reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 8.2A-403 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.2A - Commercial Code - Leases|Sections|§ 8.2A-403. Retraction of anticipatory repudiation

(1) Until the repudiating party's next performance is due, the repudiating party can retract the repudiation unless, since the repudiation, the aggrieved party has cancelled the lease contract or materially changed the aggrieved party's position or otherwise indicated that the aggrieved party considers the repudiation final.(2) Retraction may be by any method that clearly indicates to the aggrieved party that the repudiating party intends to perform under the lease contract and includes any assurance demanded under § 8.2A-401.(3) Retraction reinstates a repudiating party's rights under a lease contract with due excuse and allowance to the aggrieved party for any delay occasioned by the repudiation.1991, c. 536.
VA Code § 8.2A-404 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.2A - Commercial Code - Leases|Sections|§ 8.2A-404. Substituted performance

(1) If without fault of the lessee, the lessor and the supplier, the agreed berthing, loading, or unloading facilities fail or the agreed type of carrier becomes unavailable or the agreed manner of delivery otherwise becomes commercially impracticable, but a commercially reasonable substitute is available, the substitute performance shall be tendered and accepted.(2) If the agreed means or manner of payment fails because of domestic or foreign governmental regulation:(a) The lessor may withhold or stop delivery or cause the supplier to withhold or stop delivery unless the lessee provides a means or manner of payment that is commercially a substantial equivalent; and(b) If delivery has already been taken, payment by the means or in the manner provided by the regulation discharges the lessee's obligation unless the regulation is discriminatory, oppressive, or predatory.1991, c. 536.
VA Code § 8.2A-405 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.2A - Commercial Code - Leases|Sections|§ 8.2A-405. Excused performance

Subject to § 8.2A-404 on substituted performance, the following rules apply:(a) Delay in delivery or nondelivery in whole or in part by a lessor or a supplier who complies with subdivision (b) and (c) of this section is not a default under the lease contract if performance as agreed has been made impracticable by the occurrence of a contingency the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the lease contract was made or by compliance in good faith with any applicable foreign or domestic governmental regulation or order, whether or not the regulation or order later proves to be invalid.(b) If the causes mentioned in subdivision (a) of this section affect only part of the lessor's or the supplier's capacity to perform, the lessor or supplier shall allocate production and deliveries among his customers but at his option may include regular customers not then under contract for sale or lease as well as his own requirements for further manufacture. The lessor or supplier may so allocate in any manner that is fair and reasonable.(c) The lessor seasonably shall notify the lessee and in the case of a finance lease the supplier seasonably shall notify the lessor and the lessee, if known, that there will be delay or nondelivery and, if allocation is required under subdivision (b) of this section, of the estimated quota thus made available for the lessee.1991, c. 536.
VA Code § 8.2A-406 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.2A - Commercial Code - Leases|Sections|§ 8.2A-406. Procedure on excused performance

(1) If the lessee receives notification of a material or indefinite delay or an allocation justified under § 8.2A-405, the lessee may by written notification to the lessor as to any goods involved, and with respect to all of the goods if under an installment lease contract the value of the whole lease contract is substantially impaired (§ 8.2A-510):(a) Terminate the lease contract (pursuant to subsection (2) of § 8.2A-505; or(b) Except in a finance lease that is not a consumer lease, modify the lease contract by accepting the available quota in substitution, with due allowance from the rent payable for the balance of the lease term for the deficiency but without further right against the lessor.(2) If, after receipt of a notification from the lessor under § 8.2A-405, the lessee fails so to modify the lease agreement within a reasonable time not exceeding thirty days, the lease contract lapses with respect to any deliveries affected.1991, c. 536.
VA Code § 8.2A-407 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.2A - Commercial Code - Leases|Sections|§ 8.2A-407. Irrevocable promises: finance leases

(1) In the case of a finance lease that is not a consumer lease the lessee's promises under the lease contract become irrevocable and independent upon the lessee's acceptance of the goods.(2) A promise that has become irrevocable and independent under subsection (1) of this section is:(a) Effective and enforceable between the parties, and by or against third parties including assignees of the parties; and(b) Not subject to cancellation, termination, modification, repudiation, excuse, or substitution without the consent of the party to whom the promise runs.(3) This section does not affect the validity under any other law or a covenant in any lease contract making the lessee's promises acceptance of the goods.1991, c. 536.
VA Code § 8.3A-101 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-101. Short title

This title may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code -- Negotiable Instruments.1964, c. 219, § 8.3-101; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-102 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-102. Subject matter

(a) This title applies to negotiable instruments. It does not apply to money, to payment orders governed by Title 8.4A, or to securities governed by Title 8.8A.(b) If there is conflict between this title and Title 8.4 or 8.9A, Titles 8.4 and 8.9A govern.(c) Regulations of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and operating circulars of the Federal Reserve Banks supersede any inconsistent provision of this title to the extent of the inconsistency.1964, c. 219, § 8.3-103; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-104 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-104. Negotiable instrument

(a) Except as provided in subsections (c) and (d), "negotiable instrument" means an unconditional promise or order to pay a fixed amount of money, with or without interest or other charges described in the promise or order, if it:(1) is payable to bearer or to order at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder;(2) is payable on demand or at a definite time; and(3) does not state any other undertaking or instruction by the person promising or ordering payment to do any act in addition to the payment of money, but the promise or order may contain (i) an undertaking or power to give, maintain, or protect collateral to secure payment, (ii) an authorization or power to the holder to confess judgment or realize on or dispose of collateral, or (iii) a waiver of the benefit of any law intended for the advantage or protection of an obligor.(b) "Instrument" means a negotiable instrument.(c) An order that meets all of the requirements of subsection (a), except paragraph (1), and otherwise falls within the definition of "check" in subsection (f) is a negotiable instrument and a check.(d) A promise or order other than a check is not an instrument if, at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder, it contains a conspicuous statement, however expressed, to the effect that the promise or order is not negotiable or is not an instrument governed by this title.(e) An instrument is a "note" if it is a promise and is a "draft" if it is an order. If an instrument falls within the definition of both "note" and "draft," a person entitled to enforce the instrument may treat it as either.(f) "Check" means (i) a draft, other than a documentary draft, payable on demand and drawn on a bank or (ii) a cashier's check or teller's check. An instrument may be a check even though it is described on its face by another term, such as "money order."(g) "Cashier's check" means a draft with respect to which the drawer and drawee are the same bank or branches of the same bank.(h) "Teller's check" means a draft drawn by a bank (i) on another bank, or (ii) payable at or through a bank.(i) "Traveler's check" means an instrument that (i) is payable on demand, (ii) is drawn on or payable at or through a bank, (iii) is designated by the term "traveler's check" or by a substantially similar term, and (iv) requires, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by a person whose specimen signature appears on the instrument.(j) "Certificate of deposit" means an instrument containing an acknowledgment by a bank that a sum of money has been received by the bank and a promise by the bank to repay the sum of money. A certificate of deposit is a note of the bank.Code 1950, §§ 6-353, 6-354, 6-357, 6-358, 6-537, 6-538, 6-544; 1960, c. 29; 1964, c. 219, §§ 8.3-102, 8.3-104, 8.3-106, 8.3-112, 8.3-118; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-105 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-105. Issue of instrument

(a) "Issue" means the first delivery of an instrument by the maker or drawer, whether to a holder or nonholder, for the purpose of giving rights on the instrument to any person.(b) An unissued instrument, or an unissued incomplete instrument that is completed, is binding on the maker or drawer, but nonissuance is a defense. An instrument that is conditionally issued or is issued for a special purpose is binding on the maker or drawer, but failure of the condition or special purpose to be fulfilled is a defense.(c) "Issuer" applies to issued and unissued instruments and means a maker or drawer of an instrument.Code 1950, §§ 6-368, 6-380, 6-410, 6-411, 6-544; 1964, c. 219, §§ 8.3-102, 8.3-306; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-106 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-106. Unconditional promise or order

(a) Except as provided in this section, for the purposes of § 8.3A-104 (a), a promise or order is unconditional unless it states (i) an express condition to payment, (ii) that the promise or order is subject to or governed by another writing, or (iii) that rights or obligations with respect to the promise or order are stated in another writing. A reference to another writing does not of itself make the promise or order conditional.(b) A promise or order is not made conditional (i) by a reference to another writing for a statement of rights with respect to collateral, prepayment, or acceleration, or (ii) because payment is limited to resort to a particular fund or source.(c) If a promise or order requires, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by a person whose specimen signature appears on the promise or order, the condition does not make the promise or order conditional for the purposes of § 8.3A-104 (a). If the person whose specimen signature appears on an instrument fails to countersign the instrument, the failure to countersign is a defense to the obligation of the issuer, but the failure does not prevent a transferee of the instrument from becoming a holder of the instrument.(d) If a promise or order at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder contains a statement, required by applicable statutory or administrative law, to the effect that the rights of a holder or transferee are subject to claims or defenses that the issuer could assert against the original payee, the promise or order is not thereby made conditional for the purposes of § 8.3 A-104 (a); but if the promise or order is an instrument, there cannot be a holder in due course of the instrument.Code 1950, § 6-355; 1964, c. 219, §§ 8.3-105, 8.3-119; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-107 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-107. Instrument payable in foreign money

Unless the instrument otherwise provides, an instrument that states the amount payable in foreign money may be paid in the foreign money or in an equivalent amount in dollars calculated by using the current bank-offered spot rate at the place of payment for the purchase of dollars on the day on which the instrument is paid.Code 1950, § 6-358; 1964, c. 219, § 8.3-107; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-108 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-108. Payable on demand or at definite time

(a) A promise or order is "payable on demand" if it (i) states that it is payable on demand or at sight, or otherwise indicates that it is payable at the will of the holder, or (ii) does not state any time of payment.(b) A promise or order is "payable at a definite time" if it is payable on elapse of a definite period of time after sight or acceptance or at a fixed date or dates or at a time or times readily ascertainable at the time the promise or order is issued, subject to rights of (i) prepayment, (ii) acceleration, (iii) extension at the option of the holder, or (iv) extension to a further definite time at the option of the maker or acceptor or automatically upon or after a specified act or event.(c) If an instrument, payable at a fixed date, is also payable upon demand made before the fixed date, the instrument is payable on demand until the fixed date and, if demand for payment is not made before that date, becomes payable at a definite time on the fixed date.Code 1950, §§ 6-356, 6-359; 1964, c. 219, §§ 8.3-108, 8.3-109; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-109 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-109. Payable to bearer or to order

(a) A promise or order is payable to bearer if it: (1) states that it is payable to bearer or to the order of bearer or otherwise indicates that the person in possession of the promise or order is entitled to payment; (2) does not state a payee; or (3) states that it is payable to or to the order of cash or otherwise indicates that it is not payable to an identified person.(b) A promise or order that is not payable to bearer is payable to order if it is payable (i) to the order of an identified person or (ii) to an identified person or order. A promise or order that is payable to order is payable to the identified person.(c) An instrument payable to bearer may become payable to an identified person if it is specially endorsed pursuant to § 8.3A-205 (a). An instrument payable to an identified person may become payable to bearer if it is endorsed in blank pursuant to § 8.3A-205 (b).Code 1950, §§ 6-360, 6-361; 1956, c. 149; 1964, c. 219, §§ 8.3-110, 8.3-111; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-110 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-110. Identification of person to whom instrument is payable

(a) The person to whom an instrument is initially payable is determined by the intent of the person, whether or not authorized, signing as, or in the name or behalf of, the issuer of the instrument. The instrument is payable to the person intended by the signer even if that person is identified in the instrument by a name or other identification that is not that of the intended person. If more than one person signs in the name or behalf of the issuer of an instrument and all the signers do not intend the same person as payee, the instrument is payable to any person intended by one or more of the signers.(b) If the signature of the issuer of an instrument is made by automated means, such as a check-writing machine, the payee of the instrument is determined by the intent of the person who supplied the name or identification of the payee, whether or not authorized to do so.(c) A person to whom an instrument is payable may be identified in any way, including by name, identifying number, office, or account number. For the purpose of determining the holder of an instrument, the following rules apply:(1) If an instrument is payable to an account and the account is identified only by number, the instrument is payable to the person to whom the account is payable. If an instrument is payable to an account identified by number and by the name of a person, the instrument is payable to the named person, whether or not that person is the owner of the account identified by number.(2) If an instrument is payable to:(i) a trust, an estate, or a person described as trustee or representative of a trust or estate, the instrument is payable to the trustee, the representative, or a successor of either, whether or not the beneficiary or estate is also named;(ii) a person described as agent or similar representative of a named or identified person, the instrument is payable to the represented person, the representative, or a successor of the representative;(iii) a fund or organization that is not a legal entity, the instrument is payable to a representative of the members of the fund or organization; or(iv) an office or to a person described as holding an office, the instrument is payable to the named person, the incumbent of the office, or a successor to the incumbent.(d) If an instrument is payable to two or more persons alternatively, it is payable to any of them and may be negotiated, discharged, or enforced by any or all of them in possession of the instrument. If an instrument is payable to two or more persons not alternatively, it is payable to all of them and may be negotiated, discharged, or enforced only by all of them. If an instrument payable to two or more persons is ambiguous as to whether it is payable to the persons alternatively, the instrument is payable to the persons alternatively.Code 1950, §§ 6-360, 6-393, 6-394; 1964, c. 219, §§ 8.3-110, 8.3-116, 8.3-117; 1966, c. 393; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-111 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-111. Place of payment

Except as otherwise provided for items in Title 8.4, an instrument is payable at the place of payment stated in the instrument. If no place of payment is stated, an instrument is payable at the address of the drawee or maker stated in the instrument. If no address is stated, the place of payment is the place of business of the drawee or maker. If a drawee or maker has more than one place of business, the place of payment is any place of business of the drawee or maker chosen by the person entitled to enforce the instrument. If the drawee or maker has no place of business, the place of payment is the residence of the drawee or maker.1964, c. 219, § 8.3-501; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-112 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-112. Interest

(a) Unless otherwise provided in the instrument, (i) an instrument is not payable with interest, and (ii) interest on an interest-bearing instrument is payable from the date of the instrument.(b) Interest may be stated in an instrument as a fixed or variable amount of money, or it may be expressed as a fixed or variable rate or rates. The amount or rate of interest may be stated or described in the instrument in any manner and may require reference to information not contained in the instrument. If an instrument provides for interest, but the amount of interest payable cannot be ascertained from the description, interest is payable at the judgment rate in effect at the place of payment of the instrument and at the time interest first accrues.Code 1950, §§ 6-369, 6-420; 1964, c. 219, § 8.3-118; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-113 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-113. Date of instrument

(a) An instrument may be antedated or postdated. The date stated determines the time of payment if the instrument is payable at a fixed period after date. Except as provided in § 8.4-401 (c), an instrument payable on demand is not payable before the date of the instrument.(b) If an instrument is undated, its date is the date of its issue or, in the case of an unissued instrument, the date it first comes into possession of a holder.Code 1950, §§ 6-358, 6-363, 6-364, 3-369; 1964, c. 219, § 8.3-114; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-114 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-114. Contradictory terms of instrument

If an instrument contains contradictory terms, typewritten terms prevail over printed terms, handwritten terms prevail over both, and words prevail over numbers.Code 1950, §§ 6-369, 6-420; 1964, c. 219, § 8.3-118; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-115 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-115. Incomplete instrument

(a) "Incomplete instrument" means a signed writing, whether or not issued by the signer, the contents of which show at the time of signing that it is incomplete but that the signer intended it to be completed by the addition of words or numbers.(b) Subject to subsection (c), if an incomplete instrument is an instrument under § 8.3A-104, it may be enforced according to its terms if it is not completed, or according to its terms as augmented by completion. If an incomplete instrument is not an instrument under § 8.3A-104, but, after completion, the requirements of § 8.3A-104 are met, the instrument may be enforced according to its terms as augmented by completion.(c) If words or numbers are added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer, there is an alteration of the incomplete instrument under § 8.3A-407.(d) The burden of establishing that words or numbers were added to an incomplete instrument without authority of the signer is on the person asserting the lack of authority.Code 1950, §§ 6-365 through 6-367; 1964, c. 219, § 8.3-115; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-116 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-116. Joint and several liability; contribution

(a) Except as otherwise provided in the instrument, two or more persons who have the same liability on an instrument as makers, drawers, acceptors, endorsers who endorse as joint payees, or anomalous endorsers are jointly and severally liable in the capacity in which they sign.(b) Except as provided in § 8.3A-419 (e) or by agreement of the affected parties, a party having joint and several liability who pays the instrument is entitled to receive from any party having the same joint and several liability contribution in accordance with applicable law.(c) Discharge of one party having joint and several liability by a person entitled to enforce the instrument does not affect the right under subsection (b) of a party having the same joint and several liability to receive contribution from the party discharged.Code 1950, § 6-393; 1964, c. 219, § 8.3-118; 1992, c. 693.
VA Code § 8.3A-117 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.3A - Commercial Code - Negotiable Instruments|Sections|§ 8.3A-117. Other agreements affecting instrument

Subject to applicable law regarding exclusion of proof of contemporaneous or previous agreements, the obligation of a party to an instrument to pay the instrument may be modified, supplemented, or nullified by a separate agreement of the obligor and a person entitled to enforce the instrument, if the instrument is issued or the obligation is incurred in reliance on the agreement or as part of the same transaction giving rise to the agreement. To the extent an obligation is modified, supplemented, or nullified by an agreement under this section, the agreement is a defense to the obligation.1964, c. 219, § 8.3-119; 1992, c. 693.