My question is what does 'being' mean at the first of a sentence? 

Here are some examples.


  Being rich doesn't mean you are happy. 


What does being rich mean?


  Being a successful person in life is a big challenge.


What does being successful mean? 


  Being a doctor doesn't mean you are smart.


What does being a doctor mean? 

I appreciate your effort and I am looking forward to the answer 


Question: what does $this->getUrl('fastorder/index/saveOrder') refers to
Answer: $this->getUrl('fastorder/index/saveOrder') is create a url.
According to magento,this give url which

Like: YourSiteUrl/FronteNameOFAThridPartetensin/index/savOrder
Then

fastorder: it identifier of a module router

Goto app/code/(community or local)/TheModuleNameSpace/MouleName/etc/ and open config.xml

then here you find 

  &lt;routers&gt;
            &lt;fastorder&gt;&lt;!-- this call in getUrl (fastorder),it call as router name --&gt; 
                &lt;use&gt;standard&lt;/use&gt;
                &lt;args&gt;
                    &lt;module&gt;TheModuleNameSpace_MouleName&lt;/module&gt;
                    &lt;frontName&gt;fastorder&lt;/frontName&gt;&lt;!-- frontend name --&gt;
                &lt;/args&gt;
            &lt;/fastorder&gt;
        &lt;/routers&gt;


May be router name  and frontend name it depend on development. Actually fronted name show when url route

controller: IndexController.php

Action Name:  saveOrderAction()