reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 28.2-1107 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 11.1 - Marine Tourism Activity Liability|§ 28.2-1107. Warning required

A. Every marine tourism professional shall post and maintain signs that contain the warning notice specified in subsection B. The sign shall be placed in a clearly visible location at the entrance to and the site of the marine tourism activity. The warning notice shall consist of a sign in black letters, with each letter to be a minimum of one inch in height. Every written contract entered into by a marine tourism professional for the providing of professional services, instruction, or the rental of equipment to a participant, whether or not the contract involves marine tourism activities on or off the location or at the site of the marine tourism activity, shall contain in clearly readable print the warning notice specified in subsection B.B. The signs and contracts described in subsection A shall contain the following notice of warning:"WARNING: Under Virginia law, there is no liability for an injury to or death of a participant in a marine tourism activity if such injury or death results from the inherent risks of a marine tourism activity. Inherent risks of a marine tourism activity include, among others, risks of injury to property and the potential for you to act in a negligent manner that may contribute to your injury or death. You are assuming the risk of participating in this marine tourism activity."C. Failure to comply with the requirements concerning warning signs and notices provided in this section shall prevent a marine tourism professional from invoking the privileges of immunity provided by this chapter.2009, c. 329.
VA Code § 28.2-1200 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1200. Ungranted beds of bays, rivers, creeks and shores of the sea to remain in common

All the beds of the bays, rivers, creeks and the shores of the sea within the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth, not conveyed by special grant or compact according to law, shall remain the property of the Commonwealth and may be used as a common by all the people of the Commonwealth for the purpose of fishing, fowling, hunting, and taking and catching oysters and other shellfish. No grant shall be issued by the Librarian of Virginia to pass any estate or interest of the Commonwealth in any natural oyster bed, rock, or shoal, whether or not it ebbs bare.Code 1950, § 62-1; 1960, c. 533; 1968, c. 659, § 62.1-1; 1992, c. 836; 1995, c. 850; 1998, c. 427.
VA Code § 28.2-1201 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1201. Ungranted islands which rise from lands which are property of the Commonwealth

A. Except as otherwise provided in subsections B and C hereof, all ungranted islands which rise by natural or artificial causes from the beds of bays, rivers and creeks that are ungranted under § 28.2-1200 shall remain the property of the Commonwealth and shall be managed by the Commission as provided in Article 2 (§ 28.2-1503 et seq.) of Chapter 15 of this title. In case of any conflict between the provisions of this subsection and the common law of accretion, reliction and avulsion, such common law shall control.B. Any island or land that is owned by the Commonwealth, whether currently in existence or subsequently created, that now or hereafter abuts a barrier island of the Eastern Shore shall remain the property of the Commonwealth and shall be managed by the Commission as provided in Article 2 (§ 28.2-1503 et seq.) of Chapter 15 of this title.C. This section shall not apply to accretions to privately owned lands or islands, whether or not they are used as commons.1991, c. 378, § 41.1-4.1; 1992, c. 836; 1995, c. 850.
VA Code § 28.2-1202 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1202. Rights of owners to extend to mean low-water mark

A. Subject to the provisions of § 28.2-1200, the limits or bounds of the tracts of land lying on the bays, rivers, creeks, and shores within the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth, and the rights and privileges of the owners of such lands, shall extend to the mean low-water mark but no farther, except where a creek or river, or some part thereof, is comprised within the limits of a lawful survey.B. For purposes of this section, "lawful survey" means the boundaries of any land, including submerged lands, held under a special grant or compact as required by § 28.2-1200, such boundaries having been determined by generally accepted surveying methods and evidenced by a plat or map thereof recorded in the circuit court clerk's office of the county or city in which the land lies.C. Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, where sand or other material is placed upon state-owned beds of the bays, rivers, creeks, or shores of the sea channelward of the mean low-water mark as part of the performance of a properly permitted beach nourishment, storm protection, or dredging project undertaken by a public body, and the public has an established right of use and maintenance upon the adjacent land above the mean low-water mark, whether such public right is established before or after the sand or other material is placed, such placement shall not be deemed a severance or taking of, or otherwise to have impaired, an adjacent landowner's riparian or littoral rights, and the newly created land channelward of the former mean low-water mark shall be deemed natural accretion for purposes of ownership, but such ownership shall be subject to the public's same right of use and maintenance upon the newly created land as previously existed on the adjacent land above the mean low-water mark. This subsection is retroactively effective beginning January 1, 2009.Code 1950, § 62-2; 1968, c. 659, § 62.1-2; 1972, c. 865; 1992, c. 836; 2014, cc. 106, 234.
VA Code § 28.2-1204 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1204. Authority of Commission over submerged lands

The Commission is authorized to:1. Issue permits for all reasonable uses of state-owned bottomlands not authorized under subsection A of § 28.2-1203, including but not limited to, dredging, the taking and use of material, and the placement of wharves, bulkheads, and fill by owners of riparian land in the waters opposite their lands, provided such wharves, bulkheads, and fill do not extend beyond any lawfully established bulkhead lines;2. Issue permits to recover underwater historic property pursuant to §§ 10.1-2214 and 28.2-1203; and3. Establish bulkhead and private pier lines on or over the bays, rivers, creeks, streams, and shores of the ocean which are owned by or subject to the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth for this purpose, and to issue and publish maps and plats showing these lines; however, these lines shall not conflict with those established by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.Code 1950, § 62-2.1; 1960, c. 600; 1962, c. 637; 1966, c. 641; 1968, c. 659, § 62.1-3; 1970, c. 621; 1972, c. 866; 1973, cc. 23, 361; 1974, cc. 92, 385; 1975, c. 431; 1976, c. 579; 1980, c. 253; 1982, c. 102; 1988, c. 868; 1992, c. 836.
VA Code § 28.2-1204.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1204.1. Submerged aquatic vegetation

The Commission shall, in consultation with the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, develop guidelines containing criteria for use in:1. Defining existing beds of submerged aquatic vegetation; and2. Delineating areas where there is potential for submerged aquatic vegetation restoration.1999, c. 547.
VA Code § 28.2-1204.2 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1204.2. Marine Habitat and Waterways Improvement Fund established

There is hereby created in the state treasury a special nonreverting fund to be known as the Marine Habitat and Waterways Improvement Fund, hereafter referred to as "the Fund." The Fund shall be established on the books of the Comptroller. In addition to the receipt of moneys as may be specifically provided by law, the Commissioner is authorized to accept gifts and grants for the Fund, as well as proceeds that may be received from time to time on the sale of state-owned marine lands. Interest earned on moneys in the Fund shall remain in the Fund and be credited to it. Any moneys remaining in the Fund, including interest thereon, at the end of each fiscal year shall not revert to the general fund but shall remain in the Fund. Moneys in the Fund shall be used solely for the purposes of improving marine habitat and waterways, including the removal of obstructions or hazardous property from state waters as authorized in §§ 15.2-909 and 28.2-1210. Expenditures and disbursements from the Fund shall be made by the State Treasurer on warrants issued by the Comptroller upon written request signed by the Commissioner.2000, c. 1056.
VA Code § 28.2-1205.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1205.1. Coordinated review of water resources projects

A. Applications for water resources projects that require a Virginia Marine Resources permit and an individual Virginia Water Protection Permit under § 62.1-44.15:20 shall be submitted and processed through a joint application and review process.B. The Commissioner and the Director of the Department of Environmental Quality, in consultation with the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, the Department of Wildlife Resources, the Department of Historic Resources, the Department of Health, the Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and any other appropriate or interested state agency, shall coordinate the joint review process to ensure the orderly evaluation of projects requiring both permits.C. The joint review process shall include, but not be limited to, provisions to ensure that: (i) the initial application for the project shall be advertised simultaneously by the Commission and the Department of Environmental Quality; (ii) project reviews shall be completed by all state agencies that have been asked to review and provide comments, within 45 days of project notification by the Commission and the Department of Environmental Quality; (iii) the Commission and the State Water Control Board shall coordinate permit issuance and, to the extent practicable, shall take action on the permit application no later than one year after the agencies have received complete applications; (iv) to the extent practicable, the Commission and the State Water Control Board shall take action concurrently, but no more than six months apart; and (v) upon taking its final action on each permit, the Commission and the State Water Control Board shall provide each other with notification of its action and any and all supporting information, including any background materials or exhibits used in the application.2005, c. 49; 2020, c. 958.
VA Code § 28.2-1205.2 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1205.2. Coordinated review of public beach replenishment projects using Chesapeake Bay sand; expedited process

A. Applications for sand replenishment projects on public beaches abutting the waters of the Chesapeake Bay that involve the dredging of sand from the Chesapeake Bay and require a permit from the Marine Resources Commission or the Department of Environmental Quality, or both, shall be reviewed and a decision on the issuance of the permit shall be made within 90 days thereafter, or as soon as practicable. These agencies shall establish a working group consisting of representative stakeholders in an effort to develop an effective and efficient process for review and approval of sand replenishment projects.B. In developing such an expedited review process, the agencies and working group shall consider a requirement that the application include the submission of a dredging plan by the locality for the areas within the Chesapeake Bay from which the dredged material will be taken and the location of the beach replenishment project. Such a dredging plan, if approved, shall not require a new review procedure if any subsequent removal of bottomland involves material obtained from the area documented in the dredging plan. Any new site proposed for the dredging of sand from the Chesapeake Bay shall require a new or amended dredging plan. A permit issued shall be valid for 10 years.C. Any dredging plan required to be submitted with an application shall include the following information:1. Geotechnical analysis of the proposed area to be dredged;2. Analysis of the benthic, marine, and fishery resources, including a specific analysis of the impact on the crab population;3. Current recreational and commercial fishing activity in the proposed dredge area;4. Impact on any historical artifacts in the proposed dredge area;5. Impact on other uses of the state waters and bottomlands at the dredge site;6. Location of the beach areas to be replenished; and7. Environmental impact of the dredge material being placed on the beach area.D. The Commissioner, in consultation with the Department of Environmental Quality, the State Health Department, the Department of Historic Resources, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, and any other appropriate or interested state agency, shall coordinate a joint review process to ensure the orderly evaluation of sand replenishment projects requiring a permit for dredging sand from the Chesapeake Bay. All project reviews shall be completed by state agencies within 45 days of receiving the project review request from the Commission or the Department of Environmental Quality.2013, cc. 45, 196.
VA Code § 28.2-1207 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1207. Authority to approve permits for encroachment on subaqueous beds; notice

A. Any application for a permit to trespass upon or over or encroach upon subaqueous beds which are the Commonwealth's property may be approved by the Commissioner or his authorized representative if the application meets the requirements of §§ 28.2-1205 and 28.2-1206 and the following criteria are satisfied:1. The total value of the project does not exceed $500,000;2. The application is not protested by any citizen or objected to by any state agency; and3. The project for which the permit is sought will not require any other permit from the Commission.B. If the permit application is for a shore erosion control project recommended by the soil and water conservation district in which the project is to be located and the criteria listed in subsection A of this section are satisfied, the Commission may, after giving notice of the application to the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, approve the application without giving notice to or awaiting the approval of any other state agency.C. The Commission shall, in conjunction with affected state and federal agencies, develop an expedited process for issuing general permits for activities that are intended to improve water quality such as bioengineered streambank projects and livestock stream crossings, and for activities required during emergencies in which a determination has been made that there is a threat to public or private property, or to the health and safety of the public. The development of the general permit shall be exempt from Article 2 (§ 2.2-4006 et seq.) of the Administrative Process Act.D. The Commission shall, in conjunction with affected state and federal agencies, develop an expedited process for issuing a permit for emergency activities intended to restore sand to any publicly owned beach damaged by sand erosion. Such erosion shall have been caused by a discrete, identifiable weather event or sequence of events that threatened public or private property or public health and safety and was the subject of a declaration of emergency by the Governor or the governing body of the locality in which the project is located. The development of the permit shall be exempt from Article 2 (§ 2.2-4006 et seq.) of the Administrative Process Act.1972, c. 398, § 62.1-3.01; 1973, c. 350, § 62.1-3.02; 1980, c. 312; 1984, c. 246; 1992, c. 836; 1997, c. 845; 2011, c. 451; 2016, cc. 9, 124.
VA Code § 28.2-1209 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1209. Maintenance or removal of structures erected upon or over state-owned subaqueous bottoms

Any person constructing or erecting any structure upon or over state-owned subaqueous bottoms, or their grantees or assignees for value, shall be responsible for the maintenance or removal of the structure upon its abandonment or its falling into a state of disrepair. However, public service corporations may abandon cables, conduit and pipes upon prior approval of the Commission.1974, c. 274, § 62.1-3.03; 1992, c. 836.
VA Code § 28.2-1210 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1210. Removal of obstructions or hazardous property from state waters; penalty

A. Whenever any wharf, pier, piling, bulkhead, structure, or vessel is found in or upon the bays, oceans, rivers, streams or creeks of the Commonwealth in a state of abandonment, in danger of sinking, or in such disrepair as to constitute a hazard or obstruction to the use of such waterway, the Commission may ascertain the owner of the property and require him to repair or remove the property from the waters of the Commonwealth. If the identity or location of the owner remains unknown and unascertainable after a diligent search and the posting of proper notice at the last known address of the owner, if known, the Commission may have the property removed from the waterways of the Commonwealth after giving notice by publication once in a newspaper of general circulation in the area where such property is located.B. It is unlawful for any person who owns a vessel to allow such vessel, for more than one week after delivery of notification by the Commission or a law-enforcement official in person or by United States Postal Service certified mail, return receipt requested, to be in a state of abandonment and in danger of sinking, or in such disrepair as to constitute a hazard or obstruction to the use of a waterway. Upon the occurrence of a natural disaster or other act of God, the Commission or law-enforcement official shall not issue a notification until sixty days following such occurrence. Any person who violates this subsection is guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor.1974, c. 602, § 62.1-194.1:1; 1992, c. 836; 1997, c. 258; 1999, c. 544.
VA Code § 28.2-1211 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1211. Injunction against violation of § 28.2-1203

The circuit court of the city or county in which any act is done or facility or project is found, which is unlawful under the provisions of § 28.2-1203, shall have the authority, upon application by the Commission, reasonable notice, and after a hearing, to enjoin any further unlawful act and to direct the guilty party or the Commission, at the cost of the guilty party, to remove, tear down or take such other steps as are necessary to protect and preserve the subject property of the Commonwealth.1970, c. 621, § 62.1-3.1; 1992, c. 836.
VA Code § 28.2-1213 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 12 - Submerged Lands|§ 28.2-1213. Penalties

A. Without limiting the remedies which may be obtained under this chapter, any person who violates any provision of this chapter or who violates or fails, neglects, or refuses to obey any Commission notice, order, rule, regulation, or permit condition authorized by this chapter shall, upon such finding by an appropriate circuit court, be assessed a civil penalty not to exceed $25,000 for each day of violation. Such civil penalties shall be paid into the state treasury to the credit of the Marine Habitat and Waterways Improvement Fund.B. Without limiting the remedies which may be obtained under this chapter, and with the consent of any person who has violated any provision of this chapter or who has violated or failed, neglected, or refused to obey any Commission order, rule, regulation, or permit condition authorized by this chapter, the Commission may provide, in an order issued by the Commission against such person, for the one-time payment of civil charges for each violation in specific sums, not to exceed $10,000 for each violation. Civil charges shall be in lieu of any appropriate civil penalty which could be imposed under subsection A of this section. Civil charges may be in addition to the cost of any restoration ordered by the Commission and shall be paid into the state treasury to the credit of the Marine Habitat and Waterways Improvement Fund.Code 1950, § 62-2.1; 1960, c. 600; 1962, c. 637; 1966, c. 641; 1968, c. 659, § 62.1-3; 1970, c. 621; 1972, c. 866; 1973, cc. 23, 361; 1974, cc. 92, 385; 1975, c. 431; 1976, c. 579; 1980, c. 253; 1982, c. 102; 1988, c. 868; 1992, c. 836; 2000, c. 1056.
VA Code § 28.2-1301 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 28.2 - Fisheries and Habitat of the Tidal Waters|Chapter 13 - Wetlands|§ 28.2-1301. Powers and duties of the Commission

A. The Commission may receive gifts, grants, bequests, and devises of wetlands and money which shall be held for the uses prescribed by the donor, grantor, or testator and in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. The Commission shall manage any wetlands it receives so as to maximize their ecological value as provided in Article 2 (§ 28.2-1503 et seq.) of Chapter 15 of this title.B. The Commission shall preserve and prevent the despoliation and destruction of wetlands while accommodating necessary economic development in a manner consistent with wetlands preservation and any standards set by the Commonwealth in addition to those identified in § 28.2-1308 to ensure protection of shorelines and sensitive coastal habitats from sea level rise and coastal hazards, including guidelines and minimum standards promulgated by the Commission pursuant to subsection C.C. In order to perform its duties under this section and to assist counties, cities, and towns in regulating wetlands, the Commission shall promulgate and periodically update (i) guidelines that scientifically evaluate vegetated and nonvegetated wetlands by type and describe the consequences of use of these wetlands types and (ii) minimum standards for protection and conservation of wetlands. The Virginia Institute of Marine Science shall provide advice and assistance to the Commission in developing these guidelines and minimum standards by evaluating wetlands by type and continuously maintaining and updating an inventory of vegetated wetlands.D. In developing guidelines, standards, or regulations under this chapter the Commission shall consult with all affected state agencies. Consistent with other legal rights, consideration shall be given to the unique character of the Commonwealth's tidal wetlands which are essential for the production of marine and inland wildlife, waterfowl, finfish, shellfish and flora; serve as a valuable protective barrier against floods, tidal storms and the erosion of the Commonwealth's shores and soil; are important for the absorption of silt and pollutants; and are important for recreational and aesthetic enjoyment of the people and for the promotion of tourism, navigation and commerce.1972, c. 711, §§ 62.1-13.1, 62.1-13.4, 62.1-13.17; 1982, c. 300; 1990, c. 811; 1992, c. 836; 1995, c. 850; 2020, c. 809.