Chiàⁿ-pêng ē-kha (ùi tò-chhiú-pêng kàu chiàⁿ-chhiú-pêng) tē-3, tē-2, kap tē-1 tōa-āu-chan ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ, ē-sái khòaⁿ-kìⁿ bô-kâng kai-tōaⁿ ê chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k.
5-hòe gín-á ê chhùi-khí tiān-kong-phìⁿ, hián-sī tò-pêng ē-kha Tē-1 tōa-āu-chan, kah tò-pêng ē-kha éng-kiú chiân sió-āu-chan (teh Tē-1 tōa-āu-chan ē-kha) kap éng-kiú āu-chan ê hoat-io̍k tiong chi gê-koan.
**Chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k**, ùi phoe-thai sè-pau seng-tióng khai-sí kàu puh-khí ji̍p kháu-khiuⁿ, sī ho̍k-cha̍p ê kòe-têng. Sui-bóng chē-chē bu̍t-chióng (*species*) ū chhùi-khí, in chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k kah jîn-lūi bô-siáⁿ-mi̍h bô-siâng. Nā-beh-ū khong-kiān ê kháu-khiuⁿ khoân-kéng, tī thai-jî hoat-io̍k ê sek-tòng kai-tōaⁿ lāi-té, khí-iū-chit, khí-pún-chit, khí-kut-chit, kap khí-chiu cho͘-chit tio̍h-ài khai-sí hoat-io̍k. Gín-á-khí tī seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē lāi-té tē-6 chì tē-8 lé-pài khai-sí hêng-sêng, ah tōa-lâng-khí tī seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē ê tē-20 lé-pài khai-sí hêng-sêng.  Ká-sú chhùi-khí bô tī chit-ê sî-chūn khai-sí hoat-io̍k, in tio̍h bē hoat-io̍k. 

Chiok-chē gián-kiù tì-tiōng tī ín-khí chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê koan-kiān kòe-têng. Tī tē-1 branchial arch ê cho͘-chit ū chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k pit-su-iàu ê in-sò͘ tī--leh, che sī hō͘-lâng kóng-hoàn chiap-siū ê koan-tiám.

Khài-iàu
--------

Chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ê cho͘-chit chhiat-phìⁿ.  

A: khí-iū-chit khì-koan (*enamel organ*)  

B: chhùi-khí ni-thâu (*dental papilla*)  

C: chhùi-khí lī-pau(*dental follicle*)
Chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê sī lō͘-bóe hêng-sêng chhùi-khí ê chi̍t-tīn sè-pau.  Chia-ê sè-pau sī ùi tē-it branchial arch ê gōa-phoe-chân (*ectoderm*) kap sîn-keng-chiah (*neural crest*) ê ectomesenchyme ián-thòaⁿ--lâi-ê.  Chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ē hun-hòa chò 3-ê pō͘-hūn: khí-iū-chit khì-koan (*enamel organ*), chhùi-khí ni-thâu (*dental papilla*), chhùi-khí lī-pau (*dental follicle*).

**Khí-iū-chit khì-koan** sī iû gōa-kháu ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe (*outer enamel epithelium*), lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe (i*nner enamel epithelium*), stellate reticulum, kap stratum intermedium lâi cho͘-sêng.  Chit-kóa sè-pau sī ameloblast ê khí-goân. Ameloblast chè-chō khí-iū-chit kap reduced enamel epithelium. Gōa-kháu ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe kap lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe sio-kap ê só͘-chāi kiò-chò cervical loop. Cervical loop hia ê sè-pau kè-sio̍k ǹg koh-khah chhim ê cho͘-chit só͘-chāi seng-tióng, chiâⁿ-chò Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, i koat-tēng soah--lo̍h-khì chhùi-khí khí-kha ê khòaⁿ-thâu. 

**Chhùi-khí ni-thâu** ū-hâm ē hoat-tián chò odontoblast ê sè-pau, odontoblast sī hêng-sêng khí-pún-chit ê sè-pau. Chhùi-khí ni-thâu kap lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe chih-chiap ê só͘-chāi ē-tit koat-tēng āu--lâi chhùi-khí khí-koan ê hêng-chōng. Chhùi-khí ni-thâu tiong-hng ê mesenchyme sè-pau sī kah chhùi-khí khí-chhóe ê chiâⁿ-hêng ū tī-tāi. 

**Chhùi-khí lī-pau** ē piàn-chò 3-ê chiâⁿ tiōng-iàu ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ: cementoblast, osteoblast, kap fibroblast. Cementoblast sán-seng chhùi-khí khí-kha piáu-bīn ê khí-kut-chit. Osteoblast seⁿ-chhut khí-kha sì-pêng ê khí-chô-kut. Fibroblast hoat-io̍k chhut khí-chiu jūn-tòa, khí-chiu jūn-tòa liân-chiap khí-chô-kut kap khí-kut-chit, choa̋n kā chhùi-khí kò͘-tēng tiàm khí-chô. 

### Jîn-lūi chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê sî-kan-pió

Ē-kha chit-kóa pió siá--ê sī jîn-lūi chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê sî-kan.  Gín-á-khí thâu-khí-seng kài-hòa ê sî-kan sī ēng seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē lāi-té ê lé-pài sò͘-bo̍k piáu-sī. 



|  | Téng-kiuⁿ (*maxillary*) chhùi-khí |
| --- | --- |
| Gín-á-khí | Chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí | Chhek-mn̂g-khí | Kak-khí | Tē-1āu-chan | Tē-2āu-chan |
| Thâu-khí-seng ê kài-hòa | 14 lé-pài | 16  lé-pài | 17 lé-pài | 15.5 lé-pài | 19 lé-pài |
| Khí-koan tōa-kàu-chaī | 1.5 go̍eh | 2.5 go̍eh | 9 go̍eh | 6 go̍eh | 11 go̍eh |
| Khí-kha tōa-kàu-chaī | 1.5 tang | 2 tang | 3.25 tang | 2.5 tang | 3 tang |
|  |  Ē-kiuⁿ (*mandibular*) chhùi-khí  |
| Thâu-khí-seng ê kài-hòa | 14 lé-pài | 16 lé-pài | 17 lé-pài | 15.5 lé-pài | 18 lé-pài |
| Khí-koan tōa-kàu-chaī | 2.5 go̍eh | 3 go̍eh | 9 go̍eh | 5.5 go̍eh | 10 go̍eh |
| Khí-kha tōa-kàu-chaī | 1.5 tang | 1.5 tang | 3.25 tang | 2.5 tang | 3 tang |

  


|  | Téng-kiuⁿ chhùi-khí |
| --- | --- |
| Tōa-lâng-khí | Chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí | Chhek-mn̂g-khí | Kak-khí | Tē-1sió-āu-chan | Tē-2sió-āu-chan | Tē-1tōa-āu-chan | Tē-2tōa-āu-chan | Tē-3tōa-āu-chan |
| Thâu-khí-seng ê kài-hòa | 3–4 go̍eh | 10–12 go̍eh | 4–5 go̍eh | 1.5–1.75 tang | 2–2.25 tang | chhut-sì ê sî | 2.5–3 tang | 7–9 tang |
| Khí-koan tōa-kàu-chāi | 4–5 tang | 4–5 tang | 6–7 tang | 5–6 tang | 6–7 tang | 2.5–3 tang | 7–8 tang | 12–16 tang |
| Khí-kha tōa-kàu-chāi | 10 tang | 11 tang | 13–15 tang | 12–13 tang | 12–14 tang | 9–10 tang | 14–16 tang | 18–25 tang |
|  |  Ē-kiuⁿ chhùi-khí   |
| Thâu-khí-seng ê kài-hòa | 3–4 go̍eh | 3–4 go̍eh | 4–5 go̍eh | 1.5–2 o̍eh | 2.25–2.5 o̍eh | chhut-sì ê sî | 2.5–3 tang | 8–10 tang |
| Khí-koan tōa-kàu-chāi | 4–5 tang | 4–5 tang | 6–7 tang | 5–6 tang | 6–7 tang | 2.5–3 tang | 7–8 tang | 12–16 tang |
| Khí-kha tōa-kàu-chāi | 9 tang | 10 tang | 12–14 tang | 12–13 tang | 13–14 tang | 9–10 tang | 14–15 tang | 18–25 tang |

Chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ê hoat-io̍k
---------------------------

Tī hàm-kiàⁿ ē-té ē-sái khòaⁿ--kìⁿ ê chhùi-khí chiâⁿ-hêng ê siāng-khí-seng 1-pō͘ sī vestibular lamina kap dental lamina ê khu-pia̍t. Dental lamina liân-kiat hoat-io̍k ê chhùi-khí-íⁿ kap kháu-khiuⁿ ê siōng-phôe-chân, chit-ê liân-kiat î-chhî bē-té ê 1-tōaⁿ sî-kan. 

Chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k thong-siông hun-chò ē-kha kúi-ê kai-tōaⁿ: íⁿ-gê kî, bō-á kî, lêng-liang kî, kap siāng-lo̍h-bóe ê sêng-se̍k kî. Chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê hun-kî sī siūⁿ-beh kā sio-liân-soah hoat-seng ê kái-piàn chò hun-lūi; m̄-koh tháu-té chiâⁿ-oh koat-tēng 1-khí hoat-io̍k tiong ê chhùi-khí sī chám-jiân ūi-tī tó-chi̍t-ê khám-chām.  Tio̍h-sǹg-sī kāng 1-khí hoat-io̍k tiong ê chhùi-khí, in-ūi bô-kâng phìⁿ ê cho͘-chit chhiat-phìⁿ ê koan-hē, sú-tit hun-kî ê koat-tēng pìⁿ-chiâⁿ kēng-ka khùn-lân, ē chhut-hiān bô-kâng hun-kî ê kiat-kó.

### Íⁿ-gê kî

Íⁿ-gê kî chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ê sè-pau pâi-lia̍t iáu-koh chiâⁿ hūn-loān. Chit-ê kai-tōaⁿ ê khai-sí sī siōng-phôe sè-pau cheng-seng chìn-ji̍p khí-chô-kut ê ectomesenchyme ê sî-chūn.  Chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê pún-sin sī dental lamina boa̍t-toan ê 1-tīn sè-pau.

### Bō-á kî

Bō-á kî chhùi-khí ê cho͘-chit chhiat-phìⁿ.
Tī bō-á kî, chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ê sè-pau chiah khai-sí pâi-lia̍t. Chi̍t-kóa ectomesenchyme sè-pau thêng-chí sán-seng sè-pau-gōa ê ki-chit (*extracellular substances*), án-ne tì-sú in e-kheh chi̍p-chi̍p chò-hóe, hông kiò-chò chhùi-khí ni-thâu. Tī chit-ê sî-chūn, chhùi-khí ni-thâu piⁿ-á ê sè-pau pâi-lia̍t chiâⁿ-chò bō-á ê hêng-chōng, kiò-chò khí-iū-chit khì-koan (ū-lâng kā kiò-chò khí-pún-chit khì-koan). Koh-ū lēng-gōa chi̍t-tīn ectomesenchyme sè-pau sio-chio óa-kīn chò-hóe, pau-ûi tī khí-iū-chit khì-koan kap chhùi-khí ni-thâu ê kho͘-tau. Soah--lo̍h-lâi, khí-iū-chit khì-koan ē sán-seng khí-iū-chit, chhùi-khí ni-thâu ē sán-seng khí-pún-chit kap khí-chhóe, ah chhùi-khí lī-pau ē sán-seng chhùi-khí só͘-ū ê chi-chhî kò͘-chō. 

Tī leng-liang kî khah-chá ê sî-chūn chhùi-khí ê cho͘-chit chhiat-phìⁿ.
### Lêng-liang kî

Lêng-liang kî hoat-seng cho͘-chit hun-hòa kap hêng-thāi hun-hòa. Khí-iū-chit khì-koan tī chit-sî sī lêng-liang-á hêng, i tāi-pō͘-hūn ê sè-pau seⁿ tio̍h chhiūⁿ thiⁿ-chhiⁿ, kiò-chò stellate reticulum.  Khí-iū-chit khì-koan kho͘-tau ê sè-pau so͘-khui chò 3-chân. Khí-iū-chit khì-koan gōa-kháu ê *cuboidal cell* kìo-chò gōa-kháu ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe.  Khí-iū-chit kap chhùi-khí ni-thâu sio-chiap ê hit chân sè-pau kiò-chò lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe. Lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe kap stellate reticulum chi-kan hit-chân kiò-chò stratum intermedium. Gōa-kháu ê kap lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe sio-chiap ê só͘-chāi hêng-sêng 1-ê îⁿ-kho͘-á, kiò-chò **cervical loop**. 

Tī chit-ê khám-chām iáu-ū hoat-seng kî-thaⁿ ê tāi-chì. Dental lamina lia̍t-kai, hoat-io̍k tiong ê chhùi-khí kah chhùi-khiuⁿ ê siōng-phôe oân-choân hun-khui; tio̍h-kàu chhùi-khí puh-gê chhut--lâi, chit lióng-chiá chiah-koh sio-tú.

 Tī lêng-liang kî khah-òaⁿ ê sî-chūn chhùi-khí ê cho͘-chit chhiat-phìⁿ. Chhiáⁿ chù-ì téng-koân dental lamina ê lia̍t-kái siau-sit.
Chhùi-khí ê khí-koan hêng-hâi siū-tio̍h lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe ê hêng-chōng ê éng-hióng, tio̍h-sī hoat-seng tī chit-ê khám-chām. Chhùi--nih só͘-ū ê chhùi-khí lóng-ē chìn-hêng kāng-khoán ê chit-ê kòe-têng; lán iáu-sī bô khak-tēng ūi-siáⁿ-mi̍h chhùi-khí ē sán-seng koh-iūⁿ ê khí-koan hêng-hâi, hó-pí-kóng, mn̂g-khí kap kak-khí. Ū nn̄g-ê chú-iàu ê ké-soat. "'Field model'" the̍h-chhut lí-lūn kóng, chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k kòe-têng tiong ê ectomesenchyme ū chhùi-khí koh-iūⁿ hêng-hâi ê sêng-hun. Koat-tēng bó͘-1-khoán te̍k-sû chhùi-khí hêng-hâi ê sêng-hun, hó-chhan-chhiūⁿ mn̂g-khí, kan-taⁿ pó-liû tī chhùi-khiuⁿ bó͘-mi̍h só͘-chaī, kî-thaⁿ só͘-chāi--ê lóng chiâⁿ-kín tio̍h siau-sit bô--khì. Ia̍h-tio̍h-sī kóng, hó-pí, "incisor field" ū iù-sú chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k chò mn̂g-khí ê in-sò͘, chit-ê field kan-taⁿ chi̍p-tiong lâi-kàu mn̂g-khí ê khu-he̍k, ah tī kak-khí ê khu-he̍k tio̍h liâm-mi bô--khì. Lēng-1-ê chú-iàu ê ké-soat sī "'clone model"', i kóng, siōng-phôe an-pâi chí-hui 1-tī ectomesenchymal cells lâi sán-seng koh-iūⁿ ê chhùi-khí. Chit-tīn ê sè-pau, kìo-chò clone, siâⁿ-koái dental lamina chìn-hêng chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k, tì-sú chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ê sán-seng. Dental lamina tiàm-tī chit-ê kiò-chò "progress zone" ê só͘-chāi kè-sio̍k seng-tióng. Piān-nā progress zone sóa-khì kī-lî tē-1-ê chhùi-khí-íⁿ ū 1-té--á ê só͘-chāi, tē-2-ê chhùi-khí íⁿ-á tio̍h khai-sí tī-hia hoat-io̍k. Chit nn̄g-ê ké-soat bô tiāⁿ-tio̍h-sī hō͘-siong lia̍h-gōa tú-te̍k--ê, iáu-bōe kóng-hoān hông chiap-siū ê 1-ê khòaⁿ-hoat sī: chit nn̄g-ê ké-soat tī bô-kâng ê sî-kan-tiám éng-hióng tio̍h chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k.

Tī chit-ê kai-tōaⁿ, kî-thaⁿ hoat-seng ê chhùi-khí ê kò͘-chō ū enamel knots, enamel cords, kap enamel niche.

Hoat-io̍k tiong ngē cho͘-chit ê cho͘-chit chhiat-phìⁿ. Ameloblast tng-leh sán-seng khí-iū-chit, ah odontoblast tng-leh sán-seng khí-pún-chit.
### Khí-koan kî

Chit-ê sî-kî kìo-chò khí-koan kî he̍k sêng-sek kî, ngē cho͘-chit chhan-chhiūⁿ khí-iū-chit kap khí-pún-chit tio̍h hoat-seng tī chit-kî. Tiōng-iàu ê sè-pau piàn-hòa hoat-seng tī chit-chūn. Tī téng-1-kî lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe khoài-sok tōa-liōng hun-lia̍t, kiò-chò mitosis, cheng-ka chhùi-khì-íⁿ ê tōa-sió. M̄-koh tī chit-kî, chhùi-khí ê kā-lûn nā sán-seng liáu-āu, chit-ê ūi-tì ê mitosis tio̍h thêng-chí--lo̍h-lâi. Tāi-seng kài-hòa ê ngē cho͘-chit tio̍h hoat-seng tī chia. Kâng chit-ê sî-chūn, lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe sè-pau ê gōa-hêng ùi cuboidal choán-chò columnar. Chia-ê sè-pau ê sè-pau-he̍k sóa-ūi óa-khīn stratum intermedium, lî-khui chhùi-khí ni-thâu. 

Chhùi-khí ê cho͘-chit chhiat-phìⁿ. Chhiáⁿ chù-ì khí-pún-chit ê tn̂g-kóng-á hêng gōa-khoán. 
  
A: khí-iū-chit
  
B: khí-pún-chit
Chhùi-khí ni-thâu óa-kīn lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe hit-chân sè-pau thu̍t-jiân piàn-tōa, hun-hòa chò odontoblast, in sī sán-seng khí-pún-chit ê sè-pau. Gián-kiù-chiá siong-sìn, lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe nā-bô hoat-seng piàn-hòa, odontoblast tio̍h bē chhut-hiàn. Ùi kā-lun ê chiam-toan hū-kīn, lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe khai-sí piàn-hòa kap odontoblast khai-sí chhut-hiàn, odontoblast hun-pì 1-chióng bu̍t-chit, organic matrix, kàu in-ê sì-chiu-ûi. Chit-chióng organic matrix ū-hâm hêng-sêng khí-pún-chit su-iàu ê bu̍t-chit. Odontoblast ná tîm-chek organic matrix, ná sóa-ūi khì chhùi-khí ni-thâu ê tiong-hng. In-chhú, kah khí-iū-chit bô-siâng, khí-pún-chit sī ùi chhùi-khí ê khah gōa-kháu ǹg lāi-té ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á 1-chân koh 1-chân lâi hêng-sêng. Odontoblast iân-nā sóa ùi tiong-hng, iân-nā kā sè-pau-chit ê chhun-tn̂g (*odontoblastic process*) lâu tī kha-chhng-āu. Tī hián-bî-kiàⁿ só͘ khòaⁿ-tio̍h ê chit-chióng to̍k-te̍k tn̂g-kóng-á-hêng ê khí-pún-chit gōa-khoán, sī khí-pún-chit tiàm chia-ê chhun-tn̂g sì-kho͘-tau tîm-chek sán-seng ê kiat-kó.
Khí-pún-chit khai-sí sán-seng liáu-āu, lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe sè-pau mā khai-sí hun-pì organic matrix. Chia-ê matrix liâm-mi kài-hòa chiâⁿ-chò chhùi-khí ê khí-iū-chit. Khí-pún-chit gōa-kháu sī ameloblast, ameloblast chè-chō khí-iū-chit; in-chhú, khí-iū-chit sī ǹg gōa-kháu 1-têng 1-têng ka-thiⁿ tī hoat-io̍k ê chhùi-khí gōa-piáu-bīn.

Ngē cho͘-chit ê sán-seng
------------------------

Hoat-io̍k tiong ê chhùi-khí ê chhiat-phìⁿ
### Khí-iū-chit

*Chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ Amelogenesis hit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ*
Khí-iū-chit ê sán-seng kiò-chò *amelogenesis*, hoat-seng tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê khí-koan kî. **Pâi-thè ín-chhōa** (*reciprocal induction*) sòe-bêng khí-pún-chit ê sán-seng kap khí-iū-chit ê sán-seng chi-kan ê koan-hē; khí-pún-chit tiāⁿ-tio̍h-tio̍h ài tāi-seng khí-iū-chit sán-seng. Khí-iū-chit ê sán-seng hun-chò 2-ê kai-tōaⁿ: hun-pì sî-kî kap sêng-sek sî-kî. Hun-pì sî-kî n̄g-pe̍h-chit kap organic matrix sán-seng pō͘-hūn kài-hòa ê khí-iū-chit; sêng-sek sî-kî oân-sêng khí-iū-chit ê kài-hòa.

Tī hun-pì sî-kî, ameloblast sek-hòng chhut khí-iū-chit nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, che kò͘-sêng khí-iū-chit ê matrix, soah--lo̍h-lâi, tī kàⁿ-sò͘ alkaline phosphatase ê chok-iōng chi-hā, pō͘-hūn kài-hòa. Chit-ê kài-hòa cho͘-chit ê chhut-hiān, tāi-iok sī thai-īn ê tē-3 he̍k tē-4 kò͘-goe̍h hia, sī khí-iū-chit tī sin-thé ê thâu-1-kái chhut-hiān. Ameloblast tī chhùi-khí kā-lun ê só͘-chāi khai-sí tîm-chek khí-iū-chit. Khí-iū-chit ùi chhùi-khí tiong-hng ǹg gōa-kháu kè-sio̍k tîm-chek sán-seng.

Tī sêng-sek sî-kî, ameloblast kā ēng tī khí-iū-chit hêng-sêng ê 1-kóa bu̍t-chit ùi khí-iū-chit chah--chhut-lâi. In-chhú, ameloblast ê kong-lêng ùi khí-iū-chit seng-sán, choán-ōaⁿ chò ūn-su bu̍t-chit. Tī chit-ê sî-kî pī ameloblast ūn-su tiāu ê bu̍t-chit sī nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, chū-án-ne lâi oân-sêng kài-hòa. Ū koan-hē ê nn̄g-pe̍h-chit sī amelogenin, ameloblastin, enamelin, kap tuftelin.Kàu chit-ê sî-kî ê siāng-bóe-á, khí-iū-chit ê kài-hòa chiah kiat-sok.

### Khí-pún-chit

*Chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ Dentinogenesis chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ* 
Khí-pún-chit ê sán-seng kiò-chò dentinogenesis, sī tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k khí-koan kî siāng tāi-seng ē-sái khak-jīn ê te̍k-cheng. Khí-pún-chit ê sán-seng tiāⁿ-tio̍h ài tāi-seng khí-iū-chit ê sán-seng. Bô-kâng khám-chām sán-seng bô-kâng ê khí-pún-chit: mantle dentin, primary dentin, secondary dentin, kap tertiary dentin.

Odontoblast, sán-seng khí-pún-chit ê sè-pau, sī ùi chhùi-khí ni-thâu ê sè-pau hun-hòa lâi ê. In tiàm lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe hia khai-sí hun-pì organic matrix, siāng chiap-kīn bóe--á kā-lun beh chhut-hiàn ê só͘-chāi siāng-chá hun-pì. Organic matrix ū-hâm chho͘-tōa ti̍t-kèng ê ka-goân chhiam-ûi (ti̍t-kèng 0.1-0.2 μm). Odontoblast khai-sí ǹg chhùi-khí tiong-hng î-sóa, kha-chiah-āu ûi-liû kiò-chò odontoblast process ê chhun-tn̂g. Che odontoblast process ín-khí hydroxyapatite cheng-thé ê hun-pì kap ki-chit ê kài-hòa. Chit-tah ê kài-hòa kiò-chò mantle khí-pún-chit, tāi-iok 150 μm kāu.

Mantle khí-pún-chit sī ùi chhùi-khí ni-thâu goân-té ê ki-chit hia sán-seng--ê. Goân-seng khí-pún-chit (primary dentin) ê sán-seng kòe-têng tio̍h kah mantle khí-pún-chit ê bô-kâng. Odontoblast ê thé-hêng piàn-tōa, sio-kheh chò-hóe, ē-tàng lī-iōng the̍h-lâi kài-hòa ê sè-pau-gōa bu̍t-chit kiám-chió, kái-iû chū-sin sán-seng chè-chō. Lēng-gōa, hàn-chháu khah-tōa ê odontoblast ê ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h (*collagen*) hun-pì liōng piàn-chió, sú-tit chhut-hiàn pâi-lia̍t kēng-ka ba̍t-cha̍t ê heterogenous neucleation ê kài-hòa. Kî-thaⁿ ê bu̍t-chit, hó-pí lipid, phosphoprotein, phospholipid mā-ū hun-pì.
Jī-chhù khí-pún-chit (*secondary dentin*) sī khí-kha sêng-hêng liáu-āu chiah sán-seng--ê, i sán-seng ê sok-tō͘ khah-bān. I sán-seng ê sok-tō͘ mā-bô it-tì, chiap-kīn khí-koan ê só͘-chāi sán-seng ê sok-tō͘ khah-kín. I ê sán-seng sī kui-sì-lâng--ê, só͘-í nî-hòe jú-tōa ê lâng khí-chhóe-khiuⁿ jú-sè.  Sam-chhù khí-pún-chit (*tertiary dentin*), koh kiò-chò siu-ho̍k-sèng khí-pún-chit (*reparative dentin*), sī siū-tio̍h chhì-khek, chhan-chhiūⁿ bôa-sún (*attrition*) he̍k chiù-khí, lâi sán-seng--ê.

Khí-kha ê hûiⁿ-chhiat-phìⁿ. Chhiáⁿ chù-ì thang-kng, bô sè-pau ê khí-kut-chit.   
A: khí-pún-chit  
B: khí-kut-chit
### Khí-kut-chit

Khí-kut-chit ê hêng-sêng kiò-chò cementogenesis, hoat-seng tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê khah lo̍h-bóe. Cementoblast sī hū-chek sán-seng khí-kut-chit ê sè-pau. Ū 2-chióng khí-pún-chit: ū sè-pau--ê kap bô sè-pau--ê. 

Bô sè-pau khí-kut-chit tāi-seng sán-seng. Cementoblast sī ùi chhùi-khí lī-pau sè-pau hun-hòa chhut--lâi-ê. Cementoblast hun-pì iù-si ê ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h chhiam-ûi. Che chhiam-ûi í 90 tō͘ ê kak-tō͘ chhah tī khí-kha piáu-bīn. Jiân-āu cementoblast khai-sí sóa lî-khui khí-kha , koh chè-chō khah-chē ê ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h lâi ka-tn̂g kap ka-chho͘ chhiam-ûi. Hui-ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h ê nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, chhan-chhiūⁿ bone sialoprotein, kap osteocalcin mā-ū hun-pì. Bô sè-pau khí-kut-chit hâm-ū nn̄g-pe̍h-chit kap chhiam-ûi ki-chit. Khí-kut-chit ná kài-hòa, cementoblast ná sóa-lî-khui khí-kut-chit, ah chhah tī khí-kha piáu-bīn ê chhiam-ûi chòe-āu kah khí-chiu jūn-tòa kiat-ha̍p chò-hóe. 

Ū sè-pau ê khí-kut-chit tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k soah-kó͘ kap chhùi-khí chham tùi-kiuⁿ (*opposite arch*) chhùi-khí sio-tú-tio̍h chiah khai-sí sán-seng.  Chit-khoán khí-kut-chit khûn-tîⁿ tī khí-chiu jūn-tòa ê chhiam-ûi piⁿ-á lâi sán-seng. Chè-chō ū sè-pau khí-kut-chit ê cementoblast chòe-āu pī ka-tī chè-chō ê khí-kut-chit pau-ûi--khí-lâi. 

Chè-chō ū sè-pau khí-kut-chit ê cementoblast kap chè-chō bô sè-pau khí-kut-chit ê cementoblast ê lâi-goân bô-kâng. Chú-iàu ê lí-lūn jīn-ûi, chè-chō ū sè-pau khí-kut-chit ê sè-pau lâi-chū hū-kīn ê kut-thâu, chè-chō bô sè-pau khí-kut-chit ê sè-pau lâi-chū chhùi-khí lī-pau.  Ko͘-chi̍t-ki khí-kha ê chhùi-khí siâng-chāi bô ū sè-pau ê khí-kut-chit.  Tī sió-āu-chan kap tōa-āu-chan, ū sè-pau khí-kut-chit kan-taⁿ hun-pò͘ tī khí-kha bo̍at-toan kap khí-kha hun-chhe ê só͘-chāi. 

Tng-beh puh-gê ji̍p kháu-khiuⁿ chhùi-khí ê cho͘-chit chhiat-phìⁿ.
  
A: chhùi-khí
  
B: khí-gîn
  
C: kut-thâu
  
D: khí-chiu jūn-tòa

Khí-chiu cho͘-chit ê hêng-sêng
------------------------------

Khí-chiu cho͘-chit, sī chhùi-khí ê chi-chhî kò͘-chō, pau-koat ū khí-kut-chit, khí-chiu jūn-tòa, khí-gîn, kap khí-chô-kut. Chit lāi-té kan-taⁿ khí-kut-chit sī chhùi-khí ê 1-pō͘-hūn. Khí-chô-kut kā chhùi-khí khí-kha pau--khí-lâi hêng-sêng khí-chô (socket), thê-kiong chì-chái ê kong-lêng. Khí-chiu jūn-tòa liân-chiap khí-chô-kut kàu khí-kut-chit, ah khí-gîn pau-ho̍k tī khí-chô-kut ê gōa-kháu. 

### Khí-chiu jūn-tòa

Ùi chhùi-khí lī-pau lâi ê sè-pau sán-seng khí-chiu jūn-tòa (PDL). Gín-á-khí kap tōa-lâng-khí ê khí-iu jūn-tòa hoat-seng ê kòe-têng bô-kâng, bô-kâng tōng-bu̍t bu̍t-chéng ê jūn-tòa hoat-seng mā bô-kâng.  Ùi chhùi-khí lī-pau lâi ê jūn-tòa fibroblast chè-chō khí-chiu jūn-tòa. Chit-kóa fibroblast só͘ hun-pì ê ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h, kah hū-kīn ê khí-chô-kut kap khí-kut-chit ê chhiam-ûi saⁿ-kap chò-hóe.  Tī chhùi-khí puh-gê ê kòe-têng tiong, chit-chióng kau-hō͘-chok-iōng sán-seng 1-chióng *attachment*. Occlusion, chhùi-khí ê pâi-lia̍t kap chhùi-khí án-chóaⁿ chham tùi-kiuⁿ chhùi-khí chih-chiap, kè-sio̍k éng-hióng khí-chiu jūn-tòa ê hêng-sêng. Khí-chiu jūn-tòa lo̍k-siok sán-seng, àn-chiàu kiâⁿ-hiòng ê bô-kâng, ē-sái hun chò kúi-cho͘: than-pêⁿ ê, than-chhoa̍h ê, kap khûn-se̍h ê. 

### Khí-chô-kut

Tng khí-kha kap khí-kut-chit khai-sí sán-seng, khí-chô-kut mā khai-sí hoat-io̍k. Sin-khu sán-seng kut-thâu ê sè-pau kiò-chò osteoblast. Sán-seng khí-chô-kut ê osteoblast sī ùi chhùi-khí lī-pau lâi--ê.  
Kah sin-khu kî-thaⁿ kut-thâu sio-siâng, khí-chô-kut mā-ē modify. Osteoblast sán-seng kut-thâu, ah osteoclast soah phò-hāi kut-thâu, iû-kî sī chhùi-khí siū-tio̍h le̍k-liōng ê sî.  Chit-chióng phò-hāi kip-siu kut-thâu ê chêng-hêng ē hoat-seng tī chhùi-khí chhiâu-chiàⁿ ê kòe-têng tiong. Chhùi-khí beh sóa tin-tāng ê hong-siòng ê kut-thâu siū-tio̍h ap-sok (*compression*), hit-tah ê osteoclast ē khah-chē, kiat-kó kut-thâu khip-siu. Tian-tó-péng ê sī, chhùi-khí beh oán-lî ê hit-pêng, in-ūi khí-chiu jūn-tòa ê khiú-lak, siū-tio̍h tension, osteblast ê sò͘-bo̍k cheng-ka, kiat-kó kut-thâu lâi hêng-sêng. 

### Khí-gîn

Khí-gîn kah chhùi-khí sio chih-chiap ê só͘-chāi kiò-chò chhùi-khí-khí-gîn chih-chiap (*dentogingival junction*). Chit-ê chih-chiap ū saⁿ-ê siōng-phôe chióng-lūi: *khí-gîn siōng-phôe*, *khí-gîn-kau siōng-phôe*, kap *chih-chiap siōng-phôe* (*gingival, sulcular, and junctional epithelium*). Chit saⁿ chióng ê siōng-phôe sī ùi 1-tīn kiò-chò epithelial cuff ê sè-pau, ūi-tī chhùi-khí kap chhùi-khiuⁿ chi-kan, lâi--ê. 

Iú-koan khí-gîn sán-seng ê tāi-chì iáu-bōe oân-choân liáu-kái, m̄-koh, lán lóng chāi-iáⁿ hemidesmosomes hêng-sêng tī chih-chiap siōng-phôe kap chhùi-khí chi-kan, sī hū-chek *primary epithelial attachment* ê tiōng-iàu kak-sek.

Sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg ê hêng-sêng
---------------------------------

Sin-khu ê sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kiâⁿ tàu-tīn, in mā chhiâng-chāi ēng sio-siâng ê hong-sek tâng-chê lâi hêng-sêng. Put-kò, chhùi-khí ê sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg hêng-sêng chêng-hêng bô kāng-khoán, in-ūi in hoat-io̍k ê sok-tō͘ bô-kâng. 

### Sîn-keng ê hêng-sêng

Tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê bō-á kî, sîn-keng chhiam-ûi khai-sí chiap-kīn chhùi-khí, chhun-ji̍p chhùi-khí lī-pau. Jiân-āu, sîn-keng chhiam-ûi pau-ûi chhùi-khí-ìⁿ hoat-tián--khí-lâi. Tán khí-pún-chit khai-sí hoat-io̍k, chhiam-ûi koh chhun-ji̍p chhùi-khí ni-thâu lāi-té. Sîn-keng bē seⁿ-thòaⁿ ji̍p khí-iū-chit khì-koan. 

### Hoeh-kńg ê hêng-sêng

Tī bō-á kî, hoeh-kńg seng-tióng ji̍p chhùi-khí lī-pau kap chhùi-khí ni-thâu.  Kui-cho͘ ê hoeh-kńg hêng-sêng tī chhùi-khí ni-thâu ê ji̍p-kháu. Tī khí-koan kî tú-khai-sí, hoeh-kńg ê sò͘-liōng ta̍t-kàu siāng-chē, a̍h chhùi-khí ni-thâu chiong-kî-bóe hêng-sêng khí-chhóe. Ùi siàu-liân kàu lāu, chhùi-khí khí-chhóe ê thé-chek it-ti̍t leh kiám-chió, ia̍h-tio̍h-sī nî-kí jú-tōa, hoeh-sio̍h ê kiong-kip jú-chió.  Khí-iū-chit khì-koan bô hoeh-kńg, in-ūi i sī siōng-phôe. Khí-iū-chit kap khí-pún-chit ê kài-hòa cho͘-chit bô su-iàu hoeh-sio̍h thê-kiong êng-ióng.

Chhùi-khí ê puh-gê
------------------

Chhùi-khí puh-gê ê ki-chè sī ho̍k-cha̍p ê kòe-têng, iáu-bô chiâⁿ hōe-chê ê jīn-tēng.  Chi̍t-kóa it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi ê, m̄-koh í-keng pī chèng-bêng m̄-tio̍h ê lí-lūn ū: (1)khí-kha ê seng-tióng kā chhùi-khí thui-sak ji̍p kháu-khiuⁿ, (2)chhùi-khí pīⁿ-á ê kut-thâu seng-tióng kā chhùi-khí thui-sak chhut-khì--ê, (3) hoeh-kńg ê ap-le̍k kā chhùi-khí sak--chhut-khì-ê, (4) tháu-thoah hiân-tiàu kā chhùi-khí sak--khí-lih-ê. Tháu-thoah hiân-tiàu ê lí-lūn, Harry Sicher tāi-seng the̍h-chhut, ùi 1930 nî-tāi kàu 1950 nî-tāi pī kóng-hoàn thoân-siū. Chit-ê lí-lūn ká-siat ū jūn-tòa tī chhùi-khí ē-kha, kah chhùi-khí ê bêng-hoat ū-koan-hē. Sicher kóng i ū tī hàm-kiàⁿ khòaⁿ--kìⁿ, m̄-koh āu--lâi soah hoat-hiān he sī chhiat-phìⁿ chè-chō kòa-têng tiong hoat-seng ê jîn-ûi-hiān-siōng (*artifact*). 

Hiān-chú-sî siāng sî-kiâⁿ ê lí-lūn sī: sui-bóng kúi-á-ê le̍k-liōng kah chhùi-khí puh-gê ū tī-tāi, khí-chiu jūn-tòa the̍h-kiong chú-iàu ê puh-gê tōng-liōng. Lí-lūn-ka ká-siat kóng, thàu-kòe khí-chiu jūn-tòa ê ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h chhiam-ûi ê siu-sok kap sio-chhé liân-kiat, í-ki̍p in ê fibroblast ê khiú-giú, khí-chiu jūn-tòa chhiok-sú chhùi-khí ê hoat-chhut. 

Sui-bóng ta̍k-ke-lâng chhùi-khí puh-gê ê sî-kan ū-bān ū-kín, puh-gê iah-sī ū 1-ê tāi-khài ê sî-kan-pió. Jîn-lūi piau-chún-siōng ū 20-khí gín-á-khí kap 32-khí tōa-lâng-khí.  Chhùi-khí puh-gê ū 3-ê kai-tōaⁿ. Tāi-seng sī gín-á-khí khí-lia̍t, kan-taⁿ ū gín-á-khí chûn-chāi. Nā-sī tōa-lâng-khí khai-sí puh-gê, tio̍h chìn-ji̍p hùn-ha̍p khí-lia̍t. Gín-á-khí nā choân-pō͘ thǹg-khí, tio̍h kiò-chò tōa-lâng-khí khí-lia̍t.

Gín-á-khí khí-lia̍t khai-sí tī ē-kiuⁿ tiong-mn̂g-khí puh-gê, tāi-iok sī chhut-sì āu 8 kò͘-goe̍h, it-ti̍t kàu tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan puh-gê, tāi-iok sī 6 hōe ê sî.  Gín-á-khí hoat-khí ê sūn-sū it-poaⁿ sī: (1) tiong-mn̂g-khí, (2) chhek-mn̂g-khí, (3) tē-1 āu-chan, (4) kak-khí, (5) tē-2 āu-chan.  Iah-ū 1-ê kui-chek sī: múi pòaⁿ-tang hoat 4-khí, ē-kiuⁿ--ê seng-hoat , téng-kiuⁿ--ê āu-hoat, cha-bó͘--ê hoat-khí pí cha-po͘--ê chá.  Tī gín-á-khí khí-lia̍t ê sî-chūn, tōa-lâng-khí ê chhùi-khí-ìⁿ tī gín-á-khí ē-kha hoat-iok. 

Hùn-ha̍k khí-lia̍t khai-sí tī 6 hòe tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan puh-gê ê sî, kiat-sok tī 12 hòe chòe-āu 1-khí ni-khí thǹg-khí.  Téng-kiuⁿ éng-kiú-khí ê puh-gê sūn-sū kah ē-kiuⁿ bô-kâng. Téng-kiuⁿ éng-kiú-khí ê puh-gê sūn-sū sī: (1)  tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan (2)  éng-kiú tiong-mn̂g-khí, (3)  éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí, (4)  tē-1 éng-kiú sió-āu-chan, (5)  tē-2 eńg-kiú sió-āu-chan, (6)  éng-kiú kak-khí, (7)  tē-2 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan, kap (8)  tē-3 éng-kiú tāo-āu-chan. Ē-kiuⁿ éng-kiú-khí ê puh-gê sūn-sū sī: (1)  tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan (2) tiong-mn̂g-khí, (3)  éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí, (4)  éng-kiú kak-khí, (5)  tē-1 éng-kiú sió-āu-chan, (6)  tē-2 eńg-kiú sió-āu-chan, (7)  tē-2 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan, and (8)  tē-3 éng-kiú tāo-āu-chan. In-ūi gín-á-khí bô sió-āu-chan, só͘-í gín-á-khí āu-chan sī iû tōa-lâng-khí ê sió-āu-chan chhú-tāi.  Ká-sú kóng gín-á-khí thǹg-khí a̍h tōa-lâng-khí iáu-bōe chún-pī beh hoat--chhut-lâi, ū 1-kóa ūi-tī tī āu-bīn ê chhùi-khí ē sóa-î hióng-chêng, tì-sú khong-kan spòng-sit.  Án-ne ē ín-khí chhùi-khí e-khoeh, he̍k-chiá-sī hoat-chhut--lâi ê chhùi-khí hoat-oai--khì, kiò-chò malocclusion. 

Tōa-lâng-khí khí-lia̍t sī tī 11 hōe he̍k 12 hōe, siāng-lo̍h-bóe ê gín-á-khí thǹg-khí liáu, kàu só͘-ū ê chhùi-khí thǹg-khí ûi-chí. 



**Gín-á-khí kap tōa-lâng-khí hoat-khí ê sî-kan** |  | Gín-á-khí |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tiong-mn̂g-khí | Chhek-mn̂g-khí | Kak-khí | Tē-1sió-āu-chan | Tē-2sió-āu-chan | Tē-1tōa-āu-chan | Tē-2tōa-āu-chan | Tē-3tōa-āu-chan |
| Téng-kiuⁿ ê chhùi-khí | 10 goe̍h | 11 goe̍h | 19 goe̍h |  |  | 16 goe̍h | 29 goe̍h |  |
| Ē-kiuⁿ ê chhùi-khí | 8 goe̍h | 13 goe̍h | 20 goe̍h |  |  | 16 goe̍h | 27 goe̍h |  |
|  | Tōa-lâng-khí |
|  | Tiong-mn̂g-khí | Chhek-mn̂g-khí | Kak-khí | Tē-1sió-āu-chan | Tē-2sió-āu-chan | Tē-1tōa-āu-chan | Tē-2tōa-āu-chan | Tē-3tōa-āu-chan |
| Téng-kiuⁿ ê chhùi-khí | 7–8 tang | 8–9 tang | 11–12 tang | 10–11 tang | 10–12 tang | 6–7 tang | 12–13 tang | 17–21 tang |
| Ē-kiuⁿ ê chhùi-khí | 6–7 tang | 7–8 tang | 9–10 tang | 10–12 tang | 11–12 tang | 6–7 tang | 11–13  tang | 7–21 tang |

Êng-ióng kap chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k
----------------------------------

Kah sin-thé kî-thaⁿ só͘-chāi ê hoat-io̍k seng-tióng sio-siâng, êng-ióng tùi chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k ū éng-hióng. Beh tit-tio̍h khong-kiān ê chhùi-khí su-iàu ê êng-ióng-mi̍h pau-koat kài (*calcium*), phosphorus, fluoride kap ûi-seng-sò͘ A, C kap D.  Kài kap phosphorus sī chè-chō hydroxyapatite cheng-thé só͘ su-iàu ê, in tī hoeh-sio̍h ê lông-tō͘ sī khò ûi-seng-sò͘ D lâi î-chhî. Ûi-seng-sò͘ A sī sán-seng keratin su-iàu ê. Vitamin C kap ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h ū-koan-hē. Fluoride chham-ji̍p khì hydroxyapatite cheng-thé, hō͘ chhùi-khí khah-ū tòng-thâu , khah-bē chiù-khí. 

Khiàm-khoat chia-ê éng-ióng-mi̍h tùi chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ū chiâⁿ-chē ê éng-hióng.  Siat-sú kài, phosphorus kap vitamin D bô-kàu-gia̍h, chhùi-khí ê kài-hòa ē khah bô-kàu, khah-lám. Khoat-ho̍at vitamin A ē ín-khí khí-iū-chit ê khoat-ha̍t. Fluoride ê khiàm-khoeh, tī chhùi-khí tú-tio̍h sng ê khoân-khéng, ē sú chhùi-khí cheng-ka thoat-kài, iân-chhiân koh-kài-hòa ê chìn-hêng. Siōng-chhiáⁿ, tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k tiong, kòe-liōng ê fluoride ē tì-sú chhùi-khí hu̍t-tiòng-to̍k (*dental fluorosis*).

Koh-iūⁿ
-------

Ū chiok-chē kah chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k iú-koan ê koh-iūⁿ.

Bô-khí kî-hêng (*anodontia*) sī goân-choân bô hoat-io̍k chhùi-khí, a̍h Khoat-khí kî-hêng (*hypodontia*) sī khiàm-ha̍t chi̍t-kóa chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k. Bô-khí sī chiok hán tit khoàⁿ--kìⁿ-ê, siāng-chiap hoat-hiān tī hipohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ê chêng-hêng, a̍h ha̍t-khí soah-sī siāng-chiap khòaⁿ--tio̍h ê chhuì-khí hoat-io̍k koh-iūⁿ, éng-hióng tio̍h 3.5–8.0% ê jîn-kháu (iah-bōe pau-koat tē-3 tōa-āu-chan). Khiàm-khoeh tē-3 tōa-āu-chan sī tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tú-ē-tio̍h ê chêng-hêng, hoat-seng tī 20–23% ê jîn-kháu lāi-té. Soah--lo̍h-lâi siâng-chāi ha̍t-chío ê chhùi-khí sī tē-2 sió-āu-chan kap chhek-mn̂g-khí. Ha̍t-khí siông-chāi kah khoat-khiàm dental lamina ū-tī-tāi. Dental lamina iông-ì siū-tio̍h khôan-kéng le̍k-liōng ê kong-kek, chhan-chhiūⁿ kám-jiám, hòa-ha̍k-tī-liâu (chemotherapy), mā-kah chē-chē chèng-hāu-kûn ū khan-liân, hó-pí Down syndrome kap Crouzon syndrome. [*bô chhut-chhù*]

To-khí-chèng (*hyperdontia*) sī gia̍h-gōa ê chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k. I hoat-seng tī 1–3% ê pe̍h-sek-lîn-chéng (*Caucasian*), koh-khah-chē hoat-seng tī A-chiu-jîn-chéng(*Asian*).  Chit-chióng khè-sù tāi-khài 86% sī ke 1-khí chhùi-khí, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hoat-seng tī téng-kiuⁿ mn̂g-khí ê só͘-chāi.  To-khí hō͘ jīn-ûi sī to-î ê dental lamina só͘ tì-ìn.

Oan-khiau-khí (*dilaceration*) sī chhùi-khí bô-chèng-siông ê oan-khiau, chha-put-to lóng-sī gōa-le̍k sóa-tāng chhùi-khí-ìⁿ só͘ tì-ìn. Tng chhùi-khí ia̍h-leh hoat-io̍k, hut-jiân siū-tio̍h le̍k-liōng thui-sak, lî-khui gôan-lâi ê ūi-tī, tì-sú chhun-ê pō͘-hūn í bô-kâng ê kak-tō͘ kè-sio̍k hoat-io̍k. Chùi-liû (*cyst*) he̍k chéng-liû (*tumor*) tī chhùi-khí-íⁿ ê piⁿ-á mā-sī chi̍t-chióng ín-khí oan-khiau-khí ê le̍k-liōng; gín-á-khí hō͘ gōa-le̍k lòng--tio̍h kiu-ji̍p-khì khí-chô mā-ē sak tio̍h éng-kiú-khí ê khí-íⁿ. 

Regional odontodysplasia chiâⁿ hán-kìⁿ, siāng-chia̍p hoat-seng tī téng-kiuⁿ kap thâu-chêng-khí. Goân-in m̄-chai-iáⁿ; ū kúi-ê kóng-hoat, pau-koat neural crest cell ê kòa-gāi, kám-jiám, tiān-kong tī-liâu, kap hoeh-sio̍h chi-goân bô-kàu (siāng sî-kiâⁿ ê ké-soat).  Siū regional odontodysplasia éng-hióng ê chhùi-khí tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ bē hoat-khí, khí-koan sī sè-lia̍p-chí, n̂g-n̂g ê ka-pi-sek, seⁿ tio̍h bô-chú-ngó͘. Tī tiān-kong-phìⁿ téng-koân chit-chióng chhùi-khí sī thang-kng ê khòaⁿ-thâu, chū-án-ne lâng kiò-i-chò "kúi-á-khí" (*ghost teeth*).

Tōng-bu̍t ê chhùi-khí hoat-sin
------------------------------

Pêⁿ-pêⁿ-lâi-kóng, hui-jîn-lūi chhī-ni-tōng-bu̍t chhùi-khí ê tńg-chiâⁿ kah jîn-lūi chhùi-khí ê tńg-chiâⁿ boeh-kâng-boeh-kâng. Cheng-chha thong-siông sī-tī khòaⁿ-thâu, sò͘-bo̍k, tńg-chiâⁿ ê sî-kan, kap chhùi-khí ê khoán-iūⁿ, a̍h m̄-sī tī chhù-khí ê hoat-sin kòe-têng. 

Hui-jîn-lūi chhī-ni-tōng-bu̍t ê khí-iū-chit hêng-sêng kah jî-lūi--ê kiông-beh saⁿ-kâng. Aminoblast kap khí-iū-chit khì-koan, pau-koat chhùi-khí ni-thâu, in ê kong-lêng sio-chhin-chhiūⁿ.  Jîn-lūi kap kî-thaⁿ tāi-to-sò͘ tōng-bu̍t ê aminoblast tī puh-khí āu lóng-ē sí-bông, tì-kàu bē-ēng--tit chiap-sio̍k sán-seng khí-iū-chit, sui-bóng án-ne, rodent soah ē--tit sio-liân-sòa sán-seng khí-iū-chit, tio̍h chia̍p-chia̍p khì gè-gia̍t chē-chē mi̍h-kiāⁿ lâi bôa-tiāu chhùi-khí, chiah tō͘-ē-o̍ah.  Khah-sú rodent bô-thang gè-gia̍t mi̍h-kiāⁿ, in-ê chhùi-khí chiong-kî-bóe ē thuh-phòa chhùi-khiuⁿ. Rodent ê mn̂g-khí hun-chò 2 pō͘-hūn: tûn-chhek (*labial*) sī khí-iū-chit ná khí-koan, a̍h sia̍t-chhek (*lingual*) sī khí-pún-chit ná khí-kha. Che khí-koan kap khí-kha ē 1-sì-lâng tâng-chê sio-liân-sòa sán-seng. 

Kah kî-thaⁿ tāi-to-sò͘ ê tōng-bu̍t bô-kāng, soa-hî lī-iōng bô-kâng ê ki-choán ē kui-sì-lâng sio-liân-sòa hoat sin ê chhùi-khí.  In-ūi soa-hî ê chhùi-khí bô khí-kha, chia̍h mn̄g-kiāⁿ gâu lak chhùi-khí (tōng-bu̍t-ka ko͘-kè, 1-chiah soa-hî 1-tang siāng-bô lak 2400 khí chhùi-khí), ài it-ti̍t pó͘-chhiong sin khí. soa-hî ê chhùi-khí ùi khò-kīn chhùi-chi̍h ê modified scale sán-seng, tng sêng-sek ê-sî chiah 1-pâi 1-pâi ǹg-gōa sóa-chhut lâi gōa-kháu sú-iōng, jiân-āu thǹg-khí.

Chù-kái
-------

1. ↑  A. R. Ten Cate, *Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function*, 5th ed. (Saint Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1998), p. 95.
2. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 81.
3. ↑  University of Texas Medical Branch.
4. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 102.
5. ↑  University of Texas Medical Branch.
6. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 86.
7. ↑  University of Texas Medical Branch.
8. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 86 and 102.
9. ↑  Ross, Michael H. Gordon I. Kaye, and Wojciech Pawlina. "Histology: a text and atlas." 4th ed, p. 453.
10. ↑  Ash & Nelson, *Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion*, pp. 32, 45, and 53.
11. ↑  University of Southern California School of Dentistry, *The Bell Stage: Image 26* found here Archived 2007-05-05 at the Wayback Machine..
12. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 81.
13. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 82.
14. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 84.
15. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 84.
16. ↑  University of Texas Medical Branch.
17. ↑  University of Southern California School of Dentistry, *The Bell Stage: Image 30* found here Archived 2007-05-05 at the Wayback Machine..
18. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 87.
19. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 89.
20. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 86.
21. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 95.
22. ↑  Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, *Histologoy: a text and atlas*, p. 444.
23. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 95.
24. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 197.
25. ↑  Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, *Histology: Text and Atlas*, p. 445.
26. ↑  Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, *Histology: Text and Atlas*, p. 447.
27. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 136.
28. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 95.
29. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 138.
30. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 139.
31. ↑  Summitt, *Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry*, p. 13.
32. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 128.
33. ↑  Summitt, *Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry*, p. 183.
34. ↑  Johnson, *Biology of the Human Dentition*, p. 183.
35. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 236.
36. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 241.
37. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, pp. 241 and 243.
38. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 241.
39. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 245.
40. ↑  Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, *Histology: Text and Atlas*, p. 453.
41. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 245.
42. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 244.
43. ↑  Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, *Histology: Text and Atlas*, p. 452.
44. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, pp. 247 and 248.
45. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 248.
46. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 93.
47. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 93.
48. ↑  Cate, *Oral Histology*, p. 93.
49. ↑  Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, *Histology: Text and Atlas*, p. 452.
50. ↑  Riolo and Avery, *Essentials for Orthodontic Practice*, p. 142.
51. ↑  Harris, *Craniofacial Growth and Devleopment*, pp. 1-3.
52. ↑  Harris, *Craniofacial Growth and Devleopment*, p. 3.
53. ↑  Harris, *Craniofacial Growth and Devleopment*, p. 5.
54. ↑  The American Dental Association, *Tooth Eruption Charts* found here.
55. ↑  Ash & Nelson, *Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion*, pp. 38 and 41.
56. ↑  Ash & Nelson, *Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion*, pp. 38.
57. ↑  WebMd, *Dental Health: Your Child's Teeth* found here.
58. ↑  Ash & Nelson, *Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion*, pp. 41.
59. ↑  Monthly Microscopy Explorations, *Exploration of the Month: January 1998*  found here.
60. ↑  Health Hawaii, *Primary Teeth: Importance and Care*  found here Archived 2007-02-06 at the Wayback Machine..
61. ↑  Ash & Nelson, *Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion*, p. 53.
62. ↑  The American Dental Hygiene Association, *Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development* found here Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine..
63. ↑  Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, *Histology: Text and Atlas*, p. 453.
64. ↑  The American Dental Hygiene Association, *Table II. Effects of nutrient deficiencies on tooth development* found here Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine..
65. ↑  Neville, Damm, Allen, and Bouquot, *Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology*, p. 70.
66. ↑  Kahn, *Basic Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology*, p. 49.
67. ↑  Neville, Damm, Allen, and Bouquot, *Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology*, p. 86.
68. ↑  Neville, Damm, Allen, and Bouquot, *Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology*, p. 99.
69. ↑  Kahn, *Basic Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology*, p. 58.
70. ↑  Frandson and Spurgeon, *Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals.*, p. 305.
71. ↑  Caceci. *Veterinary Histology* with subtitle "Digestive System: Oral Cavity" found here.
72. ↑  Dave Abbott, *Sharks*, found here.
73. ↑  Michael E. Williams, *Jaws: The early years*, found here Archived 2016-03-24 at the Wayback Machine..

Chham-khó
---------

* Abbott, Dave. "Sharks". 2000. Page accessed January 7, 2006.
* The American Academy of Periodontology Archived 2005-12-14 at the Wayback Machine.. "Oral Health Information for the Public" Archived 2006-12-09 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved December 12, 2005.
* The American Dental Association. "Tooth Eruption Charts". Retrieved December 12, 2005.
* The American Dental Hygiene Association. "Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development" Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved December 10, 2005.
* The American Dental Hygiene Association. "Table II. Effects of nutrient deficiencies on tooth development" Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved December 10, 2005.
* Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. *Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion.* 8th edition. 2003. ISBN 0721693822.
* Buchheim, Jason. "A Quick Course in Ichthyology". Page accessed January 7, 2006.
* Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology: development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. ISBN 0815129521.
* Caceci, Thomas. *Veterinary Histology* with subtitle "Digestive System: Oral Cavity". Retrieved December 15, 2005.
* Frandson, R.D. & T.L. Spurgeon, 1992. *Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals.* 5th edition. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger. ISBN 0812114353.
* Harris, Edward F. *Craniofacial Growth and Development.* In the section entitled "Tooth Eruption." 2002.
* Health Hawaii. "Primary Teeth: Importance and Care" Archived 2007-02-06 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved December 12, 2005.
* Johnson, Clarke. "Biology of the Human Dentition". 1998.
* Kahn, Michael A. Basic Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Volume 1. 2001.
* Monthly Microscopy Explorations. "Exploration of the Month: January 1998". Retrieved December 12, 2005.
* Neville, B.W. Douglas Damm, Carl Allen, Jerry Bouquot. Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology. 2nd edition. 2002. ISBN 0721690033.
* Randall-Bowman, 2004. "Gummed Out: Young Horses Lose Many Teeth, Vet Says." April 2004. Article found here Archived 2005-03-03 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved January 7, 2006.
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* Summit, James B. J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. *Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach.* 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2001. ISBN 0867153822.
* University of Southern California School of Dentistry. "The Bell Stage: Image 26" Archived 2007-05-05 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved December 11, 2005.
* University of Southern California School of Dentistry. "The Bell Stage: Image 30" Archived 2007-05-05 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved December 11, 2005.
* University of Texas Medical Branch. "Lab Exercises: Tooth development." Page found here Archived 2007-02-03 at the Wayback Machine..
* Williams, Michael E. "Jaws: The early years" Archived 2016-03-24 at the Wayback Machine.. 1992. Page accessed January 7, 2006.
* WebMd. "Dental Health: Your Child's Teeth". Retrieved December 12, 2005.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Bio-anthropology and ancient DNA
* Database on the expression of different genes in the developing tooth. Archived 2011-04-10 at the Wayback Machine.
* Integumentary Development Tooth by Dr. Mark Hill from the University of New South Wales Embryology Resource
* Veterinary Histology by Dr. Thomas Caceci.

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