reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
MT Code § 30-3-415 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 4. Liability of Parties|30-3-415. Instruments signed for accommodation

  30-3-415. Instruments signed for accommodation. (1) If an instrument is issued for value given for the benefit of a party to the instrument ("accommodated party") and another party to the instrument ("accommodation party") signs the instrument for the purpose of incurring liability on the instrument without being a direct beneficiary of the value given for the instrument, the instrument is signed by the accommodation party "for accommodation".   (2) An accommodation party may sign the instrument as maker, drawer, acceptor, or indorser and, subject to subsection (4), is obliged to pay the instrument in the capacity in which the accommodation party signs. The obligation of an accommodation party may be enforced notwithstanding any statute of frauds and regardless of whether the accommodation party receives consideration for the accommodation.   (3) A person signing an instrument is presumed to be an accommodation party and there is notice that the instrument is signed for accommodation if the signature is an anomalous indorsement or is accompanied by words indicating that the signer is acting as surety or guarantor with respect to the obligation of another party to the instrument. Except as provided in 30-3-607, the obligation of an accommodation party to pay the instrument is not affected by the fact that the person enforcing the obligation had notice when the instrument was taken by that person that the accommodation party signed the instrument for accommodation.   (4) If the signature of a party to an instrument is accompanied by words indicating unambiguously that the party is guaranteeing collection rather than payment of the obligation of another party to the instrument, the signer is obliged to pay the amount due on the instrument to a person entitled to enforce the instrument only if:   (a) execution of judgment against the other party has been returned unsatisfied;   (b) the other party is insolvent or in an insolvency proceeding;   (c) the other party cannot be served with process; or   (d) it is otherwise apparent that payment cannot be obtained from the party whose obligation is guaranteed.   (5) An accommodation party that pays the instrument is entitled to reimbursement from the accommodated party and is entitled to enforce the instrument against the accommodated party. An accommodated party that pays the instrument has no right of recourse against, and is not entitled to contribution from, an accommodation party.   History: En. Sec. 3-415, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-415; amd. Sec. 140, Ch. 410, L. 1991; amd. Sec. 53, Ch. 10, L. 1993.
MT Code § 30-3-416 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 4. Liability of Parties|30-3-416. Repealed

  30-3-416. Repealed. Sec. 230, Ch. 410, L. 1991.   History: En. Sec. 3-416, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-416.
MT Code § 30-3-417 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 4. Liability of Parties|30-3-417. Transfer warranties

  30-3-417. Transfer warranties. (1) A person who transfers an instrument for consideration warrants to the transferee and, if the transfer is by indorsement, to any subsequent transferee that:   (a) the warrantor is a person entitled to enforce the instrument;   (b) all signatures on the instrument are authentic and authorized;   (c) the instrument has not been altered;   (d) the instrument is not subject to a defense or claim in recoupment (30-3-305(1)) of any party that can be asserted against the warrantor; and   (e) the warrantor has no knowledge of any insolvency proceeding commenced with respect to the maker or acceptor or, in the case of an unaccepted draft, the drawer.   (2) A person to whom the warranties under subsection (1) are made and who took the instrument in good faith may recover from the warrantor as damages for breach of warranty an amount equal to the loss suffered as a result of the breach, but not more than the amount of the instrument plus expenses and loss of interest incurred as a result of the breach.   (3) The warranties stated in subsection (1) cannot be disclaimed with respect to checks. Unless notice of a claim for breach of warranty is given to the warrantor within 30 days after the claimant has reason to know of the breach and the identity of the warrantor, the warrantor is discharged to the extent of any loss caused by the delay in giving notice of the claim.   (4) A cause of action for breach of warranty under this section accrues when the claimant has reason to know of the breach.   History: En. Sec. 3-417, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-417; amd. Sec. 141, Ch. 410, L. 1991.
MT Code § 30-3-418 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 4. Liability of Parties|30-3-418. Repealed

  30-3-418. Repealed. Sec. 230, Ch. 410, L. 1991.   History: En. Sec. 3-418, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-418.
MT Code § 30-3-419 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 4. Liability of Parties|30-3-419. Conversion of instrument

  30-3-419. Conversion of instrument. (1) The law applicable to conversion of personal property applies to instruments. An instrument is also converted if the instrument lacks an indorsement necessary for negotiation and it is purchased or taken for collection or the drawee takes the instrument and makes payment to a person not entitled to receive payment. An action for conversion of an instrument may not be brought by:   (a) the maker, drawer, or acceptor of an instrument; or   (b) a payee or indorsee who did not receive delivery of the instrument either directly or through delivery to an agent or copayee.   (2) In an action under subsection (1), the measure of liability is presumed to be the amount payable on the instrument, but recovery may not exceed the amount of the plaintiff's interest in the instrument.   (3) A representative, other than a depositary bank, that has in good faith dealt with an instrument or its proceeds on behalf of one who was not the person entitled to enforce the instrument is not liable in conversion to that person beyond the amount of any proceeds that it has not paid out.   History: En. Sec. 3-419, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-419; amd. Sec. 144, Ch. 410, L. 1991.
MT Code § 30-3-420 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 4. Liability of Parties|30-3-420. Employer responsibility for fraudulent indorsement by employee

  30-3-420. Employer responsibility for fraudulent indorsement by employee. (1) This section applies to fraudulent indorsements of instruments with respect to which an employer has entrusted an employee with responsibility as part of the employee's duties. The following definitions apply to this section:   (a) "Employee" includes, in addition to an employee of an employer, an independent contractor and employee of an independent contractor retained by the employer.   (b) "Fraudulent indorsement" means:   (i) in the case of an instrument payable to the employer, a forged indorsement purporting to be that of the employer; or   (ii) in the case of an instrument with respect to which the employer is drawer or maker, a forged indorsement purporting to be that of the person identified as payee.   (c) (i) "Responsibility" with respect to instruments means authority to:   (A) sign or indorse instruments on behalf of the employer;   (B) process instruments received by the employer for bookkeeping purposes, for deposit to an account, or for other disposition;   (C) prepare or process instruments for issue in the name of the employer;   (D) supply information determining the names or addresses of payees of instruments to be issued in the name of the employer;   (E) control the disposition of instruments to be issued in the name of the employer; or   (F) otherwise act with respect to instruments in a responsible capacity.   (ii) The term does not include the assignment of duties that merely allows an employee to have access to instruments or blank or incomplete instrument forms that are being stored or transported or are part of incoming or outgoing mail, or similar access.   (2) For purposes of determining the rights and liabilities of a person who in good faith pays an instrument or takes it for value or for collection, if an employee entrusted with responsibility with respect to the instrument or a person acting in concert with the employee makes a fraudulent indorsement to the instrument, the indorsement is effective as the indorsement of the person to whom the instrument is payable if it is made in the name of that person. If the person paying the instrument or taking it for value or for collection fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking the instrument and that failure substantially contributes to loss resulting from the fraud, the person bearing the loss may recover from the person failing to exercise ordinary care to the extent the failure to exercise ordinary care contributed to the loss.   (3) Under subsection (2), an indorsement is made in the name of the person to whom an instrument is payable if:   (a) it is made in a name substantially similar to the name of that person; or   (b) the instrument, whether or not indorsed, is deposited in a depositary bank to an account in a name substantially similar to the name of that person.   History: En. Sec. 129, Ch. 410, L. 1991.
MT Code § 30-3-421 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 4. Liability of Parties|30-3-421. Refusal to pay cashier's checks, teller's checks, and certified checks

  30-3-421. Refusal to pay cashier's checks, teller's checks, and certified checks. (1) In this section, "obligated bank" means the acceptor of a certified check or the issuer of a cashier's check or teller's check bought from the issuer.   (2) If the obligated bank wrongfully refuses to pay a cashier's check or certified check, stops payment of a teller's check, or refuses to pay a dishonored teller's check, the person asserting the right to enforce the check is entitled to compensation for expenses and loss of interest resulting from the nonpayment and may recover consequential damages if the obligated bank refuses to pay after receiving notice of particular circumstances giving rise to the damages.   (3) Expenses or consequential damages under subsection (2) are not recoverable if the refusal of the obligated bank to pay occurs because:   (a) the bank suspends payments;   (b) the obligated bank is asserting a claim or defense of the bank that it has reasonable grounds to believe is available against the person entitled to enforce the instrument;   (c) the obligated bank has a reasonable doubt whether the person demanding payment is the person entitled to enforce the instrument; or   (d) payment is prohibited by law.   History: En. Sec. 135, Ch. 410, L. 1991.
MT Code § 30-3-422 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 4. Liability of Parties|30-3-422. Obligation of acceptor

  30-3-422. Obligation of acceptor. (1) An acceptor of a draft is obliged to pay the draft:   (a) according to its terms at the time it was accepted, even though the acceptance states that the draft is payable "as originally drawn" or equivalent terms;   (b) if the acceptance varies the terms of the draft, according to the terms of the draft as varied; or   (c) if the acceptance is of a draft that is an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed as stated in 30-3-115 and 30-3-407.   (2) The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the draft or to the drawer or an indorser that paid the draft pursuant to 30-3-423 or 30-3-414.   (3) If the certification of a check or other acceptance of a draft states the amount certified or accepted, the obligation of the acceptor is that amount. The obligation of the acceptor is the amount of the instrument at the time it was negotiated to the holder in due course if:   (a) the certification or acceptance does not state an amount;   (b) the instrument is subsequently altered by raising its amount; and   (c) the instrument is then negotiated to a holder in due course.   History: En. Sec. 137, Ch. 410, L. 1991.
MT Code § 30-3-423 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 4. Liability of Parties|30-3-423. Obligation of drawer

  30-3-423. Obligation of drawer. (1) If an unaccepted draft is dishonored, the drawer is obliged to pay the draft:   (a) according to its terms at the time it was issued or, if not issued, at the time it first came into possession of a holder; or   (b) if the drawer signed an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed as stated in 30-3-115 and 30-3-407.   (2) The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the draft or to an indorser that paid the draft pursuant to 30-3-414.   (3) If a draft is accepted by a bank and the acceptor dishonors the draft, the drawer has no obligation to pay the draft because of the dishonor, regardless of when or by whom acceptance was obtained.   (4) If a draft is accepted and the acceptor is not a bank, the obligation of the drawer to pay the draft if the draft is dishonored by the acceptor is the same as the obligation of an indorser stated in 30-3-414(1) and (3).   (5) Words in a draft indicating that the draft is drawn without recourse are effective to disclaim all liability of the drawer to pay the draft if the draft is not a check, but they are not effective to disclaim the obligation stated in subsection (1) if the draft is a check.   (6) The drawer to the extent deprived of funds may discharge its obligation to pay the check by assigning to the person entitled to enforce the check the rights of the drawer against the drawee with respect to the funds if:   (a) a check is not presented for payment or given to a depositary bank for collection within 30 days after its date;   (b) the drawee suspends payments after expiration of the 30-day period without paying the check; and   (c) because of the suspension of payments, the drawer is deprived of funds maintained with the drawee to cover payment of the check.   History: En. Sec. 138, Ch. 410, L. 1991.
MT Code § 30-3-425 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 4. Liability of Parties|30-3-425. Payment or acceptance by mistake

  30-3-425. Payment or acceptance by mistake. (1) Except as provided in subsection (3), if the drawee of a draft pays or accepts the draft and the drawee acted on the mistaken belief that payment of the draft had not been stopped under 30-4-403, the signature of the purported drawer of the draft was authorized, or the balance in the drawer's account with the drawee represented available funds, the drawee may recover the amount paid for the person to whom or for whose benefit payment was made or, in the case of acceptance, may revoke the acceptance. Rights of the drawee under this subsection are not affected by failure of the drawee to exercise ordinary care in paying or accepting the draft.   (2) Except as provided in subsection (3), if an instrument has been paid or accepted by mistake and the case is not covered by subsection (1), the person paying or accepting may recover the amount paid or revoke acceptance to the extent allowed by the law governing mistake and restitution.   (3) The remedies provided by subsection (1) or (2) may not be asserted against a person who took the instrument in good faith and for value. This subsection does not limit remedies provided by 30-3-424 for breach of warranty.   History: En. Sec. 143, Ch. 410, L. 1991.
MT Code § 30-3-501 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 5. Presentment, Notice of Dishonor, and Protest|30-3-501. Repealed

  30-3-501. Repealed. Sec. 230, Ch. 410, L. 1991.   History: En. Sec. 3-501, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-501.
MT Code § 30-3-502 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 5. Presentment, Notice of Dishonor, and Protest|30-3-502. Repealed

  30-3-502. Repealed. Sec. 230, Ch. 410, L. 1991.   History: En. Sec. 3-502, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-502.
MT Code § 30-3-503 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 5. Presentment, Notice of Dishonor, and Protest|30-3-503. Repealed

  30-3-503. Repealed. Sec. 230, Ch. 410, L. 1991.   History: En. Sec. 3-503, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-503.
MT Code § 30-3-504 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 5. Presentment, Notice of Dishonor, and Protest|30-3-504. Presentment

  30-3-504. Presentment. (1) "Presentment" means a demand:   (a) to pay an instrument made to the maker, drawee, or acceptor or, in the case of a note of accepted draft payable at a bank, to the bank; or   (b) to accept a draft made to the drawee by a person entitled to enforce the instrument.   (2) Subject to chapter 4, agreement of the parties, clearing house rules and the like:   (a) presentment may be made at the place of payment of the instrument and must be made at the place of payment if the instrument is payable at a bank in the United States; may be made by any commercially reasonable means, including an oral, written, or electronic communication; is effective when the demand for payment or acceptance is received by the person to whom presentment is made; is effective if made to any one of two or more makers, acceptors, drawees, or other payors; and   (b) without dishonoring the instrument, the party to whom presentment is made may:   (i) treat presentment as occurring on the next business day after the day of presentment if the party to whom presentment is made has established a cutoff hour not earlier than 2 p.m. for the receipt and processing of instruments presented for payment or acceptance and presentment is made after the cutoff hour;   (ii) require exhibition of the instrument;   (iii) require reasonable identification of the person making presentment and evidence of authority to make it if made on behalf of another person;   (iv) require a signed receipt on the instrument for any payment made or surrender of the instrument if full payment is made;   (v) return the instrument for lack of a necessary indorsement; or   (vi) refuse payment or acceptance for failure of the presentment to comply with the terms of the instrument, an agreement of the parties, or other law or applicable rule.   History: En. Sec. 3-504, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-504; amd. Sec. 145, Ch. 410, L. 1991.
MT Code § 30-3-505 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 5. Presentment, Notice of Dishonor, and Protest|30-3-505. Repealed

  30-3-505. Repealed. Sec. 230, Ch. 410, L. 1991.   History: En. Sec. 3-505, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-505.
MT Code § 30-3-506 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 5. Presentment, Notice of Dishonor, and Protest|30-3-506. Repealed

  30-3-506. Repealed. Sec. 230, Ch. 410, L. 1991.   History: En. Sec. 3-506, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-506.
MT Code § 30-3-507 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 5. Presentment, Notice of Dishonor, and Protest|30-3-507. Repealed

  30-3-507. Repealed. Sec. 230, Ch. 410, L. 1991.   History: En. Sec. 3-507, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-507.
MT Code § 30-3-508 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 5. Presentment, Notice of Dishonor, and Protest|30-3-508. Notice of dishonor

  30-3-508. Notice of dishonor. (1) The obligation of an indorser stated in 30-3-414(1) and the obligation of a drawer stated in 30-3-423(3) may not be enforced unless:   (a) the indorser or drawer is given notice of dishonor of the instrument complying with this section; or   (b) notice of dishonor is excused under 30-3-513(3).   (2) Notice of dishonor may be given to any person; may be given by any commercially reasonable means, including an oral, written, or electronic communication; and is sufficient if it reasonably identifies the instrument and indicates that the instrument has been dishonored or has not been paid or accepted. Return of an instrument given to a bank for collection is a sufficient notice of dishonor.   (3) Subject to 30-3-513(4), with respect to an instrument taken for collection by a collecting bank, notice of dishonor must be given by a bank before midnight of the next banking day following the banking day on which the bank receives notice of dishonor of the instrument and by any other person within 30 days following the day on which the person receives notice of dishonor. With respect to any other instrument, notice of dishonor must be given within 30 days following the day on which dishonor occurs.   History: En. Sec. 3-508, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-508; amd. Sec. 147, Ch. 410, L. 1991.
MT Code § 30-3-509 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 5. Presentment, Notice of Dishonor, and Protest|30-3-509. Repealed

  30-3-509. Repealed. Sec. 230, Ch. 410, L. 1991.   History: En. Sec. 3-509, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-509.
MT Code § 30-3-510 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 5. Presentment, Notice of Dishonor, and Protest|30-3-510. Evidence of dishonor

  30-3-510. Evidence of dishonor. (1) The following are admissible as evidence and create a presumption of dishonor and of any notice of dishonor stated:   (a) a document regular in form as provided in subsection (2) that purports to be a protest;   (b) the purported stamp or writing of the drawee, payor bank, or presenting bank on or accompanying the instrument stating that acceptance or payment has been refused unless reasons for the refusal are stated and the reasons are not consistent with dishonor;   (c) a book or record of the drawee, payor bank, or collecting bank, kept in the usual course of business that shows dishonor, even if there is no evidence of who made the entry.   (2) A protest is a certificate of dishonor made by a United States consul or vice consul or a notary public or other person authorized to administer oaths by the law of the place where dishonor occurs. It may be made upon information satisfactory to that person. The protest must identify the instrument and certify either that presentment has been made or, if not made, the reason why it was not made and that the instrument has been dishonored by nonacceptance or nonpayment. The protest may also certify that notice of dishonor has been given to some or all parties.   History: En. Sec. 3-510, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-510; amd. Sec. 149, Ch. 410, L. 1991.
MT Code § 30-3-511 (2021)
2021 Montana Code Annotated|Title 30. Trade and Commerce|Chapter 3. Uniform Commercial Code Negotiable Instruments|Part 5. Presentment, Notice of Dishonor, and Protest|30-3-511. Repealed

  30-3-511. Repealed. Sec. 230, Ch. 410, L. 1991.   History: En. Sec. 3-511, Ch. 264, L. 1963; R.C.M. 1947, 87A-3-511.