reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
DC Code § 42-410 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 4 - Deed Effective and Recordation Dates|§ 42-410. Map or plat of subdivisions not recordable

It shall not be lawful for any person or persons to record any map or plat of the subdivision of land in the District of Columbia in the office of the Recorder of Deeds for said District, whether such map or plat be attached to a deed or other document or is offered separately for record.  (Aug. 24, 1894, 28 Stat. 501, ch. 329.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-806. 1973 Ed., § 45-506. Cross References Recordation of maps and plats in surveyor’s office, see § 1-1305 et seq.
DC Code § 42-501 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-501. Recognized estates

Estates in land in the District shall be estates of inheritance, estates for life, estates for years, estates at will, and estates by sufferance.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1350, ch. 854, § 1011.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-201. 1973 Ed., § 45-801. Cross References Statute of frauds, see §§ 28-3501, 28-3503.
DC Code § 42-502 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-502. Fee simple estates — Estates tail abolished

All estates of inheritance, including such as were formerly estates tail, shall be adjudged estates in fee simple.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1350, ch. 854, § 1012.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-202. 1973 Ed., § 45-802.
DC Code § 42-503 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-503. Fee simple estates — Absolute or qualified

An estate in fee simple may be either absolute or qualified, as to one and his heirs during an existing condition of things of uncertain duration.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1351, ch. 854, § 1013.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-203. 1973 Ed., § 45-803.
DC Code § 42-504 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-504. Freeholds; chattels real; chattel interests; conditions precedent or subsequent

Estates of inheritance and estates for life shall continue to be denominated freeholds, and estates for years shall be chattels real; estates at will or by sufferance shall be chattel interests, but shall not be liable, as such, to sale under execution; and all estates may be subject to conditions precedent or subsequent.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1351, ch. 854, § 1014.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-204. 1973 Ed., § 45-804.
DC Code § 42-505 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-505. Estates pur autre vie; when deemed freehold and when chattel real

An estate for the life of a third person, whether limited to heirs or otherwise, shall be deemed a freehold only during the life of the grantee or devisee, but after his death it shall be deemed a chattel real and be a part of his personal estate.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1351, ch. 854, § 1015.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-205. 1973 Ed., § 45-805.
DC Code § 42-506 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-506. Estates classified; possession; expectancy

Estates are either in possession or in expectancy.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1351, ch. 854, § 1016.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-206. 1973 Ed., § 45-806.
DC Code § 42-507 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-507. Estate in possession

An estate in possession exists when the owner has an immediate right to the possession of the land.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1351, ch. 854, § 1017.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-207. 1973 Ed., § 45-807.
DC Code § 42-508 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-508. Estate in expectancy

An estate in expectancy is either a reversion or a future estate.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1351, ch. 854, § 1018.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-208. 1973 Ed., § 45-808.
DC Code § 42-509 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-509. Reversions

A reversion is the residue of an estate left in the grantor who has conveyed, or in the heirs of the devisor who has devised a particular estate less than his own, and which residue returns to his or their possession on the expiration of the particular estate.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1351, ch. 854, § 1019.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-209. 1973 Ed., § 45-809.
DC Code § 42-510 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-510. Future estates — Commencement

A future estate is one limited to commence at a future day, either without the intervention of a precedent estate or after the expiration or determination of a precedent estate created at the same time and by the same conveyance or devise.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1351, ch. 854, § 1020.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-210. 1973 Ed., § 45-810.
DC Code § 42-511 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-511. Future estates — Remainder and conditional limitation

If it is to commence upon the full expiration of such precedent estate, it is a remainder and may be transferred by that name. If it is to commence on a contingency which, if it happen, will abridge or determine such precedent estate before its expiration, it shall be known as a conditional limitation.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1351, ch. 854, § 1021.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-211. 1973 Ed., § 45-811. Cross References Proceeding by remainderman to determine whether or not life tenant is still alive, see § 16-1151 et seq.
DC Code § 42-512 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-512. Future estates — Vested and contingent

A future estate is vested when there is a person in being who would have an immediate right to the possession of the land upon the expiration of the intermediate or precedent estate, or upon the arrival of a certain period or event when it is to commence in possession. It is contingent when the person to whom or the event upon which it is limited to take effect in possession or become a vested estate is uncertain.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1351, ch. 854, § 1022.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-212. 1973 Ed., § 45-812.
DC Code § 42-513 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-513. Future estates — Alternative

Two or more future estates may be created to take effect in the alternative, so that if the first in order shall fail to vest the next in succession may be substituted for it and take effect accordingly.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1026.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-213. 1973 Ed., § 45-813.
DC Code § 42-514 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-514. Expectant estates — No defeat or bar unless provided for at creation

No expectant estate can be defeated or barred by any alienation or other act of the owner of the intermediate or precedent estate, nor by any destruction of such precedent estate, by disseizin, forfeiture, surrender, merger, or otherwise, except when such destruction is expressly provided for or authorized in the creation of such expectant estate; nor shall an expectant estate thus liable to be defeated be on that ground adjudged void in its creation.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1029.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-214. 1973 Ed., § 45-814.
DC Code § 42-515 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-515. Expectant estates — Descendible, devisable, and alienable

Expectant estates shall be descendible, devisable, and alienable in the same manner as estates in possession.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1030.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-215. 1973 Ed., § 45-815.
DC Code § 42-516 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-516. Tenancies in common, tenancies by the entireties, and joint tenancies

(a) Every estate granted or devised to 2 or more persons in their own right, including estates granted or devised to spouses or domestic partners, as defined in § 32-701(3), shall be a tenancy in common, unless expressly declared to be a joint tenancy; but every estate vested in executors or trustees, as such, shall be a joint tenancy, unless otherwise expressed. (b) An interest in property, whether held in tenancy in common, joint tenancy, or tenancy by the entirety, may be granted by 1 or more persons, as grantor or grantors: (1) To 1 of them alone as grantee; or (2) To the following, as grantees in tenancy in common, joint tenancy, or tenancy by the entirety: (A) The grantors alone; (B) Two or more of the grantors; (C) The grantor or grantors and another person or persons; or (D) One or more of the grantors and another person or persons. (c) A tenancy by the entirety may be created in any conveyance of real property to spouses or to domestic partners as that term is defined in § 32-701(3).  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1031; June 30, 1902, 32 Stat. 538, ch. 1329; Dec. 7, 1970, 84 Stat. 1390, Pub. L. 91-530, § 1; Apr. 27, 1994, D.C. Law 10-110, § 2(d), 41 DCR 1023; Sept. 12, 2008, D.C. Law 17-231,§ 33(a), 55 DCR 6758; July 18, 2008, D.C. Law 18-33, § 6(a), 56 DCR 4269.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-216. 1973 Ed., § 45-816. Effect of Amendments D.C. Law 17-231, in subsec. (a), substituted “including estates granted or devised to spouses or domestic partners, as defined in § 32-701(3),” for “including estates granted or devised to husband and wife,”. D.C. Law 18-33 added subsec. (c).
DC Code § 42-517 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-517. Coparcenary estates abolished

There shall be no estate in coparcenary in the District, and where 2 or more persons inherit from an intestate they shall be tenants in common.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1343, ch. 854, § 956.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-217. 1973 Ed., § 45-817.
DC Code § 42-518 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-518. Estates for years

An estate for a determined period of time is an estate for years.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1032.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-218. 1973 Ed., § 45-818.
DC Code § 42-519 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-519. Estates from year to year

An estate expressed to be from year to year shall be good for 1 year only.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1033.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-219. 1973 Ed., § 45-819.
DC Code § 42-520 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-520. Estates by sufferance

All estates which by construction of the courts were estates from year to year at common law, as where a tenant goes into possession and pays rent without an agreement for a term, or where a tenant for years, after the expiration of his term, continues in possession and pays rent and the like, and all verbal hirings by the month or at any specified rate per month, shall be deemed estates by sufferance.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1034; June 30, 1902, 32 Stat. 538, ch. 1329.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-220. 1973 Ed., § 45-820. Cross References Statute of frauds, see §§ 28-3501 and 28-3503.
DC Code § 42-521 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-521. Estates from month to month or from quarter to quarter

An estate may be from month to month or from quarter to quarter, or, as otherwise expressed, it may be by the month or by the quarter, if so expressed in writing.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1035.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-221. 1973 Ed., § 45-821.
DC Code § 42-522 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-522. Estates at will; termination; creation

An estate at will is one held by the joint will of lessor and lessee, and which may be terminated at any time, as herein elsewhere provided, by either party; and such estate shall not exist or be created except by express contract; provided, however, that in case of a sale of real estate under mortgage or deed of trust or execution, and a conveyance thereof to the purchaser, the grantor in such mortgage or deed of trust, execution defendant, or those in possession claiming under him, shall be held and construed to be tenants at will, except in the case of a tenant holding under an unexpired lease for years, in writing, antedating the mortgage or deed of trust.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1036.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-222. 1973 Ed., § 45-822. Cross References Forcible entry and detainer, see §§ 16-1501 et seq., 22-3302.
DC Code § 42-523 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 5 - Estates in Land|§ 42-523. Provisions applicable to personal property

All the provisions of this chapter and of §§ 42-302 to 42-304 [repealed], 42-703, and 42-704 shall apply to personal property generally except where from the nature of the property they are inapplicable.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1036; June 30, 1902, 32 Stat. 538, ch. 1329.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-223. 1973 Ed., § 45-823.
DC Code § 42-602 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 6 - Forms; Covenants and Warranties|§ 42-602. Deeds of corporations; formal requisites; acknowledgment

The deed of a corporation shall be executed and acknowledged either (1) by an attorney-in-fact appointed for that purpose or (2) without appointment, by its president or a vice-president if also attested by the secretary or assistant secretary of the corporation.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1268, ch. 854, § 497; June 30, 1902, 32 Stat. 531, ch. 1329; Apr. 27, 1994, D.C. Law 10-110, § 2(c), 41 DCR 1023.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-502. 1973 Ed., § 45-302. Section References This section is referenced in § 42-401 and § 42-404. Cross References Effective date of deeds, see § 42-401. Failures in formal requisites of an instrument, fraudulent acts, see § 42-404.
DC Code § 42-603 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 6 - Forms; Covenants and Warranties|§ 42-603. “Covenant” binds covenantor, covenantee, and their privies

When, in any deed, the word “covenant” is used, such word shall have the same effect as if the covenant was expressed to be by the covenantor, for himself, his heirs, devisees, and personal representatives, and shall be deemed to be with the grantee or lessee, his heirs, devisees, personal representatives, and assigns.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1268, ch. 854, § 505; June 30, 1902, 32 Stat. 531, ch. 1329.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-503. 1973 Ed., § 45-303.
DC Code § 42-604 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 6 - Forms; Covenants and Warranties|§ 42-604. General warranty

A covenant by the grantor, in a deed conveying real estate, “that he will warrant generally the property hereby conveyed,” or a grant of real estate in which the granting words are followed by the words “with general warranty,” shall have the same effect as if the grantor had covenanted that he, his heirs, devisees, and personal representatives will warrant and defend the said property unto the grantee, his heirs, devisees, personal representatives, and assigns against the claims and demands of all persons whomsoever.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1269, ch. 854, § 506.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-504. 1973 Ed., § 45-304.
DC Code § 42-605 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 6 - Forms; Covenants and Warranties|§ 42-605. Special warranty

A covenant by a grantor in a deed conveying real estate, “that he will warrant specially the property hereby conveyed,” or a grant of real estate in which the granting words are followed by the words “with special warranty,” shall have the same effect as if the grantor had covenanted that he, his heirs, devisees, and personal representatives will forever warrant and defend the said property unto the grantee, his heirs, devisees, personal representatives, and assigns against the claims and demands of the grantor and all persons claiming or to claim by, through, or under him.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1269, ch. 854, § 507.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-505. 1973 Ed., § 45-305.
DC Code § 42-606 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 6 - Forms; Covenants and Warranties|§ 42-606. Covenant of quiet enjoyment

A covenant by the grantor in a deed of land, “that the said grantee shall quietly enjoy said land,” shall have the same effect as if he had covenanted that the said grantee, his heirs, and assigns, shall, at any and all times after March 3, 1901, peaceably and quietly enter upon, have, hold, and enjoy the land conveyed by the deed or intended to be so conveyed, with all the rights, privileges, and appurtenances thereunto belonging, and to receive the rents and profits thereof, to and for his and their use and benefit, without any eviction, interruption, suit, claim, or demand whatsoever by the said grantor, his heirs or assigns, or any other person or persons whatever.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1269, ch. 854, § 508.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-506. 1973 Ed., § 45-306.
DC Code § 42-607 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 6 - Forms; Covenants and Warranties|§ 42-607. Covenant against having encumbered land

A covenant by a grantor, in a deed of land, “that he has done no act to encumber said land,” shall be construed to have the same effect as if he had covenanted that he had not done or executed or knowingly suffered any act, deed, or thing whereby the land and premises conveyed, or intended so to be, or any part thereof, are or will be charged, affected or encumbered in title, estate, or otherwise.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1269, ch. 854, § 509.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-507. 1973 Ed., § 45-307.
DC Code § 42-608 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 6 - Forms; Covenants and Warranties|§ 42-608. Covenant for further assurances; contracts to contain soil characteristics information

(a) A covenant by a grantor, in a deed of land, “that he will execute such further assurances of said land as may be requisite,” shall have the same effect as if he had covenanted that he, his heirs or devisees, will, at any time, upon any reasonable request, at the charge of the grantee, his heirs or assigns, do, execute, or cause to be done and executed, all such further acts, deeds, and things, for the better, more perfectly and absolutely conveying and assuring the lands and premises conveyed unto the grantee, his heirs and assigns, as intended to be conveyed, as by the grantee, his heirs or assigns, or his or their counsel learned in the law, shall be reasonably devised, advised, or required. (b) All contracts drawn for the purpose of conveying real property in the District of Columbia shall contain the following information: (1) The characteristic of the soil on the property in question as described by the Soil Conservation Service of the United States Department of Agriculture in the Soil Survey of the District of Columbia published in 1976 and as shown on the Soil Maps of the District of Columbia at the back of that publication; and (2) A notation that for further information the buyer can contact a soil testing laboratory, the District of Columbia Department of Environmental Services or the Soil Conservation Service of the Department of Agriculture.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1269, ch. 854, § 510; Sept. 28, 1977, D.C. Law 2-23, § 3, 24 DCR 3342.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-508. 1973 Ed., § 45-308. Section References This section is referenced in § 8-1707. Cross References Erosion and sediment control pursuant to this section, powers and duties, see § 8-1707. Transfer of Functions The functions of the Department of Environmental Services were transferred to the Department of Public Works by Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1983, effective March 1, 1984.
DC Code § 42-609 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 6 - Forms; Covenants and Warranties|§ 42-609. Warranties void as to heirs; life tenants and certain parties not in possession

All warranties which shall be made by any tenant for life, of any lands, tenements or hereditaments, the same descending or coming to any person in reversion or remainder, shall be void and of none effect, and likewise all collateral warranties, of any lands, tenements or hereditaments, by any ancestor, who has no estate of inheritance in possession in the same shall be void against the heir.  (4 Anne, ch. 16, § 21, 1705; Kilty Rep., 246; Alex. Br. Stat. 662; Comp. Stat., D.C., 496, § 33.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-509. 1973 Ed., § 45-309.
DC Code § 42-701 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 7 - Interpretation of Instruments|§ 42-701. Words of inheritance unnecessary

No words of inheritance shall be necessary in a deed or will to create a fee simple estate; but every conveyance or devise of real estate shall be construed and held to pass a fee simple estate or other entire estate of the grantor or testator, unless a contrary intention shall appear by express terms or be necessarily implied therein.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1268, ch. 854, § 502.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-401. 1973 Ed., § 45-201.
DC Code § 42-702 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 7 - Interpretation of Instruments|§ 42-702. “Grant” or “bargain and sell” passes whole estate and interest

The word “grant,” and the phrase “bargain and sell,” or any other words purporting to transfer the whole estate shall be construed to pass the whole estate and interest in the property described, unless there be limitations or reservations showing a different intent.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1268, ch. 854, § 503; June 30, 1902, 32 Stat. 531, ch. 1329.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-402. 1973 Ed., § 45-202.
DC Code § 42-703 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 7 - Interpretation of Instruments|§ 42-703. Remainder to heirs of life tenant; rule in Shelley’s case abolished

Where a remainder shall be limited to the heirs or heirs of the body of a person to whom a life estate in the same premises shall be given, the persons who, on the termination of the life estate, shall be the heirs or the heirs of the body of such tenant for life shall be entitled to take in fee simple as purchasers by virtue of the remainder so limited.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1027.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-403. 1973 Ed., § 45-203. Cross References Personal property, applicable laws, see § 42-523.
DC Code § 42-704 (2021)
2021 District of Columbia Code|Title 42 - Real Property|Chapter 7 - Interpretation of Instruments|§ 42-704. Posthumous children

Where a future estate shall be limited to heirs, or issue, or children, posthumous children shall be entitled to take in the same manner as if living at the death of their parent; and a future estate depending on the contingency of the death of any person without heirs, or issue, or children shall be defeated by the birth of a posthumous child of such person.  (Mar. 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1352, ch. 854, § 1028.)  Prior Codifications 1981 Ed., § 45-404. 1973 Ed., § 45-204. Section References This section is referenced in § 42-523. Cross References Personal property, applicable laws, see § 42-523.