reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CT Gen Stat § 47-27 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-27 - Title by adverse possession by or against railroad or street railway corporation, against nonprofit land-holding organization or against investor-owned water company.

 (a) No length of possession, use or occupancy of land belonging to a railroad or street railway corporation and used for its corporate purposes shall create or continue any right in or to such land. No length of possession, use or occupancy by a railroad or street railway corporation of land belonging to another shall create or continue any right in or to such land.(b) No length of possession, use or occupancy of land belonging to a nonprofit land-holding organization or of land subject to a conservation restriction, as defined in section 47-42a, held by a nonprofit land-holding organization shall create or continue any right in or to such land. As used in this subsection, “nonprofit land-holding organization” means a nonprofit corporation incorporated pursuant to chapter 602 or any predecessor statute thereto, having as one of its principal purposes the conservation and preservation of land.(c) No length of possession, use or occupancy of land classified as class I or class II land under section 25-37c and belonging to an investor-owned water company shall create or continue any right in or to such land. The provisions of this subsection shall not affect any right in or to such land acquired by length of possession, use or occupancy pursuant to law prior to October 1, 2002. As used in this subsection, “water company” has the same meaning as provided in section 16-1.(1949 Rev., S. 7111; P.A. 99-64, S. 1, 2; P.A. 02-66, S. 3; P.A. 15-211, S. 30.)History: P.A. 99-64 designated existing provisions as Subsec. (a) and added new Subsec. (b) re title by or against a nonprofit land-holding corporation, effective May 27, 1999; P.A. 02-66 made technical changes in Subsecs. (a) and (b) and added Subsec. (c) re adverse possession of class I or II land belonging to an investor-owned water company; P.A. 15-211 amended Subsec. (b) by adding provision re land subject to conservation restriction held by nonprofit land-holding organization.Cited. 154 C. 674.Section serves as a toll on time period necessary for creation and perfection of a prescriptive easement re disputed parcel while land is being used for defendant's corporate purposes. 48 CA 251.Cited. 14 CS 142; 17 CS 305. During the use of disputed parcel by defendant railway for corporate purposes, the time period under Sec. 47-37 (uninterrupted use for 15 years) does not run. 45 CS 251.
CT Gen Stat § 47-28 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-28 - Admissibility of award of arbitrators as evidence.

 No award of arbitrators, made since May 20, 1841, purporting to decide the title to real estate, shall be admissible as evidence thereof, unless the submission of the parties to such arbitration is executed, attested and acknowledged as deeds of lands, nor unless such award is in writing and under the hands and seals of the arbitrators; and such submission and award shall not be effectual against any persons but the parties to the same and their heirs, unless recorded by the town clerk of the town where such estate is situated.(1949 Rev., S. 7117.)If submission is not executed as provided in section, award cannot pass title. 32 C. 115. Relocation of old boundary not within section. 87 C. 684. Cited. 181 C. 449. Parties' failure to comply with requirements of section by recording their agreement to arbitrate land dispute and subsequent arbitration award in town clerk's office did not deprive arbitrator and trial court of subject matter jurisdiction over case; terms of section are not jurisdictional in nature as between parties to the initial dispute, and failure to record or follow directives of Sec. 47-5 affects the award only as it relates to third parties. 276 C. 599.
CT Gen Stat § 47-29 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-29 - Right of entry on land by assignee of reversion.

 When, after an estate in real estate has been created by grant or devise upon express condition, the reversion, before breach of the condition, becomes vested in any person other than the grantor or his heirs, that person shall, on breach of the condition, have the same right of entry upon the real estate and the same remedy for the breach, by entry, suit or otherwise, as the original grantor or those who legally represent him would have, if still owning the reversion.(1949 Rev., S. 7118; P.A. 79-602, S. 7.)History: P.A. 79-602 substituted “the” or “that” for “such” where appearing.A right of entry for condition broken was not assignable at common law; 31 C. 478; but is now by virtue of section. 54 C. 62; 110 C. 270. Breach of condition may require reentry to revest title. 74 C. 636. Grantee of estate can avail himself only of breaches subsequent to conveyance to him. 76 C. 594. Grantee has no further rights than grantor. 84 C. 512. Deed construed to convey entire interest of grantor, including possibility of reverter. 110 C. 267.
CT Gen Stat § 47-30 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-30 - Ejectment. Set-off of defendant's improvements.

 Final judgment shall not be rendered, in any action to recover the possession of land, against any defendant who has, in good faith, believing his title to the land in question absolute, made improvements on the land before the commencement of the action, or whose grantors or ancestors have made the improvements, until the court has ascertained the present value of the improvements and the amount reasonably due the plaintiff from the defendant for the use and occupation of the land. If the value of the improvements exceeds the amount due for use and occupation, execution shall not be issued until the plaintiff has paid the balance to the defendant or into court for his benefit. If the plaintiff elects to have the title confirmed in the defendant and, upon the rendition of the verdict, files notice of the election with the clerk of the court, the court shall ascertain what sum ought in equity to be paid to the plaintiff by the defendant or other parties in interest and, on payment of it, may confirm the title to the land in the parties paying it.(1949 Rev., S. 7119; P.A. 79-602, S. 54.)History: P.A. 79-602 made minor changes in wording but no substantive changes.At common law, betterments could be set off against a claim for the mesne profits. 5 Coke Rep. 30; 8 Wheat. 1. Section does not impair obligation of contracts, nor deprive a person of property without due course of law, nor of his right of trial by jury. 48 C. 577; 74 C. 502. One who takes title without examining land records cannot claim betterments against prior mortgagee. Id., 411; 114 C. 93. As to application to estate upon condition. 76 C. 592. Plaintiff cannot compel defendant to take and pay for title to land. 78 C. 202. Right to betterments cannot be reached by execution against land. 83 C. 346. Statute does not apply where there is no mistake as to ownership and money expended is that of true owner. 91 C. 13. Recovery for taxes, insurance premiums, interest paid on mortgage and rent. 120 C. 528. There could be no claim to recover for occupation after commencement of action. 130 C. 491. Where, on appeal, judgment for defendants based on finding of title in them by adverse possession was reversed, case was remanded to determine damages of plaintiffs and set-off of defendants under statute. 156 C. 510.Trial court misinterpreted statute to limit award to value of the property and to preclude an award of use and occupancy when statute directs court to determine what equitable sum is due to plaintiff. 51 CA 186.Defendant not entitled to compensation for alleged improvements and betterments made by her, where it was not shown that they were made in good faith. 12 CS 38.
CT Gen Stat § 47-31a (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-31a - Petition to invalidate land record that was falsely filed or amended.

 (a) A person, as defined in section 42a-1-201, who has been identified in a filing pursuant to chapters 821 to 822, inclusive, may petition the Tax and Administrative Appeals Session of the Superior Court to invalidate such filing, or any amendment thereof, when such filing was falsely filed or amended. The court shall review such petition and determine whether cause exists to doubt the validity of such filing or amendment. Upon a determination that such cause exists, the court shall, not later than sixty days after the date of such determination, hold a hearing to determine whether to invalidate such filing or amendment or grant any other relief deemed appropriate by the court. There shall be no fee to petition for a hearing under this section. The person petitioning the court to invalidate a filing shall send a copy of such petition to all parties named in such filing.(b) A person who files a petition under subsection (a) of this section shall include, as part of such petition, a certified copy of the filing, and any amendment thereof, that such person seeks to invalidate.(c) In determining whether cause exists to doubt the validity of a filing or amendment under subsection (a) of this section, the court may consider factors that include, but are not limited to, whether (1) the filing or amendment is related to a valid existing commercial, financial or real estate transaction, or a potential commercial, financial or real estate transaction, or a judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) the same individual is named as both debtor and creditor; (3) an individual is named as a transmitting utility; and (4) the filing or amendment has been filed with the intent to defraud, deceive, injure or harass a person, business or governmental entity.(d) If the court determines after a hearing that a filing identified in a petition filed pursuant to subsection (a) of this section is not valid, the court shall render a judgment that such filing is void in its entirety and shall direct the custodian of such filing, when feasible, to note that such filing is not valid. The court may grant such other relief as it deems appropriate. The petitioner under subsection (a) of this section shall provide a copy of the petition and the judgment of the court granting such petition to the custodian of the filing adjudged invalid by the court.(P.A. 17-99, S. 48.)History: P.A. 17-99 effective January 1, 2018.
CT Gen Stat § 47-32 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-32 - Several defendants may be joined.

 In any action to quiet title to real estate or to have declared invalid and to discharge any encumbrance on real estate, the plaintiff may join several defendants and all causes of action relating to defects in the title to any property described in the complaint, claims against the property or affecting the title to it and encumbrances on the property. In such case, the defendant shall not be required to answer or plead to any allegation of the complaint or other pleadings of the plaintiff except such as affect or pertain to the claims or defenses which he desires to interpose. When any such action is brought to the Superior Court, the court shall have jurisdiction over all of the causes of action so joined.(1949 Rev., S. 7121; P.A. 76-436, S. 647, 681; P.A. 79-602, S. 51.)History: P.A. 76-436 deleted references to actions brought in court of common pleas, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 79-602 made minor changes in wording.Cited. 110 C. 214; 147 C. 689.Circuit court lacks jurisdiction of actions to quiet title. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 15, 16, 21.
CT Gen Stat § 47-33 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33 - Action to settle title to land belonging to estate of deceased person.

 (a) In any action brought to quiet the title to real estate or to have declared invalid or to discharge or to foreclose any mortgage or lien on real estate, if any record owner of the title to such property or any interest therein, or of property on which there is a cloud, is dead and no notice of his death or of the appointment of an executor of the will or administrator of the estate of the decedent can be found in the land records of the town in which the real estate is situated, it shall be presumed for the purpose of the action, if brought pursuant to the provisions of section 52-69, that there is no such executor or administrator unless it appears in the affidavit filed pursuant to the provisions of said section that the plaintiff or his attorney has actual knowledge to the contrary. If the plaintiff does not know whether the record owner is then living, he may make defendants in the alternative the record owner if living and, if the record owner is not living, the parties designated in said section.(b) The term “heirs”, as used in designating defendants pursuant to section 52-69, includes the heirs at law, legatees and devisees of the deceased, and all persons who might claim under them, and the term “widow” or “widower”, as thus used, includes all persons who might claim under the widow or widower, and any of those persons may appear and defend.(c) In any such action, if the complaint is verified by affidavit, or if affidavits of fact are filed in court, the court may render such judgment therein, against any defendant not appearing to defend the action, as may be proper upon the facts so set forth, at any time, at its discretion and without further proof.(1949 Rev., S. 7122; P.A. 79-602, S. 52.)History: P.A. 79-602 divided section into Subsecs. and made minor changes in wording.Action against deceased person not brought in compliance with statute a nullity. 117 C. 47.Cited. 30 CS 135.
CT Gen Stat § 47-33a (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33a - Action on agreement to sell real estate.

 (a) No interest in real property existing under an executory agreement for the sale of real property or for the sale of an interest in real property or under an option to purchase real property shall survive longer than one year after the date provided in the agreement for the performance of it or, if the date is not so provided, longer than eighteen months after the date on which the agreement was executed, unless the interest is extended as provided herein or unless action is commenced within the period to enforce the agreement and notice of lis pendens is filed as directed by section 52-325.(b) The interest may be extended only by reexecution of the written agreement or by execution of a new written agreement, provided the agreement, whether reexecuted or newly executed, shall be recorded as directed by sections 47-10 and 47-17. The period provided by this section shall not otherwise be extended, whether because of death, disability or absence from the state or for any other reason. Upon the expiration of an interest the title to property affected by the interest shall not thereafter be considered unmarketable because of the expired interest.(c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit or deny any legal or equitable rights a party may have under the agreement except the right to have the agreement specifically enforced.(1959, P.A. 550; February, 1965, P.A. 401, S. 1; P.A. 79-602, S. 125.)History: 1965 act applied Subsec. (a) provisions to options to purchase real property; P.A. 79-602 substituted “the” for “such” and “of it” for “thereof”.Cited. 174 C. 592; 206 C. 454; 213 C. 676; 216 C. 509; 220 C. 453.Cited. 6 CA 595; 18 CA 569; 19 CA 413; 23 CA 579; 40 CA 64; 45 CA 466.Cited. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 86.Subsec. (a):Option to purchase contained in commercial lease which must be exercised within leasehold term valid without regard to rule against perpetuities. 213 C. 676.Death of grantor is a specific event that may act as the operative date where no date for exercising an option is otherwise provided. 57 CA 636. “Interest” is plaintiff's ability to purchase the property and seek specific performance once the option has been exercised. 100 CA 155.
CT Gen Stat § 47-33c (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33c - Chain of title for not less than forty years creates marketable record title.

 Any person having the legal capacity to own land in this state, who has an unbroken chain of title to any interest in land for forty years or more, shall be deemed to have a marketable record title to that interest, subject only to the matters stated in section 47-33d. A person has such an unbroken chain of title when the land records of the town in which the land is located disclose a conveyance or other title transaction, of record not less than forty years at the time the marketability is to be determined, which conveyance or other title transaction purports to create such interest in land, or which contains language sufficient to transfer the interest, either in (1) the person claiming that interest, or (2) some other person from whom, by one or more conveyances or other title transactions of record, the purported interest has become vested in the person claiming the interest; with nothing appearing of record, in either case, purporting to divest the claimant of the purported interest.(1967, P.A. 553, S. 2; 1969, P.A. 509, S. 2; P.A. 78-105, S. 2, 4; P.A. 79-602, S. 43.)History: 1969 act applied section to cases where unbroken chain of title is at least 40 rather than 60 years; P.A. 78-105 required that conveyance or title transaction contain “language sufficient to transfer the interest”; P.A. 79-602 made minor changes in wording.Cited. 183 C. 59; 219 C. 81; 239 C. 199. In order to establish marketable record title, a person with the legal capacity of owning land in this state must be able to show an unbroken chain of title to an interest in the land for 40 years or more. 276 C. 782.Cited. 3 CA 550; 44 CA 683; 46 CA 525.Cited. 34 CS 31.
CT Gen Stat § 47-33e (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33e - Prior interests void.

 Subject to the matters stated in section 47-33d, such marketable record title shall be held by its owner and shall be taken by any person dealing with the land free and clear of all interests, claims or charges whatsoever, the existence of which depends upon any act, transaction, event or omission that occurred prior to the effective date of the root of title. All such interests, claims or charges, however denominated, whether legal or equitable, present or future, whether those interests, claims or charges are asserted by a person sui juris or under a disability, whether that person is within or without the state, whether that person is natural or corporate, or is private or governmental, are hereby declared to be null and void.(1967, P.A. 553, S. 4; P.A. 79-602, S. 45.)History: P.A. 79-602 substituted “those” or “that” for “such” where appearing.Cited. 183 C. 59; 219 C. 81; 239 C. 199.Cited. 3 CA 550; 44 CA 683; 46 CA 525.Cited. 34 CS 31.
CT Gen Stat § 47-33f (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33f - Notice of claim filed within forty-year period.

 (a) Any person claiming an interest of any kind in land may preserve and keep effective that interest by recording, during the forty-year period immediately following the effective date of the root of title of the person whose record title would otherwise be marketable, a notice in writing, duly verified by oath, setting forth the nature of the claim. No disability or lack of knowledge of any kind on the part of anyone suspends the running of the forty-year period. Such notice may be recorded by the claimant or by any other person acting on behalf of any claimant who is: (1) Under a disability, (2) unable to assert a claim on his own behalf or (3) one of a class, but whose identity cannot be established or is uncertain at the time of filing such notice of claim for record.(b) If the same record owner of any possessory interest in land has been in possession of that land continuously for a period of forty years or more, during which period no title transaction with respect to the interest appears of record in his chain of title and no notice has been recorded by him or on his behalf as provided in subsection (a) of this section, and the possession continues to the time when marketability is being determined, that period of possession shall be deemed equivalent to the recording of the notice immediately preceding the termination of the forty-year period described in subsection (a) of this section.(1967, P.A. 553, S. 5; 1969, P.A. 509, S. 4; P.A. 79-602, S. 46.)History: 1969 act replaced references to 60-year period with 40-year period throughout section; P.A. 79-602 made minor changes in wording but no substantive changes.Cited. 171 C. 149; 183 C. 59; 219 C. 81; 239 C. 199.Cited. 3 CA 550; 44 CA 683; 46 CA 525.Cited. 34 CS 31.
CT Gen Stat § 47-33g (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33g - Contents of notice. Recording. Indexing.

 (a) To be effective and to be entitled to recordation, the notice referred to in section 47-33f shall contain an accurate and full description of all land affected by the notice, which description shall be set forth in particular terms and not by general inclusions; but, if the claim asserted under section 47-33f is founded upon a recorded instrument, the description in the notice may be the same as that contained in the recorded instrument. In addition, each notice shall clearly state the then owner or owners of record of the property involved.(b) Each notice shall be recorded in the land records of the town where the land described therein is located. The notice shall be indexed in the grantors' index under the name or names of the owners of record as listed in the notice and in the grantees' index under the name of the claimant appearing in the notice.(1967, P.A. 553, S. 6; P.A. 79-602, S. 47.)History: P.A. 79-602 divided section into Subsecs. and made minor changes in wording.Cited. 183 C. 59; 219 C. 81; 239 C. 199.Cited. 3 CA 550; 44 CA 683; 46 CA 525.Cited. 34 CS 31.