**提示**：此条目的主题不是**调饮**。 
  此條目介紹的是語音學术语。关于音樂上的調音，请见「**音高校準**」。
  此條目介紹的是位于喉门以上的发音阶段。关于位于喉门的发音阶段，请见「**發聲態**」。关于形成语音的整体过程，请见「**發音**」。
**調（diào）音**（英語：），狭义上也被称为**发音**，在语音学上指发音的时候，通过调动舌或唇等調音器官（Articulator），在声道中制造不同种类的阻碍（Obstruction 或 Stricture）来改变声道形状、影响气流，从而改变音色，发出各种语音（元音和辅音）的生理活动。阻碍出现的位置称为调音部位，制造阻碍的方法称为调音方法，调音常根据这两个要素分类。

调音与气流、发声机制一同，都是形成语音的重要要素，故三者都是发音的下位概念。

調音部位
----

条目：调音部位
人类发声构造；此图显示"腭"与"颚"为不同部位。一个官话话者的实时核磁共振成像]
調音部位（英語：）即辅音发音时，口腔或者咽腔中受到阻碍的位置。当两个调音器官相互靠近时，就会形成阻塞。这两个调音器官里面，通常运动的器官被视为主动调音部位，静止的器官被视为被动调音部位，故所谓调音位置，指的是这两者的组合。例如，[f] 即为唇齿音，以下唇为主动调音部位，上齿为被动调音部位。下唇还可以是其他部位的主动调音部位，如双唇音 [b] 。同样地，上齿也可以是其他部位的被动调音部位，如清齿擦音 [θ]。


|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **常见主动调音部位*** 上唇（唇音）
* 上齒，包含牙齒的邊緣及內面（齒音）
* 牙齦（齒齦音）
* 牙齦後方（齒齦後音）
* 口腔上方的硬腭（硬腭音）
* 口腔上方較後端的軟腭（軟腭音）
* 垂在喉嚨入口處的小舌（小舌音）
* 咽頭（咽音）
* 在氣管的入口處，位於喉頭上方的會厭（會厭音）
 |  | **常见被动调音部位*** 下唇（唇音）
* 舌頭前端的各個部位（舌冠音）
	+ 舌尖（舌尖音）
	+ 舌葉（舌葉音）
	+ 舌尖下部（舌頂下音（英语：））
* 舌頭背部（舌背音）
* 舌頭根部與喉嚨（咽音）
 |

### 协同调音

条目：协同调音
如果有多于一个以上的调音部位参与调音（尽管很少超过两个），这种情况就称为协同调音。

协同调音分为两类，其中一种的两个调音部位阻碍相同量的气流，称为双协同调音。例如清唇软腭塞音 [k͡p]，这个音相当于是同时以硬腭与嘴唇同时发出清軟腭塞音 [k]和清雙唇塞音 [p]。

另外一种协同调音里面，一个调音部位会比另一个调音部位阻碍更多的气流，前者称为主要调音（英语：）（primary articulation），后者则为次要调音（secondary articulation）。常见的包括唇音化、俄语的软音化等。例如英语 *w*，常包括软腭的主要调音和嘴唇的次要调音，因为嘴唇的圆角会导致阻塞减少；又如"quit"中的 *qu*（唇音化为 [kʷ]），具有完全相同的主要和次要调音部位，但它们不仅仅阻碍气流，甚至在软腭处完全阻塞气流。（*qu* 常被分析为*k* 和 *u* 的音列，但这两个部分实际上是同时发音的。[w]）不过有时也会将 *u*/*w* 处理成与协同调音非常相像的浊圆唇软腭近音 [w]，见下文。同样地，浊圆唇硬腭近音 [ɥ] 通常被视为协同调音，但有时也会单独列作鼻音。

搭嘴音会有两个调音位置同时闭塞，故也属于协同调音。

調音方法
----

条目：调音方法
調音方法（manner of articulation）指发音时调动舌头、唇部及其他喉以上的调音器官对发声器官流出的气流进行各种阻碍，以改变其共振，发出不同语音的办法。对于任一个调音部位，存在若干种调音方法，而因此有若干个同位辅音。

调音方法的一特征为阻碍程度，即调音器官之间的相近程度。如果两个调音器官达到最大阻塞位置（Location of maximum obstruction），则调音就可以成立。由阻碍程度最大排至最小，发音可以被分成塞音、擦音、無擦通音甚至元音。塞音会出现声道的完全阻塞，故会有一个成阻、持阻、除阻的过程。擦音通过气流摩擦调音部位调音。塞擦音则通常表现得像是介于塞音和擦音之间的发音，但在语音学上，其为连续塞音及擦音的发音。

调音还包括其他特征，也都涉及气流的阻塞，包括閃音、顫音和擦音的有咝等。通常鼻音化及边音也被认为包括在调音方法内，朱晓农等语言学家会将其划为"响音"，即无准随机波但有声道阻碍的音（其他的则是"阻音"，即既有准随机波也有声道阻碍的音）；但一些语音学家如彼得·拉迪福杰德（英语：）认为它们是独立于调音方法之外的。历史上，发音会移向较小阻碍的发音，此一过程称为辅音弱化。

### 元音的調音

元音一般认为其发音过程中没有调音，因为没有任何调音器官能达到相互的最大阻塞位置，故调音也不成立。通常使用前后、开闭、圆唇非圆唇等，而非调音部位和调音方法来描述元音。语音生理学很难解释元音的调音，因为这与一般的听觉印象相悖。

一些近音跟元音在听觉上相似，故也会被记作元音。如硬腭近音 [j]与闭前不圆唇元音 [i]、浊圆唇软腭近音 [w]与闭后圆唇元音 [w]、浊圆唇硬腭近音 [ɥ]与闭前圆唇元音 [y]、软腭近音 [ɰ]与闭后不圆唇元音 [ɯ]、以及齿龈近音 [ɹ]与儿化元音 [ɚ] 的对应关系。不过，两者相比较而言，近音的阻塞更加强一些。

参考文献
----

1. 1 2 3 4  朱晓农.. 商务印书馆. 2010. ISBN 9787100066815.
2. 1 2 3 4  Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A.. University of Chicago Press. 1996. ISBN 4385107564.
3. 1 2  Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A.. 由土田滋, 福井玲, 中川裕翻译. 三省堂. 2003. ISBN 4385107564.
4. 1 2 3  Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A.. University of Chicago Press. 1996. ISBN 4385107564.
5. ↑  Rogerson-Revell, Pamela.. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2011. ISBN 1623567173.

参照
--

* 气流 - 发声 - **調音**（调音部位、调音方法）
* 發音


|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * 
* 论
* 编
调音 |
| --- |
|  |
| 

|  调音部位 |
| --- |
|  |
| 调音部位 | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 唇 | 雙唇（唇軟腭 · 唇齦） · 唇齒 · 齒唇 |
|  |
| 舌冠 | 舌唇 · 齒間 · 齒 · 齒齒齦 · 齒齦 · 舌冠軟腭（英语：） · 齒齦後（齦硬腭 · 捲舌） |
|  |
| 舌背 | 齒齦後（齦腭） · 硬腭（唇硬腭） · 軟腭 · 小舌（小舌會厭） |

 |
|  |
| 舌形（英语：） | 舌尖 · 舌尖下（英语：） · 舌端（英语：） · 沟化（英语：） · 圓頂（英语：） · 邊 |

 |
|  |
| 

|  调音方法 |
| --- |
|  |
| 阻礙音 | 塞音 · 塞擦音 · 擦音（咝音/有噝擦音） |
|  |
| 響音 | 鼻音 · 闪音/彈音 · 近音（半元音） · 元音 · 震動音（英语：）（彈音 · 顫音） |
|  |
| 流音 | R音 · 边音 |

 |
|  |
| 

|  次發音（英语：） |
| --- |
|  |
| 唇音化 · 元音圓唇度 · 腭音化（唇硬腭化） · 軟腭化 · 小舌化 · 咽化 |

 |
|  |
| 参见：调音（调音部位 · 调音方法） · 调音语音学 · 协同调音 · 氣流機制 · 送气 · 無聲除阻 · 發聲態 · 清濁音 · 雙调音部位辅音（英语：） · 喉化（英语：） |

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| 

| * 
* 论
* 编
辅音（辅音列表） |
| --- |
|  |
| **肺部气流音**

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| 调音部位 → | 唇 | 舌冠 | 舌背 | 咽喉 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 调音方法 ↓ | 雙唇 | 唇齒 | 舌唇 | 齒 | 齒齦 | 齦後 | 卷舌 | 齦 | 硬 | 軟 | 小舌 | 咽 | 會⁠厭 | 聲門 |
| 鼻音 | m̥ | m |  | ɱ |  | n̼ |  |  | n̥ | n |  |  | ɳ̊ | ɳ |  |  | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ |  | ɴ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 塞音 | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ |  |  | t | d |  |  | ʈ | ɖ |  |  | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ |  |  | ʡ |  | ʔ |  |
| 有噝塞擦音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ts | dz | t̠ʃ | d̠ʒ | ʈʂ | ɖʐ | tɕ | dʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 無噝塞擦音 | pɸ | bβ | p̪f | b̪v |  |  | t̪θ | d̪ð | tɹ̝̊ | dɹ̝ | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | d̠ɹ̠˔ |  |  |  |  | cç | ɟʝ | kx | ɡɣ | qχ |  |  |  |  | ʡʢ | ʔh |  |
| 有噝擦音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 無噝擦音 | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̠ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ |  | ɻ˔ |  |  | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | ʜ | ʢ | h | ɦ |
| 近音 |  |  | ʋ̥ | ʋ |  |  |  |  | ɹ̥ | ɹ |  |  | ɻ̊ | ɻ |  |  | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ʔ̞ |
| 闪音 |  | ⱱ̟ |  | ⱱ |  | ɾ̼ |  |  | ɾ̥ | ɾ |  |  | ɽ̊ | ɽ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɢ̆ |  |  |  | ʡ̆ |  |  |
| 顫音 | ʙ̥ | ʙ |  |  |  |  |  |  | r̥ | r |  |  | ɽ̊r̥ | ɽr |  |  |  |  |  |  | ʀ̥ | ʀ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 邊塞擦音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tɬ | dɮ |  |  | ʈɭ̊˔ |  |  |  | cʎ̝̊ |  | kʟ̝̊ | ɡʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 邊擦音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɬ | ɮ |  |  | ɭ̊˔ | ɭ˔ |  |  | ʎ̝̊ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 邊近音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | l̥ | l |  |  | ɭ̊ | ɭ |  |  | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ |  | ʟ̠ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 邊闪音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɺ |  |  |  | ɭ̆ |  |  |  | ʎ̆ |  | ʟ̆ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

 |
| 
* 國際音標
* 国际音标表
* 模板

當符號成對出現時，左邊的是清音，右邊的是濁音。陰影區域表示被認為是不可能的發音。 |

**非肺部气流音**

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  | 雙唇 | 唇齒 | 齒 | 齒齦 | 齦後 | 捲舌 | 硬 | 軟 | 小舌 | 会厌 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 挤喉音 | 塞音 | pʼ |  |  | tʼ |  | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ |
| 塞擦音 |  |  | t̪θʼ | tsʼ | t̠ʃʼ | ʈʂʼ |  | kxʼ | qχʼ |  |
| 擦音 | ɸʼ | fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | çʼ | xʼ | χʼ |  |
| 邊塞擦音 |  |  |  | tɬʼ |  |  | cʎ̝̊ʼ | kʟ̝̊ʼ |  |  |
| 邊擦音 |  |  |  | ɬʼ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 搭嘴音 | 不送氣音 | ʘ |  | ǀ | ǃ |  | !! | ǂ | ʞ |  |  |
| 濁音 | ʘ̬ |  | ǀ̬ | ǃ̬ |  | ‼̬ | ǂ̬ |  |  |  |
| 鼻搭嘴音（英语：） | ʘ̃ |  | ǀ̃ | ǃ̃ |  | ‼̃ | ǂ̃ |  |  |  |
| 不送氣邊音 |  |  |  | ǁ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 濁邊音 |  |  |  | ǁ̬ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | ǁ̃ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 內爆音 | 濁音 | ɓ |  |  | ɗ |  | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ |  |
| 清音 | ɓ̥ |  |  | ɗ̥ |  | ᶑ̊ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ |  |

 |
| 
* 國際音標
* 国际音标表
* 模板

 |

**协同调音**

|  |
| --- |
| 

鼻音

n͡m
唇舌冠音

ŋ͡m
唇软鼻音

塞音

t͡pd͡b
唇齒齦塞音

k͡pɡ͡b
唇軟塞音

q͡ʡ
小舌會厭音

擦音

ɧ
Sj音

近音

ɥ̊ɥ
唇硬音

ʍw
唇軟音

邊近音

ɫ
軟腭化齒齦音

鼻化近音

j̃
硬音

w̃
唇軟音

h̃
聲門音

 |
| 
* 國際音標
* 国际音标表
* 模板

 |

 |
|  |
| 圖表 | 肺部气流音 ‧ 非肺部气流音 ‧ 塞擦音 ‧ 协同调音辅音 |
|  |
| 参见：國際音標 · 元音 |

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