reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
810 ILCS 5/3-405
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-405)Sec. 3-405.     Employer responsibility for fraudulent indorsement by employee.(a) In this Section:(1) "Employee" includes an independent contractor and     employee of an independent contractor retained by the employer.(2) "Fraudulent indorsement" means (i) in the case of     an instrument payable to the employer, a forged indorsement purporting to be that of the employer, or (ii) in the case of an instrument with respect to which the employer is the issuer, a forged indorsement purporting to be that of the person identified as payee.(3) "Responsibility" with respect to instruments     means authority (i) to sign or indorse instruments on behalf of the employer,  (ii) to process instruments received by the employer for bookkeeping purposes, for deposit to an account, or for other disposition, (iii) to prepare or process instruments for issue in the name of the employer, (iv) to supply information determining the names or addresses of payees of instruments to be issued in the name of the employer, (v) to control the disposition of instruments to be issued in the name of the employer, or (vi) to otherwise act with respect to instruments in a responsible capacity. "Responsibility" does not include authority that merely allows an employee to have access to instruments or blank or incomplete instrument forms that are being stored or transported or are part of incoming or outgoing mail, or similar access.(b) For the purpose of determining the rights and liabilities of a  person who, in good faith, pays an instrument or takes it for value or for  collection, if an employer entrusted an employee with responsibility with  respect to the instrument and the employee or a person acting in concert with  the employee makes a fraudulent indorsement of the instrument, the indorsement  is effective as the indorsement of the person to whom the instrument is payable  if it is made in the name of that person. If the person paying the instrument  or taking it for value or for collection fails to exercise ordinary care in  paying or taking the instrument and that failure substantially contributes to  loss resulting from the fraud, the person bearing the loss may recover from the  person failing to exercise ordinary care to the extent the failure to exercise  ordinary care contributed to the loss.(c) Under subsection (b), an indorsement is made in the name of the  person to whom an instrument is payable if (i) it is made in a name  substantially similar to the name of that person or (ii) the instrument,  whether or not indorsed, is deposited in a depositary bank to an account in  a name substantially similar to the name of that person.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/3-406
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-406)Sec. 3-406.         Negligence contributing to forged signature or alteration of  instrument.(a) A person whose failure to exercise ordinary care substantially  contributes to an alteration of an instrument or to the making of a forged  signature on an instrument is precluded from asserting the alteration or the  forgery against a person who, in good faith, pays the instrument or takes it  for value or for collection.(b) Under subsection (a), if the person asserting the preclusion  fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking the instrument and that  failure substantially contributes to loss, the loss is allocated between the  person precluded and the person asserting the preclusion according to the  extent to which the failure of each to exercise ordinary care contributed to  the loss.(c) Under subsection (a), the burden of proving failure to exercise  ordinary care is on the person asserting the preclusion.  Under subsection  (b), the burden of proving failure to exercise ordinary care is on the person  precluded.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/3-407
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-407)Sec. 3-407.     Alteration.(a) "Alteration" means (i) an unauthorized change in an instrument that  purports to modify in any respect the obligation of a party, or (ii) an  unauthorized addition of words or numbers or other change to an incomplete  instrument relating to the obligation of a party.(b) Except as provided in subsection (c), an alteration fraudulently  made discharges a party whose obligation is affected by the alteration  unless that party assents or is precluded from asserting the alteration.  No other alteration discharges a party, and the instrument may be enforced  according to its original terms.(c) A payor bank or drawee paying a fraudulently altered instrument or a  person taking it for value, in good faith and without notice of the  alteration, may enforce rights with respect to the instrument (i) according  to its original terms, or (ii) in the case of an incomplete instrument  altered by unauthorized completion, according to its terms as completed.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/3-408
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-408)Sec. 3-408.     Drawee not liable on unaccepted draft.     A check or other  draft does not of itself operate as an assignment of funds in the hands of  the drawee available for its payment, and the drawee is not liable on the  instrument until the drawee accepts it.    (Source: P.A. 87-582.)
810 ILCS 5/3-409
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-409)Sec. 3-409.     Acceptance of draft; certified check.(a) "Acceptance" means the drawee's signed agreement to pay a draft as  presented.  It must be written on the draft and may consist of the drawee's  signature alone.  Acceptance may be made at any time and becomes effective  when notification pursuant to instructions is given or the accepted draft  is delivered for the purpose of giving rights on the acceptance to any person.(b) A draft may be accepted although it has not been signed by the  drawer, is otherwise incomplete, is overdue, or has been dishonored.(c) If a draft is payable at a fixed period after sight and the acceptor  fails to date the acceptance, the holder may complete the acceptance by  supplying  a date in good faith.(d) "Certified check" means a check accepted by the bank on which it is  drawn.  Acceptance may be made as stated in subsection (a) or by a writing  on the check which indicates that the check is certified.  The drawee of a  check has no obligation to certify the check, and refusal to certify is not  dishonor of the check.    (Source: P.A. 87-582.)
810 ILCS 5/3-410
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-410)Sec. 3-410.     Acceptance varying draft.(a) If the terms of a drawee's acceptance vary from the terms of the  draft as presented, the holder may refuse the acceptance and treat the  draft as dishonored.  In that case, the drawee may cancel the acceptance.(b) The terms of a draft are not varied by an acceptance to pay at a  particular bank or place in the United States, unless the acceptance states  that the draft is to be paid only at that bank or place.(c) If the holder assents to an acceptance varying the terms of a draft,  the obligation of each drawer and indorser that does not expressly assent  to the acceptance is discharged.    (Source: P.A. 87-582.)
810 ILCS 5/3-411
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-411)Sec. 3-411.         Refusal to pay cashier's checks, teller's checks, and  certified checks.(a) In this Section, "obligated bank" means the acceptor of a certified  check or the issuer of a cashier's check or teller's check bought from  the issuer.(b) If the obligated bank wrongfully (i) refuses to pay a cashier's  check or certified check, (ii) stops payment of a teller's check, or (iii)  refuses to pay a dishonored teller's check, the person asserting the right  to enforce the check is entitled to compensation for expenses and loss of  interest resulting from the nonpayment and may recover consequential  damages if the obligated bank refuses to pay after receiving notice of  particular circumstances giving rise to the damages.(c) Expenses or consequential damages under subsection (b) are not  recoverable if the refusal of the obligated bank to pay occurs because (i)  the bank suspends payments, (ii) the obligated bank asserts a claim or  defense of the bank that it has reasonable grounds to believe is available  against the person entitled to enforce the instrument, (iii) the obligated  bank has a reasonable doubt whether the person demanding payment is the  person entitled to enforce the instrument, or (iv) payment is prohibited  by law.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/3-412
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-412)Sec. 3-412.     Obligation of issuer of note or cashier's check.     The issuer of a note or cashier's check or other draft drawn  on the drawer is obliged to pay the instrument (i) according  to its terms at the time it was issued or, if not issued, at  the time it first came into possession of a holder, or (ii) if  the issuer signed an incomplete instrument, according to its  terms when completed, to the extent stated in Sections 3-115 and  3-407. The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the  instrument or to an indorser who paid the instrument under Section 3-415.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/3-413
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-413)Sec. 3-413.     Obligation of acceptor.(a) The acceptor of a draft is obliged to pay the draft (i) according to  its terms at the time it was accepted, even though the acceptance states  that the draft is payable "as originally drawn" or equivalent terms, (ii)  if the acceptance varies the terms of the draft, according to the terms of  the draft as varied, or (iii) if the acceptance is of a draft that is an  incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed, to the  extent stated in Sections 3-115 and 3-407.  The obligation is owed to a person  entitled to enforce the draft or to the drawer or an indorser who paid the  draft under Section 3-414 or 3-415.(b) If the certification of a check or other acceptance of a draft  states the amount certified or accepted, the obligation of the acceptor is  that amount.  If (i) the certification or acceptance does not state an  amount, (ii) the amount of the instrument is subsequently raised, and (iii)  the instrument is then negotiated to a holder in due course, the obligation  of the acceptor is the amount of the instrument at the time it was taken by  the holder in due course.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/3-414
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-414)Sec. 3-414.     Obligation of drawer.(a) This Section does not apply to cashier's checks or other drafts  drawn on the drawer.(b) If an unaccepted draft is dishonored, the drawer is obliged to pay  the draft (i) according to its terms at the time it was issued or, if not  issued, at the time it first came into possession of a holder, or (ii) if  the drawer signed an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when  completed as stated in Sections 3-115 and 3-407.  The obligation is owed to  a person entitled to enforce the draft or to an indorser who paid the  draft under Section 3-415.(c) If a draft is accepted by a bank, the drawer is discharged,  regardless of when or by whom acceptance was obtained.(d) If a draft is accepted and the acceptor is not a bank, the  obligation of the drawer to pay the draft if the draft is dishonored by the  acceptor is the same as the obligation of an indorser under Section  3-415(a) and (c).(e) If a draft states that it is drawn "without recourse" or otherwise  disclaims liability of the drawer to pay the draft, the drawer is not  liable under subsection (b) to pay the draft if the draft is not a check.  A disclaimer of the liability stated in subsection (b) is not effective if the  draft is a check.(f) If (i) a check is not presented for payment or given to a depositary  bank for collection within 30 days after its date, (ii) the drawee suspends  payments after expiration of the 30-day period without paying the check,  and (iii) because of the suspension of payments, the drawer is deprived of  funds maintained with the drawee to cover payment of the check, the drawer  to the extent deprived of funds may discharge its obligation to pay the  check by assigning to the person entitled to enforce the check the rights  of the drawer against the drawee with respect to the funds.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/3-415
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-415)Sec. 3-415.     Obligation of indorser.(a) Subject to subsections (b), (c), and (d) and to Section 3-419(d), if  an instrument is dishonored, an indorser is obliged to pay the amount due  on the instrument (i) according to the terms of the instrument at the time  it was indorsed, or (ii) if the indorser indorsed an incomplete instrument,  according to its terms when completed to the extent stated in Sections 3-115  and 3-407.  The obligation of the indorser is owed to a person entitled to  enforce the instrument or to a subsequent indorser who paid the instrument  under this Section.(b) If an indorsement states that it is made "without recourse" or  otherwise disclaims liability of the indorser, the indorser is not liable  under subsection (a) to pay the instrument.(c) If notice of dishonor of an instrument is required by Section 3-503  and notice of dishonor complying with that Section is not given to an  indorser, the liability of the indorser under subsection (a) is discharged.(d) If a draft is accepted by a bank after an indorsement is made, the  liability of the indorser under subsection (a) is discharged.(e) If an indorser of a check is liable under subsection (a) and the  check is not presented for payment, or given to a depositary bank for  collection, within 30 days after the day the indorsement was made, the  liability of the indorser under subsection (a) is discharged.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/3-416
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-416)Sec. 3-416.     Transfer warranties.(a) A person who transfers an instrument for consideration warrants to  the transferee and, if the transfer is by indorsement, to any subsequent  transferee that:(1) the warrantor is a person entitled to enforce the     instrument,(2) all signatures on the instrument are authentic     and authorized,(3) the instrument has not been altered,(4) the instrument is not subject to a defense or     claim in recoupment of any party which can be asserted against the warrantor, and(5) the warrantor has no knowledge of any insolvency     proceeding commenced with respect to the maker or acceptor or, in the case of an unaccepted draft, the drawer.(b) A person to whom the warranties under subsection (a) are made and  who took the instrument in good faith may recover from the warrantor as  damages for breach of warranty an amount equal to the loss suffered as a  result of the breach, but not more than the amount of the instrument plus  expenses and loss of interest incurred as a result of the breach.(c) The warranties stated in subsection (a) cannot be disclaimed with  respect to checks.  Unless notice of a claim for breach of warranty is  given to the warrantor within 30 days after the claimant has reason to know  of the breach and the identity of the warrantor, the liability of the  warrantor under subsection (b) is discharged to the extent of any loss  caused by the delay in giving notice of the claim.(d) A cause of action for breach of warranty under this Section accrues  when the claimant has reason to know of the breach.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/3-418
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-418)Sec. 3-418.     Payment or acceptance by mistake.(a) Except as provided in subsection (c), if the drawee of a draft pays  or accepts the draft and the drawee acted on the mistaken belief that (i)  payment of the draft had not been stopped under Section 4-403 or (ii) the  signature of the drawer of the draft was authorized, the drawee  may recover the amount of the draft from the person to whom or for whose  benefit payment was made or, in the case of acceptance, may revoke the  acceptance.  Rights of the drawee under this subsection are not affected by  failure of the drawee to exercise ordinary care in paying or accepting  the draft.(b) Except as provided in subsection (c), if an instrument has been paid  or accepted by mistake and the case is not covered by subsection (a), the  person paying or accepting may, to the extent permitted by the law  governing mistake and restitution, (i) recover the payment from the person  to whom or for whose benefit payment was made or (ii) in the case of  acceptance, may revoke the acceptance.(c) The remedies provided by subsection (a) or (b) may not be asserted  against a person who took the instrument in good faith and for value or who  in good faith changed position in reliance on the payment or acceptance.  This subsection does not limit remedies provided by Section 3-417 or 4-407.(d) Notwithstanding Section 4-215, if an instrument is paid or accepted  by mistake and the payor or acceptor recovers payment or revokes acceptance  under subsection (a) or (b), the instrument is deemed not to have been paid  or accepted and is treated as dishonored, and the person from whom payment  is recovered has rights as a person entitled to enforce the dishonored  instrument.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/3-419
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-419)Sec. 3-419.     Instruments signed for accommodation.(a) If an instrument is issued for value given for the benefit of a  party to the instrument ("accommodated party") and another party to the  instrument ("accommodation party") signs the instrument for the purpose of  incurring liability on the instrument without being a direct beneficiary of  the value given for the instrument, the instrument is signed by the  accommodation party "for accommodation".(b) An accommodation party may sign the instrument as maker, drawer,  acceptor, or indorser and, subject to subsection (d), is obliged to pay the  instrument in the capacity in which the accommodation party signs.  The  obligation of an accommodation party may be enforced notwithstanding any  statute of frauds and whether or not the accommodation  party receives consideration for the accommodation.(c) A person signing an instrument is presumed to be an accommodation  party and there is notice that the instrument is signed for accommodation  if the signature is an anomalous indorsement or is accompanied by words  indicating that the signer is acting as surety or guarantor with respect to  the obligation of another party to the instrument.  Except as provided in  Section 3-605, the obligation of an accommodation party to pay the  instrument is not affected by the fact that the person enforcing the  obligation had notice when the instrument was taken by that person that the  accommodation party signed the instrument for accommodation.(d) If the signature of a party to an instrument is accompanied by words  indicating unambiguously that the party is guaranteeing collection rather  than payment of the obligation of another party to the instrument, the  signer is obliged to pay the amount due on the instrument to a person  entitled to enforce the instrument only if (i) execution of judgment  against the other party has been returned unsatisfied, (ii) the other party  is insolvent or in an insolvency proceeding, (iii) the other party cannot  be served with process, or (iv) it is otherwise apparent that payment  cannot be obtained from the other party.(e) An accommodation party who pays the instrument is entitled to  reimbursement from the accommodated party and is entitled to enforce the  instrument against the accommodated party.  An accommodated party that pays  the instrument has no right of recourse against, and is not entitled to  contribution from, an accommodation party.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/3-420
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 (from Ch. 26, par. 3-420)Sec. 3-420.     Conversion of instrument.(a) The law applicable to conversion of personal property applies to  instruments.  An instrument is also converted if it is taken by transfer,  other than a negotiation, from a person not entitled to enforce the instrument  or a bank makes or obtains payment with respect to the instrument for a person  not entitled to enforce the instrument or receive payment.  An action for  conversion of an instrument may not be brought by (i) the issuer or acceptor of  the instrument or (ii) a payee or indorsee who did not receive delivery of the  instrument either directly or through delivery to an agent or a co-payee.(b) In an action under subsection (a), the measure of liability is  presumed to be the amount payable on the instrument, but recovery may not  exceed the amount of the plaintiff's interest in the instrument.(c) A representative, other than a depositary bank, that has in good  faith dealt with an instrument or its proceeds on behalf of one who was not  the person entitled to enforce the instrument is not liable in conversion  to that person beyond the amount of any proceeds that it has not paid out.    (Source: P.A. 87-582; 87-1135.)
810 ILCS 5/Art. 3 Pt. 5 heading
2021 Illinois Compiled Statutes|Chapter 810 - COMMERCIAL CODE|810 ILCS 5/ - Uniform Commercial Code.|Article 3 - Negotiable Instruments

 PART 5.      DISHONOR