**开拓虾属**（学名：*Innovatiocaris*，意为"创新的虾蟹"）是发现于中国云南省早寒武世澄江动物群的放射齿目下的一个科未定的属。该属包含两个已命名的物种，模式种**帽天山开拓虾**（***Innovatiocaris maotianshanensis***）基于一个几乎完整的个体和单独的前附肢进行描述，**多刺开拓虾**（***Innovatiocaris? multispiniformis***）基于一个完整的前附肢进行描述，其有效性尚待确定。

描述与命名
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开拓虾属的复原图
帽天山开拓虾的前附肢
在科学文献中，帽天山开拓虾的正模标本**ELRC 20001**长期被认为是奇虾属未定种（*Anomalocaris* sp.）或帚状奇虾（*Anomalocaris saron*，现为帚状侯氏虾（*Houcaris saron*））。但在2022年，南京古生物所朱茂炎研究员团队的曾晗副研究员、赵方臣研究员等人将其描述为一个新的放射齿目属种，正模标本是一个几乎完整的亚成体遗骸，其保存在石板坯上。陈均远等人在1994年提供了该标本的简要描述，尽管其在科普文献中很受欢迎，但直到2022年它才得到详细描述。ELRC 20011和20012是在1990年收集的其他标本，其中包括孤立的前附肢，它们被指定为副模标本。这些标本采集于中国云南澄江帽天山玉案山组（Yu'anshan Formation）帽天山页岩段。属名"*Innovatiocaris*"来源于拉丁语"Innogatio"（意思是"创新"，这是为了纪念陈均远的开拓创新精神，他是一位为澄江动物群与寒武纪生命大爆发的研究做出了贡献的科学家）和"caris"（意思是螃蟹），种加名来源于正模标本发现地帽天山。

多刺开拓虾正模标本的前附肢
**NIGP 177621**是多刺开拓虾的正模标本，其与帽天山创新虾的正模标本发现于同一地区，包含一个完整的前附肢。多刺开拓虾的前附肢由13个关节组成，这与帽天山开拓虾和开拓虾属未定种前附肢上的11个关节不同，这可能是一个独特特征，也可能是因为保存不完整。种加名"multispiniformis"源自词根"multi"（意思是"多个"）和"spiniformis"（意思是"多刺的"），意指它的前附肢上有很多刺。

另一个标本NIGP 177620由曾晗等人在2022年归类为开拓虾属未定种，其由一个保存在石板坯上的完整前附肢组成。该标本采自中国云南省澄江市海口镇玉案山组帽天山页岩段，可能代表了一个与帽天山开拓虾不同的物种。

帽天山开拓虾的体型

分类
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开拓虾属很可能与昆明關山蝦和薄刃虾属有着密切的亲缘关系。开拓虾属的一些特征似乎表明它与赫德虾科有关，尽管它与非赫德虾科奇虾更相似。曾晗等人在2022年发表的两种不同系统发育分析结果显示在以下分支图中：

 

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| **局部解剖学1:** 严格的共同树

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 放射齿目 Radiodonta | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | 赫德虾科 Hurdiidae |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | **帽天山开拓虾** ***Innovatiocaris maotianshanensis*** |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | 昆明關山蝦 *Guanshancaris kunmingensis* |
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|   | 薄刃虾属 *Laminacaris* |
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| --- | --- | --- |
|   | "放射齿类C（Radiodont C）" | '奇虾科 Anomalocarididae' |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | 加拿大奇虾 *Anomalocaris canadensis* |
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| --- | --- |
|   | 加拿大奇虾近似种 *Anomalocaris aff. canadensis* |
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|   | 平棘兰氏虾 *Ramskoeldia platyacantha* |
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|   | 筛虾科 Tamisiocarididae |
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| --- | --- |
|   | 抱怪虫科 Amplectobeluidae |
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  | **局部解剖学2:** 50％多数共同树

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Radiodonta | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | 昆明關山蝦 *Guanshancaris kunmingensis* |
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|   | 薄刃虾属 *Laminacaris* |
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|   | '奇虾科 Anomalocarididae' |
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|   | 筛虾科 Tamisiocarididae |
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|   | 抱怪虫科 Amplectobeluidae |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | **帽天山开拓虾** ***Innovatiocaris maotianshanensis*** |
|   |
|   | 赫德虾科 Hurdiidae |
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参考资料
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1. 1 2 3 4 5  Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fangchen; Zhu, Maoyan.. Journal of the Geological Society. 2022-09-07. ISSN 0016-7649. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-164.
2. ↑  Chen, Jun-yuan; Ramsköld, Lars; Zhou, Gui-qing.. Science. 1994-05-27, **264** (5163): 1304–1308  [2022-09-20]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.264.5163.1304. （原始内容存档于2022-10-15） （英语）.
3. 1 2 3 4 .  [2022-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-22）.