reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
TX Penal Code § 1.02 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|Section 1.02. Objectives of Code

Sec. 1.02.  OBJECTIVES OF CODE.  The general purposes of this code are to establish a system of prohibitions, penalties, and correctional measures to deal with conduct that unjustifiably and inexcusably causes or threatens harm to those individual or public interests for which state protection is appropriate.  To this end, the provisions of this code are intended, and shall be construed, to achieve the following objectives:(1)  to insure the public safety through:(A)  the deterrent influence of the penalties hereinafter provided;(B)  the rehabilitation of those convicted of violations of this code;  and(C)  such punishment as may be necessary to prevent likely recurrence of criminal behavior;(2)  by definition and grading of offenses to give fair warning of what is prohibited and of the consequences of violation;(3)  to prescribe penalties that are proportionate to the seriousness of offenses and that permit recognition of differences in rehabilitation possibilities among individual offenders;(4)  to safeguard conduct that is without guilt from condemnation as criminal;(5)  to guide and limit the exercise of official discretion in law enforcement to prevent arbitrary or oppressive treatment of persons suspected, accused, or convicted of offenses;  and(6)  to define the scope of state interest in law enforcement against specific offenses and to systematize the exercise of state criminal jurisdiction.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 1.03 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|Section 1.03. Effect of Code

Sec. 1.03.  EFFECT OF CODE.  (a)  Conduct does not constitute an offense unless it is defined as an offense by statute, municipal ordinance, order of a county commissioners court, or rule authorized by and lawfully adopted under a statute.(b)  The provisions of Titles 1, 2, and 3 apply to offenses defined by other laws, unless the statute defining the offense provides otherwise;  however, the punishment affixed to an offense defined outside this code shall be applicable unless the punishment is classified in accordance with this code.(c)  This code does not bar, suspend, or otherwise affect a right or liability to damages, penalty, forfeiture, or other remedy authorized by law to be recovered or enforced in a civil suit for conduct this code defines as an offense, and the civil injury is not merged in the offense.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 1.04 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|Section 1.04. Territorial Jurisdiction

Sec. 1.04.  TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION.  (a)  This state has jurisdiction over an offense that a person commits by his own conduct or the conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible if:(1)  either the conduct or a result that is an element of the offense occurs inside this state;(2)  the conduct outside this state constitutes an attempt to commit an offense inside this state;(3)  the conduct outside this state constitutes a conspiracy to commit an offense inside this state, and an act in furtherance of the conspiracy occurs inside this state;  or(4)  the conduct inside this state constitutes an attempt, solicitation, or conspiracy to commit, or establishes criminal responsibility for the commission of, an offense in another jurisdiction that is also an offense under the laws of this state.(b)  If the offense is criminal homicide, a "result" is either the physical impact causing death or the death itself.  If the body of a criminal homicide victim is found in this state, it is presumed that the death occurred in this state.  If death alone is the basis for jurisdiction, it is a defense to the exercise of jurisdiction by this state that the conduct that constitutes the offense is not made criminal in the jurisdiction where the conduct occurred.(c)  An offense based on an omission to perform a duty imposed on an actor by a statute of this state is committed inside this state regardless of the location of the actor at the time of the offense.(d)  This state includes the land and water and the air space above the land and water over which this state has power to define offenses.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 1.05 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|Section 1.05. Construction of Code

Sec. 1.05.  CONSTRUCTION OF CODE.  (a)  The rule that a penal statute is to be strictly construed does not apply to this code.  The provisions of this code shall be construed according to the fair import of their terms, to promote justice and effect the objectives of the code.(b)  Unless a different construction is required by the context, Sections 311.011, 311.012, 311.014, 311.015, and 311.021 through 311.032 of Chapter 311, Government Code (Code Construction Act), apply to the construction of this code.(c)  In this code:(1)  a reference to a title, chapter, or section without further identification is a reference to a title, chapter, or section of this code;  and(2)  a reference to a subchapter, subsection, subdivision, paragraph, or other numbered or lettered unit without further identification is a reference to a unit of the next-larger unit of this code in which the reference appears.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 479, Sec. 69, eff. Sept. 1, 1985;  Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 1.06 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|Section 1.06. Computation of Age

Sec. 1.06.  COMPUTATION OF AGE.  A person attains a specified age on the day of the anniversary of his birthdate.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 1.08 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|Section 1.08. Preemption

Sec. 1.08.  PREEMPTION.  No governmental subdivision or agency may enact or enforce a law that makes any conduct covered by this code an offense subject to a criminal penalty.  This section shall apply only as long as the law governing the conduct proscribed by this code is legally enforceable.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974. Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 1.09 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|Section 1.09. Concurrent Jurisdiction Under This Code to Prosecute Offenses That Involve State Property

Sec. 1.09.  CONCURRENT JURISDICTION UNDER THIS CODE TO PROSECUTE OFFENSES THAT INVOLVE STATE PROPERTY.  With the consent of the appropriate local county or district attorney, the attorney general has concurrent jurisdiction with that consenting local prosecutor to prosecute under this code any offense an element of which occurs on state property or any offense that involves the use, unlawful appropriation, or misapplication of state property, including state funds.|Added by Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. 378 (S.B. 563), Sec. 1, eff. June 15, 2007.|
TX Penal Code § 2.01 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 2 - Burden of Proof|Section 2.01. Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt

Sec. 2.01.  PROOF BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT.  All persons are presumed to be innocent and no person may be convicted of an offense unless each element of the offense is proved beyond a reasonable doubt.  The fact that he has been arrested, confined, or indicted for, or otherwise charged with, the offense gives rise to no inference of guilt at his trial.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 2.02 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 2 - Burden of Proof|Section 2.02. Exception

Sec. 2.02.  EXCEPTION.  (a)  An exception to an offense in this code is so labeled by the phrase:  "It is an exception to the application of . . . ."(b)  The prosecuting attorney must negate the existence of an exception in the accusation charging commission of the offense and prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant or defendant's conduct does not fall within the exception.(c)  This section does not affect exceptions applicable to offenses enacted prior to the effective date of this code.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 2.03 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 2 - Burden of Proof|Section 2.03. Defense

Sec. 2.03.  DEFENSE.  (a)  A defense to prosecution for an offense in this code is so labeled by the phrase:  "It is a defense to prosecution . . . ."(b)  The prosecuting attorney is not required to negate the existence of a defense in the accusation charging commission of the offense.(c)  The issue of the existence of a defense is not submitted to the jury unless evidence is admitted supporting the defense.(d)  If the issue of the existence of a defense is submitted to the jury, the court shall charge that a reasonable doubt on the issue requires that the defendant be acquitted.(e)  A ground of defense in a penal law that is not plainly labeled in accordance with this chapter has the procedural and evidentiary consequences of a defense.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 2.04 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 2 - Burden of Proof|Section 2.04. Affirmative Defense

Sec. 2.04.  AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE.  (a)  An affirmative defense in this code is so labeled by the phrase:  "It is an affirmative defense to prosecution . . . ."(b)  The prosecuting attorney is not required to negate the existence of an affirmative defense in the accusation charging commission of the offense.(c)  The issue of the existence of an affirmative defense is not submitted to the jury unless evidence is admitted supporting the defense.(d)  If the issue of the existence of an affirmative defense is submitted to the jury, the court shall charge that the defendant must prove the affirmative defense by a preponderance of evidence.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 2.05 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 2 - Burden of Proof|Section 2.05. Presumption

Sec. 2.05.  PRESUMPTION.  (a)  Except as provided by Subsection (b), when this code or another penal law establishes a presumption with respect to any fact, it has the following consequences:(1)  if there is sufficient evidence of the facts that give rise to the presumption, the issue of the existence of the presumed fact must be submitted to the jury, unless the court is satisfied that the evidence as a whole clearly precludes a finding beyond a reasonable doubt of the presumed fact; and(2)  if the existence of the presumed fact is submitted to the jury, the court shall charge the jury, in terms of the presumption and the specific element to which it applies, as follows:(A)  that the facts giving rise to the presumption must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt;(B)  that if such facts are proven beyond a reasonable doubt the jury may find that the element of the offense sought to be presumed exists, but it is not bound to so find;(C)  that even though the jury may find the existence of such element, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt each of the other elements of the offense charged; and(D)  if the jury has a reasonable doubt as to the existence of a fact or facts giving rise to the presumption, the presumption fails and the jury shall not consider the presumption for any purpose.(b)  When this code or another penal law establishes a presumption in favor of the defendant with respect to any fact, it has the following consequences:(1)  if there is sufficient evidence of the facts that give rise to the presumption, the issue of the existence of the presumed fact must be submitted to the jury unless the court is satisfied that the evidence as a whole clearly precludes a finding beyond a reasonable doubt of the presumed fact; and(2)  if the existence of the presumed fact is submitted to the jury, the court shall charge the jury, in terms of the presumption, that:(A)  the presumption applies unless the state proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts giving rise to the presumption do not exist;(B)  if the state fails to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts giving rise to the presumption do not exist, the jury must find that the presumed fact exists;(C)  even though the jury may find that the presumed fact does not exist, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt each of the elements of the offense charged; and(D)  if the jury has a reasonable doubt as to whether the presumed fact exists, the presumption applies and the jury must consider the presumed fact to exist.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1975, 64th Leg., p. 912, ch. 342, Sec. 2, eff. Sept. 1, 1975;  Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.Amended by: Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. 288 (H.B. 823), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2005.|
TX Penal Code § 3.01 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 3 - Multiple Prosecutions|Section 3.01. Definition

Sec. 3.01.  DEFINITION.  In this chapter, "criminal episode" means the commission of two or more offenses, regardless of whether the harm is directed toward or inflicted upon more than one person or item of property, under the following circumstances:(1)  the offenses are committed pursuant to the same transaction or pursuant to two or more transactions that are connected or constitute a common scheme or plan;  or(2)  the offenses are the repeated commission of the same or similar offenses.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 387, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1987;  Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 3.02 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 3 - Multiple Prosecutions|Section 3.02. Consolidation and Joinder of Prosecutions

Sec. 3.02.  CONSOLIDATION AND JOINDER OF PROSECUTIONS.  (a)  A defendant may be prosecuted in a single criminal action for all offenses arising out of the same criminal episode.(b)  When a single criminal action is based on more than one charging instrument within the jurisdiction of the trial court, the state shall file written notice of the action not less than 30 days prior to the trial.(c)  If a judgment of guilt is reversed, set aside, or vacated, and a new trial ordered, the state may not prosecute in a single criminal action in the new trial any offense not joined in the former prosecution unless evidence to establish probable guilt for that offense was not known to the appropriate prosecuting official at the time the first prosecution commenced.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 3.04 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 1 - Introductory Provisions|Chapter 3 - Multiple Prosecutions|Section 3.04. Severance

Sec. 3.04.  SEVERANCE.  (a)  Whenever two or more offenses have been consolidated or joined for trial under Section 3.02, the defendant shall have a right to a severance of the offenses.(b)  In the event of severance under this section, the provisions of Section 3.03 do not apply, and the court in its discretion may order the sentences to run either concurrently or consecutively.(c)  The right to severance under this section does not apply to a prosecution for offenses described by Section 3.03(b) unless the court determines that the defendant or the state would be unfairly prejudiced by a joinder of offenses, in which event the judge may order the offenses to be tried separately or may order other relief as justice requires.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994;  Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 667, Sec. 3, eff. Sept. 1, 1997.Amended by: Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. 527 (H.B. 904), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2005.|
TX Penal Code § 6.01 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 2 - General Principles of Criminal Responsibility|Chapter 6 - Culpability Generally|Section 6.01. Requirement of Voluntary Act or Omission

Sec. 6.01.  REQUIREMENT OF VOLUNTARY ACT OR OMISSION.  (a)  A person commits an offense only if he voluntarily engages in conduct, including an act, an omission, or possession.(b)  Possession is a voluntary act if the possessor knowingly obtains or receives the thing possessed or is aware of his control of the thing for a sufficient time to permit him to terminate his control.(c)  A person who omits to perform an act does not commit an offense unless a law as defined by Section 1.07 provides that the omission is an offense or otherwise provides that he has a duty to perform the act.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1975, 64th Leg., p. 913, ch. 342, Sec. 3, eff. Sept. 1, 1975;  Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 3, Sec. 1, eff. Feb. 25, 1993;  Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 6.02 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 2 - General Principles of Criminal Responsibility|Chapter 6 - Culpability Generally|Section 6.02. Requirement of Culpability

Sec. 6.02.  REQUIREMENT OF CULPABILITY.  (a)  Except as provided in Subsection (b), a person does not commit an offense unless he intentionally, knowingly, recklessly, or with criminal negligence engages in conduct as the definition of the offense requires.(b)  If the definition of an offense does not prescribe a culpable mental state, a culpable mental state is nevertheless required unless the definition plainly dispenses with any mental element.(c)  If the definition of an offense does not prescribe a culpable mental state, but one is nevertheless required under Subsection (b), intent, knowledge, or recklessness suffices to establish criminal responsibility.(d)  Culpable mental states are classified according to relative degrees, from highest to lowest, as follows:(1)  intentional;(2)  knowing;(3)  reckless;(4)  criminal negligence.(e)  Proof of a higher degree of culpability than that charged constitutes proof of the culpability charged.(f)  An offense defined by municipal ordinance or by order of a county commissioners court may not dispense with the requirement of a culpable mental state if the offense is punishable by a fine exceeding the amount authorized by Section 12.23.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.Amended by: Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. 1219 (H.B. 970), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2005.|
TX Penal Code § 6.03 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 2 - General Principles of Criminal Responsibility|Chapter 6 - Culpability Generally|Section 6.03. Definitions of Culpable Mental States

Sec. 6.03.  DEFINITIONS OF CULPABLE MENTAL STATES.  (a)  A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.(b)  A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist.  A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.(c)  A person acts recklessly, or is reckless, with respect to circumstances surrounding his conduct or the result of his conduct when he is aware of but consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the result will occur.  The risk must be of such a nature and degree that its disregard constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person would exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the actor's standpoint.(d)  A person acts with criminal negligence, or is criminally negligent, with respect to circumstances surrounding his conduct or the result of his conduct when he ought to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the result will occur.  The risk must be of such a nature and degree that the failure to perceive it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person would exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the actor's standpoint.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 6.04 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 2 - General Principles of Criminal Responsibility|Chapter 6 - Culpability Generally|Section 6.04. Causation: Conduct and Results

Sec. 6.04.  CAUSATION:  CONDUCT AND RESULTS.  (a)  A person is criminally responsible if the result would not have occurred but for his conduct, operating either alone or concurrently with another cause, unless the concurrent cause was clearly sufficient to produce the result and the conduct of the actor clearly insufficient.(b)  A person is nevertheless criminally responsible for causing a result if the only difference between what actually occurred and what he desired, contemplated, or risked is that:(1)  a different offense was committed;  or(2)  a different person or property was injured, harmed, or otherwise affected.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|
TX Penal Code § 8.01 (2021)
2021 Texas Statutes|Penal Code|Title 2 - General Principles of Criminal Responsibility|Chapter 8 - General Defenses to Criminal Responsibility|Section 8.01. Insanity

Sec. 8.01.  INSANITY.  (a)  It is an affirmative defense to prosecution that, at the time of the conduct charged, the actor, as a result of severe mental disease or defect, did not know that his conduct was wrong.(b)  The term "mental disease or defect" does not include an abnormality manifested only by repeated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct.|Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, Sec. 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974.  Amended by Acts 1983, 68th Leg., p. 2640, ch. 454, Sec. 1, eff. Aug. 29, 1983;  Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.|