From the perspective of a Ph.D. student, how much of an added value is it to have your own presentation slides layout, that is used consistently throughout your Ph.D. conference presentations and other talks (and possibly throughout your academic career afterwards)?

Here is one such example from the Computer Science community.

This as as opposed to using existing Beamer templates with LaTeX, or built-in PowerPoint templates, or simply preparing each presentation on its own (without a specific layout).

A couple of axes I can think along:


Creating a signature layout that distinguishes one in their community
Ease of preparation of presentations (especially over time), maybe overcoming constraints with existing templates.


Note that I am not concerned with the question of content, but just design and layout.


Question: Return value in bash script
Answer: Functions in Bash are not functions like in other language; they're actually commands. So functions are used as if they were binaries or scripts fetched from your path.  From the perspective of your program logic there should be really no difference. 

Shell commands are connected by pipes (aka streams), and not fundamental or user-defined data types, as in "real" programming languages. There is no such thing like a return value for a command, maybe mostly because there's no real way to declare it. It could occur on the man-page, or the --help output of the command, but both are only human-readable and hence are written to the wind. 

When a command wants to get input it reads it from its input stream, or the argument list. In both cases text strings have to be parsed.

When a command wants to return something it has to echo it to its output stream. Another oftenly practiced way is to store the return value in dedicated, global variables. Writing to the output stream is clearer and more flexible, because it can take also binary data. For example, you can return a BLOB easily:

encrypt() {
    gpg -c -o- $1 # encrypt data in filename to stdout (asks for a passphrase)
}

encrypt public.dat &gt; private.dat # write function result to file


As others have written in this thread, the caller can also use command substitution $() to capture the output.

Parallely, the function would "return" the exit code of gpg (GnuPG). Think of the exit code as a bonus that other languages don't have, or, depending on your temperament, as a "Schmutzeffekt" of shell functions. This status is, by convention, 0 on success or an integer in the range 1-255 for something else. To make this clear: return (like exit) can only take a value from 0-255, and values other than 0 are not necessarily errors, as is often asserted.

When you don't provide an explicit value with return the status is taken from the last command in a Bash statement/function/command and so forth. So there is always a status, and return is just an easy way to provide it.