reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CT Gen Stat § 47-33h (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33h - Excepted interests.

 Sections 47-33b to 47-33l, inclusive, shall not be applied to bar any lessor or successor of the lessor as a reversioner of the right to possession on the expiration of any lease or to bar or extinguish any easement or interest in the nature of an easement, or any rights granted, excepted or reserved by the instrument creating such easement or interest, including any right for future use, if (1) the existence of such easement or interest is evidenced by the location beneath, upon or above any part of the land described in such instrument of any pipe, valve, road, wire, cable, conduit, duct, sewer, track, hole, tower or other physical facility and whether or not the existence of such facility is observable, or to bar, extinguish or otherwise affect any interest of the United States, of this state or any political subdivision thereof, of any public service company as defined in section 16-1 or of any natural gas company, or (2) such easement or interest is a conservation restriction, as defined in section 47-42a, that is held by a land trust or nonprofit organization.(1967, P.A. 553, S. 7; P.A. 78-331, S. 18, 58; P.A. 01-118, S. 3.)History: P.A. 78-331 corrected misspelling, substituting “excepted” for “accepted”; P.A. 01-118 made technical changes for purposes of gender neutrality and added provisions re exception for easements or interests that are conservation restrictions and are held by a land trust or nonprofit organization.Cited. 183 C. 59; 219 C. 81; 239 C. 199. Trial court properly concluded that pursuant to Subdiv. (1), the easement over plaintiff's property as of 1996 deed was limited to the fixed location of 3 existing conduits, which constituted partial exercise of the easement, and that because plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence of damages resulting from partial encumbrance of the property, defendants were entitled to a directed verdict. 270 C. 487.Cited. 3 CA 550; 44 CA 683; 46 CA 525. Section's use of “other physical facility” refers to those physical objects that evidence an easement that themselves effectuate the easement itself and includes all of the items enumerated in the section, but does not include dissimilar items that may be found on a property that are not set forth in the section or otherwise within the class of those items, which are only, at best, mere indirect, possible indicators of an easement. 169 CA 653.Cited. 34 CS 31.
CT Gen Stat § 47-33i (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33i - Other statutes not affected.

 Nothing contained in sections 47-33b to 47-33l, inclusive, shall be construed to extend the period for bringing an action or for doing any other required act under any statute of limitation, nor, except as herein specifically provided, to affect the operation of any statute governing the effect of the recording or the failure to record any instrument affecting land.(1967, P.A. 553, S. 8.)Cited. 183 C. 59; 219 C. 81; 239 C. 199.Cited. 3 CA 550; 44 CA 683; 46 CA 525.Cited. 34 CS 31.
CT Gen Stat § 47-33j (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33j - Notice not to be recorded to slander title. Damages.

 No person may use the privilege of recording notices under sections 47-33f and 47-33g for the purpose of slandering the title to land. In any action brought for the purpose of quieting title to land, if the court finds that any person has recorded a claim for that purpose only, the court shall award the plaintiff all the costs of the action, including such attorneys' fees as the court may allow to the plaintiff, and in addition, shall decree that the defendant asserting the claim shall pay to the plaintiff all damages the plaintiff may have sustained as the result of such notice of claim having been so recorded.(1967, P.A. 553, S. 9; P.A. 79-602, S. 48.)History: P.A. 79-602 restated provisions and added specific references to Secs. 47-33f and 47-33g.Cited. 183 C. 59; 219 C. 81; 239 C. 199.Cited. 3 CA 550; 31 CA 87; 44 CA 683; 46 CA 525. Plaintiff was not required to prove that it demanded that defendants release the mortgages in order to prove slander of title. 144 CA 624. Sec. 52-577 provides appropriate limitations period for slander of title claim under section, and limitations period begins to run at occurrence of act complained of, in this case, at recording of deed and survey. 185 CA 627.Cited. 34 CS 31.
CT Gen Stat § 47-33k (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33k - Construction.

 Sections 47-33b to 47-33l, inclusive, shall be liberally construed to effect the legislative purpose of simplifying and facilitating land title transactions by allowing persons to rely on a record chain of title as described in section 47-33c, subject only to such limitations as appear in section 47-33d.(1967, P.A. 553, S. 10; P.A. 79-602, S. 49.)History: P.A. 79-602 made no substantive change.Cited. 183 C. 59; 219 C. 81; 239 C. 199.Cited. 3 CA 550; 44 CA 683; 46 CA 525.Cited. 34 CS 31.
CT Gen Stat § 47-33l (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33l - Forty-year period extended, when.

 If the forty-year period specified in sections 47-33b to 47-33k, inclusive, has expired prior to two years after July 1, 1969, such period shall be extended two years after July 1, 1969.(1967, P.A. 553, S. 11; 1969, P.A. 509, S. 5.)History: 1969 act replaced 60-year period with 40-year period and “January 1, 1968” with “July 1, 1969”.Cited. 183 C. 59; 239 C. 199.Cited. 3 CA 550; 44 CA 683; 46 CA 525.Cited. 34 CS 31.
CT Gen Stat § 47-33m (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33m - Short title: Dormant Mineral Interests Act.

 Sections 47-33m to 47-33t, inclusive, may be cited as the “Dormant Mineral Interests Act”.(P.A. 87-283, S. 1.)
CT Gen Stat § 47-33n (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33n - Dormant Mineral Interests Act: Statement of policy.

 (a) The public policy of this state is to enable and encourage marketability of real property and to mitigate the impact of dormant mineral interests on the full use and development of both surface estate and mineral interests in the property.(b) Sections 47-33m to 47-33t, inclusive, shall be construed to effectuate their purpose to provide a means for termination of dormant mineral interests in real property that impair marketability of the property.(P.A. 87-283, S. 2.)
CT Gen Stat § 47-33o (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33o - Dormant Mineral Interests Act: Definitions.

 As used in sections 47-33m to 47-33t, inclusive:(1) “Mineral interest” means an interest in a mineral estate, however created and regardless of form, whether absolute or fractional, divided or undivided, corporeal or incorporeal, including a fee simple or any lesser interest or any kind of royalty, production payment, executive right, nonexecutive right, leasehold or security interest in minerals, regardless of character, whether fugacious or nonfugacious, organic or inorganic.(2) “Minerals” includes oil, gas, coal, other liquid, gaseous and solid hydrocarbons, oil shale, cement material, sand and gravel, road material, building stone, chemical substances, gemstones, metallic ores, fissionable ores and nonfissionable ores, colloidal or other clays, steam or other geothermal resources, and any other substances defined as minerals by the law of this state.(3) “Mineral estate” means any interest in or ownership of minerals which are or may be situated in, on or under land, the fee estate of which is owned by any other person or entity. The term “mineral estate” includes, but is not limited to, a fee interest, a leasehold interest, a life use and any term which is measured by the life of another or by the happening of a future event, whether contingent or noncontingent, and includes any easement or license in, over and across the land in which the minerals are located for the purpose of obtaining access to and removing the minerals.(P.A. 87-283, S. 3.)
CT Gen Stat § 47-33p (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33p - Dormant Mineral Interests Act: Exclusions.

 (a) Sections 47-33m to 47-33t, inclusive, do not apply to:(1) A mineral interest of the United States or an Indian tribe, except to the extent permitted by federal law.(2) A mineral interest of this state or an agency or political subdivision of this state, except to the extent permitted by state law other than sections 47-33m to 47-33t, inclusive.(b) Sections 47-33m to 47-33t, inclusive, do not affect water rights.(c) Sections 47-33m to 47-33t, inclusive, do not affect the meaning of the terms “minerals”, “mineral interest”, or “mineral estate” for purposes other than said sections.(P.A. 87-283, S. 4.)
CT Gen Stat § 47-33r (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33r - Dormant Mineral Interests Act: Preservation of mineral interest by notice.

 (a) Any person claiming any kind of mineral interest may preserve and keep effective that interest by recording a notice of intent to preserve the mineral interest or a part thereof. The mineral interest is preserved in each town in which the notice is recorded. A mineral interest is not dormant for the purposes of sections 47-33m to 47-33t, inclusive, if a notice in accordance with this section is recorded within twenty years immediately preceding commencement of an action to terminate the mineral interest, or pursuant to subsection (b) of section 47-33q after commencement of the action. Such notice may be recorded by the owner of the mineral interest or by any other person acting on behalf of any owner of such interest who is: (1) Under a disability, (2) unable to assert a claim with respect to the mineral interest on his own behalf or (3) one of a class whose identity cannot be established or is uncertain at the time of recording such notice.(b) The notice may be executed by or on behalf of a co-owner for the benefit of any or all co-owners or on behalf of the owner for the benefit of any or all persons claiming under the owner or persons under whom the owner claims.(c) To be effective and to be entitled to recordation, the notice referred to in section 47-33q shall contain the following:(1) An accurate and full description of all land affected by the notice, which description shall be set forth in particular terms, and not by general inclusions; but, if the mineral interest asserted under section 47-33q is founded upon a recorded instrument which creates, reserves or evidences the mineral interest, the description of the land affected by the notice may be the same as the description of the land subject to the mineral interest as contained in that recorded instrument.(2) The then owner or owners of record of the fee simple interest of the land described in and affected by the notice.(3) A full and complete description of the mineral interest which is claimed.(4) A reference to any recorded instrument or instruments which created, reserved or otherwise evidenced the mineral interest, stating the names of the parties to each such instrument, the date of each such instrument and the volume and page of the land records where the instrument is recorded. If the mineral interest claimed was not created by or reserved in or evidenced by a recorded instrument, the basis of the claimant's title in the mineral interest described in the notice shall be set forth with particularity.(P.A. 87-283, S. 6.)
CT Gen Stat § 47-33s (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33s - Dormant Mineral Interests Act: Effect of termination of mineral interest.

 A court order or decree terminating a mineral interest, when recorded, merges the terminated mineral interest, including express and implied appurtenant surface rights and obligations, with the surface estate in shares proportionate to the ownership of the surface estate, subject to existing tax liens or assessments.(P.A. 87-283, S. 7.)
CT Gen Stat § 47-33t (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-33t - Dormant Mineral Interests Act: Savings and transitional provisions.

 (a) Except as otherwise provided in sections 47-33m to 47-33t, inclusive, upon October 1, 1987, apply to all mineral interests, whether created before, on or after October 1, 1987.(b) An action may not be maintained to terminate a mineral interest pursuant to sections 47-33m to 47-33t, inclusive, until two years after October 1, 1987.(c) Sections 47-33m to 47-33t, inclusive, do not limit or affect any other procedure provided by law for extinguishing an abandoned or dormant mineral interest.(P.A. 87-283, S. 8.)
CT Gen Stat § 47-34 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-34 - Bounds between proprietors reestablished by Superior Court.

 When the boundaries of lands between adjoining proprietors have been lost or become uncertain and they cannot agree to establish the boundaries, one or more of them may bring a complaint to the superior court for the judicial district in which the lands or a portion of them are situated. The court may, upon the complaint, order the lost and uncertain bounds to be erected and established and may appoint a committee of not more than three disinterested property owners. The committee shall give notice to all parties interested in the lands to appear before it and, having been sworn, shall inquire into the facts and erect and establish the lost and uncertain bounds and may employ a surveyor to assist therein and shall report the facts and their doings to the court. If the court finds that the parties were duly notified, it may confirm such doings; and certified copies of the report and decree shall be recorded in the records of the town in which the lands are situated, and the bounds, so erected and established, shall be the bounds between the proprietors.(1949 Rev., S. 7126; P.A. 78-280, S. 2, 127; P.A. 79-602, S. 53; P.A. 80-483, S. 125, 186.)History: P.A. 78-280 substituted “judicial district” for “county”; P.A. 79-602 restated provisions; P.A. 80-483 made technical grammatical correction.Consideration of what is a lost boundary, and various other points under section. 31 C. 433; 35 C. 118. Committee may report conclusion as to boundary without detailing the facts. 33 C. 154. Party to proceeding under section estopped from claiming contrary to finding of committee. 52 C. 23. Surveyor employed under section should be as disinterested as committee. 67 C. 345. Finding by committee that boundaries not lost is conclusive. 87 C. 70. Admissibility of declarations of deceased persons concerning boundaries. 105 C. 147. Cited. 178 C. 258; 179 C. 574.Committee does not deal with title; mission is to establish from evidence lost boundary lines or those which have disappeared. 12 CA 549.Cited. 10 CS 167. Where description of property in deeds is uncertain and witnesses are indefinite, redress should be sought under section. Id., 267. Cited. 40 CS 272.
CT Gen Stat § 47-34a (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-34a - Unlawful destruction, disturbance or removal of surveyor's marker or monument.

 (a) Any person who knowingly injures, destroys, disturbs or removes any marker properly placed on any tract of land or street or highway line by a surveyor, or by any person at the direction of a surveyor, for the purpose of designating any point, course or line in the boundary of such tract of land, street or highway, shall be fined not less than five hundred dollars or more than one thousand dollars.(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, a surveyor licensed under chapter 391, or a person acting at the direction of any such licensed surveyor, may remove an existing marker in order to place an upgraded marker in the same location.(c) Any person who knowingly injures, destroys, disturbs or removes any monument that has been established by the National Geodetic Survey or Connecticut Geodetic Survey for use in the determination of spatial location relative to the Connecticut coordinate systems specified in section 13a-255 or precise elevation datum shall be fined not less than two thousand dollars or more than five thousand dollars.(1971, P.A. 804; P.A. 88-99; P.A. 03-115, S. 82; P.A. 04-257, S. 75.)History: P.A. 88-99 increased fine from not more than $50 to not less than $150 nor more than $500 and added Subsec. (b) permitting surveyor or person acting at the direction of any such surveyor to remove existing marker in order to place upgraded marker in same location; P.A. 03-115 amended Subsec. (a) to include any marker placed on any street or highway line and to increase the minimum fine from $150 to $500 and the maximum fine from $500 to $1,000, and added Subsec. (c) to establish a fine for any person who knowingly injures, destroys, disturbs or removes any monument established by the National Geodetic Survey or Connecticut Geodetic Survey for use in determination of spatial location re Connecticut coordinate systems or precise elevation datum, effective June 18, 2003; P.A. 04-257 made a technical change in Subsecs. (a) and (c), effective June 14, 2004.See Sec. 52-560a re encroachment on open space land.Cited. 15 CA 458; 46 CA 46.
CT Gen Stat § 47-35 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-35 - Tobacco poles deemed to be part of tobacco-curing structure.

 Tobacco poles used in any structure utilized for the curing of tobacco in the leaf shall be deemed for all purposes an integral part of such structure.(1949 Rev., S. 7127; 1971, P.A. 871, S. 119.)History: 1971 act deleted provision which had included tobacco poles as “fixtures within the meaning of section 53-127”.
CT Gen Stat § 47-36 (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821 - Land Titles|Section 47-36 - Federal claim or judgment to be recorded.

 If the United States of America, or any official or agent in its behalf, claims any lien or encumbrance on, or interest in, land situated in this state, whether or not as a lien referred to in section 49-32a, or if any judgment, order or decree of any United States court or official or bankruptcy referee affects any title to or rights concerning land situated in this state, the instrument evidencing or describing that claim or a certified copy of that judgment, order or decree, or a lis pendens giving notice thereof as authorized by section 52-325 may be recorded in the land records of the town in which the land is situated and may be indexed and released in the same manner as other claims, judgments, orders or decrees. Until so recorded, that claim, judgment, order or lis pendens shall not be effective against the land or constitute constructive notice thereof.(1953, S. 2956d; P.A. 79-602, S. 40.)History: P.A. 79-602 made minor changes in wording.
CT Gen Stat § 47-36a (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821a - Forms of Deeds and Mortgages|Section 47-36a - Definitions.

 (a) As used in this chapter and section 47-5, (1) “his heirs, executors and administrators” means, in the case of a corporation, limited liability company or partnership, “its successors” and “his heirs and assigns” means, in the case of a corporation, limited liability company or partnership, “its successors and assigns”; (2) “grantor”, “grantee”, “releasor”, “releasee”, “mortgagor” and “mortgagee” include the plural and the masculine or feminine as the context requires and mean a natural person, a corporation, a limited liability company or a partnership; (3) “as joint tenants” means joint tenants with the right of survivorship as provided in section 47-14a; (4) “attorney” means a person acting pursuant to a power of attorney executed and acknowledged in the manner provided for conveyances.(b) (1) The use of the word “grant” is not necessary to convey tenements and hereditaments, corporeal or incorporeal. (2) A conveyance to more than one grantee, releasee or mortgagee creates an estate or interest in them as tenants in common unless the words “as joint tenants” are added after their names.(P.A. 75-309, S. 1, 2; P.A. 79-602, S. 11; P.A. 95-79, S. 168, 189; P.A. 00-196, S. 34.)History: P.A. 79-602 changed wording to conform with format of definition sections elsewhere in statutes; P.A. 95-79 amended Subsec. (a) to include a limited liability company, effective May 31, 1995; P.A. 00-196 made a technical change in Subsec. (a).Cited. 2 CA 119.
CT Gen Stat § 47-36b (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821a - Forms of Deeds and Mortgages|Section 47-36b - Effect of conveyances made in accordance with chapter.

 Any conveyance made pursuant to this chapter, duly signed by the grantor, or the attorney of the grantor, or by a person duly authorized if the grantor is a corporation or partnership, conveys to the grantee all the possession, right, title, interest, estate, claim, demand or right of entry or action, of the grantor, absolutely in and to the land conveyed, unless otherwise expressly limited in estate, condition, use or trust and, if so otherwise limited, conveys the property for the time or estate or on the condition, use or trust as declared, without any other act or ceremony.(P.A. 75-309, S. 5; P.A. 79-602, S. 23.)History: P.A. 79-602 rephrased provisions and omitted reference to Secs. 47-5 and 47-5a.
CT Gen Stat § 47-36d (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821a - Forms of Deeds and Mortgages|Section 47-36d - Force and effect of “Warranty Deed” form.

 A deed following the form entitled “Warranty Deed”, when duly executed, has the force and effect of conveying title in fee simple to the grantee, with covenants on the part of the grantor to the grantee, for himself and for his heirs, executors and administrators, (1) that at the time of delivery of the deed he is lawfully seized in fee simple of the granted premises, (2) that the granted premises are free from all encumbrances except as therein set forth, (3) that he has good right, full power and lawful authority to sell and convey the same to the grantee and (4) that the grantor shall, and his heirs, executors and administrators shall, warrant and defend the granted premises to the grantee and his assigns forever against the claims and demands of all persons, except as therein set forth.(P.A. 75-309, S. 7; P.A. 79-602, S. 12.)History: P.A. 79-602 made minor changes in wording but made no substantive changes.
CT Gen Stat § 47-36e (2020)
2020 Connecticut General Statutes|Title 47 - Land and Land Titles|Chapter 821a - Forms of Deeds and Mortgages|Section 47-36e - Force and effect of words “with warranty covenants”.

 In any conveyance of real property the words “with warranty covenants” have the full force, meaning and effect of the following words: “The grantor covenants with the grantee that he is lawfully seized in fee simple of the granted premises; that the same are free from all encumbrances except as therein set forth, that he has good right, full power and lawful authority to sell and convey the same to the grantee and that the grantor shall, and his heirs, executors and administrators shall, warrant and defend the same to the grantee and his heirs and assigns forever against the claims and demands of all persons except as therein set forth.”(P.A. 75-309, S. 8; P.A. 79-602, S. 13.)History: P.A. 79-602 changed wording slightly but made no substantive changes.