reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
CA Ev Code § 1390 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 10 - HEARSAY EVIDENCE|CHAPTER 2 - Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule|ARTICLE 17 - Physical Abuse|Section 1390.

1390.  (a) Evidence of a statement is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the statement is offered against a party that has engaged, or aided and abetted, in the wrongdoing that was intended to, and did, procure the unavailability of the declarant as a witness.(b) (1) The party seeking to introduce a statement pursuant to subdivision (a) shall establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the elements of subdivision (a) have been met at a foundational hearing.(2) The hearsay evidence that is the subject of the foundational hearing is admissible at the foundational hearing. However, a finding that the elements of subdivision (a) have been met shall not be based solely on the unconfronted hearsay statement of the unavailable declarant, and shall be supported by independent corroborative evidence.(3) The foundational hearing shall be conducted outside the presence of the jury. However, if the hearing is conducted after a jury trial has begun, the judge presiding at the hearing may consider evidence already presented to the jury in deciding whether the elements of subdivision (a) have been met.(4) In deciding whether or not to admit the statement, the judge may take into account whether it is trustworthy and reliable.(c) This section shall apply to any civil, criminal, or juvenile case or proceeding initiated or pending as of January 1, 2011.(Amended by Stats. 2015, Ch. 55, Sec. 1. (AB 593) Effective January 1, 2016.)
CA Ev Code § 1400 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 1 - Requirement of Authentication|Section 1400.

1400.  Authentication of a writing means (a) the introduction of evidence sufficient to sustain a finding that it is the writing that the proponent of the evidence claims it is or (b) the establishment of such facts by any other means provided by law.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1401 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 1 - Requirement of Authentication|Section 1401.

1401.  (a) Authentication of a writing is required before it may be received in evidence.(b) Authentication of a writing is required before secondary evidence of its content may be received in evidence.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1402 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 1 - Requirement of Authentication|Section 1402.

1402.  The party producing a writing as genuine which has been altered, or appears to have been altered, after its execution, in a part material to the question in dispute, must account for the alteration or appearance thereof. He may show that the alteration was made by another, without his concurrence, or was made with the consent of the parties affected by it, or otherwise properly or innocently made, or that the alteration did not change the meaning or language of the instrument. If he does that, he may give the writing in evidence, but not otherwise.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1410 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1410.

1410.  Nothing in this article shall be construed to limit the means by which a writing may be authenticated or proved.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1410.5 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1410.5.

1410.5.  (a) For purposes of this chapter, a writing shall include any graffiti consisting of written words, insignia, symbols, or any other markings which convey a particular meaning.(b) Any writing described in subdivision (a), or any photograph thereof, may be admitted into evidence in an action for vandalism, for the purpose of proving that the writing was made by the defendant.(c) The admissibility of any fact offered to prove that the writing was made by the defendant shall, upon motion of the defendant, be ruled upon outside the presence of the jury, and is subject to the requirements of Sections 1416, 1417, and 1418.(Added by Stats. 1989, Ch. 660, Sec. 1.)
CA Ev Code § 1411 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1411.

1411.  Except as provided by statute, the testimony of a subscribing witness is not required to authenticate a writing.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1412 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1412.

1412.  If the testimony of a subscribing witness is required by statute to authenticate a writing and the subscribing witness denies or does not recollect the execution of the writing, the writing may be authenticated by other evidence.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1413 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1413.

1413.  A writing may be authenticated by anyone who saw the writing made or executed, including a subscribing witness.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1414 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1414.

1414.  A writing may be authenticated by evidence that:(a) The party against whom it is offered has at any time admitted its authenticity; or(b) The writing has been acted upon as authentic by the party against whom it is offered.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1415 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1415.

1415.  A writing may be authenticated by evidence of the genuineness of the handwriting of the maker.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1416 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1416.

1416.  A witness who is not otherwise qualified to testify as an expert may state his opinion whether a writing is in the handwriting of a supposed writer if the court finds that he has personal knowledge of the handwriting of the supposed writer. Such personal knowlegde may be acquired from:(a) Having seen the supposed writer write;(b) Having seen a writing purporting to be in the handwriting of the supposed writer and upon which the supposed writer has acted or been charged;(c) Having received letters in the due course of mail purporting to be from the supposed writer in response to letters duly addressed and mailed by him to the supposed writer; or(d) Any other means of obtaining personal knowledge of the handwriting of the supposed writer.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1417 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1417.

1417.  The genuineness of handwriting, or the lack thereof, may be proved by a comparison made by the trier of fact with handwriting (a) which the court finds was admitted or treated as genuine by the party against whom the evidence is offered or (b) otherwise proved to be genuine to the satisfaction of the court.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1418 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1418.

1418.  The genuineness of writing, or the lack thereof, may be proved by a comparison made by an expert witness with writing (a) which the court finds was admitted or treated as genuine by the party against whom the evidence is offered or (b) otherwise proved to be genuine to the satisfaction of the court.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1419 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1419.

1419.  Where a writing whose genuineness is sought to be proved is more than 30 years old, the comparison under Section 1417 or 1418 may be made with writing purporting to be genuine, and generally respected and acted upon as such, by persons having an interest in knowing whether it is genuine.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1420 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1420.

1420.  A writing may be authenticated by evidence that the writing was received in response to a communication sent to the person who is claimed by the proponent of the evidence to be the author of the writing.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1421 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings|Section 1421.

1421.  A writing may be authenticated by evidence that the writing refers to or states matters that are unlikely to be known to anyone other than the person who is claimed by the proponent of the evidence to be the author of the writing.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1450 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 3 - Presumptions Affecting Acknowledged Writings and Official Writings|Section 1450.

1450.  The presumptions established by this article are presumptions affecting the burden of producing evidence.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1451 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 3 - Presumptions Affecting Acknowledged Writings and Official Writings|Section 1451.

1451.  A certificate of the acknowledgment of a writing other than a will, or a certificate of the proof of such a writing, is prima facie evidence of the facts recited in the certificate and the genuineness of the signature of each person by whom the writing purports to have been signed if the certificate meets the requirements of Article 3 (commencing with Section 1180) of Chapter 4, Title 4, Part 4, Division 2 of the Civil Code.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1452 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 3 - Presumptions Affecting Acknowledged Writings and Official Writings|Section 1452.

1452.  A seal is presumed to be genuine and its use authorized if it purports to be the seal of:(a) The United States or a department, agency, or public employee of the United States.(b) A public entity in the United States or a department, agency, or public employee of such public entity.(c) A nation recognized by the executive power of the United States or a department, agency, or officer of such nation.(d) A public entity in a nation recognized by the executive power of the United States or a department, agency, or officer of such public entity.(e) A court of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction.(f) A notary public within any state of the United States.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1453 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 3 - Presumptions Affecting Acknowledged Writings and Official Writings|Section 1453.

1453.  A signature is presumed to be genuine and authorized if it purports to be the signature, affixed in his official capacity, of:(a) A public employee of the United States.(b) A public employee of any public entity in the United States.(c) A notary public within any state of the United States.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1454 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 1 - Authentication and Proof of Writings|ARTICLE 3 - Presumptions Affecting Acknowledged Writings and Official Writings|Section 1454.

1454.  A signature is presumed to be genuine and authorized if it purports to be the signature, affixed in his official capacity, of an officer, or deputy of an officer, of a nation or public entity in a nation recognized by the executive power of the United States and the writing to which the signature is affixed is accompanied by a final statement certifying the genuineness of the signature and the official position of (a) the person who executed the writing or (b) any foreign official who has certified either the genuineness of the signature and official position of the person executing the writing or the genuineness of the signature and official position of another foreign official who has executed a similar cetificate in a chain of such certificates beginning with a certificate of the genuineness of the signature and official position of the person executing the writing. The final statement may be made only by a secretary of an embassy or legation, consul general, consul, vice consul, consular agent, or other officer in the foreign service of the United States stationed in the nation, authenticated by the seal of his office.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1520 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 2 - Secondary Evidence of Writings|ARTICLE 1 - Proof of the Content of a Writing|Section 1520.

1520.  The content of a writing may be proved by an otherwise admissible original.(Added by Stats. 1998, Ch. 100, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 1999.)
CA Ev Code § 1521 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 2 - Secondary Evidence of Writings|ARTICLE 1 - Proof of the Content of a Writing|Section 1521.

1521.  (a) The content of a writing may be proved by otherwise admissible secondary evidence. The court shall exclude secondary evidence of the content of writing if the court determines either of the following:(1) A genuine dispute exists concerning material terms of the writing and justice requires the exclusion.(2) Admission of the secondary evidence would be unfair.(b) Nothing in this section makes admissible oral testimony to prove the content of a writing if the testimony is inadmissible under Section 1523 (oral testimony of the content of a writing).(c) Nothing in this section excuses compliance with Section 1401 (authentication).(d) This section shall be known as the “Secondary Evidence Rule.”(Added by Stats. 1998, Ch. 100, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 1999.)
CA Ev Code § 1522 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 2 - Secondary Evidence of Writings|ARTICLE 1 - Proof of the Content of a Writing|Section 1522.

1522.  (a) In addition to the grounds for exclusion authorized by Section 1521, in a criminal action the court shall exclude secondary evidence of the content of a writing if the court determines that the original is in the proponent’s possession, custody, or control, and the proponent has not made the original reasonably available for inspection at or before trial. This section does not apply to any of the following:(1) A duplicate as defined in Section 260.(2) A writing that is not closely related to the controlling issues in the action.(3) A copy of a writing in the custody of a public entity.(4) A copy of a writing that is recorded in the public records, if the record or a certified copy of it is made evidence of the writing by statute.(b) In a criminal action, a request to exclude secondary evidence of the content of a writing, under this section or any other law, shall not be made in the presence of the jury.(Added by Stats. 1998, Ch. 100, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 1999.)
CA Ev Code § 1523 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 2 - Secondary Evidence of Writings|ARTICLE 1 - Proof of the Content of a Writing|Section 1523.

1523.  (a) Except as otherwise provided by statute, oral testimony is not admissible to prove the content of a writing.(b) Oral testimony of the content of a writing is not made inadmissible by subdivision (a) if the proponent does not have possession or control of a copy of the writing and the original is lost or has been destroyed without fraudulent intent on the part of the proponent of the evidence.(c) Oral testimony of the content of a writing is not made inadmissible by subdivision (a) if the proponent does not have possession or control of the original or a copy of the writing and either of the following conditions is satisfied:(1) Neither the writing nor a copy of the writing was reasonably procurable by the proponent by use of the court’s process or by other available means.(2) The writing is not closely related to the controlling issues and it would be inexpedient to require its production.(d) Oral testimony of the content of a writing is not made inadmissible by subdivision (a) if the writing consists of numerous accounts or other writings that cannot be examined in court without great loss of time, and the evidence sought from them is only the general result of the whole.(Added by Stats. 1998, Ch. 100, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 1999.)
CA Ev Code § 1530 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 2 - Secondary Evidence of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Official Writings and Recorded Writings|Section 1530.

1530.  (a) A purported copy of a writing in the custody of a public entity, or of an entry in such a writing, is prima facie evidence of the existence and content of such writing or entry if:(1) The copy purports to be published by the authority of the nation or state, or public entity therein in which the writing is kept;(2) The office in which the writing is kept is within the United States or within the Panama Canal Zone, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, or the Ryukyu Islands, and the copy is attested or certified as a correct copy of the writing or entry by a public employee, or a deputy of a public employee, having the legal custody of the writing; or(3) The office in which the writing is kept is not within the United States or any other place described in paragraph (2) and the copy is attested as a correct copy of the writing or entry by a person having authority to make attestation. The attestation must be accompanied by a final statement certifying the genuineness of the signature and the official position of (i) the person who attested the copy as a correct copy or (ii) any foreign official who has certified either the genuineness of the signature and official position of the person attesting the copy or the genuineness of the signature and official position of another foreign official who has executed a similar certificate in a chain of such certificates beginning with a certificate of the genuineness of the signature and official position of the person attesting the copy. Except as provided in the next sentence, the final statement may be made only by a secretary of an embassy or legation, consul general, consul, vice consul, or consular agent of the United States, or a diplomatic or consular official of the foreign country assigned or accredited to the United States. Prior to January 1, 1971, the final statement may also be made by a secretary of an embassy or legation, consul general, consul, vice consul, consular agent, or other officer in the foreign service of the United States stationed in the nation in which the writing is kept, authenticated by the seal of his office. If reasonable opportunity has been given to all parties to investigate the authenticity and accuracy of the documents, the court may, for good cause shown, (i) admit an attested copy without the final statement or (ii) permit the writing or entry in foreign custody to be evidenced by an attested summary with or without a final statement.(b) The presumptions established by this section are presumptions affecting the burden of producing evidence.(Amended by Stats. 1970, Ch. 41.)
CA Ev Code § 1531 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 2 - Secondary Evidence of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Official Writings and Recorded Writings|Section 1531.

1531.  For the purpose of evidence, whenever a copy of a writing is attested or certified, the attestation or certificate must state in substance that the copy is a correct copy of the original, or of a specified part thereof, as the case may be.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1532 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 2 - Secondary Evidence of Writings|ARTICLE 2 - Official Writings and Recorded Writings|Section 1532.

1532.  (a) The official record of a writing is prima facie evidence of the existence and content of the original recorded writing if:(1) The record is in fact a record of an office of a public entity; and(2) A statute authorized such a writing to be recorded in that office.(b) The presumption established by this section is a presumption affecting the burden of producing evidence.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
CA Ev Code § 1550 (2021)
2021 California Code|Evidence Code - EVID|DIVISION 11 - WRITINGS|CHAPTER 2 - Secondary Evidence of Writings|ARTICLE 3 - Photographic Copies and Printed Representations of Writings|Section 1550.

1550.  A nonerasable optical image reproduction provided that additions, deletions, or changes to the original document are not permitted by the technology, a photostatic, microfilm, microcard, miniature photographic, or other photographic copy or reproduction, or an enlargement thereof, of a writing is as admissible as the writing itself if the copy or reproduction was made and preserved as a part of the records of a business (as defined by Section 1270) in the regular course of that business. The introduction of the copy, reproduction, or enlargement does not preclude admission of the original writing if it is still in existence. A court may require the introduction of a hard copy printout of the document.(Amended by Stats. 1992, Ch. 876, Sec. 10. Effective January 1, 1993. Superseded on operative date of amendment by Stats. 2002, Ch. 124.)