reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
GA Code § 11-8-112 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 1 - Short Title and General Matters|§ 11-8-112. Creditor's Legal Process

  The interest of a debtor in a certificated security may be reached by a creditor only by actual seizure of the security certificate by the officer making the attachment or levy, except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this Code section. However, a certificated security for which the certificate has been surrendered to the issuer may be reached by a creditor by legal process upon the issuer.   The interest of a debtor in an uncertificated security may be reached by a creditor only by legal process upon the issuer at its chief executive office in the United States, except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this Code section.   The interest of a debtor in a security entitlement may be reached by a creditor only by legal process upon the securities intermediary with whom the debtor's securities account is maintained, except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this Code section.   The interest of a debtor in a certificated security for which the certificate is in the possession of a secured party, or in an uncertificated security registered in the name of a secured party, or a security entitlement maintained in the name of a secured party, may be reached by a creditor by legal process upon the secured party.   A creditor whose debtor is the owner of a certificated security, uncertificated security, or security entitlement is entitled to aid from a court of competent jurisdiction, by injunction or otherwise, in reaching the certificated security, uncertificated security, or security entitlement or in satisfying the claim by means allowed at law or in equity in regard to property that cannot readily be reached by other legal process.     (Code 1981, §11-8-112, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-112.
GA Code § 11-8-114 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 1 - Short Title and General Matters|§ 11-8-114. Evidentiary Rules Concerning Certificated Securities

 The following rules apply in an action on a certificated security against the issuer:    Unless specifically denied in the pleadings, each signature on a security certificate or in a necessary indorsement is admitted.   If the effectiveness of a signature is put in issue, the burden of establishing effectiveness is on the party claiming under the signature, but the signature is presumed to be genuine or authorized.   If signatures on a security certificate are admitted or established, production of the certificate entitles a holder to recover on it unless the defendant establishes a defense or a defect going to the validity of the security.   If it is shown that a defense or defect exists, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing that the plaintiff or some person under whom the plaintiff claims is a person against whom the defense or defect cannot be asserted.     (Code 1981, §11-8-114, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-114.   ALR.   - Right or duty of corporation to refuse to transfer stock on presentation of properly indorsed certificate, because of conflicting rights or claims of one other than transferee, 75 A.L.R.2d 746.
GA Code § 11-8-115 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 1 - Short Title and General Matters|§ 11-8-115. Securities Intermediary and Others Not Liable to Adverse Claimant

 A securities intermediary that has transferred a financial asset pursuant to an effective entitlement order, or a broker or other agent or bailee that has dealt with a financial asset at the direction of its customer or principal, is not liable to a person having an adverse claim to the financial asset, unless the securities intermediary, or broker or other agent or bailee:    Took the action after it had been served with an injunction, restraining order, or other legal process enjoining it from doing so, issued by a court of competent jurisdiction, and had a reasonable opportunity to act on the injunction, restraining order, or other legal process; or   Acted in collusion with the wrongdoer in violating the rights of the adverse claimant; or   In the case of a security certificate that has been stolen, acted with notice of the adverse claim.     (Code 1981, §11-8-115, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-115.
GA Code § 11-8-116 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 1 - Short Title and General Matters|§ 11-8-116. Securities Intermediary as Purchaser for Value

 A securities intermediary that receives a financial asset and establishes a security entitlement to the financial asset in favor of an entitlement holder is a purchaser for value of the financial asset. A securities intermediary that acquires a security entitlement to a financial asset from another securities intermediary acquires the security entitlement for value if the securities intermediary acquiring the security entitlement establishes a security entitlement to the financial asset in favor of an entitlement holder.    (Code 1981, §11-8-116, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-116.
GA Code § 11-8-201 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 2 - Issue and Issuer|§ 11-8-201. Issuer

  With respect to an obligation on or a defense to a security, an "issuer" includes a person that:   Places or authorizes the placing of its name on a security certificate, other than as authenticating trustee, registrar, transfer agent, or the like, to evidence a share, participation, or other interest in its property or in an enterprise, or to evidence its duty to perform an obligation represented by the certificate;   Creates a share, participation, or other interest in its property or in an enterprise, or undertakes an obligation, that is an uncertificated security;   Directly or indirectly creates a fractional interest in its rights or property, if the fractional interest is represented by a security certificate; or   Becomes responsible for, or in place of, another person described as an issuer in this section.     With respect to an obligation on or defense to a security, a guarantor is an issuer to the extent of its guaranty, whether or not its obligation is noted on a security certificate.   With respect to a registration of a transfer, issuer means a person on whose behalf transfer books are maintained.     (Code 1981, §11-8-201, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 15A Am. Jur. 2d, Commercial Code, § 76.   C.J.S.   - 18 C.J.S., Corporations, § 217. 19 C.J.S., Corporations, §§ 664, 665. 64A C.J.S., Municipal Corporations, § 1701. 81A C.J.S., States, § 186 et seq.   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-201.   ALR.    - Legal aspects of transactions in securities "when issued" or "when, as and if" issued, 88 A.L.R. 311.
GA Code § 11-8-203 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 2 - Issue and Issuer|§ 11-8-203. Staleness as Notice of Defect or Defense

 After an act or event, other than a call that has been revoked, creating a right to immediate performance of the principal obligation represented by a certificated security or setting a date on or after which the security is to be presented or surrendered for redemption or exchange, a purchaser is charged with notice of any defect in its issue or defense of the issuer, if the act or event:    Requires the payment of money, the delivery of a certificated security, the registration of transfer of an uncertificated security, or any of them on presentation or surrender of the security certificate, the money or security is available on the date set for payment or exchange, and the purchaser takes the security more than one year after that date; or   Is not covered by paragraph (1) of this Code section and the purchaser takes the security more than two years after the date set for surrender or presentation or the date on which performance became due.     (Code 1981, §11-8-203, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 15A Am. Jur. 2d, Commercial Code, §§ 82, 83, 99. 18 Am. Jur. 2d, Corporations, § 282.   C.J.S.   - 19 C.J.S., Corporations, § 694. 64A C.J.S., Municipal Corporations, § 1715. 81A C.J.S., States, § 190.   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-203.   ALR.    - Time factor in purchase or sale of corporate stock under contract not fixing a definite time for demand or performance, 144 A.L.R. 895.
GA Code § 11-8-205 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 2 - Issue and Issuer|§ 11-8-205. Effect of Unauthorized Signature on Security Certificate

 An unauthorized signature placed on a security certificate before or in the course of issue is ineffective, but the signature is effective in favor of a purchaser for value of the certificated security if the purchaser is without notice of the lack of authority and the signing has been done by:    An authenticating trustee, registrar, transfer agent, or other person entrusted by the issuer with the signing of the security certificate or of similar security certificates, or the immediate preparation for signing of any of them; or   An employee of the issuer, or of any of the persons listed in paragraph (1) of this Code section, entrusted with responsible handling of the security certificate.     (Code 1981, §11-8-205, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 15A Am. Jur. 2d, Commercial Code, § 83. 18 Am. Jur. 2d, Corporations, § 254.   C.J.S.   - 19 C.J.S., Corporations, § 667. 64A C.J.S., Municipal Corporations, §§ 1723, 1724. 81A C.J.S., States, § 190.   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-205.
GA Code § 11-8-206 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 2 - Issue and Issuer|§ 11-8-206. Completion or Alteration of Security Certificate

  If a security certificate contains the signatures necessary to its issue or transfer but is incomplete in any other respect:   Any person may complete it by filling in the blanks as authorized; and   Even if the blanks are incorrectly filled in, the security certificate as completed is enforceable by a purchaser who took it for value and without notice of the incorrectness.     A complete security certificate that has been improperly altered, even if fraudulently, remains enforceable, but only according to its original terms.     (Code 1981, §11-8-206, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 4 Am. Jur. 2d, Alteration of Instruments, § 28. 15A Am. Jur. 2d, Commercial Code, §§ 84, 85.   C.J.S.   - 3A C.J.S., Alteration of Instruments, § 1 et seq. 18 C.J.S., Corporations, § 141. 19 C.J.S., Corporations, § 662. 64A C.J.S., Municipal Corporations, §§ 1723, 1724. 81A C.J.S., States, § 190.   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-206.   ALR.    - Burden of proof as to alteration not apparent on face of instrument, 31 A.L.R. 1455.    Uniform Stock Transfer Act as applicable to shares in savings and loan associations or building and loan associations, 143 A.L.R. 1152.
GA Code § 11-8-207 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 2 - Issue and Issuer|§ 11-8-207. Rights and Duties of Issuer With Respect to Registered Owners

  Before due presentment for registration of transfer of a certificated security in registered form or of an instruction requesting registration of transfer of an uncertificated security, the issuer or indenture trustee may treat the registered owner as the person exclusively entitled to vote, receive notifications, and otherwise exercise all the rights and powers of an owner.   This article does not affect the liability of the registered owner of a security for a call, assessment, or the like.     (Code 1981, §11-8-207, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 15A Am. Jur. 2d, Commercial Code, § 86. 18 Am. Jur. 2d, Corporations, § 413. 19 Am. Jur. 2d, Corporations, § 896.   C.J.S.   - 18 C.J.S., Corporations, § 383.   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-207.   ALR.    - Title to securities in possession of broker (or his pledgee) who has purchased them for or sold them to customer, 41 A.L.R. 1254.    Stockholders' statutory liability as assignable or subject to sale, 82 A.L.R. 1285; 159 A.L.R. 1114.    Uniform Stock Transfer Act as applicable to shares in savings and loan associations or building and loan associations, 143 A.L.R. 1152.   Construction and effect of UCC § 8-207(1) allowing issuer of investment security to treat registered owner as entitled to owner's rights until presentment for registration of transfer, 21 A.L.R.4th 879.
GA Code § 11-8-208 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 2 - Issue and Issuer|§ 11-8-208. Effect of Signature of Authenticating Trustee, Registrar, or Transfer Agent

  A person signing a security certificate as authenticating trustee, registrar, transfer agent, or the like, warrants to a purchaser for value of the certificated security, if the purchaser is without notice of a particular defect, that:   The certificate is genuine;   The person's own participation in the issue of the security is within the person's capacity and within the scope of the authority received by the person from the issuer; and   The person has reasonable grounds to believe that the certificated security is in the form and within the amount the issuer is authorized to issue.     Unless otherwise agreed, a person signing under subsection (a) of this Code section does not assume responsibility for the validity of the security in other respects.     (Code 1981, §11-8-208, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 15A Am. Jur. 2d, Commercial Code, §§ 77, 78.   C.J.S.   - 19 C.J.S., Corporations, § 670.   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-208.
GA Code § 11-8-209 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 2 - Issue and Issuer|§ 11-8-209. Issuer's Lien

 A lien in favor of an issuer upon a certificated security is valid against a purchaser only if the right of the issuer to the lien is noted conspicuously on the security certificate.    (Code 1981, §11-8-209, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-209.
GA Code § 11-8-210 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 2 - Issue and Issuer|§ 11-8-210. Overissue

  In this Code section, "overissue" means the issue of securities in excess of the amount the issuer has corporate power to issue, but an overissue does not occur if appropriate action has cured the overissue.   Except as otherwise provided in subsections (c) and (d) of this Code section, the provisions of this article which validate a security or compel its issue or reissue do not apply to the extent that validation, issue, or reissue would result in overissue.   If an identical security not constituting an overissue is reasonably available for purchase, a person entitled to issue or validation may compel the issuer to purchase the security and deliver it if certificated or register its transfer if uncertificated, against surrender of any security certificate the person holds.   If a security is not reasonably available for purchase, a person entitled to issue or validation may recover from the issuer the price the person or the last purchaser for value paid for it with interest from the date of the person's demand.     (Code 1981, §11-8-210, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 15A Am. Jur. 2d, Commercial Code, §§ 78, 117. 18 Am. Jur. 2d, Corporations, §§ 230, 231.   C.J.S.   - 18 C.J.S., Corporations, § 197 et seq. 64A C.J.S., Municipal Corporations, § 1701 et seq. 81A C.J.S., States, § 186 et seq.   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-210.
GA Code § 11-8-301 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 3 - Transfer of Certificated and Uncertificated Securities|§ 11-8-301. Delivery

  Delivery of a certificated security to a purchaser occurs when:   The purchaser acquires possession of the security certificate;   Another person, other than a securities intermediary, either acquires possession of the security certificate on behalf of the purchaser or, having previously acquired possession of the certificate, acknowledges that it holds for the purchaser; or   A securities intermediary acting on behalf of the purchaser acquires possession of the security certificate, only if the certificate is in registered form and (i) registered in the name of the purchaser, (ii) payable to the order of the purchaser, or (iii) specially indorsed to the purchaser by an effective indorsement and has not been indorsed to the securities intermediary or in blank.     Delivery of an uncertificated security to a purchaser occurs when:   The issuer registers the purchaser as the registered owner, upon original issue or registration of transfer; or   Another person, other than a securities intermediary, either becomes the registered owner of the uncertificated security on behalf of the purchaser or, having previously become the registered owner, acknowledges that it holds for the purchaser.       (Code 1981, §11-8-301, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1; Ga. L. 2001, p. 362, § 20.)    The 2001 amendment,  effective July 1, 2001, in paragraph (a)(3), substituted "(i) registered in the name of the purchaser, (ii) payable to the order of the purchaser, or (iii)" for "has been" near the middle and added "and has not been indorsed to the securities intermediary or in blank" at the end.   RESEARCH REFERENCES   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-301.   ALR.    - Rights of owner and bona fide purchaser of lost or stolen stock certificates, 52 A.L.R. 947.    Respective rights of owner of certificate of stock who intrusts it to a third person and a purchaser from the latter under a forged transfer or endorsement, 54 A.L.R. 353.    Necessity and sufficiency of appropriation to pass title on sale of corporate stock or securities, 78 A.L.R. 1019.    Right of purchaser of stolen bonds, 102 A.L.R. 28.    Right or duty of corporation to refuse to transfer stock on books to one presenting properly endorsed certificate, because of knowledge or suspicion of conflicting rights of registered holder or of third person, 139 A.L.R. 273; 75 A.L.R.2d 746.    Uniform Stock Transfer Act as applicable to shares in savings and loan associations or building and loan associations, 143 A.L.R. 1152.
GA Code § 11-8-302 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 3 - Transfer of Certificated and Uncertificated Securities|§ 11-8-302. Rights of Purchaser

  Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this Code section, a purchaser of a certificated or uncertificated security acquires all rights in the security that the transferor had or had power to transfer.   A purchaser of a limited interest acquires rights only to the extent of the interest purchased.   A purchaser of a certificated security who as a previous holder had notice of an adverse claim does not improve its position by taking from a protected purchaser.     (Code 1981, §11-8-302, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1; Ga. L. 2001, p. 362, § 21.)    The 2001 amendment,  effective July 1, 2001, in subsection (a), substituted "a purchaser" for "upon delivery" and deleted "to a purchaser, the purchaser" following "or uncertificated security".   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 15A Am. Jur. 2d, Commercial Code, § 89 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 19 C.J.S., Corporations, § 670. 64A C.J.S., Municipal Corporations, § 1710 et seq. 81A C.J.S., States, § 186 et seq.   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-302.   ALR.    - Rights of owner and bona fide purchaser of lost or stolen stock certificates, 52 A.L.R. 947.   Right or duty of corporation to refuse to transfer stock on presentation of properly indorsed certificate, because of conflicting rights or claims of one other than transferee, 75 A.L.R.2d 746.   Conditions printed on confirmation slips as binding on customers of stock or commodity broker, 71 A.L.R.2d 1089.   Validity of "consent restraint" on transfer of shares of close corporation, 69 A.L.R.3d 1327.
GA Code § 11-8-303 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 3 - Transfer of Certificated and Uncertificated Securities|§ 11-8-303. Protected Purchaser

  "Protected purchaser" means a purchaser of a certificated or uncertificated security, or of an interest therein, who:   Gives value;   Does not have notice of any adverse claim to the security; and   Obtains control of the certificated or uncertificated security.     In addition to acquiring the rights of a purchaser, a protected purchaser also acquires its interest in the security free of any adverse claim.     (Code 1981, §11-8-303, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-303.
GA Code § 11-8-304 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 11 - Commercial Code|Article 8 - Investment Securities|Part 3 - Transfer of Certificated and Uncertificated Securities|§ 11-8-304. Indorsement

  An indorsement may be in blank or special. An indorsement in blank includes an indorsement to bearer. A special indorsement specifies to whom a security is to be transferred or who has power to transfer it. A holder may convert a blank indorsement to a special indorsement.   An indorsement purporting to be only of part of a security certificate representing units intended by the issuer to be separately transferable is effective to the extent of the indorsement.   An indorsement, whether special or in blank, does not constitute a transfer until delivery of the certificate on which it appears or, if the indorsement is on a separate document, until delivery of both the document and the certificate.   If a security certificate in registered form has been delivered to a purchaser without a necessary indorsement, the purchaser may become a protected purchaser only when the indorsement is supplied. However, against a transferor, a transfer is complete upon delivery and the purchaser has a specifically enforceable right to have any necessary indorsement supplied.   An indorsement of a security certificate in bearer form may give notice of an adverse claim to the certificate, but it does not otherwise affect a right to registration that the holder possesses.   Unless otherwise agreed, a person making an indorsement assumes only the obligations provided in Code Section 11-8-108 and not an obligation that the security will be honored by the issuer.     (Code 1981, §11-8-304, enacted by Ga. L. 1998, p. 1323, § 1.)   RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 15A Am. Jur. 2d, Commercial Code, § 106 et seq.   C.J.S.   - 18 C.J.S., Corporations, §§ 229, 276. 19 C.J.S., Corporations, § 670. 64A C.J.S., Municipal Corporations, § 1703. 81A C.J.S., States, § 186.   U.L.A.   - Uniform Commercial Code (U.L.A.) § 8-304.   ALR.    - Rights of owner and bona fide purchaser of lost or stolen stock certificates, 52 A.L.R. 947.