reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
DC Code § 16-1022 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter II - Parental Kidnapping|§ 16-1022. Prohibited acts

(a) No parent, or any person acting pursuant to directions from the parent, may intentionally conceal a child from the child’s other parent. (b) No relative, or any person acting pursuant to directions from the relative, who knows that another person is the lawful custodian of a child may: (1) Abduct, take, or carry away a child with the intent to prevent a lawful custodian from exercising rights to custody of the child; (2) Abduct, take, or carry away a child from a person with whom the relative has joint custody pursuant to an order, judgment, or decree of any court, with the intent to prevent a lawful custodian from exercising rights to custody to the child; (3) Having obtained actual physical control of a child for a limited period of time in the exercise of the right to visit with or to be visited by the child or the right of limited custody of the child, pursuant to an order, judgment, or decree of any court, which grants custody of the child to another or jointly with the relative, with intent to harbor, secrete, detain, or conceal the child or to deprive a lawful custodian of the physical custody of the child, keep the child for more than 48 hours after a lawful custodian demands that the child be returned or makes all reasonable efforts to communicate a demand for the child’s return; (4) Having custody of a child pursuant to an order, judgment, or decree of any court, which grants another person limited rights to custody of the child or the right to visit with or to be visited by the child, conceal, harbor, secrete, or detain the child with intent to deprive the other person of the right of limited custody or visitation; (5) Conceal, harbor, secrete, or detain the child knowing that physical custody of the child was obtained or retained by another in violation of this subsection with the intent to prevent a lawful custodian from exercising rights to custody to the child; (6) Act as an aider and abettor, conspirator, or accessory to any of the actions forbidden by this section; (7) After being served with process in an action affecting the family but prior to the issuance of a temporary or final order determining custody rights to a child, take or entice the child outside of the District for the purpose of depriving a lawful custodian of physical custody of the child; or (8) After issuance of a temporary or final order specifying joint custody rights, take or entice a child from the other joint custodian in violation of the custody order.  (May 23, 1986, D.C. Law 6-115, § 3, 33 DCR 2424; May 10, 1989, D.C. Law 7-231, § 25(c), 36 DCR 492.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 16-1022. Section References This section is referenced in § 16-1023, § 16-1024, and § 23-563.
DC Code § 16-1023 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter II - Parental Kidnapping|§ 16-1023. Defense to prosecution; continuous offenses; expenses; jurisdiction

(a) No person violates this subchapter if the action: (1) Is taken to protect the child from imminent physical harm; (2) Is taken by a parent fleeing from imminent physical harm to the parent; (3) Is consented to by the other parent; or (4) Is otherwise authorized by law. (b) If a person violates § 16-1022 of this subchapter, the person may file a petition in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia that: (1) States that at the time the act was done, a failure to do the act would have resulted in a clear and present danger to the health, safety, or welfare of the child; and (2) Seeks to establish custody, to transfer custody, or to revise or to clarify the existing custody order; except that if the Superior Court of the District of Columbia does not have jurisdiction over the custody issue, the person shall seek to establish, transfer, revise, or clarify custody in a court of competent jurisdiction. (c) If a petition is filed as provided in subsection (b) of this section within 5 days of the action taken, exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays, a finding by the court that, at the time the act was done, a failure to do the act would have resulted in a clear and present danger to the health, safety, or welfare of the child is a complete defense to prosecution under this subchapter. (d) A law enforcement officer may take a child into protective custody if it reasonably appears to the officer that any person is in violation of this subchapter and unlawfully will flee the District with the child. (e) A child who has been detained or concealed shall be returned by a law enforcement officer to the lawful custodian or placed in the custody of another entity authorized by law. (f) The offenses prohibited by this subchapter are continuous in nature and continue for so long as the child is concealed, harbored, secreted, detained, or otherwise unlawfully physically removed from the lawful custodian. (g) Any expenses incurred by the District in returning the child shall be reimbursed to the District by any person convicted of a violation of this subchapter. Those expenses and costs reasonably incurred by the lawful custodian and child victim as a result of a violation of this subchapter shall be assessed by the court against any person convicted of the violation. (h) Any violation of this subchapter is punishable in the District, whether the intent to commit the offense is formed within or without the District, if the child was a resident of the District, present in the District at the time of the taking, or is later found in the District.  (May 23, 1986, D.C. Law 6-115, § 4, 33 DCR 2424; May 10, 1989, D.C. Law 7-231, § 25(d), 36 DCR 492.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 16-1023.
DC Code § 16-1024 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter II - Parental Kidnapping|§ 16-1024. Penalties

(a) A person who violates any provision of § 16-1022 and who takes the child to a place within the District, or detains or conceals the child within the District of Columbia is guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction is subject to fine not exceeding $250 or performance of community service not exceeding 240 hours, or both. (b) A person who violates any provision of § 16-1022 and who takes the child to a place outside the District or detains or conceals the child outside the District shall be punished as follows: (1) If the child is out of the custody of the lawful custodian for not more than 30 days, the person is guilty of a felony and on conviction is subject to a fine not more than the amount set forth in [§ 22-3571.01] or imprisonment for 6 months, or both, except that if the person releases the child without injury in a safe place prior to arrest, the person is guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction is subject to a fine not exceeding $250, or performance of community service not exceeding 240 hours, or imprisonment not exceeding 30 days, or a combination of all three. (2) If the child is out of the custody of the lawful custodian for more than 30 days, the person is guilty of a felony and on conviction is subject to a fine of not more than the amount set forth in [§ 22-3571.01] or imprisonment for 1 year, or both, except that if the person releases the child without injury in a safe place prior to arrest, the person is guilty of a misdemeanor and, on conviction, is subject to a fine not more than the amount set forth in [§ 22-3571.01] or imprisonment not exceeding 60 days, or both.  (May 23, 1986, D.C. Law 6-115, § 5, 33 DCR 2424; May 10, 1989, D.C. Law 7-231, § 25(e), 36 DCR 492; June 11, 2013, D.C. Law 19-317, § 281(b), 60 DCR 2064.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 16-1024. Section References This section is referenced in § 23-563. Effect of Amendments The 2013 amendment by D.C. Law 19-317 substituted “not more than the amount set forth in [§ 22-3571.01]” for “not exceeding $1,000” in (b)(1); and in (b)(2), substituted “of not more than the amount set forth in [§ 22-3571.01]” for “not exceeding $5,000”, and substituted “not more than the amount set forth in [§ 22-3571.01]” for “not exceeding $500”. Emergency Legislation For temporary (90 days) amendment of this section, see § 281(b) of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Emergency Act of 2013 (D.C. Act 20-45, April 1, 2013, 60 DCR 5400, 20 DCSTAT 1300). Editor's Notes Applicability of D.C. Law 19-317: Section 401 of D.C. Law 19-317 provided that the act shall apply only to offenses committed on or after June 11, 2013.
DC Code § 16-1025 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter II - Parental Kidnapping|§ 16-1025. Prosecution by Attorney General

Prosecutions under this subchapter shall be brought in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia in name of the District by the Corporation Counsel.  (May 23, 1986, D.C. Law 6-115, § 6, 33 DCR 2424; May 10, 1989, D.C. Law 7-231, § 25(f), 36 DCR 492.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 16-1025.
DC Code § 16-1026 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter II - Parental Kidnapping|§ 16-1026. Expungement

Any parent convicted in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia of violating any provision of this subchapter with respect to his or her child may apply to the court for an order to expunge from all official records all records relating to the conviction at such time that the parent’s youngest child has reached the age of 18 years, provided that the parent has no more than 1 conviction for a violation of this subchapter at the time that the application for expungement is made. Any other person convicted of violating the provisions of this subchapter may apply to the court for an order to expunge all records relating to the conviction 5 years after the conviction, or at such time as the child has reached the age of 18 years, whichever shall later occur, provided that the person has no more than 1 conviction for violating any provision of this subchapter at the time that the application for expungement is made.  (May 23, 1986, D.C. Law 6-115, § 7, 33 DCR 2424; May 10, 1989, D.C. Law 7-231, § 25(g), 36 DCR 492.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 16-1026.
DC Code § 16-1031 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter III - Domestic Violence|§ 16-1031. Arrests

(a) A law enforcement officer shall arrest a person if the law enforcement officer has probable cause to believe that the person: (1) Committed an intrafamily offense that resulted in physical injury, including physical pain or illness, regardless of whether or not the intrafamily offense was committed in the presence of the law enforcement officer; or (2) Committed an intrafamily offense that caused or was intended to cause reasonable fear of imminent serious physical injury or death. (b) The law enforcement officer shall present the person arrested under subsection (a) of this section to the United States Attorney for charging. (c)(1) Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b) of this section, a law enforcement officer shall not be required to arrest a person who is under 18 years of age when there is probable cause to believe that the person has committed an intrafamily offense, where the victim of that offense is not an intimate partner, as that term is defined in § 16-1001(6A). (2) If a person is not arrested under paragraph (1) of this section, the person shall be diverted to a program that provides behavioral health and community support services.  (Apr. 30, 1991, D.C. Law 8-261, § 2(c)(2), 37 DCR 5001; Mar. 25, 2009, D.C. Law 17-368, § 4(g), 56 DCR 1338; Apr. 4, 2017, D.C. Law 21-238, § 102(a), 63 DCR 15312; Apr. 27, 2021, D.C. Law 23-275, § 3(i), 68 DCR 001086.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 16-1031. Section References This section is referenced in § 23-581. Effect of Amendments D.C. Law 17-368, in subsec. (b), deleted “under section 16-1002” following “charging”. Cross References Arrests without warrant by law enforcement officers, see § 23-581.
DC Code § 16-1032 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter III - Domestic Violence|§ 16-1032. Records

Any law enforcement officer who investigates an intrafamily offense shall file a written report of the incident with the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police force (“Police force”), including the law enforcement officer’s disposition of the case. The Police force shall maintain the written report.  (Apr. 30, 1991, D.C. Law 8-261, § 2(c)(2), 37 DCR 5001.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 16-1032.
DC Code § 16-1033 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter III - Domestic Violence|§ 16-1033. Civil liability

A law enforcement officer shall not be civilly liable solely because he or she makes an arrest in good faith and without malice pursuant to this subchapter.  (Apr. 30, 1991, D.C. Law 8-261, § 2(c)(2), 37 DCR 5001.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 16-1033.
DC Code § 16-1034 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter III - Domestic Violence|§ 16-1034. Training program

(a) The Police force shall incorporate in its educational program for new law enforcement officers training in: (1) The nature, dimension, and causes of intrafamily offenses; (2) The legal rights and remedies available to a victim or perpetrator of an intrafamily offense; (3) The services and facilities available to a victim or perpetrator of an intrafamily offense; (4) The legal duties imposed on a police officer to enforce the provisions of this subchapter and to offer protection and assistance to a victim of an intrafamily offense; and (5) Techniques for handling an intrafamily offense that minimize the likelihood of injury to the officer and promote the safety of the victim. (b) The training shall stress the importance of enforcing the law against intrafamily offenses. The Police force may: (1) Utilize the resources of any law enforcement agency or community organization; and (2) Invite any community organization that provides counselling or assistance to victims of intrafamily offenses to help in planning and presenting the training program. (c) At least 20 hours of basic training in responding to an intrafamily offense shall be required of any new law enforcement officer prior to the law enforcement officer’s permanent appointment. (d) Any currently employed law enforcement officer shall be required to participate in an 8-hour course designed to familiarize the law enforcement officer with the dynamics of intrafamily offenses.  (Apr. 30, 1991, D.C. Law 8-261, § 2(c)(2), 37 DCR 5001.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 16-1034.
DC Code § 16-1041 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter IV - Interstate Enforcement of Domestic Violence Protection; Uniform Law|§ 16-1041. Definitions

For purposes of this subchapter, the term: (1) “District” means the District of Columbia. (2) “Foreign protection order” means a protection order issued by a tribunal of another State. (3) “Issuing State” means the State whose tribunal issues a protection order. (4) “Mutual foreign protection order” means a foreign protection order that includes provisions in favor of both the protected individual seeking enforcement of the order and the respondent. (5) “Protected individual” means an individual protected by a protection order. (6) “Protection order” means an injunction or other order, whether temporary or final, issued by a tribunal for the purpose of preventing violent or threatening acts or harassment against, contact or communication with, or physical proximity to, another individual. (7) “Respondent” means the individual against whom enforcement of a protection order is sought. (8) “State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The term “State” includes an Indian tribe or band that has jurisdiction to issue protection orders. (9) “Tribunal” means a court, agency, or other entity authorized by law to issue or modify a protection order.  (Apr. 11, 2003, D.C. Law 14-296, § 2(c), 50 DCR 320.)  Section References This section is referenced in § 7-2502.03. Editor's Notes Uniform Law: This section is based upon § 2 of the Uniform Interstate Enforcement of Domestic Violence Protection Orders Act.
DC Code § 16-1042 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter IV - Interstate Enforcement of Domestic Violence Protection; Uniform Law|§ 16-1042. Judicial enforcement of order

(a) A person authorized by the law of the District to seek enforcement of a protection order may seek enforcement of a valid foreign protection order in a tribunal of the District. The tribunal shall enforce the terms of the order, including terms that provide relief that a tribunal of the District would lack power to provide but for this section. The tribunal shall enforce the order, whether the order was obtained by independent action or in another proceeding, if it is an order issued in response to a complaint, petition, or motion filed by or on behalf of or for the benefit of an individual seeking protection. In a proceeding to enforce a foreign protection order, the tribunal shall follow the procedures of the District for the enforcement of protection orders. (b) Except for cases brought under § 16-1005(f) or (g), a tribunal of the District may not enforce a foreign protection order issued by a tribunal of a State that does not recognize the standing of a protected individual to seek enforcement of the order. (c) A tribunal of the District shall enforce the provisions of a valid foreign protection order that governs custody and visitation, if the order was issued in accordance with the jurisdictional requirements governing the issuance of custody and visitation orders in the issuing State. (d) A foreign protection order is valid if it: (1) Identifies the protected individual and the respondent; (2) Is currently in effect or was in effect at the time of the violation; (3) Was issued by a tribunal that had jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter under the law of the issuing State; and (4) Was issued after the respondent was given reasonable notice and had an opportunity to be heard before the tribunal issued the order or, in the case of an ex parte order, the respondent was given notice and has had or will have an opportunity to be heard within a reasonable time after the order was issued, in a manner consistent with the rights of the respondent to due process. (e) A foreign protection order valid on its face is prima facie evidence of its validity. (f) Absence of any of the criteria for validity of a foreign protection order is an affirmative defense in an action seeking enforcement of the order. (g) A tribunal of the District may enforce provisions of a mutual foreign protection order which favor a respondent only if: (1) The respondent filed a written pleading seeking a protection order from the tribunal of the issuing State; and (2) The tribunal of the issuing State made specific findings in favor of the respondent.  (Apr. 11, 2003, D.C. Law 14-296, § 2(c), 50 DCR 320.)  Editor's Notes Uniform Law: This section is based upon § 3 of the Uniform Interstate Enforcement of Domestic Violence Protection Orders Act.
DC Code § 16-1043 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 16 - Particular Actions, Proceedings and Matters. [Enacted title]|Chapter 10 - Proceedings Regarding Intrafamily Offenses|Subchapter IV - Interstate Enforcement of Domestic Violence Protection; Uniform Law|§ 16-1043. Nonjudicial enforcement of order

(a) A law enforcement officer, upon determining that there is probable cause to believe that a valid foreign protection order exists and that the order has been violated, shall enforce the order as if it were the order of a tribunal of the District. Presentation of a protection order that identifies both the protected individual and the respondent and, on its face, is currently in effect constitutes probable cause to believe that a valid foreign protection order exists. For the purposes of this section, the protection order may be inscribed on a tangible medium or may have been stored in an electronic or other medium if it is retrievable in perceivable form. Presentation of a certified copy of a protection order is not required for enforcement. (b) If a foreign protection order is not presented, a law enforcement officer may consider other information in determining whether there is probable cause to believe that a valid foreign protection order exists. (c) Registration or filing of an order in the District is not required for the enforcement of a valid foreign protection order pursuant to this subchapter.  (Apr. 11, 2003, D.C. Law 14-296, § 2(c), 50 DCR 320.)  Editor's Notes Uniform Law: This section is based upon § 4 of the Uniform Interstate Enforcement of Domestic Violence Protection Orders Act.