|  |
| --- |
| 调音方法 |
| * 阻礙音
	+ 塞音
	+ 塞擦音
	+ 擦音
		- 咝音（有噝擦音）
* 響音
	+ 鼻音
	+ 近音
		- 半元音
	+ 元音
	+ 振动音
		- 闪音
		- 顫音
* 流音
	+ R音
	+ 边音
* 持續音
 |
| 氣流機制 |
| * 呼氣音
* 吸氣音
* 挤喉音
* 內爆音
* 非爆塞音（英语：）
* 搭嘴音
* Linguo-pulmonic（英语：）
* Linguo-ejective（英语：）
* 撞擊音（英语：）
 |
| 
參見 |
| * 调音
* 调音语音学
* 送氣
* 無聲除阻
* 發聲態
* 清濁音
* 调音部位
 |
| * 
* 论
* 编
 |

**流音**指所有不屬於半元音的近音，因為在語音上不能與某一特定元音對應。流音包括了邊流音（例如：/l/）和非邊音流音（例如：/r/，亦作「R系子音」）兩類。

**阻礙邊音**，一種主要在北美洲的原住民語言裡出現的各種語音，例如：清齒齦邊擦音（[ɬ]）、濁齒齦邊擦音（[ɮ]）以及[tɬ]、[tɬʼ]、[dɮ]等擦音，有些時候亦會被當作是流音的一種，但響亮級別沒有它們那麼高。此外，阻礙邊音在運用上亦不能像響邊音一樣。

语音特性
----

流音在一种语言的语音组合法中往往遵循相同的规则：例如它们是最常出现在复辅音中的音。

### 音位变换

流音是最容易发生音位变换的音：

* 拉丁语*c**r**ocodīlus* > 西班牙语*cocod**r**ilo*"鳄鱼"
* 拉丁语*mī**r**ācu**l**um* > 西班牙语*mi**l**ag**r**o*"奇迹"
* 拉丁语*pe**r**īcu**l**um* > 西班牙语*pe**l**ig**r**o*"危险"
* 拉丁语*pa**r**abo**l**a* > 西班牙语*pa**l**ab**r**a*"话语"

### 异化

特定环境下，流音也容易发生异化。

#### r..r > l..r

* 拉丁语pe**r**eg**r**inus>古法语pe**l**eg**r**in(> "朝圣者")

#### l..l > r..l

* 意大利语co**l**one**ll**o>中古法语co**r**onne**l**

### 韵核槽

流音也是最容易占据韵核、自成音节的音。因此捷克语和其它斯拉夫语族语言允许流音/l/和/r/充当音节的元音–如经典的绕口令"将（你的）手指推过（你的）喉咙"。

語言分佈
----

在英語中，/l/和/ɹ/都是常見的流音；在其他歐洲語言裡，字母「r」通常都用來表示齒齦顫音，而這個發音亦是IPA裡「r」這個字母所代表的發音。在法語、德語及丹麥語，字母「r」一般用來表示在喉嚨後方的濁小舌擦音([ʁ])，有時亦會被小舌近音所替代。由於兩者在IPA使用的符號一樣，有時語言學家會在符號下加上符號作識別：[ʁ̝]用來表示濁小舌擦音，而[ʁ̞]則用來表示小舌近音。

有些歐洲語言，例如意大利語和塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语，會有多於兩個流音。一般來說，這些語言的流音組都由/l/ /ʎ/ /r/這三個音組成；俄語比較特別，由/lʲ/ /ɫ/ /r/組成（可能亦包括/rʲ/）。 

在世界其他地方，除了北美洲及澳大利亞以外，上述的兩種流音都是這些地區的語言裡最普遍的流音。在北美洲，當地原住民的語言大多數都沒有R系子音，但卻有豐富的邊流音──儘管當中可能有不少其實是阻礙邊音。而大多數澳洲原住民語言都有很豐富的流音，最多的甚至有七種不同的流音，這些流音通常包括齒音、齒齦音、捲舌音和硬顎音等的邊音等，同時還有著三個R系子音。在某種意義上來說，這些語言之所以有著豐富的流音，是對於它們本身對擦音的缺乏與母音數少的一種補償。

一些非洲語言也有著兩個R系子音的對立，該兩個R系子音一般為一個顫音與一個閃音/彈音。

在另一方面，許多亚马孙盆地和北美洲東部的原住民語言，以及部份亞洲和非洲的語言缺乏任何的流音。

波利尼西亚语族一般只有1个流音，边音和R音都有。非波利尼西亚大洋洲语言常常/l/和/r/都有，有的还有更多(如阿拉基语有/l/、/ɾ/，/r/)，有的则更少(如Mwotlap语只有/l/)。希乌语有预成阻软腭边近音/ᶢʟ/，是它唯一的流音。

### 阿爾泰語系及日韓語之流音

蒙古語等阿爾泰語系語言及日语、朝鲜语等東亞語言，流音則不會出現在固有詞彙的開首，即頭音法則。

參考文獻
----

1. ↑
2. ↑  Anderson, Catherine, Essentials of Linguistics (McMaster University), 2018-03-15  [2021-02-02], （原始内容存档于2021-12-18） （英语）
3. ↑  François, Alexandre, Phonology, 2010a, **27** (3)  [2021-12-09], doi:10.1017/s0952675710000205, （原始内容存档于2021-12-09） .

* Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.

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| 

| * 
* 论
* 编
辅音（辅音列表） |
| --- |
|  |
| **肺部气流音**

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| 

| 调音部位 → | 唇 | 舌冠 | 舌背 | 咽喉 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 调音方法 ↓ | 雙唇 | 唇齒 | 舌唇 | 齒 | 齒齦 | 齦後 | 卷舌 | 齦腭 | 硬腭 | 軟腭 | 小舌 | 咽 | 會⁠厭 | 聲門 |
| 鼻音 | m̥ | m |  | ɱ |  | n̼ |  |  | n̥ | n |  |  | ɳ̊ | ɳ |  |  | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ |  | ɴ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 塞音 | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ |  |  | t | d |  |  | ʈ | ɖ |  |  | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ |  |  | ʡ |  | ʔ |  |
| 有噝塞擦音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ts | dz | t̠ʃ | d̠ʒ | ʈʂ | ɖʐ | tɕ | dʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 無噝塞擦音 | pɸ | bβ | p̪f | b̪v |  |  | t̪θ | d̪ð | tɹ̝̊ | dɹ̝ | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | d̠ɹ̠˔ |  |  |  |  | cç | ɟʝ | kx | ɡɣ | qχ |  |  |  |  | ʡʢ | ʔh |  |
| 有噝擦音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 無噝擦音 | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̠ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ |  | ɻ˔ |  |  | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | ʜ | ʢ | h | ɦ |
| 近音 |  |  | ʋ̥ | ʋ |  |  |  |  | ɹ̥ | ɹ |  |  | ɻ̊ | ɻ |  |  | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ʔ̞ |
| 闪音 |  | ⱱ̟ |  | ⱱ |  | ɾ̼ |  |  | ɾ̥ | ɾ |  |  | ɽ̊ | ɽ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɢ̆ |  |  |  | ʡ̆ |  |  |
| 顫音 | ʙ̥ | ʙ |  |  |  |  |  |  | r̥ | r |  |  | ɽ̊r̥ | ɽr |  |  |  |  |  |  | ʀ̥ | ʀ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 邊塞擦音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tɬ | dɮ |  |  | ʈɭ̊˔ |  |  |  | cʎ̝̊ |  | kʟ̝̊ | ɡʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 邊擦音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɬ | ɮ |  |  | ɭ̊˔ | ɭ˔ |  |  | ʎ̝̊ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 邊近音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | l̥ | l |  |  | ɭ̊ | ɭ |  |  | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ |  | ʟ̠ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 邊闪音 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɺ |  |  |  | ɭ̆ |  |  |  | ʎ̆ |  | ʟ̆ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

 |
| 
* 國際音標
* 国际音标表
* 模板

當符號成對出現時，左邊的是清音，右邊的是濁音。陰影區域表示被認為是不可能的發音。 |

**非肺部气流音**

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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|  | 雙唇 | 唇齒 | 齒 | 齒齦 | 齦後 | 捲舌 | 硬腭 | 軟腭 | 小舌 | 会厌 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 挤喉音 | 塞音 | pʼ |  |  | tʼ |  | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ |
| 塞擦音 |  |  | t̪θʼ | tsʼ | t̠ʃʼ | ʈʂʼ |  | kxʼ | qχʼ |  |
| 擦音 | ɸʼ | fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | çʼ | xʼ | χʼ |  |
| 邊塞擦音 |  |  |  | tɬʼ |  |  | cʎ̝̊ʼ | kʟ̝̊ʼ |  |  |
| 邊擦音 |  |  |  | ɬʼ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 搭嘴音 | 不送氣音 | ʘ |  | ǀ | ǃ |  | !! | ǂ | ʞ |  |  |
| 濁音 | ʘ̬ |  | ǀ̬ | ǃ̬ |  | ‼̬ | ǂ̬ |  |  |  |
| 鼻搭嘴音（英语：） | ʘ̃ |  | ǀ̃ | ǃ̃ |  | ‼̃ | ǂ̃ |  |  |  |
| 不送氣邊音 |  |  |  | ǁ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 濁邊音 |  |  |  | ǁ̬ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | ǁ̃ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 內爆音 | 濁音 | ɓ |  |  | ɗ |  | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ |  |
| 清音 | ɓ̥ |  |  | ɗ̥ |  | ᶑ̊ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ |  |

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| 
* 國際音標
* 国际音标表
* 模板

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**协同调音**

|  |
| --- |
| 

鼻音

n͡m
唇舌冠音

ŋ͡m
唇软腭鼻音

塞音

t͡pd͡b
唇齒齦塞音

k͡pɡ͡b
唇軟腭塞音

q͡ʡ
小舌會厭音

擦音

ɧ
Sj音

近音

ɥ̊ɥ
唇硬腭音

ʍw
唇軟腭音

邊近音

ɫ
軟腭化齒齦音

鼻化近音

j̃
硬腭音

w̃
唇軟腭音

h̃
聲門音

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| 
* 國際音標
* 国际音标表
* 模板

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|  |
| 圖表 | 肺部气流音 ‧ 非肺部气流音 ‧ 塞擦音 ‧ 协同调音辅音 |
|  |
| 参见：國際音標 · 元音 |

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