reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 19.2-269.2 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-269.2. Nondisclosure of addresses or telephone numbers of crime victims and witnesses

During any criminal proceeding, upon motion of the defendant or the attorney for the Commonwealth, a judge may prohibit testimony as to the current residential or business address, any telephone number, or email address of a victim or witness if the judge determines that this information is not material under the circumstances of the case.1989, c. 170; 1994, cc. 845, 931; 2018, cc. 47, 83.
VA Code § 19.2-270 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-270. When statement by accused as witness not received as evidence

In a criminal prosecution, other than for perjury, or in an action on a penal statute, evidence shall not be given against the accused of any statement made by him as a witness upon a legal examination, in a criminal or civil action, unless such statement was made when examined as a witness in his own behalf.Code 1950, § 19.1-267; 1960, c. 366; 1975, c. 495; 1988, c. 366.
VA Code § 19.2-270.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-270.1. Use of photographs as evidence in certain larceny and burglary prosecutions

In any prosecution for larceny under the provisions of §§ 18.2-95, 18.2-96 or § 18.2-98, or for shoplifting under the provisions of § 18.2-103, or for burglary under the provisions of §§ 18.2-89, 18.2-90, 18.2-91 or § 18.2-92, photographs of the goods, merchandise, money or securities alleged to have been taken or converted shall be deemed competent evidence of such goods, merchandise, money or securities and shall be admissible in any proceeding, hearing or trial of the case to the same extent as if such goods, merchandise, money or securities had been introduced as evidence. Such photographs shall bear a written description of the goods, merchandise, money or securities alleged to have been taken or converted, the name of the owner of such goods, merchandise, money or securities and the manner of the identification of same by such owner, or the name of the place wherein the alleged offense occurred, the name of the accused, the name of the arresting or investigating police officer or conservator of the peace, the date of the photograph and the name of the photographer. Such writing shall be made under oath by the arresting or investigating police officer or conservator of the peace, and the photographs identified by the signature of the photographer. Upon the filing of such photograph and writing with the police authority or court holding such goods and merchandise as evidence, such goods or merchandise shall be returned to their owner, or the proprietor or manager of the store or establishment wherein the alleged offense occurred.1976, c. 577; 1985, c. 184; 1987, c. 493; 1995, c. 447.
VA Code § 19.2-270.1:1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-270.1:1. Computer and electronic data in obscenity, etc. cases; access to defendant

When computer data or electronic data, stored in any form, the possession of which is otherwise unlawful, are seized as evidence in a criminal prosecution of any offense involving obscenity or child pornography, neither the original data nor a copy thereof shall be released to the defendant or his counsel, nor shall a court order the release of such evidence to the defendant or his counsel except as provided herein. The defendant and his counsel shall be allowed the reasonable opportunity to review such evidence in accordance with the rules of discovery. Upon a finding that the production of the original data or a copy thereof to counsel or his designee is necessary and material to the defense of the accused, the court may order such production only under terms that restrict access to specifically identified recipients, prohibit any duplication of the data beyond what is reasonably necessary for the purpose of the production, and require the return of the data to the law-enforcement agency maintaining custody or control of the seized data for appropriate disposition.2006, c. 601.
VA Code § 19.2-270.2 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-270.2. Disposition of money, securities or documents seized upon arrest, etc., and pertinent as evidence

A. When in the course of investigation or arrest, the investigating or arresting officer shall seize or come into the possession of moneys, cash, or negotiable or nonnegotiable instruments or securities, hereinafter called "moneys or securities," taken or retained unlawfully from a financial institution or other person, and such moneys or securities, or a portion thereof, shall be pertinent evidence in a pending prosecution or appeal therefrom, the officer or agency having possession thereof, may retain, pending such prosecution or appeal thereof, sufficient of such moneys or securities as shall be necessary to prove the crime of grand larceny or other crimes requiring a specific amount in value. The court upon motion of the attorney for the Commonwealth and for good cause shown may order the release of all moneys or securities, subject to the provisions of this section. The remaining excess moneys or securities, if any, may be released to the owner thereof, upon proper receipt therefor, which release shall be with the consent of the attorney for the Commonwealth. The officer or agency authorizing such release shall make an appropriate record of such moneys or securities released, including designation or copying of serial numbers, and such record or receipt shall be admissible into evidence in any proceeding, hearing or trial of the case to the same extent as if such moneys or securities had been introduced. Such record or receipt shall contain the name of the financial institution or person from whom such moneys or securities were taken, the place from which taken, the name of the accused, and the name of the arresting officer or officers coming into initial possession of such moneys or securities. Pictures shall be taken of any instruments or securities and such pictures shall be attached to the receipt or record above and shall contain further, in the case of such copying, the date of the photograph and the name of the photographer.B. When in the course of investigation or arrest, the investigating or arresting officer seizes or comes into the possession of moneys or securities under the provisions of this section, and such moneys or securities, or a portion thereof, are introduced as an exhibit in a prosecution or appeal therefrom, the court may, with the consent of the attorney for the Commonwealth, authorize the clerk of the circuit court, upon all appeal rights being exhausted, to deposit such moneys or cash in an interest-bearing account.1980, c. 423; 1991, c. 680; 1995, c. 447.
VA Code § 19.2-270.3 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-270.3. Admissible evidence as to identity of party presenting bad check, draft or order

In any prosecution under § 18.2-181 or § 18.2-182 for the presentation of a bad check, draft or order, the following shall be admissible in any proceeding, hearing or trial of the case:1. The unpaid or dishonored check, draft or order, bearing a notation thereon of the full name, residence address, home telephone number, and either the driver's license, social security or other governmentally issued identification number of the person who delivered such check, draft or order to the payee, the cashing party or its representative, and bearing the initials of the representative of the payee or cashing party to whom the check, draft or order was delivered, as evidence that such information was transcribed on such check, draft or order at the time of such delivery; or2. A composite photograph of the check, draft or order, and of the person delivering such check, draft or order, and of other documentation identifying such person, such as a driver's license, social security card, or other governmentally issued identification card, taken together at the time the check, draft or order was delivered by such person to the payee, the cashing party or its representative.If such evidence is introduced, it may invoke an inference sufficient for the trier of fact to find that the person whose identifying information appears on the check, draft or order was the person who delivered the check, draft or order in question to the payee, cashing party or its representative.1981, c. 292; 1991, c. 633.
VA Code § 19.2-270.5 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-270.5. DNA profile admissible in criminal proceeding

In any criminal proceeding, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) testing shall be deemed to be a reliable scientific technique and the evidence of a DNA profile comparison may be admitted to prove or disprove the identity of any person. This section shall not otherwise limit the introduction of any relevant evidence bearing upon any question at issue before the court, including the accuracy and reliability of the procedures employed in the collection and analysis of a particular DNA sample. The court shall, regardless of the results of the DNA analysis, if any, consider such other relevant evidence of the identity of the accused as shall be admissible in evidence.At least twenty-one days prior to commencement of the proceeding in which the results of a DNA analysis will be offered as evidence, the party intending to offer the evidence shall notify the opposing party, in writing, of the intent to offer the analysis and shall provide or make available copies of the profiles and the report or statement to be introduced. In the event that such notice is not given, and the person proffers such evidence, then the court may in its discretion either allow the opposing party a continuance or, under appropriate circumstances, bar the person from presenting such evidence. The period of any such continuance shall not be counted for speedy trial purposes under § 19.2-243. If the opposing party intends to object to the admissibility of such evidence he shall give written notice of that fact and the basis for his objections at least ten days prior to commencement of the proceedings.1990, c. 669; 1997, c. 315; 2002, cc. 627, 885.
VA Code § 19.2-270.6 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-270.6. Evidence of abuse admissible in certain criminal trials (Supreme Court Rule 2:409 derived from this section)

In any criminal prosecution alleging personal injury or death, or the attempt to cause personal injury or death, relevant evidence of repeated physical and psychological abuse of the accused by the victim shall be admissible, subject to the general rules of evidence.1993, c. 5.
VA Code § 19.2-270.7 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-270.7. Determining decibel level of sound with proper equipment; certificate as to accuracy of equipment

A law-enforcement officer may use equipment deemed proper pursuant to subsection C of § 2.2-1112 to determine the decibel level of any sound, including noise. The results of such determinations shall be accepted as prima facie evidence of the decibel level of the sound in any court or legal proceeding where the decibel level of the sound is at issue.In any court or legal proceeding in which any question arises about the calibration or accuracy of such equipment used to determine the decibel level of sound, a certificate, or a true copy thereof, showing the calibration or testing for accuracy of the equipment, and when and by whom the calibration or test was made, shall be admissible as evidence of the facts therein stated. No calibration or testing of such equipment shall be valid for longer than 12 months.2010, c. 558.
VA Code § 19.2-271 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-271. Certain judicial officers incompetent to testify under certain circumstances; exceptions (Supreme Court Rule 2:605 derived from this section)

No judge shall be competent to testify in any criminal or civil proceeding as to any matter which came before him in the course of his official duties.Except as otherwise provided in this section, no clerk of any court, magistrate, or other person having the power to issue warrants, shall be competent to testify in any criminal or civil proceeding as to any matter which came before him in the course of his official duties. Such person shall be competent to testify in any criminal proceeding wherein the defendant is charged with perjury or pursuant to the provisions of § 18.2-460 or in any proceeding authorized pursuant to § 19.2-353.3. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, any judge, clerk of any court, magistrate, or other person having the power to issue warrants, who is the victim of a crime, shall not be incompetent solely because of his office to testify in any criminal or civil proceeding arising out of the crime.Code 1950, §§ 19.1-267, 19.1-268; 1960, c. 366; 1975, c. 495; 1976, c. 269; 1989, c. 738; 1990, c. 602; 2015, c. 635.
VA Code § 19.2-271.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-271.1. Competency of spouses to testify

Persons married to each other shall be competent witnesses to testify for or against each other in criminal cases, except as otherwise provided.Code 1950, § 8-287; 1977, c. 624; 2020, c. 900.
VA Code § 19.2-271.2 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-271.2. Testimony of spouses in criminal cases (Subsection (b) of Supreme Court Rule 2:504 derived from this section)

In criminal cases, persons married to each other shall be allowed, and, subject to the rules of evidence governing other witnesses, may be compelled to testify in behalf of each other, but neither shall be compelled to be called as a witness against the other, except (i) in the case of a prosecution for an offense committed by one against the other, against a minor child of either, or against the property of either; (ii) in any case where either is charged with forgery of the name of the other or uttering or attempting to utter a writing bearing the allegedly forged signature of the other; or (iii) in any proceeding relating to a violation of the laws pertaining to criminal sexual assault (§§ 18.2-61 through 18.2-67.10), crimes against nature (§ 18.2-361) involving a minor as a victim and provided that the defendant and the victim are not married to each other, incest (§ 18.2-366), or abuse of children (§§ 18.2-370 through 18.2-371). The failure of either spouse to testify, however, shall create no presumption against the accused, nor be the subject of any comment before the court or jury by any attorney.Except in the prosecution for a criminal offense as set forth in clause (i), (ii), or (iii), in any criminal proceeding, a person has a privilege to refuse to disclose, and to prevent anyone else from disclosing, any confidential communication between his spouse and him during their marriage, regardless of whether he is married to that spouse at the time he objects to disclosure. For the purposes of this section, "confidential communication" means a communication made privately by a person to his spouse that is not intended for disclosure to any other person.Code 1950, § 8-288; 1950, p. 664; 1958, c. 231; 1960, c. 469; 1977, c. 624; 1988, c. 482; 1993, c. 637; 1996, c. 423; 2005, c. 809; 2020, c. 900.
VA Code § 19.2-271.3 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-271.3. Communications between ministers of religion and persons they counsel or advise (Supreme Court Rule 2:503 derived in part from this section)

No regular minister, priest, rabbi or accredited practitioner over the age of eighteen years, of any religious organization or denomination usually referred to as a church, shall be required in giving testimony as a witness in any criminal action to disclose any information communicated to him by the accused in a confidential manner, properly entrusted to him in his professional capacity and necessary to enable him to discharge the functions of his office according to the usual course of his practice or discipline, where such person so communicating such information about himself or another is seeking spiritual counsel and advice relative to and growing out of the information so imparted.1985, c. 570.
VA Code § 19.2-271.4 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-271.4. Privileged communications by certain public safety personnel

A. A person who is a member of a critical incident stress management or peer support team, established pursuant to subdivision A 13 of § 32.1-111.3, shall not disclose nor be compelled to testify regarding any information communicated to him by emergency medical services or public safety personnel who are the subjects of peer support services regarding a critical incident. Such information shall also be exempt from the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (§ 2.2-3700 et seq.).B. A person whose communications are privileged under subsection A may waive the privilege.C. The provisions of this section shall not apply when:1. Criminal activity is revealed;2. A member of a critical incident stress management or peer support team is a witness or a party to a critical incident that prompted the peer support services;3. A member of a critical incident stress management or peer support team reveals the content of privileged information to prevent a crime against any other person or a threat to public safety;4. The privileged information reveals intent to defraud or deceive the investigation into the critical incident;5. A member of a critical incident stress management or peer support team reveals the content of privileged information to the employer of the emergency medical services or public safety personnel regarding criminal acts committed or information that would indicate that the emergency medical services or public safety personnel pose a threat to themselves or others; or6. A member of a critical incident stress management or peer support team is not acting in the role of a member at the time of the communication.D. For the purposes of this section, "critical incident" means an incident that induces an abnormally high level of negative emotions in response to a perceived loss of control. Such an incident is most often related to a threat to the well-being of the emergency medical services or public safety employee or to the well-being of another individual for whom such employee has some obligation of personal or professional concern.2012, cc. 148, 320; 2017, c. 609.
VA Code § 19.2-272 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-272. Definitions

Witness as used in this article shall include a person whose testimony is desired in any proceeding or investigation by a grand jury or in a criminal action, prosecution or proceeding.The word "state" shall include any territory of the United States and the District of Columbia.The word "summons" shall include a subpoena (both subpoena ad testificandum and subpoena duces tecum), order or other notice requiring the appearance of a witness or production of documents.Code 1950, § 19.1-269; 1960, c. 366; 1975, c. 495; 1988, c. 34.
VA Code § 19.2-273 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-273. Certificate that witness is needed in another state; hearing

If a judge of a court of record in any state which by its laws has made provisions for commanding persons within that state to attend and testify in this Commonwealth certifies under the seal of such court (1) that there is a criminal prosecution pending in such court or that a grand jury investigation has commenced or is about to commence, (2) that a person being within this Commonwealth is a material witness in such prosecution or grand jury investigation and (3) that his presence will be required for a specified number of days, upon presentation of such certificate to any judge of a court of record in the county or city in which such person is, such judge shall fix a time and place for hearing and shall make an order directing the witness to appear at a time and place certain for the hearing.Code 1950, § 19.1-270; 1960, c. 366; 1975, c. 495.
VA Code § 19.2-274 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-274. When court to order witness to attend

If at such hearing the judge determines that the witness is material and necessary, that it will not cause undue hardship to the witness to be compelled to attend and testify in the prosecution or grand jury investigation in the other state and that the laws of the state in which the prosecution is pending, or grand jury investigation has commenced or is about to commence (and of any other state through which the witness may be required to pass by ordinary course of travel) will give to him protection from arrest and the service of civil and criminal process, the judge shall issue a summons, with a copy of the certificate attached, directing the witness to attend and testify in the court where the prosecution is pending, or where a grand jury investigation has commenced or is about to commence at a time and place specified in the summons. In any such hearing the certificate shall be prima facie evidence of all the facts stated therein.Code 1950, § 19.1-271; 1960, c. 366; 1975, c. 495.
VA Code § 19.2-275 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-275. Arrest of witness

If the certificate recommends that the witness be taken into immediate custody and delivered to an officer of the requesting state to assure his attendance in the requesting state, such judge may, in lieu of notification of the hearing, direct that such witness be forthwith brought before him for the hearing; and the judge at the hearing being satisfied of the desirability of such custody and delivery, for which determination the certificate shall be prima facie proof of such desirability, may, in lieu of issuing subpoena or summons, order that the witness be forthwith taken into custody and delivered to an officer of the requesting state.Code 1950, § 19.1-272; 1960, c. 366; 1975, c. 495.
VA Code § 19.2-276 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 19.2 - Criminal Procedure|Chapter 16 - Evidence and Witnesses|§ 19.2-276. Penalty for failure to attend and testify

If the witness who is summoned as above provided, after being paid or tendered by some properly authorized person reimbursement for reasonable travel and lodging expenses as provided in § 2.2-2823 for each day he is required to travel and attend as a witness, fails without good cause to attend and testify as directed in the summons, he shall be punished in the manner provided for the punishment of any witness who disobeys a Virginia circuit court summons.Code 1950, § 19.1-273; 1960, c. 366; 1975, c. 495; 1987, c. 125.