GA Code § 51-1-27 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 51 - Torts|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|§ 51-1-27. Recovery for Medical Malpractice Authorized

 A person professing to practice surgery or the administering of medicine for compensation must bring to the exercise of his profession a reasonable degree of care and skill. Any injury resulting from a want of such care and skill shall be a tort for which a recovery may be had.   (Orig. Code 1863, § 2915; Code 1868, § 2922; Code 1873, § 2973; Code 1882, § 2973; Civil Code 1895, § 3831; Civil Code 1910, § 4427; Code 1933, § 84-924.)   Cross references.   - Time limitations for bringing of actions for medical malpractice, § 9-3-70 et seq.   Giving of consent for surgical or medical treatment, T. 31, C. 9.    Observance of provisions of "living wills" by physicians and other health-care professionals, § 31-32-7.    Recovery in tort for malpractice of chiropractor, § 43-9-16.    Regulation of practice of physicians generally, § 43-34-20 et seq.    Suspension of license to practice medicine and other disciplining of physicians, § 43-34-37.   Law reviews.   - For article, "No-Fault Insurance for Injuries Arising From Medical Treatment: A Proposal for Elective Coverage," see 24 Emory L.J. 21 (1975). For article analyzing the trend in this country toward no-fault liability, see 25 Emory L.J. 163 (1976). For article, "Baby Doe Cases: Compromise and Moral Dilemma," see 34 Emory L.J. 545 (1985). For annual survey of law of torts, see 38 Mercer L. Rev. 351 (1986). For article, "State of Emergency: Why Georgia's Standard of Care in Emergency Rooms is Harmful to Your Health," see 45 Ga. L. Rev. 275 (2010). For article, "Non-Physician vs. Physician: Cross-Disciplinary Expert Testimony in Medical Negligence Litigation - Who Knows the Standard of Care?," see 35 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 679 (2019). For note, "Summary Judgment in Medical Malpractice Actions," see 7 Ga. St. B. J. 470 (1971). For note, "Informed Consent: The Illusion of Patient Choice," see 23 Emory L.J. 503 (1974). For comment on Specht v. Gaines, 65 Ga. App. 782, 16 S.E.2d 507 (1941), see 4 Ga. B. J. 49 (1942). For comment on Saffold v. Scarborough, 91 Ga. App. 628, 86 S.E.2d 649 (1955), holding that the running of the statute of limitations for medical malpractice was properly postponed due to allegations of fraud, and suit for alleged malpractice instituted within two years after the discovery of such fraud was not barred, see 18 Ga. B. J. 79 (1955). For comment on Carroll v. Griffin, 96 Ga. App. 826, 101 S.E.2d 764 (1958), affirming a verdict for defendant-doctor when patient failed to prove he had been abandoned by the physician, see 21 Ga. B. J. 105 (1958). For comment on Hayes v. Brown, 108 Ga. App. 360, 133 S.E.2d 102 (1963), see 26 Ga. B. J. 456 (1964). For comment on Gian-Cursio v. State, Epstein v. State, 180 So.2d 396 (Fla. 1965), as to the appropriate school of practice for expert witnesses testifying in chiropractor malpractice cases, see 18 Mercer L. Rev. 292 (1966). For comment, "Legislative Limitations on Medical Malpractice Damages: The Chances of Survival," see 37 Mercer L. Rev. 1583 (1986). For comment, "Medical Expert Systems and Publisher Liability: A Cross-Contextual Analysis," see 43 Emory L.J. 731 (1994). For comment, "Georgia's Telemedicine Laws and Regulations: Protecting Against Health Care Access," see 68 Mercer L. Rev. 489 (2017).   JUDICIAL DECISIONS   ANALYSIS    General Consideration   Applicability to Special Cases   Pleading and Practice    RESEARCH REFERENCES   Am. Jur. 2d.   - 61 Am. Jur. 2d, Physicians, Surgeons, and Other Healers, § 183 et seq.   Proof of Failure to Diagnose Diabetes or Complications of Diabetes, 51 POF3d 1.   Medical Malpractice in Tonsillectomies, 57 POF3d 381.   Proof of Injury Resulting from Prescription Medication Rezulin, 74 POF3d 141.   Proof of Injury Resulting from Liposuction Surgery, 82 POF3d 1.   C.J.S.   - 70 C.J.S., Physicians and Surgeons, § 62 et seq.   ALR.    - Liability of physician for permitting exposure to infectious or contagious disease, 13 A.L.R. 1465; 5 A.L.R. 926.    Liability of private noncharitable hospital or sanitarium for improper care of treatment of patient, 39 A.L.R. 1431; 124 A.L.R. 186.    Liability for medical or surgical services rendered inmates of public institutions, 44 A.L.R. 1285.    Liability to patient for results of medical or surgical treatment by one not licensed as required by law, 44 A.L.R. 1418; 57 A.L.R. 978.    Liability for committing, or aiding commitment, to contagious disease hospital of one not suffering from contagious disease, 54 A.L.R. 656.    Physicians and surgeons: standard of skill and care required of specialist, 59 A.L.R. 1071.    When statute of limitations commences to run against actions against physicians, surgeons, or dentists for malpractice, 74 A.L.R. 1317; 80 A.L.R.2d 368; 70 A.L.R.3d 7.    Grounds for revocation of valid license of physician, surgeon, or dentist, 82 A.L.R. 1184.    Liability as for malpractice as affected by failure to take or advise the taking of an X-ray picture after operation, or to resort to other means of determining advisability of a supplementary operation or special treatment, 115 A.L.R. 298.    Electrical treatment as practice of medicine or surgery within statute, 115 A.L.R. 957.    Necessary allegations in a declaration or complaint in action against physician or surgeon based on wrong diagnosis, 134 A.L.R. 683.    Necessity of expert evidence to support an action for malpractice against a physician or surgeon, 141 A.L.R. 5; 81 A.L.R.2d 597.    Physicians and surgeons: presumption or inference of negligence in malpractice cases; res ipsa loquitur, 162 A.L.R. 1265; 174 A.L.R. 960; 82 A.L.R.2d 1262.   Proximate cause in malpractice cases, 13 A.L.R.2d 11.   Malpractice: diagnosis and treatment of brain injuries, diseases, or conditions, 29 A.L.R.2d 501.   Hospital's liability for injury or death in obstetrical cases, 37 A.L.R.2d 1284.   Liability for injury by X-ray, 41 A.L.R.2d 329.   Contributory negligence or assumption of risk as defense in action against physician or surgeon for malpractice, 50 A.L.R.2d 1043.   Medical malpractice action as abating upon death of either party, 50 A.L.R.2d 1445.   Nurse's liability for her own negligence or malpractice, 51 A.L.R.2d 970.   Malpractice: treatment of fractures or dislocations, 54 A.L.R.2d 200.   Malpractice: diagnosis of fractures or dislocations, 54 A.L.R.2d 273.   Malpractice in the diagnosis or treatment of cancer, 55 A.L.R.2d 461; 79 A.L.R.2d 890.   Liability of physician or surgeon for extending operation or treatment beyond that expressly authorized, 56 A.L.R.2d 695.   Liability of physician for lack of diligence in attending patient, 57 A.L.R.2d 379.   Liability of physician who abandons case, 57 A.L.R.2d 432.   Malpractice in nose and throat treatment and surgery, 58 A.L.R.2d 216.   Malpractice in administering medicine to which patient is unusually susceptible or allergic, 64 A.L.R.2d 1281.   Hospital's liability for injury to patient from heat lamp or pad or hot-water bottle, 72 A.L.R.2d 408.   Malpractice: propriety and effect of instruction or argument directing attention to injury to defendant's professional reputation or standing, 74 A.L.R.2d 662.   Malpractice in diagnosis or treatment of tuberculosis, 75 A.L.R.2d 814.   Malpractice in treatment and surgery of the ear, 76 A.L.R.2d 783.   Malpractice: physician's duty to inform patient of nature and hazards of disease or treatment, 79 A.L.R.2d 1028.   Statute of limitations applicable to malpractice action against physician, surgeon, dentist, or similar practitioner, 80 A.L.R.2d 320; 70 A.L.R.4th 535.   When statute of limitations commences to run against malpractice action against physician, surgeon, dentist, or similar practitioner, 80 A.L.R.2d 368; 70 A.L.R.3d 7.   Liability of chiropodist for malpractice, 80 A.L.R.2d 1278.   Physicians and surgeons: res ipsa loquitur, or presumption or inference of negligence, in malpractice cases, 82 A.L.R.2d 1262.   Liability of dentist to patient, 83 A.L.R.2d 7; 11 A.L.R.4th 748.   Liability of one physician or surgeon for malpractice of another, 85 A.L.R.2d 889.   Competency of physician or surgeon of school of practice other than that to which defendant belongs to testify in malpractice case, 85 A.L.R.2d 1022.   Liability of physician for injury to esophagus or other internal organs occurring in course of gastroscopic examination, 88 A.L.R.2d 297.   Liability of doctor or dentist using force to restrain or discipline patient, 89 A.L.R.2d 983.   Malpractice in appendicitis treatment and surgery, 94 A.L.R.2d 1006.   Hospital's liability for exposing patient to extraneous infection or contagion, 96 A.L.R.2d 1205.   Malpractice in connection with care and treatment of burn patients, 97 A.L.R.2d 473.   Malpractice liability with respect to diagnosis and treatment of mental disease, 99 A.L.R.2d 599; 94 A.L.R.3d 317; 8 A.L.R.4th 464.   Physician's or surgeon's liability for injury to mother in pregnancy and childbirth cases, 99 A.L.R.2d 1336; 76 A.L.R.4th 1112; 1 A.L.R.5th 269; 2 A.L.R.5th 769; 3 A.L.R.5th 146; 4 A.L.R.5th 148; 4 A.L.R.5th 210; 6 A.L.R.5th 534; 7 A.L.R.5th 1.   Liability of physician or surgeon for injury to child in pregnancy and childbirth cases, 99 A.L.R.2d 1398.   Hospital's liability for personal injury or death of doctor, nurse, or attendant, 1 A.L.R.3d 1036.   Physician's or surgeon's malpractice in connection with care and treatment of hemophiliac or diagnosis of hemophilia, 1 A.L.R.3d 1107.   Physician's or surgeon's malpractice in connection with diagnosis or treatment of rectal or anal disease, 5 A.L.R.3d 916.   Malpractice in connection with intravenous or other forced or involuntary feeding of patient, 6 A.L.R.3d 668.   Validity and construction of contract exempting hospital or doctor from liability for negligence to patient, 6 A.L.R.3d 704.   Applicability, in action against nurse in her professional capacity, of statute of limitations applicable to malpractice, 8 A.L.R.3d 1336.   Hospital's liability for negligence in connection with preparation, storage, or dispensing of drug or medicine, 9 A.L.R.3d 579.   Res ipsa loquitur in action against hospital for injury to patient, 9 A.L.R.3d 1315; 49 A.L.R.4th 63.   Malpractice: liability of physician, surgeon, anesthetist, or dentist for injury resulting from foreign object left in patient, 10 A.L.R.3d 9.   Physician's duties and liabilities to person examined pursuant to physician's contract with such person's prospective or actual employer or insurer, 10 A.L.R.3d 1071.   Malpractice: liability in connection with insertion of prosthetic or other corrective devices in patient's body, 14 A.L.R.3d 967.   Hospital's liability to patient for injury sustained from defective equipment furnished by hospital for use in diagnosis or treatment of patient, 14 A.L.R.3d 1254.   Scope of defendant's duty of pretrial discovery in medical malpractice action, 15 A.L.R.3d 1446.   Employer's liability to employee for malpractice of physician supplied by employer, 16 A.L.R.3d 564.   Malpractice: liability of physician or hospital where patient suffers heart attack or the like while undergoing unrelated medical procedure, 17 A.L.R.3d 796.   Malpractice in diagnosis and treatment of diseases or conditions of the heart or vascular system, 19 A.L.R.3d 825.   Malpractice: doctor's liability for mistakenly administering drug, 23 A.L.R.3d 1334.   Hospital's liability for injuries sustained by patient as a result of restraints imposed on movement, 25 A.L.R.3d 1450.   Medical malpractice, and measure and element damages, in connection with sterilization or birth control procedures, 27 A.L.R.3d 906.   Right to maintain malpractice suit against injured employee's attending physician notwithstanding receipt of workmen's compensation award, 28 A.L.R.3d 1066.   Malpractice in diagnosis and treatment of tetanus, 28 A.L.R.3d 1364.   Malpractice in connection with diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, 30 A.L.R.3d 988.   Hospital's liability for injury or death to patient resulting from or connected with administration of anesthetic, 31 A.L.R.3d 1114.   Malpractice: admissibility of evidence that defendant physician has previously performed unnecessary operations, 33 A.L.R.3d 1056.   Malpractice: physician's failure to advise patient to consult specialist or one qualified in a method of treatment which physician is not qualified to give, 35 A.L.R.3d 349.   Liability of hospital for refusal to admit or treat patient, 35 A.L.R.3d 841.   Malpractice: attending physician's liability for injury caused by equipment furnished by hospital, 35 A.L.R.3d 1068.   Right of action for injury to or death of woman who consented to abortion, 36 A.L.R.3d 630.   Liability for negligence in diagnosing or treating aspirin poisoning, 36 A.L.R.3d 1358.   Malpractice: surgeon's liability for inadvertently injuring organ other than that intended to be operated on, 37 A.L.R.3d 464.   Release of one responsible for injury as affecting liability of physician or surgeon for negligent treatment of injury, 39 A.L.R.3d 260.   Duty of physician or nurse to assist patient while dressing or undressing, 41 A.L.R.3d 1351.   Recovery against physician on basis of breach of contract to achieve particular result or cure, 43 A.L.R.3d 1221.   Medical malpractice: liability for injury allegedly resulting from negligence in making hypodermic injection, 45 A.L.R.3d 731.   Malpractice: failure of physician to notify patient of unfavorable diagnosis or test, 49 A.L.R.3d 501.   Hospital's liability to patient for injury allegedly sustained from absence of particular equipment intended for use in diagnosis or treatment of patient, 50 A.L.R.3d 1141.   Liability of optometrist or optician for malpractice, 51 A.L.R.3d 1273.   Necessity and sufficiency of expert evidence to establish existence and extent of physician's duty to inform patient of risks of proposed treatment, 52 A.L.R.3d 1084.   Liability of hospital or medical practitioner under doctrine of strict liability in tort, or breach of warranty, for harm caused by drug, medical instrument, or similar device used in treating patient, 54 A.L.R.3d 258; 65 A.L.R.5th 357.   Liability of physician or hospital in the performance of cosmetic surgery upon the face, 54 A.L.R.3d 1255.   Chiropractor's liability for failure to refer patient to medical practitioner, 58 A.L.R.3d 590.   Druggist's civil liability for suicide consummated with drugs furnished by him, 58 A.L.R.3d 828.   Duty of physician or surgeon to warn or instruct nurse or attendant, 63 A.L.R.3d 1020.   Malpractice: physician's duty to inform patient of nature and hazards of radiation or x-ray treatments under the doctrine of informed consent, 69 A.L.R.3d 1223.   When statute of limitations commences to run against malpractice action based on leaving foreign substance in patient's body, 70 A.L.R.3d 7.   Medical malpractice: amendment purporting to change the nature of the action or theory of recovery, made after statute of limitations has run, as relating back to filing of original complaint, 70 A.L.R.3d 82.   Acupuncture as illegal practice of medicine, 72 A.L.R.3d 1257.   Discovery, in medical malpractice action, of names of other patients to whom defendant has given treatment similar to that allegedly injuring plaintiff, 74 A.L.R.3d 1055.   Tort liability of physician or hospital in connection with organ or tissue transplant procedures, 76 A.L.R.3d 890.   Malpractice in connection with diagnosis of cancer, 79 A.L.R.3d 915.   Tort liability for wrongfully causing one to be born, 83 A.L.R.3d 15; 74 A.L.R.4th 798.   Patient tort liability of rest, convalescent, or nursing homes, 83 A.L.R.3d 871.   Modern status of views as to general measure of physician's duty to inform patient of risks of proposed treatment, 88 A.L.R.3d 1008.   Malpractice: questions of consent in connection with treatment of genital or urinary organs, 89 A.L.R.3d 32.   Malpractice: liability of anesthetist for injuries from spinal anesthetics, 90 A.L.R.3d 775.   When statute of limitations begins to run against malpractice action in connection with sterilization or birth control procedures, 93 A.L.R.3d 218.   Malpractice in connection with electroshock treatment, 94 A.L.R.3d 317.   Medical malpractice: instruction as to exercise or use of injured member, 99 A.L.R.3d 901.   Modern status of "locality rule" in malpractice action against physician who is not a specialist, 99 A.L.R.3d 1133.   Medical malpractice: patient's failure to return, as directed, for examination or treatment as contributory negligence, 100 A.L.R.3d 723.   Application of rule of strict liability in tort to person or entity rendering medical services, 100 A.L.R.3d 1205.   Medical malpractice: administering or prescribing drugs for weight control, 1 A.L.R.4th 236.   Civil liability for physical measures undertaken in connection with treatment of mentally disordered patient, 8 A.L.R.4th 464.   Hospital's liability for patient's injury or death as result of fall from bed, 9 A.L.R.4th 149.   Medical malpractice: administering or prescribing birth control pills or devices, 9 A.L.R.4th 372.   Propriety, in medical malpractice case, of admitting testimony regarding physician's usual custom or habit in order to establish nonliability, 10 A.L.R.4th 1243.   Duty of medical practitioner to warn patient of subsequently discovered danger from treatment previously given, 12 A.L.R.4th 41.   Hospital's liability for negligence in failing to review or supervise treatment given by doctor, or to require consultation, 12 A.L.R.4th 57.   What constitutes physician-patient relationship for malpractice purposes, 17 A.L.R.4th 132.   Standard of care owed to patient by medical specialist as determined by local, "like community," state, national, or other standards, 18 A.L.R.4th 603.   Liability of hospital, physician, or other individual medical practitioner for injury or death resulting from blood transfusion, 20 A.L.R.4th 136.   Medical malpractice: instrument breaking in course of surgery or treatment, 20 A.L.R.4th 1179.   Malpractice liability based on prior treatment of mental disorder alleged to relate to patient's conviction of crime, 28 A.L.R.4th 712.   Patient's failure to reveal medical history to physician as contributory negligence or assumption of risk in defense of malpractice action, 33 A.L.R.4th 790.   Recovery for emotional distress resulting from statement of medical practitioner or official, allegedly constituting outrageous conduct, 34 A.L.R.4th 688.   Validity of state statute providing for periodic payment of future damages in medical malpractice action, 41 A.L.R.4th 275.   Medical malpractice: liability based on misrepresentation of the nature and hazards of treatment, 42 A.L.R.4th 543.   Physician's liability to third person for prescribing drug to known drug addict, 42 A.L.R.4th 586.   Liability of physician, for injury to or death of third party, due to failure to disclose driving-related impediment, 43 A.L.R.4th 153.   Liability of hospital or clinic for sexual relationships with patients by staff physicians, psychologists, and other healers, 45 A.L.R.4th 289.   Physician's tort liability for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information about patient, 48 A.L.R.4th 668.   Future disease or condition, or anxiety relating thereto, as element of recovery, 50 A.L.R.4th 13.   Liability of hospital or sanitarium for negligence of physician or surgeon, 51 A.L.R.4th 235.   Medical malpractice: "loss of chance" causality, 54 A.L.R.4th 10.   Tortious maintenance or removal of life supports, 58 A.L.R.4th 222.   Medical malpractice: hospital's liability for injury allegedly caused by failure to have properly qualified staff, 62 A.L.R.4th 692.   Liability for injury or death allegedly caused by activities of hospital "rescue team", 64 A.L.R.4th 1200.   Recovery in death action for failure to diagnose incurable disease which caused death, 64 A.L.R.4th 1232.   Medical practitioner's liability for treatment given child without parent's consent, 67 A.L.R.4th 511.   Applicability of res ipsa loquitur in case of multiple medical defendants - modern status, 67 A.L.R.4th 544.   Medical malpractice in performance of legal abortion, 69 A.L.R.4th 875.   Medical malpractice: presumption or inference from failure of hospital or doctor to produce relevant medical records, 69 A.L.R.4th 906.   Veterinarian's liability for malpractice, 71 A.L.R.4th 811.   Propriety and prejudicial effect of trial counsel's reference or suggestion in medical malpractice case that defendant is insured, 71 A.L.R.4th 1025.   Liability of osteopath for medical malpractice, 73 A.L.R.4th 24.   "Dual capacity doctrine" as basis for employee's recovery for medical malpractice from company medical personnel, 73 A.L.R.4th 115.   Liability for medical malpractice in connection with performance of circumcision, 75 A.L.R.4th 710.   Liability of hospital, physician, or other medical personnel for death or injury to mother or child caused by improper procedures during caesarean delivery, 76 A.L.R.4th 1112.   Liability for dental malpractice in provision or fitting of dentures, 77 A.L.R.4th 222.   Liability of chiropractors and other drugless practitioners for medical malpractice, 77 A.L.R.4th 273.   Medical malpractice: measure and elements of damages in actions based on loss of chance, 81 A.L.R.4th 485.   Liability of orthodontist for malpractice, 81 A.L.R.4th 632.   Medical malpractice: drug manufacturer's package insert recommendations as evidence of standard of care, 82 A.L.R.4th 166.   Malpractice involving hysterectomies and oophorectomies, 86 A.L.R.4th 18.   Gynecological malpractice not involving hysterectomies or oophorectomies, 86 A.L.R.4th 125.   Recoverability of cost of raising normal, healthy child born as result of physician's negligence or breach of contract or warranty, 89 A.L.R.4th 632.   Malpractice: physician's duty, under informed consent doctrine, to obtain patient's consent to treatment in pregnancy or childbirth cases, 89 A.L.R.4th 799.   What patient claims against doctor, hospital, or similar health care provider are not subject to statutes specifically governing actions and damages for medical malpractice, 89 A.L.R.4th 887.   Application of "firemen's rule" to bar recovery by emergency medical personnel injured in responding to, or at scene of, emergency, 89 A.L.R.4th 1079.   Liability of hospital, physician, or other medical personnel for death or injury to mother or child caused by improper administration of, or failure to administer, anesthesia or tranquilizers, or similar drugs, during labor and delivery, 1 A.L.R.5th 269.   Liability for incorrectly diagnosing existence or nature of pregnancy, 2 A.L.R.5th 769.   Liability of hospital, physician, or other medical personnel for death or injury to child caused by improper postdelivery diagnosis, care, and representations, 2 A.L.R.5th 811.   Liability of physician, nurse, or hospital for failure to contact physician or to keep physician sufficiently informed concerning status of mother during pregnancy, labor, and childbirth, 3 A.L.R.5th 123.   Liability of hospital, physician, or other medical personnel for death or injury to mother or child caused by inadequate attendance or monitoring of patient during and after pregnancy, labor, and delivery, 3 A.L.R.5th 146.   Liability of doctor or other health practitioner to third party contracting contagious disease from doctor's patient, 3 A.L.R.5th 370.   Liability of hospital, physician, or other medical personnel for death or injury to mother or child caused by improper choice between, or timing of, vaginal or cesarean delivery, 4 A.L.R.5th 148.   Liability of hospital, physician, or other medical personnel for death or injury to mother or child caused by improper procedures during vaginal delivery, 4 A.L.R.5th 210.   Liability of hospital, physician, or other medical personnel for death or injury to mother or child caused by improper treatment during labor, 6 A.L.R.5th 490.   Liability of hospital, physician, or other medical personnel for death or injury to mother caused by improper postdelivery diagnosis, care, and representations, 6 A.L.R.5th 534.   Liability of hospital, physician, or other medical personnel for death or injury to mother or child caused by improper diagnosis and treatment of mother relating to and during pregnancy, 7 A.L.R.5th 1.   Joint and several liability of physicians whose independent negligence in treatment of patient causes indivisible injury, 9 A.L.R.5th 746.   Medical malpractice: who are "health care providers," or the like, whose actions fall within statutes specifically governing actions and damages for medical malpractice, 12 A.L.R.5th 1.   Validity, construction, and application of state statutory provisions limiting amount of recovery in medical malpractice claims, 26 A.L.R.5th 245.   Ophthalmological malpractice, 30 A.L.R.5th 571.   Allowance of punitive damages in medical malpractice action, 35 A.L.R.5th 145.   Medical malpractice in connection with diagnosis, care, or treatment of diabetes, 43 A.L.R.5th 87.   Propriety of, and liability related to, issuance or enforcement of do not resuscitate orders, 46 A.L.R.5th 793.   Malpractice: physician's liability for injury or death resulting from side effects of drugs intentionally administered to or prescribed for patient, 47 A.L.R.5th 433.   Malpractice in diagnosis and treatment of male urinary tract and related organs, 48 A.L.R.5th 575.   Liability of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) for negligence of member physicians, 51 A.L.R.5th 271.   Malpractice in diagnosis or treatment of meningitis, 51 A.L.R.5th 301.   Liability for donee's contraction of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) from blood transfusion, 64 A.L.R.5th 333.   Discovery, in medical malpractice action, of names and medical records of other patients to whom defendant has given treatment similar to that allegedly injuring plaintiff, 66 A.L.R.5th 591.   Physical injury requirement for emotional distress claim based on false positive conclusion on medical test diagnosing disease, 69 A.L.R.5th 411.   Contributory negligence or comparative negligence based on failure of patient to follow instructions as defense in action against physician or surgeon for medical malpractice, 84 A.L.R.5th 619.   Medical negligence in extraction of tooth, established through expert testimony, 18 A.L.R.6th 325.   Medical malpractice in diagnosis and treatment of cancer of male reproductive system, 96 A.L.R.6th 503.   Medical malpractice in diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer, 95 A.L.R.6th 541.   Medical malpractice in diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, 94 A.L.R.6th 431.   Medical malpractice in diagnosis and treatment of cancer of female reproductive system, 93 A.L.R.6th 123.   Medical malpractice in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, 92 A.L.R.6th 379.   Liability for Malpractice in Diagnosis or Misdiagnosis of, or Treatment for, Migraine, 41 A.L.R.7th Art. 6.   Medical Malpractice in Failing to Diagnose or Properly Treat Multiple Sclerosis, or Misdiagnosing Another Condition as Multiple Sclerosis, 41 A.L.R.7th Art. 13.   Medical Malpractice: Brain, 52 A.L.R.7th 1.