reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-101 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 1 - Subject Matter and Definitions|Section 4A-101 - Short Title

    This title may be cited as Maryland Uniform Commercial Code - Funds Transfers.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-102 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 1 - Subject Matter and Definitions|Section 4A-102 - Subject Matter

    Except as otherwise provided in § 4A-108 of this subtitle, this title applies to funds transfers defined in § 4A-104 of this subtitle.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-103 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 1 - Subject Matter and Definitions|Section 4A-103 - Payment Order; Definitions

    (a)    In this title:        (1)    “Payment order” means an instruction of a sender to a receiving bank, transmitted orally, electronically, or in writing, to pay, or to cause another bank to pay, a fixed or determinable amount of money to a beneficiary if:            (i)    The instruction does not state a condition to payment to the beneficiary other than time of payment;            (ii)    The receiving bank is to be reimbursed by debiting an account of, or otherwise receiving payment from, the sender; and            (iii)    The instruction is transmitted by the sender directly to the receiving bank or to an agent, funds-transfer system, or communication system for transmittal to the receiving bank.        (2)    “Beneficiary” means the person to be paid by the beneficiary’s bank.        (3)    “Beneficiary’s bank” means the bank identified in a payment order in which an account of the beneficiary is to be credited pursuant to the order or which otherwise is to make payment to the beneficiary if the order does not provide for payment to an account.        (4)    “Receiving bank” means the bank to which the sender’s instruction is addressed.        (5)    “Sender” means the person giving the instruction to the receiving bank.    (b)    If an instruction complying with subsection (a)(1) of this section is to make more than 1 payment to a beneficiary, the instruction is a separate payment order with respect to each payment.    (c)    A payment order is issued when it is sent to the receiving bank.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-104 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 1 - Subject Matter and Definitions|Section 4A-104 - Funds Transfer; Definitions

    In this title:         (1)    “Funds transfer” means the series of transactions, beginning with the originator’s payment order, made for the purpose of making payment to the beneficiary of the order. The term includes any payment order issued by the originator’s bank or by an intermediary bank intended to carry out the originator’s payment order. A funds transfer is completed by acceptance by the beneficiary’s bank of a payment order for the benefit of the beneficiary of the originator’s payment order.        (2)    “Intermediary bank” means a receiving bank other than:            (i)    The originator’s bank; or            (ii)    The beneficiary’s bank.        (3)    “Originator” means the sender of the first payment order in a funds transfer.        (4)    “Originator’s bank” means:            (i)    The receiving bank to which the payment order of the originator is issued if the originator is not a bank; or            (ii)    The originator if the originator is a bank.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-105 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 1 - Subject Matter and Definitions|Section 4A-105 - Other Definitions

    (a)    In this title:        (1)    “Authorized account” means a deposit account of a customer in a bank designated by the customer as a source of payment of payment orders issued by the customer to the bank. If a customer does not so designate an account, any account of the customer is an authorized account if payment of a payment order from that account is not inconsistent with a restriction on the use of that account.        (2)    “Bank” means a person engaged in the business of banking and includes a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, and trust company. A branch or separate office of a bank is a separate bank for purposes of this title.        (3)    “Customer” means a person, including a bank, having an account with a bank or from whom a bank has agreed to receive payment orders.        (4)    “Funds–transfer business day” of a receiving bank means the part of a day during which the receiving bank is open for the receipt, processing, and transmittal of payment orders and cancellations and amendments of payment orders.        (5)    “Funds–transfer system” means a wire transfer network, automated clearing house, or other communication system of a clearing house or other association of banks through which a payment order by a bank may be transmitted to the bank to which the order is addressed.        (6)    Reserved.        (7)    “Prove” with respect to a fact means to meet the burden of establishing the fact (§ 1–208(b)(8)).    (b)    Other definitions applying to this title and the sections in which they appear are:
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-106 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 1 - Subject Matter and Definitions|Section 4A-106 - Time Payment Order Is Received

    (a)    (1)    The time of receipt of a payment order or communication cancelling or amending a payment order is determined by the rules applicable to receipt of a notice stated in § 1–202 of this article.        (2)    A receiving bank may fix a cutoff time or times on a funds–transfer business day for the receipt and processing of payment orders and communications cancelling or amending payment orders.        (3)    Different cutoff times may apply to payment orders, cancellations, or amendments, or to different categories of payment orders, cancellations, or amendments.        (4)    A cutoff time may apply to senders generally or different cutoff times may apply to different senders or categories of payment orders.        (5)    If a payment order or communication cancelling or amending a payment order is received after the close of a funds–transfer business day or after the appropriate cutoff time on a funds–transfer business day, the receiving bank may treat the payment order or communication as received at the opening of the next funds–transfer business day.    (b)    If this title refers to an execution date or payment date or states a day on which a receiving bank is required to take action, and the date or day does not fall on a funds-transfer business day, the next day that is a funds-transfer business day is treated as the date or day stated, unless the contrary is stated in this title.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-107 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 1 - Subject Matter and Definitions|Section 4A-107 - Federal Reserve Regulations and Operating Circulars

    Regulations of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System and operating circulars of the Federal Reserve Banks supersede any inconsistent provision of this title to the extent of the inconsistency.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-108 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 1 - Subject Matter and Definitions|Section 4A-108 - Exclusion of Consumer Transactions Governed by Federal Law; Exception

    (a)    Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, this title does not apply to a funds transfer any part of which is governed by the Electronic Fund Transfer Act of 1978 (Title XX, Public Law 95–630, 92 Stat. 3728, 15 U.S.C. § 1693 et seq.) as amended from time to time.    (b)    This title applies to a funds transfer that is a remittance transfer as defined in the Electronic Fund Transfer Act (15 U.S.C. § 1693o–1) as amended from time to time, unless the remittance transfer is an electronic fund transfer as defined in the Electronic Fund Transfer Act (15 U.S.C. § 1693a) as amended from time to time.    (c)    In a funds transfer to which this title applies, in the event of an inconsistency between an applicable provision of this title and an applicable provision of the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the provision of the Electronic Fund Transfer Act governs to the extent of the inconsistency.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-201 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 2 - Issue and Acceptance of Payment Order|Section 4A-201 - Security Procedure

    (a)    “Security procedure” means a procedure established by agreement of a customer and a receiving bank for the purpose of:        (1)    Verifying that a payment order or communication amending or cancelling a payment order is that of the customer; or        (2)    Detecting error in the transmission or the content of the payment order or communication.    (b)    A “security procedure” may require the use of algorithms or other codes, identifying words or numbers, encryption, callback procedures, or similar security devices.    (c)    Comparison of a signature on a payment order or communication with an authorized specimen signature of the customer is not by itself a “security procedure”.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-202 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 2 - Issue and Acceptance of Payment Order|Section 4A-202 - Authorized and Verified Payment Orders

    (a)    A payment order received by the receiving bank is the authorized order of the person identified as sender if that person authorized the order or is otherwise bound by it under the law of agency.    (b)    (1)    If a bank and its customer have agreed that the authenticity of payment orders issued to the bank in the name of the customer as sender will be verified pursuant to a security procedure, a payment order received by the receiving bank is effective as the order of the customer, whether or not authorized, if:            (i)    The security procedure is a commercially reasonable method of providing security against unauthorized payment orders; and            (ii)    The bank proves that it accepted the payment order in good faith and in compliance with the security procedure and any written agreement or instruction of the customer restricting acceptance of payment orders issued in the name of the customer.        (2)    The bank is not required to follow an instruction that violates a written agreement with the customer or notice of which is not received at a time and in a manner affording the bank a reasonable opportunity to act on it before the payment order is accepted.    (c)    (1)    Commercial reasonableness of a security procedure is a question of law to be determined by considering the wishes of the customer expressed to the bank, the circumstances of the customer known to the bank, including the size, type, and frequency of payment orders normally issued by the customer to the bank, alternative security procedures offered to the customer, and security procedures in general use by customers and receiving banks similarly situated.        (2)    A security procedure is deemed to be commercially reasonable if:            (i)    The security procedure was chosen by the customer after the bank offered, and the customer refused, a security procedure that was commercially reasonable for that customer; and            (ii)    The customer expressly agreed in writing to be bound by any payment order, whether or not authorized, issued in its name and accepted by the bank in compliance with the security procedure chosen by the customer.    (d)    The term “sender” in this title includes the customer in whose name a payment order is issued if the order is the authorized order of the customer under subsection (a) of this section, or it is effective as the order of the customer under subsection (b) of this section.    (e)    This section applies to amendments and cancellations of payment orders to the same extent that it applies to payment orders.    (f)    Except as provided in this section and in § 4A-203(a)(1) of this subtitle, rights and obligations arising under this section or § 4A-203 of this subtitle may not be varied by agreement.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-203 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 2 - Issue and Acceptance of Payment Order|Section 4A-203 - Unenforceability of Certain Verified Payment Orders

    (a)    If an accepted payment order is not an authorized order of a customer identified as sender under § 4A-202(a) of this subtitle, but is effective as an order of the customer pursuant to § 4A-202(b) of this subtitle, the following rules apply:        (1)    By express written agreement, the receiving bank may limit the extent to which it is entitled to enforce or retain payment of the payment order.        (2)    The receiving bank is not entitled to enforce or retain payment of the payment order if the customer proves that the order was not caused, directly or indirectly, by a person:            (i)    Entrusted at any time with duties to act for the customer with respect to payment orders or the security procedure; or            (ii)    Who obtained access to transmitting facilities of the customer or who obtained, from a source controlled by the customer and without authority of the receiving bank, information facilitating breach of the security procedure, regardless of how the information was obtained or whether the customer was at fault. Information includes any access device, computer software, or the like.    (b)    This section applies to amendments of payment orders to the same extent that it applies to payment orders.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-204 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 2 - Issue and Acceptance of Payment Order|Section 4A-204 - Refund of Payment and Duty of Customer to Report With Respect to Unauthorized Payment Order

    (a)    (1)    If a receiving bank accepts a payment order issued in the name of its customer as sender which is (i) not authorized and not effective as the order of the customer under § 4A-202 of this subtitle or (ii) not enforceable, in whole or in part, against the customer under § 4A-203 of this subtitle, the receiving bank shall refund any payment of the payment order received from the customer to the extent that the receiving bank is not entitled to enforce payment and shall pay interest on the refundable amount calculated from the date the bank received payment to the date of the refund.        (2)    Notwithstanding paragraph (1) of this subsection, the customer is not entitled to interest from the bank on the amount to be refunded if the customer fails to exercise ordinary care to determine that the order was not authorized by the customer and to notify the bank of the relevant facts within a reasonable time not exceeding 90 days after the date the customer received notification from the bank that the order was accepted or that the customer’s account was debited with respect to the order.        (3)    A receiving bank is not entitled to any recovery from the customer on account of a failure by the customer to give notification as stated in this section.    (b)    Reasonable time under subsection (a) of this section may be fixed by agreement as stated in § 1–302(b) of this article, but the obligation of a receiving bank to refund payment as stated in subsection (a) of this section may not otherwise be varied by agreement.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-205 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 2 - Issue and Acceptance of Payment Order|Section 4A-205 - Erroneous Payment Orders

    (a)    If an accepted payment order was transmitted pursuant to a security procedure for the detection of error and the payment order (i) erroneously instructed payment to a beneficiary not intended by the sender, (ii) erroneously instructed payment in an amount greater than the amount intended by the sender, or (iii) was an erroneously transmitted duplicate of a payment order previously sent by the sender, the following rules apply:        (1)    If the sender proves that the sender or a person acting on behalf of the sender pursuant to § 4A-206 of this subtitle complied with the security procedure and that the error would have been detected if the receiving bank had also complied, the sender is not obliged to pay the order to the extent stated in paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subsection.        (2)    If the funds transfer is completed on the basis of an erroneous payment order described in clause (i) or (iii) of subsection (a) of this section, the sender is not obliged to pay the order and the receiving bank is entitled to recover from the beneficiary any amount paid to the beneficiary to the extent allowed by the law governing mistake and restitution.        (3)    If the funds transfer is completed on the basis of a payment order described in clause (ii) of subsection (a) of this section, the sender is not obliged to pay the order to the extent the amount received by the beneficiary is greater than the amount intended by the sender. In that case, the receiving bank is entitled to recover from the beneficiary the excess amount received to the extent allowed by the law governing mistake and restitution.    (b)    If (i) the sender of an erroneous payment order described in subsection (a) of this section is not obliged to pay all or part of the order, and (ii) the sender receives notification from the receiving bank that the order was accepted by the bank or that the sender’s account was debited with respect to the order, the sender has a duty to exercise ordinary care, on the basis of information available to the sender, to discover the error with respect to the order and to advise the bank of the relevant facts within a reasonable time, not exceeding 90 days, after the bank’s notification was received by the sender. If the receiving bank proves that the sender failed to perform that duty, the sender is liable to the bank for the loss which the bank proves that it incurred as a result of the failure, but the liability of the sender may not exceed the amount of the sender’s order.    (c)    This section applies to amendments to payment orders to the same extent that it applies to payment orders.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-206 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 2 - Issue and Acceptance of Payment Order|Section 4A-206 - Transmission of Payment Order Through Funds Transfer or Other Communication System

    (a)    (1)    If a payment order addressed to a receiving bank is transmitted to a funds-transfer system for transmittal to the bank, the funds-transfer system is deemed to be an agent of the sender for the purpose of transmitting the payment order to the bank.        (2)    If there is a discrepancy between the terms of the payment order transmitted to the funds-transfer system and the terms of the payment order transmitted by the funds-transfer system to the bank, the terms of the payment order of the sender are those transmitted by the funds-transfer system.        (3)    This section does not apply to a funds-transfer system of the Federal Reserve Banks.    (b)    This section applies to cancellations and amendments of payment orders to the same extent that it applies to payment orders.
MD. Commercial Law Code Ann. §  4A-208 (2021)
2021 Maryland Statutes|Commercial Law|Title 4A - Funds Transfers|Subtitle 2 - Issue and Acceptance of Payment Order|Section 4A-208 - Misdescription of Intermediary Bank or Beneficiary's Bank

    (a)    In the case where a payment order identifies an intermediary bank or the beneficiary’s bank only by an identifying number:        (1)    The receiving bank may rely on the number as the proper identification of the intermediary or beneficiary’s bank and need not determine whether the number identifies a bank; and        (2)    The sender is obliged to compensate the receiving bank for any loss and expenses incurred by the receiving bank as a result of its reliance on the number in executing or attempting to execute the order.    (b)    This subsection applies to a payment order identifying an intermediary bank or the beneficiary’s bank both by name and an identifying number if the name and number identify different persons.        (1)    If the sender is a bank:            (i)    The receiving bank:                1.    May rely on the number as the proper identification of the intermediary or beneficiary’s bank if the receiving bank, when it executes the sender’s order, does not know that the name and number identify different persons; and                2.    Need not determine whether the name and number refer to the same person or whether the number refers to a bank; and            (ii)    The sender is obliged to compensate the receiving bank for any loss and expenses incurred by the receiving bank as a result of its reliance on the number in executing or attempting to execute the order.        (2)    If the sender is not a bank and the receiving bank proves that the sender, before the payment order was accepted, had notice that the receiving bank might rely on the number as the proper identification of the intermediary or beneficiary’s bank even if it identifies a person different from the bank identified by name, the rights and obligations of the sender and the receiving bank are governed by paragraph (1) of this subsection, as though the sender were a bank. Proof of notice may be made by any admissible evidence. The receiving bank satisfies the burden of proof if it proves that the sender, before the payment order was accepted, signed a writing stating the information to which the notice relates.        (3)    Regardless of whether the sender is a bank, the receiving bank may rely on the name as the proper identification of the intermediary or beneficiary’s bank if the receiving bank, at the time it executes the sender’s order, does not know that the name and number identify different persons. The receiving bank need not determine whether the name and number refer to the same person.        (4)    If the receiving bank knows that the name and number identify different persons, reliance on either the name or the number in executing the sender’s payment order is a breach of the obligation stated in § 4A-302(a)(1) of this title.