**薄皮蚤属**（学名：）为薄皮蚤科动物唯一的一個属。過往本屬只有透明薄皮蚤（学名：）一個物种，直至2009年本屬的第二個物種被發現。這兩個物種在對比其他雙甲下綱物種來說比較大，近乎透明及透光，是一類捕食性物種。本屬物種最長可長至21 mm（0.83英寸），有兩枝可用，作游泳的觸角，以及一隻複眼。腿可用作捕捉碰巧路過的橈足亞綱物種。

透明薄皮蚤見於北半球溫帶的湖泊中，很可能是枝角目物種當中唯一曾被報章報導過的已描述生物；而*L. richardi*現時只見於俄罗斯遠東地區的黑龙江流域，儘管日本認為在其國內分佈的物種亦是*L. richardi*。
For most of the year, *Leptodora* reproduces 单性生殖, with males only appearing late in the season, to produce winter eggs which hatch the following spring. *Leptodora* is the only genus in its family, the **Leptodoridae**, and suborder, **Haplopoda**.

形態描述
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薄皮蚤屬物種的成體是北美洲原生浮游枝角目物種當中體型最大的；至於到底有多大，各種報告間不盡相同，但雌性成體普遍可長至12 mm（0.47英寸）長，部分報告聲稱可長至21 mm（0.83英寸）長。這些動物的身體約有98%是透明的，以避免被魚類獵食。

Lilljeborg notes: 

> The female is transparent to such a high degree, literally "as clear as water", that her presence is often only given away by her movements. In bright sunlight, the shadow is normally seen before the animal itself.
> 
> 

The male is similarly transparent. The abdomen is elongated, but the carapace（英语：） is small and only covers the brood pouch（英语：）.

胸節的六對附肢形成一個「餵哺籃」，用以捕捉獵物。
The second 觸角 are used for swimming, while the first antennae are 痕跡器官 in females but elongated in males, where they are used in 有性生殖. There is a single large 複眼 which takes up much of the animal's head. It comprises around 500 facet（英语：）s, which are spherically arranged, and the whole eye is movable by up to 10° in any direction.

分佈
--

透明薄皮蚤廣泛分佈於北半球溫帶的湖泊中，見於北美洲、亚洲、欧洲及非洲。在北美洲，其分佈範圍南至德克萨斯州及俄克拉荷馬州；在中国大陆分佈於浙江、江苏、安徽、江西、湖北、吉林、黑龙江、云南、内蒙古等地，主要栖息于大中型湖泊的敞水区、也出现在沿岸以及小型湖泊与积水较深的池塘中。在欧洲、北非部分地區、阿拉伯半岛北部及亚洲喜马拉雅山脉以北地區亦有分佈。

生態及行為
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溞属物種（*Daphnia*）是透明薄皮蚤（*Leptodora kindtii*）的其中一種重要獵物。
而另一方面，河鲈（*Perca fluviatilis*）又是薄皮蚤屬動物的主要捕食者。
透明薄皮蚤是一種貪婪的捕食者，能夠控制其偏愛獵物的數量，一般都是溞属（*Daphnia*）、*Bosmina（英语：）*, *Ceriodaphnia*, *Diaphanosoma*, *Diaptomus（英语：）*, *Polyphemus（英语：）*及剑水蚤属（*Cyclops*）等各屬物種的幼體。 It seems to encounter its prey by chance, with contact initiating a 反射 (生理学), in which the 腹 is brought forward to close the feeding basket. In many cases, the prey escapes this haphazard response. Juvenile *Daphnia* are slower than adults to respond to the predator's attack, and are therefore more likely to be caught.

The most important predators of *Leptodora* are fishes, including 白鮭屬, perch, ziege（英语：） and 歐白魚.

In 琵琶湖, 日本, *L. kindtii* is 寄生 by the 线虫动物门 *Raphidascaris biwakoensis*, a parasite of 鱼.

生命週期
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雌性薄皮蚤屬動物能夠僅僅透過单性生殖就可以產卵，而且每隔12小時就又可以再下一窩卵子。這些卵子孵化後進入幼体階段，身長約2（0.079英寸）。之後牠們在長為成蟲之前，還要再經歷六個instar（英语：），到了完全成長，體長增至6（0.24英寸）。而事實上，從孵化到成蟲階段，需時只要3到6天，視乎孵化時的環境溫度。在一年的絕大多數時候，薄皮蚤屬動物的繁殖都只靠單性生殖，所生產的卵皆為雌性，並沒有雄性的卵子 。到了秋季，透過單性生殖的雄性卵子開始出現；雄性與雌性進行有性生殖才變得可行。這些透過交配行為誕下的受精卵會在牠們越冬的所在地沉到最底，直到下一年才會孵化，成為 nauplius（英语：）-like larvae.。

Related taxa
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*Leptodora* is so distinct from other cladocerans that some authors have suggested grouping all other cladocerans into a 演化支 called "Eucladocera", with *Leptodora* as its 姐妹群. It is now believed, however, that *Leptodora* is sister to Onychopoda（英语：）, being the only genus in the family **Leptodoridae** and the subclass **Haplopoda**. Features which separate it from other families include its large size, the lack of branchial appendages (鳃s) on its legs, the reduction of the carapace, and the fact that the winter eggs hatch as nauplii.

Taxonomic history
-----------------

*Leptodora* was first found in the *Bremer Stadtgraben*, and described by the local scientist G. W. Focke.
*Leptodora kindtii* is "probably the only cladoceran ever described in a newspaper". The German microscopist Gustav Woldemar Focke（英语：） organised a 學術研討會 in 不来梅 in 1844 together with the pharmacist Georg Christian Kindt. He studied the fauna of the ditches surrounding the city (the ) and displayed live specimens at the meeting. During the meeting, he also published a description of the species in the  on Sunday September 22, 1844, placing the species in the genus *Polyphemus（英语：）*. However, this description was ignored by the scientific community, and Wilhelm Lilljeborg（英语：） described the species in 1861 with the name *Leptodora hyalina*. The 異名 was not noticed until Simon Albrecht Poppe informed Lilljeborg of it in 1889, and Lilljeborg corrected the error in his 1900 專著.

2009年，Korovchinsky首度為本屬的第二個物種*Leptodora richardii*作出描述：這個物種採樣自黑龙江盆地的湖泊，包括博隆湖。

### 異名

現時下列組合均被視為透明薄皮蚤（*Leptodora kindtii*）的異名：

* *Polyphemus kindti* Focke, 1844
* *Hyalosoma dux* Wagner, 1868
* *Leptodora angusta* Sars, 1890
* *Leptodora hyalina* Lilljeborg, 1861
* *Leptodora pellucida* Joseph, 1882

### 語源

The name *Leptodora* is from the 希腊语 words  and , collectively meaning thin-skinned. The 种加词 *kindtii* is presumed to refer to G. C. Kindt, who worked closely with Focke. The alternative spelling *kindti* is sometimes encountered, but is no longer considered correct under the 国际动物命名法规. The epithet *hyalina*, used by Lilljeborg, is from the Greek , and means glassy（英语：）.

下属物种
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本属包括以下物种：

* *Leptodora kindti* (Focke, 1844)
* *Leptodora richardi* Korovchinsky, 2009

参考文献
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1. 1 2 3  中国科学院动物研究所.. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所.  [2009-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.
2. 1 2  Korovchinsky, Nikolai M.  (PDF). *Zootaxa*. 2009, **2120**: 39–52  [2022-01-20]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2120.1.5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-20） （英语）.
3. ↑ . An Image-Based Key to the Zooplankton of the Northeast (USA). University of New Hampshire.  [2010-03-19]. （原始内容存档于2010-07-26） （英语）.
4. ↑  Cynthia C. Lunte; Chris Luecke.. Limnology and Oceanography（英语：）. 1990, **35** (5): 1091–1100. Bibcode:1990LimOc..35.1091L. JSTOR 2837489. doi:10.4319/lo.1990.35.5.1091.
5. 1 2  Andrews, Ted F.. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society（英语：）. 1953, **72** (1): 9–17. JSTOR 3223355. doi:10.2307/3223355 （英语）.
6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . Zooplankton of the Great Lakes. Central Michigan University.  [2010-03-10]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-22） （英语）.
7. ↑  Donn K. Branstrator.. Journal of Plankton Research（英语：）. 2005, **27** (6): 569–585. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbi033 可免费查阅.
8. 1 2 3 4  Wilhelm Lilljeborg.. 乌普萨拉: Druck der Akademischen buchdruckerei E. Berling. 1900: 650–658, Tab. 87.
9. ↑  Marina Manca; Patrizia Comoli.. Limnology and Oceanography（英语：）. 1995, **40** (4): 834–838. Bibcode:1995LimOc..40..834M. JSTOR 2838319. doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.4.0834 可免费查阅.
10. ↑  J. J. Wolken; G. J. Gallik.. Journal of Cell Biology（英语：）. 1965, **26** (3): 968–973. PMC 2106796 可免费查阅. PMID 19866691. doi:10.1083/jcb.26.3.968.
11. ↑  Jack R. Holt; David S. White; Alan P. Covich.. The Southwestern Naturalist. 1978, **23** (4): 686–688. JSTOR 3671192. doi:10.2307/3671192 （英语）.
12. 1 2  Alois Herzig. P. Larsson; L. J. Weider , 编.. Hydrobiologia（英语：）. 1995, **307** (1–3): 273–282. S2CID 7755718. doi:10.1007/BF00032021.
13. ↑  Howard I. Browman; Silke Kruse; W. John O'Brien.. Journal of Plankton Research（英语：）. 1989, **11** (5): 1075–1088. doi:10.1093/plankt/11.5.1075.
14. ↑  F. Moravec; K. Nasagawa; Y. Tanaka; T. Narita.  (PDF). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1998, **32** (2): 157–160  [2022-01-20]. PMID 9676256. doi:10.3354/dao032157 可免费查阅. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-20）.
15. 1 2 3  Vijverberg, Jacobus; Koelewijn, Hans Peter.. *Freshwater Biology*. 2004, **49** (11): 1415–1422. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01276.x （英语）.
16. ↑  Joel W. Martin; George E. Davis.  (PDF). 洛杉磯縣自然歷史博物館. 2001: 132  [2022-01-20]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-05-12）.
17. 1 2 3 4  Henri J. Dumont; Werner Hollwedel.. Crustaceana（英语：）. 2009, **82** (11): 1457–1461. doi:10.1163/001121609X12511103974457.
18. ↑   (PDF). Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment (FADA) Project. Belgian Biodiversity Platform. 2010-10-20  [2010-11-07]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-19） （英语）.
19. 1 2  Wilhelm Lilljeborg.. Annals and Magazine of Natural History（英语：）. 3rd series. 1862, **9** (50): 132–136  [2022-01-20]. doi:10.1080/00222936208681196. （原始内容存档于2022-02-20）.
20. ↑  Mary D. Balcer; Nancy L. Korda; Stanley I. Dodson.. . University of Wisconsin Press（英语：）. 1984: 49–109. ISBN 978-0-299-09820-9.
21. ↑  Jørgen Olesen; Stefan Richter; Gerhard Scholtz.. Journal of Morphology（英语：）. 2003, **256** (3): 235–259. PMID 12655608. S2CID 24239891. doi:10.1002/jmor.10043.
22. ↑ . GBIF.  [2022-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-13）.

外部連結
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|  | 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：**薄皮蚤屬** |

*. Missouri State University. 2006-08  [2022-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-04） （英语）.
*. Zooplankton-online.net. 2005-07  [2010-03-19]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-19） （英语）.
* (QuickTime). University of New Hampshire. 2020-02 （英语）.
*. University of New Hampshire.  [2010-03-19]. （原始内容 (QuickTime)存档于2006-09-05） （英语）.

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| 分類單元識別碼 | 
* 维基数据: Q30636
* 維基物種: Leptodora kindtii
* BOLD: 8940
* BugGuide: 553821
* EoL: 327210
* EUNIS: 257995
* Fauna Europaea: 237253
* Fauna Europaea (new): 0fcdb931-172d-4fec-b4ed-8cad7ec4f5ac
* GBIF: 2234612
* IRMNG: 10459422
* ITIS: 83972
* NBN: NHMSYS0001593660
* NCBI: 77707
* OBIS: 247980
* WoRMS: 247980

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