GA Code § 10-5-2 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 10 - Commerce and Trade|Chapter 5 - Georgia Uniform Securities|Article 1 - General Provisions|§ 10-5-2. Definitions

 As used in this chapter, the term:    "Agent" means an individual, other than a broker-dealer, who represents a broker-dealer in effecting or attempting to effect purchases or sales of securities or who represents an issuer in effecting or attempting to effect purchases or sales of the issuer's securities. A partner, officer, or director of a broker-dealer or issuer or an individual having a similar status or performing similar functions may be an agent if the individual performs the duties of an agent. This term does not include an individual excluded by rule adopted or order issued under this chapter.   "Bank" means:   A banking institution organized under the laws of the United States;   A member bank of the Federal Reserve System;   Any other banking institution, whether incorporated or not, doing business under the laws of a state or of the United States, a substantial portion of the business of which consists of receiving deposits or exercising fiduciary powers similar to those permitted to be exercised by national banks under the authority of the Comptroller of the Currency pursuant to Section 1 of P. L. 87-722, 12 U.S.C. Section 92a, and which is supervised and examined by a state or federal agency having supervision over banks and which is not operated for the purpose of evading this chapter; or   A receiver, conservator, or other liquidating agent of any institution or firm included in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of this paragraph.     "Broker-dealer" means a person engaged in the business of effecting transactions in securities for the account of others or for the person's own account. The term does not include:   An agent;   An issuer;   A bank, trust company, credit union, or savings institution if its activities as a broker-dealer are limited to those specified in subsections 3(a)(4)(B)(i) through (vi) and (viii) through (x) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78c(a)(4); subsection 3(a)(4)(B)(xi) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78c(a)(4) if limited to unsolicited transactions; or subsections 3(a)(5)(B) and 3(a)(5)(C) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78c(a)(5), or a bank that satisfies the conditions described in subsection 3(a)(4)(E) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78c(a)(4);   An international banking institution; or   A person excluded by rule adopted or order issued under this chapter.     "Central Registration Depository" means a computerized data base that contains information about most brokers, their representatives, and the firms they work for. It can be used to find out if brokers are properly licensed and if they have had previous disputes with regulators or received serious complaints from investors.   "Credit union" means any credit union incorporated under the laws of this state, the United States, or any state or territory of the United States or the District of Columbia.   "Commissioner" means the Secretary of State of Georgia.     "Depository institution" means:   A bank; or   A savings institution, trust company, credit union, or similar institution that is organized or chartered under the laws of a state or of the United States, authorized to receive deposits, and supervised and examined by an official or agency of a state or the United States if its deposits or share accounts are insured to the maximum amount authorized by statute by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund or a successor authorized by federal law.     The term does not include:   An insurance company or other organization primarily engaged in the business of insurance;   A Morris Plan bank; or   An installment loan company that is not an "insured depository institution" as defined in subsection 3(c)(2) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, 12 U.S.C. Section 1813(c)(2), or any successor federal statute.       "Federal covered investment adviser" means a person registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C. Section 80b-1, et seq.   "Federal covered security" means a security that is, or upon completion of a transaction will be, a covered security under Section 18(b) of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. Section 77r(b), or rules or regulations adopted pursuant to that provision.   "Filing" means the receipt under this chapter of a record by the Commissioner or a designee of the Commissioner.   "Fraud," "deceit," or "defraud" is not limited to common law deceit.   "Guaranteed" means guaranteed as to payment of all principal and all interest.   "Institutional investor" means any of the following, whether acting for itself or for others in a fiduciary capacity:   A depository institution or international banking institution;   An insurance company;   A separate account of an insurance company;   An investment company as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C. Section 80a-1, et seq.;   A broker-dealer registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78a, et seq.;   An employee pension, profit-sharing, or benefit plan if the plan has total assets in excess of $10 million or its investment decisions are made by a named fiduciary, as defined in the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. Section 1001, et seq., that is a broker-dealer registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78a, et seq., an investment adviser registered or exempt from registration under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C. Section 80b-1, et seq., an investment adviser registered under this chapter, a depository institution, or an insurance company;   A plan established and maintained by a state, a political subdivision of a state, or an agency or instrumentality of a state or a political subdivision of a state for the benefit of its employees if the plan has total assets in excess of $10 million or its investment decisions are made by a duly designated public official or by a named fiduciary, as defined in the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. Section 1001, et seq., that is a broker-dealer registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78a, et seq., an investment adviser registered or exempt from registration under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C. Section 80b-1, et seq., an investment adviser registered under this chapter, a depository institution, or an insurance company;   A trust if it has total assets in excess of $10 million, its trustee is a depository institution, and its participants are exclusively plans of the types identified in subparagraph (F) or (G) of this paragraph, regardless of the size of their assets, except a trust that includes as participants self-directed individual retirement accounts or similar self-directed plans;   An organization that is not formed for the specific purpose of acquiring the securities offered, with total assets in excess of $10 million, including an organization described in subsection 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. Section 501(c)(3), a corporation, a Massachusetts trust or similar business trust, a limited liability company, or a partnership;   A small business investment company licensed by the Small Business Administration under Section 301(c) of the Small Business Investment Act of 1958, 15 U.S.C. Section 681(c), with total assets in excess of $10 million;   A private business development company as defined in Section 202(a)(22) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C. Section 80b-2(a)(22), with total assets in excess of $10 million;   A federal covered investment adviser acting for its own account;   A qualified institutional buyer as defined in Rule 144A(a)(1), other than Rule 144A(a)(1)(H),17 C.F.R. 230.144A, adopted under the Securities Act of 1933,15 U.S.C. Section 77a, et seq.;   A major United States institutional investor as defined in Rule 15a-6(b)(4)(I), 17 C.F.R. 240.15a-6, adopted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78a, et seq.;   Any other person, other than an individual, of institutional character with total assets in excess of $10 million not organized for the specific purpose of evading this chapter; or   Any other person specified by rule adopted or order issued under this chapter.     "Insurance company" means a company organized as an insurance company whose primary business is writing insurance or reinsuring risks underwritten by insurance companies and which is subject to supervision by the insurance commissioner or a similar official or agency of a state.   "Insured" means insured as to payment of all principal and all interest.   "International banking institution" means an international financial institution of which the United States is a member and whose securities are exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. Section 77a, et seq.   "Investment adviser" means a person that, for compensation, engages in the business of advising others, either directly or through publications or writings, as to the value of securities or the advisability of investing in, purchasing, or selling securities or that, for compensation and as a part of a regular business, issues or promulgates analysis or reports concerning securities. The term includes a financial planner or other person that, as an integral component of other financially related services, provides investment advice to others for compensation as part of a business or that holds itself out as providing investment advice to others for compensation. The term does not include:   An investment adviser representative;   A lawyer, accountant, engineer, or teacher whose performance of investment advice is solely incidental to the practice of the person's profession;   A broker-dealer or its agents whose performance of investment advice is solely incidental to the conduct of business as a broker-dealer and that does not receive special compensation for the investment advice;   A publisher of a bona fide newspaper, news magazine, or business or financial publication of general and regular circulation;   A federal covered investment adviser;   A bank or savings institution;   A credit union;   Any other person that is excluded by the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C. Section 80b-1, et seq., from the definition of investment adviser; or   Any other person excluded by rule adopted or order issued under this chapter.     "Investment Adviser Registration Depository" means an electronic filing system that facilitates investment adviser registration, regulatory review, and the public disclosure information of investment adviser firms.   "Investment adviser representative" means an individual employed by or associated with an investment adviser or federal covered investment adviser who makes any recommendations or otherwise gives investment advice regarding securities, manages accounts or portfolios of clients, determines which recommendation or advice regarding securities should be given, provides investment advice or holds herself or himself out as providing investment advice, receives compensation to solicit, offer, or negotiate for the sale of or for selling investment advice, or supervises employees who perform any of the foregoing. The term does not include an individual who:   Performs only clerical or ministerial acts;   Is an agent whose performance of investment advice is solely incidental to the individual acting as an agent and who does not receive special compensation for investment advisory services;   Is employed by or associated with a federal covered investment adviser, unless the individual has a place of business in this state as that term is defined by rule adopted under Section 203A of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C. Section 80b-3a, and is:   An investment adviser representative as that term is defined by rule adopted under Section 203A of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C. Section 80b-3a; or   Not a supervised person as that term is defined in Section 202(a)(25) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C. Section 80b-2(a)(25); or     Is excluded by rule adopted or order issued under this chapter.     "Issuer" means a person that issues or proposes to issue a security, subject to the following:   The issuer of a voting trust certificate, collateral trust certificate, certificate of deposit for a security, or share in an investment company without a board of directors or individuals performing similar functions is the person performing the acts and assuming the duties of depositor or manager pursuant to the trust or other agreement or instrument under which the security is issued;   The issuer of an equipment trust certificate or similar security serving the same purpose is the person by which the property is or will be used or to which the property or equipment is or will be leased or conditionally sold or that is otherwise contractually responsible for assuring payment of the certificate; or   The issuer of a fractional undivided interest in an oil, gas, or other mineral lease or in payments out of production under a lease, right, or royalty is the owner of an interest in the lease or in payments out of production under a lease, right, or royalty, whether whole or fractional, that creates fractional interests for the purpose of sale.     "Nonissuer transaction" or "nonissuer distribution" means a transaction or distribution not directly or indirectly for the benefit of the issuer.   "Offer to purchase" includes an attempt or offer to obtain or solicitation of an offer to sell a security or interest in a security for value. The term does not include a tender offer that is subject to Section 14(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78n(d).   "Person" means an individual; corporation; business trust; estate; trust; partnership; limited liability company; association; joint venture; government; governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality; public corporation; or any other legal or commercial entity.   "Place of business" of a broker-dealer, an investment adviser, or a federal covered investment adviser means:   An office at which the broker-dealer, investment adviser, or federal covered investment adviser regularly provides brokerage or investment advice or solicits, meets with, or otherwise communicates with customers or clients; or   Any other location that is held out to the general public as a location at which the broker-dealer, investment adviser, or federal covered investment adviser provides brokerage or investment advice or solicits, meets with, or otherwise communicates with customers or clients.     "Predecessor Act" means Chapter 5 of this title, the "Georgia Securities Act of 1973," as it existed immediately prior to July 1, 2009.   "Price amendment" means the amendment to a registration statement filed under the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. Section 77a, et seq., or, if an amendment is not filed, the prospectus or prospectus supplement filed under the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. Section 77a, et seq., that includes a statement of the offering price, underwriting and selling discounts or commissions, amount of proceeds, conversion rates, call prices, and other matters dependent upon the offering price.   "Principal place of business" of a broker-dealer or an investment adviser means the executive office of the broker-dealer or investment adviser from which the officers, partners, or managers of the broker-dealer or investment adviser direct, control, and coordinate the activities of the broker-dealer or investment adviser.   "Record," except in the phrases "of record," "official record," and "public record," means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.   "Sale" includes every contract of sale, contract to sell, or disposition of a security or interest in a security for value. Offer to sell includes every attempt or offer to dispose of or solicitation of an offer to purchase a security or interest in a security for value. Both terms include:   A security given or delivered with or as a bonus on account of a purchase of securities or any other thing constituting part of the subject of the purchase and having been offered and sold for value;   A gift of assessable stock involving an offer and sale; and   A sale or offer of a warrant or right to purchase or subscribe to another security of the same or another issuer and a sale or offer of a security that gives the holder a present or future right or privilege to convert the security into another security of the same or another issuer, including an offer of the other security.     "Securities and Exchange Commission" means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.   "Security" means a note; stock; treasury stock; security future; bond; debenture; evidence of indebtedness; certificate of interest or participation in a profit-sharing agreement; collateral trust certificate; preorganization certificate or subscription; transferable share; investment contract; voting trust certificate; certificate of deposit for a security; fractional undivided interest in oil, gas, or other mineral rights; put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on a security, certificate of deposit, or group or index of securities, including an interest therein or based on the value thereof; put, call, straddle, option, or privilege entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency; or, in general, an interest or instrument commonly known as a "security"; or a certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, receipt for, guarantee of, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase any of the foregoing. The term:   Includes both a certificated and an uncertificated security;   Does not include an insurance or endowment policy or annuity contract under which an insurance company promises to pay a fixed or variable sum of money either in a lump sum or periodically for life or other specified period;   Does not include an interest in a contributory or noncontributory pension or welfare plan subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. Section 1001, et seq.;   Includes as an investment contract an investment in a common enterprise with the expectation of profits to be derived primarily from the efforts of a person other than the investor where common enterprise means an enterprise in which the fortunes of the investor are interwoven with those of either the person offering the investment, a third party, or other investors; and   Includes as an investment contract, among other contracts, an interest in a limited partnership or a limited liability company and an investment in a viatical settlement or similar agreement.     "Self-regulatory organization" means a national securities exchange registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78a, et seq., a national securities association of broker-dealers registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78a, et seq., a clearing agency registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78a, et seq., or the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board established under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78a, et seq.   "Sign" means, with present intent to authenticate or adopt a record:   To execute or adopt a tangible symbol; or   To attach or logically associate with the record an electronic symbol, sound, or process.     "State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.     (Code 1981, §10-5-2, enacted by Ga. L. 2008, p. 381, § 1/SB 358; Ga. L. 2017, p. 774, § 10/HB 323; Ga. L. 2020, p. 156, § 8/SB 462.)    The 2017 amendment,  effective May 9, 2017, part of an Act to revise, modernize, and correct the Code, substituted "the 'Georgia Securities Act of 1973,"' for "the 'Georgia Securities Act of 1973'," in the middle of paragraph (25).    The 2020 amendment,  effective June 30, 2020, substituted "installment loan" for "industrial loan" preceding "company" in division (7)(B)(iii). See the Editor's notes for applicability.   Cross references.   - Designation of Secretary of State as commissioner of securities, § 10-5-10.   Code Commission notes.   - Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 2008, "July 1, 2009" was substituted for "the effective date of this chapter" in paragraph (25).   Editor's notes.   - Ga. L. 2020, p. 156, § 10/SB 462, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: "This Act shall apply to all installment loan agreements entered into on and after July 1, 2020."   Law reviews.   - For article on the definition of a security in light of the "Georgia Securities Act of 1973" and the need for maximizing investor protection, see 30 Emory L.J. 73 (1981). For article, "Uniformity under the Securities Laws: Regulation D and the New Georgia Uniform Limited Offering Exemption," see 19 Ga. St. B. J. 74 (1982). For annual survey of law of business associations, see 56 Mercer L. Rev. 77 (2004). For survey of 11th Circuit securities regulation cases, see 56 Mercer L. Rev. 1341 (2005). For article, "The Georgia Uniform Securities Act of 2008: An Analysis of Significant Changes to Georgia's Blue Sky Law," see 14 (No. 6) Ga. St. B. J. 18 (2009). For note, "Regulation of the Franchise as a Security," see 19 J. of Pub. L. 105 (1970). For note discussing the classification of pyramid marketing scheme contracts as securities prior to enactment of Georgia Securities Act of 1973, see 21 J. of Pub. L. 445 (1972). For note discussing standards used by Georgia courts to define securities, and their application, see 31 Mercer L. Rev. 333 (1979). For note, "The Economic Realities of Condominium Registration Under the Securities Act of 1933," see 19 Ga. L. Rev. 747 (1984). For comment, the purchase of all the shares of stock of a business is not the purchase of a "security" within the meaning of the Federal Securities Act of 1933 or the Georgia Securities Act of 1973, see 30 Emory L.J. 1212 (1981).   JUDICIAL DECISIONS   ANALYSIS    General Consideration   "Sale" or "Sell"   "Salesman"   "Security"    OPINIONS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL   ANALYSIS    General Consideration   "Dealer" and "Salesperson"   "Sale" or "Sell"   "Security"    RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 69 Am. Jur. 2d, Securities Regulation - State, §§ 16, 26 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 79A C.J.S., Securities Regulation and Commodity Futures Trading Regulation, § 2.   ALR.   - Sale of memberships in club or similar organization as sale of securities within provisions of securities Acts, 87 A.L.R.2d 1140.   Who is "dealer" under state securities Acts exempting sales by owners other than issuers not made in course of successive transactions, and the like, 6 A.L.R.3d 1425.   What passes under term "securities" in will, 27 A.L.R.3d 1386.   What constitutes an "investment contract" within the meaning of state Blue Sky Laws, 47 A.L.R.3d 1375.   Validity of pyramid distribution plan, 54 A.L.R.3d 217.   State regulation of viatical life insurance programs, viatical settlements, and viatical investments, 28 A.L.R.6th 281.   "Common enterprise" element of Howey test to determine existence of investment contract regulable as "security" within meaning of federal Securities Act of 1933 (15 USCS § 77a et seq.) and Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 USCS § 78a et seq.), 90 A.L.R. Fed. 825.   What is "investment contract" within meaning of § 2(1) of Securities Act of 1933 (15 USCS § 77b(1)) and § 3(a)(10) of Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 USCS § 78c(a)(10)), both defining term "security" as including investment contract, 134 A.L.R. Fed 289.