NM Stat § 72-15-23 (2021)
2021 New Mexico Statutes|Chapter 72 - Water Law|Article 15 - Interstate Compacts|Section 72-15-23 - [Rio Grande Compact.]

The state of New Mexico does hereby ratify, approve and adopt the compact aforesaid, which is as follows: RIO GRANDE COMPACT Signed at Santa Fe, New Mexico, March 18, 1938. The state of Colorado, the state of New Mexico and the state of Texas, desiring to remove all causes of present and future controversy among these states and between citizens of one of these states and citizens of another state with respect to the use of the waters of the Rio Grande above Fort Quitman, Texas, and being moved by considerations of interstate comity, and for the purpose of effecting an equitable apportionment of such waters, have resolved to conclude a compact for the attainment of these purposes, and to that end, through their respective governors, have named as their respective commissioners: for the state of Colorado - M. C. Hinderlider for the state of New Mexico - Thomas M. McClure for the state of Texas - Frank B. Clayton who, after negotiations participated in by S. O. Harper, appointed by the president as the representative of the United States of America, have agreed upon the following articles, to wit: ARTICLE I (a) The state of Colorado, the state of New Mexico, the state of Texas and the United States of America, are hereinafter designated "Colorado," "New Mexico," "Texas" and the "United States," respectively. (b) "The commission" means the agency created by this compact [this section] for the administration thereof. (c) The term "Rio Grande basin" means all of the territory drained by the Rio Grande and its tributaries in Colorado, in New Mexico and in Texas above Fort Quitman, including the closed basin in Colorado. (d) The "closed basin" means that part of the Rio Grande basin in Colorado where the streams drain into the San Luis lakes and adjacent territory, and do not normally contribute to the flow of the Rio Grande. (e) The term "tributary" means any stream which naturally contributes to the flow of the Rio Grande. (f) "Transmountain diversion" is water imported into the drainage basin of the Rio Grande from any stream system outside of the Rio Grande basin, exclusive of the closed basin. (g) "Annual debits" are the amounts by which actual deliveries in any calendar year fall below scheduled deliveries. (h) "Annual credits" are the amounts by which actual deliveries in any calendar year exceed scheduled deliveries. (i) "Accrued debits" are the amounts by which the sum of all annual debits exceeds the sum of all annual credits over any common period of time. (j) "Accrued credits" are the amounts by which the sum of all annual credits exceeds the sum of all annual debits over any common period of time. (k) "Project storage" is the combined capacity of Elephant Butte reservoir and all other reservoirs actually available for the storage of usable water below Elephant Butte and above the first diversion to lands of the Rio Grande project, but not more than a total of 2,638,860 acre-feet. (l) "Usable water" is all water, exclusive of credit water, which is in project storage and which is available for release in accordance with irrigation demands, including deliveries in Mexico. (m) "Credit water" is that amount of water in project storage which is equal to the accrued credit of Colorado, or New Mexico, or both. (n) "Unfilled capacity" is the difference between the total physical capacity of project storage and the amount of usable water then in storage. (o) "Actual release" is the amount of usable water released in any calendar year from the lowest reservoir comprising project storage. (p) "Actual spill" is all water which is actually spilled from Elephant Butte reservoir, or is released therefrom for flood control, in excess of the current demand on project storage and which does not become usable water by storage in another reservoir; provided, that actual spill of usable water cannot occur until all credit water shall have been spilled. (q) "Hypothetical spill" is the time in any year at which usable water would have spilled from project storage if 790,000 acre-feet had been released therefrom at rates proportional to the actual release in every year from the starting date to the end of the year in which hypothetical spill occurs; in computing hypothetical spill the initial condition shall be the amount of usable water in project storage at the beginning of the calendar year following the effective date of this compact, and thereafter the initial condition shall be the amount of usable water in project storage at the beginning of the calendar year following each actual spill. ARTICLE II The commission shall cause to be maintained and operated a stream-gaging station equipped with an automatic water-stage recorder at each of the following points, to wit: (a) on the Rio Grande near Del Norte above the principal points of diversion to the San Luis valley; (b) on the Conejos river near Mogote; (c) on the Los Pinos river near Ortiz; (d) on the San Antonio river at Ortiz; (e) on the Conejos river at its mouth near Los Sauces; (f) on the Rio Grande near Lobatos; (g) on the Rio Chama below El Vado reservoir; (h) on the Rio Grande at Otowi bridge near San Ildefonso; (i) on the Rio Grande near San Acacio; (j) on the Rio Grande at San Marcial; (k) on the Rio Grande below Elephant Butte reservoir; (l) on the Rio Grande below Caballo reservoir. Similar gaging stations shall be maintained and operated below any other reservoir constructed after 1929, and at such other points as may be necessary for the securing of records required for the carrying out of the compact; and automatic water-stage recorders shall be maintained and operated on each of the reservoirs mentioned, and on all others constructed after 1929. Such gaging stations shall be equipped, maintained and operated by the commission directly or in cooperation with an appropriate federal or state agency, and the equipment, method and frequency of measurement at such stations shall be such as to produce reliable records at all times. ARTICLE III The obligation of Colorado to deliver water in the Rio Grande at the Colorado-New Mexico state line, measured at or near Lobatos, in each calendar year, shall be ten thousand acre-feet less than the sum of those quantities set forth in the two following tabulations of relationship, which correspond to the quantities at the upper index stations: || DISCHARGE OF CONEJOS RIVER Quantities in thousands of acre-feet   || Conejos index supply (1)    Conejos river at mouths (2)   || 100    0   || 150    20   || 200    45   || 250    75   || 300    109   || 350    147   || 400    188   || 450    232   || 500    278   || 550    326   || 600    376   || 650    426   || 700    476   |Intermediate quantities shall be computed by proportional parts. (1) Conejos index supply is the natural flow of Conejos river at the U.S.G.S. gaging station near Mogote during the calendar year, plus the natural flow of Los Pinos river at the U.S.G.S. gaging station near Ortiz and the natural flow of San Antonio river at the U.S.G.S. gaging station at Ortiz, both during the months of April to October, inclusive. (2) Conejos river at mouths is the combined discharge of branches of this river at the U.S.G.S. gaging stations near Los Sauces during the calendar year. || DISCHARGE OF RIO GRANDE EXCLUSIVE OF CONEJOS RIVER Quantities in thousands of acre-feet   || Rio Grande at Del Norte (3)    Rio Grande at Lobatos less Conejos at mouths (4)   || 200    60   || 250    65   || 300    75   || 350    86   || 400    98   || 450    112   || 500    127   || 550    144   || 600    162   || 650    182   || 700    204   || 750    229   || 800    257   || 850    292   || 900    335   || 950    380   || 1,000    430   || 1,100    540   || 1,200    640   || 1,300    740   || 1,400    840   |Intermediate quantities shall be computed by proportional parts. (3) Rio Grande at Del Norte is the recorded flow of the Rio Grande at the U.S.G.S. gaging station near Del Norte during the calendar year (measured above all principal points of diversion to San Luis valley) corrected for the operation of reservoirs constructed after 1937. (4) Rio Grande at Lobatos less Conejos at mouths is the total flow of the Rio Grande at the U.S.G.S. gaging station near Lobatos, less the discharge of Conejos river at its mouths, during the calendar year. The application of these schedules shall be subject to the provisions hereinafter set forth and appropriate adjustments shall be made for (a) any change in location of gaging stations; (b) any new or increased depletion of the runoff above inflow index gaging stations; and (c) any transmountain diversions into the drainage basin of the Rio Grande above Lobatos. In event any works are constructed after 1937 for the purpose of delivering water into the Rio Grande from the closed basin, Colorado shall not be credited with the amount of such water delivered, unless the proportion of sodium ions shall be less than forty-five percent of the total positive ions in that water when the total dissolved solids in such water exceeds three hundred fifty parts per million. ARTICLE IV The obligation of New Mexico to deliver water in the Rio Grande at San Marcial, during each calendar year, exclusive of the months of July, August and September shall be that quantity set forth in the following tabulation of relationship, which corresponds to the quantity at the upper index station: || DISCHARGE OF RIO GRANDE AT OTOWI BRIDGE AND AT SAN MARCIAL EXCLUSIVE OF JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER Quantities in thousands of acre feet   || Otowi Index Supply (5)    San Marcial Index Supply (6)   || 100    0   || 200    65   || 300    141   || 400    219   || 500    300   || 600    383   || 700    469   || 800    557   || 900    648   || 1,000    742   || 1,100    839   || 1,200    939   || 1,300    1,042   || 1,400    1,148   || 1,500    1,257   || 1,600    1,370   || 1,700    1,489   || 1,800    1,608   || 1,900    1,730   || 2,000    1,856   || 2,100    1,985   || 2,200    2,117   || 2,300    2,253   |Intermediate quantities shall be computed by proportional parts. (5) The Otowi index supply is the recorded flow of the Rio Grande at the U.S.G.S. gaging station at Otowi bridge near San Ildefonso (formerly station near Buckman) during the calendar year, exclusive of the flow during the months of July, August and September, corrected for the operation of reservoirs constructed after 1929 in the drainage basin of the Rio Grande between Lobatos and Otowi bridge. (6) San Marcial index supply is the recorded flow of the Rio Grande at the gaging station at San Marcial during the calendar year exclusive of the flow during the months of July, August and September. The application of this schedule shall be subject to the provisions hereinafter set forth and appropriate adjustments shall be made for (a) any change in location of gaging stations; (b) depletion after 1929 in New Mexico at any time of the year of the natural runoff at Otowi bridge; (c) depletion of the runoff during July, August and September of tributaries between Otowi bridge and San Marcial, by works constructed after 1937; and (d) any transmountain diversions into the Rio Grande between Lobatos and San Marcial. Concurrent records shall be kept of the flow of the Rio Grande at San Marcial, near San Acacio, and of the release from Elephant Butte reservoir, to the end that the records at these three stations may be correlated. ARTICLE V If at any time it should be the unanimous finding and determination of the commission that because of changed physical conditions, or for any other reasons, reliable records are not obtainable, or cannot be obtained, at any of the stream-gaging stations herein referred to, such stations may, with the unanimous approval of the commission, be abandoned, and with such approval another station, or other stations, shall be established and new measurements shall be substituted which, in the unanimous opinion of the commission, will result in substantially the same results, so far as the rights and obligations to deliver water are concerned, as would have existed if such substitution of stations and measurements had not been so made. ARTICLE VI Commencing with the year following the effective date of this compact, all credits and debits of Colorado and New Mexico shall be computed for each calendar year; provided, that in a year of actual spill no annual credits nor annual debits shall be computed for that year. In the case of Colorado, no annual debit nor accrued debit shall exceed 100,000 acre-feet, except as either or both may be caused by holdover storage of water in reservoirs constructed after 1937 in the drainage basin of the Rio Grande above Lobatos. Within the physical limitations of storage capacity in such reservoirs, Colorado shall retain water in storage at all times to the extent of its accrued debit. In the case of New Mexico, the accrued debit shall not exceed 200,000 acre-feet at any time, except as such debit may be caused by holdover storage of water in reservoirs constructed after 1929 in the drainage basin of the Rio Grande between Lobatos and San Marcial. Within the physical limitations of storage capacity in such reservoirs, New Mexico shall retain water in storage at all times to the extent of its accrued debit. In computing the magnitude of accrued credits or debits, New Mexico shall not be charged with any greater debit in any one year than the sum of 150,000 acre-feet and all gains in the quantity of water in storage in such year. The commission by unanimous action may authorize the release from storage of any amount of water which is then being held in storage by reason of accrued debits of Colorado or New Mexico; provided, that such water shall be replaced at the first opportunity thereafter. In computing the amount of accrued credits and accrued debits of Colorado or New Mexico, any annual credits in excess of 150,000 acre-feet shall be taken as equal to that amount. In any year in which actual spill occurs, the accrued credits of Colorado, or New Mexico, or both, at the beginning of the year shall be reduced in proportion to their respective credits by the amount of such actual spill; provided, that the amount of actual spill shall be deemed to be increased by the aggregate gain in the amount of water in storage, prior to the time of spill, in reservoirs above San Marcial constructed after 1929; provided, further, that if the commissioners for the states having accrued credits authorized the release of part, or all, of such credits in advance of spill, the amount so released shall be deemed to constitute actual spill. In any year in which there is actual spill of usable water, or at the time of hypothetical spill thereof, all accrued debits of Colorado, or New Mexico, or both, at the beginning of the year shall be canceled. In any year in which the aggregate of accrued debits of Colorado and New Mexico exceeds the minimum unfilled capacity of project storage, such debits shall be reduced proportionally to an aggregate amount equal to such minimum unfilled capacity. To the extent that accrued credits are impounded in reservoirs between San Marcial and Courchesne, and to the extent that accrued debits are impounded in reservoirs above San Marcial, such credits and debits shall be reduced annually to compensate for evaporation losses in the proportion that such credits or debits bore to the total amount of water in such reservoirs during the year. ARTICLE VII Neither Colorado nor New Mexico shall increase the amount of water in storage in reservoirs constructed after 1929 whenever there is less than 400,000 acre-feet of usable water in project storage; provided, that if the actual releases of usable water from the beginning of the calendar year following the effective date of this compact, or from the beginning of the calendar year following actual spill, have aggregated more than an average of 790,000 acre-feet per annum, the time at which such minimum stage is reached shall be adjusted to compensate for the difference between the total actual release and releases at such average rate; provided, further, that Colorado or New Mexico, or both, may relinquish accrued credits at any time, and Texas may accept such relinquished water, and in such event the state, or states, so relinquishing shall be entitled to store water in the amount of the water so relinquished. ARTICLE VIII During the month of January of any year the commissioner for Texas may demand of Colorado and New Mexico, and the commissioner for New Mexico may demand of Colorado, the release of water from storage reservoirs constructed after 1929 to the amount of the accrued debits of Colorado and New Mexico, respectively, and such releases shall be made by each at the greatest rate practicable under the conditions then prevailing, and in proportion to the total debit of each, and in amounts, limited by their accrued debits, sufficient to bring the quantity of usable water in project storage to 600,000 acre-feet by March first and to maintain this quantity in storage until April thirtieth, to the end that a normal release of 790,000 acre-feet may be made from project storage in that year. ARTICLE IX Colorado agrees with New Mexico that in event the United States or the state of New Mexico decides to construct the necessary works for diverting the waters of the San Juan river, or any of its tributaries, into the Rio Grande, Colorado hereby consents to the construction of said works and the diversion of waters from the San Juan river, or the tributaries thereof, into the Rio Grande in New Mexico, provided the present and prospective uses of water in Colorado by other diversions from the San Juan river, or its tributaries, are protected. ARTICLE X In the event water from another drainage basin shall be imported into the Rio Grande basin by the United States or Colorado or New Mexico, or any of them jointly, the state having the right to the use of such water shall be given proper credit therefor in the application of the schedules. ARTICLE XI New Mexico and Texas agree that upon the effective date of this compact [this section] all controversies between said states relative to the quantity or quality of the water of the Rio Grande are composed and settled; however, nothing herein shall be interpreted to prevent recourse by a signatory state to the supreme court of the United States for redress should the character or quality of the water, at the point of delivery, be changed hereafter by one signatory state to the injury of another. Nothing herein shall be construed as an admission by any signatory state that the use of water for irrigation causes increase of salinity for which the user is responsible in law. ARTICLE XII To administer the provisions of this compact there shall be constituted a commission composed of one representative from each state, to be known as the Rio Grande Compact commission. The state engineer of Colorado shall be ex-officio the Rio Grande Compact commissioner for Colorado. The state engineer of New Mexico shall be ex-officio the Rio Grande Compact commissioner for New Mexico. The Rio Grande Compact commissioner for Texas shall be appointed by the governor of Texas. The president of the United States shall be requested to designate a representative of the United States to sit with such commission, and such representative of the United States, if so designated by the president, shall act as chairman of the commission without vote. The salaries and personal expenses of the Rio Grande Compact commissioners for the three states shall be paid by their respective states, and all other expenses incident to the administration of this compact, not borne by the United States, shall be borne equally by the three states. There shall be established and maintained a fund, to be known as the Rio Grande Compact fund, and all expenses incident to the administration of the compact, other than the salaries and personal expenses of the commissioners, shall be paid out of this fund on order of the commission. Each of the three states shall deposit the sum of five thousand ($5,000.00) dollars in the Rio Grande Compact fund and each state shall reimburse this fund quarterly upon presentation of claims by the commission setting forth in reasonable detail the expenses paid by the commission from this fund. In addition to the powers and duties hereinbefore specifically conferred upon such commission, and the members thereof, the jurisdiction of such commission shall extend only to the collection, correlation and presentation of factual data and the maintenance of records having a bearing upon the administration of this compact, and, by unanimous action, to the making of recommendations to the respective states upon matters connected with the administration of this compact. In connection therewith, the commission may employ such engineering and clerical aid as may be reasonably necessary within the limit of funds provided for that purpose by the respective states. Annual reports compiled for each calendar year shall be made by the commission and transmitted to the governors of the signatory states on or before March first following the year covered by the report. The commission may, by unanimous action, adopt rules and regulations consistent with the provisions of this compact to govern their proceedings. The findings of the commission shall not be conclusive in any court or tribunal which may be called upon to interpret or enforce this compact. ARTICLE XIII At the expiration of every five-year period after the effective date of this compact, the commission may, by unanimous consent, review any provisions hereof which are not substantive in character and which do not affect the basic principles upon which the compact is founded, and shall meet for the consideration of such questions on the request of any member of the commission; provided, however, that the provisions hereof shall remain in full force and effect until changed and amended within the intent of the compact by unanimous action of the commissioners, and until any changes in this compact are ratified by the legislatures of the respective states and consented to by the congress, in the same manner as this compact is required to be ratified to become effective. ARTICLE XIV The schedules herein contained and the quantities of water herein allocated shall never be increased nor diminished by reason of any increase or diminution in the delivery or loss of water to Mexico. ARTICLE XV The physical and other conditions characteristic of the Rio Grande and peculiar to the territory drained and served thereby, and to the development thereof, have actuated this compact and none of the signatory states admits that any provisions herein contained establishes any general principle or precedent applicable to other interstate streams. ARTICLE XVI Nothing in this compact shall be construed as affecting the obligations of the United States of America to Mexico under existing treaties, or to the Indian tribes, or as impairing the rights of the Indian tribes. ARTICLE XVII This compact shall become effective when ratified by the legislatures of each of the signatory states and consented to by the congress of the United States. Notice of ratification shall be given by the governor of each state to the governors of the other states and to the president of the United States, and the president of the United States is requested to give notice to the governors of each of the signatory states of the consent of the congress of the United States. In witness whereof, the commissioners have signed this compact in quadruplicate original, one of which shall be deposited in the archives of the department of state of the United States of America and shall be deemed the authoritative original, and of which a duly certified copy shall be forwarded to the governor of each of the signatory states. Done at the city of Santa Fe, in the state of New Mexico, on the 18th day of March, in the year of Our Lord, one thousand nine hundred and thirty-eight. (Sgd.) M. C. Hinderlider. (Sgd.) Thomas M. McClure. (Sgd.) Frank B. Clayton. APPROVED: (Sgd.) S. O. Harper. History: 1978 Comp., § 72-15-23, enacted by Laws 1939, ch. 33, § 1; 1945, ch. 60, § 1. ANNOTATIONSCompiler's notes. — The third paragraph of Article XII of this compact, establishing the Rio Grande Compact fund, was added to the compact by Laws 1945, ch. 60, § 1. Neither of the other two member-states approved amendments of the compact similar to Laws 1945, ch. 60, and that amendment was not consented to by the United States congress. In light of these developments, the amendment of Article XII is of no force and effect. The following resolution, adopted by the Rio Grande compact commission at its February 14-16, 1949, meeting revised the measurement of deliveries by New Mexico and the schedule shown in Article IV of the compact: "RESOLUTION "Whereas, at the Annual Meeting of the Rio Grande Compact Commission in the year 1945, the question was raised as to whether or not a schedule for delivery of water by New Mexico during the entire year could be worked out, and "Whereas, at said meeting the question was referred to the Engineering Advisers for their study, recommendations and report, and "Whereas, said Engineering Advisers have met, studied the problems and under date of February 24, 1947, did submit their Report, which said Report contains the findings of said Engineering Advisers and their recommendations, and "Whereas, the Compact Commission has examined said Report and finds that the matters and things therein found and recommended are proper and within the terms of the Rio Grande Compact, and "Whereas, the Commission has considered said Engineering Advisers' Report and all available evidence, information and material and is fully advised: "Now, Therefore, Be it Resolved: "The Commission finds as follows: "(a) That because of change of physical conditions, reliable records of the amount of water passing San Marcial are no longer obtainable at the stream gaging station at San Marcial and that the same should be abandoned for Compact purposes. "(b) That the need for concurrent records at San Marcial and San Acacia no longer exists and that the gaging station at San Acacia should be abandoned for Compact purposes. "(c) That it is desirable and necessary that the obligations of New Mexico under the Compact to deliver water in the months of July, August, September, should be scheduled. (d) That the change in gaging stations and substitution of the new measurements as hereinafter set forth will result in substantially the same results so far as the rights and obligations to deliver water are concerned, and would have existed if such substitution of stations and measurements had not been so made. "Be it Further Resolved: "That the following measurements and schedule thereof shall be substituted for the measurements and schedule thereof as now set forth in Article IV of the Compact: " 'The obligation of New Mexico to deliver water in the Rio Grande into Elephant Butte Reservoir during each calendar year shall be measured by that quantity set forth in the following tabulation of relationship which corresponds to the quantity at the upper index station: 'DISCHARGE OF RIO GRANDE AT OTOWI BRIDGE AND ELEPHANT BUTTE EFFECTIVE SUPPLY " 'Quantities in thousands of acre-feet  Otowi index supply (5) Elephant Butte Effective Index Supply (6) " '100 57 200 114 300 171 400 228 500 286 600 345 700 406 800 471 900 542 1,000 621 1,100 707 1,200 800 1,300 897 1,400 996 1,500 1,095 1,600 1,195 1,700 1,295 1,800 1,395 1,900 1,495 2,000 1,595 2,100 1,695 2,200 1,795 2,300 1,895 2,400 1,995 2,500 2,095 2,600 2,195 2,700 2,295 2,800 2,395 2,900 2,495 3,000 2,595 " 'Intermediate quantities shall be computed by proportional parts. " '(5) The Otowi Index Supply is the recorded flow of the Rio Grande at the U.S.G.S. gaging station at Otowi Bridge near San Ildefonso (formerly station near Buckman) during the calendar year, corrected for the operation of reservoirs constructed after 1929 in the drainage basin of the Rio Grande between Lobatos and Otowi Bridge. " '(6) Elephant Butte Effective Index Supply is the recorded flow of the Rio Grande at the gaging station below Elephant Butte Dam during the calendar year plus the net gain in storage in Elephant Butte Reservoir during the same year or minus the net loss in storage in said reservoir, as the case may be. " 'The application of this schedule shall be subject to the provisions hereinafter set forth and appropriate adjustments shall be made for (a) any change in location of gaging stations; (b) depletion after 1929 in New Mexico of the natural runoff at Otowi Bridge; and (c) any transmountain diversions into the Rio Grande between Lobatos and Elephant Butte Reservoir.' "Be it Further Resolved: "That the gaging stations at San Acacia and San Marcial be, and the same are hereby abandoned for Compact purposes. "Be it Further Resolved: "That this Resolution has been passed unanimously and shall be effective January 1, 1949, if within 120 days from this date the Commissioner for each State shall have received from the Attorney General of the State represented by him, an opinion approving this Resolution, and shall have so advised the Chairman of the Commission, otherwise, to be of no force and effect." (Note: The following paragraph appears in the Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Commission held at Denver, Colorado, February 14-16, 1949: "The Chairman announced that he had received, pursuant to the Resolution adopted by the Commission at the Ninth Annual Meeting on February 24, 1948, opinions from the Attorneys General of Colorado, New Mexico and Texas that the substitution of stations and measurements of deliveries by New Mexico set forth in said resolution was within the powers of the Commission.") Federal law. — Because Congress consented to its creation, the Rio Grande Compact is federal law. U.S. v. City of Las Cruces, 289 F.3d 1170 (10th Cir. 2002). Compact is binding on Texas and defendant city and, for that matter, is binding on the inhabitants and citizens of Texas. El Paso Cnty. Water Improvement Dist. No. 1 v. City of El Paso, 133 F. Supp. 894 (W.D. Texas 1955), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 243 F.2d 927 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 355 U.S. 820, 78 S. Ct. 26, 2 L. Ed. 2d 36 (1957). All appropriative water rights advanced by the city are either without substance or else must yield to the paramount disposition made by the Rio Grande Compact. El Paso Cnty. Water Improvement Dist. No. 1 v. City of El Paso, 133 F. Supp. 894 (W.D. Texas 1955), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 243 F.2d 927 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 355 U.S. 820, 78 S. Ct. 26, 2 L. Ed. 2d 36 (1957). River's water below Elephant Butte reservoir not apportioned by compact. — Neither the history of the compact negotiations nor the ultimate terms of the compact support the conclusion that the parties to the agreement intended it to apportion either the surface water of the river or the related hydrologically connected ground water below Elephant Butte reservoir between New Mexico and Texas. City of El Paso ex rel. Pub. Serv. Bd. v. Reynolds, 563 F. Supp. 379 (D.N.M. 1983). Law reviews. — For article, "New Mexico Water Law: An Overview and Discussion of Current Issues," see 22 Nat. Resources J. 1045 (1982). For comment, "The El Paso Case: Reconciling Sporhase and Vermejo," see 23 Nat. Resources J. ix (1983). For article, "A Survey of the Evolution of Western Water Law in Response to Changing Economic and Public Interest Demands," see 29 Nat. Resources J. 347 (1989). For article, "The Strengths and Weaknesses of Water Markets as They Affect Water Scarcity and Sovereignty Interests in the West," see 29 Nat. Resources J. 489 (1989). For article, "Middle Rio Grande Regional Water Resource Planning: The Pitfalls and the Promises," see 40 Nat. Resources J. 533 (2000). For article, "Water Leasing: Evaluating Temporary Water Rights Transfers in New Mexico through Experimental Methods," see 46 Nat. Resources J. 707 (2009). For article, "The Impact of Full Beneficial Use of San Juan Chama Project Water by the City of Albuquerque on New Mexico's Rio Grande Compact Obligations," see 48 Nat. Resources J. 371 (2008). For article, "Carry-over Storage of Indian Prior and Paramount Water in El Vado," see 47 Nat. Resources J. 697 (2007). For article, "Modeling Reservoir Storage Scenarios by Consensus," see 47 Nat. Resources J. 653 (2007). For article, "An Environmental Pool for the Rio Grande," see 47 Nat. Resources J. 615 (2007). For article, "History of the Rio Grande Reservoirs in New Mexico: Legislation and Litigation," see 47 Nat. Resources J. 525 (2007). Am. Jur. 2d, A.L.R. and C.J.S. references. — 78 Am. Jur. 2d Waters §§ 87, 310. 93 C.J.S. Waters §§ 170, 183, 188.