reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 55.1-2600 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 26 - Property Loaned to Museums|§ 55.1-2600. Definitions

As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a different meaning:"Loaned property" means all museum property deposited on or after July 1, 2002, with a museum not accompanied by a transfer of title to the property."Museum" means an institution located in the Commonwealth and operated by a nonprofit corporation or public agency whose primary purpose is educational, scientific, or aesthetic and that owns, borrows, or cares for and studies, archives, or exhibits museum property."Museum property" means all tangible objects, animate and inanimate, under a museum's care that have intrinsic value to science, history, art, or culture, except for botanical or zoological specimens loaned to a museum for scientific research.2002, c. 883, § 55-210.31; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2601 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 26 - Property Loaned to Museums|§ 55.1-2601. Status of loaned property; statute of limitations on recovery

A. Except as may be otherwise provided in a written agreement between a lender and a museum, no action shall be brought against a museum to recover loaned property when more than five years have passed from (i) the receipt by the museum of written communication concerning the loaned property or (ii) any display of interest in the property by the lender as evidenced by a memorandum or other record on file prepared by an employee of the museum.B. Loaned property shall be deemed to have been donated to the museum if no action to recover the property is initiated within one year after the museum gives notice of termination of the loan as provided in §§ 55.1-2604 and 55.1-2605.C. Loaned property shall not be delivered to the Commonwealth, and shall be exempt from the provisions of Chapter 25 (§ 55.1-2500 et seq.), but shall pass to the museum if no person takes action under Chapter 2 (§ 64.2-200 et seq.) of Title 64.2.2002, c. 883, § 55-210.32; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2602 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 26 - Property Loaned to Museums|§ 55.1-2602. Notice to lenders of the provisions of this chapter

When a museum accepts a loan of property, the museum shall inform the lender in writing of the provisions of this chapter.2002, c. 883, § 55-210.33; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2603 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 26 - Property Loaned to Museums|§ 55.1-2603. Status of title to property acquired from museum

Any person who purchases property from a museum acquires good title to the property if the museum represents that it has acquired title to the property pursuant to § 55.1-2601.2002, c. 883, § 55-210.34; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2604 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 26 - Property Loaned to Museums|§ 55.1-2604. Notice of termination of loan; content of notice

A. If the property was loaned to the museum for an indefinite time, the museum may provide notice of termination of a loan of property at any time on the museum's website or by providing written notice of such termination to the lender, if known. If the property was loaned to the museum for a specified term, the museum may provide notice of termination of the loan in the same manner at any time after the expiration of the specified term.B. Notices given under this section shall contain:1. The name and address, if known, of the lender;2. The date of the loan;3. The name, address, and telephone number of the appropriate office or official to be contacted at the museum for information regarding the loan; and4. Any other information deemed necessary by the museum.2002, c. 883, § 55-210.35; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2605 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 26 - Property Loaned to Museums|§ 55.1-2605. Procedure for giving notice of termination of a loan of property; responsibility of owner of loaned property

A. To give notice of termination of a loan of property, the museum shall mail a notice to the lender at the most recent address of the lender as shown on the museum's records pertaining to the loaned property. If the museum has no address in its records, or the museum does not receive written proof of receipt of the mailed notice within 30 days of the date the notice was mailed, the museum shall cause to be published notice at least once a week for three consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or city in which the museum is located and in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or city of the lender's last known address if different from the county or city in which the museum is located.B. For purposes of this section, if the loan of property was made to a branch of the museum, the museum shall be deemed to be located in the county or city where the branch is located. In all other cases, the museum shall be deemed to be located in the county or city in which its principal place of business is located.C. The owner of property loaned to a museum shall notify the museum promptly in writing of any change of address or change in ownership of the property.2002, c. 883, § 55-210.36; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2606 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 26 - Property Loaned to Museums|§ 55.1-2606. Acquiring title to undocumented property

A. A museum shall have the authority to acquire legal title to undocumented property if the museum can verify through written records that it has held such property for five years or longer, during which period no valid claim to the property has been asserted and no person has contacted the museum regarding the property, by complying with the following procedure:1. The museum shall cause to be published a notice once a week for two consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or city in which the museum is located and in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or city of the lender's last known address if different from the county or city in which the museum is located. The notice shall include:a. A brief and general description of the undocumented property;b. The date or approximate date of the loan or acquisition of the property by the museum, if known;c. Notice of the museum's intent to claim title to the property if no valid claims are made within 65 days following the date of the first publication of the notice under this subdivision 1;d. The name, address, and telephone number of the representative of the museum to contact for more information or to make a claim; ande. If known, the name and last known address of the lender.2. If no valid claims have been made by the end of the 65-day period following the date of the first publication of the notice under subdivision 1 c, the museum shall cause to be published a second notice once a week for two consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or city in which the museum is located and in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or city of the lender's last known address if different from the county or city in which the museum is located. The second notice shall include:a. A brief and general description of the undocumented property;b. The date or approximate date of the loan or acquisition of the property by the museum, if known;c. Notice that the museum claims title to the property as of the date of the end of the 65-day period following the date of the first publication of the notice under subdivision 1; andd. If known, the name and last known address of the lender.B. Upon compliance with the requirements set forth in subsection A, clear and unrestricted title is transferred, as of the date specified in subdivision A 1 c, to the museum and not to the Commonwealth.2002, c. 883, § 55-210.37; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2607 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 26 - Property Loaned to Museums|§ 55.1-2607. Status of property loaned to or deposited with museum prior to July 1, 2002

Except as otherwise provided in a written agreement between a lender and a museum, property loaned to or deposited with a museum prior to July 1, 2002, may be discarded or transferred to another museum located in Virginia, provided that (i) the notice provisions of §§ 55.1-2604 and 55.1-2605 have been complied with and (ii) such property is held by the museum receiving the transfer for at least three years before it sells or disposes of such property.2005, c. 480, § 55-210.38; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2700 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 27 - Drift Property|§ 55.1-2700. Who is entitled to drift property

When any property other than abandoned watercraft has drifted on any of the waters of the Commonwealth and is deposited and left on the lands of any person other than the owner of such property, and there is no indicia of ownership, the owner of such land shall, as against all persons other than the owner of such property, be deemed and treated, and have the same rights and remedies relating thereto, as such owner of such property.Code 1919, § 3569; Code 1950, § 55-207; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2701 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 27 - Drift Property|§ 55.1-2701. Conditions on which owner may remove drift property

The owner of property described in § 55.1-2700, after he has paid to the owner of the land a just compensation for any proper care, labor, or expense bestowed, done, or incurred by him for such property, may enter upon the land and, doing as little injury as possible, remove the property, but shall pay the owner of the land for any damage caused to him by such entry and removal.Code 1919, § 3570; Code 1950, § 55-208; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2702 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 27 - Drift Property|§ 55.1-2702. When owner of land may sell drift property; owner of property entitled to proceeds after payment of expenses, etc.

If the owner of drift property described in § 55.1-2700 does not, within three months from the time the property was so deposited, remove or demand the property from the owner of the land, the owner of the land may sell the property or otherwise convert it to his own use, provided that the owner of the land, after deducting a just compensation for any proper care, labor, or expense bestowed, done, or incurred by him for the property from the amount received by him as the price thereof, or the actual value thereof at the time of such sale or other conversion, shall pay to the owner of the property, if he elects to receive it, the residue of the price or of the actual value, as the case may be. The owner of the property, after he has demanded such residue and proved by the affidavit of some other person, or by a competent witness, his right thereto, or offered to prove such right, and if the owner of the land has refused or declined to inspect or hear the evidence thereof, (i) may recover such residue, when the property has been sold, as money received for his use; (ii) may recover such residue, when the property has not been sold, as the price of goods sold by the owner of the property to the owner of the land; or (iii) may have his action of trover to the extent of such residue.Code 1919, § 3571; Code 1950, § 55-209; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2703 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 27 - Drift Property|§ 55.1-2703. Right of property to be proved

In any action relating to the ownership of any property described in § 55.1-2700, the person, other than the owner of such land, claiming to be the owner of the property must prove his ownership in order to sustain his claim.Code 1919, § 3572; Code 1950, § 55-210; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2800 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences|§ 55.1-2800. Definition

As used in this article, "electric fence" means a fence designed to conduct electric current along one or more wires of such fence so that a person or animal touching any such wire or wires will receive an electric shock.1982, c. 280, § 55-298.4; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2801 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences|§ 55.1-2801. Unlawful to sell, distribute, construct, install, maintain, or use certain electric fences upon agricultural land

A. It is unlawful for any person to sell, distribute, construct, install, maintain, or use upon any land used for agricultural purposes or, for any person exercising supervision or control over any such land, to permit any other person to construct, install, maintain, or use any electric fence energized with an electric charge unless the charge is regulated by a controlling device. Except as otherwise provided in this article, such controlling device shall display the approved label of and shall conform to the safety standards promulgated by the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., in its publication number UL69, dated June 30, 2009, and entitled "Standard for Safety for Electric-Fence Controllers," as the same may from time to time be supplemented, or shall display the approved label of and meet the safety standards promulgated by the International Electrotechnical Commission in its publication IEC 60335-2-76, second edition (BS EN 69335-2-76), as the same may from time to time be supplemented.B. No metallically continuous fence or set of electrically connected fences shall be supplied by more than one controlling device.C. Any controlling device shall be suitably grounded when placed in service.1982, c. 280, § 55-298.1; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2802 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences|§ 55.1-2802. Unlawful to sell other controlling devices unless they meet certain standards

A. A controlling device that does not conform to the requirements of § 55.1-2801 shall not be sold, distributed, constructed, installed, maintained, or used unless it meets the following standards:1. A peak-discharge-output type controlling device that delivers intermittent current of a value not in excess of four milliampere-seconds for a maximum "on" period of two-tenths second and a minimum "off" period of three-quarters second. The mean value of the peak output from such device shall progressively decrease from four milliampere-seconds at maximum "on" periods of both two-tenths and one-tenth second to three and two-tenths milliampere-seconds at six-hundredths second, one and nine-tenths milliampere-seconds at three-hundredths second, and consequently to shorter "on" periods as output current increases.2. A sinusoidal-output type controlling device that delivers an intermittent current of a value not in excess of five milliamperes for a maximum "on" period of two-tenths second and a minimum "off" period of nine-tenths second. The effective value of the output from such device may increase as the "on" period decreases, increasing from 40 milliamperes for one-tenth second to 57 milliamperes for five-hundredths second, and 65 milliamperes for twenty-seven thousandths second.3. Any other type of controlling device that delivers a maximum intermittent current output of a value not in excess of four milliampere-seconds for a maximum "on" period of two-tenths second and a minimum "off" period of nine-tenths second.B. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection A, no electric fence controlling device shall be sold, distributed, constructed, installed, maintained, or used that will permit for longer than one second an uninterrupted electric current on the fence with an effective value in excess of five milliamperes when the load, including the measuring device, is not less than 450 ohms nor more than 550 ohms.1982, c. 280, §§ 55-298.2, 55-298.3; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2803 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences|§ 55.1-2803. Penalty

Any person who violates any provision of this article is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.1982, c. 280, § 55-298.5; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2804 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences|§ 55.1-2804. Description of lawful fence

Every fence shall be deemed a lawful fence as to any domesticated livestock that could not creep through such fence, if it is:1. At least five feet high, including, if the fence is on a mound, the mound to the bottom of the ditch;2. Made of barbed wire, at least 42 inches high, consisting of at least four strands of barbed wire, firmly fixed to posts, trees, or other supports substantially set in the ground, spaced no farther than 12 feet apart unless a substantial stay or brace is installed halfway between such posts, trees, or other supports to which such wires are also fixed;3. Made of boards, planks, or rails, at least 42 inches high, consisting of at least three boards firmly attached to posts, trees, or other supports substantially set in the ground;4. At least three feet high, if such fence is within the limits of any town whose charter neither prescribes, nor gives to the town council power to prescribe, what shall constitute a lawful fence within such corporate limits; or5. Any other fence, except as otherwise described in this section, if it is:a. At least 42 inches high;b. Constructed from materials sold for fencing or consisting of systems or devices based on technology generally accepted as appropriate for the confinement or restriction of domesticated livestock; andc. Installed pursuant to generally acceptable standards so that applicable domesticated livestock cannot creep through the same.A cattle guard reasonably sufficient to turn all kinds of livestock shall also be deemed a lawful fence as to any domesticated livestock.Nothing contained in this section shall affect the right of any such town to regulate or forbid the running at large of cattle and other domestic animals within its corporate limits.The Board of Agriculture and Consumer Services may adopt regulations regarding lawful fencing consistent with this section to provide greater specificity as to the requirements of lawful fencing. The absence of any such regulation shall not affect the validity or applicability of this section as it relates to what constitutes lawful fencing.Code 1950, § 8-869; 1977, c. 624, § 55-299; 2007, c. 574; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2805 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences|§ 55.1-2805. Proceeding to declare stream of water or canal a lawful fence

A. The circuit court of any county, upon a petition of any owner or tenant of lands on any stream of water or canal, may declare and establish such stream or canal, or any part of either within the limits and jurisdiction of the county, a lawful fence as to any domesticated livestock. Notice of the application shall be given by posting a copy of the petition at the front door of the courthouse and at two or more public places at or near the stream or canal to which the petition applies, for 30 days, and by publishing such notice once a week for four successive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in such county. At or before the trial of the cause, any person interested may enter himself a defendant.B. The court may, upon petition and notice of any person interested, revoke or alter any order made under subsection A, but such order shall not be made within one year from the date of the original and shall not take effect until six months after it is made.Code 1950, §§ 8-870, 8-871; 1977, c. 624, §§ 55-300, 55-301; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2806 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences|§ 55.1-2806. Boundary lines of certain low grounds on James River a lawful fence

The owners and occupants of low grounds on either side of the James River in Albemarle, Buckingham, and Goochland Counties, enclosed by lawful fences on the back and hill lands, need not keep up any fence on the boundary lines running across the low grounds to the river, and such boundary lines shall be deemed a lawful fence, except where public roads cross the river or run parallel with its banks.Code 1950, § 8-872; 1977, c. 624, § 55-302; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2807 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences|§ 55.1-2807. Statutes declaring watercourses lawful fences continued

All acts declaring any river, stream, or watercourse, or any part thereof, or any boundary in any county, a lawful fence, or authorizing any court so to declare the same, or enacting a special fence law for any county or any part thereof, and all acts relating to the making or repairing of division fences in any county or in any part thereof that may be in force on the day before the Code of 1887 took effect, shall continue in force.Code 1950, § 8-873; 1977, c. 624, § 55-303; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2808 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences|§ 55.1-2808. Property owner may place cattle guards or gates across right-of-way

Any owner of property on which there is a road or way, not a public road, a highway, a street, or an alley, over which an easement exists for ingress and egress of others may place cattle guards or gates across such way when required for the protection of livestock.Code 1950, § 8-873.1; 1954, c. 461; 1977, c. 624, § 55-304; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2809 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences|§ 55.1-2809. Persons having easement may replace gate with cattle guard; maintenance and use thereof; deemed lawful gate

Any person having an easement of right-of-way across the lands of another may, at his own expense, replace any gate thereon with a substantial cattle guard sufficient to turn livestock. Such cattle guards shall be maintained by the owner of the easement, who shall be responsible for keeping such cattle guards at all times in sufficient condition to turn livestock. If a cattle guard is rendered inoperative by inclement weather, the easement owner shall utilize and maintain any reasonable alternative method sufficient to turn livestock from the inoperative cattle guard until such cattle guard is rendered operative again. If the gate to be replaced is needed or used for the orderly ingress and egress of equipment or animals thereover, then such persons acting under the authority of this section shall construct such cattle guards so as to allow such ingress and egress or, if such easement is of sufficient width, may place such cattle guard adjacent to such gate.Such a cattle guard shall be deemed a lawful gate and not an interference with such easement.Code 1950, §§ 8-873.2, 8-873.3; 1954, c. 461; 1977, c. 624, § 55-305; 1992, c. 483; 2019, c. 712.
VA Code § 55.1-2810 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 55.1 - Property and Conveyances|Chapter 28 - Trespasses; Fences|§ 55.1-2810. Damages for trespass by animals; punitive and double damages

A. If any domesticated livestock enters into any grounds enclosed by a lawful fence, as defined in §§ 55.1-2804 through 55.1-2807, the owner or manager of any such animal shall be liable for the actual damages sustained.B. Punitive damages may be awarded but shall not exceed $20 in any case.C. For every second and subsequent trespass, the owner or manager of such animal shall be liable for double damages, both actual and punitive.Code 1950, §§ 8-874 through 8-876; 1977, c. 624, § 55-306; 1979, c. 486; 2019, c. 712.