reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-401 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 4 - Court-Martial Jurisdiction|Section 13A-401 - Courts-Martial Classified

    (a)    The three kinds of courts–martial are:        (1)    General courts–martial, as described in subsection (b) of this section;        (2)    Special courts–martial, as described in subsection (c) of this section; and        (3)    Summary courts–martial, as described in subsection (d) of this section.    (b)    A general court–martial consists of:        (1)    a military judge and not less than eight members; or        (2)    a military judge alone, if before the court is assembled the accused, knowing the identity of the military judge and after consultation with defense counsel, requests orally on the record or in writing a court composed only of a military judge and the military judge approves the request.    (c)    A special court–martial consists of:        (1)    A military judge and not less than four members; or        (2)    A military judge alone:            (i)    if the case is so referred by the convening authority, subject to § 13A–404 of this subtitle; or            (ii)    if the case is referred under item (1) of this subsection and, before the court is assembled, the accused, knowing the identity of the military judge and after consultation with defense counsel, requests, orally on the record or in writing, a court composed of a military judge alone and the military judge approves the request.    (d)    A summary court–martial consists of one commissioned officer.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-402 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 4 - Court-Martial Jurisdiction|Section 13A-402 - Jurisdiction of Courts-Martial in General

    (a)    Each component of the State military forces has court–martial jurisdiction over all members of the particular component who are subject to this title.    (b)    The Maryland Army and Maryland Air National Guard have court–martial jurisdiction over all members subject to this title.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-403 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 4 - Court-Martial Jurisdiction|Section 13A-403 - Jurisdiction of General Courts-Martial

    Subject to § 13A–402 of this subtitle, general courts–martial have jurisdiction to try persons subject to this title for any offense made punishable by this title, and may, under such limitations as the Governor may prescribe, adjudge any punishment not forbidden by this title.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-404 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 4 - Court-Martial Jurisdiction|Section 13A-404 - Jurisdiction of Special Courts-Martial

    (a)    Subject to § 13A–402 of this subtitle, special courts–martial have jurisdiction to try persons subject to this title for any offense made punishable by this title, and may, under such limitations as the Governor may prescribe, adjudge any punishment not forbidden by this title except:        (1)    dishonorable discharge;        (2)    dismissal;        (3)    confinement for more than 1 year;        (4)    forfeiture of pay exceeding two–thirds pay per month; or        (5)    forfeiture of pay for more than 1 year.    (b)    A bad–conduct discharge, a confinement for more than 6 months, or a forfeiture of pay for more than 6 months may not be adjudged if charges and specifications are referred to a special courts–martial consisting of a military judge alone under § 13A–401 of this subtitle.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-405 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 4 - Court-Martial Jurisdiction|Section 13A-405 - Jurisdiction of Summary Courts-Martial

    (a)    Subject to § 13A–402 of this title, summary courts–martial have jurisdiction to try persons subject to this title, except officers, cadets, and candidates for an offense made punishable by this title under such limitations as the Governor may prescribe.    (b)    (1)    No person with respect to whom summary courts–martial have jurisdiction may be brought to trial before a summary court–martial if that person objects thereto.        (2)    If objection to trial by summary court–martial is made by an accused, trial by special or general court–martial may be ordered, as may be appropriate.        (3)    Summary courts–martial may, under such limitations as the Governor may prescribe, adjudge any punishment not forbidden by this title except:            (i)    dismissal;            (ii)    dishonorable or bad–conduct discharge;            (iii)    confinement for more than 1 month;            (iv)    restriction to specified limits for more than 2 months; or            (v)    forfeiture of more than two–thirds of 1 month’s pay.    (c)    (1)    A summary court–martial is a non–criminal forum.        (2)    A finding of guilty at a summary court–martial does not constitute a criminal conviction.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-501 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 5 - Appointment and Composition of Courts-Martial|Section 13A-501 - Who May Convene General Courts-Martial

    (a)    A general court–martial may be convened by:        (1)    the Governor; or        (2)    the Adjutant General.    (b)    If any such commanding officer is an accuser, the court shall be convened by superior competent authority and may in any case be convened by such superior authority if considered desirable by such authority.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-502 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 5 - Appointment and Composition of Courts-Martial|Section 13A-502 - Who May Convene Special Courts-Martial

    (a)    A special court–martial may be convened by:        (1)    a person who may convene a general court–martial;        (2)    the commanding officer of a garrison, fort, post, camp, station, or Air National Guard base;        (3)    the commanding officer of a brigade, regiment, detached battalion, or corresponding unit of the Army;        (4)    the commanding officer of a wing, group, separate squadron, or corresponding unit of the Air Force; or        (5)    the commanding officer or officer in charge of any other command when empowered by the Adjutant General.    (b)    If any such officer is an accuser, the court shall be convened by superior competent authority and may in any case be convened by such superior authority if considered desirable by such authority.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-503 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 5 - Appointment and Composition of Courts-Martial|Section 13A-503 - Who May Convene Summary Courts-Martial

    (a)    A summary court–martial may be convened by:        (1)    a person who may convene a general or special court–martial;        (2)    the commanding officer of a detached company or other detachment, or corresponding unit of the Army;        (3)    the commanding officer of a detached squadron or other detachment, or corresponding unit of the Air Force; or        (4)    the commanding officer or officer in charge of any other command when empowered by the Adjutant General.    (b)    (1)    When only one commissioned officer is present with a command or detachment, that officer shall be the summary court–martial of that command or detachment and shall hear and determine all summary court–martial cases, or a military judge may act as summary court–martial.        (2)    A summary court–martial may, however, be convened in any case by superior competent authority if considered desirable by such authority.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-504 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 5 - Appointment and Composition of Courts-Martial|Section 13A-504 - Who May Serve on Courts-Martial

    (a)    A commissioned officer of the State military forces is eligible to serve on all courts–martial for the trial of a person subject to this title.    (b)    A warrant officer of the State military forces is eligible to serve on general and special courts–martial for the trial of a person subject to this title, other than a commissioned officer.    (c)    (1)    An enlisted member of the State military forces is eligible to serve on general and special courts–martial for the trial of an enlisted member subject to this title, but that member shall serve as a member of a court only if, before the conclusion of a session called by the military judge under § 13A–704 of this title prior to trial or, in the absence of such a session, before the court is assembled for the trial of the accused, the accused personally has requested orally on the record or in writing that enlisted members serve on it.        (2)    (i)    After such a request, the accused may not be tried by a general or special court–martial, the membership of which does not include enlisted members in a number equal to at least one–third of the total membership of the court, unless eligible enlisted members cannot be obtained on account of physical conditions or military exigencies.            (ii)    If such members cannot be obtained, the court may be assembled and the trial held without the members, but the convening authority shall make a detailed written statement, to be appended to the record, stating why the members could not be obtained.    (d)    When it can be avoided, a person subject to this title may not be tried by a court–martial, any member of which is junior to the accused in rank or grade.    (e)    (1)    When convening a court–martial, the convening authority shall detail as members of the authority such members of the State military forces as, in the convening authority’s opinion, are best qualified for the duty by reason of age, education, training, experience, length of service, and judicial temperament.        (2)    A member of the State military forces is not eligible to serve as a member of a general or special court–martial if the member is the accuser or a witness or has acted as investigating officer or as counsel in the same case.    (f)    (1)    Before a court–martial is assembled for the trial of a case, the convening authority may excuse a member of the court from participating in the case.        (2)    The convening authority may delegate the authority under this subsection to a judge advocate or to another principal assistant.    (g)    The accused in a court–martial with a military judge and members may, after the findings are announced and before any matter is presented in the sentencing phase, request, orally on the record or in writing, sentencing by members.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-505 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 5 - Appointment and Composition of Courts-Martial|Section 13A-505 - Military Judge of a General or Special Court-Martial

    (a)    (1)    A military judge shall be detailed to each general and special court–martial by the senior military judge in the State.        (2)    The military judge shall preside over each open session of the court–martial to which the military judge has been detailed.    (b)    A military judge shall be:        (1)    an active or retired commissioned officer of an organized state military force;        (2)    a member in good standing of the bar of the Court of Appeals of Maryland; and        (3)    certified as qualified for duty as a military judge by the senior force judge advocate that is the same force as the accused.    (c)    The convening authority or a staff member of the convening authority may not prepare or review a report concerning the effectiveness, fitness, or efficiency of the military judge so detailed, which relates to performance of duty as a military judge.    (d)    A person is not eligible to act as military judge in a case if the person is the accuser or a witness, or has acted as investigating officer or a counsel in the same case.    (e)    The military judge of a court–martial may not:        (1)    consult with the members of the court except in the presence of the accused, trial counsel, and defense counsel; or        (2)    vote with the members of the court.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-506 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 5 - Appointment and Composition of Courts-Martial|Section 13A-506 - Detail of Trial Counsel and Defense Counsel

    (a)    (1)    For each general and special court–martial, the authority convening the court shall detail trial counsel, defense counsel, and such assistants as are appropriate.        (2)    (i)    A person who has acted as investigating officer, military judge, witness, or court member in a case may not act later as trial counsel, assistant trial counsel, or, unless expressly requested by the accused, as defense counsel or assistant or associate defense counsel in the same case.            (ii)    A person who has acted for the prosecution may not act later in the same case for the defense, nor may a person who has acted for the defense act later in the same case for the prosecution.    (b)    Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, trial counsel or defense counsel detailed for a general or special court–martial must be:        (1)    a judge advocate, as defined in § 13A–101 of this title; and        (2)    in the case of trial counsel, a member in good standing of the bar of the highest court of the State where the court–martial is held.    (c)    In the instance when a defense counsel is not a member of the bar of the highest court of the State, the defense counsel shall be deemed admitted pro hac vice, subject to filing a certificate with the military judge setting forth the qualifications that counsel is:        (1)    (i)    a commissioned officer of the armed forces of the United States or a component thereof;            (ii)    a member in good standing of the bar of the highest court of a state; and            (iii)    certified as a judge advocate in the Judge Advocate General’s Corps of the Army, Air Force, Navy, or Marine Corps; or        (2)    a judge advocate as defined in § 13A–101 of this title.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-507 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 5 - Appointment and Composition of Courts-Martial|Section 13A-507 - Detail or Employment of Reporters and Interpreters

    Under such regulations as may be adopted, the convening authority of a general or special court–martial or court of inquiry shall detail or employ qualified court reporters, who shall record the proceedings of and testimony taken before that court and may detail or employ interpreters who shall interpret for the court.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-508 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 5 - Appointment and Composition of Courts-Martial|Section 13A-508 - Absent, Alternate, and Additional Members

    (a)    A member of a general or special court–martial may not be absent or excused after the court has been assembled for the trial of the accused unless excused:        (1)    as a result of a challenge;        (2)    by the military judge for physical disability or other good cause; or        (3)    by order of the convening authority for good cause.    (b)    (1)    Whenever a general court–martial, other than a general court–martial composed of a military judge only, is reduced below six members, the trial may not proceed unless the convening authority details new members sufficient in number to provide not less than the applicable minimum number of six members.        (2)    The trial may proceed with the new members present after the recorded evidence previously introduced before the members of the court has been read to the court in the presence of the military judge, the accused, and counsel for both sides.    (c)    (1)    Whenever a special court–martial, other than a special court–martial composed of a military judge only, is reduced below four members, the trial may not proceed unless the convening authority details new members sufficient in number to provide not less than four members.        (2)    The trial shall proceed with the new members present as if no evidence had been introduced previously at the trial, unless a verbatim record of the evidence previously introduced before the members of the court or a stipulation thereof is read to the court in the presence of the military judge, the accused, and counsel for both sides.    (d)    If the military judge of a court–martial composed of a military judge only is unable to proceed with the trial because of physical disability, as a result of a challenge, or for other good cause, the trial shall proceed, subject to any applicable conditions of § 13A–401 of this title, after the detail of a new military judge as if no evidence had previously been introduced, unless a verbatim record of the evidence previously introduced or a stipulation thereof is read in court in the presence of the new military judge, the accused, and counsel for both sides.    (e)    In addition to members, the military judge shall impanel alternate members, if the convening authority authorizes alternate members.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-601 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 6 - Pre-Trial Procedure|Section 13A-601 - Charges and Specifications

    (a)    Charges and specifications shall be signed by a person subject to this title under oath before a commissioned officer authorized by § 13A–1102 of this title to administer oaths and shall state:        (1)    that the signer has personal knowledge of, or has investigated, the matters set forth therein; and        (2)    that they are true in fact to the best of the signer’s knowledge and belief.    (b)    On the preferring of charges, the proper authority shall take immediate steps to determine what disposition should be made thereof in the interest of justice and discipline, and the person accused shall be informed of the charges as soon as practicable.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-602 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 6 - Pre-Trial Procedure|Section 13A-602 - Certain Proceedings Conducted Before Referral

    (a)    Proceedings may be conducted to review, or otherwise act on, the following matters before referral of charges and specifications to court–martial in accordance with regulations prescribed by § 13A–701 of this title:        (1)    pre–referral investigative subpoenas;        (2)    pre–referral warrants or orders for electronic communications;        (3)    pre–referral matters referred by an appellate court;        (4)    pre–referral matters under § 13A–603 (c) or (d) of this subtitle; or        (5)    arrest warrants when probable cause exists to believe a military member committed a crime as described under the punitive provisions.    (b)    The regulations prescribed under subsection (a) of this section shall:        (1)    include procedures for the review of such rulings that may be ordered under this section as the adjutant general considers appropriate; and        (2)    provide such limitations on the relief that may be ordered under this section as the adjutant general considers appropriate.    (c)    If a matter in a proceeding under this section becomes a subject at issue with respect to charges that have been referred to a general or special court–martial, the matter shall be transferred to the military judge detailed to the court–martial.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-603 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 6 - Pre-Trial Procedure|Section 13A-603 - Compulsory Self-Incrimination Prohibited

    (a)    A person subject to this title may not compel another person to self–incriminate or to answer a question the answer to which may tend to incriminate the person.    (b)    A person subject to this title may not interrogate or request a statement from an accused or a person suspected of an offense without first informing that person of the nature of the accusation and advising that person that the person does not have to make a statement regarding the offense of which the person is accused or suspected and that any statement made by the person may be used as evidence against the person in a trial by court–martial.    (c)    A person subject to this title may not compel another person to make a statement or produce evidence before a military court if the statement or evidence is not material to the issue and may tend to degrade the person.    (d)    A statement obtained from a person in violation of this article or through the use of coercion, unlawful influence, or unlawful inducement may not be received in evidence against the person in a trial by court–martial.
MD. Public Safety Code Ann. §  13A-605 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Public Safety|Title 13A - Maryland Code of Military Justice|Subtitle 6 - Pre-Trial Procedure|Section 13A-605 - Advice of Judge Advocate and Reference for Trial

    (a)    (1)    Before directing the trial of any charge by general court–martial, the convening authority shall refer the charge to a judge advocate for consideration and advice.        (2)    The convening authority may not refer a specification under a charge to a general court–martial for trial unless the convening authority has been advised in writing by a judge advocate that:            (i)    the specification alleges an offense under this title;            (ii)    the specification is warranted by the evidence indicated in the report of investigation under § 13A–603 of this subtitle if there is such a report; and            (iii)    a court–martial would have jurisdiction over the accused and the offense.    (b)    (1)    The advice of the judge advocate under subsection (a) of this section with respect to a specification under a charge shall include a written and signed statement by the judge advocate:            (i)    expressing conclusions with respect to each matter set forth in subsection (a) of this section; and            (ii)    recommending action that the convening authority take regarding the specification.        (2)    If the specification is referred for trial, the recommendation of the judge advocate shall accompany the specification.    (c)    If the charges or specifications are not correct formally or do not conform to the substance of the evidence contained in the report of the investigating officer, formal corrections, and such changes in the charges and specifications as are needed to make them conform to the evidence, may be made.