of life as well as risks to security and safety of the victim and persons close to the victim, even in the absence of express threats of physical harm.       The general assembly hereby recognizes the seriousness posed by stalking and adopts the provisions of this part 6 with the goal of encouraging and authorizing effective intervention before stalking can escalate into behavior that has even more serious consequences.     History. Source: L. 2010: Entire part added with relocations,(HB 10-1233), ch. 88, p. 293, § 1, effective August 11.    Editor's note:   This section is similar to former § 18-9-111 (4)(a) as it existed prior to 2010.
CO Code § 18-4-104 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 1 - Arson|§ 18-4-104. Third Degree Arson

  A person who, by means of fire or explosives, intentionally damages any property with intent to defraud commits third degree arson.    Third degree arson is a class 4 felony.     History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 426, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-4-104 .    ANNOTATION   Distinguished from first degree arson. The more serious first degree arson statute, § 18-4-102 , contains an element not contained in this section: The requirement that the property damaged or destroyed be a “building or occupied structure of another”. People v. Calvaresi, 198 Colo. 321 , 600 P.2d 57 (1979).   Distinction not unreasonable. The general assembly's decision to provide a more serious penalty for intentionally burning a “building or occupied structure” than for intentionally burning “any property” is not arbitrary or unreasonable. People v. Calvaresi, 198 Colo. 321 , 600 P.2d 57 (1979).   Construed in accordance with 18-1-502 , this section would be inapplicable to those situations in which there was no voluntary act or omission to perform an act within the physical capabilities of the person. Thus, the statute would not apply to a fire started by events beyond the actor's control. People v. Garcia, 189 Colo. 347 , 541 P.2d 687 (1975).   Applied in People v. Elkhatib, 632 P.2d 275 (Colo. 1981).
CO Code § 18-4-303 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 3 - Robbery|§ 18-4-303. Aggravated Robbery of Controlled Substances

  A person who takes any controlled substance, as defined in section 18-18-102 (5), from any pharmacy or other place having lawful possession thereof or from any pharmacist or other person having lawful possession thereof under the aggravating circumstances defined in section 18-4-302 is guilty of aggravated robbery of controlled substances.    Aggravated robbery of controlled substances is a class 2 felony.     History. Source: L. 73: P. 572, § 11. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-4-303 . L. 81: (1) and (2) amended, pp. 737, 974, §§ 21, 11, effective July 1. L. 2012: (1) amended,(HB 12-1311), ch. 281, p. 1619, § 43, effective July 1.    ANNOTATION   Culpable mental state is element of crime. Because aggravated robbery of drugs is merely a variant of the common-law crime of aggravated robbery, the culpable mental state of “knowingly” is a requisite element of the crime. People v. Mascarenas, 666 P.2d 101 (Colo. 1983).   Necessity of chemical testing. While the better practice is to subject narcotics evidence to chemical analysis, chemical testing is not necessary in all cases to prove that the items taken in a robbery were in fact “narcotic drugs”. People v. Lake, 195 Colo. 454 , 580 P.2d 788 (1978).   Aggravated robbery of drugs from a pharmacy is a separate offense and not merely a punishment enhancement statute for aggravated robbery. Ramirez v. People, 682 P.2d 1181 (Colo. 1984).
CO Code § 18-4-305 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 3 - Robbery|§ 18-4-305. Use of Photographs, Video Tapes, or Films of Property

 Pursuant to section 13-25-130 , C.R.S., photographs, video tapes, or films of property over which a person is alleged to have exerted unauthorized control or otherwise to have obtained unlawfully are competent evidence if the photographs, video tapes, or films are admissible into evidence under the rules of law governing the admissibility of photographs, video tapes, or films into evidence.   History. Source: L. 85: Entire section added, p. 577, § 2, effective July 1.    Cross references:   For similar provisions concerning the use of photographs, video tapes, or films of property with respect to the crimes of theft and trespass, tampering, and criminal mischief, see §§ 18-4-415 and 18-4-514 .
CO Code § 18-4-403 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 4 - Theft|§ 18-4-403. Statutory Intent

 If any law of this state refers to or mentions larceny, stealing, embezzlement (except embezzlement of public moneys), false pretenses, confidence games, or shoplifting, that law shall be interpreted as if the word “theft” were substituted therefor; and in the enactment of sections 18-4-401 to 18-4-403 it is the intent of the general assembly to define one crime of theft and to incorporate therein such crimes, thereby removing distinctions and technicalities which previously existed in the pleading and proof of such crimes.   History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 429, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-4-403 .    ANNOTATION   Law reviews. For note, “Larceny, Embezzlement, and False Pretenses in Colorado -- A Need for Consolidation”, see 23 Rocky Mt. L. Rev. 446 (1951). For article, “Joinder of Criminal Charges, Election, Duplicity”, see 30 Dicta 117 (1953).   Annotator's note. Since § 18-4-403 is similar to former § 40-5-2 , C.R.S. 1963, a relevant case construing that provision has been included in the annotations to this section.   The theft statute is clearly meant to encompass generally acquisition type crimes. Hucal v. People, 176 Colo. 529 , 493 P.2d 23 (1971).   This section is a short-cut method of substituting the word “theft” in every statute in which the words larceny, stealing, embezzlement (except embezzlement of public moneys), false pretenses, confidence game, or shoplifting are used, without having to list all the statutes affected; this technique avoids rendering inoperative, by inadvertence, any statute containing one of the enumerated words. Hucal v. People, 176 Colo. 529 , 493 P.2d 23 (1971).   Exception for embezzlement of public money is not limitation. Just because the word “theft” should not be substituted for “embezzlement of public moneys” is no indication of a limitation on the general theft statute. Clearly, the crime of embezzlement is included, for unless the general assembly intent is clearly shown to be otherwise, enactment of a specific criminal statute does not preclude prosecution under a general criminal statute, but rather allows the single criminal transaction to be prosecuted under either statute. Hucal v. People, 176 Colo. 529 , 493 P.2d 23 (1971).
CO Code § 18-4-406 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 4 - Theft|§ 18-4-406. Concealment of Goods

 If any person willfully conceals unpurchased goods, wares, or merchandise owned or held by and offered or displayed for sale by any store or other mercantile establishment, whether the concealment be on his own person or otherwise and whether on or off the premises of said store or mercantile establishment, such concealment constitutes prima facie evidence that the person intended to commit the crime of theft.   History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 429, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-4-406 .    ANNOTATION   Section held to be constitutional. A statute susceptible to different interpretations should be construed in a manner consistent with constitutional principles when reasonable to do so; therefore, the reference to prima facie evidence contained in this section establishes a permissive inference permitting but not requiring the finder of fact to find from evidence of willful concealment that the defendant intended to steal merchandise concealed. People in Interest of R.M.D., 829 P.2d 852 (Colo. 1992).   Willful concealment of goods that results in prima facie evidence of intent to commit theft does not violate due process standards. This section does not eliminate the prosecution's burden of proving intent to commit crime beyond a reasonable doubt. “Prima facie” does not require the fact finder to conclude that the prosecution has met such burden, but establishes a permissible inference. People In The Matter of R.M.D., 829 P.2d 852 (Colo. 1992).
CO Code § 18-4-411 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 4 - Theft|§ 18-4-411. Transactions for Profit in Stolen Goods

 If any person obtains control over stolen property knowing or believing the property to have been stolen, and such offense involves two or more separate stolen things of value each of which is the property of a separate owner, such commission of theft constitutes prima facie evidence that the person is engaged in the business of buying, selling, or otherwise disposing of stolen goods for a profit.   History. Source: L. 77: Entire section added, p. 890, § 3, effective July 1. L. 81: Entire section amended, p. 989, § 1, effective April 23. L. 87: Entire section amended, p. 669, § 3, effective July 1. L. 2013: Entire section amended,(HB 13-1160), ch. 373, p. 2198, § 4, effective June 5.    ANNOTATION   Purpose of section. The apparent purpose of this section is to assist the prosecution in proving the “fencing” element of § 18-4-410 (6) . People v. Williams, 651 P.2d 899 (Colo. 1982); People v. Salazar, 715 P.2d 1265 (Colo. App. 1985), cert. denied, 744 P.2d 80 (Colo. 1987).   Presumption of former section violative of due process. The value of a stolen article has no significant relationship to the business of buying, selling, or otherwise disposing of stolen goods for a profit, as merely proving the fact of value does not create a probability that one is engaged in such business. Thus, the criminal statutory presumption found in this section prior to the 1981 amendment did not satisfy due process standards. Brown v. District Court, 197 Colo. 219 , 591 P.2d 99 (1979).   Instruction to jury correct. Where the evidence supported the inference that the defendant possessed three or more separate items belonging to separate owners, the trial court correctly instructed the jury in accordance with this section even though no single count of information charged possession of “three or more separate things of value”. People v. Salazar, 715 P.2d 1265 (Colo. App. 1985), cert. denied, 744 P.2d 80 (Colo. 1987).   Applied in People v. Williams, 651 P.2d 899 (Colo. 1982).
CO Code § 18-4-413 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 4 - Theft|§ 18-4-413. Mandatory Sentencing for Repeated Felony Theft From a Store - Store Defined

  For purposes of this section and section 18-4-414, “store” means any establishment primarily engaged in the sale of goods at retail.    Any person convicted of felony theft, which felony theft was from a store, who within the immediately preceding four years was twice convicted of felony theft, which felony theft was each time from a store, shall be sentenced to at least the minimum term provided for such offense. A person convicted under this section shall not be eligible for probation or suspension of sentence.    The mandatory sentencing requirements specified in subsection (2) of this section shall not apply when the person is being sentenced pursuant to section 18-4-401 (4).     History. Source: L. 85: Entire section added, p. 668, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2003: (2) amended, p. 1427, § 8, effective April 29.
CO Code § 18-4-414 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 4 - Theft|§ 18-4-414. Evidence of Value

  For purposes of this part 4, when theft occurs from a store, evidence of the retail value of the thing involved shall be prima facie evidence of the value of the thing involved. Evidence offered to prove retail value may include, but shall not be limited to, affixed labels and tags, signs, shelf tags, and notices.    For the purposes of this part 4, in all cases where theft occurs, evidence of the value of the thing involved may be established through the sale price of other similar property and may include, but shall not be limited to, testimony regarding affixed labels and tags, signs, shelf tags, and notices tending to indicate the price of the thing involved. Hearsay evidence shall not be excluded in determining the value of the thing involved.     History. Source: L. 85: Entire section added, p. 668, § 1, effective July 1. L. 88: Entire section amended, p. 713, § 20, effective July 1.    ANNOTATION   Section does not violate the defendant's sixth amendment constitutional right to confront his accuser. People v. Schmidt, 928 P.2d 805 (Colo. App. 1996).   By enacting this section, the general assembly has determined that a price tag affixed to an item for sale ordinarily is sufficiently trustworthy so as to speak for itself regarding that item's value and that the utility of confrontation is very remote. The statute allows an accused to rebut the presumption of value by calling a store manager or another witness to establish a value other than that specified on the price tag. People v. Schmidt, 928 P.2d 805 (Colo. App. 1996).   Determining the value of public assistance benefits requires proof of the amount of benefits paid above those to which the recipient would have been entitled. People v. Vidauri, 2019 COA 140 , __ P.3d __.   Kelley blue book may be admitted as proof of value under this section without the need for expert testimony to substantiate the blue book's valuation. The blue book indicates the sale price of other similar property, and thus the officer's valuation based thereon was not subject to exclusion as hearsay, even if such an objection had been raised. People v. Thornton, 251 P.3d 1147 (Colo. App. 2010).   Error in admitting evidence about repair cost rather than sale price was harmless. Additional evidence was presented that the value of victim's property damage exceeded $500. People v. Reed, 2013 COA 113 , 338 P.3d 364.   Statute creates a specific hearsay exception. People v. Schmidt, 928 P.2d 805 (Colo. App. 1996).   Hearsay evidence may provide proof of value only where the hearsay regards affixed labels and tags, signs, shelf tags, and notices, or other reliable evidence of the sale price of other similar property. People v. Jaeb, 2018 COA 179 , 434 P.3d 785.   Applied in People v. Pearman, 209 P.3d 1144 (Colo. App. 2008).
CO Code § 18-4-415 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 4 - Theft|§ 18-4-415. Use of Photographs, Video Tapes, or Films of Property

 Pursuant to section 13-25-130 , C.R.S., photographs, video tapes, or films of property over which a person is alleged to have exerted unauthorized control or otherwise to have obtained unlawfully are competent evidence if the photographs, video tapes, or films are admissible into evidence under the rules of law governing the admissibility of photographs, video tapes, or films into evidence.   History. Source: L. 85: Entire section added, p. 577, § 3, effective July 1.    Cross references:   For similar provisions concerning the use of photographs, video tapes, or films of property with respect to the crimes of robbery and trespass, tampering, and criminal mischief, see §§ 18-4-305 and 18-4-514 .
CO Code § 18-4-416 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 4 - Theft|§ 18-4-416. Theft by Resale of a Lift Ticket or Coupon

 [ ] Any unauthorized person who, with the intent to profit therefrom, resells or offers to resell any ticket, pass, badge, pin, coupon, or other device which then entitles the bearer to the use, benefit, or enjoyment of any skiing service or skiing facility commits a class 2 petty offense. The penalty of a violation of this section shall be a fine in an amount not to exceed three hundred dollars. Under no circumstances shall a person being charged with this class 2 petty offense be arrested by any peace officer, and a summons to the appropriate court of jurisdiction shall be issued to the accused person.  Editor's note: This version of this section is effective until March 1, 2022.  History. Source: L. 90: Entire section added, p. 986, § 10, effective April 24. L. 2021: Entire section amended,(SB 21-271), ch. 462, p. 3177, § 208, effective March 1, 2022.    Editor's note:   Section 803(2) of chapter 462 (SB 21-271), Session Laws of Colorado 2021, provides that the act changing this section applies to offenses committed on or after March 1, 2022.
CO Code § 18-4-416 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 4 - Theft|§ 18-4-416. Theft by Resale of a Lift Ticket or Coupon

 [ ] Any unauthorized person who, with the intent to profit therefrom, resells or offers to resell any ticket, pass, badge, pin, coupon, or other device which then entitles the bearer to the use, benefit, or enjoyment of any skiing service or skiing facility commits a civil infraction. The penalty of a violation of this section shall be a fine in an amount not to exceed three hundred dollars. Under no circumstances shall a person being charged with this civil infraction be arrested by any peace officer, and a summons to the appropriate court of jurisdiction shall be issued to the accused person.  Editor's note: This version of this section is effective March 1, 2022.  History. Source: L. 90: Entire section added, p. 986, § 10, effective April 24. L. 2021: Entire section amended,(SB 21-271), ch. 462, p. 3177, § 208, effective March 1, 2022.
CO Code § 18-4-417 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 4 - Theft|§ 18-4-417. Unlawful Acts - Theft Detection Devices

     It is unlawful for any person to knowingly manufacture, distribute, or sell a theft detection shielding device or a theft detection deactivating device with the knowledge that some person intends to use the device in the commission of an offense involving theft.    It is unlawful for any person to possess a theft detection shielding device or a theft detection deactivating device with the intent to use the device possessed, or with the knowledge that some person intends to use the device possessed, in the commission of an offense involving theft.    It is unlawful for any person to knowingly deactivate or remove a theft detection device or any component thereof in any store or mercantile establishment without authorization prior to purchase.       As used in this section:   “Theft detection deactivating device” means any tool, instrument, mechanism, or other article adapted, designed, engineered, used, or operated to inactivate, incapacitate, or remove a theft detection device without authorization. “Theft detection deactivating device” includes, but is not limited to, jumper wires, wire cutters, and electronic article surveillance removal devices.    “Theft detection device” means an electronic or magnetic mechanism, machine, apparatus, tag, or article designed and operated for the purpose of detecting the unauthorized removal of merchandise from a store or mercantile establishment.    “Theft detection shielding device” means any tool, instrument, mechanism, or article adapted, designed, engineered, used, or operated to avoid detection by a theft detection device during the commission of an offense involving theft. “Theft detection shielding device” includes, but is not limited to, foil-lined or otherwise modified clothing, bags, purses, or containers capable of and for the sole purpose of avoiding detection devices.       [ ] Any person who violates any of the provisions of subsection (1) of this section commits a class 1 misdemeanor.    Editor's note: This version of subsection (3) is effective until March 1, 2022.  (3) [ ] Any person who violates any of the provisions of subsection (1) of this section commits a class 2 misdemeanor.  Editor's note: This version of subsection (3) is effective March 1, 2022.  History. Source: L. 2001: Entire section added, p. 512, § 2, effective July 1. L. 2012: (2)(a) and (2)(c) amended,(HB 12-1304), ch. 237, p. 1050, § 3, effective May 29. L. 2021: (3) amended,(SB 21-271), ch. 462, p. 3177, § 209, effective March 1, 2022.    Editor's note:   Section 803(2) of chapter 462 (SB 21-271), Session Laws of Colorado 2021, provides that the act changing this section applies to offenses committed on or after March 1, 2022.   Cross references:   For the legislative declaration in the 2012 act amending subsections (2)(a) and (2)(c), see section 1 of chapter 237, Session Laws of Colorado 2012.
CO Code § 18-4-502 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 18 - Criminal Code|Article 4 - Offenses Against Property|Part 5 - Trespass, Tampering, and Criminal Mischief|§ 18-4-502. First Degree Criminal Trespass

  [ ] A person commits the crime of first degree criminal trespass if such person:   Knowingly and unlawfully enters or remains in a dwelling of another; or    Enters any motor vehicle with intent to commit a crime therein.         First degree criminal trespass committed pursuant to subsection (1)(a) of this section is a class 1 misdemeanor, but it is a class 6 felony if the dwelling is inhabited or occupied.    First degree criminal trespass committed pursuant to subsection (1)(b) of this section is a class 1 misdemeanor.       Editor's note: This version of this section is effective March 1, 2022.   History. Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 431, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 40-4-502 . L. 77: Entire section amended, p. 963, § 26, effective July 1. L. 92: Entire section amended, p. 404, § 16, effective June 3. L. 93: Entire section amended, p. 1732, § 17, effective July 1. L. 98: Entire section amended, p. 1443, § 31, effective July 1. L. 2021: Entire section amended,(SB 21-271), ch. 462, p. 3178, § 211, effective March 1, 2022.