reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
GA Code § 15-12-172 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 15 - Courts|Chapter 12 - Juries|Article 5 - Trial Juries|Part 2 - Juries in Felony Cases|§ 15-12-172. Replacement of Incapacitated Jurors; Effect of Replacement

 If at any time, whether before or after final submission of the case to the jury, a juror dies, becomes ill, upon other good cause shown to the court is found to be unable to perform his duty, or is discharged for other legal cause, the first alternate juror shall take the place of the first juror becoming incapacitated. Further replacements shall be made in similar numerical sequence provided the alternate jurors have not been discharged. An alternate juror taking the place of any incapacitated juror shall thereafter be deemed to be a member of the jury of 12 and shall have full power to take part in the deliberations of the jury and the finding of the verdict. Any verdict found by any jury having thereon alternate jurors shall have the same force, effect, and validity as if found by the original jury of 12.   (Ga. L. 1957, p. 466, § 5; Ga. L. 1968, p. 1225, § 5.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 47 Am. Jur. 2d, Jury, § 129.   C.J.S.   - 50A C.J.S., Juries, § 114.   ALR.    - Substitution of juror after completion of panel as sustaining plea of former jeopardy, 33 A.L.R. 142.    Misconduct of juror which will authorize or require withdrawal of juror, 86 A.L.R. 928.    Plea of former jeopardy where jury is discharged because of illness or insanity of juror, 125 A.L.R. 694.   Constitutionality and construction of statute or court rule relating to alternate or additional jurors or substitution of jurors during trial, 84 A.L.R.2d 1288; 15 A.L.R.4th 1127; 88 A.L.R.4th 711; 10 A.L.R. Fed. 185; 115 A.L.R. Fed. 381; 119 A.L.R. Fed. 589.   Inattention of juror from sleepiness or other cause as ground for reversal or new trial, 88 A.L.R.2d 1275, 59 A.L.R.5th 1.   Substitution, under Rule 24c of Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, of alternate juror for regular juror before jury retires to consider verdict in federal criminal case, 115 A.L.R. Fed. 381.
GA Code § 16-7-23 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 1 - General Provisions|§ 16-7-23. Criminal Damage to Property in the Second Degree

  A person commits the offense of criminal damage to property in the second degree when he:   Intentionally damages any property of another person without his consent and the damage thereto exceeds $500.00; or   Recklessly or intentionally, by means of fire or explosive, damages property of another person.     A person convicted of the offense of criminal damage to property in the second degree shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than five years.    (Code 1933, § 26-1502, enacted by Ga. L. 1968, p. 1249, § 1; Ga. L. 1985, p. 484, § 2; Ga. L. 1985, p. 1491, § 2; Ga. L. 2008, p. 444, § 2/SB 400.)   Law reviews.   - For article surveying legislative and judicial developments in Georgia local government law for 1978-79, see 31 Mercer L. Rev. 155 (1979).   JUDICIAL DECISIONS   ANALYSIS    General Considerations   Application   Merger of Offenses    RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 5 Am. Jur. 2d, Arson and Related Offenses, §§ 3, 5, 11 et seq. 52 Am. Jur. 2d, Malicious Mischief, § 1 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 35 C.J.S., Explosives, § 95 et seq. 36A C.J.S., Fires, § 1 et seq. 54 C.J.S., Malicious or Criminal Mischief or Damage to Property, § 1 et seq.   ALR.   - Prejudicial effect of argument or comment that accused, if acquitted on ground of insanity, would be released from institution to which committed, 44 A.L.R.2d 978.
GA Code § 16-7-26 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 1 - General Provisions|§ 16-7-26. Vandalism to a Place of Worship

  A person commits the offense of vandalism to a place of worship when he maliciously defaces or desecrates a church, synagogue, or other place of public religious worship.   A person convicted of the offense of vandalism to a place of worship shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than five years.    (Ga. L. 1967, p. 457, § 1; Code 1933, § 26-1505, enacted by Ga. L. 1968, p. 1249, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   ALR.   - Validity and construction of statute or ordinance prohibiting desecration of church, 90 A.L.R.3d 1128.
GA Code § 16-7-27 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 1 - General Provisions|§ 16-7-27. Injuring, Tearing Down, or Destroying Mailboxes; Injuring, Defacing, or Destroying Mail

  It shall be unlawful for any person willfully or maliciously to injure, tear down, or destroy any mailbox or receptacle intended or used for the receipt or delivery of mail or willfully or maliciously to injure, deface, or destroy any mail deposited therein.   Any person who violates this Code section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.    (Code 1933, § 26-1508, enacted by Ga. L. 1979, p. 619, § 1.)   Law reviews.   - For article, "Misdemeanor Sentencing in Georgia," see 7 Ga. St. B.J. 8 (2001).   RESEARCH REFERENCES   C.J.S.   - 72 C.J.S., Postal Service and Offenses Against Postal Laws, § 81.
GA Code § 16-7-40 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 2 - Littering Public and Private Property|§ 16-7-40. Short Title

 Reserved. Repealed by Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-1, effective July 1, 2006.   Editor's notes.   - This Code section was based on Ga. L. 1970, p. 494, § 1; Ga. L. 1990, p. 8, § 16.
GA Code § 16-7-41 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 2 - Littering Public and Private Property|§ 16-7-41. Legislative Intent

 Reserved. Repealed by Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-1, effective July 1, 2006.   Editor's notes.   - This Code section was based on Ga. L. 1970, p. 494, § 2.
GA Code § 16-7-42 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 2 - Littering Public and Private Property|§ 16-7-42. Definitions

 As used in this part, the term:    "Litter" means any discarded or abandoned:   Refuse, rubbish, junk, or other waste material; or   Dead animals that are not subject to the provisions of Code Section 4-5-4.     "Public or private property" means the right of way of any road or highway; any body of water or watercourse or the shores or beaches thereof; any park, playground, building, refuge, or conservation or recreation area; residential or farm properties, timberlands, or forests; or any commercial or industrial property.    (Ga. L. 1970, p. 494, § 3; Ga. L. 1990, p. 8, § 16; Ga. L. 1993, p. 496, § 1; Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-1/HB 1320.)   Editor's notes.   - Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 1-1, not codified by the General Assembly, provides: "This Act shall be known and may be cited as the 'Comprehensive Litter Prevention and Abatement Act of 2006.' "   Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 5-1, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall become effective April 21, 2006, for purposes of adopting local ordinances to become effective on or after July 1, 2006.   Law reviews.   - For note on 1993 amendment of this Code section, see 10 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 100 (1993).
GA Code § 16-7-44 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 2 - Littering Public and Private Property|§ 16-7-44. Prima-Facie Evidence; Rebuttable Presumption

  Whenever litter is thrown, deposited, dropped, or dumped from any motor vehicle, boat, airplane, or other conveyance in violation of Code Section 16-7-43, the trier of fact may in its discretion and in consideration of the totality of the circumstances infer that the operator of the conveyance has violated this part.   Except as provided in subsection (a) of this Code section, whenever any litter which is dumped, deposited, thrown, or left on public or private property in violation of Code Section 16-7-43 is discovered to contain any article or articles, including but not limited to letters, bills, publications, or other writings which display the name of a person thereon in such a manner as to indicate that the article belongs or belonged to such person, the trier of fact may in its discretion and in consideration of the totality of the circumstances infer that such person has violated this part.    (Ga. L. 1970, p. 494, § 6; Ga. L. 1984, p. 1489, § 1; Ga. L. 1990, p. 8, § 16; Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-1/HB 1320.)   Cross references.   - Littering highways, § 40-6-249.   Editor's notes.   - Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 1-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides: "This Act shall be known and may be cited as the 'Comprehensive Litter Prevention and Abatement Act of 2006.'"   Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 5-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall become effective April 21, 2006, for purposes of adopting local ordinances to become effective on or after July 1, 2006.
GA Code § 16-7-45 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 2 - Littering Public and Private Property|§ 16-7-45. Enforcement of This Part

 All law enforcement agencies, officers, and officials of this state or any political subdivision thereof or any enforcement agency, officer, or any official of any commission or authority of this state or any political subdivision thereof is authorized, empowered, and directed to enforce compliance with this part.   (Ga. L. 1970, p. 494, § 7; Ga. L. 1985, p. 149, § 16; Ga. L. 1990, p. 8, § 16; Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-1/HB 1320.)   Cross references.   - Acceptance of cash bonds for violation of litter laws, § 17-6-5 et seq.    Deposit of driver's license in lieu of bail, formal recognizance, or incarceration for violations of litter laws, § 17-6-11.    County government authority to adopt ordinances for policing unincorporated portions of county, § 36-1-20.   Editor's notes.   - Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 1-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: "This Act shall be known and may be cited as the 'Comprehensive Litter Prevention and Abatement Act of 2006."'   Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 5-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall become effective April 21, 2006, for purposes of adopting local ordinances to become effective on or after July 1, 2006.   OPINIONS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL   Editor's notes.   - In light of the similarity of the statutory provisions, decisions under former Code 1933, § 85-1606 are included in the annotations for this Code section.    Wildlife rangers of Game and Fish Commission are authorized to enforce compliance  with the 1970 Litter Control Law. 1971 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 71-37 (decided under former Code 1933, § 85-1606).   By "officer" in the 1970 Litter Control Law, the legislature meant the wildlife rangers employed by the commission. 1971 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 71-37 (decided under former Code 1933, § 85-1606).   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 40 Am. Jur. 2d, Highways, Streets, and Bridges, §§ 677, 678.
GA Code § 16-7-46 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 2 - Littering Public and Private Property|§ 16-7-46. Receptacles to Be Provided; Notice to Public

 All public authorities and agencies having supervision of properties of this state are authorized, empowered, and instructed to establish and maintain receptacles for the deposit of litter at appropriate locations where the property is frequented by the public, to post signs directing persons to the receptacles and serving notice of the provisions of this part, and to otherwise publicize the availability of litter receptacles and requirements of this part.   (Ga. L. 1970, p. 494, § 8; Ga. L. 1990, p. 8, § 16; Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-1/HB 1320.)   Editor's notes.   - Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 1-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: "This Act shall be known and may be cited as the 'Comprehensive Litter Prevention and Abatement Act of 2006.'"   Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 5-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall become effective April 21, 2006, for purposes of adopting local ordinances to become effective on or after July 1, 2006.
GA Code § 16-7-47 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 2 - Littering Public and Private Property|§ 16-7-47. Designation of Containers for Household Garbage; Misuse or Vandalization of Container

  As used in this Code section, the term "household garbage" means animal, vegetable, and fruit refuse matter and other refuse matter ordinarily generated as by-products of a household or restaurant, such as tin cans, bottles, paper, cardboard, plastics, and wrapping or packaging materials.   The governing authority of each county, municipality, or consolidated government of this state which provides containers for the dumping of trash or garbage therein shall be authorized to designate any or all such containers as being suitable for the dumping therein of household garbage only. If a container is clearly marked "household garbage only," it shall be unlawful for any person to dump any refuse or other material into the container other than household garbage.   It shall be unlawful for any person to set fire to the contents of, indiscriminately scatter or disperse the contents of, or otherwise vandalize any containers provided by any county, municipality, or consolidated government for the dumping of trash or garbage.   Any person who violates subsection (b) or (c) of this Code section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.    (Ga. L. 1979, p. 831, §§ 1-3; Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-1/HB 1320.)   Cross references.   - Solid waste handling, disposal, etc., § 12-8-20 et seq.   Editor's notes.   - Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 1-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: "This Act shall be known and may be cited as the 'Comprehensive Litter Prevention and Abatement Act of 2006.'"   Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 5-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall become effective April 21, 2006, for purposes of adopting local ordinances to become effective on or after July 1, 2006.   Law reviews.   - For article surveying legislative and judicial developments in Georgia local government law for 1978-79, see 31 Mercer L. Rev. 155 (1979).   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 56 Am. Jur. 2d, Municipal Corporations, Counties, and Other Political Subdivisions, §§ 398, 400 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 39A C.J.S., Health and Environment, § 73.
GA Code § 16-7-48 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 2 - Littering Public and Private Property|§ 16-7-48. Local Ordinances Regulating and Controlling Litter

  Nothing in this part shall limit the authority of any state agency, county, municipality, or consolidated government to enforce any other laws, rules, or regulations relating to litter.   Nothing within this part shall be construed to prohibit the adoption of local ordinances regulating and controlling litter within the jurisdiction of any county, municipality, or consolidated government. Violation of such ordinances shall be punished as provided in the municipal charter or local ordinances.    (Ga. L. 1981, p. 1758, § 1; Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-1/HB 1320.)   Cross references.   - County government authority to adopt ordinances for governing and policing unincorporated portions of county, § 36-1-20.   Editor's notes.   - Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 1-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: "This Act shall be known and may be cited as the 'Comprehensive Litter Prevention and Abatement Act of 2006.'"   Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 5-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall become effective April 21, 2006, for purposes of adopting local ordinances to become effective on or after July 1, 2006.
GA Code § 16-7-50 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 3 - Waste Control|§ 16-7-50. Short Title

 Reserved. Repealed by Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-2, effective July 1, 2006.   Editor's notes.   - This Code section was based on Code 1981, § 16-7-50, enacted by Ga. L. 1993, p. 496, § 2.
GA Code § 16-7-51 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 3 - Waste Control|§ 16-7-51. Definitions

 As used in this part, the term:    "Biomedical waste" means that term as defined in paragraph (1.1) of Code Section 12-8-22.   "Commercial purpose" means for the purpose of economic gain.   "Dump" means to throw, discard, place, deposit, discharge, burn, or dispose of a substance.   "Egregious litter" means all litter, as such term is defined in paragraph (1) of Code Section 16-7-42, exceeding ten pounds in weight or 15 cubic feet in volume; any discarded or abandoned substance in any weight or volume if biomedical waste, hazardous waste, or a hazardous substance; or any substance or material dumped for commercial purposes.   "Hazardous substance" means that term as defined in paragraph (4) of Code Section 12-8-92.   "Hazardous waste" means that term as defined in paragraph (10) of Code Section 12-8-62.     (Code 1981, §16-7-51, enacted by Ga. L. 1993, p. 496, § 2; Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-2/HB 1320.)   Editor's notes.   - Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 1-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: "This Act shall be known and may be cited as the 'Comprehensive Litter Prevention and Abatement Act of 2006.'"   Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 5-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall become effective April 21, 2006, for purposes of adopting local ordinances to become effective on or after July 1, 2006.   JUDICIAL DECISIONS    Cited in Wiley v. State, 256 Ga. App. 786, 570 S.E.2d 28 (2002).
GA Code § 16-7-52 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 3 - Waste Control|§ 16-7-52. Unlawful Dumping

 It shall be unlawful for any person to intentionally dump egregious litter unless authorized to do so by law or by a duly issued permit:    In or on any public highway, road, street, alley, or thoroughfare, including any portion of the right of way thereof, or on any other public lands except in containers or areas lawfully provided for such dumping;   In or on any fresh-water lake, river, canal, or stream or tidal or coastal water of the state; or   In or on any private property, unless prior consent of the owner has been given and unless such dumping will not adversely affect the public health and is not in violation of any other state law, rule, or regulation.     (Code 1981, §16-7-52, enacted by Ga. L. 1993, p. 496, § 2; Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-2/HB 1320.)   Code Commission notes.   - Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 1993, the subsection (a) designation was deleted, since this Code section does not have a subsection (b), and, in paragraph (1), "right of way" was substituted for "right-of-way".   Editor's notes.   - Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 1-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: "This Act shall be known and may be cited as the 'Comprehensive Litter Prevention and Abatement Act of 2006.'"   Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 5-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall become effective April 21, 2006, for purposes of adopting local ordinances to become effective on or after July 1, 2006.   JUDICIAL DECISIONS   Legal description of property on which waste is dumped not necessary.    - Because defendant was charged with unlawful dumping under O.C.G.A. § 16-7-52(3), it was not necessary to prove the legal description of the property on which waste was dumped to obtain a conviction, even though the legal description was alleged in the indictment, because this allegation was mere surplusage, and venue was proved. Crouse v. State, 271 Ga. App. 820, 611 S.E.2d 113 (2005).    Cited in Wiley v. State, 256 Ga. App. 786, 570 S.E.2d 28 (2002); Warren v. State, 289 Ga. App. 481, 657 S.E.2d 533 (2008).
GA Code § 16-7-53.1 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 16 - Crimes and Offenses|Chapter 7 - Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property|Article 2 - Criminal Trespass and Damage to Property|Part 3 - Waste Control|§ 16-7-53.1. Vehicle Impoundment for Intentionally Dumping Egregious Litter

  Whenever a person has been arrested for a violation of Code Section 16-7-52 committed while driving, moving, or operating a vehicle, the arresting law enforcement agency may impound the vehicle that the person was driving, moving, or operating at the time of arrest until such time as the arrestee claiming the vehicle meets the conditions for release in subsection (b) of this Code section or a person other than the arrestee meets the conditions for release in subsection (c) of this Code section.   A vehicle impounded pursuant to this Code section shall not be released unless the person claiming the vehicle:   Presents a valid driver's license, proof of ownership or lawful authority to operate the motor vehicle, and proof of valid motor vehicle insurance for that vehicle; and   Is able to operate the vehicle in a safe manner and would not be in violation of Title 40.     A vehicle impounded pursuant to this Code section may be released to a person other than the arrestee only if:   The vehicle is not owned or leased by the person under arrest and the person who owns or leases the vehicle claims the vehicle and meets the conditions for release in subsection (b) of this Code section; or   The vehicle is owned or leased by the arrestee, the arrestee gives written permission to another person to operate the vehicle, and the conditions for release in subsection (b) of this Code section are met.     A law enforcement agency impounding a vehicle pursuant to this Code section may charge a reasonable fee for towing and storage of the vehicle. The law enforcement agency may retain custody of the vehicle until that fee is paid.     (Code 1981, §16-7-53.1, enacted by Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 2-2/HB 1320.)   Editor's notes.   - Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 1-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: "This Act shall be known and may be cited as the 'Comprehensive Litter Prevention and Abatement Act of 2006.'"   Ga. L. 2006, p. 275, § 5-1/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall become effective April 21, 2006, for purposes of adopting local ordinances to become effective on or after July 1, 2006.