**提示**：此条目的主题不是**恰图兰加**。 

古印度象棋
**古印度象棋**，或音译為**恰圖蘭卡**（梵語：，），為古印度的一种象棋类游戏。该词在梵文是性状复合词，意为"有四肢或四部分"，在史詩中通常意为"軍隊"。 起源於印度笈多时期的双人对弈棋類，歷史可追溯到西元前五、六世紀的八條盤碁，也有四人版變體，而直系後代為泰盧固象棋，此游戏為部分象棋遊戲的祖先。

六世紀時，印度人帶著此遊戲傳入波斯，而波斯人之後也帶波斯雙陸去印度。

印度人帶古印度象棋至波斯王宮
波斯人帶波斯雙陸至印度王宮
古印度象棋在本地發展為泰盧固象棋；往東則發展成泰國象棋、高棉象棋、緬甸象棋、馬來象棋、日本將棋等；往西发展成波斯象棋，在棋子和规则上有大规模的改进，开始在中亚各民族广为流传。

多兵種的棋類早在烏爾王族局戲就有，有雨燕、渡鴉、雞、鷹、家燕這五種棋子，但非以殺王為獲勝的局戲。

一幅描繪黑天在八條盤碁玩古印度象棋的印度古畫
騎士巡邏問題在古印度象棋的文獻中就有出現。

威廉·瓊斯將古印度象棋的規則從梵語翻譯成英文。准确规则不详。象棋历史学家认为其规则与继任者波斯象棋类似。

規則
--

### 棋盤

* 棋盤為正方形，八乘八的方格，同於八條盤碁。

### 棋子

* 棋子兵種有王（）一個、仕（或）一個、象（）兩個、馬（）兩個、車（）兩個、兵（或）八個。四種棋子反映了古印度军队的四種兵種。《雜阿含經》:「天帝釋聞阿修羅王興四種兵：象兵、馬兵、車兵、步兵，來欲共戰。」

### 棋子配置

棋子配置類似現在的國際象棋。王位置為己方左方數來第五行的底格，**雙方王並不同行**。仕的位置為己方左方數來第四行的底格。其餘兵種位置都相同。泰國象棋、高棉象棋、馬來象棋、衣索比亞象棋的棋子排列皆是兩王不同行；波斯象棋、蒙古象棋、西洋棋則是兩王同行。


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| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| 恰圖蘭卡初始布置。 |


### 棋子走法

王走法與國際象棋的王相同，移動為周圍八格。


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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| 王的走法 |


仕走法與中國象棋仕相同，移動為右上、右下、左上、左下這四格。


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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| 士的走法 |


象走法有好幾種描述。

同波斯象棋，與中國象棋的象類似，走田字形，但無塞象眼。


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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| 象的走法 |


al-Adli在840年描述走法是跳至縱或橫向兩格，與帖木兒象棋的洞屋相同。


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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| 象的走法 |


比魯尼在1030年描述走法是移動為上、右上、右下、左上、左下這五格。泰國象棋、高棉象棋、緬甸象棋、馬來象棋的象、日本將棋的銀將也同走法。


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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| 象的走法 |


馬走法與國際象棋的馬相同，與中國象棋的馬相似（但無拐馬腳），移動為L字形。


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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| 馬的走法 |


車走法與國際象棋、中國象棋的車相同，移動為十字方向，不限步數。無國際象棋的王車易位規則。


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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

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| --- |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| 車的走法 |


兵走法與國際象棋的兵類似，吃法同為左上及右上，但兵的第一步時不能走兩步，無吃過路兵。升等只能升變为目的格的對應兵種，並且要該玩家已失去原先兵種的狀態。譬如己方兵到達b8（敵方馬之起始格）只能升變為馬，同時己方亦須有馬已失去，方能使用此「升變」該兵並「重召」為馬。


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| 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| 兵的走法 |

参见
--

* 印度四角棋
* 游戏复杂度

外部連結
----

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：**古印度象棋** |

* 恰图兰卡的歷史與玩法介紹

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * 
* 论
* 编
象棋類遊戲 |
| --- |
|  |
| 歐洲 | 
* 國際象棋
	+ 變體
* 土耳其大象棋
* 西班牙大象棋
* 短兵象棋
* 信使象棋

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|  |
| 中東 | 
* 波斯象棋
* 帖木兒象棋
* 本營象棋
* 衣索比亞象棋

 |
|  |
| 印度 | 
* 古印度象棋
* 印度四角棋
* 泰盧固象棋

 |
|  |
| 東南亞 | 
* 泰國象棋
* 緬甸象棋
* 高棉象棋
* 馬來象棋

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|  |
| 東亞 | 
* 中國象棋
	+ 變體
* 日本將棋
	+ 變體
* 韓國將棋
	+ 變體
* 蒙古象棋
	+ 蒙古大象棋
* 琉球象棋
* 寶應象棋

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