reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 55.1-348 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-348. Document of rescission; effect; liability for wrongful recording

A. As used in this section, "document of rescission" means a document stating that an identified satisfaction, certificate of satisfaction, or affidavit of satisfaction of a security instrument was recorded erroneously or fraudulently, the secured obligation remains unsatisfied, and the security instrument remains in force.B. If a person records a satisfaction, certificate of satisfaction, or affidavit of satisfaction of a security instrument in error or by fraud, the person may execute and record a document of rescission. Upon recording, the document rescinds an erroneously recorded satisfaction, certificate, or affidavit.C. A recorded document of rescission has no effect on the rights of a person who:1. Acquired an interest in the real property described in a security instrument after the recording of the satisfaction, certificate of satisfaction, or affidavit of satisfaction of the security instrument and before the recording of the document of rescission; and2. Would otherwise have priority over or take free of the lien created by the security instrument under the laws of the Commonwealth.D. A person, other than the clerk of the circuit court or any of his employees or other governmental official in the course of the performance of his recordation duties, who erroneously, fraudulently, or wrongfully records a document of rescission is subject to liability under § 55.1-339.2006, c. 907, § 55-66.10; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-349 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-349. Secured creditor to submit satisfaction for recording; liability for failure

A. A secured creditor shall submit for recording a satisfaction of a security instrument within 90 days after the creditor receives full payment or performance of the secured obligation in accordance with subsection B of § 55.1-339. If a security instrument secures a line of credit or future advances, the secured obligation is fully performed only if, in addition to full payment, the secured creditor has received a notification requesting the creditor to terminate the line of credit or containing a statement sufficient to terminate the effectiveness of the provision for future advances in the security instrument.B. A secured creditor who is required to submit a satisfaction of a security instrument for recording and fails to do so by the end of the period specified in subsection A is subject to liability under § 55.1-339.2006, c. 907, § 55-66.11; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-350 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-350. Form and effect of satisfaction

A. A document is sufficient to constitute a satisfaction of a security instrument if it conforms substantially in form and content to the requirements of § 55.1-342 and it:1. Identifies the security instrument, the original parties to the security instrument, the recording data for the security instrument, and the office in which the security instrument is recorded;2. States that the person signing the satisfaction is the secured creditor;3. Contains a legal description of the real property identified in the security instrument, but only if a legal description is necessary for a satisfaction to be properly indexed; otherwise, the deed book and page number or instrument number is sufficient;4. Contains language terminating the effectiveness of the security instrument; and5. Is signed by the secured creditor and acknowledged as required by law for a conveyance of an interest in real property.B. The clerk of the circuit court shall accept for recording a satisfaction document, unless:1. An amount equal to or greater than the applicable recording fees and taxes is not tendered;2. The document is submitted by a method or in a medium not authorized by the laws of the Commonwealth; or3. The document is not signed by the secured creditor and acknowledged as required by law for a conveyance of an interest in real property.2006, c. 907, § 55-66.12; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-351 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-351. Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act

To the extent permitted by law, this article modifies, limits, and supersedes the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. § 7001 et seq., except that nothing in this article modifies, limits, or supersedes §§ 7001(c) and 7004 of that Act or authorizes electronic delivery of any of the notices described in § 7003(b) of that Act.2006, c. 907, § 55-66.13; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-352 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-352. Uniform standards

In consultation with the circuit court clerks, the Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court, and interested citizens and businesses, the Virginia Information Technologies Agency shall develop standards to implement electronic recording of real property documents. The Virginia Information Technologies Agency shall consider standards and practices of other jurisdictions, the most recent standards promulgated by national standard-setting bodies, such as the Property Records Industry Association, views of interested persons and other governmental entities, and needs of localities of varying sizes, population, and resources.2005, c. 749, § 55-66.14; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-353 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-353. Effect of word "covenants."

When a deed uses the words "the said ________ covenants," such covenant shall have the same effect as if it were expressed to be by the covenantor, for himself and his heirs, personal representatives, and assigns and shall be deemed to be with the covenantee and his heirs, personal representatives, and assigns.Code 1919, § 5170; Code 1950, § 55-67; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-354 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-354. Effect of covenant of general warranty

A covenant by the grantor in a deed "that he will warrant generally the property hereby conveyed" shall have the same effect as if the grantor had covenanted that he and his heirs and personal representatives will forever warrant and defend such property unto the grantee and his heirs, personal representatives, and assigns against the claims and demands of all persons.Code 1919, § 5171; Code 1950, § 55-68; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-355 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-355. Covenant of special warranty

A covenant by any such grantor "that he will warrant specially the property hereby conveyed" shall have the same effect as if the grantor has covenanted that he and his heirs and personal representatives will forever warrant and defend such property unto the grantee and his heirs, personal representatives, and assigns against the claims and demands of the grantor and all persons claiming or to claim by, through, or under him.Code 1919, § 5172; Code 1950, § 55-69; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-356 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-356. Words "with general warranty," "with special warranty," and "with English covenants of title" construed

The words "with general warranty" in the granting part of any deed shall be deemed to be a covenant by the grantor "that he will warrant generally the property hereby conveyed." The words "with special warranty" in the granting part of any deed shall be deemed to be a covenant by the grantor "that he will warrant specially the property hereby conveyed."The words "with English covenants of title" or words of similar import in the granting part of any deed shall be deemed to be an expression by the grantor of those covenants set out in §§ 55.1-359 through 55.1-362, and in addition thereto the covenant that he is seized in fee simple of the property conveyed.Code 1919, § 5173; Code 1950, § 55-70; 1968, c. 257; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-359 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-359. Covenant of "right to convey."

A covenant by the grantor in a deed for land "that he has the right to convey the said land to the grantee" shall have the same effect as if the grantor had covenanted that he has good right, full power, and absolute authority to convey the land, with all the buildings thereon and the privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging, unto the grantee, in the manner in which the same is conveyed or intended so to be by the deed, and according to its true intent.Code 1919, § 5174; Code 1950, § 55-71; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-360 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-360. Covenant for "quiet possession" and "free from all encumbrances."

A covenant by any such grantor "that the grantee shall have quiet possession of the said land" shall have as much effect as if he covenanted that the grantee and his heirs and assigns might, at any and all times thereafter, peaceably and quietly enter upon and have, hold, and enjoy the land conveyed by the deed, or intended so to be, with all the buildings thereon and the privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging, and receive and take the rents and profits thereof, to and for his and their use and benefit, without any eviction, interruption, suit, claim, or demand whatever. If to such covenant there be added "free from all encumbrances," these words shall have as much effect as the words "and that freely and absolutely acquitted, exonerated, and forever discharged, or otherwise by the said grantor or his heirs saved harmless and indemnified of, from, and against any and every charge and encumbrance whatever."Code 1919, § 5175; Code 1950, § 55-72; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-361 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-361. Covenant for "further assurances."

A covenant by any such grantor "that he will execute such further assurances of the said lands as may be requisite" shall have the same effect as if he covenanted that he, the grantor, and his heirs or personal representative will at any time, upon any reasonable request, at the charge of the grantee and his heirs or assigns, do, execute, or cause to be done or executed all such further acts, deeds, and things for the better, more perfectly and absolutely conveying and assuring the said lands and premises thereby conveyed or intended so to be unto the grantee and his heirs and assigns in manner aforesaid, as by the grantee and his heirs or assigns and his or their attorney, shall be reasonably devised, advised, or required.Code 1919, § 5176; Code 1950, § 55-73; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-362 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-362. Covenant of "no act to encumber."

A covenant by any such grantor "that he has done no act to encumber the said lands" shall have the same effect as if he covenanted that he had not done or executed, or knowingly suffered, any act, deed, or thing whereby the lands and premises conveyed, or intended so to be, or any part thereof, are or will be charged, affected, or encumbered in title, estate, or otherwise.Code 1919, § 5177; Code 1950, § 55-74; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-363 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 3 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants; Liens|§ 55.1-363. Effect of certain words of release in a deed

Whenever any deed uses the words: "The said grantor (or the said ______) releases to the said grantee (or the said ______) all his claims upon the said lands," such deed shall be construed as if it set forth that the grantor (or releasor) has remised, released, and forever quitted claim and by these presents does remise, release, and forever quitclaim to the grantee (or releasee) and his heirs and assigns all right, title, and interest whatsoever, both at law and in equity, in or to the lands and premises granted (or released) or intended to be granted (or released), so that neither he nor his personal representative, heirs, or assigns shall at any time thereafter have any type of claim, challenge, or demand on the lands and premises or any part thereof.Code 1919, § 5164; Code 1950, § 55-75; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-400 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 4 - Fraudulent and Voluntary Conveyances; Writings Necessary to Be Recorded|§ 55.1-400. Void fraudulent acts; bona fide purchasers not affected

Every (i) gift, conveyance, assignment, or transfer of, or charge upon, any estate, real or personal, (ii) action commenced or order, judgment, or execution suffered or obtained, and (iii) bond or other writing given with intent to delay, hinder, or defraud creditors, purchasers, or other persons of or from what they are or may be lawfully entitled to shall, as to such creditors, purchasers, or other persons or their representatives or assigns, be void. This section shall not affect the title of a purchaser for valuable consideration, unless it appears that he had notice of the fraudulent intent of his immediate grantor or of the fraud rendering void the title of such grantor.Code 1919, § 5184; Code 1950, § 55-80; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-401 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 4 - Fraudulent and Voluntary Conveyances; Writings Necessary to Be Recorded|§ 55.1-401. Voluntary gifts, conveyances, assignments, transfers, or charges; void as to prior creditors

Every gift, conveyance, assignment, transfer, or charge that is not upon consideration deemed valuable in law, or that is upon consideration of marriage by an insolvent transferor or by a transferor who is thereby rendered insolvent, shall be void as to creditors whose debts were contracted at the time such gift, conveyance, assignment, transfer, or charge was made but shall not, on that account merely, be void as to creditors whose debts have been contracted, or as to purchasers who have purchased, after such gift, conveyance, assignment, transfer, or charge was made. Even though it is decreed to be void as to a prior creditor, because voluntary or upon consideration of marriage, it shall not, for that cause, be decreed to be void as to subsequent creditors or purchasers.Code 1919, § 5185; Code 1950, § 55-81; 1988, c. 512; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-402 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 4 - Fraudulent and Voluntary Conveyances; Writings Necessary to Be Recorded|§ 55.1-402. Creditor's action to avoid such gifts, conveyances, assignments, transfers, or charges

Before obtaining a judgment for his claim, a creditor may, whether such claim is due and payable or not, institute any action that he may institute after obtaining such judgment to avoid a gift, conveyance, assignment, or transfer of, or charge upon, the estate of his debtor declared void by either § 55.1-400 or 55.1-401. Such creditor may, in such action, have all the relief with respect to such estate to which he would be entitled after obtaining a judgment for the claim for which he may be entitled to recover. A creditor availing himself of this section shall have a lien from the time of bringing his action on all the estate, real and personal, and a petitioning creditor shall also be entitled to a lien from the time of filing his petition in the court in which the action is brought. If the proceeds of sale are insufficient to satisfy the claims of all the creditors whose liens were acquired at the same time, they shall be applied proportionately to such claims, and the court may issue an order against the debtor for any deficiency remaining on the claim of any creditor after applying his share of the proceeds of sale, or, if any creditor is not entitled to share in such proceeds, may issue an order against the debtor for the full amount of the creditor's claim. This section is subject to the provisions of §§ 8.01-268 and 8.01-269.Code 1919, § 5186; Code 1950, § 55-82; 1926, p. 874; 2009, c. 593; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-403 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 4 - Fraudulent and Voluntary Conveyances; Writings Necessary to Be Recorded|§ 55.1-403. Creditor's action; attorney fees

In any action brought by a creditor pursuant to § 55.1-400, 55.1-401, or 55.1-402, where a (i) gift; (ii) deed; (iii) conveyance, assignment, or transfer of or charge upon the estate of a debtor; (iv) action commenced or judgment or execution suffered or obtained; or (v) bond or other writing is declared void, the court shall award counsel for the creditor reasonable attorney fees against the debtor. Upon a finding of fraudulent conveyance pursuant to § 55.1-400, the court may assess sanctions, including such attorney fees, against all parties over which it has jurisdiction who, with the intent to defraud and having knowledge of the judgment, participated in the conveyance. Should there be a resulting judicial sale, any award of attorney fees shall be paid out of the proceeds of the sale, as other costs are paid, provided that the award of attorney fees does not affect a prior lien creditor not represented by the attorney.2009, c. 593, § 55-82.1; 2012, c. 810; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-404 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 4 - Fraudulent and Voluntary Conveyances; Writings Necessary to Be Recorded|§ 55.1-404. Authority of court to set aside

The court may set aside a fraudulent conveyance or voluntary transfer pursuant to § 55.1-400 or 55.1-401 during an action brought by a creditor to execute on a judgment, either on motion of the creditor or on its own motion, provided that all parties who have an interest in the property subject to the conveyance or transfer are given notice of the proceeding. The court, by order, may direct the clerk to issue the proper process against such parties and, upon the maturing of the case, proceed to make such orders as would have been proper if the new parties had been made parties at the commencement of the action.2012, c. 810, § 55-82.2; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-405 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 4 - Fraudulent and Voluntary Conveyances; Writings Necessary to Be Recorded|§ 55.1-405. Loans and reservations of a use or property to be recorded

When any loan of personal property is pretended to have been made to any person with whom, or with those claiming under him, possession has remained five years without demand made and pursued by due process of law on the part of the pretended lender, or when any reservation or limitation is pretended to have been made of a use or property by way of condition, reversion, remainder, or otherwise in personal property, the possession of which has so remained in another as aforesaid, the absolute property shall be taken to be with the possession and such loan, reservation, or limitation void as to creditors of, and purchasers from, the person so remaining in possession, unless such loan, reservation, or limitation is declared by will which, or a copy of which, or by deed or other writing which, is duly recorded within a period of five years in the circuit court of the county or city in which the personal property is located.Code 1919, § 5188; Code 1950, § 55-87; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-406 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 4 - Fraudulent and Voluntary Conveyances; Writings Necessary to Be Recorded|§ 55.1-406. Certain recorded contracts as valid as deeds

Any such contract or bill of sale as is mentioned in § 11-1, if in writing and signed by the owner of the property, shall, from the time it is duly recorded, be, as against creditors and purchasers, as valid, so far as it affects real estate, as if the contract were a deed conveying the estate or interest embraced in the contract and, so far as it affects goods and chattels, as if possession had completely passed at the time of such recording, provided that, as to goods whose possession is retained by a merchant-seller, the provisions of subsection (2) of § 8.2-402 of the Uniform Commercial Code shall be controlling and provided further that, if any such contract or bill of sale as is mentioned in § 11-1 creates a security interest as defined in the Uniform Commercial Code, its validity and enforceability shall be governed by the provisions of that Code.Code 1919, § 5193; Code 1950, § 55-95; 1964, c. 314; 1966, c. 399; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-408 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 4 - Fraudulent and Voluntary Conveyances; Writings Necessary to Be Recorded|§ 55.1-408. Where to be recorded

Notwithstanding that any writing is recorded in one county or city in which there is real estate or personal property, it nevertheless is void as to such creditors and purchasers in respect to other real estate or personal property without such recording until it is duly recorded in the county or city in which such other real estate or personal property may be located, but it shall be sufficient to record a deed releasing the lien of a deed of trust, in whole or in part, either in the county or city in which the property thereby released is located or in the county or city in which the property so released was situated at the time of the recordation of the deed of trust, and any recordation thereof so made of any such release is hereby validated.Code 1919, § 5195; Code 1950, § 55-97; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-409 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 4 - Fraudulent and Voluntary Conveyances; Writings Necessary to Be Recorded|§ 55.1-409. Recordation of instruments affecting civil aircraft of United States

No instrument that affects the title to or interest in any civil aircraft of the United States, as defined by federal law, or any portion of such aircraft, shall be valid in respect of such aircraft or portion of such aircraft against any person other than the person by whom the instrument is made or to whom the instrument is given, his heir or devisee, and any person having actual notice of such instrument, until such instrument is recorded in the office of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States, or such other office as is designated by the laws of the United States as the one in which such instruments should be filed. Every such instrument so recorded in such office shall be valid as to all persons without further recordation in any office in the Commonwealth, the provisions of any other recordation statute to the contrary notwithstanding. Any instrument for which recordation is required by the provisions of this section shall take effect from the date of its recordation and not from the date of its execution.1946, p. 387; Michie Suppl. 1946, § 5194a; Code 1950, § 55-100; 2019, c. 712.