GA Code § 31-1-14 (2021)
2021 Georgia Code|Title 31 - Health|Chapter 1 - General Provisions|§ 31-1-14. Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (Polst) Forms

  As used in this Code section, the term:   "Attending physician" means the physician who has primary responsibility at the time of reference for the treatment and care of the patient.   "Authorized person" shall have the same meaning as in Code Section 31-39-2.   "Decision-making capacity" means the ability to understand and appreciate the nature and consequences of an order regarding end of life care decisions, including the benefits and disadvantages of such an order, and to reach an informed decision regarding the order.   "Health care facility" shall have the same meaning as in Code Section 31-32-2.   "Health care provider" shall have the same meaning as in Code Section 31-32-2.   "Life-sustaining procedures" means medications, machines, or other medical procedures or interventions which, when applied to a patient in a terminal condition or in a state of permanent unconsciousness, could in reasonable medical judgment keep the patient alive but cannot cure the patient and where, in the judgment of the attending physician and a second physician, death will occur without such procedures or interventions. The term "life-sustaining procedures" shall not include the provision of nourishment or hydration, but a patient may direct the withholding or withdrawal of the provision of nourishment or hydration in a POLST form. The term "life-sustaining procedures" shall not include the administration of medication to alleviate pain or the performance of any medical procedure deemed necessary to alleviate pain.   "Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form" or "POLST form" means a form executed pursuant to this Code section which provides directions regarding the patient's end of life care.   "Provision of nourishment or hydration" means the provision of nutrition or fluids by tube or other medical means.   "State of permanent unconsciousness" means an incurable or irreversible condition in which the patient is not aware of himself or herself or his or her environment and in which the patient is showing no behavioral response to his or her environment.   "Terminal condition" means an incurable or irreversible condition which would result in the patient's death in a relatively short period of time.     The department shall develop and make available a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form. On and after July 1, 2016, the department shall notify the chairpersons and each member of the House Committee on Health and Human Services and the Senate Health and Human Services Committee at least 60 days prior to implementing any modification of the POLST form. Such form shall provide directions regarding the patient's end of life care and may be voluntarily executed by either a patient who has decision-making capacity and an attending physician or, if the patient does not have decision-making capacity, by the patient's authorized person and an attending physician; provided, however, that this shall not prevent a health care facility from imposing additional administrative or procedural requirements regarding a patient's end of life care decisions. A POLST form may be executed when a patient has a serious illness or condition and the attending physician's reasoned judgment is that the patient will die within the next 365 days; provided, however, that a POLST form may be executed at any time if a person has been diagnosed with dementia or another progressive, degenerative disease or condition that attacks the brain and results in impaired memory, thinking, and behavior. A POLST form, if signed by an authorized person, shall indicate the relationship of the authorized person to the patient pursuant to paragraph (3) of Code Section 31-39-2.     A POLST form shall constitute a legally sufficient order that may be utilized by a health care provider or health care facility in accordance with its policies and procedures regarding end of life care. Such an order shall remain effective unless the order is revoked by the attending physician upon the consent of the patient or the patient's authorized person. An attending physician who has issued such an order and who transfers care of the patient to another physician shall inform the receiving physician and the health care facility, if applicable, of the order. Review of the POLST form is recommended at care transitions, and such review should be specified on the form.   A POLST form signed by the patient and attending physician and indicating "allow natural death" or "do not resuscitate" or the equivalent may be implemented without restriction. If the POLST form (i) is signed by the attending physician and an authorized person instead of the patient and (ii) indicates "allow natural death" or "do not resuscitate" or the equivalent, in compliance with subsection (c) of Code Section 31-39-4, the POLST form may be implemented or become effective when the patient is a candidate for nonresuscitation, and such consent shall be based in good faith upon what such authorized person determines such candidate for nonresuscitation would have wanted had such candidate for nonresuscitation understood the circumstances under which such order is being considered.   A POLST form addressing interventions other than resuscitation and signed by the patient and attending physician may be implemented without restriction. If the POLST form is signed by an authorized person who is the health care agent named by the patient in an advance directive for health care and the attending physician, in compliance with paragraph (1) of subsection (e) of Code Section 31-32-7, all treatment indications on the POLST form may be implemented. If the POLST form is signed by an authorized person who is not the health care agent named by the patient in an advance directive for health care, treatment indications on the POLST form may be implemented or become effective only when the patient is in a terminal condition or a state of permanent unconsciousness; provided, however, that a POLST form may become effective at any time if a person has been diagnosed with dementia or another progressive, degenerative disease or condition that attacks the brain and results in impaired memory, thinking, and behavior.   A POLST form shall be portable with the patient across care settings and shall be valid in any health care facility in which the patient who is the subject of such form is being treated; provided, however, that this shall not prevent a health care facility from imposing additional requirements regarding a patient's end of life care decisions. A health care facility and a health care provider, in its discretion, may rely upon a POLST form as legally valid consent by the patient to the terms therein.   A copy of a POLST form shall be valid and have the same meaning and effect as the original document.   A physician orders for life-sustaining treatment form which was executed in another state, which is valid under the laws of such state and which is substantially similar to the Georgia POLST form, and contains signatures of (i) either the patient or an authorized person and (ii) the attending physician, shall be treated as a POLST form which complies with this Code section.       Each health care provider, health care facility, and any other person who acts in good faith reliance on a POLST form shall be protected and released to the same extent as though such provider, facility, or other person had interacted directly with the patient as a fully competent person. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the following specific provisions shall also govern, protect, and validate the acts of an authorized person and each such health care provider, health care facility, and any other person acting in good faith reliance on such POLST form:   No such health care provider, health care facility, or person shall be subject to civil or criminal liability or discipline for unprofessional conduct solely for complying with a patient's end of life care decisions as provided in a POLST form, even if death or injury to the patient ensues;   No such health care provider, health care facility, or person shall be subject to civil or criminal liability or discipline for unprofessional conduct solely for failure to comply with a patient's end of life care decisions in a POLST form, so long as such health care provider, health care facility, or person promptly informs the patient or the patient's authorized person of such health care provider's, health care facility's, or person's refusal or failure to comply with such patient's end of life care decisions in a POLST form. The authorized person shall then be responsible for arranging the patient's transfer to another health care provider or health care facility. A health care provider, health care facility, or person who is unwilling to comply with a patient's end of life care decisions in a POLST form shall continue to provide reasonably necessary consultation and care in connection with the pending transfer;   If the actions of a health care provider, health care facility, or person who fails to comply with a patient's end of life care decisions in a POLST form are substantially in accord with reasonable medical standards at the time of reference and such provider, facility, or person cooperates in the transfer of the patient, then the health care provider, health care facility, or person shall not be subject to civil or criminal liability or discipline for unprofessional conduct for failure to comply with such patient's end of life care decisions in a POLST form;   No authorized person who, in good faith, acts with due care for the benefit of the patient and in accordance with a patient's end of life care decisions in a POLST form, or who fails to act, shall be subject to civil or criminal liability for such action or inaction; and   If a POLST form is revoked, a person shall not be subject to criminal prosecution or civil liability for acting in good faith reliance upon a patient's end of life care decisions in a POLST form unless such person had actual knowledge of the revocation.     No person shall be civilly liable for failing or refusing in good faith to effectuate a patient's end of life care decisions in a POLST form regarding the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining procedures or the withholding or withdrawal of the provision of nourishment or hydration.   No physician or any person acting under a physician's direction and no health care facility or any agent or employee thereof who, acting in good faith in accordance with the requirements of this Code section, causes the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining procedures or the withholding or withdrawal of the provision of nourishment or hydration from a patient or who otherwise participates in good faith therein shall be subject to any civil or criminal liability or guilty of unprofessional conduct therefor.   Any person who participates in the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining procedures or the withholding or withdrawal of the provision of nourishment or hydration pursuant to a patient's end of life care decisions in a POLST form and who has actual knowledge that such POLST form has been properly revoked shall not have any civil or criminal immunity otherwise granted under this subsection for such conduct.     In the event there are any directions in a patient's previously executed living will, advance directive for health care, durable power of attorney for health care, do not resuscitate order, or other legally authorized instrument that conflict with the directions in a POLST form, the most recent instrument will take precedence to the extent of the conflict.   Nothing in this Code section shall be construed to authorize any act prohibited by Code Section 16-5-5. Any health care provider, health care facility, or any other person who violates Code Section 16-5-5 shall not be entitled to any civil immunity provided pursuant to this Code section.     (Code 1981, §31-1-14, enacted by Ga. L. 2015, p. 305, § 1/SB 109; Ga. L. 2016, p. 757, § 1/SB 305; Ga. L. 2016, p. 864, § 31/HB 737.)   Code Commission notes.   - Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 2015, Code Section 31-1-14, as enacted by Ga. L. 2015, p. 312, § 2/SB 126, was redesignated as Code Section 31-1-15.   Law reviews.   - For annual survey on wills, trusts, guardianships, and fiduciary administration, see 67 Mercer L. Rev. 273 (2015).