| 围棋 |
| --- |
|  |
| 
游戏详述 |
| * 规则
* 让子
* 棋谚（日语：）
* 术语
* 战略战术（英语：）
* 手割
* 布局
* 定式
* 死活
* 诘棋
* 收官
 |
| 
历史与文化 |
| * 历史
* 棋盤
* 棋子（日语：）
* 变体
* 围棋四大家
* 名局（英语：）
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| 
棋手与棋手组织 |
| * 棋手
* 段级位制
* 组织
* 棋赛
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| 
计算机与数学 |
| * 围棋与数学
* 计算机围棋
* 围棋软件
* 網路圍棋
* AlphaGo李世乭五番棋
* AlphaGo Zero
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| * 
* 论
* 编
 |

  此條目介紹的是各个主流**围棋规则**之间的**异同**。关于围棋的基本规则，请见「**围棋 § 规则**」。
围棋起源于中国立國前三千年。现存最早的文字记载见于春秋时期，因此普遍相信围棋的历史在三千年以上。后来围棋陆续传入朝鲜、日本。19世纪晚期，又开始向东亚以外地区大规模传播，如今棋迷已遍布全球。在悠久而又广泛的流传过程中，围棋规则出现了多个变种。当前，虽然世界职业围棋大赛已举办多年，而所使用的规则仍然不统一。一般情况是，比赛的主办者来自哪个国家，就用该国的围棋规则。目前使用的规则大体上可分为**中国规则**和**日本规则**两大体系，以及试图调和这两大体系的**智运会规则**。同一体系内的各个变种之间区别极小，而日本规则和中国规则之间的差别也基本上不妨碍围棋的国际交流。

本条目将简述围棋规则在历史上的演变，并列举当前比赛所使用的各主流规则的主要分歧所在，以及几位知名的围棋规则研究者的工作和主张。围棋规则的其它相关方面也有涉及。

围棋规则演变史
-------

  关于围棋的一般历史，请见「**围棋史**」。
### 南北朝以前

围棋的起源年代不详，现存最早的文字记载出现于春秋时期，据此多推测围棋的起源年代为商周时期或更早。早期的围棋规则也不见记载，只知道西晋时期的棋盘大约以17路为主。至于何时变为以19路为主则多推测为南北朝时期。也是在南北朝时期写成的《敦煌棋经》有"棋有停道及两溢者，子多为胜"之句。这表明当时的规则是双方都尽可能的往盘上摆子，可以弃权，直到最后全盘几乎摆满棋子为止，然后比较盘面双方的棋子数量决胜。是为纯粹的数"子"法，而不像如今的中国规则，虽称作数子法，实质则是子空皆地。

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | 维基文库中相关的原始文献：**敦煌棋經** |

### 唐宋比路法规则

现存最早的棋谱书籍为宋代的《忘忧清乐集》，内中记载了唐代至宋代的几局棋。其所使用的规则是与如今日本规则的比目法类似的**比路法**，即比较双方所围空点数加所吃掉的对方棋子数决胜。但有两个区别：一是要扣除基本眼位，这体现其与更古老的规则一脉相承；二是手数的记载不是如今的"共多少手"而是"各多少着"。而且，其中"贾玄图"的结果是黑胜8路。偶数的结果说明唐宋比路法规则对于收后的处理与后来的数子法不同。

### 明清数子法规则

比路法规则从唐代一直用到元代。至明、清两代，则使用**数子法**规则。比路法是比较双方的路数，而明清数子法规则则是数出一方的子数，归本计算。之所以弃用比路法而改用数子法，推测其原因为明代市民文化发达，赌棋盛行，比路法需要保留死子容易作弊，而数子法结果全由终局盘面决定。另有**还棋头**的规则，即每块活棋要扣除一子，表明这仍为纯数子法规则。

### 日本规则的形成

按日本传统说法，围棋是遣唐使吉备真备带回日本的。但有记载显示更早的时代日本已有围棋。中国古代棋谱都是有**座子**的，而日本最古老的棋谱也有座子。但后来的大量日本古谱均不见座子。中国古棋是黑先白先都有，清初以后才约定俗成为白先；而日本古谱均为黑先。

日本古棋与中国古棋最重大的区别是在计数规则方面。日本古棋使用与唐宋比路法类似的**比目法**，但从来没有扣除基本眼位的记录。因为规则上的差异，日本古棋与中国古棋的风格大为不同。

日本从16世纪晚期的安土桃山时代开始，建立了职业围棋制度，此后四百多年里名家辈出。不过在这期间，19世纪下半叶的明治维新取消了江户时代围棋四大门阀的俸禄，此后职业棋士需要自谋出路，这对日本围棋界而言是一次重大变故。经过数十年的低落和整合，1924年，日本棋院成立。

与中国古棋一样，日本古棋也从来没有成文规则。1928年发生了"**万年劫事件**"，促使日本棋院开始考虑制订成文规则。1948年吴清源对岩本薰十番棋第一局又出现围绕"**最后一劫**"的争议。1949年10月2日，《日本棋院围棋规约》出台。这是围棋史上首部成文规则。

### 民国以来的中国规则

清末至民国初年，日本棋手高部道平（日语：）多次访华交流，结果是当时中国最强的一批棋手在高部面前都要被让二至三子。而高部当时只是四段（1912年升五段），与本因坊对弈还要被让二子。两国围棋竞技水平落差如此巨大令双方都感到不解；而中国的围棋规则也从此时开始取消了座子制与还棋头，变得可以跟日本规则兼容。这也就是使用至今的中国规则。

知名的规则研究者
--------

围棋规则的成文化工作始于1930年代。1932年安永一（日语：）拟订《围棋宪法草案》；美国围棋协会(AGA)的Olmsted与Robinson于1941年出版了一本49页的小册子《围棋的合理化》；岛田拓尔于1943年、贝濑尊明(1903-?)于1960年分别提出过围棋规则的合理化方案。

### 池田敏雄

池田敏雄(1923年8月7日—1974年11月14日)，为日本富士通公司的一名电子工程师，日本早期大型电子计算机的领军人物之一。1968年9月至1969年11月，池田在关西棋院机关刊物《围棋新潮》上发表了其在围棋规则方面的系列研究文章共11篇。这些文章后来汇集成单行本《围棋规则研究》，其核心为《围棋规则试案》。在《试案》中，池田列举了五种规则方案，包括两种比目法规则和三种数子法规则。其中数子法规则III与比目法规则I是等价的，所以就其实质来说共给出4种规则提案。1991年该书被译成英文时，英译者James Davies又加上了与数子法规则II等价的比目法规则III.

池田的书中，在比较了日本规则和中国规则以后，认为中国规则逻辑上没有什么缺陷，但在趣味方面有一个短处，池田称之为"补棋"问题。实际上，这就是如何定义收后以及收后那一手所占住的1点算不算数的问题。池田给出了其解决方案，那就是看谁先宣布弃着，如果白方先弃着，那么在终局计数时要额外扣除黑方1点。池田认为，加上如此修正的中国规则就是完美的了，可以替代日本规则。

池田试案拟议的圍棋規則與其他的圍棋規則對照| 拟议的數子規則 | 拟议的比目規則 | 相近的圍棋規則 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 版本1 |  | 明清数子法规则 |
| 版本3 | 版本1 | 智運会規則 |
|  | 版本2 | 日本規則 |
| 版本2 | 版本3 | 现代中國規則 |

### 应昌期

条目：应昌期和应氏规则
应昌期（1917年10月23日—1997年8月27日），浙江慈溪人，1946年到台湾银行工作，后在台湾创办多个实业。围棋爱好者，應昌期圍棋教育基金會（俄语：）创始人。1952年担任台北市中国围棋会总干事，1974年着手制订"计点制"规则，1988年创办應氏杯世界職業圍棋錦標賽。

应昌期将民国初年以来形成的现代中国数子法规则整理为成文规则，是为"**应氏棋规**"。其原则，起初的表述为"气尽提取、全同禁着、子空皆地、填满计点"，后来修改为"手分虚实、除穷任择、气尽提取、气定死活、变穷打劫、劫分争搅、子空皆地、填满计点"。以实务层面而言，这是第一部规定在实战中出现循环劫时也要按打劫处理的成文规则，而不是按一向的习惯法判无胜负。应昌期统计了既有的大量棋谱记录后，将贴目数定为黑先贴还8点，和棋黑胜，所以相当于贴7.5点。中国棋院2002版《围棋规则》也将贴子数由先前的2.75提高到与应氏规则等价的贴3.75子。

### 陈祖源

陈祖源是武汉的一位光学仪器专家，业余爱好围棋。1990年代初，陈祖源指出，应昌期在研究四劫双活时犯了一个错误，导致其放弃"禁止全局同形再现"原则，而拟定出"劫分争搅"等规则，使得应氏规则没有必要的复杂化。陈祖源在"全同局面"的定义中加上了轮到哪方行棋的条件，此设计被吸收进2002年修订的《中国围棋规则》中。陈在围棋规则方面发表过两部专著：《围棋规则新论》和《围棋规则演变史》。在前者中，除了着重阐述"禁全同"原则，还介绍了池田敏雄的工作；在后者中，回顾历史之后，提出了关于统一围棋规则的建议。陈的建议就是（作为一种妥协）采用池田规则(即《试案》所列数子法规则III)，此建议在首届世界智力运动会中得以试行。

### Robert Jasiek

Robert Jasiek，德国人，德国围棋协会业余5段，曾代表德国参加世界业余围棋锦标赛，并曾出席围棋规则国际研讨会。Jasiek也认为池田规则是"有前途的"。关于日本规则，Jasiek曾拟定方案来尽可能精密的模拟之，也就是试图解决日本规则严格化的问题。

现存各主流规则
-------

### 日本规则

1949年10月《日本棋院围棋规约》出台。但是这部规则只是把口传规则写成了文字，出台之后争议不断。1963年曾草拟了一个"改正案"，但未通过。直至1989年才通过了一个新版《日本围棋规约》，其主要起草人是酒井猛（日语：）九段。较之1949年版的几乎纯为判例法，1989年版在理论方面有所创建，然而距离完全严格化的目标依然遥远。

**韩国规则**在条文上虽与日本规则有些出入，而实践中则与日本规则差别甚微，常被等同于日本规则。

### 中国规则

中国首部成文规则制订于1957年。1962年全国赛曾使用黑先贴2.25子的规则，这样就必须连带规定黑收后多贴半子。但后来（1970年代后期）贴子改为2.75子后就不需如此规定了。中国围棋规则最近一次修订是在2002年，这次修订将黑先贴子数提高到3.75子，并将"禁全同"原则表述为"着子后不得使对方面临曾出现过的局面"。
另外，美国规则(AGA Rules)，本质上来说也都是中国规则。

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | 维基文库中相关的原始文献：**中国围棋竞赛规则（2002年版）** |

### 應氏規則

應氏規則和中國規則非常類似，但是因為允許自殺，會使得某些情況多出一些「自殺劫材」。以及AlphaGo Zero所使用的Tromp-Taylor规则、法国规则、紐西兰规则亦如是。

### 智运规则

池田敏雄《围棋规则试案》中的数子法规则III，在第一届世界智力运动会围棋比赛得以试行。本质上来说，这也就是中国1962年全国赛所用的规则。此规则在条文上与中国规则更接近，而比赛结果则大多数时候与日本规则相同。

### 使用情况

美国规则实际上是北美规则，加拿大也用。英国围棋协会（英语：）使用的也是美国规则，所以其实也就是中国规则。如前所述，法国、新西兰用的本质上也都是中国规则。但是世界其他国家大多还是用日本规则，这是因为日本在围棋向世界其它地区传播的过程中用力最早、最多。

美国规则虽然本质上等同于中国规则，但在计数方式上是把比目法和数子法并列，供选用，且一般是用比目，很少用数子法。欧洲围棋联盟（英语：）的规定是，比赛组织者可以在赛前指定使用应氏棋规、美国式比目法或日本规则这三种规则中的任意一种。

智运会规则只在2008年用了一届。国际围棋联盟在规则方面的政策与欧洲围棋联盟类似，每次比赛都要在赛前特别指定用什么规则。

各主流规则的主要分歧点
-----------

### 还棋头

中国古棋一直是纯数"子"法；而现今的中国规则则是"子空皆地"，以与日本规则兼容。还棋头规则下，每多出一块棋，围空就要多扣除2目，所以要尽可能的将对方的棋分断以及将己方的棋连络。普遍认为这是导致中国古棋扭杀激烈的重要因素之一。

中国民间一直有恢复还棋头规则的呼声，但尚没有现代的棋赛实例；对弈平台方面，目前僅有101圍棋網提供「中國古棋」規則選項，即是開局採用座子制、終局計地還棋頭。

### 公活

日本规则规定公活无目。陈祖源推测这是古代中国规则在日本规则中的一个遗存，理由是常见的三活如果扣除基本眼位，则经常没有路数。池田敏雄《试案》中的比目法规则II使用"**永久子**"的概念来实现公活无目的规定。所谓永久子就是在对方连走任意多手后仍不会被提掉的棋子，而比目法规则II规定非永久子所围的空点不算目；但是对于某些罕见的公活（如下左图），比目法II与日本规则的规定在目数上仍然会有所出入。1989年日本规则规定，公空周边的棋块所围住的空点不计目数，以实现公活无目（但还是有例外如下右图）。作为比目法规则的代表，日本规则常常被以为不用收**单官**，乃至不应收单官；然而以1989年规则条文而言，其实是规定单官必须收完，因为这才能保证公活无目。但日本规则又有一个原则，那就是只要对局双方达成一致，也可以不按规则来，所以实际比赛中一般还是按照长期以来的习惯，不收单官。事实上，日本规则的细节颇为繁复，职业棋手中把那些规定都吃透的人没几个，只要不影响比赛对局就可以了。

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| 池田比目法II反例左上"不提3目"因为与公活相连，按比目法II，此处白方的目数会不止3目 |

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| 日本规则公活无目反例左上"一·1"处若按现行日本规则黑方会有1目 |

### 禁全同原则

条目：劫 (围棋)
中国规则中，对于打劫没有给出定义，而是以**禁止全局同形再现**原则（简称**禁全同**原则）涵盖之；应氏棋规原来采用禁全同的提法，后来改换为一系列较为复杂而具体的规定；日本规则、韩国规则都是既专门定义了打劫，又提到同形反复，但没有把打劫规则作为禁全同规则的特例，而是将多劫循环、长生等"超级劫"判作无胜负。另外，对于假生类循环劫，四部规则的处理各不相同。

禁全同原则在民间流传甚久，优先权无法考证。日本《古今著聞集》载，1253年"假生"棋形在实战中出现，当时判为活棋。1821年，日本围棋四大门阀开会，将之改判为死棋，此判例中便已暗含禁全同原则。1932年安永一所拟《围棋宪法草案》，以及岛田拓尔于1943年、贝濑尊明于1960年所拟的规则试案中皆以明文陈述了禁全同原则。后来此原则的细节又经池田敏雄、应昌期、陈祖源等人反复研究过。

自古以来，当弈出三劫循环、长生之类棋形时，总是按和棋（无胜负）处理。当今的中国规则虽然明文规定禁全同，但主要用以作为判断某些棋形死活的理据，在实际比赛中，若出现超级劫（包括多劫循环、长生等情况），往往援引例外条款，不执行禁全同原则，而按习惯法判作无胜负。究其原因，主要是超级劫的棋形太复杂，实战中很难搞清楚究竟是从哪一步开始出现"同形"的。应氏棋规的做法是针对某些具体的棋形作出特别规定；而陈祖源也力主在实际比赛中不折不扣的执行禁全同，为此提出，若出现三劫、四劫，那么固定为一个单劫来打就可以了。

对于假生类循环劫的处理，当前的实际情况颇为复杂。按应氏规则的比赛，若出现假生当然会判死，但迄今为止还没有出现过；在中国规则，本来第20条严词规定应执行禁全同原则，其第2款规定了假生类棋形应视作死棋，但接下来的第3款却是禁全同原则的例外条款，且第3款的图例中竟又包含一个假生的例子；日本规则1989年版所附判例中包括几个假生类棋形，并将之判死，但没有援引禁全同原则，而是根据一些其它的理由；韩国规则则干脆把某些假生定为公活或无胜负，例如2012年9月5日古力、李世石在"三星杯"上弈出的四劫循环其实就是假生。

#### 古力-李世石之局

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| 2012年三星杯小组赛古力-李世石163手终局场面 |

这是2012年9月5日第十七届"三星杯"本赛小组赛第2轮古力与李世石之局的终局场面。此局古力执黑，共163手，无胜负。而在之后的加赛中，古力胜出。既然是三星杯，判无胜负是符合韩国规则的；但如果按禁全同原则来判，则此处为典型的有眼杀瞎，黑棋净死。半个月以后，应明皓在第七届"应氏杯"半决赛开幕式上说，这盘棋如果是在应氏杯赛中出现，古力就输了。

#### 有关循环劫的规定和例外

##### 中国规则第20条

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| 中国规则20-2假生 |

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| 中国规则20-3例外之一 |

中国规则2002年版在禁全同这件事上的语气比1988年版强硬得多：1988年版规则第20条第2款规定，对于如左图所示的假生类循环劫，在终局时不能算活棋（其实这个图例大有问题，见§ 隔虚提劫）；而2002年版规则同一条同一款则直接禁止假生类提劫（用的图例也一样）。但无论是1988年版还是2002年版都紧接着给出了例外条款20-3，说对于某些情况，可以判无胜负、和棋、加赛等等，这方面的表述，两个版本基本一致。但是所举的图例却有自相矛盾之嫌。右图为20-3所举例外情况之一，容易验证，此处实为黑棋的假生，那么这直接违反了前款禁止假生的规定。以下是验证变化图。

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| 白先 |

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| 白1～黑4 |

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| 黑4后场面 |

  


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| 白5～白7 |

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| 白7后场面，此时黑8若着于a则变穷 |

**注** 1988年版和2002年版规则的第20条第3款所用图例是一样的。网传2002年版的"四劫循环"图少了外围那圈白子，那么便与古力-李世石"四劫循环"之局实质等同，当然也是假生——白棋的假生。

* 网上误传2002年版中国规则第20条第3款例外图例第四，暨古力-李世石"四劫循环"实为假生之验证

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| 白先 |

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| 白1～白3 |

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| 白3后场面 |

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| 黑4～黑6 |

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| 黑6后场面，——此时白7若着于a，则与白1后同形 |

##### 假生类三劫循环判例

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| 日本规则所附判例之一 |

这是1989年版日本规则"死活确认例"第8个。若以禁全同规则来判断，这里当然是黑棋的假生。对于这个棋形，日本规则是判死；韩国规则是判白方可以选择和棋或公活；中国规则下，本来是判黑方死棋，但实际执行起来，却有可能发生其它情况。

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| 2008年段位赛何鑫-王超 |

这是2008年中国围棋段位赛何鑫初段执白对王超初段"三劫"终局场面。两人以为出现了三劫循环，便请来裁判长朱宝训。朱宝训在询问双方意见，确认双方都认为此局面是三劫循环以后，将此局作和棋处理。事后，朱宝训说，其实白方完全可以指出，这里是黑棋的假生，那么白方当然就获胜了。而由于裁判需秉持中立，不能提供战术方面的提示，所以裁判只能将该局的结果按照对局双方的意愿记为和棋。

### 自杀与虚手

**颗子自杀**在絕大部分规则中皆列为禁手，除了在Tromp-Taylor規則是允許的，但這情形下顆子自殺等同虛手並不會影響結果，另外有些规则对於禁手的处罚也是将其以虚手论处；而**块子自杀**在应氏规则與Tromp-Taylor規則中是允许的。在某些场合，块子自杀可以作为劫材，或者颠倒对杀结果。吴清源对此的看法是：机器总是出了毛病才需要修理，禁止自杀的规则长久以来没有出过毛病，就不要改动了吧。

下圖是一個範例，雙方在爭奪a位的劫爭，輪到白棋時，b是一個「自殺劫材」，黑棋如果不補棋，白棋自殺完下一手再點b位則右下角黑棋淨死，如果是非應氏規則白棋就沒有劫材了。

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| b是一個白棋的「自殺劫材」 |

各个规则都允许轮到走棋时放弃着手，谓之"**虚手**"，亦称作**弃权**、**停着**、**虚着**、**弃着**等。为了使数子与点目的结果一致，以及为了提证死活，可以规定在使用虚手时附带向对方提交一枚己方棋子作为俘子。池田《围棋规则研究》中拟议的两种比目法规则皆采用这种设计；而该书的英译者又加上了根据这种设计而与中国规则等价的第三种比目法规则。当今的美国规则（AGA rules）即将数子法与比目法并列，供比赛组织者选用。实际上美国规则就是《围棋规则研究》英译本所列的数子法规则II及与之等价的比目法规则III.

### 终局、计点与贴目

各个规则中对于终局的标志及之后如何计数有着不同的规定。贴目数也是一个分歧所在。

#### 终局

现代各主流规则皆以虚手来定义终局，但具体规定不尽相同。理论上与中国规则等同的各个简化规则皆为"双虚终局"，也就是说中国规则本质上来说是"**双虚终局**"。但中国规则毕竟是职业竞赛规则，在终局及提证死活方面有一些适用于比赛的规定，看上去是"双虚休止，双虚终局"。日本规则、韩国规则涉及到终局的条文与中国规则类似，也是"双虚休止"，但接下来不是"提证死活"，而是"确认死活"（见§ 提证死活），然后以协议或双虚终局。应氏棋规较为特别，是"双虚休止，**四虚终局**"，这是因为应氏棋规允许"**隔虚提劫**"。智运会规则理论上来说是"单虚+双虚"终局，以定义和修正收后，但实际比赛时只要不出现粘劫收后等特殊情况，一般来说两虚也就够了。

##### 隔虚提劫

"隔虚提劫"是指以一个虚手回合（即双方连续虚手）作为劫材。应氏规则允许隔虚提劫是为了处理一些违反直觉的进程，如中国规则第20条第2款所给出的那个"假生"图例，其实即便按禁全同原则，也未必能够在终局之前被提净。这种现象成为应昌期放弃"禁全同"的表述的原因之一（另一个原因是陈祖源所指出的，应昌期在实证四劫循环双活时犯了一个错误）。不过池田敏雄、陈祖源皆不赞成隔虚提劫，因为这相当于设立"禁全同"原则的例外条款，既难以保证不出毛病，实际比赛中也没有这个需要。

* 关于中国规则第20条第2款所给出的"假生"

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| 中国规则20-2假生图例 |

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| 黑1～黑3 |

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| 黑3后的局面 |

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| 白4、黑5 |

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| 黑5后局面：此时白6如着于a，则还原为题图局面 |

#### 收后

**收后**概念在各种棋评中广泛使用，似乎人人都懂。然而"收后"实为战术概念，并无一个明确的定义能将所有这些"收后"都涵盖进去。若按智运会规则中的定义，收后为"一局棋的第一手弃着之前的那一着"，那么**粘劫收后**就不包括在这个定义中了。事实上，粘劫收后是中国规则下的战术概念，在日本规则的语境下，则是"**最后一劫**"的问题。另外，某些特殊的公活中的单方权利的单官也不包括在该定义当中。

池田敏雄1969年发表的《围棋规则试案》中给出的数子法规则III对于收后的定义和处理为：

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | 
```
   规则6 终局: 在第一步弃着之后, 双方连续弃着, 对局结束.
   规则7 计数规则: 一方的得点数为该方的盘面子数与其领域中的格点数之和.  但如果第一步弃着是白方走的, 则还要从黑方的得点数中减去1/2, 并加到白方的得点数中.  通过比较双方的得点数决胜.
```
 |  |

而中国围棋竞赛规则1973年版对于收后的定义和处理如下：

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```
   在对局双方对于终局的看法有分歧时，即一方认为已经终局，而另一方认为还有可争之点时，先"假定"已经终局，然后进行"特定的实战"。如局势的实质依然如故，则原"假定"终局就成为正式终局。如局势的实质发生了变化，就以变化了的情况来计算结果。这时裁判员在记录稿上写上某方某手弃权，再记下以后演变的结果。
   说明：对于终局的分歧，一般总是当时下最后一子的一方认为还有"争"，而这时认为已经终局的一方必不肯再下子。这时作为"特定"，允许认为已经终局的一方，放弃继续行使下子的权利，由"假定"的"收后"方先行下子，再轮流下子而得出结果，解决分歧。……
   "收后"的规定：在黑方先走，而又"收后"时，这最后一子所占的点，为黑白各占1/2。即在"黑先、黑后"时，黑方以占181点为和棋标准。
```
 |  |

容易看出两者的实质是一样的，但前者表述得更加明确。

#### 最后一劫

日本围棋规则自古为习惯法。向成文法转化的动因是1928年的万年劫事件；促成第一个正式规则文本出台的是1948年吴-岩本之局；促使规则进一步修改的是1959年吴-高川之局。如果把"最后一劫"解释为"棋局休止之后才解决的劫"，则三起事件都可归为"最后一劫"的问题。

##### 万年劫事件

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| 1928年秋季大手合濑越-高桥，302手时局面 |

这是1928年10月10日，日本棋院秋季大手合东西对抗赛，濑越宪作七段对高桥重行三段之局进行到302手之局面，高桥执黑，受二子。此局濑越若胜，将升为八段，而八段与名人只差半先，在对弈时是有机会执白的。如果在执白的对局中赢了名人，即有可能对名人的权位构成挑战。高桥是秀哉名人的门徒兼内弟，自然要全力阻止濑越获胜。无奈两人实力差距过大，高桥被让两子，弈至三百多手，黑棋落后将近二十目。此时盘面上除了单官，只剩下右边的万年劫。濑越认为该终局，当值裁判岩佐銈（日语：）七段也催促高桥赶紧消劫终局，但高桥借口万年劫还未解决，不承认已终局。濑越无奈，走一手单官，高桥跟着走单官，直到单官收完，高桥还是不肯解消万年劫。当时大手合仲裁组共三人，另两人，一个是中川龟三郎二世（石井千治（日语：）八段），病重；一个是秀哉名人，外出未归。东西对抗战还有门户之争的意味：当时日本棋院成立不久，其主要前身为方圆社与本因坊家；这两大门派的历史恩怨颇多，而东西两队大致就是按坊社两派来划分。争议一起，两队各自抱团，互不让步，是以岩佐根本摆不平，只能等名人回来定夺。数日之后，秀哉回来，见到棋谱，说："围棋自古以来从不收单官，此局连单官也收完，早已超出普通弈理之外，恐怕根本无胜负可言了吧。"如此强词夺理自然更难以服众，濑越所在东队干脆集体罢赛，致使对抗战停摆一个月。最后由日本棋院的金主大仓喜七郎出面裁决：白棋胜，黑棋不输。此判决在围棋史上可谓空前绝后，但总之濑越终于没能升到八段（等到濑越升上八段已是1942年，秀哉已逝世一年多了）。从翌年开始，大手合取消了东西对抗战。

"万年劫事件"之后，编订成文规则便提到日本棋院的议事日程上来。若以1989年版日本规则来判断，这里为公活。若以中国规则或智运会规则，当然更不存在争议——有争议的话，接着弈下去就可以了，假如最后双方还是都不愿意消劫，那么，按"气定死活"，全盘尚未提起的棋子都将被视为活棋，再按"空属邻子、子空皆地"计数。

##### 吴-岩本之局

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| 1948年吴-岩本十番棋第一局终局场面 |

这是1948年7月9日吴清源八段对本因坊薰和八段十番棋第一局终局场面，此局岩本执黑先行，不贴目，共328手。当时的争议是，要不要粘住最后这个劫，因为以传统的比目法来说，粘一手就会损一目。目前黑方劫材有利。如果按照中国规则，黑方此时直接把劫粘上就好，如此白胜半子（1点）；如果按智运会规则，黑方此时应弃着一手，也就是继续撑劫，凭劫材有利，最后黑方再粘住劫，方为目数最优的收束，如此白胜半子（1点、1目）；如果是按现在的日本规则，那么这里黑棋要粘上，结果是白胜2目。然而当时日本还没有成文规则；对于这种争议，该局的裁判长濑越宪作也难以定夺，结果第二天的报纸上说"白胜1目或2目"。最后的判决是黑方不必粘，理由是秀哉名人在世时曾说过，当劫材有利时，最后一劫可以不粘。这样结果是白胜1目。日本棋院此后加快了规则的制订，翌年便出台《日本棋院围棋规约》。

##### 吴-高川之局

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| 1959年吴-高川三番棋第二局终局场面 |

这是1959年1月10日吴清源九段对本因坊秀格八段三番棋第二局终局场面，此局高川执黑先行，贴4.5目，共244手。白空中留有黑a、白b一直到白f的次序。但白棋劫材有利。此局裁判长长谷川章（日语：）七段斟酌良久，判决白棋必须补，理由是1949年制订的《日本棋院围棋规约》规定，紧气劫必须补。结果黑胜半目。中国规则若贴2.25子，则需修正收后，所以这个场合中国规则与智运会规则是一样的。按中国规则/智运会规则，此局应为白胜0.25子（0.5点/半目）。

##### 紧劫与缓一气劫

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| 死活例９ |

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| 死活例10 |

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| 死活例9验证图白1提，黑2虚手，白3再提 |

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| 死活例10验证图1白1提，黑2虚手 |

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| 死活例10验证图2白3紧气，黑4提，白应手穷 |

按1989年版日本规则，紧气劫必须补，而缓一气劫则不必。图为《日本围棋规约》"死活确认例"第9个和第10个。如果在棋局停止之后盘面上留有如图的棋形，那么例9中黑7子和白1子判双死，而例10中黑8子为活棋，白1子为死棋。

具体来说，日本规则第7-2条规定：

> 在第9条的"对局停止"后，在确认棋子的死活时，不能反提回同一劫争。不过，被提劫的一方一旦放弃着手权利后，可以重新反提回那一劫争。
> 
> 

那么在"死活例9"中，验证死活时，白1先提，黑2无权反提（此时不允许找劫材），只能虚着，接下来被白3提净；而"死活例10"中，白1先提，黑2虚着，白3再紧气，这时黑4就有权提回，接下来白只能虚着，遂被黑的下一手于b位提起。

日本规则1989年版的二十五个判例中有相当一部分是基于这个逻辑，包括上面提到的假生型三劫循环。

#### 提证死活

按池田《围棋规则试案》、陈祖源《围棋规则新论》结末的"围棋基本规则新拟"、以及号称最简的Tromp-Taylor规则，围棋是要下到最后，把死子都提净以后才开始计算结果的。应氏棋规将这条原则表述为"**气定死活**"，也叫"**提证死活**"。但在实际比赛中，一般很少需要通过实战把所有的死子都提净，总是在双方都觉得棋盘再无可争之处、棋块死活已一目了然的时候停止，然后把已经不可能做活的棋子从盘面上提出，开始计算结果。争议往往发生在这个时候，但争议总可以通过继续实战来解决，至少在中国规则/智运会规则是这样。

然而在日本规则，情况就变得极为复杂。围棋在日本没有经历过原初的数子法时代，一开始使用的就是从外界输入的比路法规则，千年以降，规则在民间口口相传，从无成文规则，像现代的研究者所设计出的"虚手换俘"那样的规定更无从谈起。按照如此演变而来的日本比目法，在棋局"停止"之后，如果再提证死活，那么走一手损一目。也就是说，日本规则需要在"停止"之后，以某些特别的理由来判定各个棋块的生死，然后直接将死子算为负目数。以下从1989年版日本规则所附25个"死活确认例"中摘录数例。

##### 盘角曲四

条目：wikibooks:zh:圍棋/盤角曲四

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| 盘角曲四 |

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| 万年劫 |

"死活确认例"第7-1，7-2. 若终局时盘面上存有盘角曲四，则判为死棋；即便还有一处万年劫并存，依然判为死棋。

如果是中国规则/智运会规则，一般来说盘角曲四也是死棋，但是如果别的地方还有公活（包括万年劫）等补不掉的劫材，那么结果就不一定了。应氏棋规中有举例说明。

##### 不提三目

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| 不提三目 |

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| 不提五目B型 |

"**不提三目**"为25个判例的第一个。而第五个判例则是"不提三目"连带一个公活。这两个判例都将所有棋子判作活棋。但是早先"不提三目"如字面所示，如果放着不动，那么白方在这里计作有3目空的，而这与用中国规则或智运会规则来判断的结果相同。据说"不提三目"的判例是由十四世本因坊秀和准名人作出，可见日本古人其实是参照中国数子规则来判断的。如果是传统的日本比目法，这里看上去则似乎为2目，不是3目。另外如果按中国规则/智运规则，第2个图便不是公活，而是黑杀白，但代价是角上要让步。

与"不提三目"相关的棋形还有"**不提五目**"（有两种型，见图）。1949年日本棋院围棋规则判例中包括"不提五目"，也就是说，如果放着不动，那么白棋在这里算作有5目空；但1989年版日本规则删去了"不提五目"判例。如果按中国规则/智运规则，那么A型的确白有5目，但B型就不一定：这里若黑方先动，则白有5目，若白方先动，则只得3目。

##### 贝濑尊明图

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| 贝濑尊明图 |

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| 应氏棋规中的版本 |

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| 《官子谱》中卷第550题 |

此为25个"死活确认例"第3个，应氏棋规中称为"贝濑尊明图"，但实际上其原型来自《官子谱》中卷第550题。这是一个著名的公活，对此各部规则的判决无差异。不过，像前面几个例子一样，日本规则（以及韩国规则）做"死活确认"的时候只考虑局部范围，而中国规则/智运规则的"提证死活"则完全看继续实战的结果，假如别处有一个价值巨大的劫，那么所有的公活都可能被拿来当劫材。

#### 贴目

**贴目**，也称为**贴先**、**还点**、**贴子**，是为了平衡先行优势，而规定在终局计数时将黑方（即先行方）所得点数减少若干点的做法。按2002版中国围棋协会《围棋规则》的体例，贴子并未列入基本规则。但贴目对现代围棋影响深刻，也是规则研讨需要处理的焦点议题之一。

中国古棋从无贴子（让子棋的贴还让子数除外）。日本古棋也一直没有贴目，直到十九世纪中叶，因为秀策流布局的出现，先行效率往往能一直保持到终局，所以从这时起有的对局开始试行黑先贴3目的办法。真正普遍实行贴目还要等到二战以后。1950年代是贴4目半，1960年代渐渐过渡到贴5目半。中国规则1957年至1979年间大多数时候是黑先贴2.5子，但不一定每次比赛都按这个数来。例如1962年全国赛曾采用贴2.25子，而1975年以后已经常采用2.75子。1980年以后全部是贴2.75子。但贴5目半仍然是黑棋胜率高。1988年应氏杯开赛，最引人注目的特点就是黑棋贴还8点，和棋黑胜，这相当于贴7.5点。1998年，韩国率先在第三届LG杯世界棋王战实行黑先贴6目半。中国从2002年1月的第16届天元战开始，贴子增加为3.75子。日本则迟至2002年11月才将贴目提高到6目半。2008年智运会规则是贴3.25子。

中国规则如果不对收后作特别规定，那么因为一方多占1点另一方就要少占1点，黑白双方的盘面点数差就总是奇数。其实偶数差也有可能，但前提是局面包含带眼公活，出现概率相当低。而日本规则下的比目结果就会奇偶都有，出现得比较均匀。这个现象强烈的影响到贴目。中国规则下，只要沒有公活，贴6.5点与5.5点在大多数时候没有区别，因为都是黑盘面183子胜，故而在改革贴子时是一下子由2.75子（相当于5.5点）跳至3.75子（7.5点）。但是当今大多数职业棋手的感觉是在贴7.5点的时候，白棋好下；而贴5.5点时，黑棋好下；中国规则又贴不出6.5点。这成为智运会试用加上收后修正的中国规则的动因。智运会规则下，计点结果大多数时候会与日本规则下相同，奇偶数结果比较均匀的出现，如此贴3.25子才变得可行。

### 列表比较

各个棋规的列表比较在各网站出现过多次

。以下列举8种（古代和现代的）主流棋规在基本规则方面的异同。其中，唐宋比路法的棋谱记录甚为匮乏，很多细节无法考证；明清数子法虽亦无成文规则，然遗谱甚多，且现代中国规则又直接继承明清数子规则，是故可以推定其一般情况。又，其中"定义收后"指的是按智运会规则所定义的收后，以与粘劫收后及某些公活中的偏面单官相区分。

|  | 还棋头 | 貼目 | 公活 | 提證死活 | 定义收後 | 粘劫收后 | 循環劫 | 块子自殺 | 終局 | 制订年 | 更新年 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **唐宋比路** | 是 | 0 |  |  | 无目 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **明清数子** | 是 | 0 | 有目 | 是 | 有目 | 有目 | 无胜负 | 禁止 |  |  |  |
| **日本規則** | 否 | 6.5 | 無目 | 否 | 無目 | 無目 | 无胜负 | 禁止 | 兩虛 | 1949 | 1989 |
| **韓國規則** | 否 | 6.5 | 無目 | 否 | 無目 | 無目 | 无胜负 | 禁止 | 2+2 | 1992? | 2012? |
| **中國規則** | 否 | 7.5 | 有目 | 是 | 有目 | 有目 | 无胜负 | 禁止 | 2+2 | 1957 | 2002 |
| **應氏規則** | 否 | 7.5 | 有目 | 是 | 有目 | 有目 | 打劫 | 允許 | 2+4 | 1974 | 1996? |
| **美國規則** | 否 | 5.5 | 有目 | 是 | 有目 | 有目 | 打劫 | 禁止 | 2+2 |  | 1991 |
| **智運規則** | 否 | 6.5 | 有目 | 是 | 無目 | 有目 | 打劫 | 禁止 | 1+2 | 1969 | 2008 |

非基本规则
-----

### 棋盘路数

中国古时曾有至少数个世纪使用17路盘，大约在南北朝以后才渐渐过渡到19路盘。西藏围棋至今使用17路盘。19路盘的特点是三线子与四线子的子效最为接近，因此从某种意义上来说是最优的。当今，除了标准的19路盘，9路盘的比赛也经常举行。围棋的理论探讨、教学演示时经常用到各种路数的棋盘来举例；某些对弈平台也会提供多种路数的棋盘供选择。

### 座子

中国古棋都有**座子**，即（分先对局）开局时先用两枚黑子和两枚白子占住四角的星位，同色棋子摆在对角的位置。而日本古谱除了最早的日莲对吉祥丸那一局摆了5颗座子（而且这局棋谱很多研究者怀疑是伪托），均以空枰开局。现代围棋也都是空枰开局。

座子在战术层面上的后果是，首先这可以杜绝模仿棋；而对角型布局易于打散局面，再结合还棋头规则，更容易将棋局导向激烈的缠斗。

### 让子棋

中国围棋协会2002年版《围棋规则》对于让子棋没有特别的规定。中国民间的习惯法是，让多少子，终局数子时便要减去所让子数的一半，如让先则黑贴半子，让二子则黑贴1子，让三子则黑贴1子半，以此类推。这种贴子是为了让数子与点目的结果一致。应氏规则对于让子棋则明文规定一律无贴子。

所让之子是否摆放于指定位置，各部规则的规定也不一样。日本规则、韩国规则，以及欧美某些围棋协会的规则都指定了让子棋的座子位置，而应氏规则的规定是黑方可以将让子摆放于棋盘的任何位置。

### 用时

有包干制、读秒、走棋延时、应氏超时罚点等不同的处理。中国业余围棋比赛常使用包干制。陈祖源认为，凡是包干制（包括本质上也是包干制的应氏规则）都不合理；陈还认为，读秒超时判负也不合理，判弃着即可。

### 猜先

猜先是目前的通行做法。但一直有建议，认为"**叫贴**"较好。应氏棋规中包含类似于叫贴的可选条款。

### 盘彩与子彩

民间赌棋往往是**论子行彩**，而中国古棋据推测也是如此。日本古棋，以及现代职业围棋，按赌彩棋的角度来看则只有**盘彩**，没有子彩。

### 赛会组织

职业围棋的规则如日本规则、韩国规则、中国规则、应氏棋规等对赛会的组织、裁判等工作都有详细规定，而又互相有所不同。例如对于悔棋，中国规则是第一次警告，同时罚一子，第二次判负；而应氏棋规是直接判负。应氏棋规对于棋具也有特别的规定和设计。

### 团队围棋

参见：围棋 § 聯棋及团队围棋
圍棋一般規則為一對一進行對弈。一对多或多對多的對弈，叫做聯棋或团队围棋。有多个棋协的规则特别给出了混双联棋的赛规。

非主流围棋规则
-------

### 巡将围棋

条目：巡将围棋
朝鲜半岛的古棋称作"**巡将围棋**"，行棋、吃子、打劫规则与中日两国相同，惟开局时须摆放多达17颗座子，且终局计数时采取所谓"绝对"数目法。

### 藏棋

条目：西藏围棋
中国藏区的棋戏之一。使用17路棋盘，开局放12枚座子。打劫规则采用"热地"规则，即刚提起的子先前所覆盖的交叉点禁止立即着子。

### 环面围棋

拓扑学上，矩形对边若按同向分别粘合起来，则得到环面。围棋棋盘，若将对边处于同一路上的两个点视作同一点（四角的四个点视作同一点），则成为**环面围棋**。2004年有人在互联网上创建过环面围棋对弈平台，并将这种围棋命名为"**道棋**"。该创建者曾误以为道棋棋盘是球面。

类似的还有**柱面围棋**，也就是只粘合围棋盘的一组对边。事实上，围棋盘可以是任意有限阶无向简单图。

### 眼棋

"还棋头"规则常被误认为与不得使用虚手的规则等价，但实际上两者是不同的。如果不得使用虚手，则一般的战术策略是将己方的围空做成一个一个的单眼，呈蜂窝状。这样的规则因此被称为"**眼棋**"。与此有关的另一个规则变种是**纯计目规则**，也就是只计算终局时围住的空点数。眼棋与纯计目规则的关系大致类似于中国古棋与现代中国规则的关系：前者要扣除基本眼位，后者不用。

眼棋虽然不同于中国古棋，但如果加上"可以虚手但每次虚手的同时必须把已俘虏的对方棋子交还一枚"的规定，那么就会等价于中国古代的纯数子法规则。

早期的一些程序有缺陷的对弈平台上出现过"眼棋"的实例（虽然并非网站的本意）；而纯计目围棋则一直停留在某些民间人士的设想中，从未有过实现的例子。

### 其它

  关于其它另类围棋规则或类似围棋的规则，请见「**围棋变体**」。

參見
--

* 围棋
* 围棋史
* 劫\_(围棋)
* 數子法
* 比目法
* 應氏規則
* 巡将围棋
* 西藏围棋
* 围棋变体

引用
--

1. 1 2  赵之云.. 围棋天地 (北京). 1993年. ISSN 1002-8706.
2. 1 2  吴清源.. 由刘林翻译. 中信出版社. 2004. ISBN 9787800738494.
3. 1 2 . sports.sohu.com. 2002年4月15日11:48  [2019年3月24日]. （原始内容存档于2020年5月23日）.  请检查`|date=`中的日期值 (帮助)
4. ↑  汪富(汪云峰).. 北京: 中国书店. 1987. OCLC 988397577.
5. ↑  池田敏雄.. harryfearnley.com.  [2019-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （日语）.   
Ikeda Toshio.. gobase.org.  [2019-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23） （英语）.
6. ↑  James Davies.. December 1991  [2019-03-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （英语）.
7. 1 2  池田敏雄《围棋规则试案》：

	* 池田, 敏雄.. harryfearnley.com.  [2019-03-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （日语）.
	* Ikeda, Toshio.. harryfearnley.com.  [2019-03-24]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-27） （英语）.
	* 池田敏雄.. blog.sina.com.cn.  [2019-03-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20）.
8. ↑  池田的"补棋"问题：

	* 池田敏雄.. harryfearnley.com.  [2019-03-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （日语）.
	* Ikeda, Toshio.. harryfearnley.com.  [2019-03-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （英语）.
9. ↑ . www.ycqweiqi.com. 2013-04-25  [2019-03-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21）.
10. ↑ . www.ycqweiqi.com. 2013-04-25  [2019-03-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23）.
11. ↑ . www.ycqweiqi.com. 2013-04-23  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23）.
12. ↑ . sports.sina.com.cn. 2008-10-03  [2019-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20）.
13. ↑ . sports.sina.com.cn. 2009-05-03  [2019-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21）.
14. ↑  陈祖源.. blog.sina.com.cn. 2011-04-18  [2019-03-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21）.  广东棋文化促进会.. 广州出版社. Jan 2011. ISBN 9787546203669.
15. ↑  pieterm.. www.ranka.intergofed.org. May 29, 2009 4:39pm  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-16） （英语）.  请检查`|date=`中的日期值 (帮助)
16. ↑  Robert Jasiek.. home.snafu.de/jasiek. 2006-04-28  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23） （英语）.
17. ↑  Robert Jasiek.. home.snafu.de/jasiek. 2006-03-23-02  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-13） （英语）.  请检查`|date=`中的日期值 (帮助)
18. ↑ . www.go-en.com.  [2019-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23） （日语）.
19. ↑ . 日本棋院.  [2019-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-23） （日语）.
20. ↑ . 囲碁の日本棋院.  [2019-03-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （日语）.
21. ↑  Robert Jasiek.. home.snafu.de. 2007-03-11  [2019-03-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11） （英语）.
22. 1 2  序列号的博客.. blog.sina.com.cn/xlh314. 2009-09-04  [2019-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21）.
23. ↑  陈祖德.. . 人民文学出版社. 1986-03. ISBN 9787020011681.
24. ↑   (PDF). www.usgo.org. AGA Rules Committee. September 1, 1991  [2019-03-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-02-14） （英语）.
25. ↑  Silver, David; Schrittwieser, Julian; Simonyan, Karen; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Huang, Aja; Guez, Arthur; Hubert, Thomas; Baker, Lucas; Lai, Matthew.. Nature. 2017/10, **550** (7676): 354–359  [2018-01-08]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/nature24270. （原始内容存档于2021-01-02） （英语）.  请检查`|date=`中的日期值 (帮助)
26. 1 2 . tromp.github.io.  [2018-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-06） （英语）.
27. ↑ . jeudego.org. Fédération Française de Go.  [2019-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05） （法语）.
28. ↑ . jeudego.org. rench Federation of Go. 2007-03-12  [2019-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23） （英语）.
29. ↑ . go.org.nz. New Zealand Go Society. 22 January 2017  [2019-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-27） （英语）.
30. ↑  Mays, Steven J. C.; Lorrain, François.  (PDF). go-canada.org. Montreal: Canadian Go Association. October, 2012  [2019-03-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-07-25） （英语）.  请检查`|date=`中的日期值 (帮助)
31. ↑   (PDF). www.britgo.org. BRITISH GO ASSOCIATION. 2009-03-31  [2019-03-07]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-12） （英语）.
32. ↑  陈祖源.. www.jinciwei.cn. 2018-04-27  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23）.   
王国平 (编).. 杭州出版社. 2016-10. ISBN 9787556505234.   
王国平 (编).  1. 浙江古籍出版社. 2018-02. ISBN 9787554012161.
33. ↑ . www.eurogofed.org. European Go Federation.  [2019-03-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-12） （英语）.
34. ↑  Kudo Norio.  (PDF). intergofed.org. International Go Federation. 26 May 2006  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-22） （英语）.
35. ↑ . park6.wakwak.com.  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2008-09-07） （日语）.
36. ↑  島田拓爾.. park6.wakwak.com. 1943年初版、58年改訂  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-06） （日语）.  请检查`|date=`中的日期值 (帮助)  
注：此"原始棋法"实为中国古棋规则，也就是纯数"子"法规则。
37. ↑  貝瀬尊明.. park6.wakwak.com. 1960年6月24日  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23） （日语）.
38. ↑ . www.nihonkiin.or.jp. 日本棋院.  [2019-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （日语）.
39. ↑ . sports.sina.com.cn. 2008-07-19  [2017-10-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20）.
40. ↑  陈嘉锐《吴清源谈围棋规则》吳清源.. 北京燕山出版社. 1996-10. ISBN 9787540207717.
41. ↑  薛至诚.. 成都时代出版社. 2016年12月. ISBN 9787546417509.
42. ↑ . 日本棋院.  [2016-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23） （日语）.
43. ↑  程晓流.. 人民体育出版社. 1999. ISBN 9787500917267. OCLC 768974697.
44. ↑ . www.nihonkiin.or.jp. 日本棋院.  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （日语）.
45. ↑ . www.nihonkiin.or.jp. 日本棋院.  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （日语）.
46. ↑ . www.nihonkiin.or.jp. 日本棋院.  [2019-03-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （日语）.
47. ↑ . www.nihonkiin.or.jp. 日本棋院.  [2019-03-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （日语）.
48. ↑ . www.nihonkiin.or.jp. 日本棋院.  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-28） （日语）.
49. ↑ . www.nihonkiin.or.jp. 日本棋院.  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （日语）.
50. ↑ . senseis.xmp.net.  [2019-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （英语）.
51. ↑ . www.nihonkiin.or.jp. 日本棋院.  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （日语）.
52. ↑  （清）陶式玉輯 (编)..  [2019-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21）.
53. ↑ . 英国围棋协会(British Go Association). 2017-12-04  [2019-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-24） （英语）.
54. ↑  Achim Flammenkamp.. wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/. 1998-02-18  [2019-03-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-03） （英语）.
55. ↑  Robert Jasiek.. home.snafu.de/jasiek. 1997-09-13  [2019-03-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-22） （英语）.
56. ↑  Олег Сапач.. go.onego.ru. December, 1998  [2019-03-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-19） （俄语）.  请检查`|date=`中的日期值 (帮助)
57. ↑ . online-go.com.  [2019-03-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-12） （英语）.
58. ↑  Robert Jasiek.  (PDF). home.snafu.de/jasiek/.  [2019-03-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-07-18） （英语）.
59. ↑  竹可羽.. 围棋天地 (北京). 1990年4月号, **1990年** (4月号). ISSN 1002-8706. OCLC 866050268.  请检查`|date=`中的日期值 (帮助)
60. ↑  赵之云; 许宛云.. 上海辞书出版社. 1992年12月. ISBN 9787532602100. OCLC 299405809.
61. ↑  陈祖德.. 中华书局. 2005. ISBN 9787101048032. OCLC 68909367.
62. ↑  曹国梁.. daoqi.club. 2004-03-17  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-25）.
63. ↑ . Sensei's Library.  [2019-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （英语）.
64. ↑ . zhidao.baidu.com.  [2019-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-23）. [需要較佳来源]
65. ↑ . blog.sina.com.cn. 2013-01-28  [2019-03-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21）. [需要較佳来源]

参考文献
----

* 敦煌棋经
	+ 成恩元.. 蜀蓉棋藝出版社. 1990.4. ISBN 9787805482118. OCLC 48563569.  请检查`|date=`中的日期值 (帮助)
* 忘忧清乐集
	+ 李逸民; 刘仲甫; 张靖; 宋徽宗. 李逸民 , 编.. 浙江杭州. 南宋孝宗时期（1163—1189年）  [2019-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-26）.  引文使用过时参数`coauthors` (帮助); 请检查`|date=`中的日期值 (帮助)
	+ [宋]李逸民; 孟秋(校勘).  第1版. 成都时代出版社. 2010年9月. ISBN 9787546402116.  引文使用过时参数`coauthors` (帮助)
* 寄青霞馆弈选
	+ 王存善 (编).. 上海古籍出版社. OCLC 46838128.
* Olmsted, John M. H.; Robinson, Karl Davis.. American Go Association. 1941. OCLC 42643924 （英语）.
* 島田拓爾.. 東京: 槙書店. 1958  [2019-03-24]. OCLC 43068834. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （日语）.
* 貝瀬尊明 (编).. 国際囲碁ルール研究所. 1974年. OCLC 703817452 （日语）.
* Toshio Ikeda.. 由James Davies翻译. Tokyo: Fujitsu. 1991. OCLC 1077710716 （英语）.
* 陈祖源.. 成都: 蜀蓉棋艺出版社. 2000. ISBN 9787805486871. OCLC 953342983.
* 陈祖源.. 上海: 上海文化出版社. 2007. ISBN 9787807401476. OCLC 282437160.

外部链接
----

### 现存主流规则文本

日本规则
*. www.nihonkiin.or.jp. 日本棋院.  [2020-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （日语）.
*. www.bxwx666.org.  [2020-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （中文（中国大陆））.
*. www.cs.cmu.edu/~wjh/.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-22） （英语）.
* 1949年日本规则
	+. www.go-en.com.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-16） （日语）.
	+. www.go-en.com.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （日语）.
	+. www.go-en.com.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23） （日语）.

韩国规则
*. www.baduk.or.kr.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-17） （韩语）.
*. ♤ 바둑의 여울을 열어 짓는다..!. 2010-10-11  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （韩语）.
*. blog.sina.com.cn.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （中文）.
* (PDF). home.snafu.de/jasiek/.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-21） （英语）.

中国规则
*. games.sports.cn.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-28） （中文）.
* (PDF). home.snafu.de/jasiek/.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-12） （英语）.
*. weiqi.ourgame.com.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （中文）.
*. www.cs.cmu.edu/~wjh/.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-30） （英语）.
*. blog.sina.com.cn.  [2019-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （中文）.

应氏规则
*. www.ycqweiqi.com. 应昌期围棋教育基金会. 2013-04-23  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23） （中文）.
* 应氏计点制围棋规则
	+. hebwqw.com.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-17） （中文）.
	+. hebwqw.com.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-17） （中文）.
	+. hebwqw.com.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-17） （中文）.
*. www.cs.cmu.edu/~wjh.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23） （英语）.
* (PDF). US Go. 28 September 2007  [22 May 2018]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-09-28）.

智运规则
*. sports.sina.com.cn. 2008-10-03  [2020-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （中文（中国大陆））.
*. games.sports.cn. 2008-09-09  [2020-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20） （中文（中国大陆））.
* (PDF). home.snafu.de/jasiek/. 2008-07-15  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-15） （英语）.

### 规则研究资料

*. park6.wakwak.com.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-03） （日语）.
* Toshio, Ikeda.. gobase.org.  [2017-10-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24） （英语）.
* 池田敏雄.. harryfearnley.com. 2009-07-14  [2019-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23） （日语）.
*. www.ycqweiqi.com.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-28） （中文）.
* Robert Jasiek.. home.snafu.de.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-11） （英语）.
* Wilfred J. Hansen.. www.cs.cmu.edu/~wjh/.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-28） （英语）.
*. blog.sina.com.cn.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21） （中文）.
*. www.britgo.org.  [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-25） （英语）.
*. senseis.xmp.net.  [2019-03-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-23） （英语）.


|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 规范控制 編輯維基數據鏈接 | 
* J9U: 987007531305005171
* LCCN: sh85055475

 |

 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * 
* 论
* 编
围棋术语 |
| --- |
|  |
| 基本概念 | 
* 目
* 氣
* 眼
* 布局
* 收官
* 死活
* 雙活
* 打劫

 |  |
|  |
| 棋盤位置 | 
* 天元
* 星位
* 小目
* 高目
* 目外
* 三三

 |
|  |
| 着法或手段 | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 一字術語　 | 
* 長
* 立（日语：）
* 飛
* 尖
* 虎（朝鲜语：）
* 拆
* 提
* 關
* 衝
* 跳（日语：）
* 曲（日语：）（拐）
* 鎮（日语：）
* 夾（日语：）
* 斷（日语：）
* 跨
* 刺（覷）
* 托
* 退
* 碰
* 壓
* 爬（日语：）
* 接（日语：）
* 頂（日语：）
* 並（日语：）
* 扳（日语：）
* 擋（日语：）
* 雙（朝鲜语：）
* 擠
* 逼
* 封（日语：）
* 點（日语：）
* 渡
* 撲

 |
|  |
| 二字或以上 | 
* 叫吃
* 佔角
* 掛角
* 締角
* 征子
* 緩征（日语：）
* 緊氣
* 脫先（日语：）
* 投子
* 割分
* 整地
* 倒脫靴
* 滾打包收

 |

 |
|  |
| 棋形 | 
* 直三
* 直四
* 彎三
* 彎四
* 方四
* 板六
* 笠帽四(丁四)
* 刀把五
* 梅花五
* 拳頭六
* 大豬嘴
* 小豬嘴
* 長生劫
* 金雞獨立
* 盤角曲四（日语：）

 |
|  |
| 布局 | 
* 小林流
* 星無憂角
* 中國流
* 迷你中國流
* 錯小目
* 三连星
* 宇宙流

 |
|  |
| 其他 | 
* 定式
* 手合
* 見合
* 手割
* 手筋
* 隨手
* 虛手
* 外勢
* 味道
* 先手
* 後手
* 模樣
* 詰棋
* 座子制
* 七死八活
* 假眼活
* 金角銀邊銅肚皮
* 围棋十诀

 |

 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * 
* 论
* 编
围棋 |
| --- |
|  |
| 
* 历史
* 棋手

 |
|  |
| 棋具（英语：） | 
* 碁盤（日语：）
* 碁石（日语：）
* 棋鐘
* 棋谱

 |  |
|  |
| 规则 | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 共同 | 
* 贴目
* 封手
* 限时（日语：）
* 让子
* 打劫

 |
|  |
| 差异 | 
* 中国规则
* 应氏规则
* 日本规则
* 座子制（中国古棋规则）
* 美国规则（俄语：）
* Tromp-Taylor规则（俄语：）

 |

 |
|  |
| 对局阶段 | 
* 布局
	+ 定式
* 中盘
* 收官

 |
|  |
| 布局流派 | 
* 中国流
* 高中国流
* 迷你中国流
* 小林流
* 宇宙流
* 三连星
* 星无忧角
* 二连星
* 新布局

 |
|  |
| 术语 | 
* 术语列表
* 手筋
* 劫
* 骗着（法语：）
* 十番棋（英语：）
* 道策流
* 手割

 |
|  |
| 棋力等级 | 
* 段级位制
* 名人
* 九品制
* 等级分
* Go Ratings

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|  |
| 组织 | 
* ~~中国棋院~~ → 中国围棋协会
* 日本棋院
* 关西棋院
* 韩国棋院
* ~~棋待诏~~
* ~~碁所~~
* ~~本因坊家~~
* ~~方圆社~~
* 中國圍棋會
* 台湾棋院
* 國際圍棋聯盟(IGF)
* 美國圍棋協會(AGA)
* 新西兰围棋会（英语：）(NZGS)
* 欧洲围棋联盟（英语：）(EGF)
* 法国棋联（法语：）(FFG)
* 俄罗斯棋联（俄语：）(РФГ)

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|  |
| 棋赛 | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 世界大赛 | 
* 应氏杯
* 三星杯
* LG杯
* 春兰杯
* 烂柯杯
* 梦百合杯
* 百灵杯
* GLOBIS杯世界新锐围棋锦标赛
* 农心杯三国围棋擂台赛
* ~~富士通杯~~
* ~~丰田杯~~
* ~~东洋证券杯~~
* ~~BC卡杯~~
* ~~新奥杯~~
* ~~天府杯~~
* ~~亚洲杯电视快棋赛~~

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|  |
| 日本 | 
* 棋圣战
* 名人战
* 本因坊战
* 王座战
* 十段战
* 天元战
* 碁圣战
* NHK杯
* 阿含·桐山杯
* 龙星战
* 新人王战
* 关西棋院第一位决定战
* ~~NEC杯~~
* ~~大手合~~

 |
|  |
| 中国 | 
* 中国围棋甲级联赛
* 棋圣战
* 名人战
* 天元战
* 倡棋杯
* 当湖十局杯CCTV电视快棋赛
* 阿含·桐山杯
* 威孚房开杯
* 西南棋王赛
* 王中王战
* 龙星战
* 全国个人赛
* ~~理光杯~~
* ~~烂柯杯~~

 |
|  |
| 韩国 | 
* 韩国围棋联赛
* 名人战
* GS加德士杯
* 麦馨杯九段最强战
* KBS杯
* 龙星战
* 韩国最高棋士战
* 韓國圍棋TV杯
* ~~国手战~~
* ~~棋圣战~~
* ~~最高位战~~
* ~~王位戰~~
* ~~大王戰~~
* ~~棋王战~~
* ~~巴卡斯杯天元战~~

 |
|  |
| 其他 | 
* 欧洲围棋大会
* 北美围棋大师赛（日语：）
* 世界业余围棋锦标赛
* 世界大学生围棋赛
* UEC杯世界电脑围棋大会

 |

 |
|  |
| 文艺作品 | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 文学 | 
* 名人
* Shibumi（英语：）
* Satori（英语：）
* 围棋少女
* Walking on Glass（英语：）
* PopCo（英语：）
* The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet（英语：）
* Starborne（英语：）

 |
|  |
| 影视 | 
* 棋魂
* 围棋少年
* 终极对弈
* 吴清源
* 美丽心灵
* 英雄
* 死亡密码
* 創戰紀
* 少狼
* 스톤（英语：）
* 神之一手（英语：）
* 未生
* 請回答1988

 |

 |
|  |
| 人工智能 | 
* 计算机围棋
* AlphaGo
* AlphaGo Zero
* Darkforest
* 绝艺
* DeepZenGo
* KataGo
* Leela
* Leela Zero
* PhoenixGo
* CGI
* ELF OpenGo
* SAI
* AlphaGo李世石五番棋
* 中国乌镇围棋峰会
	+ AlphaGo对阵柯洁

 |
|  |
| 圍棋變體 | 
* 圍棋變體
* 西藏圍棋
* 巡將圍棋
* 不圍棋
* 四人围棋
* 迷你围棋
* 吃子棋

 |
|  |
| 其它 | 
* 当湖十局
* 血泪篇
* 镰仓十番棋
* 古李十番棋
* 朴申七番对决
* 吐血之局
* 耳赤之局
* 原爆之局
* 中日围棋擂台赛

 |
|  |
| 
* 维基百科图书 教科书
* 主题 Portal:围棋（俄语：）

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