reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CO Code § 13-25-118 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-118. Joint Defendants

 In actions upon express contracts against two or more defendants alleged to have been made or executed by such defendants as partners or joint obligors or payors, proof of the joint liability or partnership of the defendants, or their first names or surnames, shall not in the first instance be required to entitle the plaintiff to judgment, unless such proof is rendered necessary by the filing of pleas denying the execution of such writing, verified by affidavit as required by law.   History. Source: R.S. P. 310, § 6. G.L. § 1083. G.S. § 1313. R.S. 08: § 2506. C.L. § 6554. CSA: C. 63, § 20. CRS 53: § 52-1-19. C.R.S. 1963: § 52-1-19. L. 73: P. 612, § 2. History. Source: R.S. P. 310, § 6. G.L. § 1083. G.S. § 1313. R.S. 08: § 2506. C.L. § 6554. CSA: C. 63, § 20. CRS 53: § 52-1-19. C.R.S. 1963: § 52-1-19. L. 73: P. 612, § 2.    Cross references:   For joint and several obligations, see article 50 of this title; for pleading special matters, see C.R.C.P. 9.   ANNOTATION   Joint liability as partners need not be proved unless denied. Under this section a plaintiff is not required to prove the joint liability of defendants sued as partners, unless the execution of the instrument sued on is denied by plea verified by affidavit. Litchfield v. Daniels, 1 Colo. 268 (1871).   Denial of partnership may be made by general issue, without oath. In assumpsit against two persons as partners to recover damages for failure to deliver stock pursuant to a contract which was not in writing, the general issue by one of the defendants, without oath, operates to deny the partnership. Rogers v. Nuckolls, 2 Colo. 281 (1874).
CO Code § 13-25-120 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-120. Corporate Resolutions and Minutes

  A certified copy of a resolution purportedly adopted by a meeting of the board of directors, or by a meeting of the stockholders of a corporation, or of the minutes or of a portion of the minutes of a meeting of the board of directors or stockholders of a corporation, when the same purports to be certified by an officer of such corporation and purports to have the seal of such corporation affixed to such certification, shall be admissible in evidence as prima facie evidence of the adoption of such resolution or as prima facie evidence of the truth of the statements or recitals contained in such minutes or portion of such minutes insofar as the same may affect the title to real estate, and it shall not be necessary to prove any facts as the foundation for the admission of the same in evidence. If any such certified copy has been filed for record in the office of the county clerk and recorder of the county where the real estate affected thereby is situate, the record thereof in the office of said clerk and recorder, or a certified copy of such record certified by the county clerk and recorder, shall be admissible in evidence in the same manner as the certified copy itself.    The word “corporation” as used in this section shall include both foreign and domestic corporations. The words “board of directors” as used in this section shall include both a board of directors and any other board or body of a corporation which has powers and duties similar to those exercised by a board of directors. The word “stockholders” as used in this section shall include both stockholders and members of corporations.    The provisions of this section apply to certified copies of resolutions adopted prior to April 16, 1941, as well as those adopted after such date, and to certified copies of minutes of meetings or portions of minutes of meetings held prior to April 16, 1941, as well as those held after such date, and to certified copies which were certified prior to April 16, 1941, as well as those which were certified after such date.     History. Source: L. 41: P. 354, § 1. CSA: C. 63, § 22. CRS 53: § 52-1-21. C.R.S. 1963: § 52-1-21. History. Source: L. 41: P. 354, § 1. CSA: C. 63, § 22. CRS 53: § 52-1-21. C.R.S. 1963: § 52-1-21.    ANNOTATION   Law reviews. For article, “Curative Statutes of Colorado Respecting Titles to Real Estate”, see 26 Dicta 281 (1949).
CO Code § 13-25-121 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-121. Reports of Death

 A written finding of actual death, made by the secretary of the Army, the secretary of the Navy, or other officer or employee of the United States authorized to make such finding pursuant to the federal missing persons act (50 U.S.C. app. supp. 1001-17), as now or hereafter amended, or a duly certified copy of such finding may be received in any court, office, or other place in this state as evidence of the death of the person therein found to be dead in place of and with like effect as a state certificate of death. A written finding by such federal officer or employee of presumed death because missing in action or a duly certified copy of such finding after one year from the cessation of war in that theater of war where missing may be received in any court, office, or other place in this state as evidence of the death of the person therein found presumed dead and the date, circumstances, and place of disappearance.   History. Source: L. 45: P. 326, § 1. CSA: C. 63, § 23. CRS 53: § 52-1-22. C.R.S. 1963: § 52-1-22. History. Source: L. 45: P. 326, § 1. CSA: C. 63, § 23. CRS 53: § 52-1-22. C.R.S. 1963: § 52-1-22.
CO Code § 13-25-122 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-122. Person Missing, Interned, or Captured

 An official written report or record, or duly certified copy thereof, that a person is missing, missing in action, interned in a neutral country, or beleaguered, besieged, or captured by an enemy, or is dead, or is alive made by any officer or employee of the United States authorized by the act referred to in section 13-25-121 , or by any other law of the United States to make the same, may be received in any court, office, or other place in this state as evidence that such person was, on the date of the certificate, missing, missing in action, interned in a neutral country, or beleaguered, besieged, or captured by an enemy, or was dead, or was alive, as the case may be.   History. Source: L. 45: P. 326, § 2. CSA: C. 63, § 23. CRS 53: § 52-1-23. C.R.S. 1963: § 52-1-23. History. Source: L. 45: P. 326, § 2. CSA: C. 63, § 23. CRS 53: § 52-1-23. C.R.S. 1963: § 52-1-23.
CO Code § 13-25-123 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-123. Report Deemed Pursuant to Law

 For purposes of sections 13-25-121 and 13-25-122 , any finding, report, or record, or duly certified copy thereof, purporting to have been signed by an officer or employee of the United States as described in sections 13-25-121 and 13-25-122 shall prima facie be deemed to have been signed and issued by such officer or employee pursuant to law, and the person signing same shall prima facie be deemed to have acted within the scope of his authority. If a copy purports to have been certified by a person authorized by law to certify the same, that certified copy shall be prima facie evidence of his authority to so certify.   History. Source: L. 45: P. 327, § 3. CSA: C. 63, § 23. CRS 53: § 52-1-24. C.R.S. 1963: § 52-1-24. History. Source: L. 45: P. 327, § 3. CSA: C. 63, § 23. CRS 53: § 52-1-24. C.R.S. 1963: § 52-1-24.
CO Code § 13-25-125.5 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-125.5. Libel and Slander - Self-Publication

 No action for libel or slander may be brought or maintained unless the party charged with such defamation has published, either orally or in writing, the defamatory statement to a person other than the person making the allegation of libel or slander. Self-publication, either orally or in writing, of the defamatory statement to a third person by the person making such allegation shall not give rise to a claim for libel or slander against the person who originally communicated the defamatory statement.   History. Source: L. 89: Entire section added, p. 759, § 1, effective April 8.    ANNOTATION   Certain foreseeable “self-publication” can impose responsibility for publication on an originator, when the originator of the defamatory statement has reason to believe that the person defamed will be under a strong compulsion to disclose the contents of the defamatory statement to a third party. Churchey v. Adolph Coors Co., 759 P.2d 1336 (Colo. 1988) (decided prior to enactment of this section).   Summary judgment proper where evidence of defendant's involvement in publication not sufficient. Card v. Blakeslee, 937 P.2d 846 (Colo. App. 1996).
CO Code § 13-25-128 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-128. Rules of Evidence - Grant of Authority Subject to Reservation

 The supreme court of the state of Colorado shall have the power to prescribe general rules of evidence for the courts of record in the state of Colorado. Such rules of evidence shall be construed to be rules of practice and procedure and shall not be construed in such manner that such rules would fix, abridge, enlarge, modify, or diminish any substantive rights. The general assembly specifically reserves to itself the power to enact laws relating to substantive rights including, but not limited to, laws modifying or eliminating said rules of evidence.   History. Source: L. 79: Entire section added, p. 620, § 1, effective July 3.
CO Code § 13-25-130 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-130. Criminal Actions - Use of Photographs, Video Tapes, or Films of Property

  Photographs, video tapes, or films of property over which a person is alleged to have exerted unauthorized control or otherwise to have obtained unlawfully are competent evidence if the photographs, video tapes, or films are admissible into evidence under the rules of law governing the admissibility of photographs, video tapes, or films into evidence. Any photographic, video tape, or film record, when satisfactorily identified and authenticated, is as admissible in evidence as the property itself.      Any photograph may bear a written description of the property alleged to have been wrongfully taken, the name of the owner of the property taken, the name of the accused, the name of the arresting law enforcement officer, the date of the photograph, and the signature of the photographer.    Any video tape or film may include, as a segment of the tape or film, a written description of the property alleged to have been wrongfully taken, the name of the owner of the property taken, the name of the accused, the name of the arresting law enforcement officer, the date the tape or film was produced, and a segment showing the signature of the photographer.       A law enforcement agency which is holding property over which a person is alleged to have exerted unauthorized control or otherwise to have obtained unlawfully may return that property to its owner if:   The appropriately identified photographs, video tapes, or films are filed and retained by the law enforcement agency;    Satisfactory proof of ownership of the property is shown by the owner;    A declaration of ownership is signed under penalty of perjury;    The defendant, if a defendant has been filed upon, has been notified that such photographs, video tapes, or films have been taken, recorded, or produced; and    A receipt for the property is obtained from the owner upon delivery by the law enforcement agency.         History. Source: L. 85: Entire section added, p. 576, § 1, effective July 1.    Cross references:   For provisions in the criminal code concerning the use of photographs, video tapes, or films of property, see §§ 18-4-305 , 18-4-415 , and 18-4-514 .
CO Code § 13-25-131 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-131. Civil Actions - Sexual Assault - Certain Evidence Presumed Irrelevant

  In any civil action for damages by an alleged victim which alleges damages resulting from a sexual assault on a client by any person who enters into a professional-client relationship that permits professional physical access to the client's person or the opportunity to affect or influence the thought processes or emotions of such client, including, but not limited to, actions for professional malpractice or assault and battery, evidence of specific instances of the victim's prior or subsequent sexual conduct, opinion evidence of the victim's sexual conduct, and reputation evidence of the victim's sexual conduct shall be presumed to be irrelevant, except as provided in subsections (2) and (4) of this section. The persons to whom this subsection (1) applies in a civil action against such persons shall include any psychotherapist as defined in section 18-3-405.5, C.R.S., any medical professional, any member of the clergy, or any person acting under the color of a religious organization. This subsection (1) shall also apply in a civil action against a parent or other person in a position of trust, power, or authority over any child or other person, in a civil action by or on behalf of such child or such other person.    Subsection (1) of this section notwithstanding, in any of the civil actions described in such subsection (1), evidence of the following shall be presumed to be relevant:   Evidence of the victim's prior or subsequent sexual conduct with the defendant in such civil action;    Evidence of specific instances of sexual activity showing the source or origin of semen, pregnancy, disease, or any similar evidence of sexual intercourse, including, but not limited to, genetic testing pursuant to section 13-25-126, offered for the purpose of showing that the act or acts alleged were or were not committed by the defendant in such civil action.       In any civil action described in subsection (1) of this section, evidence of specific instances of the alleged victim's prior or subsequent sexual conduct is not subject to discovery.    Notwithstanding subsections (1) and (3) of this section, evidence of specific instances of the alleged victim's prior or subsequent sexual conduct may be determined to be subject to discovery or offered as evidence, if the defendant or plaintiff requests a hearing prior to conducting discovery or attempting to admit such evidence and makes an offer of proof of the relevancy of such evidence and the court finds that the evidence is relevant and the probative value of such evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect. Such hearing shall be held no later than thirty days prior to trial. In making an order that such evidence is relevant, the court shall detail the information or conduct that is subject to discovery or which may be admitted into evidence.     History. Source: L. 91: Entire section added, p. 352, § 1, effective July 1. L. 97: (2)(b) amended, p. 560, § 3, effective July 1.
CO Code § 13-25-132 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-132. Criminal Actions - Video Tape Depositions - Use at Trial

     In any criminal action, if the court finds, upon application of the prosecution, that there is substantial risk of physical harm or intimidation of a witness, the court may enter an order that a deposition be taken of that witness' testimony and that the deposition be recorded and preserved on video tape.    For the purposes of this section, “intimidation” means to, directly or indirectly, by oneself or through any other person in one's behalf, make use of any force, violence, restraint, abduction, duress, or forcible or fraudulent device or contrivance, or to inflict or threaten the infliction of any injury, damage, harm, or loss, or in any manner to practice intimidation upon or against any person in order to impede, prevent, or otherwise interfere with the testimony of the witness, or to compel, induce, or prevail upon any witness to give or refrain from giving testimony in any criminal action.       The prosecution shall apply for the order specified in subsection (1) of this section in writing at least three days prior to the taking of the deposition. The defendant shall receive reasonable notice of the taking of the deposition. The defendant shall have a right to be present and represented by counsel at the deposition.    Upon timely receipt of the application, the court shall make a preliminary finding regarding whether, at the time of trial, there is likely to be a substantial risk of physical harm or intimidation of a witness. If the court so finds, it shall order that the deposition be taken, pursuant to rule 15 (d) of the Colorado rules of criminal procedure, and preserved on video tape. The prosecution shall transmit the video tape to the clerk of the court in which the action is pending.     History. Source: L. 92: Entire section added, p. 281, § 2, effective July 1.
CO Code § 13-25-133 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-133. Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf and Teletype - Inadmissibility in Evidence - Exception

  Except as provided in subsection (3) of this section, the contents of any communication made directly or indirectly through a telecommunications device for the deaf (commonly known as TDD) or teletype (commonly known as TTY) and any writing or recording resulting from the communication are inadmissible as evidence of the existence or contents of the communication in any court of law, legal proceeding, or administrative hearing.    For the purposes of this section, “telecommunications device for the deaf or teletype” means any auxiliary aid or service consisting of listening or transcription systems that allow the reception or transmission of aurally delivered communication and materials for the benefit of individuals with hearing, speech, or physical impairments.    The provisions of this section do not apply to any communication intercepted pursuant to a lawful court order.     History. Source: L. 94: Entire section added, p. 458, § 1, effective March 29.
CO Code § 13-25-134 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-134. Electronic Records and Signatures - Admissibility in Evidence - Originals

 Pursuant to the provisions of article 71.3 of title 24, C.R.S., in any legal proceeding, nothing in the application of the rules of evidence shall apply so as to deny the admissibility of an electronic record or electronic signature into evidence on the sole ground that it is an electronic record or electronic signature or on the grounds that it is not in its original form or is not an original.   History. Source: L. 99: Entire section added, p. 1347, § 4, effective July 1. L. 2002: Entire section amended, p. 858, § 5, effective May 30.
CO Code § 13-25-135 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-135. Evidence of Admissions - Civil Proceedings - Unanticipated Outcomes - Medical Care

  In any civil action brought by an alleged victim of an unanticipated outcome of medical care, or in any arbitration proceeding related to such civil action, any and all statements, affirmations, gestures, or conduct expressing apology, fault, sympathy, commiseration, condolence, compassion, or a general sense of benevolence which are made by a health-care provider or an employee of a health-care provider to the alleged victim, a relative of the alleged victim, or a representative of the alleged victim and which relate to the discomfort, pain, suffering, injury, or death of the alleged victim as the result of the unanticipated outcome of medical care shall be inadmissible as evidence of an admission of liability or as evidence of an admission against interest.    For purposes of this section, unless the context otherwise requires:   “Health-care provider” means any person licensed or certified by the state of Colorado to deliver health care and any clinic, health dispensary, or health facility licensed by the state of Colorado. The term includes any professional corporation or other professional entity comprised of such health-care providers as permitted by the laws of this state.    “Relative” means a victim's spouse, parent, grandparent, stepfather, stepmother, child, grandchild, brother, sister, half brother, half sister, or spouse's parents. The term includes said relationships that are created as a result of adoption. In addition, “relative” includes any person who has a family-type relationship with a victim.    “Representative” means a legal guardian, attorney, person designated to make decisions on behalf of a patient under a medical power of attorney, or any person recognized in law or custom as a patient's agent.    “Unanticipated outcome” means the outcome of a medical treatment or procedure that differs from an expected result.        History. Source: L. 2003: Entire section added, p. 940, § 1, effective April 17.    ANNOTATION   Law reviews. For article, “Apology in the Aftermath of Injury: Colorado's ‘I'm Sorry' Law”, see 34 Colo. Law. 47 (April 2005).
CO Code § 13-25-136 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-136. Criminal Actions - Prenatal Drug and Alcohol Screening - Admissibility of Evidence

 A court shall not admit in a criminal proceeding information relating to substance use not otherwise required to be reported pursuant to section 19-3-304 , obtained as part of a screening or test performed to determine pregnancy or to provide prenatal or postpartum care, up to one year postpartum, or if a pregnant or parenting woman discloses substance use during pregnancy while seeking or participating in behavioral health treatment. This section does not prohibit prosecution of any claim or action related to such substance use based on evidence obtained through methods other than those described in this section.   History. Source: L. 2012: Entire section added,(HB 12-1100), ch. 10, p. 27, § 2, effective March 9. L. 2019: Entire section amended,(HB 19-1193), ch. 272, p. 2574, § 10, effective May 23.    Cross references:   For the legislative declaration in the 2012 act adding this section, see section 1 of chapter 10, Session Laws of Colorado 2012. For the legislative declaration in HB 19-1193, see section 1 of chapter 272, Session Laws of Colorado 2019.
CO Code § 13-25-137 (2021)
2021 Colorado Code|Title 13 - Courts and Court Procedure|Article 25 - Evidence- General Provisions|§ 13-25-137. Admissibility of Commercial Packaging

  Labels or packages listing, indicating, or describing the contents or ingredients of any commercially packaged item are admissible in evidence to prove that the item contains the contents or ingredients listed on the label or package. A label or package listing that identifies the contents or ingredients of a container or package constitutes prima facie evidence that the items in the container or package were composed in whole or in part of the contents.    Prior to the admission of evidence pursuant to this section, the court shall make a preliminary determination as to whether the item constitutes a commercially packaged item as described in subsection (1) of this section. This determination may include any evidence the court deems appropriate, including but not limited to evidence of where the item is available for purchase, whether the item is subject to state or federal regulation, or any other evidence observable on the package that indicates or constitutes indicia of the label's or package's reliability. Extrinsic evidence that an item is commercially packaged is not a prerequisite to the court's determination.     History. Source: L. 2012: Entire section added,(HB 12-1310), ch. 268, p. 1391, § 1, effective June 7.