reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CA Com Code § 3116 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 1 - General Provisions and Definitions|Section 3116.

3116.  (a) Except as otherwise provided in the instrument, two or more persons who have the same liability on an instrument as makers, drawers, acceptors, indorsers who indorse as joint payees, or anomalous indorsers are jointly and severally liable in the capacity in which they sign.(b) Except as provided in subdivision (e) of Section 3419 or by agreement of the affected parties, a party having joint and several liability who pays the instrument is entitled to receive from any party having the same joint and several liability contribution in accordance with applicable law.(c) Discharge of one party having joint and several liability by a person entitled to enforce the instrument does not affect the right under subdivision (b) of a party having the same joint and several liability to receive contribution from the party discharged.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3117 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 1 - General Provisions and Definitions|Section 3117.

3117.  Subject to applicable law regarding exclusion of proof of contemporaneous or previous agreements, the obligation of a party to an instrument to pay the instrument may be modified, supplemented, or nullified by a separate agreement of the obligor and a person entitled to enforce the instrument, if the instrument is issued or the obligation is incurred in reliance on the agreement or as part of the same transaction giving rise to the agreement. To the extent an obligation is modified, supplemented, or nullified by an agreement under this section, the agreement is a defense to the obligation.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3118 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 1 - General Provisions and Definitions|Section 3118.

3118.  (a) Except as provided in subdivision (e), an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay a note payable at a definite time shall be commenced within six years after the due date or dates stated in the note or, if a due date is accelerated, within six years after the accelerated due date.(b) Except as provided in subdivision (d) or (e), if demand for payment is made to the maker of a note payable on demand, an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the note shall be commenced within six years after the demand. If no demand for payment is made to the maker, an action to enforce the note is barred if neither principal nor interest on the note has been paid for a continuous period of 10 years.(c) Except as provided in subdivision (d), an action to enforce the obligation of a party to an unaccepted draft to pay the draft shall be commenced within three years after dishonor of the draft or 10 years after the date of the draft, whichever period expires first.(d) An action to enforce the obligation of the acceptor of a certified check or the issuer of a teller’s check, cashier’s check, or traveler’s check shall be commenced within three years after demand for payment is made to the acceptor or issuer, as the case may be.(e) An action to enforce the obligation of a party to a certificate of deposit to pay the instrument shall be commenced within six years after demand for payment is made to the maker, but if the instrument states a due date and the maker is not required to pay before that date, the six-year period begins when a demand for payment is in effect and the due date has passed.(f) An action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay an accepted draft, other than a certified check, shall be commenced (1) within six years after the due date or dates stated in the draft or acceptance if the obligation of the acceptor is payable at a definite time, or (2) within six years after the date of the acceptance if the obligation of the acceptor is payable on demand.(g) Unless governed by other law regarding claims for indemnity or contribution, an action (1) for conversion of an instrument, for money had and received, or like action based on conversion, (2) for breach of warranty, or (3) to enforce an obligation, duty, or right arising under this division and not governed by this section shall be commenced within three years after the cause of action accrues.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3119 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 1 - General Provisions and Definitions|Section 3119.

3119.  In an action for breach of an obligation for which a third person is answerable over pursuant to this division or Division 4 (commencing with Section 4101), the defendant may give the third person written notice of the litigation, and the person notified may then give similar notice to any other person who is answerable over. If the notice states (1) that the person notified may come in and defend and (2) that failure to do so will bind the person notified in an action later brought by the person giving the notice as to any determination of fact common to the two litigations, the person notified is so bound unless after seasonable receipt of the notice the person notified does come in and defend.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3201 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 2 - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement|Section 3201.

3201.  (a) “Negotiation” means a transfer of possession, whether voluntary or involuntary, of an instrument by a person other than the issuer to a person who thereby becomes its holder.(b) Except for negotiation by a remitter, if an instrument is payable to an identified person, negotiation requires transfer of possession of the instrument and its indorsement by the holder. If an instrument is payable to bearer, it may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3202 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 2 - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement|Section 3202.

3202.  (a) Negotiation is effective even if obtained (1) from an infant, a corporation exceeding its powers, or a person without capacity, (2) by fraud, duress, or mistake, or (3) in breach of duty or as part of an illegal transaction.(b) To the extent permitted by other law, negotiation may be rescinded or may be subject to other remedies, but those remedies may not be asserted against a subsequent holder in due course or a person paying the instrument in good faith and without knowledge of facts that are a basis for rescission or other remedy.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3203 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 2 - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement|Section 3203.

3203.  (a) An instrument is transferred when it is delivered by a person other than its issuer for the purpose of giving to the person receiving delivery the right to enforce the instrument.(b) Transfer of an instrument, whether or not the transfer is a negotiation, vests in the transferee any right of the transferor to enforce the instrument, including any right as a holder in due course, but the transferee cannot acquire rights of a holder in due course by a transfer, directly or indirectly, from a holder in due course if the transferee engaged in fraud or illegality affecting the instrument.(c) Unless otherwise agreed, if an instrument is transferred for value and the transferee does not become a holder because of lack of indorsement by the transferor, the transferee has a specifically enforceable right to the unqualified indorsement of the transferor, but negotiation of the instrument does not occur until the indorsement is made.(d) If a transferor purports to transfer less than the entire instrument, negotiation of the instrument does not occur. The transferee obtains no rights under this division and has only the rights of a partial assignee.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3204 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 2 - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement|Section 3204.

3204.  (a) “Indorsement” means a signature, other than that of a signer as maker, drawer, or acceptor, that alone or accompanied by other words is made on an instrument for the purpose of (1) negotiating the instrument, (2) restricting payment of the instrument, or (3) incurring indorser’s liability on the instrument, but regardless of the intent of the signer, a signature and its accompanying words is an indorsement unless the accompanying words, terms of the instrument, place of the signature, or other circumstances unambiguously indicate that the signature was made for a purpose other than indorsement. For the purpose of determining whether a signature is made on an instrument, a paper affixed to the instrument is a part of the instrument.(b) “Indorser” means a person who makes an indorsement.(c) For the purpose of determining whether the transferee of an instrument is a holder, an indorsement that transfers a security interest in the instrument is effective as an unqualified indorsement of the instrument.(d) If an instrument is payable to a holder under a name that is not the name of the holder, indorsement may be made by the holder in the name stated in the instrument or in the holder’s name or both, but signature in both names may be required by a person paying or taking the instrument for value or collection.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3205 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 2 - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement|Section 3205.

3205.  (a) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument, whether payable to an identified person or payable to bearer, and the indorsement identifies a person to whom it makes the instrument payable, it is a “special indorsement.” When specially indorsed, an instrument becomes payable to the identified person and may be negotiated only by the indorsement of that person. The principles stated in Section 3110 apply to special indorsements.(b) If an indorsement is made by the holder of an instrument and it is not a special indorsement, it is a “blank indorsement.” When indorsed in blank, an instrument becomes payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone until specially indorsed.(c) The holder may convert a blank indorsement that consists only of a signature into a special indorsement by writing, above the signature of the indorser, words identifying the person to whom the instrument is made payable.(d) “Anomalous indorsement” means an indorsement made by a person who is not the holder of the instrument. An anomalous indorsement does not affect the manner in which the instrument may be negotiated.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3207 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 2 - Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement|Section 3207.

3207.  Reacquisition of an instrument occurs if it is transferred to a former holder, by negotiation or otherwise. A former holder who reacquires the instrument may cancel indorsements made after the reacquirer first became a holder of the instrument. If the cancellation causes the instrument to be payable to the reacquirer or to bearer, the reacquirer may negotiate the instrument. An indorser whose indorsement is canceled is discharged, and the discharge is effective against any subsequent holder.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3301 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 3 - Enforcement of Instruments|Section 3301.

3301.  “Person entitled to enforce” an instrument means (a) the holder of the instrument, (b) a nonholder in possession of the instrument who has the rights of a holder, or (c) a person not in possession of the instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to Section 3309 or subdivision (d) of Section 3418. A person may be a person entitled to enforce the instrument even though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3302 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 3 - Enforcement of Instruments|Section 3302.

3302.  (a) Subject to subdivision (c) and subdivision (d) of Section 3106, “holder in due course” means the holder of an instrument if both of the following apply:(1) The instrument when issued or negotiated to the holder does not bear such apparent evidence of forgery or alteration or is not otherwise so irregular or incomplete as to call into question its authenticity.(2) The holder took the instrument (A) for value, (B) in good faith, (C) without notice that the instrument is overdue or has been dishonored or that there is an uncured default with respect to payment of another instrument issued as part of the same series, (D) without notice that the instrument contains an unauthorized signature or has been altered, (E) without notice of any claim to the instrument described in Section 3306, and (F) without notice that any party has a defense or claim in recoupment described in subdivision (a) of Section 3305.(b) Notice of discharge of a party, other than discharge in an insolvency proceeding, is not notice of a defense under subdivision (a), but discharge is effective against a person who became a holder in due course with notice of the discharge. Public filing or recording of a document does not of itself constitute notice of a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument.(c) Except to the extent a transferor or predecessor in interest has rights as a holder in due course, a person does not acquire rights of a holder in due course of an instrument taken (1) by legal process or by purchase in an execution, bankruptcy, or creditor’s sale or similar proceeding, (2) by purchase as part of a bulk transaction not in ordinary course of business of the transferor, or (3) as the successor in interest to an estate or other organization.(d) If, under paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 3303, the promise of performance that is the consideration for an instrument has been partially performed, the holder may assert rights as a holder in due course of the instrument only to the fraction of the amount payable under the instrument equal to the value of the partial performance divided by the value of the promised performance.(e) If (1) the person entitled to enforce an instrument has only a security interest in the instrument and (2) the person obliged to pay the instrument has a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument that may be asserted against the person who granted the security interest, the person entitled to enforce the instrument may assert rights as a holder in due course only to an amount payable under the instrument which, at the time of enforcement of the instrument, does not exceed the amount of the unpaid obligation secured.(f) To be effective, notice shall be received at a time and in a manner that gives a reasonable opportunity to act on it.(g) This section is subject to any law limiting status as a holder in due course in particular classes of transactions.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3303 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 3 - Enforcement of Instruments|Section 3303.

3303.  (a) An instrument is issued or transferred for value if any of the following apply:(1) The instrument is issued or transferred for a promise of performance, to the extent the promise has been performed.(2) The transferee acquires a security interest or other lien in the instrument other than a lien obtained by judicial proceeding.(3) The instrument is issued or transferred as payment of, or as security for, an antecedent claim against any person, whether or not the claim is due.(4) The instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for a negotiable instrument.(5) The instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for the incurring of an irrevocable obligation to a third party by the person taking the instrument.(b) “Consideration” means any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract. The drawer or maker of an instrument has a defense if the instrument is issued without consideration. If an instrument is issued for a promise of performance, the issuer has a defense to the extent performance of the promise is due and the promise has not been performed. If an instrument is issued for value as stated in subdivision (a), the instrument is also issued for consideration.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3304 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 3 - Enforcement of Instruments|Section 3304.

3304.  (a) An instrument payable on demand becomes overdue at the earliest of the following times:(1) On the day after the day demand for payment is duly made.(2) If the instrument is a check, 90 days after its date.(3) If the instrument is not a check, when the instrument has been outstanding for a period of time after its date which is unreasonably long under the circumstances of the particular case in light of the nature of the instrument and usage of the trade.(b) With respect to an instrument payable at a definite time the following rules apply:(1) If the principal is payable in installments and a due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue upon default under the instrument for nonpayment of an installment, and the instrument remains overdue until the default is cured.(2) If the principal is not payable in installments and the due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the due date.(3) If a due date with respect to principal has been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the accelerated due date.(c) Unless the due date of principal has been accelerated, an instrument does not become overdue if there is default in payment of interest but no default in payment of principal.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3305 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 3 - Enforcement of Instruments|Section 3305.

3305.  (a) Except as stated in subdivision (b), the right to enforce the obligation of a party to pay an instrument is subject to all of the following:(1) A defense of the obligor based on (A) infancy of the obligor to the extent it is a defense to a simple contract, (B) duress, lack of legal capacity, or illegality of the transaction which, under other law, nullifies the obligation of the obligor, (C) fraud that induced the obligor to sign the instrument with neither knowledge nor reasonable opportunity to learn of its character or its essential terms, or (D) discharge of the obligor in insolvency proceedings.(2) A defense of the obligor stated in another section of this division or a defense of the obligor that would be available if the person entitled to enforce the instrument were enforcing a right to payment under a simple contract.(3) A claim in recoupment of the obligor against the original payee of the instrument if the claim arose from the transaction that gave rise to the instrument; but the claim of the obligor may be asserted against a transferee of the instrument only to reduce the amount owing on the instrument at the time the action is brought.(b) The right of a holder in due course to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument is subject to defenses of the obligor stated in paragraph (1) of subdivision (a), but is not subject to defenses of the obligor stated in paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) or claims in recoupment stated in paragraph (3) of subdivision (a) against a person other than the holder.(c) Except as stated in subdivision (d), in an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument, the obligor may not assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument a defense, claim in recoupment, or claim to the instrument (Section 3306) of another person, but the other person’s claim to the instrument may be asserted by the obligor if the other person is joined in the action and personally asserts the claim against the person entitled to enforce the instrument. An obligor is not obliged to pay the instrument if the person seeking enforcement of the instrument does not have rights of a holder in due course and the obligor proves that the instrument is a lost or stolen instrument.(d) In an action to enforce the obligation of an accommodation party to pay an instrument, the accommodation party may assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument any defense or claim in recoupment under subdivision (a) that the accommodated party could assert against the person entitled to enforce the instrument, except the defenses of discharge in insolvency proceedings, infancy, and lack of legal capacity.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)
CA Com Code § 3306 (2021)
2021 California Code|Commercial Code - COM|DIVISION 3 - NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS|CHAPTER 3 - Enforcement of Instruments|Section 3306.

3306.  A person taking an instrument, other than a person having rights of a holder in due course, is subject to a claim of a property or possessory right in the instrument or its proceeds, including a claim to rescind a negotiation and to recover the instrument or its proceeds. A person having rights of a holder in due course takes free of the claim to the instrument.(Repealed and added by Stats. 1992, Ch. 914, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 1993.)