reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
DC Code § 28:1-104 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part I - General Provisions|§ 28:1-104. Construction against implied repeal

This subtitle being a general act intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be avoided.  (Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 631, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 28:1-104. 1973 Ed., § 28:1-104. Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: Former Section 1-104. Changes from former law: Except for changing the form of reference to the Uniform Commercial Code, this section is identical to former Section 1-104. 1. This section embodies the policy that an act that bears evidence of carefully considered permanent regulative intention should not lightly be regarded as impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation. The Uniform Commercial Code, carefully integrated and intended as a uniform codification of permanent character covering an entire “field” of law, is to be regarded as particularly resistant to implied repeal.
DC Code § 28:1-105 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part I - General Provisions|§ 28:1-105. Severability

If any provision or clause of this subtitle or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of this subtitle which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this subtitle are severable.  (Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 632, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Prior Codifications 2001 Ed., § 28:1-108. 1981 Ed., § 28:1-108. 1973 Ed., § 28:1-108. Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: Former Section 1-108. Changes from former law: Except for changing the form of reference to the Uniform Commercial Code, this section is identical to former Section 1-108. 1. This is the model severability section recommended by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws for inclusion in all acts of extensive scope.
DC Code § 28:1-106 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part I - General Provisions|§ 28:1-106. Use of singular and plural; gender

In this subtitle, unless the statutory context otherwise requires: (1) Words in the singular number include the plural, and those in the plural include the singular; and (2) Words of any gender also refer to any other gender.  (Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 632, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Prior Codifications 2001 Ed., § 28:1-102(5). Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: Former Section 1-102(5). See also 1 U.S.C. Section 1. Changes from former law: Other than minor stylistic changes, this section is identical to former Section 1-102(5). 1. This section makes it clear that the use of singular or plural in the text of the Uniform Commercial Code is generally only a matter of drafting style — singular words may be applied in the plural, and plural words may be applied in the singular. Only when it is clear from the statutory context that the use of the singular or plural does not include the other is this rule inapplicable.See, e.g., Section 9-322.
DC Code § 28:1-107 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part I - General Provisions|§ 28:1-107. Section captions

Section captions are part of this subtitle.  (Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 632, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Prior Codifications 2001 Ed., § 28:1-109. 1981 Ed., § 28:1-109. 1973 Ed., § 28:1-109. Section References This section is referenced in § 28-4902. Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: Former Section 1-109. Changes from former law: None. 1. Section captions are a part of the text of the Uniform Commercial Code, and not mere surplusage. This is not the case, however, with respect to subsection headings appearing in Article 9. See Comment 3 to Section 9-101 (“subsection headings are not a part of the official text itself and have not been approved by the sponsors.”).
DC Code § 28:1-108 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part I - General Provisions|§ 28:1-108. Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act

This subtitle modifies, limits, and supersedes the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, approved June 30, 2000 (114 Stat. 464; 15 U.S.C. § 7001 et seq.), but does not modify, limit, or supersede section 101(c) of that act (15 U.S.C. § 7001(c) ) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in section 103(b) of that act (15 U.S.C. § 7003(b) ).  (Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: New 1. The federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001et seq.inter alia, specifies the alternative procedures or requirements for the use or acceptance (or both) of electronic records or electronic signatures to establish the legal effect, validity, or enforceability of contracts or other records, and (i) such alternative procedures or requirements are consistent with Titles I and II of that Act, (ii) such alternative procedures or requirements do not require, or accord greater legal status or effect to, the implementation or application of a specific technology or technical specification for performing the functions of creating, storing, generating, receiving, communicating, or authenticating electronic records or electronic signatures; and (iii) if enacted or adopted after the date of the enactment of that Act, makes specific reference to that Act. Article 1 fulfills the first two of those three criteria; this Section fulfills the third criterion listed above.became effective in 2000. Section 102(a) of that Act provides that a State statute may modify, limit, or supersede the provisions of section 101 of that Act with respect to state law if such statute,  2. As stated in this section, however, Article 1 does not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (requiring affirmative consent from a consumer to electronic delivery of transactional disclosures that are required by state law to be in writing); nor does it authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that Act.
DC Code § 28:1-204 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part II - General Definitions and Principles of Interpretation|§ 28:1-204. Value

Except as otherwise provided in Articles 3, 4, and 5, a person gives value for rights if the person acquires them: (1) In return for a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit, whether or not drawn upon and whether or not a charge-back is provided for in the event of difficulties in collection; (2) As security for, or in total or partial satisfaction of, a preexisting claim; (3) By accepting delivery under a preexisting contract for purchase; or (4) In return for any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract.  (Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 636, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 9, 1997, D.C. Law 11-255, § 27(jj), 44 DCR 1271; Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Prior Codifications 2001 Ed., § 28:1-201(44). 1981 Ed., § 28:1-204. 1973 Ed., § 28:1-204. Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: Former Section 1-201(44). Changes from former law: Unchanged from former Section 1-201, which was derived from Sections 25, 26, 27, 191, Uniform Negotiable Instruments Law; Section 76, Uniform Sales Act; Section 53, Uniform Bills of Lading Act; Section 58, Uniform Warehouse Receipts Act; Section 22(1), Uniform Stock Transfer Act; Section 1, Uniform Trust Receipts Act. These provisions are substantive rather than purely definitional. Accordingly, they have been relocated from former Section 1-201 to this section. 1. All the Uniform Acts in the commercial law field (except the Uniform Conditional Sales Act) have carried definitions of “value.” All those definitions provided that value was any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract, including the taking of property in satisfaction of or as security for a pre-existing claim. Subsections (1), (2), and (4) in substance continue the definitions of “value” in the earlier acts. Subsection (3) makes explicit that “value” is also given in a third situation: where a buyer by taking delivery under a pre-existing contract converts a contingent into a fixed obligation. This definition is not applicable to Articles 3 and 4, but the express inclusion of immediately available credit as value follows the separate definitions in those Articles. See Sections 4-208, 4-209, 3-303. A bank or other financing agency which in good faith makes advances against property held as collateral becomes a bona fide purchaser of that property even though provision may be made for charge-back in case of trouble. Checking credit is “immediately available” within the meaning of this section if the bank would be subject to an action for slander of credit in case checks drawn against the credit were dishonored, and when a charge-back is not discretionary with the bank, but may only be made when difficulties in collection arise in connection with the specific transaction involved.
DC Code § 28:1-205 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part II - General Definitions and Principles of Interpretation|§ 28:1-205. Reasonable time; seasonableness

(a) Whether a time for taking an action required by this subtitle is reasonable depends on the nature, purpose, and circumstances of the action. (b) An action is taken seasonably if it is taken at or within the time agreed or, if no time is agreed, at or within a reasonable time.  (Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 636, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Prior Codifications 2001 Ed., § 28:1-204(2), (3). 1981 Ed., § 28:1-205. 1973 Ed., § 28:1-205. Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: Former Section 1-204(2)-(3). Changes from former law: This section is derived from subsections (2) and (3) of former Section 1-204. Subsection (1) of that section is now incorporated in Section 1-302(b). 1. Subsection (a) makes it clear that requirements that actions be taken within a “reasonable” time are to be applied in the transactional context of the particular action. 2. Under subsection (b), the agreement that fixes the time need not be part of the main agreement, but may occur separately. Notice also that under the definition of “agreement” ( Section 1-201) the circumstances of the transaction, including course of dealing or usages of trade or course of performance may be material. On the question what is a reasonable time these matters will often be important.
DC Code § 28:1-206 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part II - General Definitions and Principles of Interpretation|§ 28:1-206. Presumptions

Whenever this subtitle creates a presumption with respect to a fact, or provides that a fact is presumed, the trier of fact must find the existence of the fact unless and until evidence is introduced that supports a finding of its nonexistence.  (Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 636, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Prior Codifications 2001 Ed., § 28:1-201(31). Section References This section is referenced in § 28-4902. Editor's Notes The 2013 revision of this article deleted former § 28:1-206. Former § 28:1-206 concerned a statute of frauds for kinds of personal property not otherwise covered, was derived from Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 636, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 9, 1997, D.C. Law 11-240, § 3(c), 44 DCR 1087. The other articles of the Uniform Commercial Code make individual determinations as to requirements for memorializing transactions within their scope, so that the primary effect of former Section 1-206 was to impose a writing requirement on sales transactions not otherwise governed by the UCC. Per the official commentary appearing under § 28:1-206: “Deletion of former Section 1-206 did not constitute a recommendation as to whether such sales transactions should be covered by a Statute of Frauds; rather, it reflected determination that there was no need for uniform commercial law to resolve that issue.” Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: Former Section 1-201(31). Changes from former law: None, other than stylistic changes. 1. Several sections of the Uniform Commercial Code state that there is a “presumption” as to a certain fact, or that the fact is “presumed.” This section, derived from the definition appearing in former Section 1-201(31), indicates the effect of those provisions on the proof process.
DC Code § 28:1-304 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part III - Territorial Applicability and General Rules|§ 28:1-304. Obligation of good faith

Every contract or duty within this subtitle imposes an obligation of good faith in its performance and enforcement.  (Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 636, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Prior Codifications 2001 Ed., § 28:1-203. Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: Former Section 1-203. Changes from former law: Except for changing the form of reference to the Uniform Commercial Code, this section is identical to former Section 1-203. 1. This section sets forth a basic principle running throughout the Uniform Commercial Code. The principle is that in commercial transactions good faith is required in the performance and enforcement of all agreements or duties. While this duty is explicitly stated in some provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code, the applicability of the duty is broader than merely these situations and applies generally, as stated in this section, to the performance or enforcement of every contract or duty within this Act. It is further implemented by Section 1-303 on course of dealing, course of performance, and usage of trade. This section does not support an independent cause of action for failure to perform or enforce in good faith. Rather, this section means that a failure to perform or enforce, in good faith, a specific duty or obligation under the contract, constitutes a breach of that contract or makes unavailable, under the particular circumstances, a remedial right or power. This distinction makes it clear that the doctrine of good faith merely directs a court towards interpreting contracts within the commercial context in which they are created, performed, and enforced, and does not create a separate duty of fairness and reasonableness which can be independently breached. 2. “Performance and enforcement” of contracts and duties within the Uniform Commercial Code include the exercise of rights created by the Uniform Commercial Code.
DC Code § 28:1-305 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part III - Territorial Applicability and General Rules|§ 28:1-305. Remedies to be liberally administered

(a) The remedies provided by this subtitle must be liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party may be put in as good a position as if the other party had fully performed, but neither consequential or special damages nor penal damages may be awarded except as specifically provided in this subtitle or by other rule of law. (b) Any right or obligation declared by this subtitle is enforceable by action unless the provision declaring it specifies a different and limited effect.  (Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 637, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Prior Codifications 2001 Ed., § 28:1-106. 1981 Ed., § 28:1-106. 1973 Ed., § 28:1-106. Section References This section is referenced in § 28:2A-501. Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: Former Section 1-106. Changes from former law: Other than changes in the form of reference to the Uniform Commercial Code, this section is identical to former Section 1-106. 1. Subsection (a) is intended to effect three propositions. The first is to negate the possibility of unduly narrow or technical interpretation of remedial provisions by providing that the remedies in the Uniform Commercial Code are to be liberally administered to the end stated in this section. The second is to make it clear that compensatory damages are limited to compensation. They do not include consequential or special damages, or penal damages; and the Uniform Commercial Code elsewhere makes it clear that damages must be minimized. Cf. Sections 1-304, 2-706(1), and 2-712(2). The third purpose of subsection (a) is to reject any doctrine that damages must be calculable with mathematical accuracy. Compensatory damages are often at best approximate: they have to be proved with whatever definiteness and accuracy the facts permit, but no more. Cf. Section 2-204(3). 2. Under subsection (b), any right or obligation described in the Uniform Commercial Code is enforceable by action, even though no remedy may be expressly provided, unless a particular provision specifies a different and limited effect. Whether specific performance or other equitable relief is available is determined not by this section but by specific provisions and by supplementary principles. Cf. Sections 1-103, 2-716. 3. “Consequential” or “special” damages and “penal” damages are not defined in the Uniform Commercial Code; rather, these terms are used in the sense in which they are used outside the Uniform Commercial Code.
DC Code § 28:1-306 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part III - Territorial Applicability and General Rules|§ 28:1-306. Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after breach

A claim or right arising out of an alleged breach may be discharged in whole or in part without consideration by agreement of the aggrieved party in an authenticated record.  (Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 632, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Prior Codifications 2001 Ed., § 28:1-107. 1981 Ed., § 28:1-107. 1973 Ed., § 28:1-107. Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: Former Section 1-107. Changes from former law:agreementof the aggrieved party. Second, the revised section reflects developments in electronic commerce by providing for memorialization in an authenticated record. In this context, a party may “authenticate” a record by (i) signing a record that is a writing or (ii) attaching to or logically associating with a record that is not a writing an electronic sound, symbol or process with the present intent to adopt or accept the record. See Sections 1-201(b)(37) and 9-102(a)(7). This section changes former law in two respects. First, former Section 1-107, requiring the “delivery” of a “written waiver or renunciation” merges the separate concepts of the aggrieved party’s agreement to forego rights and the manifestation of that agreement. This section separates those concepts, and explicitly requires  1. This section makes consideration unnecessary to the effective renunciation or waiver of rights or claims arising out of an alleged breach of a commercial contract where the agreement effecting such renunciation is memorialized in a record authenticated by the aggrieved party. Its provisions, however, must be read in conjunction with the section imposing an obligation of good faith. ( Section 1-304).
DC Code § 28:1-307 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 28 - Commercial Instruments and Transactions. [Enacted title]|Subtitle I - Uniform Commercial Code|Article 1 - General Provisions|Part III - Territorial Applicability and General Rules|§ 28:1-307. Prima facie evidence by third-party documents

A document in due form purporting to be a bill of lading, policy or certificate of insurance, official weigher’s or inspector’s certificate, consular invoice, or any other document authorized or required by the contract to be issued by a third party is prima facie evidence of its own authenticity and genuineness and of the facts stated in the document by the third party.  (Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 636, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 27, 2013, D.C. Law 19-299, § 2, 60 DCR 2634.)  Prior Codifications 2001 Ed., § 28:1-202. 1981 Ed., § 28:1-202. 1973 Ed., § 28:1-202. Uniform Commercial Code Comment Source: Former Section 1-202. Changes from former law: Except for minor stylistic changes, this Section is identical to former Section 1-202. 1. This section supplies judicial recognition for documents that are relied upon as trustworthy by commercial parties. 2. This section is concerned only with documents that have been given a preferred status by the parties themselves who have required their procurement in the agreement, and for this reason the applicability of the section is limited to actions arising out of the contract that authorized or required the document. The list of documents is intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. 3. The provisions of this section go no further than establishing the documents in question as prima facie evidence and leave to the court the ultimate determination of the facts where the accuracy or authenticity of the documents is questioned. In this connection the section calls for a commercially reasonable interpretation. 4. Documents governed by this section need not be writings if records in another medium are generally relied upon in the context.