在复合句中作状语的从句，叫做**状语从句**（the Adverbial Clause）.

时间状语从句
------

---

### when, as, while

when引出的时间状语从句，其中的动词既可以是**延续性动作**的动词，也可以是**瞬间性动作**的动词，而且可以表示主语的动作和从句的动作**同时发生**，或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。

e.g.

```
  When you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.
```

```
  When the students heard the teacher's footsteps, they all stopped talking.
```

when还可以表示just then(正在那时，突然)的意思，此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。

e.g.

```
  We were about to start when it began to rain.
```

as引出的时间状语从句，其动作是**延续性**的，而且侧重表示主句和从句的动作**同时发生**.

e.g.

```
  As the students walked to their dormitories,they sang happily.
```

while表示"在某一段时间里"或"在...期间"，其所引出的从句的动作是**延续性**的，且侧重表示主句和从句的动作**同时发生**。

e.g.

```
  While the teacher paraphrased the text in English,the students listened attentively and took notes.
```

while还可用作并列连词，相当于**whereas**，连接一个表示对比的并列分句。

e.g.

```
  Mary was dressed in blue while Jane was dressed in red.
```

### whenever,every time,each time任何时候;每当

e.g.

```
  Whenever I met her,she was studying.
```

```
  Every time I met her,she was staying with him.
```

```
  Each time I met her,she was listening to the music.
```

### since(自从，从...以来),ever since(从那时起一直到现在;此后一直)

since,ever since引导的从句通常用**一般过去时**，主句中的谓语动词通常用**完成时**.

e.g.

```
  We've never met since we graduated from the college.
```

```
  It is six years since we parted.
```

### before(在...之前),after(在...之后)

before引导的从句一般表示主句的动作发生在**从句动作之前**，如**从句**是**过去时**,**主句**一般用**过去完成时**.

e.g.

```
  I had written my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad.
```

after引导的从句，表示主句的动作发生在**从句动作之后**，如**主句**是**过去时**,**从句**一般用**过去完成时**.

e.g.

```
  After the boy had finished his homework,he played football with his friends.
```

### till,until

until比较正式，可**用于句首**，而till一般**不用于句首**.till和until所表示的意义相同，但要**注意**以下情况:

如主句的谓语动词是**延续性动词**，就常用**肯定式**表示"直到...为止"

e.g.

```
  He will remain in college until(till) he finishes his Ph.D course.
```

如主句的谓语动词是**非延续性动词**，就常用**否定式**表示"直到...才"或"在...之前（不）".此时的till和still可用**before**替换，意义差别不大。

e.g.

```
  I won't go with you until(till) I finish my homework.
```

### as soon as,immediately,directly,once,the minute/moment (that) etc.

as soon as,immediately,directly,once,the minute/moment (that)等引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作**随即就发生**，常译为"一...就...".

e.g.

```
  As soon as we got home,the telephone rang.
```

```
  I recognized her immediately I saw her.
```

```
  Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.
```

```
  Once you understand this rule,you'll have no further difficulty.
```

```
  I want to see her the minute/moment (that) she arrives.
```

### no sooner...than,hardly(scarcely)...when

no sooner...than,hardly(scarcely)...when引导的从句也表示"一...就","刚...就"的含义。但它们只用于**过去时**:主句中的动词一般用**过去完成时**，从句用**过去时**.no sooner,hardly位于句首时，主句的谓语要**部分倒装**.

e.g.

```
  He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
```

```
  No sooner had he arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
```

```
  No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
```

```
  Hardly had he reached the airport when the plane took off.
```

地点状语从句
------

---

引导地点状语从句的连词有:where(在..地方),wherever(无论哪裡，在任何地方),everywhere(每一...地方，到处),anywhere（任何地方）.where总是放在主句后，绝不提前。

e.g.

```
  Where there is a will,there is a way.
```

```
  You can go wherever(anywhere) you like these days.
```

```
  Wherever (Everywhere) they went,they were warmly welcomed.
```

```
  I'll take you anywhere you like.
```

原因状语从句
------

---

引导原因状语从句的连词有:because,as,since,for,now that,seeing that,considering (that),in that等。

e.g.

```
  I didn't go abroad with her because I couldn't afford it.
```

```
  Since traveling by air is much faster, they decided to take a plane.
```

```
  As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain.
```

```
  It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
```

```
  Now (that) you've passed your test, you can drive on your own.
```

```
  Seeing (that) the weather is bad, we'll stay at home.
```

```
  Considering (that) he's only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well.
```

```
  Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
```

```
  I'm in a slightly awkward position, in that he's not arriving until 10th.
```

条件状语从句
------

---

引导条件状语从句的连词或词组:if（如果）,unless（除非）,as(so) long as（只要）,on condition that(条件是...),provided/providing that（假如）,suppose/supposing（假如）,in case（如果）,for fear(that/lest)(惟恐;以免),only if(只要;只有),if only(但愿;要是...该多好)等。如果主句是**将来时**，条件状语从句用**一般现在时**表示。

### if,unless

unless的意义相当于"if...not"，而且语气较强，一般**不用于虚拟语气**.

e.g.

```
  I'll buy a computer if I am able to save up enough money.
```

```
  Unless the weather was bad,my father always used to take a walk in the evening.
```

### suppose/supposing that,provided/providing (that)假如

e.g.

```
  Suppose you had a million pounds -- how would you spend it?
```

```
  Supposing (that) it rains,can we play the match indoors?
```

```
  I will agree to go provided/providing (that) my expenses are paid.
```

### as(so) long as,on condition that,in case

as(so) long as(只要...就...),on condition that(在...条件下;倘若),in case(以防万一，万一，如果).

e.g.

```
  As long as you love me.
```

```
  As long as it doesn't rain,we can play.
```

```
  You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat.
```

```
  You'd better take an umbrella in case it rains.
```

### only if ,if only

only if引导**真实条件句**，用于**句首**，主语谓语**倒装**.

e.g.

```
  Only if a teacher has given permission,is a student allowed to enter this room
```

if only一般引导**虚拟条件状语从句**或**感叹句**.

用**一般过去式**或**would/could do**表与**现在或未来**事实相反的愿望；用**过去完成时**表与**过去**事实相反的愿望，意为‘但愿’.

e.g.

```
  If only he had come,he would have met you.
```

```
  If only I could swim.
```

让步状语从句
------

---

让步状语从句的连词或词组有:although虽然，though虽然，even if/though即使;纵然;尽管，as尽管，while尽管，whoever(no matter who)不管谁，whatever(no matter what)无论什么，whenever(no matter when)无论什么时候，wherever(no matter where)无论哪裡，however(no matter how)无论怎样，whether..or不论...还是。

### although虽然though虽然even if/though即使;纵然;尽管

e.g.

```
  Although they have been talking for a long time,he cannot make her believe him.
```

```
  Though they lack offcial support,they continue their struggle.
```

```
  Though he is old,yet(still,nevertheless) he works day and night.
```

```
  Even if I failed again,I will not give up the experiment.
```

```
  I like her even though she can be annoying.
```

### whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever...)/no matter what(who,which,when...)

e.g.

```
  Whoever(No matter who) wants to speek to me on the phone,tell them I'm busy.
```

```
  Wherever(No matter where) you go,I'm right here waiting for you.
```

```
  Whenever(No matter when) you call on us,you are welcome.
```

### as虽然;尽管

as引导让步状语从句时，常放在作表语，状语或谓语的一部分的形容词，名词，副词或动词原形之后。如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语，不再用冠词。

e.g.

```
  Strong as you may be,you cannot lift it.
```

```
  Late as it was,they continued to study.
```

```
  Youngest as he is in our class,he studies very well.
```

```
  Child as she is,She knows a lot.
```

```
  Hard as he tried,he was unable to make much progress.
```

```
  Much as I like you,I couldn't live with you.
```

```
  Much as I would like to stay,I really must go home.
```

```
  Call as you may,he will not come.
```

```
  Published as it was such a time,his work attracted much attention.
```

### whether..or 不管;无论

e.g.

```
  Whether it rains or not, we're playing football on Sunday.
```

```
  Whether she is sick or well, she is always cheerful.
```

目的状语从句
------

---

引导目的状语从句的连词或词组一般有:so that以便，in order that以便，in case免得;以防，for fear(that)惟恐;以免，lest & for fear that惟恐;以免;为不使；now that & given that因为。

e.g.

```
  She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be by eight.
```

```
  They started early so that they might arrive in time.
```

```
  They stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake.
```

```
  She explained again and again in case we should misunderstand her.
```

```
  They spoke in whisper for fear (that) they might wake the baby.
```

```
  Lest anyone should think it strange,let me assure you that it is quite true.
```

结果状语从句
------

---

结果状语从句一般由so,that,so that,so...that,such that等引导放在主句之后。

e.g.

```
  He spoke so fast that nobody could understand what he was saying.
```

```
  He made such repid progress that he soon began to write articles in English.
```

```
  There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it later.
```

```
  He told us such a story that we all laughed.=He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.
```

```
  The shops were closed so I didn't get any milk.
```

```
  He phoned me on arrival so that I knew he was safe and sound.
```

```
  Suddenly it began to rain heavily,so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.
```

注意：So that引导结果状语从句时：so that前常有逗号，从句中常无情态动词；引导目的状语从句时：so that前常无逗号，从句中常有情态动词。

方式状语从句
------

---

方式状语从句一般由连词as(正如;就像),as if/though(好像;宛如)引导。

### as引导的方式状语从句，意思为"in the way or manner that"

e.g.

```
  Why didn't you catch the last bus as I told you to?
```

```
  She enjoys all kinds of music,as I do.
```

```
  Like me,she enjoys all kinds of music.
```

```
  Nobody understands him like/as I do.
```

### as if/though

e.g.

```
  They looked at me as if/as though I were mad.
```

```
  They look as if/as though they know each other.
```

比较状语从句
------

---

比较状语从句一般由than（比）,as...as(和...一样),not as/so...as...(和...不一样),the+形容词比较级/副词比较级+the+形容词比较级/副词比较级(越...越...)等引导。

### than

e.g.

```
  She likes reading better than (she likes) going to parties.
```

```
  He has lived here longer than I (has lived).
```

```
  They love the girl than (they love) him.
```

```
  He has more friends than she (does).
```

```
  Air in the country is much fresher than that in the city.
```

```
  She is younger than me.   <Spoken English>
```

```
  You are more industrious than her.   <Spoken English>
```

### as..as 或 not so/as..as

e.g.

```
  We were as fortunate as them (they were).
```

```
  I hope she will make as much progress as you (have done).
```

```
  She runs as fast as a boy (does).
```

### the...the...

e.g.

```
  The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
```

```
  The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
```

```
  The more pictures I take,the more skilled I　become.
```