reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
VA Code § 8.9A-514 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 1 - Filing Office, Contents and Effectiveness of Financing Statement|§ 8.9A-514. Assignment of powers of secured party of record

(a) Assignment reflected on initial financing statement. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), an initial financing statement may reflect an assignment of all of the secured party's power to authorize an amendment to the financing statement by providing the name and mailing address of the assignee as the name and address of the secured party.(b) Assignment of filed financing statement. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), a secured party of record may assign of record all or part of its power to authorize an amendment to a financing statement by filing in the filing office an amendment of the financing statement which:(1) identifies, by its file number, the initial financing statement to which it relates;(2) provides the name of the assignor; and(3) provides the name and mailing address of the assignee.(c) Assignment of record of mortgage. An assignment of record of a security interest in a fixture covered by a record of a mortgage which is effective as a financing statement filed as a fixture filing under § 8.9A-502 (c) may be made only by an assignment of record of the mortgage in the manner provided by law of the Commonwealth other than the Uniform Commercial Code.Code 1950, §§ 43-55, 43-65; 1964, c. 219, § 8.9-405; 1973, c. 509; 1975, c. 225; 1977, c. 539; 1978, c. 284; 1982, c. 652; 1984, c. 771; 1988, c. 804; 1990, c. 412; 1992, c. 784; 2000, c. 1007.
VA Code § 8.9A-517 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 1 - Filing Office, Contents and Effectiveness of Financing Statement|§ 8.9A-517. Effect of indexing errors

The failure of the filing office to index a record correctly does not affect the effectiveness of the filed record.2000, c. 1007.
VA Code § 8.9A-518 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 1 - Filing Office, Contents and Effectiveness of Financing Statement|§ 8.9A-518. Claim concerning inaccurate or wrongfully filed record

(a) Statement with respect to record indexed under person's name. A person may file in the filing office an information statement with respect to a record indexed there under the person's name if the person believes that the record is inaccurate or was wrongfully filed.(b) Contents of statement under subsection (a). An information statement under subsection (a) must:(1) identify the record to which it relates by the file number assigned to the initial financing statement to which the record relates;(2) indicate that it is an information statement; and(3) provide the basis for the person's belief that the record is inaccurate and indicate the manner in which the person believes the record should be amended to cure any inaccuracy or provide the basis for the person's belief that the record was wrongfully filed.(c) Statement by secured party of record. A person may file in the filing office an information statement with respect to a record filed there if the person is a secured party of record with respect to the financing statement to which the record relates and believes that the person that filed the record was not entitled to do so under § 8.9A-509(d).(d) Contents of statement under subsection (c). An information statement under subsection (c) must:(1) identify the record to which it relates by the file number assigned to the initial financing statement to which the record relates;(2) indicate that it is an information statement; and(3) provide the basis for the person's belief that the person that filed the record was not entitled to do so under § 8.9A-509(d).(e) Record not affected by information statement. The filing of an information statement does not affect the effectiveness of an initial financing statement or other filed record.2000, c. 1007; 2012, c. 155.
VA Code § 8.9A-520 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 2 - Duties and Operation of Filing Office|§ 8.9A-520. Acceptance and refusal to accept record

(a) Mandatory refusal to accept record. A filing office shall refuse to accept a record for filing for a reason set forth in § 8.9A-516 (b) and may refuse to accept a record for filing only for a reason set forth in § 8.9A-516 (b).(b) Communication concerning refusal. If a filing office refuses to accept a record for filing, it shall communicate to the person that presented the record the fact of and reason for the refusal and the date and time the record would have been filed had the filing office accepted it. The communication must be made at the time and in the manner prescribed by filing-office rule but, in the case of a filing office described in § 8.9A-501 (a) (2), in no event more than five business days after the filing office receives the record.(c) When filed financing statement effective. A filed financing statement satisfying § 8.9A-502 (a) and (b) is effective, even if the filing office is required to refuse to accept it for filing under subsection (a). However, § 8.9A-338 applies to a filed financing statement providing information described in § 8.9A-516 (b) (5) which is incorrect at the time the financing statement is filed.(d) Separate application to multiple debtors. If a record communicated to a filing office provides information that relates to more than one debtor, this part applies as to each debtor separately.2000, c. 1007.
VA Code § 8.9A-521.1 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 2 - Duties and Operation of Filing Office|§ 8.9A-521.1. Format of statements and records

A filing office that accepts written records may not refuse to accept a written initial financing statement, an amendment to a financing statement, or other written record in a form and format promulgated by the State Corporation Commission except for a reason set forth in § 8.9A-516(b).2012, c. 155.
VA Code § 8.9A-522 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 2 - Duties and Operation of Filing Office|§ 8.9A-522. Maintenance and destruction of records

(a) Post-lapse maintenance and retrieval of information. The filing office shall maintain a record of the information provided in a filed financing statement for at least one year after the effectiveness of the financing statement has lapsed under § 8.9A-515 with respect to all secured parties of record. The record must be retrievable by using the name of the debtor and by using the file number assigned to the initial financing statement to which the record relates.(b) Destruction of written records. Except to the extent that a statute governing disposition of public records provides otherwise, the filing office immediately may destroy any written record evidencing a financing statement. However, if the filing office destroys a written record, it shall maintain another record of the financing statement which complies with subsection (a).1964, c. 219, § 8.9-403; 1973, c. 509; 1975, c. 225; 1976, c. 536; 1977, c. 539; 1978, c. 284; 1982, c. 652; 1984, cc. 40, 771; 1985, c. 297; 1988, c. 804; 1990, cc. 89, 412; 1992, c. 784; 2000, c. 1007.
VA Code § 8.9A-523 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 2 - Duties and Operation of Filing Office|§ 8.9A-523. Information from filing office; sale or license of records

(a) Acknowledgment of filing written record. -- If a person that files a written record requests an acknowledgment of the filing, the filing office shall send to the person an image of the record showing the number assigned to the record pursuant to § 8.9A-519 (a) (1) and the date and time of the filing of the record. However, if the person furnishes a copy of the record to the filing office, the filing office may instead:(1) note upon the copy the number assigned to the record pursuant to § 8.9A-519 (a) (1) and the date and time of the filing of the record; and(2) send the copy to the person.(b) Acknowledgment of filing other record. -- If a person files a record other than a written record, the filing office shall communicate to the person an acknowledgment that provides:(1) the information in the record;(2) the number assigned to the record pursuant to § 8.9A-519 (a) (1); and(3) the date and time of the filing of the record.(c) Communication of requested information. -- The filing office shall communicate or otherwise make available in a record the following information to any person that requests it:(1) whether there is on file on a date and time specified by the filing office, but not a date earlier than six business days before the filing office receives the request, any financing statement that:(A) designates a particular debtor or, if the request so states, designates a particular debtor at the address specified in the request;(B) has not lapsed under § 8.9A-515 with respect to all secured parties of record; and(C) if the request so states, has lapsed under § 8.9A-515 and a record of which is maintained by the filing office under § 8.9A-522 (a);(2) the date and time of filing of each financing statement; and(3) the information provided in each financing statement.(d) Medium for communicating information. -- In complying with its duty under subsection (c), the filing office may communicate information in any medium or, in the alternative, may provide the requestor with a list of persons that provide private record research services. However, if requested, the filing office shall communicate information by issuing its written certificate.(e) Timeliness of filing office performance. -- The filing office shall perform the acts required by subsections (a) through (d) at the time and in the manner prescribed by filing-office rule, but not later than five business days after the filing office receives the request.(f) Public availability of records. -- At least weekly, the State Corporation Commission shall offer to sell or license to the public on a nonexclusive basis, in bulk, copies of all records filed in it under this part, in every medium from time to time available to the filing office.2000, c. 1007; 2002, c. 244.
VA Code § 8.9A-524 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 2 - Duties and Operation of Filing Office|§ 8.9A-524. Delay by filing office

Delay by the filing office beyond a time limit prescribed by this part is excused if:(1) the delay is caused by interruption of communication or computer facilities, war, emergency conditions, failure of equipment, or other circumstances beyond control of the filing office; and(2) the filing office exercises reasonable diligence under the circumstances.2000, c. 1007.
VA Code § 8.9A-525 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 2 - Duties and Operation of Filing Office|§ 8.9A-525. Fees

(a) Initial financing statement or other record; general rule. -- Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e), the fee for filing and indexing a record under this part is twenty dollars.(b) [Repealed.](c) Number of names. -- The number of names required to be indexed does not affect the amount of the fee in subsection (a).(d) Response to information request. -- The fee for responding to a request for information from the filing office, other than the State Corporation Commission, including for issuing a certificate showing whether there is on file any financing statement naming a particular debtor, is twenty dollars. The fees for responding to requests for information from the State Corporation Commission made pursuant to this title are governed by § 12.1-21.1.(e) Record of mortgage. -- This section does not require a fee with respect to a record of a mortgage which is effective as a financing statement filed as a fixture filing or as a financing statement covering as-extracted collateral or timber to be cut under § 8.9A-502 (c). However, the recording and satisfaction fees that otherwise would be applicable to the record of the mortgage apply.2000, c. 1007; 2002, c. 71.
VA Code § 8.9A-526 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 2 - Duties and Operation of Filing Office|§ 8.9A-526. Promulgation of rules

(a) The State Corporation Commission shall promulgate and make available to the public such rules as it deems necessary to implement this title. Such rules shall be promulgated in accordance with applicable law.(b) When adopting such rules and establishing filing office practices, the Commission shall make an effort to keep such rules and practices in harmony with the rules and practices of other jurisdictions which enact substantially similar legislation and, to the extent feasible, to keep the technology it uses compatible with the technology used by such other jurisdictions. To this end, the Commission shall consult with such other jurisdictions, and take into account the most recent version of any Model Rules proposed by the International Association of Commercial Administrators, or any successor organization.2000, c. 1007; 2012, c. 155.
VA Code § 8.9A-527 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 2 - Duties and Operation of Filing Office|§ 8.9A-527. Duty to report

The State Corporation Commission may report annually to the Governor and General Assembly on the operation of the filing office. The report may contain a statement of the extent to which:(1) the filing-office rules are not in harmony with the rules of filing offices in other jurisdictions that enact substantially this part and the reasons for these variations; and(2) the filing-office rules are not in harmony with the most recent version of the Model Rules promulgated by the International Association of Commercial Administrators, or any successor organization, and the reasons for these variations.2000, c. 1007; 2012, c. 155.
VA Code § 8.9A-601 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 1 - Default and Enforcement of Security Interest|§ 8.9A-601. Rights after default; judicial enforcement, consignor or buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes

(a) Rights of secured party after default. After default, a secured party has the rights provided in this part and, except as otherwise provided in § 8.9A-602, those provided by agreement of the parties. A secured party:(1) may reduce a claim to judgment, foreclose, or otherwise enforce the claim, security interest, or agricultural lien by any available judicial procedure; and(2) if the collateral is documents, may proceed either as to the documents or as to the goods they cover.(b) Rights and duties of secured party in possession or control. A secured party in possession of collateral or control of collateral under §§ 8.7-106, 8.9A-104, 8.9A-105, 8.9A-106, or § 8.9A-107 has the rights and duties provided in § 8.9A-207.(c) Rights cumulative; simultaneous exercise. The rights under subsections (a) and (b) are cumulative and may be exercised simultaneously.(d) Rights of debtor and obligor. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (g) and § 8.9A-605, after default, a debtor and an obligor have the rights provided in this part and by agreement of the parties.(e) Lien of levy after judgment. If a secured party has reduced its claim to judgment, the lien of any levy that may be made upon the collateral by virtue of an execution based upon the judgment relates back to the earliest of:(1) the date of perfection of the security interest or agricultural lien in the collateral;(2) the date of filing a financing statement covering the collateral; or(3) any date specified in a statute under which the agricultural lien was created.(f) Execution sale. A sale pursuant to an execution is a foreclosure of the security interest or agricultural lien by judicial procedure within the meaning of this section. A secured party may purchase at the sale and thereafter hold the collateral free of any other requirements of this title.(g) Consignor or buyer of certain rights to payment. Except as otherwise provided in § 8.9A-607 (c), this part imposes no duties upon a secured party that is a consignor or is a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes.1964, c. 219, § 8.9-501; 1973, c. 509; 2000, c. 1007; 2004, c. 200.
VA Code § 8.9A-602 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 1 - Default and Enforcement of Security Interest|§ 8.9A-602. Waiver and variance of rights and duties

Except as otherwise provided in § 8.9A-624, to the extent that they give rights to a debtor or obligor and impose duties on a secured party, the debtor or obligor may not waive or vary the rules stated in the following listed sections:(1) § 8.9A-207 (b) (4) (C), which deals with use and operation of the collateral by the secured party;(2) § 8.9A-210, which deals with requests for an accounting and requests concerning a list of collateral and statement of account;(3) § 8.9A-607 (c), which deals with collection and enforcement of collateral;(4) §§ 8.9A-608 (a) and 8.9A-615 (c) to the extent that they deal with application or payment of noncash proceeds of collection, enforcement, or disposition;(5) §§ 8.9A-608 (a) and 8.9A-615 (d) to the extent that they require accounting for or payment of surplus proceeds of collateral;(6) § 8.9A-609 to the extent that it imposes upon a secured party that takes possession of collateral without judicial process the duty to do so without breach of the peace;(7) §§ 8.9A-610 (b), 8.9A-611, 8.9A-613, and 8.9A-614, which deal with disposition of collateral;(8) § 8.9A-615 (f), which deals with calculation of a deficiency or surplus when a disposition is made to the secured party, a person related to the secured party, or a secondary obligor;(9) § 8.9A-616, which deals with explanation of the calculation of a surplus or deficiency;(10) §§ 8.9A-620, 8.9A-621, and 8.9A-622, which deal with acceptance of collateral in satisfaction of obligation;(11) § 8.9A-623, which deals with redemption of collateral;(12) § 8.9A-624, which deals with permissible waivers; and(13) §§ 8.9A-625 and 8.9A-626, which deal with the secured party's liability for failure to comply with this title.1964, c. 219, § 8.9-501; 1973, c. 509; 2000, c. 1007.
VA Code § 8.9A-603 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 1 - Default and Enforcement of Security Interest|§ 8.9A-603. Agreement on standards concerning rights and duties

(a) Agreed standards. The parties may determine by agreement the standards measuring the fulfillment of the rights of a debtor or obligor and the duties of a secured party under a rule stated in § 8.9A-602 if the standards are not manifestly unreasonable.(b) Agreed standards inapplicable to breach of peace. Subsection (a) does not apply to the duty under § 8.9A-609 to refrain from breaching the peace.1964, c. 219, § 8.9-501; 1973, c. 509; 2000, c. 1007.
VA Code § 8.9A-604 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 1 - Default and Enforcement of Security Interest|§ 8.9A-604. Procedure if security agreement covers real property or fixtures

(a) Enforcement; personal and real property. If a security agreement covers both personal and real property, a secured party may proceed:(1) under this part as to the personal property without prejudicing any rights with respect to the real property; or(2) as to both the personal property and the real property in accordance with the rights with respect to the real property, in which case the other provisions of this part do not apply.(b) Enforcement; fixtures. Subject to subsection (c), if a security agreement covers goods that are or become fixtures, a secured party may proceed:(1) under this part; or(2) in accordance with the rights with respect to real property, in which case the other provisions of this part do not apply.(c) Removal of fixtures. Subject to the other provisions of this part, if a secured party holding a security interest in fixtures has priority over all owners and encumbrancers of the real property, the secured party, after default, may remove the collateral from the real property.(d) Injury caused by removal. A secured party that removes collateral shall promptly reimburse any encumbrancer or owner of the real property, other than the debtor, for the cost of repair of any physical injury caused by the removal. The secured party need not reimburse the encumbrancer or owner for any diminution in value of the real property caused by the absence of the goods removed or by any necessity of replacing them. A person entitled to reimbursement may refuse permission to remove until the secured party gives adequate assurance for the performance of the obligation to reimburse.1964, c. 219, §§ 8.9-313, 8.9-501; 1973, c. 509; 1983, c. 204; 2000, c. 1007.
VA Code § 8.9A-605 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 1 - Default and Enforcement of Security Interest|§ 8.9A-605. Unknown debtor or secondary obligor

A secured party does not owe a duty based on its status as secured party:(1) to a person that is a debtor or obligor, unless the secured party knows:(A) that the person is a debtor or obligor;(B) the identity of the person; and(C) how to communicate with the person; or(2) to a secured party or lienholder that has filed a financing statement against a person, unless the secured party knows:(A) that the person is a debtor; and(B) the identity of the person.2000, c. 1007.
VA Code § 8.9A-606 (2021)
2021 Code of Virginia|Title 8.9A - Commercial Code - Secured Transactions|Part 1 - Default and Enforcement of Security Interest|§ 8.9A-606. Time of default for agricultural lien

For purposes of this part, a default occurs in connection with an agricultural lien at the time the secured party becomes entitled to enforce the lien in accordance with the statute under which it was created.2000, c. 1007.