| 围棋 |
| --- |
|  |
| 
游戏详述 |
| * 规则
* 让子
* 棋谚（日语：）
* 术语
* 战略战术（英语：）
* 手割
* 布局
* 定式
* 死活
* 诘棋
* 收官
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| 
历史与文化 |
| * 历史
* 棋盤
* 棋子（日语：）
* 变体
* 围棋四大家
* 名局（英语：）
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| 
棋手与棋手组织 |
| * 棋手
* 段级位制
* 组织
* 棋赛
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| 
计算机与数学 |
| * 围棋与数学
* 计算机围棋
* 围棋软件
* 網路圍棋
* AlphaGo李世乭五番棋
* AlphaGo Zero
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| * 
* 论
* 编
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**死活**是圍棋術語，即一塊圍棋棋形是死是活的問題，也是圍棋中最重要的基本概念。在棋局開始以後，雙方棋子不可能馬上做活。所以死活問題從序盤開始，就一路貫串到終盤為止。在這個過程中，黑白雙方必須要掌握時機，率先殺對方的棋子，或為我方的棋子做活。

死活的難易度從最簡單到非常複雜的都有。簡單的棋形，只需一子就可看出棋形是死是活；複雜的，往往要幾十手才看得清楚。終局以後，勝負就以棋形的死活作為計地的基礎。

圍棋大師吳清源曾經說過：「死活就是填塞」。

原則
--

一塊被包圍棋子要做活：

* 先手做出兩眼
* 做出對手不可能一手棋殺死的活棋
* 搶先手補棋做活

包圍對方的棋子要殺棋：

* 壓縮對方的眼位
* 使對方成為先手活、後手死的棋形
* 在對方眼內做一個先手活、後手死的棋形，讓對方提，再點死

分類與術語
-----

當一塊棋需要靠打劫來做活時，稱為「劫活」；如果已經做出兩個真眼，或是一定可以做出兩個真眼，則稱為「淨活」。
當一個大眼的形狀可以後手活棋，這個形狀則稱為「活形」；對方先手會死，己方先手會活棋，則稱為「急形」；既使先手還是會死的大眼，稱為「死形」。

### 真眼與假眼

### 對殺

兩塊相鄰、互相分斷，且沒有淨活的棋子，通常可以透過吃掉對方來活棋，當出現這種棋子時，雙方都會互相「緊氣」試圖殺掉對方，這種情形就稱為「對殺」。對殺的時候，只有其中一方擁有的氣，稱為該方的「外氣」；兩邊共同擁有的氣，當一方在這裡落子，雙方的氣都會變少，則稱作「公氣」。

對殺獲勝的條件為：A外氣-B外氣 ≥ 公氣；則對殺A方獲勝。

當對殺的其中一方先做出一個眼時，在走法上有所優勢，稱為「有眼殺瞎」、"有眼杀无眼"。此时公气只能算作有眼一方的气，因为无眼一方不能在没有填满公气的情况下填入对方的眼。

有時候會出現有很多公氣，兩邊都沒有兩個真眼，但都殺不死敵方，稱作雙活。

  

下面是在角地對殺的例子，形成「有眼殺瞎」，黑棋勝。

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大眼的情形
-----

以下是大眼有3-6目時的死活情形，5目與6目除了下面提到的梅花五、刀把五、拳頭六之外都是活形，當一個大眼有7目以上時，一般是活形。不過在氣緊或是在角落的時候，活形也有可能變成死棋，例如「盤角曲四」。

### 活形

下面的圖中，ab兩點見合，只要黑棋下到其中一點就可以活棋。

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| 彎四 | 直四 |

### 一點死

以下棋形，a位被白點入则黑死，被黑占到则黑活

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| 丁四(笠帽四) |

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| 梅花五 |

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| 梅花六 |

### 死形

黑棋先走也無法做活


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| 方四

### 對殺時的內氣

有時棋形雖被破眼，但還有對殺時，這些單眼棋形可以提供很多內氣，因为要紧气必须要逐个地填大眼的眼位。如拳頭六有12口氣，刀把五和梅花五有8口氣，方四和笠帽四有5口氣。

其他棋形
----

* 七死八活
* 斷頭曲四
* 盤角曲四
* 盤角板六
* 盤角板八
* 大豬嘴
* 小豬嘴

特殊棋形：

* 长生劫、双提二子：一种出现同形循环的特殊棋形。
* 假眼活：以假眼成活的棋塊。
* 双活：在对杀时出现两口以上的公气时（如双方各有一眼时则只需要一口公气），双方都无法去紧对方的气，否则会被对方提取。此时双方都能存活，故称双活。

參閱
--

* 詰棋
* 手筋
* 《围棋发阳论》

外部連結
----

* Goproblems.com site （页面存档备份，存于） 超過3000個死活題和高等題目的applet。（需要Java （页面存档备份，存于））
* GoTools，解死活題的免費Java applet（需要密碼）
* Sensei's Library: 死活題 （页面存档备份，存于）

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| * 
* 论
* 编
围棋术语 |
| --- |
|  |
| 基本概念 | 
* 目
* 氣
* 眼
* 布局
* 收官
* 死活
* 雙活
* 打劫

 |  |
|  |
| 棋盤位置 | 
* 天元
* 星位
* 小目
* 高目
* 目外
* 三三

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|  |
| 着法或手段 | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 一字術語　 | 
* 長
* 立（日语：）
* 飛
* 尖
* 虎（朝鲜语：）
* 拆
* 提
* 關
* 衝
* 跳（日语：）
* 曲（日语：）（拐）
* 鎮（日语：）
* 夾（日语：）
* 斷（日语：）
* 跨
* 刺（覷）
* 托
* 退
* 碰
* 壓
* 爬（日语：）
* 接（日语：）
* 頂（日语：）
* 並（日语：）
* 扳（日语：）
* 擋（日语：）
* 雙（朝鲜语：）
* 擠
* 逼
* 封（日语：）
* 點（日语：）
* 渡
* 撲

 |
|  |
| 二字或以上 | 
* 叫吃
* 佔角
* 掛角
* 締角
* 征子
* 緩征（日语：）
* 緊氣
* 脫先（日语：）
* 投子
* 割分
* 整地
* 倒脫靴
* 滾打包收

 |

 |
|  |
| 棋形 | 
* 直三
* 直四
* 彎三
* 彎四
* 方四
* 板六
* 笠帽四(丁四)
* 刀把五
* 梅花五
* 拳頭六
* 大豬嘴
* 小豬嘴
* 長生劫
* 金雞獨立
* 盤角曲四（日语：）

 |
|  |
| 布局 | 
* 小林流
* 星無憂角
* 中國流
* 迷你中國流
* 錯小目
* 三连星
* 宇宙流

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|  |
| 其他 | 
* 定式
* 手合
* 見合
* 手割
* 手筋
* 隨手
* 虛手
* 外勢
* 味道
* 先手
* 後手
* 模樣
* 詰棋
* 座子制
* 七死八活
* 假眼活
* 金角銀邊銅肚皮
* 围棋十诀

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