reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CA Civ Code § 945.5 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 2 - REAL OR IMMOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 7 - REQUIREMENTS FOR ACTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS|CHAPTER 5 - Procedure|Section 945.5.

945.5.  A builder, general contractor, subcontractor, material supplier, individual product manufacturer, or design professional, under the principles of comparative fault pertaining to affirmative defenses, may be excused, in whole or in part, from any obligation, damage, loss, or liability if the builder, general contractor, subcontractor, material supplier, individual product manufacturer, or design professional, can demonstrate any of the following affirmative defenses in response to a claimed violation:(a) To the extent it is caused by an unforeseen act of nature which caused the structure not to meet the standard. For purposes of this section an “unforeseen act of nature” means a weather condition, earthquake, or manmade event such as war, terrorism, or vandalism, in excess of the design criteria expressed by the applicable building codes, regulations, and ordinances in effect at the time of original construction.(b) To the extent it is caused by a homeowner’s unreasonable failure to minimize or prevent those damages in a timely manner, including the failure of the homeowner to allow reasonable and timely access for inspections and repairs under this title. This includes the failure to give timely notice to the builder after discovery of a violation, but does not include damages due to the untimely or inadequate response of a builder to the homeowner’s claim.(c) To the extent it is caused by the homeowner or his or her agent, employee, general contractor, subcontractor, independent contractor, or consultant by virtue of their failure to follow the builder’s or manufacturer’s recommendations, or commonly accepted homeowner maintenance obligations. In order to rely upon this defense as it relates to a builder’s recommended maintenance schedule, the builder shall show that the homeowner had written notice of these schedules and recommendations and that the recommendations and schedules were reasonable at the time they were issued.(d) To the extent it is caused by the homeowner or his or her agent’s or an independent third party’s alterations, ordinary wear and tear, misuse, abuse, or neglect, or by the structure’s use for something other than its intended purpose.(e) To the extent that the time period for filing actions bars the claimed violation.(f) As to a particular violation for which the builder has obtained a valid release.(g) To the extent that the builder’s repair was successful in correcting the particular violation of the applicable standard.(h) As to any causes of action to which this statute does not apply, all applicable affirmative defenses are preserved.(Amended by Stats. 2003, Ch. 762, Sec. 10. Effective January 1, 2004.)
CA Civ Code § 980 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY|CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind|Section 980.

980.  (a) (1) The author of any original work of authorship that is not fixed in any tangible medium of expression has an exclusive ownership in the representation or expression thereof as against all persons except one who orginally and independently creates the same or similar work. A work shall be considered not fixed when it is not embodied in a tangible medium of expression or when its embodiment in a tangible medium of expression is not sufficiently permanent or stable to permit it to be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory duration, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device.(2) The author of an original work of authorship consisting of a sound recording initially fixed prior to February 15, 1972, has an exclusive ownership therein until February 15, 2047, as against all persons except one who independently makes or duplicates another sound recording that does not directly or indirectly recapture the actual sounds fixed in such prior sound recording, but consists entirely of an independent fixation of other sounds, even though such sounds imitate or simulate the sounds contained in the prior sound recording.(b) The inventor or proprietor of any invention or design, with or without delineation, or other graphical representation, has an exclusive ownership therein, and in the representation or expression thereof, which continues so long as the invention or design and the representations or expressions thereof made by him remain in his possession.(Amended by Stats. 1982, Ch. 574, Sec. 2.)
CA Civ Code § 981 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY|CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind|Section 981.

981.  (a) Unless otherwise agreed, an original work of authorship not fixed in any tangible medium of expression and in the creation of which several persons are jointly concerned, is owned by them in equal proportion.(b) Unless otherwise agreed, an invention or design in the production of which several persons are jointly concerned is owned by them as follows:(1) If the invention or design is single, in equal proportions.(2) If it is not single, in proportion to the contribution of each.(Amended by Stats. 1982, Ch. 574, Sec. 3.)
CA Civ Code § 982 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY|CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind|Section 982.

982.  (a) The owner of any rights in any original works of authorship not fixed in any tangible medium of expression may transfer the ownership therein.(b) The owner of any invention or design, or of any representation or expression thereof, may transfer his or her proprietary interest in it.(c) Notwithstanding any other provision in this section, whenever a work of fine art is transferred, whether by sale or on commission or otherwise, by or on behalf of the artist who created it, or that artist’s heir, legatee, or personal representative, the right of reproduction thereof is reserved to such artist or such heir, legatee, or personal representative until it passes into the public domain by act or operation of law, unless that right is expressly transferred by a document in writing in which reference is made to the specific right of reproduction, signed by the owner of the rights conveyed or that person’s duly authorized agent. If the transfer is pursuant to an employment relationship, the right of reproduction is transferred to the employer, unless it is expressly reserved in writing. If the transfer is pursuant to a legacy or inheritance, the right of reproduction is transferred to the legatee or heir, unless it is expressly reserved by will or codicil. Nothing contained herein, however, shall be construed to prohibit the fair use of such work of fine art.(d) As used in subdivision (c):(1) “Fine art” means any work of visual art, including but not limited to, a drawing, painting, sculpture, mosaic, or photograph, a work of calligraphy, work of graphic art (including an etching, lithograph, offset print, silk screen, or a work of graphic art of like nature), crafts (including crafts in clay, textile, fiber, wood, metal, plastic, and like materials), or mixed media (including a collage, assemblage, or any combination of the foregoing art media).(2) “Artist” means the creator of a work of fine art.(3) “Right of reproduction”, at the present state of commerce and technology shall be interpreted as including, but shall not be limited to, the following: reproduction of works of fine art as prints suitable for framing; facsimile casts of sculpture; reproductions used for greeting cards; reproductions in general books and magazines not devoted primarily to art, and in newspapers in other than art or news sections, when such reproductions in books, magazines, and newspapers are used for purposes similar to those of material for which the publishers customarily pay; art films; television, except from stations operated for educational purposes, or on programs for educational purposes from all stations; and reproductions used in any form of advertising, including magazines, calendars, newspapers, posters, billboards, films or television.(e) The amendments to this section made at the 1975–76 Regular Session shall only apply to transfers made on or after January 1, 1976.(Amended by Stats. 1982, Ch. 574, Sec. 4.)
CA Civ Code § 983 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY|CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind|Section 983.

983.  If the owner of any invention or design intentionally makes it public, a copy or reproduction may be made public by any person, without responsiblily to the owner, so far as the law of this state is concerned.(Amended by Stats. 1982, Ch. 574, Sec. 5.)
CA Civ Code § 984 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY|CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind|Section 984.

984.  If the owner of an invention or design does not make it public, any other person subsequently and originally producing the same thing has the same right therein as the prior inventor, which is exclusive to the same extent against all persons except the prior inventor, or those claiming under him.(Added by Stats. 1949, Ch. 921.)
CA Civ Code § 985 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY|CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind|Section 985.

985.  Letters and other private communications in writing belong to the person to whom they are addressed and delivered; but they cannot be published against the will of the writer, except by authority of law.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 988 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY|CHAPTER 3 - Products of the Mind|Section 988.

988.  (a) For the purpose of this section:(1) The term “artist” means the creator of a work of art.(2) The term “work of art” means any work of visual or graphic art of any media including, but not limited to, a painting, print, drawing, sculpture, craft, photograph, or film.(b) Whenever an exclusive or nonexclusive conveyance of any right to reproduce, prepare derivative works based on, distribute copies of, publicly perform, or publicly display a work of art is made by or on behalf of the artist who created it or the owner at the time of the conveyance, ownership of the physical work of art shall remain with and be reserved to the artist or owner, as the case may be, unless such right of ownership is expressly transferred by an instrument, note, memorandum, or other writing, signed by the artist, the owner, or their duly authorized agent.(c) Whenever an exclusive or nonexclusive conveyance of any right to reproduce, prepare derivative works based on, distribute copies of, publicly perform, or publicly display a work of art is made by or on behalf of the artist who created it or the owner at the time of the conveyance, any ambiguity with respect to the nature or extent of the rights conveyed shall be resolved in favor of the reservation of rights by the artist or owner, unless in any given case the federal copyright law provides to the contrary.(Added by Stats. 1982, Ch. 1319, Sec. 1.)
CA Civ Code § 994 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY|CHAPTER 4 - Other Kinds of Personal Property|Section 994.

994.  Instruments essential to the title of real property, and which are not kept in a public office as a record, pursuant to law, belong to the person in whom, for the time being, such title may be vested, and pass with the title.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 996 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY|CHAPTER 4 - Other Kinds of Personal Property|Section 996.

996.  Whenever fur bearing animals, which are by their nature known as wild animals, have been brought into, or born in, restraint or captivity upon any farm or ranch for the purpose of cultivating or pelting their furs, such animals, together with their offspring or increase, shall be the subjects of ownership, lien, and all kinds of absolute and other property rights, the same as purely domestic animals, in whatever situation, location, or condition such fur bearing animals may thereafter come or be, and regardless of their remaining in or escaping from such restraint or captivity. Such fur bearing animals shall receive the same protection of law, and in the same way and to the same extent shall be the subject of trespass or larceny as other personal property and shall be considered and classified as domestic animals for the purpose of and within the meaning of any statute or law relating generally to domestic animals, other than dogs and cats or other pets, or relating to farming, to animal husbandry, or to the encouragement of agriculture, unless any such statute or law is impossible of application to such fur bearing animals.(Added by Stats. 1941, Ch. 404.)
CA Civ Code § 997 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY|CHAPTER 4 - Other Kinds of Personal Property|Section 997.

997.  In this state, for any purpose, porcelain painting and stained glass artistry shall be considered a fine art and not a craft.(Amended by Stats. 1982, Ch. 1609, Sec. 3.)
CA Civ Code § 998 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 3 - PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY|TITLE 2 - PARTICULAR KINDS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY|CHAPTER 4 - Other Kinds of Personal Property|Section 998.

998.  Any private vendor of electronic data processing equipment or telecommunications goods and services may sell or lease equipment, goods, or services to a private school for the same price and on similar terms as the vendor sells or leases the equipment, goods, or services to a public school or school district.(Added by Stats. 1988, Ch. 858, Sec. 1.)
CA Civ Code § 1013 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property|Section 1013.

1013.  When a person affixes his property to the land of another, without an agreement permitting him to remove it, the thing affixed, except as otherwise provided in this chapter, belongs to the owner of the land, unless he chooses to require the former to remove it or the former elects to exercise the right of removal provided for in Section 1013.5 of this chapter.(Amended by Stats. 1953, Ch. 1175.)
CA Civ Code § 1013.5 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property|Section 1013.5.

1013.5.  (a) When any person, acting in good faith and, erroneously believing because of a mistake either of law or fact that he has a right to do so, affixes improvements to the land of another, such person, or his successor in interest, shall have the right to remove such improvements upon payment, as their interests shall appear, to the owner of the land, and any other person having any interest therein who acquired such interest for value after the commencement of the work of improvement and in reliance thereon, of all their damages proximately resulting from the affixing and removal of such improvements.(b) In any action brought to enforce such right the owner of the land and encumbrancers of record shall be named as defendants, a notice of pendency of action shall be recorded before trial, and the owner of the land shall recover his costs of suit and a reasonable attorney’s fee to be fixed by the court.(c) If it appears to the court that the total amount of damages cannot readily be ascertained prior to the removal of the improvements, or that it is otherwise in the interests of justice, the court may order an interlocutory judgment authorizing the removal of the improvements upon condition precedent that the plaintiff pay into court the estimated total damages, as found by the court or as stipulated.(d) If the court finds that the holder of any lien upon the property acquired his lien in good faith and for value after the commencement of the work of improvement and in reliance thereon, or that as a result of the making or affixing of the improvements there is any lien against the property under Article XX, Section 15, of the Constitution of this State, judgment authorizing removal, final or interlocutory, shall not be given unless the holder of each such lien shall have consented to the removal of the improvements. Such consent shall be in writing and shall be filed with the court.(e) The right created by this section is a right to remove improvements from land which may be exercised at the option of one who, acting in good faith and erroneously believing because of a mistake either of law or fact that he has a right to do so, affixes such improvements to the land of another. This section shall not be construed to affect or qualify the law as it existed prior to the 1953 amendment of this section with regard to the circumstances under which a court of equity will refuse to compel removal of an encroachment.(Amended by Stats. 1955, Ch. 73.)
CA Civ Code § 1014 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property|Section 1014.

1014.  Where, from natural causes, land forms by imperceptible degrees upon the bank of a river or stream, navigable or not navigable, either by accumulation of material or by the recession of the stream, such land belongs to the owner of the bank, subject to any existing right of way over the bank.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1015 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property|Section 1015.

1015.  If a river or stream, navigable or not navigable, carries away, by sudden violence a considerable and distinguishable part of a bank, and bears it to the opposite bank, or to another part of the same bank, the owner of the part carried away may reclaim it within a year after the owner of the land to which it has been united takes possession thereof.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1016 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property|Section 1016.

1016.  Islands and accumulations of land, formed in the beds of streams which are navigable, belong to the State, if there is no title or prescription to the contrary.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1017 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property|Section 1017.

1017.  An island, or an accumulation of land, formed in a stream which is not navigable, belongs to the owner of the shore on that side where the island or accumulation is formed; or, if not formed on one side only, to the owners of the shore on the two sides, divided by an imaginary line drawn through the middle of the river.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1018 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property|Section 1018.

1018.  If a stream, navigable or not navigable, in forming itself a new arm, divides itself and surrounds land belonging to the owner of the shore, and thereby forms an island, the island belongs to such owner.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § [1019.] (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 1 - Accession to Real Property|Section [1019.].

[1019.]   Section Ten Hundred and Nineteen. A tenant may remove from the demised premises, any time during the continuance of his term, anything affixed thereto for purposes of trade, manufacture, ornament, or domestic use, if the removal can be effected without injury to the premises, unless the thing has, by the manner in which it is affixed, become an integral part of the premises.(Repealed and added by Code Amendments 1873-74, Ch. 612.)
CA Civ Code § 1025 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property|Section 1025.

1025.  When things belonging to different owners have been united so as to form a single thing, and cannot be separated without injury, the whole belongs to the owner of the thing which forms the principal part; who must, however, reimburse the value of the residue to the other owner, or surrender the whole to him.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1026 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property|Section 1026.

1026.  That part is to be deemed the principal to which the other has been united only for the use, ornament, or completion of the former, unless the latter is the more valuable, and has been united without the knowledge of its owner, who may, in the latter case, require it to be separated and returned to him, although some injury should result to the thing to which it has been united.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1027 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property|Section 1027.

1027.  If neither part can be considered the principal, within the rule prescribed by the last section, the more valuable, or, if the values are nearly equal, the more considerable in bulk, is to be deemed the principal part.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1028 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property|Section 1028.

1028.  If one makes a thing from materials belonging to another, the latter may claim the thing on reimbursing the value of the workmanship, unless the value of the workmanship exceeds the value of the materials, in which case the thing belongs to the maker, on reimbursing the value of the materials.(Enacted 1872.)
CA Civ Code § 1029 (2021)
2021 California Code|Civil Code - CIV|DIVISION 2 - PROPERTY|PART 4 - ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY|TITLE 3 - ACCESSION|CHAPTER 2 - Accession to Personal Property|Section 1029.

1029.  Where one has made use of materials which in part belong to him and in part to another, in order to form a thing of a new description, without having destroyed any of the materials, but in such a way that they cannot be separated without inconvenience, the thing formed is common to both proprietors; in proportion, as respects the one, of the materials belonging to him, and as respects the other, of the materials belonging to him and the price of his workmanship.(Enacted 1872.)