reglab/housing_qa huggingface dataset:
WI Stat § 403.204 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.204 - Endorsement.

403.204  Endorsement. (1) “Endorsement" means a signature, other than that of a signer as maker, drawer or acceptor, that alone or accompanied by other words is made on an instrument for the purpose of negotiating the instrument, restricting payment of the instrument or incurring the endorser's liability on the instrument, but regardless of the intent of the signer, a signature and its accompanying words is an endorsement unless the accompanying words, terms of the instrument, place of the signature or other circumstances unambiguously indicate that the signature was made for a purpose other than endorsement. For the purpose of determining whether a signature is made on an instrument, a paper affixed to the instrument is a part of the instrument. (2) “Endorser" means a person who makes an endorsement. (3) For the purpose of determining whether the transferee of an instrument is a holder, an endorsement that transfers a security interest in the instrument is effective as an unqualified endorsement of the instrument. (4) If an instrument is payable to a holder under a name that is not the name of the holder, endorsement may be made by the holder in the name stated in the instrument or in the holder's name or both, but signature in both names may be required by a person paying or taking the instrument for value or collection.History:  1995 a. 449.
WI Stat § 403.205 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.205 - Special endorsement; blank endorsement; anomalous endorsement.

403.205  Special endorsement; blank endorsement; anomalous endorsement. (1) If an endorsement is made by the holder of an instrument, whether payable to an identified person or payable to bearer, and the endorsement identifies a person to whom it makes the instrument payable, it is a special endorsement. If specially endorsed, an instrument becomes payable to the identified person and may be negotiated only by the endorsement of that person. The principles stated in s. 403.110 apply to special endorsements. (2) If an endorsement is made by the holder of an instrument and it is not a special endorsement, it is a blank endorsement. If endorsed in blank, an instrument becomes payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone until specially endorsed. (3) The holder may convert a blank endorsement that consists only of a signature into a special endorsement by writing, above the signature of the endorser, words identifying the person to whom the instrument is made payable. (4) “Anomalous endorsement" means an endorsement made by a person who is not the holder of the instrument. An anomalous endorsement does not affect the manner in which the instrument may be negotiated.History:  1995 a. 449.When the plaintiff was the bearer of a note that was endorsed in blank, the note was payable to the plaintiff under sub. (2). PNC Bank, N.A. v. Bierbrauer, 2013 WI App 11, 346 Wis. 2d 1, 827 N.W.2d 124, 12-0456.Under sub. (2), a note endorsed in blank is payable to the bearer and is negotiated by transfer of possession alone. A plaintiff may not enforce a note endorsed in blank that is in the possession of another, including the entity that services the loan for the plaintiff. Bank of New York Mellon v. Klomsten, 2018 WI App 25, 381 Wis. 2d 218, 911 N.W.2d 364, 17-0405.
WI Stat § 403.207 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.207 - Reacquisition.

403.207  Reacquisition. Reacquisition of an instrument occurs if it is transferred to a former holder, by negotiation or otherwise. A former holder who reacquires the instrument may cancel endorsements made after the reacquirer first became a holder of the instrument. If the cancellation causes the instrument to be payable to the reacquirer or to bearer, the reacquirer may negotiate the instrument. An endorser whose endorsement is canceled is discharged, and the discharge is effective against any subsequent holder.History:  1995 a. 449.
WI Stat § 403.301 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.301 - Person entitled to enforce instrument.

403.301  Person entitled to enforce instrument. “Person entitled to enforce" an instrument means the holder of the instrument, a nonholder in possession of the instrument who has the rights of a holder, or a person not in possession of the instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument under s. 403.309 or 403.418 (4). A person may be a person entitled to enforce the instrument even though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument.History:  1995 a. 449.Possession of the original note by counsel for the foreclosing bank in counsel's capacity as legal representative of the bank does not impair the bank's status as bearer. When counsel presents the original note to the circuit court, counsel is not acting to enforce the note himself, but on behalf of the client. Deutsche Bank National Trust Company v. Wuensch, 2018 WI 35, 380 Wis. 2d 727, 911 N.W.2d 1, 15-0175. See also Federal National Mortgage Association v. Thompson, 2018 WI 57, 381 Wis. 2d 609, 912 N.W.2d 364, 16-1496.
WI Stat § 403.303 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.303 - Value and consideration.

403.303  Value and consideration. (1) An instrument is issued or transferred for value if any of the following applies:(a) The instrument is issued or transferred for a promise of performance, to the extent that the promise has been performed.(b) The transferee acquires a security interest or other lien in the instrument other than a lien obtained by judicial proceeding.(c) The instrument is issued or transferred as payment of, or as security for, an antecedent claim against any person, whether or not the claim is due.(d) The instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for a negotiable instrument.(e) The instrument is issued or transferred in exchange for incurring an irrevocable obligation to a 3rd party by the person taking the instrument. (2) “Consideration" means any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract. The drawer or maker of an instrument has a defense if the instrument is issued without consideration. If an instrument is issued for a promise of performance, the issuer has a defense to the extent that performance of the promise is due and the promise has not been performed. If an instrument is issued for value as stated in sub. (1), the instrument is also issued for consideration.History:  1995 a. 449.
WI Stat § 403.304 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.304 - Overdue instrument.

403.304  Overdue instrument. (1) An instrument payable on demand becomes overdue at the earliest of the following times:(a) On the day after the day on which demand for payment is duly made.(b) If the instrument is a check, 90 days after its date.(c) If the instrument is not a check, when the instrument has been outstanding for a period of time after its date which is unreasonably long under the circumstances of the particular case in light of the nature of the instrument and usage of the trade. (2) With respect to an instrument payable at a definite time the following rules apply:(a) If the principal is payable in installments and a due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue upon default under the instrument for nonpayment of an installment, and the instrument remains overdue until the default is cured.(b) If the principal is not payable in installments and the due date has not been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the due date.(c) If a due date with respect to principal has been accelerated, the instrument becomes overdue on the day after the accelerated due date. (3) Unless the due date of principal has been accelerated, an instrument does not become overdue if there is default in payment of interest but no default in payment of principal.History:  1995 a. 449.
WI Stat § 403.306 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.306 - Claims to an instrument.

403.306  Claims to an instrument. A person taking an instrument, other than a person having rights of a holder in due course, is subject to a claim of a property or possessory right in the instrument or its proceeds, including a claim to rescind a negotiation and to recover the instrument or its proceeds. A person having rights of a holder in due course takes free of the claim to the instrument.History:  1995 a. 449.
WI Stat § 403.307 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.307 - Notice of breach of fiduciary duty.

403.307  Notice of breach of fiduciary duty. (1) In this section:(a) “Fiduciary" means an agent, trustee, partner, corporate officer or director or other representative owing a fiduciary duty with respect to an instrument.(b) “Represented person" means the principal, beneficiary, partnership, corporation or other person to whom the duty stated in par. (a) is owed. (2) If an instrument is taken from a fiduciary for payment or collection or for value, the taker has knowledge of the fiduciary status of the fiduciary and the represented person makes a claim to the instrument or its proceeds on the basis that the transaction of the fiduciary is a breach of fiduciary duty, the following rules apply:(a) Notice of breach of fiduciary duty by the fiduciary is notice of the claim of the represented person.(b) In the case of an instrument payable to the represented person or the fiduciary as such, the taker has notice of the breach of fiduciary duty if the instrument is taken in payment of or as security for a debt known by the taker to be the personal debt of the fiduciary or is taken in a transaction known by the taker to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary.(c) If an instrument is issued by the represented person or the fiduciary as such, and made payable to the fiduciary personally, the taker does not have notice of the breach of fiduciary duty unless the taker knows of the breach of fiduciary duty.(d) If an instrument is issued by the represented person or the fiduciary as such to the taker as payee, the taker has notice of the breach of fiduciary duty if the instrument is taken in payment of or as security for a debt known by the taker to be the personal debt of the fiduciary or is taken in a transaction known by the taker to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary.History:  1995 a. 449.
WI Stat § 403.308 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.308 - Proof of signatures and status as holder in due course.

403.308  Proof of signatures and status as holder in due course. (1) In an action with respect to an instrument, the authenticity of, and authority to make, each signature on the instrument is admitted unless specifically denied in the pleadings. If the validity of a signature is denied in the pleadings, the burden of establishing validity is on the person claiming validity, but the signature is presumed to be authentic and authorized unless the action is to enforce the liability of the purported signer and the signer is dead or adjudicated incompetent at the time of trial of the issue of validity of the signature. If an action to enforce the instrument is brought against a person as the undisclosed principal of a person who signed the instrument as a party to the instrument, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing that the defendant is liable on the instrument as a represented person under s. 403.402 (1). (2) If the validity of signatures is admitted or proved and there is compliance with sub. (1), a plaintiff producing the instrument is entitled to payment if the plaintiff proves entitlement to enforce the instrument under s. 403.301, unless the defendant proves a defense or claim in recoupment. If a defense or claim in recoupment is proved, the right to payment of the plaintiff is subject to the defense or claim, except to the extent the plaintiff proves that the plaintiff has rights of a holder in due course which are not subject to the defense or claim.History:  1995 a. 449; 2005 a. 387.
WI Stat § 403.309 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.309 - Enforcement of lost, destroyed or stolen instrument.

403.309  Enforcement of lost, destroyed or stolen instrument. (1) A person not in possession of an instrument is entitled to enforce the instrument if all of the following apply:(a) The person was in possession of the instrument and entitled to enforce it when loss of possession occurred.(b) The loss of possession was not the result of a transfer by the person or a lawful seizure.(c) The person cannot reasonably obtain possession of the instrument because the instrument was destroyed, its whereabouts cannot be determined or it is in the wrongful possession of an unknown person or a person that cannot be found or is not amenable to service of process. (2) A person seeking enforcement of an instrument under sub. (1) shall prove the terms of the instrument and the person's right to enforce the instrument. If that proof is made, s. 403.308 applies to the case as if the person seeking enforcement had produced the instrument. The court may not enter judgment in favor of the person seeking enforcement unless it finds that the person required to pay the instrument is adequately protected against loss that might occur by reason of a claim by another person to enforce the instrument. Adequate protection may be provided by any reasonable means.History:  1995 a. 449.
WI Stat § 403.310 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.310 - Effect of instrument on obligation for which taken.

403.310  Effect of instrument on obligation for which taken. (1) Unless otherwise agreed, if a certified check, cashier's check or teller's check is taken for an obligation, the obligation is discharged to the same extent that discharge would result if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken in payment of the obligation. Discharge of the obligation does not affect any liability that the obligor may have as an endorser of the instrument. (2) Unless otherwise agreed and except as provided in sub. (1), if a note or an uncertified check is taken for an obligation, the obligation is suspended to the same extent that the obligation would be discharged if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken, and the following rules apply:(a) In the case of an uncertified check, suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the check or until it is paid or certified. Payment or certification of the check results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the amount of the check.(b) In the case of a note, suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the note or until it is paid. Payment of the note results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the payment.(c) Except as provided in par. (d), if the check or note is dishonored and the obligee of the obligation for which the instrument was taken is the person entitled to enforce the instrument, the obligee may enforce either the instrument or the obligation. In the case of an instrument of a 3rd person which is negotiated to the obligee by the obligor, discharge of the obligor on the instrument also discharges the obligation.(d) If the person entitled to enforce the instrument taken for an obligation is a person other than the obligee, the obligee may not enforce the obligation to the extent that the obligation is suspended. If the obligee is the person entitled to enforce the instrument but no longer has possession of it because it was lost, stolen or destroyed, the obligation may not be enforced to the extent of the amount payable on the instrument, and to that extent the obligee's rights against the obligor are limited to enforcement of the instrument. (3) If an instrument other than one described in sub. (1) or (2) is taken for an obligation, the effect is one of the following:(a) That stated in sub. (1) if the instrument is one on which a bank is liable as maker or acceptor.(b) That stated in sub. (2) in any other case.History:  1995 a. 449.
WI Stat § 403.311 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.311 - Accord and satisfaction by use of instrument.

403.311  Accord and satisfaction by use of instrument. (1) Subsections (2) to (4) apply if a person against whom a claim is asserted proves that all of the following conditions have been met:(a) That person in good faith tendered an instrument to the claimant as full satisfaction of the claim.(b) The amount of the claim was unliquidated or subject to a bona fide dispute.(c) The claimant obtained payment of the instrument. (2) Unless sub. (3) applies, the claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that the instrument or an accompanying written communication contained a conspicuous statement to the effect that the instrument was tendered as full satisfaction of the claim. (3) Subject to sub. (4), a claim is not discharged under sub. (2) if any of the following applies:(a) The claimant, if an organization, proves that all of the following conditions have been met:1. Within a reasonable time before the tender, the claimant sent a conspicuous statement to the person against whom the claim is asserted that communications concerning disputed debts, including an instrument tendered as full satisfaction of a debt, are to be sent to a designated person, office or place.2. The instrument or accompanying communication was not received by that designated person, office or place.(b) The claimant, whether or not an organization, proves that within 90 days after payment of the instrument the claimant tendered repayment of the amount of the instrument to the person against whom the claim is asserted. This paragraph does not apply if the claimant is an organization that sent a statement complying with par. (a) 1. (4) A claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that within a reasonable time before collection of the instrument was initiated the claimant, or an agent of the claimant having direct responsibility with respect to the disputed obligation, knew that the instrument was tendered in full satisfaction of the claim.History:  1995 a. 449.
WI Stat § 403.401 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.401 - Signature.

403.401  Signature. (1) A person is not liable on an instrument unless the person signed the instrument, or the person is represented by an agent or representative who signed the instrument and the signature is binding on the represented person under s. 403.402. (2) A signature may be made manually or by means of a device or machine and may be made by the use of any name, including a trade or assumed name, or by a word, mark or symbol executed or adopted by a person with present intention to authenticate a writing.History:  1995 a. 449.
WI Stat § 403.402 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.402 - Signature by representative.

403.402  Signature by representative. (1) If a person acting, or purporting to act, as a representative signs an instrument by signing either the name of the represented person or the name of the signer, the represented person is bound by the signature to the same extent that the represented person would be bound if the signature were on a simple contract. If the represented person is bound, the signature of the representative is the authorized signature of the represented person and the represented person is liable on the instrument, whether or not identified in the instrument. (2) If a representative signs the name of the representative to an instrument and the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person, the following rules apply:(a) If the form of the signature shows unambiguously that the signature is made on behalf of the represented person who is identified in the instrument, the representative is not liable on the instrument.(b) Subject to sub. (3), if the form of the signature does not show unambiguously that the signature is made in a representative capacity or the represented person is not identified in the instrument, the representative is liable on the instrument to a holder in due course that took the instrument without notice that the representative was not intended to be liable on the instrument. With respect to any other person, the representative is liable on the instrument unless the representative proves that the original parties did not intend the representative to be liable on the instrument. (3) If a representative signs the name of the representative as drawer of a check without indication of the representative status and the check is payable from an account of the represented person who is identified on the check, the signer is not liable on the check if the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person.History:  1995 a. 449.Sub. (3) does not shield a representative signer from claims of fraud in signing a corporate check. However, reliance upon a bookkeeper's signing of a check on the instruction of a superior that the corporation was solvent was not justifiable reliance that would sustain a claim of fraud. Korhumel Steel Corp. v. Wandler, 229 Wis. 2d 395, 600 N.W.2d 592 (Ct. App. 1999), 98-2042.
WI Stat § 403.403 (2021)
2021 Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations|Chapter 403 - Uniform commercial code — negotiable instruments.|403.403 - Unauthorized signature.

403.403  Unauthorized signature. (1) Unless otherwise provided in this chapter or ch. 404, an unauthorized signature is ineffective except as the signature of the unauthorized signer in favor of a person who in good faith pays the instrument or takes it for value. An unauthorized signature may be ratified for all purposes of this chapter. (2) If the signature of more than one person is required to constitute the authorized signature of an organization, the signature of the organization is unauthorized if one of the required signatures is lacking. (3) The civil or criminal liability of a person who makes an unauthorized signature is not affected by any provision of this chapter which makes the unauthorized signature effective for the purposes of this chapter.History:  1995 a. 449.