reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
WI Stat § 891.20 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.20 - Articles of incorporation, presumptions.

891.20  Articles of incorporation, presumptions. Except as provided in s. 180.0203 (2), any charter or patent of incorporation which shall have been issued by the governor, secretary of state or department of financial institutions, or by any combination, to any corporation under any law of the state; any certificate of organization or association of any corporation or joint stock company; the articles of organization of a limited liability company; the articles of association or organization of any corporation, or a certified copy thereof, which shall have been filed or recorded in the office of the secretary of state or with the department of financial institutions, or recorded in the office of any register of deeds or filed or recorded in the office of any clerk of the circuit court under any law of the state; any certificate or resolution for the purpose of amendment, and every amendment in any form, of the charter, patent, certificate or articles of association or organization or of the name, corporate powers or purposes of any corporation or limited liability company, filed or recorded in any of the departments or offices and a certified copy of any such document so filed or recorded shall be received as conclusive evidence of the existence of the corporation, limited liability company or joint stock company mentioned therein, or of the due amendment of the charter, patent, certificate or articles of association or organization thereof in all cases where such facts are only collaterally involved; and as presumptive evidence thereof and of the facts therein stated in all other cases.History:  1993 a. 112, 301, 491; 1995 a. 27, 400.
WI Stat § 891.21 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.21 - Affidavit of notice of corporate meeting.

891.21  Affidavit of notice of corporate meeting. Whenever any corporation or limited liability company notice is given, posted or served, an affidavit of the person who gave, posted or served the same, specifying the manner and time of doing so, annexed to a copy of such notice, may be filed with the clerk or secretary of the corporation or limited liability company, and when so filed, the original or certified copies thereof, shall be presumptive evidence in all cases of the facts contained in such affidavit.History:  1993 a. 112.
WI Stat § 891.22 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.22 - Certificate of insurance assessment.

891.22  Certificate of insurance assessment. Whenever an action is brought by any mutual insurance company to collect any assessment, the certificate of the secretary of said company, specifying such assessment, the amount due said company by means thereof, and that notice thereof was given the person liable therefor, shall be received as presumptive evidence of the facts so certified.
WI Stat § 891.23 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.23 - Copies of insurance books.

891.23  Copies of insurance books. (1) Copies of the entries in the books of any life or mutual benefit insurance corporation or association engaged in doing business on the level premium or assessment plan, together with statements verified by the custodian of the books, showing the number of members insured in or belonging to the corporation or association, and the number of members in each class or grade thereof, and the aggregate amount that would be due from them upon a single assessment, and that the copies are true and are taken from the regular books of the corporation or association used and kept for the transaction of its business, and that the books are now in his or her custody or under his or her control, shall be received in all proceedings as prima facie evidence of the entries or statements. (2) No officer of any corporation or association described in sub. (1) may be compelled to produce any books or records of the corporation or association, except by special order of the court or officer before whom the action or proceeding is pending. Verified copies and statements shall be furnished to the attorney who reasonably requires them, at least 6 days before the time set for the trial or hearing of the action or proceeding, and the books and records shall be subject to the inspection of any interested party or his or her attorney to the extent prescribed by the court or officer.History:  1977 c. 449; 1999 a. 85.
WI Stat § 891.24 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.24 - Evidence from financial institution books.

891.24  Evidence from financial institution books. Whenever any bank, credit union, savings bank or savings and loan association or any of its officers are subpoenaed to produce its books containing a specified account or other specified entries, the bank, credit union, savings bank or savings and loan association may, if it so elects, produce a copy of the specified account or other entries, verified under oath by one of its officers, stating that the books called for are the ordinary books of the bank, credit union, savings bank or savings and loan association used in the transaction of its business, that the entries copied were made therein at the dates thereof and in the usual course of business, that there are no interlineations or erasures in or among the items copied, that the books are in the custody or control of the bank, credit union, savings bank or savings and loan association, and that the officer has carefully compared the copy with the books and found it to be a correct copy of the specified account or entries. Such verified copy shall be prima facie evidence of such entries, and, when presented, no officer of the financial institution may be compelled to produce the books demanded or attend the trial or hearing, unless specially ordered so to do by the court or officer before whom it is pending; provided, that such books shall be open to the inspection of all parties to the action or proceeding.History:  1979 c. 88; 1991 a. 221.Affidavits verifying nontestimonial bank records in compliance with this section are also nontestimonial and their admission does not violate the confrontation clause. The affidavits fulfill a statutory procedure for verifying nontestimonial bank records and do not supply substantive evidence of guilt. State v. Doss, 2008 WI 93, 312 Wis. 2d 570, 754 N.W.2d 150, 06-2254.The language requiring bank books to be made open to the inspection of parties does not require prior notice of their use at trial to be given. It requires that the books be open to the inspection of all parties to the action or proceeding. State v. Doss, 2008 WI 93, 312 Wis. 2d 570, 754 N.W.2d 150, 06-2254.
WI Stat § 891.25 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.25 - Presumptions as to signatures.

891.25  Presumptions as to signatures. When any written instrument constitutes the subject of the action or proceeding or when the signing of such instrument is put in issue and the instrument purports to have been signed, the instrument itself is proof that it was signed until denied by the oath or affidavit of the person by whom it purports to have been signed or by a pleading. This section does not extend to an instrument purporting to have been signed by a person who died before proof is required.History:  Sup. Ct. Order, 67 Wis. 2d 585, 769 (1975).
WI Stat § 891.27 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.27 - Effect of seal.

891.27  Effect of seal. A seal upon an executory instrument shall be received as only presumptive evidence of a sufficient consideration.
WI Stat § 891.28 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.28 - Area of towns and counties.

891.28  Area of towns and counties. Whenever the total area of towns or counties shall be in question, townships not returned as fractional by the surveys under which the public lands were sold by the United States, shall be held to be 6 miles square; and townships returned as fractional shall be held to contain the areas shown by such surveys or the plats thereof.
WI Stat § 891.29 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.29 - Allegations of partnership.

891.29  Allegations of partnership. Whenever in any action or proceeding a party shall allege in pleadings that named persons were partners at any particular time, or that as such partners they used any particular partnership name or style under which business was done, such averments shall be taken to be true unless expressly denied by the affidavit of the opposite party or someone in the opposite party's behalf or by the opposite party's pleading, within the usual time of pleading.History:  Sup. Ct. Order, 67 Wis. 2d 585, 769 (1975); 1975 c. 218; 1993 a. 490.
WI Stat § 891.30 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.30 - Joint liability.

891.30  Joint liability. In actions or proceedings upon written contracts alleged to have been executed by the defendants, proof of the joint liability of the defendants shall not be required to entitle the plaintiff to judgment unless such execution is denied by an answer.History:  Sup. Ct. Order, 67 Wis. 2d 585, 769 (1975).
WI Stat § 891.31 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.31 - Corporate existence.

891.31  Corporate existence. In an action or proceeding by or against any corporation or limited liability company, it shall not be necessary to prove the existence of such corporation or limited liability company unless its existence is specially denied by an answer.History:  Sup. Ct. Order, 67 Wis. 2d 585, 769 (1975); 1993 a. 112.
WI Stat § 891.32 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.32 - Allegation as to representative capacity.

891.32  Allegation as to representative capacity. Whenever a plaintiff sues as a personal representative, guardian, or trustee and alleges in the complaint appointment to that position and, if the appointment was made in another state or a foreign country, the filing or recording of the authenticated copy of the appointment as required by the laws of this state, those allegations shall be taken as true unless specifically denied in the defendant's answer.History:  Sup. Ct. Order, 67 Wis. 2d 585, 769 (1975); 1975 c. 218; 2001 a. 102.
WI Stat § 891.33 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.33 - Proof of malice in slander and libel.

891.33  Proof of malice in slander and libel. If the defendant in any action for slander or libel shall set up in the defendant's answer that the words spoken or published were true, such answer shall not be proof of the malice alleged in the complaint.History:  1993 a. 486.
WI Stat § 891.34 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.34 - Presumption as to citizenship.

891.34  Presumption as to citizenship. Whenever in any proceeding to test the qualifications of any person to hold office the question of the citizenship of said person is raised, the burden of proof as to such citizenship shall be upon the person whose qualifications are contested.
WI Stat § 891.345 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.345 - Establishment of citizenship.

891.345  Establishment of citizenship. Upon petition and proper showing made, that naturalization papers, or written records thereof, have been lost or destroyed, the circuit court of the county in which the petitioner resides may make an order that the petitioner is a citizen of the United States. Any such order or certified copy thereof shall be prima facie evidence of such citizenship.
WI Stat § 891.35 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.35 - Execution of official bond.

891.35  Execution of official bond. In every action upon any official bond the original bond or a certified copy thereof shall be presumptive evidence of the due execution thereof by the officer and the officer's sureties.History:  1993 a. 486.
WI Stat § 891.36 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.36 - Evidence of title to realty.

891.36  Evidence of title to realty. In all criminal proceedings in which it is necessary for the state to prove that any person owns or has an interest in any real estate, a conveyance to such person of such real estate or an interest therein, so executed and acknowledged or proved as to be entitled to record, or the record of such conveyance or a certified copy of such record or such proof of possession as would entitle a plaintiff to recover in an action for trespass shall be received as presumptive evidence that such person owned or had an interest in the real estate in question.
WI Stat § 891.37 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.37 - Presumption as to officer's return.

891.37  Presumption as to officer's return. The return of a sheriff or constable to any writ shall be presumptive evidence that such return is correct and that the service has been rendered or disbursement made.
WI Stat § 891.38 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.38 - Officer's certificate as evidence.

891.38  Officer's certificate as evidence. The certificate of the sheriff or other proper officer endorsed upon the summons, stating the time when he or she received the same for service, shall be presumptive evidence that he or she did receive the summons for service on the day in such certificate named.History:  1993 a. 486.
WI Stat § 891.395 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.395 - Presumption as to time of conception.

891.395  Presumption as to time of conception. In any paternity proceeding, in the absence of a valid birth certificate indicating the birth weight, the mother shall be competent to testify as to the birth weight of the child whose paternity is at issue, and where the child whose paternity is at issue weighed 5 1/2 pounds or more at the time of its birth, the testimony of the mother as to the weight shall be presumptive evidence that the child was a full term child, unless competent evidence to the contrary is presented to the court. The conception of the child shall be presumed to have occurred within a span of time extending from 240 days to 300 days before the date of its birth, unless competent evidence to the contrary is presented to the court.History:  1979 c. 352.When competent medical testimony limited the conceptive period to two weeks, testimony of sexual relations outside that period was inadmissible unless offered by the mother. State ex rel. J.A.S. v. M.E.S., 142 Wis. 2d 300, 418 N.W.2d 32 (Ct. App. 1987).A fact finder can find a date of conception other than the date asserted either by the mother or the putative father. In re Paternity of A.M.C., 144 Wis. 2d 621, 424 N.W.2d 707 (1988).
WI Stat § 891.40 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.40 - Artificial insemination.

891.40  Artificial insemination. (1) If, under the supervision of a licensed physician and with the consent of her husband, a wife is inseminated artificially with semen donated by a man not her husband, the husband of the mother at the time of the conception of the child shall be the natural father of a child conceived. The husband's consent must be in writing and signed by him and his wife. The physician shall certify their signatures and the date of the insemination, and shall file the husband's consent with the department of health services, where it shall be kept confidential and in a sealed file except as provided in s. 46.03 (7) (bm). However, the physician's failure to file the consent form does not affect the legal status of father and child. All papers and records pertaining to the insemination, whether part of the permanent record of a court or of a file held by the supervising physician or elsewhere, may be inspected only upon an order of the court for good cause shown. (2) The donor of semen provided to a licensed physician for use in artificial insemination of a woman other than the donor's wife is not the natural father of a child conceived, bears no liability for the support of the child and has no parental rights with regard to the child.History:  1979 c. 352; 1983 a. 447; 1995 a. 27 s. 9126 (19); 2007 a. 20 s. 9121 (6) (a).Enforcement of surrogacy agreements promotes stability and permanence in family relationships because it allows the intended parents to plan for the arrival of their child, reinforces the expectations of all parties to the agreement, and reduces contentious litigation. The surrogacy agreement in this case was enforceable except for the portions of the agreement requiring a voluntary termination of parental rights (TPR). The TPR provisions did not comply with the procedural safeguards set forth in s. 48.41 for a voluntary TPR because the biological mother would not consent to the TPR and there was no legal basis for involuntary termination. The TPR provisions were severable. Rosecky v. Schissel, 2013 WI 66, 349 Wis. 2d 84, 833 N.W.2d 634, 11-2166.The Department of Health Services's practice before May 2, 2016, of enforcing sub. (1) against female married couples but not different-sex couples was unconstitutional. The department is directed to construe sub. (1) in gender-neutral terms. In particular, the word “husband" in sub. (1) should be construed to mean “spouse." Torres v. Seemeyer, 207 F. Supp. 3d 905 (2016). See also Pavan v. Smith, 582 U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 2075, 198 L. Ed. 2d 636 (2017).Viewpoint: Wisconsin's Undeveloped Surrogacy Law. Walsh. Wis. Law. Mar. 2012.As I See It: Out of Sync: Assistive Reproductive Technology & Parentage Law. Walsh. Wis. Law. May 2017.
WI Stat § 891.405 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.405 - Presumption of paternity based on acknowledgment.

891.405  Presumption of paternity based on acknowledgment. A man is presumed to be the natural father of a child if he and the mother have acknowledged paternity under s. 69.15 (3) (b) 1. or 3. and no other man is presumed to be the father under s. 891.41 (1).History:  1989 a. 212; 1993 a. 213; 1997 a. 191.
WI Stat § 891.407 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.407 - Presumption of paternity based on genetic test results.

891.407  Presumption of paternity based on genetic test results. A man is presumed to be the natural father of a child if the man has been conclusively determined from genetic test results to be the father under s. 767.804 and no other man is presumed to be the father under s. 891.405 or 891.41 (1).History:  2019 a. 95.
WI Stat § 891.41 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.41 - Presumption of paternity based on marriage of the parties.

891.41  Presumption of paternity based on marriage of the parties. (1) A man is presumed to be the natural father of a child if any of the following applies:(a) He and the child's natural mother are or have been married to each other and the child is conceived or born after marriage and before the granting of a decree of legal separation, annulment or divorce between the parties.(b) He and the child's natural mother were married to each other after the child was born but he and the child's natural mother had a relationship with one another during the period of time within which the child was conceived and no other man has been adjudicated to be the father or presumed to be the father of the child under par. (a). (2) In a legal action or proceeding, a presumption under sub. (1) is rebutted by results of a genetic test, as defined in s. 767.001 (1m), that show that a man other than the man presumed to be the father under sub. (1) is not excluded as the father of the child and that the statistical probability of the man's parentage is 99.0 percent or higher, even if the man presumed to be the father under sub. (1) is unavailable to submit to genetic tests, as defined in s. 767.001 (1m).History:  1979 c. 352; 1983 a. 447; 1985 a. 315 s. 22; 1987 a. 413; 1989 a. 212; 1997 a. 191.In order for a putative biological father to have the necessary foundation for a constitutionally protected liberty interest in his putative paternity, he would have to have taken affirmative steps to assume his parental responsibilities for the child. Randy A.J. v. Norma I.J., 2004 WI 41, 270 Wis. 2d 384, 677 N.W.2d 630, 02-0469.A genetic test showing another man to be the natural father rebuts the presumption under s. 767.48 (1m) [now s. 767.84 (1m)] and sub. (1) that the spouse of the child's mother is the father, but equitable estoppel may be employed to preclude rebutting the presumption. The issue is whether the actions and inactions of the parties advocating the rebuttal of the marital presumption were so unfair as to preclude them from overcoming the public's interest in the marital presumption based on the results of genetic tests. Randy A.J. v. Norma I.J., 2004 WI 41, 270 Wis. 2d 384, 677 N.W.2d 630, 02-0469.The presumption that the mother's husband is the child's father does not violate a putative father's due process rights. Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U.S. 110, 105 L. Ed. 2d 91 (1989).If a child is conceived subsequent to the entry of a decree of legal separation, there is no presumption of paternity. Schoenfeld v. Apfel, 237 F.3d 788 (2001).As I See It: Out of Sync: Assistive Reproductive Technology & Parentage Law. Walsh. Wis. Law. May 2017.
WI Stat § 891.44 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 891 - Presumptions.|891.44 - Presumption of lack of contributory negligence for infant minor.

891.44  Presumption of lack of contributory negligence for infant minor. It shall be conclusively presumed that an infant minor who has not reached the age of 7 shall be incapable of being guilty of contributory negligence or of any negligence whatsoever.A refusal to instruct under this section was not error when no issue of the plaintiff's negligence was presented by the pleadings or by evidence. Wagner v. American Family Mutual Insurance Co., 65 Wis. 2d 243, 222 N.W.2d 652 (1974).