reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
GA Code § 24-13-139 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 13 - Securing Attendance of Witnesses and Production and Preservation of Evidence|Article 6 - Depositions to Preserve Testimony in Criminal Proceedings|§ 24-13-139. Depositions Taken Only in Exceptional Circumstances; Misuse of Procedures

 It is the intent of the General Assembly that depositions shall be taken in criminal proceedings only in exceptional circumstances when it is in the interests of justice that the testimony of a prospective witness be taken and preserved for use at trial. If the court finds that any party or counsel for a party is using the procedures set forth in this article for the purpose of harassment or delay, such conduct may be punished as contempt of court.    (Code 1981, §24-13-139, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)
GA Code § 24-13-150 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 13 - Securing Attendance of Witnesses and Production and Preservation of Evidence|Article 7 - Perpetuation of Testimony|§ 24-13-150. When Proceedings to Perpetuate Testimony May Be Had

 Superior courts may entertain proceedings for the perpetuation of testimony in all proceedings in which the fact to which the testimony relates cannot immediately be made the subject of investigation at law and in which, for any cause, the common-law proceeding authorized under this title is not as available, or as completely available, as a proceeding in equity.    (Code 1981, §24-13-150, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 23 Am. Jur. 2d, Depositions and Discovery, § 4.
GA Code § 24-13-151 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 13 - Securing Attendance of Witnesses and Production and Preservation of Evidence|Article 7 - Perpetuation of Testimony|§ 24-13-151. Inadequacy of Usual Proceeding to Be Shown

 A petition for discovery merely or to perpetuate testimony shall not be sustained unless some reason is shown why the usual proceeding at law is inadequate.    (Code 1981, §24-13-151, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 23 Am. Jur. 2d, Depositions and Discovery, § 4.
GA Code § 24-13-152 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 13 - Securing Attendance of Witnesses and Production and Preservation of Evidence|Article 7 - Perpetuation of Testimony|§ 24-13-152. Materiality of Possession of Property; of Availability of Parties in Interest

 The possession of the property is immaterial; nor shall the proceeding be denied though all parties in interest cannot be ascertained or reached.    (Code 1981, §24-13-152, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)
GA Code § 24-13-153 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 13 - Securing Attendance of Witnesses and Production and Preservation of Evidence|Article 7 - Perpetuation of Testimony|§ 24-13-153. Use of Testimony

 Testimony taken in the proceedings contemplated under Code Section 24-13-150 shall be used only from the necessity of the case, but in such case may be used against all persons, whether parties to the proceeding or not.    (Code 1981, §24-13-153, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)
GA Code § 24-13-154 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 13 - Securing Attendance of Witnesses and Production and Preservation of Evidence|Article 7 - Perpetuation of Testimony|§ 24-13-154. Costs of Proceedings

 The complainant shall in all cases be taxed with the costs of proceedings to perpetuate testimony.    (Code 1981, §24-13-154, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)
GA Code § 24-14-3 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 1 - General Provisions|§ 24-14-3. Amount of Mental Conviction Required; Preponderance of Evidence in Civil Cases

 Moral and reasonable certainty is all that can be expected in legal investigation. Except as provided in Code Section 51-1-29.5 or Code Section 51-12-5.1, in all civil proceedings, a preponderance of evidence shall be considered sufficient to produce mental conviction. In criminal proceedings, a greater strength of mental conviction shall be held necessary to justify a verdict of guilty.    (Code 1981, §24-14-3, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)   Law reviews.   - For article, "State of Emergency: Why Georgia's Standard of Care in Emergency Rooms is Harmful to Your Health," see 45 Ga. L. Rev. 275 (2010).   JUDICIAL DECISIONS   ANALYSIS    General Consideration   Civil Cases   Criminal Cases    RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 29 Am. Jur. 2d, Evidence, §§ 173, 185.   C.J.S.   - 32A C.J.S., Evidence, §§ 1272, 1274, 1277.   ALR.    - Admissibility and probative force on issue as to mental condition, of evidence that one had been adjudged incompetent or insane, or had been confined in insane asylum, 7 A.L.R. 568; 68 A.L.R. 1309.    Quantum of proof in civil case on issue involving fraudulent, dishonest, or criminal misappropriation of property, 62 A.L.R. 1449.    Rule of reasonable doubt as applicable to proof of previous conviction for purpose of enhancing punishment, 79 A.L.R. 1337.    Degree or quantum of evidence required to establish oral rescission or modification of written contract, 94 A.L.R. 1278.    Reasonable doubt rule as applicable to evidence in civil case of facts amounting to felony or misdemeanor, 124 A.L.R. 1378.   Conviction of criminal offense without evidence as denial of due process of law, 80 A.L.R.2d 1362.   Conviction of perjury where one or more of elements is established solely by circumstantial evidence, 88 A.L.R.2d 852.   Admissibility of expert medical testimony as to future consequences of injury as affected by expression in terms of probability a possibility, 75 A.L.R.3d 9.
GA Code § 24-14-4 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 1 - General Provisions|§ 24-14-4. Determining Where Preponderance of Evidence Lies

 In determining where the preponderance of evidence lies, the jury may consider all the facts and circumstances of the case, the witnesses' manner of testifying, their intelligence, their means and opportunity for knowing the facts to which they testified, the nature of the facts to which they testified, the probability or improbability of their testimony, their interest or want of interest, and their personal credibility so far as the same may legitimately appear from the trial. The jury may also consider the number of the witnesses, though the preponderance is not necessarily with the greater number.    (Code 1981, §24-14-4, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)   Law reviews.   - For survey article on evidence law, see 60 Mercer L. Rev. 135 (2008).   JUDICIAL DECISIONS   ANALYSIS    General Consideration   Instructions   Examples    RESEARCH REFERENCES   C.J.S.   - 32A C.J.S., Evidence, § 1275.   ALR.    - Right to cross-examine accused as to previous prosecution for, or conviction of, crime, for purpose of affecting his credibility, 6 A.L.R. 1608; 25 A.L.R. 339; 103 A.L.R. 350; 161 A.L.R. 233.   Instructions on sudden emergency in motor vehicle cases, 80 A.L.R.2d 5.   Limiting number of noncharacter witnesses in civil case, 5 A.L.R.3d 169.   Limiting number of noncharacter witnesses in criminal case, 5 A.L.R.3d 238.
GA Code § 24-14-6 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 1 - General Provisions|§ 24-14-6. When Conviction May Be Had on Circumstantial Evidence

 To warrant a conviction on circumstantial evidence, the proved facts shall not only be consistent with the hypothesis of guilt, but shall exclude every other reasonable hypothesis save that of the guilt of the accused.    (Code 1981, §24-14-6, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)   Law reviews.   - For survey of cases dealing with criminal law and criminal procedure from June 1, 1977 through May 1978, see 30 Mercer L. Rev. 27 (1978). For annual survey of criminal law, see 38 Mercer L. Rev. 129 (1986). For article, "Criminal Law," see 53 Mercer L. Rev. 209 (2001).   JUDICIAL DECISIONS   ANALYSIS    General Consideration   Exclusion of Reasonable Hypothesis   Instructions   Sufficiency of Circumstantial Evidence   Appeal    RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 29A Am. Jur. 2d, Evidence, § 1390.   C.J.S.   - 32A C.J.S., Evidence, §§ 1604, 1605.   ALR.    - May conviction of perjury rest on circumstantial evidence, 15 A.L.R. 634; 27 A.L.R. 857; 42 A.L.R. 1063; 88 A.L.R.2d 852.    Character and sufficiency of evidence to show that letter was mailed, 25 A.L.R. 9; 86 A.L.R. 541.    Instruction on circumstantial evidence in criminal case, 89 A.L.R. 1379.    Evidence of acquisition or possession of money, source of which is not traced, as admissible against defendant in criminal case, 123 A.L.R. 119; 91 A.L.R.2d 1046.    Admissibility, in prosecution for burglary, of evidence that defendant, after alleged burglary, was in possession of burglarious tools and implements, 143 A.L.R. 1199.   Conviction of criminal offense without evidence as denial of due process of law, 80 A.L.R.2d 1362.   Homicide: identification of victim as person named in indictment or information, 86 A.L.R.2d 722.   Conviction of perjury where one or more of elements is established solely by circumstantial evidence, 88 A.L.R.2d 852.   Construction of statute or ordinance making it an offense to possess or have alcoholic beverages in opened package in motor vehicle, 35 A.L.R.3d 1418.   What amounts to "exclusive" possession of stolen goods to support inference of burglary or other felonious taking, 51 A.L.R.3d 727.   Conviction of possession of illicit drugs found in premises of which defendant was in nonexclusive possession, 56 A.L.R.3d 948.   Conviction of possession of illicit drugs found in automobile of which defendant was not sole occupant, 57 A.L.R.3d 1319.   Validity and construction of statute creating presumption or inference of intent to sell from possession of specified quantity of illegal drugs, 60 A.L.R.3d 1128.   Modern status of rule regarding necessity of instruction on circumstantial evidence in criminal trial - state cases, 36 A.L.R.4th 1046.
GA Code § 24-14-7 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 1 - General Provisions|§ 24-14-7. Positive Testimony Preferred Over Negative; Exception

 The existence of a fact testified to by one positive witness is to be believed, rather than that such fact did not exist because many other witnesses who had the same opportunity of observation swear that they did not see or know of its having existed. This rule shall not apply when two parties have equal facilities for seeing or hearing a thing and one swears that it occurred while the other swears that it did not.    (Code 1981, §24-14-7, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 29A Am. Jur. 2d, Evidence, § 1368.   C.J.S.   - 32A C.J.S., Evidence, § 1602.   ALR.    - Conclusiveness of uncontradicted testimony of interested witness where opposed to presumption, 72 A.L.R. 94.    Comparative value of positive and negative testimony, 98 A.L.R. 161.    Relative weight of testimony of attesting witnesses in support of mental competency of testator, 123 A.L.R. 88.    Admissibility, in support of general credibility of an accomplice-witness who has not been impeached of evidence from nonaccomplice witness not otherwise relevant or of probative value as against defendant, 138 A.L.R. 1266.    Distinction between positive and negative evidence, 140 A.L.R. 530.    Probative force of testimony offered to show that crossing signals were not given on approach of train, 162 A.L.R. 9.
GA Code § 24-14-23 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 2 - Presumptions and Estoppel|§ 24-14-23. Presumption From Failure to Answer Business Letter

 In the ordinary course of business, when good faith requires an answer, it is the duty of the party receiving a letter from another to answer within a reasonable time. Otherwise, the party shall be presumed to admit the propriety of the acts mentioned in the letter of the party's correspondent and to adopt them.    (Code 1981, §24-14-23, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 29A Am. Jur. 2d, Evidence, § 815.   ALR.    - Admissibility in favor of writer of unanswered letter not part of mutual correspondence, 8 A.L.R. 1163; 34 A.L.R. 560; 55 A.L.R. 460.    Presumption as to delivery of letter from mailing other than at post office or in street letter box, 63 A.L.R. 931.    Character and sufficiency of evidence to show that letter was mailed, 86 A.L.R. 541.    Rebuttal of presumption of receipt of letter properly mailed and addressed, 91 A.L.R. 161.
GA Code § 24-14-24 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 2 - Presumptions and Estoppel|§ 24-14-24. Presumption of Occupancy of Railroad Right of Way

 In any proceeding to establish a right, title, or interest in or to real property that is a part of a railroad right of way, including a right of ingress or egress, where such proceeding is based upon occupancy of the railroad right of way by a person or entity other than the railroad corporation or railroad company, there shall be a presumption that any such occupancy of the railroad right of way is with the permission of the railroad corporation or railroad company. Such presumption may be rebutted.    (Code 1981, §24-14-24, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)
GA Code § 24-14-25 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 2 - Presumptions and Estoppel|§ 24-14-25. Presumption of Payment of Check

  As used in this Code section:   "Bank" means any person engaged in the business of banking and includes, in addition to a commercial bank, a savings and loan association, savings bank, or credit union.   "Check" means a draft, other than a documentary draft, payable on demand and drawn on a bank, even though it is described by another term, such as "share draft" or "negotiable order of withdrawal."     In any dispute concerning payment by means of a check, a duplicate of the check produced in accordance with Code Section 24-10-1003, together with the original bank statement that reflects payment of the check by the bank on which it was drawn or a duplicate thereof produced in the same manner, shall create a presumption that the check has been paid.     (Code 1981, §24-14-25, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)
GA Code § 24-14-28 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 2 - Presumptions and Estoppel|§ 24-14-28. Trustees Estopped to Set Up Title Adverse to Trust

 Trustees and other representatives with custody of papers have ample opportunities to discover defects in the title of property in their care and shall be estopped from setting up title adverse to their trust.    (Code 1981, §24-14-28, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   ALR.    - Acts done by executor or administrator in a representative capacity as estoppel in individual capacity, or vice versa, 110 A.L.R. 599.   Action by employee in reliance on employment contract which violates statute of frauds as rendering contract enforceable, 54 A.L.R.3d 715.
GA Code § 24-14-41 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 3 - Particular Matters of Proof|§ 24-14-41. Proof of De Facto Officer

 An officer de facto may be proved to be such by his or her acts, without the production of his or her commission or appointment.    (Code 1981, §24-14-41, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)
GA Code § 24-14-43 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 3 - Particular Matters of Proof|§ 24-14-43. Calendars as Proof of Dates

 Stern's United States calendar and Stafford's office calendar shall be admissible in proof of dates for the space of time covered by them respectively without further proof.    (Code 1981, §24-14-43, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)
GA Code § 24-14-46 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 3 - Particular Matters of Proof|§ 24-14-46. United States Department of Agriculture Inspection Certificates Prima-Facie Evidence

 All inspection certificates issued by the United States Department of Agriculture over the signature of any inspector thereof which are admissible in courts of the United States as prima-facie evidence of the truth of the statements therein contained shall be admissible in all courts of the State of Georgia as prima-facie evidence of the truth of the statements therein contained.    (Code 1981, §24-14-46, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)
GA Code § 24-14-47 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 24 - Evidence|Chapter 14 - Proof Generally|Article 3 - Particular Matters of Proof|§ 24-14-47. Proof That Person Is Dead or Missing as Evidence

  A written finding of presumed death made by officers or employees of the United States authorized to make such findings pursuant to any law of the United States or a duly certified copy of such finding shall be received in any court, office, or other place in this state as evidence of the death of the person therein found to be dead and the date, circumstances, and place of his or her disappearance.   An official written report, record, or duly certified copy thereof that a person is missing, missing in action, interned in a neutral country, beleaguered, besieged, or captured by an enemy, dead or alive, made by an officer or employee of the United States authorized by any law of the United States to make the same shall be received in any court, office, or other place in this state as evidence that such person is missing, missing in action, interned in a neutral country, beleaguered, besieged, or captured by an enemy, dead or alive, as the case may be.   For the purposes of subsections (a) and (b) of this Code section, any finding, report, record, or duly certified copy thereof purporting to have been signed by an officer or employee of the United States as is described in this Code section shall prima facie be deemed to have been signed and issued by such an officer or employee pursuant to law, and the person signing same shall prima facie be deemed to have acted within the scope of his or her authority.     (Code 1981, §24-14-47, enacted by Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2/HB 24.)
GA Code § 25-3-1 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 25 - Fire Protection and Safety|Chapter 3 - Local Fire Departments Generally|Article 1 - General Provisions|§ 25-3-1. General Powers of Fire Departments

 Any fire department of a county, municipality, or other political subdivision and any chartered fire department shall have the authority to:    Protect life and property against fire, explosions, hazardous materials, or electrical hazards;   Detect and prevent arson;   Administer and enforce the laws of this state; the rules and regulations adopted by the departments, boards, bureaus, commissions, and agencies of this state; and any ordinances, rules, regulations, or codes adopted by the county, municipality, or other political subdivision of this state that are related to the prevention and suppression of fires, explosions, or injuries from hazardous materials and explosions and the protection of life and property from such hazards;   Conduct programs of public education in fire prevention and safety;   Conduct emergency medical services and rescue assistance, subject to Chapter 11 of Title 31 and subject to the approval of the county, municipality, or other political subdivision;   Control and regulate the flow of traffic in areas of existing emergencies, including rail, highway, water, and air traffic; and   Perform all such services of a fire department as may be provided by law or which necessarily appertain thereto.    (Ga. L. 1980, p. 1395, § 1.)
GA Code § 25-3-2 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 25 - Fire Protection and Safety|Chapter 3 - Local Fire Departments Generally|Article 1 - General Provisions|§ 25-3-2. Powers of Fire Departments in Event of Emergencies Generally

 In the event of any fire, explosion, bomb threat, or similar emergency, the fire department in any county, municipality, or other political subdivision shall be authorized to:    Enter any property, building, structure, vehicle, watercraft, aircraft, railroad car, or other place for the purpose of fighting the fire, explosion, or similar hazardous conditions or searching for a bomb or enter any such place which is, in the opinion of the chief officer of the fire department or his designee, endangered by fire, explosion, bomb threat, or similar hazardous conditions;   Cut any wires, electrical or otherwise, or turn off any utility, as deemed necessary to preserve life or property;   Prevent the blocking of any public or private street, road or alley, way or driveway, or emergency lane during any such emergency and remove any vehicles or other obstructions necessary;   Confiscate supplies, chemicals, or equipment necessary for such emergency;   Make any necessary tests; and   Evacuate any building or area necessary.    (Ga. L. 1980, p. 1395, § 2; Ga. L. 1983, p. 3, § 18; Ga. L. 1989, p. 271, § 1.)   Cross references.   - Liability of members of fire departments for acts performed while fighting fires or for acts performed at scenes of emergencies, § 51-1-30.
GA Code § 25-3-3 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 25 - Fire Protection and Safety|Chapter 3 - Local Fire Departments Generally|Article 1 - General Provisions|§ 25-3-3. Provision of Assistance During Emergencies to Federal Agencies or Officers and State, or Political Subdivisions

 Any fire department may provide assistance to any agency or officer of the United States government, of this state, or of any political subdivision or authority thereof as may be needed to respond to any emergency or disaster, including, but not limited to, floods, sabotage, civil disturbance, fire, earthquake, wind, storm, wave action, oil spill or other water contamination, epidemic, air contamination, blight, drought, infestation, explosion, riot, or energy emergency, as defined by Chapter 3 of Title 38, or to respond to hazardous materials as defined by Article 7 of Chapter 5 of Title 32.   (Ga. L. 1980, p. 1395, § 4.)
GA Code § 25-3-4 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 25 - Fire Protection and Safety|Chapter 3 - Local Fire Departments Generally|Article 1 - General Provisions|§ 25-3-4. Authority of Counties, Municipalities, or Other Political Subdivisions to Enact Ordinances, Regulations, or Codes

 The governing body of each county, municipality, or other political subdivision of the state shall have the power to enact such ordinances, regulations, or fire and life safety codes as may be necessary to carry out this article.   (Ga. L. 1980, p. 1395, § 3; Ga. L. 1984, p. 1000, § 1.)   OPINIONS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL   Fire ordinances for day care centers.    - Authority of local governments to enact fire ordinances for day care centers was preempted by former O.C.G.A. § 49-5-14 [repealed], which gave the Board of Human Resources authority to adopt fire safety codes for day care centers. 1984 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 84-9.
GA Code § 25-3-5 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 25 - Fire Protection and Safety|Chapter 3 - Local Fire Departments Generally|Article 1 - General Provisions|§ 25-3-5. Operation of Other Fire Departments Within Municipalities or Counties

 Nothing within this article shall be construed so as to permit a county or other fire department to operate within the limits of a municipality except by written or oral contract with the municipality. Nothing within this article shall be construed so as to permit a municipal fire department to operate in the unincorporated area of a county except by written or oral contract with the county.   (Ga. L. 1980, p. 1395, § 5; Ga. L. 1984, p. 1000, § 1.)