**白語**（粵拼：baak6 jyu5；僰字：**白語子**，拉丁字：**Baip Ngvp Zix**）係住喺中國雲南省嘅白族嘅語言。白語自稱白語子/Baip Ngvp Zix，呢個單語亦意味住白族，另外又叫**民家話**（man4 gaa1 waa6\*2），因為白族又叫民家。講嘅人口約130萬人（2003年）。佢係聲調語言，關於佢嘅系屬有得拗，佢係漢藏語系嘅語種，但究竟係漢語族定藏緬語族就好成問題。而家學界妥協噉暫時放喺藏緬語族，噉樣安全啲。雖然啲人認爲佢係藏緬語，但佢嘅基本語序同中文一樣係SVO形（主語-動詞-賓語），呢點同一般嘅藏緬語唔同。另外，佢同中文語彙嘅共通率好高，呢個亦係劃佢入漢語族嘅一個因素。

語言體系
----

語彙、發音嘅特徵同藏緬語族嘅彝語相似。白族嘅語言學者徐琳（中文：徐琳）同趙衍蓀發現白語嘅元音有緊張音同弛緩音嘅對立現象，複合元音好少，無閉音節（字尾嘅輔音），呢啲發音特徵同彝語一樣。喺基本語彙，同彝語嘅共通語源嘅單詞唔少，所以可以認爲同彝語係同一組。不過，鄭張尚芳指出話，佢嘅基本語彙同漢語共通嘅嘢亦多，同上古漢語嘅發音相合，出於呢啲理由，可以同漢語構成同一個語族，起名做「漢白語族」。喺白族人中，亦有張海秋等人認爲佢係屬漢語族嘅語言。不過，美國語言學者馬提索夫指摘話唔係，而係同彝、緬語支相近。雙方爭論嘅點，都喺白語大量使用漢語語彙嘅現象，雙方嘅論據都喺呢度爭。

白語嘅基本語序係SVO型，同漢語一樣。其他嘅藏緬語族嘅語言，除咗泰國嘅克倫語受泰文影響變成咗SVO型以外，其餘都係SOV型，同白語唔同。不過，呢樣認爲係白語長期受漢語影響嘅結果，就算係而家都處於漢語語彙急速增加嘅狀況。另外，否定副詞會放喺動詞前面，或者因方言而異噉後置。喺噉嘅狀況，似印歐語噉用基本語彙判定語言系統，或者用語序來判定，都唔適用於白語身上，所以一下子諗唔到佢嘅系屬。

方言
--

白語方言按講嘅人數多少分成下面3個。

* 南部方言（大理方言，SIL碼bfs）
* 中部方言（劍川方言，SIL碼bca）
* 北部方言（碧江方言，SIL碼bfc）

佢哋有好多中文借用語。三個方言間嘅溝通有啲難，不過南部方言同中部方言有一定程度嘅溝通可能。北部嘅碧江方言有五個塞音（兩脣塞音、齒齦塞音、捲脷塞音、顎齦塞音、軟顎塞音），分成清送氣、清不送氣、濁送氣，又有鼻化元音（英文：Nasalization）同口腔元音嘅區別，所以有豐富嘅音節，而聲調有六個。

中部方言嘅音節最單純，無濁塞音、捲脷音。相反有鼻化元音，聲調同南部方言一樣有8種。喺中部方言，送氣齒齦塞音（tʰ）有變種兩脣震動音（ʙ）。

另外白語仲有個細方言，勒墨方言（SIL碼lay）。

### 下邊分類

* 南部方言
	+ 大理方言 Dali (bfs-dal)
	+ 祥雲方言 Xiangyun (bfs-xia)
* 中部方言
	+ 蘭坪方言 Lanping (bca-lan)
	+ 洱源方言 Eryuan (bca-ery)
	+ 劍川方言 Jianchuan (bca-jia)
	+ 鶴慶方言 Heqing (bca-heq)
	+ 雲龍方言 Yunlong (bca-yun)
* 北部方言
	+ 怒江方言 Nujiang (bfc-nuj)
	+ 蘭坪方言 Lanping (bfc-lan)

文字
--

### 古代文字

白族嘅知識分子同唱歌嘅一部分藝人，仲用緊古傳嘅用漢字書寫白語嘅方法。嗰啲稱呼做古白字或方塊白字。佢同壯話嘅方塊文字同越南文嘅喃字嘅方法一樣，不過現存嘅最老資料係14世紀以後嘅。佢使用嘅字可以分爲下面4個種類，佢哋同日文嘅情況好似。

* 漢字嘅音同義都使用（相當於日文嘅音讀）
* 只用漢字嘅音（相當於日文嘅當字）
* 只用漢字嘅義（相當於日文嘅訓讀）
* 創作漢字（相當於日文嘅國字）

因爲白語有好多古代漢語嘅語彙，相比壯話同越南文，用漢字寫嘢更易，所以創作出來嘅文字屬於少數。同廣東話方言字一樣，寫語氣助詞隻字係用口字邊加表音嘅漢字合成。

### 羅馬字標記

中華人民共和國成立後，白語正式採用羅馬字嘅標記方式。喺1958年出現最初嘅標記法案，1993年改訂嘅標記法用26隻羅馬字組合來表示。白語嘅聲母有27種，韻母37種，聲調有9種，可以用來寫各地方言。

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| 

韻母| 字 | IPA | 註 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| i | i | 變音 ɩ |
| ei | e |  |
| ai | ɛ |  |
| a | ɑ |  |
| o | o |  |
| u | u |  |
| e | ɯ |  |
| v | v |  |
| iai | iɛ |  |
| ia | iɑ |  |
| iao | iɑo |  |
| io | io |  |
| iou | iou |  |
| ie | iɯ |  |
| ui | ui |  |
| uai | uɛ |  |
| ua | uɑ |  |
| uo | uo |  |
| ao | ɑo |  |
| ou | ou |  |
| er | er | 南部方言 |
| ier | ier | 南部方言 |
| uer | uer | 南部方言 |
| in | ĩ | 中部方言 |
| ein | ẽ | 中部方言 |
| ain | ɛ̃ | 中部方言 |
| an | ɑ̃ | 中部方言 |
| on | ũ | 中部方言 |
| en | ɯ̃ | 中部方言 |
| vn | ṽ | 中部方言 |
| iain | iɛ̃ | 中部方言 |
| ian | iɑ̃ | 中部方言 |
| ion | iõ | 中部方言 |
| ien | iɯ̃ | 中部方言 |
| uin | uĩ | 中部方言 |
| uain | uɛ̃ | 中部方言 |
| uan | uɑ̃ | 中部方言 |

 | 

聲母| 字 | IPA | 註 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| b | p |  |
| p | pʰ |  |
| m | m | 變音 ɱ |
| f | f |  |
| v | v |  |
| d | t |  |
| t | tʰ | 變音 ʙ |
| n | n | 變音 ɱ |
| l | l |  |
| g | k |  |
| k | kʰ |  |
| ng | ŋ | 變音 ɱ |
| h | x |  |
| hh | ɣ |  |
| j | tɕ |  |
| q | tɕʰ |  |
| ni | ɳ |  |
| x | ɕ |  |
| y | j |  |
| z | ts |  |
| c | tsʰ |  |
| s | s |  |
| ss | z |  |
| zh | tʂ | 北部方言，中文借詞 |
| ch | tʂʰ | 北部方言，中文借詞 |
| sh | ʂ | 北部方言，中文借詞 |
| r | ʐ | 北部方言，中文借詞 |

 | 

聲調| 字 | 調值 | 註 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| l | 55 | 弛緩 |
| b | 55 | 緊張。中部。舊rl |
| f | 35 | 弛緩 |
| x | 33 | 弛緩 |
|  | 21 | 弛緩。舊rx |
| z | 32 | 弛緩。南部 |
| t | 31 | 弛緩 |
| p | 42 | 緊張。舊rt |
| d | 21 | 緊張。舊唔標字 |

 |

使用地域
----

* 大理白族自治州
	+ 大理市
	+ 祥雲縣
	+ 雲龍縣
	+ 洱源縣
	+ 劍川縣
	+ 鶴慶縣
* 怒江傈僳族自治州
	+ 蘭坪白族普米族自治縣

攷
-

1. 1 2  《民族語》2015年第18版：中部白語劍川方言、南部白語大理方言、北部白語碧江方言、勒墨白語
2. ↑  James A. Matisoff (2001年). *On the genetic position of Bai within Tibeto-Burman* (PDF). 34th ICSTLL.

睇埋
--

* 白族
* 僰字