reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 8.7-302 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-302. Through bills of lading and similar documents

(1) The issuer of a through bill of lading or other document embodying an undertaking to be performed in part by persons acting as its agents or by a performing carrier is liable to anyone entitled to recover on the document for any breach by such other persons or by a performing carrier of its obligation under the document. However, to the extent that the document covers an undertaking to be performed overseas or in territory not contiguous to the continental United States or an undertaking including matters other than transportation, this liability may be varied by agreement of the parties.(2) Where goods covered by a through bill of lading or other document embodying an undertaking to be performed in part by persons other than the issuer are received by any such person, he is subject, with respect to his own performance while the goods are in his possession, to the obligation of the issuer. His obligation is discharged by delivery of the goods to another such person pursuant to the document, and does not include liability for breach by any other such persons or by the issuer.(3) The issuer of such through bill of lading or other document shall be entitled to recover from the performing carrier, or such other person in possession of the goods when the breach of the obligation under the document occurred, (a) the amount it may be required to pay to anyone entitled to recover on the document therefor, as may be evidenced by any receipt, judgment, or transcript thereof, and (b) the amount of any expense reasonably incurred by it in defending any action brought by anyone entitled to recover on the document therefor.Code 1950, §§ 56-120, 56-121; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-303 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-303. Diversion; reconsignment; change of instructions

(1) Unless the bill of lading otherwise provides, the carrier may deliver the goods to a person or destination other than that stated in the bill or may otherwise dispose of the goods, without liability for misdelivery, on instructions from:(a) the holder of a negotiable bill; or(b) the consignor on a nonnegotiable bill notwithstanding contrary instructions from the consignee; or(c) the consignee on a nonnegotiable bill in the absence of contrary instructions from the consignor, if the goods have arrived at the billed destination or if the consignee is in possession of the tangible bill or in control of the electronic bill; or(d) the consignee on a nonnegotiable bill if he is entitled as against the consignor to dispose of them.(2) Unless such instructions are noted on a negotiable bill of lading, a person to whom the bill is duly negotiated can hold the bailee according to the original terms.1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-304 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-304. Bills of lading in a set

(1) Except where customary in overseas transportation, a bill of lading must not be issued in a set of parts. The issuer is liable for damages caused by violation of this subsection.(2) Where a bill of lading is lawfully drawn in a set of parts, each of which is numbered and expressed to be valid only if the goods have not been delivered against any other part, the whole of the parts constitute one bill.(3) Where a bill of lading is lawfully issued in a set of parts and different parts are negotiated to different persons, the title of the holder to whom the first due negotiation is made prevails as to both the document and the goods even though any later holder may have received the goods from the carrier in good faith and discharged the carrier's obligation by surrender of his part.(4) Any person who negotiates or transfers a single part of a bill of lading drawn in a set is liable to holders of that part as if it were the whole set.(5) The bailee is obliged to deliver in accordance with part 4 of this title against the first presented part of a bill of lading lawfully drawn in a set. Such delivery discharges the bailee's obligation on the whole bill.1964, c. 219.
VA Code § 8.7-305 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-305. Destination bills

(1) Instead of issuing a bill of lading to the consignor at the place of shipment a carrier, at the request of the consignor, may procure the bill to be issued at destination or at any other place designated in the request.(2) Upon request of anyone entitled as against the carrier to control the goods while in transit and on surrender of any outstanding bill of lading or other receipt covering such goods, the issuer, subject to § 8.7-105.1, may procure a substitute bill to be issued at any place designated in the request.1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-306 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-306. Altered bills of lading

An unauthorized alteration or filling in of a blank in a bill of lading leaves the bill enforceable according to its original tenor.1964, c. 219.
VA Code § 8.7-307 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-307. Lien of carrier

(1) A carrier has a lien on the goods covered by a bill of lading or on the proceeds thereof in his possession for charges subsequent to the date of its receipt of the goods for storage or transportation (including demurrage and terminal charges) and for expenses necessary for preservation of the goods incident to their transportation or reasonably incurred in their sale pursuant to law. However, against a purchaser for value of a negotiable bill of lading, a carrier's lien is limited to charges stated in the bill, or, if no charges are stated, a reasonable charge.(2) A lien for charges and expenses under subsection (1) on goods that the carrier was required by law to receive for transportation is effective against the consignor or any person entitled to the goods unless the carrier had notice that the consignor lacked authority to subject the goods to such charges and expenses. Any other lien under subsection (1) is effective against the consignor and any person who permitted the bailor to have control or possession of the goods unless the carrier had notice that the bailor lacked such authority.(3) A carrier loses his lien on any goods that he voluntarily delivers or unjustifiably refuses to deliver.Code 1950, §§ 61-30 to 61-35; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-308 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-308. Enforcement of carrier's lien

(1) A carrier's lien may be enforced by public or private sale of the goods, in bloc or in parcels, at any time or place and on any terms which are commercially reasonable, after notifying all persons known to claim an interest in the goods. Such notification must include a statement of the amount due, the nature of the proposed sale and the time and place of any public sale. The fact that a better price could have been obtained by a sale at a different time or in a different method from that selected by the carrier is not of itself sufficient to establish that the sale was not made in a commercially reasonable manner. If the carrier either sells the goods in the usual manner in any recognized market therefor or if he sells at the price current in such market at the time of his sale or if he has otherwise sold in conformity with commercially reasonable practices among dealers in the type of goods sold he has sold in a commercially reasonable manner. A sale of more goods than apparently necessary to be offered to ensure satisfaction of the obligation is not commercially reasonable except in cases covered by the preceding sentence.(2) Before any sale pursuant to this section any person claiming a right in the goods may pay the amount necessary to satisfy the lien and the reasonable expenses incurred under this section. In that event the goods must not be sold, but must be retained by the carrier subject to the terms of the bill and this title.(3) The carrier may buy at any public sale pursuant to this section.(4) A purchaser in good faith of goods sold to enforce a carrier's lien takes the goods free of any rights of persons against whom the lien was valid, despite noncompliance by the carrier with the requirements of this section.(5) The carrier may satisfy his lien from the proceeds of any sale pursuant to this section but must hold the balance, if any, for delivery on demand to any person to whom he would have been bound to deliver the goods.(6) The rights provided by this section shall be in addition to all other rights allowed by law to a creditor against his debtor.(7) A carrier's lien may be enforced in accordance with either subsection (1) or the procedure set forth in subsection (2) of § 8.7-210.(8) The carrier is liable for damages caused by failure to comply with the requirements for sale under this section and in case of willful violation is liable for conversion.Code 1950, §§ 56-126, 56-127, 61-36; 1964, c. 219.
VA Code § 8.7-309 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-309. Duty of care; contractual limitation of carrier's liability

(1) A carrier who issues a bill of lading, whether negotiable or nonnegotiable, must exercise the degree of care in relation to the goods that a reasonably careful man would exercise under like circumstances. This subsection does not repeal or change any law or rule of law that imposes liability upon a common carrier for damages not caused by its negligence.(2) Damages may be limited by a provision that the carrier's liability shall not exceed a value stated in the document if the carrier's rates are dependent upon value and the consignor is afforded an opportunity to declare a higher value and he is otherwise advised of such opportunity. However, no such limitation is effective with respect to the carrier's liability for conversion to his own use.(3) Reasonable provisions as to the time and manner of presenting claims and instituting actions based on the shipment may be included in a bill of lading or a transportation agreement.1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-401 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-401. Irregularities in issue of receipt or bill or conduct of issuer

The obligations imposed by this title on an issuer apply to a document even if:(a) the document may not comply with the requirements of this title or of any other law or regulation regarding its issue, form or content; or(b) the issuer may have violated laws regulating the conduct of his business; or(c) the goods covered by the document were owned by the bailee at the time the document was issued; or(d) the person issuing the document does not come within the definition of warehouseman if it purports to be a warehouse receipt.Code 1950, § 61-23; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-402 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-402. Duplicate receipt or bill; overissue

Neither a duplicate nor any other document purporting to cover goods already represented by an outstanding document of the same issuer confers any right in the goods, except as provided in the case of tangible bills in a set of parts, overissue of documents for fungible goods, substitutes for lost, stolen or destroyed documents, or substitute documents issued pursuant to § 8.7-105.1. The issuer is liable for damages caused by his overissue or failure to identify a duplicate document as such by conspicuous notation.Code 1950, § 61-9; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-403 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-403. Obligation of bailee to deliver; excuse

(1) The bailee must deliver the goods to a person entitled under the document who complies with subsections (2) and (3), unless and to the extent that the bailee establishes any of the following:(a) delivery of the goods to a person whose receipt was rightful as against the claimant;(b) damage to or delay, loss or destruction of the goods for which the bailee is not liable;(c) previous sale or other disposition of the goods in lawful enforcement of a lien or on warehouseman's lawful termination of storage;(d) the exercise by a seller of his right to stop delivery pursuant to § 8.2-705 or by a lessor of his right to stop delivery pursuant to § 8.2A-526;(e) a diversion, reconsignment or other disposition pursuant to § 8.7-303;(f) release, satisfaction or any other fact affording a personal defense against the claimant; or(g) any other lawful excuse.(2) A person claiming goods covered by a document must satisfy the bailee's lien where the bailee so requests or where the bailee is prohibited by law from delivering the goods until the charges are paid.(3) Unless the person claiming the goods is one against whom the document confers no right under § 8.7-503 (1), he must surrender possession or control, for cancellation or notation of partial deliveries, any outstanding negotiable document covering the goods, and the bailee must cancel the document or conspicuously note the partial delivery thereon or be liable to any person to whom the document is duly negotiated.(4) "Person entitled under the document" means holder, in the case of a negotiable document, or the person to whom delivery of the goods is to be made by the terms of, or pursuant to instructions in a record under, a nonnegotiable document.Code 1950, §§ 61-11 to 61-15, 61-19, 61-22; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-404 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-404. No liability for good faith delivery pursuant to receipt or bill

A bailee who in good faith has received goods and delivered or otherwise disposed of them according to the terms of the document or pursuant to this title is not liable therefor. This rule applies even though (a) the person from whom he received the goods had no authority to procure the document or to dispose of the goods or (b) the person to whom he delivered the goods had no authority to receive them.Code 1950, § 61-13; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-501 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-501. Form of negotiation and requirements of "due negotiation"

(1) The following rules apply to a negotiable tangible document:(a) If the document's original terms run to the order of a named person, the document is negotiated by his endorsement and delivery. After his endorsement in blank or to bearer any person can negotiate the document by delivery alone.(b) If the document's original terms run to bearer, it is negotiated by delivery alone.(c) If a document's original terms run to the order of a named person and it is delivered to him, the effect is the same as if the document had been negotiated.(d) Negotiation of the document after it has been endorsed to a named person requires endorsement by the named person as well as delivery.(e) A document is "duly negotiated" when it is negotiated in the manner stated in this subsection to a holder who purchases it in good faith, without notice of any defense against or claim to it on the part of any person, and for value, unless it is established that the negotiation is not in the regular course of business or financing or involves receiving the document in settlement or payment of a money obligation.(2) The following rules apply to a negotiable electronic document:(a) If the document's original terms run to the order of a named person or to bearer, the document is negotiated by delivery of the document to another person. Endorsement by the named person is not required to negotiate the document.(b) If the document's original terms run to the order of a named person and the named person has control of the document, the effect is the same as if the document had been negotiated.(c) A document is duly negotiated if it is negotiated in the manner stated in this subsection to a holder that purchases it in good faith, without notice of any defense against or claim to it on the part of any person, and for value, unless it is established that the negotiation is not in the regular course of business or financing or involves taking delivery of the document in settlement or payment of a monetary obligation.(3) Endorsement of a nonnegotiable document neither makes it negotiable nor adds to the transferee's rights.(4) The naming in a negotiable bill of a person to be notified of the arrival of the goods does not limit the negotiability of the bill nor constitute notice to a purchaser thereof of any interest of such person in the goods.Code 1950, §§ 61-40 to 61-43, 61-50; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-502 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-502. Rights acquired by due negotiation

(1) Subject to §§ 8.7-205 and 8.7-503, a holder to whom a negotiable document has been duly negotiated acquires thereby:(a) title to the document;(b) title to the goods;(c) all rights accruing under the law of agency or estoppel, including rights to goods delivered to the bailee after the document was issued; and(d) the direct obligation of the issuer to hold or deliver the goods according to the terms of the document free of any defense or claim by him except those arising under the terms of the document or under this title. In the case of a delivery order the bailee's obligation accrues only upon acceptance and the obligation acquired by the holder is that the issuer and any endorser will procure the acceptance of the bailee.(2) Subject to § 8.7-503, title and rights so acquired are not defeated by any stoppage of the goods represented by the document or by surrender of such goods by the bailee, and are not impaired even though (a) the negotiation or any prior negotiation constituted a breach of duty, (b) any person has been deprived of possession of a negotiable tangible document or control of a negotiable electronic document by misrepresentation, fraud, accident, mistake, duress, loss, theft or conversion, or (c) a previous sale or other transfer of the goods or document has been made to a third person.Code 1950, §§ 61-44, 61-50 to 61-52; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-503 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-503. Document to goods defeated in certain cases

(1) A document confers no right in goods against a person who before issuance of the document had a legal interest or a perfected security interest in them and who neither:(a) delivered or entrusted them or any document covering them to the bailor or his nominee with (i) actual or apparent authority to ship, store or sell, (ii) power to obtain delivery under § 8.7-403, or (iii) power of disposition under §§ 8.2-403, 8.2A-304(2), 8.2A-305(2), 8.9A-320, or § 8.9A-321(c) or other statute or rule of law; nor(b) acquiesced in the procurement by the bailor or his nominee of any document.(2) Title to goods based upon an unaccepted delivery order is subject to the rights of anyone to whom a negotiable warehouse receipt or bill of lading covering the goods has been duly negotiated. Such a title may be defeated under § 8.7-504 to the same extent as the rights of the issuer or a transferee from the issuer.(3) Title to goods based upon a bill of lading issued to a freight forwarder is subject to the rights of anyone to whom a bill issued by the freight forwarder is duly negotiated. However, delivery by the carrier in accordance with Part 4 of this title pursuant to its own bill of lading discharges the carrier's obligation to deliver.Code 1950, § 61-44; 1964, c. 219; 2000, c. 1007; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-504 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-504. Rights acquired in the absence of due negotiation; effect of diversion; seller's stoppage of delivery

(1) A transferee of a document, whether negotiable or nonnegotiable, to whom the document has been delivered but not duly negotiated, acquires the title and rights that his transferor had or had actual authority to convey.(2) In the case of a nonnegotiable document, until but not after the bailee receives notification of the transfer, the rights of the transferee may be defeated:(a) by those creditors of the transferor who could treat the sale as void under § 8.2-402 or § 8.2A-308; or(b) by a buyer from the transferor in ordinary course of business if the bailee has delivered the goods to the buyer or received notification of his rights; or(c) by a lessee from the transferor in ordinary course of business if the bailee has delivered the goods to the lessee or received notification of the lessee's rights; or(d) as against the bailee by good faith dealings of the bailee with the transferor.(3) A diversion or other change of shipping instructions by the consignor in a nonnegotiable bill of lading that causes the bailee not to deliver to the consignee defeats the consignee's title to the goods if they have been delivered to a buyer or lessee in ordinary course of business and, in any event, defeats the consignee's rights against the bailee.(4) Delivery pursuant to a nonnegotiable document may be stopped by a seller under § 8.2-705 or a lessor under § 8.2A-526, subject to the requirement of due notification there provided. A bailee honoring the seller's or lessor's instructions is entitled to be indemnified by the seller or lessor against any resulting loss or expense.Code 1950, §§ 61-44, 61-45; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-505 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-505. Endorser not a guarantor for other parties

The endorsement of a tangible document issued by a bailee does not make the endorser liable for any default by the bailee or by previous endorsers.Code 1950, § 61-48; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-506 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-506. Delivery without endorsement; right to compel endorsement

The transferee of a negotiable document has a specifically enforceable right to have his transferor supply any necessary endorsement but the transfer becomes a negotiation only as of the time the endorsement is supplied.Code 1950, § 61-46; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.7-507 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.7 - Commercial Code - Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title|Sections|§ 8.7-507. Warranties on negotiation or delivery of receipt or bill

Where a person negotiates or delivers a document for value otherwise than as a mere intermediary under § 8.7-508, then, unless otherwise agreed, he warrants to his immediate purchaser, in addition to any warranty made in selling or leasing the goods, that:(a) the document is genuine; and(b) he has no knowledge of any fact that would impair the document's validity or worth; and(c) his negotiation or delivery is rightful and fully effective with respect to the title to the document and the goods it represents.Code 1950, § 61-47; 1964, c. 219; 2004, c. 200.