recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**2017 nî Catalunya to̍k-li̍p kong-bîn tâu-phiò** tī 2017 nî 10 goe̍h 1 ji̍t kí-hêng, lâi koat-tēng Catalunya kám beh thoat-lī Se-pan-gâ to̍k-li̍p. Chit-pái kong-tâu iû Catalunya Chū-tī-khu Chèng-hú giâ-thâu, keng-kòe Chū-tī-khu Gī-hōe he̍k-chún liáu-āu kí-pān. Se-pan-gâ Chèng-hú kin-kì hiàn-hoat hoat-īⁿ phòaⁿ-koat jīn-tēng chit-pái kong-tâu sī hui-hoat--ê, kī-choa̍t sêng-jīn tâu-phiò ê kiat-kó, mā tōng-iōng kong-khoân-le̍k chó͘-chí kong-tâu chìn-hêng. Sui-jiân tâu-phiò-lu̍t kan-na 43%, tān-sī Catalunya hong-bīn tāi-seng thàu-kòe siu-hoat kā kong-tâu kái chò siong-tùi to-sò͘-koat, só͘-í í chàn-sêng phiò 204-bān tiuⁿ, iok chiàm tit-phiò-lu̍t 92.01% lâi thong-kòe kong-tâu. Catalunya Chū-tī-khu Chèng-hú tī gī-hōe jīn-khó tâu-phiò kiat-kó liáu-āu chū-hêng tī 10 goe̍h 27 hō soan-pò͘ Catalunya to̍k-li̍p, kiàn-li̍p Catalunya Kiōng-hô-kok.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Catalan independence referendum, 2017
* Catalonia Votes
* Opinion Studies Center
| ?A-chiu o͘-hîm |
| --- |
|
|  |
|
|
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
| 

|
|  |
|
|
| Kài: | Animalia |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mn̂g: | Chordata |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kong: | Mammalia |
|
|
|
|
|
| Bo̍k: | Carnivora |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kho: | Ursidae |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sio̍k: | *Ursus* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chéng: | ***U. thibetanus*** |
|

 |
| Ha̍k-miâ |
| ***Ursus thibetanus***(G. Cuvier, 1823) |
|
|
|
| Siâng-ì-miâ |
| * *Selenarctos thibetanus*
 |
| Seⁿ-thoàⁿ tē-tô͘ |

**A-chiu o͘-hîm** (ha̍k-miâ: *Ursus thibetanus*), mā hō **káu-hîm**, sī tiong-hêng ê hîm chéng. A-chiu lâm-pō͘, tang-pō͘, tang-pak-pō͘ sī in thoân-thóng ê tē-poâⁿ.

A-chiu o͘-hîm sin-tn̂g 130 chì 190 cm, tāng 100 chì 200 kg. In it-poaⁿ seⁿ-chò o͘-sek--ê, chhùi khah chhián-sek, hêng-khám ê mo· ū 1 tah sī V-hêng ê pe̍h-phú-sek. A-chiu o͘-hîm ê hīⁿ-á pí pa̍t chéng ê hîm ke chin tōa sìⁿ. Bó--ê pí kang--ê khah sè-chiah.

In hiān-chhú-sî ê oa̍h-tōng hoān-ûi pí éng-kòe ke chin sè, jī-chhiáⁿ hông thiah chò bô sio-liâm ê tē-tài. Siāng sai-pêng ê kak-á pún-té tī Afghanistan, tùi hia kàu khah tang ê Pakistan, pak Ìn-tō͘, lâm Tiong-kok, pak Tang-lâm-a. Lō͘-se-a ê Siberia, tang-pak Tiong-kok, Hân-kok, Ji̍t-pún, Tâi-oân mā tī thoân-thóng ê hoān-ûi lāi-té.

A-chiu o͘-hîm khah koàn-sì khah ōm ê sim-nâ, te̍k-pia̍t sī "alpine elevation" í-hā ê soaⁿ-khu, jia̍t-tài sim-nâ. Joa̍h--lâng ē pê kàu 3000 m ê koân-tō͘, kôaⁿ--lâng chiah soá kàu khah kē ê ūi. Tī khah koâⁿ ê tē-tài, in tiāⁿ-tio̍h ē khí siū kòe-tang (khùn tang-mî).

In chia̍h-chhài mā chia̍h-chho. Thâng, sè-chiah chiáu-á a̍h sī chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t, sí-bah, phang-siū, kóe-chí...lóng ē chia̍h. Ū-sî mā ē lia̍h cheng-siⁿ lâi chia̍h. Chhiu-thiⁿ ē peh khí-lih seⁿ tāu-chí ê chhiū-á téng chhōe chia̍h.

In ji̍t--sî hioh tī chhiū-téng a̍h sī soaⁿ-tōng lāi-té. Àm-sî oa̍h-tōng. Múi-1-chiah ê kò͘-tēng tē-poâⁿ kiám-chhái ū 10~20 km².

Hîm-bó 4-hòe chó-iū sèng-sêng-se̍k. Hîm-á-kiáⁿ tī 12-goe̍h, 1-goe̍h chhut-siⁿ. Poàⁿ-tang liáu-āu tō tn̄g-leng, m̄-koh ū khó-lêng tòe tiâu hîm-bó 3 tang kú.

A-chiu o͘-hîm sī seng-chûn ū gûi-hiám ê tōng-bu̍t. In ê pak-lāi (lōe-chōng) tī A-chiu io̍h-á chhī-tiûⁿ ū siang-gia̍p kè-ta̍t. In hiān-chhú-sî lia̍t tī CITES ê "Appendix I" téng-bīn.

Ē-kha-chéng
-----------

* Tâi-oân káu-hîm (*Ursus thibetanus formosanus*)

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

* The Bear Den
Voyager 2 hō hip--ê
**Enceladus**, Thó͘-chheⁿ tē 6 toā lia̍p ê oē-chheⁿ, William Herschel tī 1789 nî hoat-kiàn ê. Sui-bóng sè lia̍p, khiok-sī piáu-bīn ū bô siâng khoán ê piáu-hiān, ū í-chá lòng toā toā khang ê cheng-khut (*impact crater*), mā ū kīn-lâi siū tē-pang tín-tāng lâi chō-chiâⁿ ê sin tē-hêng. Enceladus ê lâm-ke̍k ē phùn gá-suh, piáu-bīn pí-kàu iū-koh siàu-liân-khoán, mā ū sio-khì ùi loē-pō͘ pàng chhut-lâi, tì-tio̍h bo̍k-chêng jīn-ûi sī tē-chit ū teh oa̍h-tāng ê thian-bûn-thé. Tī goā thài-iông-hē kan-taⁿ ū kî-thaⁿ 2 ê thian-bûn-thé (Bo̍k-chheⁿ ê Io kap Hái-ông-chheⁿ ê Triton) oân-ná ū koan-chhat tio̍h po̍k-hoat oa̍h-tāng. Kin-kù hun-sek, phùn--chhut-lâi ê gá-suh sī tùi piáu-bīn ē-bīn ê e̍k-thài chúi-thé lâi ê.  Enceladus ê piáu-bīn khàm 1 têng ùi choâⁿ-khang kap Thó͘-chheⁿ ê E khoân lâi ê lia̍p-mi̍h (*particles*), tì-tio̍h i ū Thài-iông-hē khoàⁿ--khí-lâi siōng kim-ku̍t ê piáu-bīn.

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  Planetary Body Names and Discoverers. Retrieved March 22, 2006.
2. ↑  Cassini Images Of Enceladus Suggest Geysers Erupt Liquid Water At The Moon’s South Pole. Retrieved March 22, 2006.
3. ↑  C. C. Porco *et al.*, *Science* **311**, 1393 (2006).

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Thó͘-chheⁿ ê thian-jiân oē-chheⁿ |
| --- |
|  |
|  *Temporary names in italics.* |
|  |
| Ring shepherds | 
* *S/2009 S 1*
* Propeller moonlets
* Pan
* Daphnis
* Atlas
* Prometheus
* ?(*S/2004 S 6*
* *S/2004 S 4*
* *S/2004 S 3*)
* Pandora

 |
|  |
| Co-orbitals | 
* Epimetheus
* Janus

 |
|  |
| G Ring | 
* Aegaeon

 |
|  |
| Mimas and Alkyonides | 
* **Mimas**
* Methone
* Anthe
* Pallene

 |
|  |
| Inner large  (with trojans) | 
* **Enceladus**
* **Tethys**
	+ Telesto
	+ Calypso
* **Dione**
	+ Helene
	+ Polydeuces

 |
|  |
| Outer large | 
* **Rhea**
* **Titan**
* Hyperion
* **Iapetus**

 |
|  |
| Inuit group | 
* Kiviuq
* Ijiraq
* Paaliaq
* Siarnaq
* Tarqeq

 |
|  |
| Gallic group | 
* Albiorix
* Bebhionn
* Erriapus
* Tarvos

 |
|  |
| Norse group | 
* Phoebe
* Skathi
* *S/2007 S 2*
* Skoll
* *S/2004 S 13*
* Greip
* Hyrrokkin
* Mundilfari
* Jarnsaxa
* *S/2006 S 1*
* *S/2004 S 17*
* Narvi
* Bergelmir
* Aegir
* Suttungr
* *S/2004 S 12*
* Bestla
* Farbauti
* Hati
* *S/2004 S 7*
* Thrymr
* *S/2007 S 3*
* *S/2006 S 3*
* Surtur
* Kari
* Fenrir
* Ymir
* Loge
* Fornjot

 |
|  |
| 
* Rings of Saturn
* Cassini–Huygens
* Themis
* Chiron
* In fiction

 |

 |
United States Supreme Court casePang-bô͘:SHORTDESC:United States Supreme Court case 
**Schlup sòo Delo àn**, 513 U.S. 298 (1995) (Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298 (1995)), sī tsi̍t-kiānn iú-kuan hîng-sū ê àn-kiānn; tsik-sī Bí-kok tsuè-ko huat-īnn kin-kì sin-ê bô-tsuē tsìng-kì khok-tāi tiông-sin sím-lí guân-sian àn-kiānn ê lîng-li̍k.

Missouri tsiu siû-huān, tio̍h-sī sió tshíng-guān-tsiá Lloyd E. Schlup, Jr. in-uī 1984-nî bôo-sat tsi̍t-miâ kiò-tsò Arthur Dade ê huān-jîn jî-lâi hông phuànn sí-hîng; Dade thê-tshut jîn-sin pó-hōo-līng tshíng-guān su, sing-tshing hiàn-huat tshò-ngōo pak-tua̍t puê-sím-thuân ê pún-lâi ē-tàng tsìng-bîng i bô-tsuē ê tsìng-kì. Huat-īnn siū-ú tiau-kuàn-līng í-lâi khó-lū Sawyer sòo Whitley àn ê piau-tsún kám ē-tàng thê-kiong sik-tòng ê pó-hōo; í-lâi hông-tsí in-uī tshú-kuat si̍t-tsè siōng bô-koo-tsiá jî-lâi tì-sú su-huat ê ngōo-phuànn.

Huat-īnn ê ì-kiàn
-----------------

Huat-īnn jīn-uî Murray sòo Carrier ànê piau-tsún iau-kiû jîn-sin pó-hōo ê tshíng-kiû-jîn tsìng-bîng "uî-huán hiàn-huat khó-lîng tì-sú tuì tsi̍t-ê si̍t-tsè siōng bô-koo ê lâng hông tīng-tsuē", id. tē-496 ia̍h —— teh hông phuànn-tshù sí-hîng ê tshíng-guān jîn thê-tshut si̍t-tsè bô tsuē ê iau-kiû, í-lâi pī-bián tîng-sū siōng kìm-tsí khó-lū i-ê hiàn-huat iau-kiû ê huâinn-ti̍t ê sî-tsūn; jî m̄ sī koh-khah giâm-keh ê Sawyer piau-tsún, kuán-hat su-huat put-kong ê tiâu-tsa. Lē-guā tshú-kuat teh tsîng-guān jîn í khó-khò ē-sái sìn-jīmê tsìng-kì lâi tsìng-bîng ka-kī sī tshing-pi̍k ê. Uī-tio̍h buán-tsiok Murray sòo Carrier àn ê piau-tsún; tsîng-guān jîn pit-su piáu-bîng, khiā-tī sin tsìng-kì tsi-hā, puê-sím-guân tsiânn-ū khó-lîng bē lâi tīng-tsuē. Tsuè-ko huat-īnn huat-huê tiông-sím, tshâi-tīng Schlup kám ū àn-tsiàu Carrier ê iau-kiû tshut-sī tsit-ê tsìng-kì.

Suà--lo̍h-lâi ê huat-tián
-------------------------

Tī 1996-nî, Schlup hi̍k-tik jîn-sin pó-hōo līng-tsōng; lí-iû sī Schlup guân-lâi ê tshut-tîng tāi-lí-jîn bī-lîng tshiong-hun tāi-piáu i. Koh tī 1999-nî, Teh tiông-sím ê tē-2 kang, Schlup tông-ì sîng-jīn huān-iú 2-kip bôo-sat tsuē, tse hōo Schlup bián-phuànn sí-hîng. Sclup ê tông-àn pī-kò Robert Earl O'Neal in-uī tī 1995-nî bôo-sat Dade jî-lâi hông phuànn sí-hîng.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. 1 2  *Schlup v. Delo*, 513 U.S. 298 (1995).
2. ↑  *Sawyer v. Whitley*, 505 U.S. 333 (1992).
3. ↑  *Murray v. Carrier*, 477 U.S. 478 (1986).
4. ↑  "Additional Innocence Information". *Death Penalty Information Center*. January 5, 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
5. ↑  "Missouri inmate executed". *United Press International*. December 6, 1995. April 3, 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 513
* List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
* Death Penalty Information Center
* United Press International

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Text of *Schlup v. Delo*, 513 U.S. 298 (1995) is available from: Cornell  CourtListener  Findlaw  Google Scholar  Justia  Library of Congress  Oyez (oral argument audio)
| ?Hái-gû |
| --- |
|
|  |
| Se Ìn-tō͘ hái-gû |
|
|
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
| 

|
|  |
|
|
| Kài: | Animalia |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mn̂g: | Chordata |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kong: | Mammalia |
|
|
|
|
|
| Bo̍k: | Sirenia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kho: | **Trichechidae**Gill, 1872 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sio̍k: | ***Trichechus***Linnaeus, 1758 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

 |
|
|
|
|
| Chéng |
| *Trichechus inunguis*
*Trichechus manatus*
*Trichechus senegalensis* |

**Hái-gû** sī 1 khoán tōa-phiāng ê hái-té chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t, sī Trichechidae-kho, *Trichechus*-sio̍k ê chéng. Hái-gû gōa-hêng chhin-chhiūⁿ jû-kùn (儒艮), cheng-chha thâu-khak-kut kah bóe-liu bô kāng hêng. Hái-gû bóe kui sìⁿ, bô chhiūⁿ jû-kùn bóe ū khui-chhe. Hái-gû chia̍h chhài, tōa pō·-hūn sî-kan tī chhián-chúi chhoē-chia̍h (thó-chia̍h).

Hái-gû tī Bí-chiu pak, tiong, lâm-pêng ê chhián-hái-kîⁿ làm-tē (pau-koah Carib-haí) lóng ū-tè-chhōe.

Chéng:

* *T. senegalensis*: Hui-chiu se-hoāⁿ.
* *T. inunguis*: Lâm Bí-chiu tang-hoāⁿ.
* *T. manatus*: Se Ìn-tō· (Carib-hái).
	+ Bí-kok Florida-chiu ê chéng ū lâng jīn-ûi bô kāng chéng. ITIS jīn-ûi sio-siâng.

Se Ìn-tō· chéng ū khu̍t-chéng ê gûi-ki. In tī chū-jiân-kài bô te̍k-jîn, m̄-koh in-ūi lâng ná lâi ná chē ê koan-hē, hái-kîⁿ làm-tē chió--khì; oân-ná ū chē-chē hái-gû khì hō· chûn-á ê chū-tōng chûn-poe (ia̍p-á/propeller) ká tio̍h-siong, a̍h sī kóng chia̍h-tio̍h hî-tiò-á soàⁿ, kau-á, téng-téng ê jîn-chō-bu̍t. Hî-tiò-á soàⁿ nā bô-sòe-jī thun lo̍h pak, bián lōa-kú ê sî-kan, hái-gû tō ē sí--khì.

Hái-gû chhiâng-chāi chū-chi̍p tī hoat-tiān-chhiáng hū-kīn ê chúi--ni̍h. In taⁿ giàn chit khoán bô chū-jiân ê un-chúi, bô chhiūⁿ í-chá ē àn-sî sóa khì thian-jiân ê sio-chúi. In-ūi Bí-kok ū-ê hoat-tiān-chhiáng tit-beh kuiⁿ-tiāu, chit-mái in hia ê Hî kap Iá-seng Tōng-bu̍t Ho̍k-bū-kio̍k mā tng-leh siūⁿ pān-hoat pó-hō a̍h-sī chhòng-chō sek-ha̍p hái-gû seng-o̍ah ê khôan-kéng, bo̍k-tek sī beh hō· hià-ê hái-gû ē-tàng éng-góan ū sio-lō ê hái-chúi thang-hó siû.

Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Trichechus*** |

* Hái-gû? Bí-jîn-hî? Archived 2006-05-30 at the Wayback Machine.
**Jī-sò͘** sī 1 hūn bûn-kiāⁿ (*document*) lāi-té jī (*word*) ê chóng-sò͘.

Lō͘-ēng
-------

Chin chē só͘-chāi ū hān-chè jī-sò͘ chē-chió, chhiūⁿ ha̍k-su̍t lūn-bûn, hoat-lu̍t bûn-kiāⁿ, ...

Beh tō͘ phah-jī iah sī tha̍k-chheh ê sok-tō͘, jī-sò͘ chē-chió tō chin iàu-kín.

Ke-si
-----

Chi̍t-koá bûn-su chhú-lí (*word processing*) ê nńg-thé lóng ē kah sǹg jī-sò͘ ê ke-si. Chhiūⁿ OpenOffice ê Writer ē-tit ēng menu ê *tòng-àn\sèng-chit\thóng-kè* lâi sǹg, Microsoft Word ē-tit ēng *menu* ê *ke-si\jī-sò͘ thóng-kè* lâi sǹg. Tī Unix, Linux chit lūi ê hē-thóng ē-tit ēng wc lâi sǹg.

Án-choáⁿ sǹg
------------

Bo̍k-tek bô kâng, jī-sò͘ ê sǹg-hoat mā bô sio-siâng. Chhiūⁿ chù-kái (*footnote*) tō ē-tàng sǹg, mā ē-tàng bô sǹg. Che tio̍h khoàⁿ nńg-thé (*software*) ê ián-soàn-hoat (*algorithm*) án-choáⁿ chhú-lí, bô kāng nńg-thé sǹg--chhut-lâi ê kiat-kó ē ū cheng-chha.

Iáu bô nńg-thé thang ēng chìn-chêng, Eng-gí tiāⁿ ēng 5 ê jī-goân (*character*) chò 1 jī lâi sǹg. Bûn-kiāⁿ nā sī ēng kò͘-tēng-khoah-tō͘ (*monospace*) chhiūⁿ phah-jī-ki (*typewrite*) hit khoán ê jī-thé (*font*), ēng 1 jī 5 ê jī-goân chit tiâu kui-chek, jī-sò͘ tō chin hó chat.

Kin-kì Tâi-gí-bûn gí-liāu-khò͘ 2005 nî 7 goe̍h ê POJ gí-liāu, phó͘-lio̍k-á ū 3,415,031 ê im-chat (*syllable*) lâi sǹg, POJ ê bûn-chiūⁿ 1 ê im-chat chha-put-to ū 5.1 ê jī-goân.

Kin-kì *Tâi-gí Su-bīn-gí Im-chat Sû-pîn Thóng-kè* chit ê kè-oē ê lô-má-jī chu-liāu, 3,462,367 ê im-chat chha-put-to sī 2,436,599 jī, POJ 1 jī chhat-put-to 1.42 ê im-chat, 7.2 ê jī-goân.

Hiān-chú-sî ê nńg-thé ē-tit lī-iōng khàng-pe̍h (*whitespace*) kap chi̍t-koá piau-tiám hû-hō chò keh-kài chū-tōng lâi sǹg jī-sò͘.

Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Tâi-gí-bûn Concordance
* Tâi-gí Su-bīn-gí Im-chat Sû-pîn Thóng-kè
* Word Count, Character Count, and Line Count Software
* A free web-based cut-and-paste word count JavaScript script
* Hermetic Word Frequency Counter Windows software which counts word frequencies in a file or on the clipboard; supports multiple languages.
* Word, sentence, paragraph, and character counting web application that is free and has no limits.
* Free Word Counter Web Application Free web application that counts words, charters, sentences, and paragraphs.
| ?Ka-ka-á |
| --- |
|
|  |
|
|
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
| 

|
|  |
|
|
| Kài: | Animalia |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mn̂g: | Chordata |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kong: | Aves |
|
|
|
|
|
| Bo̍k: | Passeriformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kho: | Corvidae |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sio̍k: | *Dendrocitta* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chéng: | ***D. formosae*** |
|

 |
| Ha̍k-miâ |
| ***Dendrocitta formosae***Swinhoe, 1863 |
|
|
|
|

**Ka-ka-á** (咖咖仔，Hôa-gú Hàn-jī: 樹鵲) (Eng-gú: *Himalayan Tree Pie*, *Grey Tree Pie*; ha̍k-miâ: *Dendrocitta formosae*), Tâi-oân te̍k-iú a-chéng. Seng-oa̍h tī tiong kē hái-poa̍t ê soaⁿ-khu. Tī Gio̍k-san Kok-ka Kong-hn̂g 2,800 m hái-poa̍t ê koân-tō· bat ū chhut-hiān ê kì-lo̍k.

Tāi-pō·-hūn hioh-tī tōa-châng chhiū-á ê tiong-kan kap téng-koân-chàn. Poe--khí-lâi ûn-ûn-á, hui-hêng ê sî ē-tàng chheng-chhó khoàⁿ-tio̍h si̍t-á ê pe̍h-pan kap pak-tó·-io ê pe̍h-mo·.

Ka-ka-á kiò-siaⁿ chiâⁿ chho·, chhin-chhiūⁿ "ka-á ka-á" ê siaⁿ, só·-í hō-chò ka-ka-á.

Chhùi-hêng chho·-ióng, lio̍h-á oan-khiau. Si̍t-bu̍t lâi-goân chē, sio̍k-î cha̍p-si̍t-sèng. Kóe-chí, thâng-thōa, pâ-thiông, lióng-chhe-lūi, ah-sī chiáu-á-siū lāi-té ê chiáu-á-kiáⁿ kap nn̄g, lóng sī i ê si̍t-bu̍t.

Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
------------------

* 還我台灣鳥仔的本名[*biân-uán bô-hāu liân-kiat*]
**Khe-san Hîng-lí Tôo** (hàn-gú: 谿山行旅圖) uî Tiong-kok Ngóo-tāi bua̍t Pak Sòng tshoo uē-ka Huān Khuan (范寬) ê tsok-phín; sú-iōng si-tsit ê kìn tsok-uî uē-pòo, thán-ti̍t 206.3 cm, hîng-khuah 103.3 cm. Í tshián-tām ê sik-tshái tsò ki̍k-uî tsâm-gâm kòo-tôo; huân-nā san-tshuan liû-suí, ko-san giâm-tsio̍h kai tsām-gám kau-lik, pīng-tshiánn thîng-hiān tshut li̍p-thé ê khong-kan kám; lî-tshiánn jîn-bu̍t, bé-phit iah ē-tàng teh tshùn-tshioh ki̍k-uî biáu-siáu ê hiàn-tsè tsi-hā ua̍h-lîng ua̍h-hiàn. Kì-thuân Bîng-tāi Tóng Kî-tshiong (董其昌) phîng-kè tsit-pak uē uî "Sòng uē tē-it" (宋畫第一). Hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh Tâi-pak Kok-li̍p Kòo-kiong Phok-bu̍t-īnn.

Kòo-kiong sam pó
----------------

Huān Khuan "Khe san hîng-lí tôo" kah Kok Hi (郭熙) "Tsó tshun tôo" (早春圖), Lí Tông (李唐) "Bān hok siông-hong tôo" (萬壑松風圖) sann-kiānn siu-tsông teh Tâi-pak kok-li̍p Kòo-kiong Phok-bu̍t-īnn ê tuā-pak san-suí tsok-phín, hông ū-uî "Kòo-kiong sam pó" (故宮三寶).

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn
------------------

* 《大觀：北宋書畫特展圖錄》。2006年，國立故宮博物院。 ISBN 9789575625047 (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Tsó tshun tôo (早春圖)
* Bān hok siông-hong tôo (萬壑松風圖)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* 宋西元960-1279范寬谿山行旅 (Hàn-gí)
* 解讀范寬《谿山行旅圖》密碼（上） (Hàn-gí)
* 與神遇：再訪范寬故里的新發現 (Hàn-gí)
**Koa-á-hì**, 1-chióng iōng Bân-lâm-gí ián-chhiùⁿ ê hì-khiok, liû-hêng tī Tâi-ôan, Hok-kiàn Chiang-chiu, Ē-mn̂g kah Tang-lâm-a ê Bân-lâm-lâng siā-khu. 

Koa-á-hì hêng-sêng tī Tâi-ôan. Chá-kî ê hì-khek hām kó·-chá-sî Chiang-chiu chāi-tē ê bîn-kan khiok-gē "koa-á" (錦歌, gím-koa) koan-hē bi̍t-chhiat, khan-liân chin chhim. Hit-tong-sî liû-hêng tī Chiang-chiu, Ē-mn̂g chit-tah ê bîn-kan im-ga̍k gē-su̍t koa-á, tòe-tio̍h Tn̂g-soaⁿ-lâng î-bîn ê kha-pō·, thôan khì-kàu Tâi-ôan. Koa-á sī Kóa-á-hì siōng ki-pún ê chó·-sêng pō·-hūn. Chha-put-to tī kong-gôan 20 sè-kí chho·-kî, kóa-á-hì ùi Tâi-ôan thôan tò-tńg-khì Hok-kiàn Bân-lâm tē-khu, tit-tio̍h Chiang-chiu, Ē-mn̂g peh-sèⁿ ê hí-ài kah thiàⁿ-sioh, chiâⁿ-chòe Bân-lâm thôan-thóng tē-hng hì-khiok. Koa-á-hì tī Bân-lâm só·-chāi iū kiò-chòe "Hiong-kio̍k" (薌劇). Koa-á-hì ê im-ga̍k khiok-tiàu cha̍p-chiok hong-hù, ū chhit-jī-á, "tōa-tiāu", "pōe-su-tiāu", "cha̍p-liām-tiāu", siāng tiōng-iàu ê sī "khàu-tiâu-á". Che í-gōa, iū-koh khip-siu chin-chōe Tâi-ôan bîn-kan koa-iâu kah tē-hng im-ga̍k, chhin-chhiūⁿ Kheh-ka soaⁿ-koa. Koa-á-hì chú-iàu ê ián-chàu ga̍k-khì sī tōa-kóng-hiân, khak-á-hiân, Tâi-ôan phín-á kah go̍eh-khîm. Koa-á-hì ê piáu-ián, kak-sek, hì-ho̍k, hòe-chong, lô-kó·-chhim (鑼鼓鋟) téng táⁿ-kek ga̍k-khì ki-pún-siōng hām Kiaⁿ-kio̍k sio-siâng. 

Koa-á-hì ê ián-chhut kio̍k-bo̍k, tōa-to-sò· sī bîn-kan thôan-soat, pí-lūn-kóng *San-pek Eng-tâi*, *Tân-saⁿ Ngō·-niû* téng-téng, āu--lâi, iū-koh kái-phian chin-chōe ê Kiaⁿ-kio̍k kio̍k-bo̍k, mā cheng-ka chin-chōe Tiong-kok le̍k-sú tê-châi ê kio̍k-bo̍k.

Koa-á-hì ê piáu-ián hêng-thài
-----------------------------

* Iá-tâi (goā-tâi) koa-á-hì.
* Lāi-tâi koa-á-hì.
* Tiān-sī koa-á-hì.
* Tiān-iáⁿ koa-á-hì.
* Kóng-pò· koa-á-hì.

### Lo̍h-tē-sàu (落地掃) koa-á-hì

Gî-lân tē-khu chá-kî ê koa-á piáu-ián sī chò "pún-tē koa-á," mā ū lâng kóng sī "lāu koa-á," "thoân-thóng koa-á," "kū-kǹg koa-á." Chit chióng lo̍h-tē-sàu koa-á-hì sī khah kó͘-chá ê piáu-ián hêng-sek, lūi-sū po-koa, á-sī chhia-kó͘ sió-hì.

Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
-----------------

* Koa-á-hì chu-sìn-chām
* Tâi-oân koa-á ha̍k-hoē Archived 2003-12-04 at the Wayback Machine.
* 台灣民間文學歌仔冊資料庫(Tâi-oân bîn-kan bûn-ha̍k koa-á-chheh chu-liāu-khò͘) Archived 2017-06-01 at the Wayback Machine. (Hàn-gí)
**Kok-li̍p Kim-mn̂g Tāi-ha̍k** (國立金門大學) sī Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Hok-kiàn-sing Kim-mn̂g-kuān ê tsi̍t-king kok-li̍p tāi-ha̍k, uî Kim-mn̂g-kuān ê siōng-kuân ha̍k-hú. Tsiân-sin sī 1972-nî Kok-li̍p Ko-hiông kho-ha̍k ki-su̍t ha̍k-īnn (National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences) hù-siet tsuan-kho-pōo Kim-mn̂g hun-pōo. Hāu pún-pōo khiā-tī Kim-lêng-hiong, bo̍k-tsiân lóng-tsóng ū 4-ê ha̍k-īnn, 17-ê hē, 12-ê gián-kiù-sóo si̍k-sū-pan, 2-ê si̍k-sū tsāi-tsit tsuan-pan. Tsio-siu ha̍k-tsè siet-iú tāi-ha̍k-pōo, tsìn-siu-pōo, si̍k-sū-pan, si̍k-sū tsāi-tsit tsuan-pan, sán-gia̍p phok-sū-pan tíng-tíng pan-pia̍t.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "校訓、校歌 (Chinese)". Nat'l Quemoy U. 2014-08-27 khòaⁿ--ê.

Guā-pōo lên-ket
---------------

* **National Quemoy University** tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn.
* Kok-li̍p Kim-mn̂g tāi-ha̍k

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* ISNI: 0000 0004 0634 2415

 |

 |
**Ka-ip hîng-siān thuân** (hàn-gú: 嘉邑行善團; ing-gú: Chiayi Charitable Organization), tsuân-tshing Siā-thuân huat-jîn Ka-gī tshī Ka-ip hîng-siān thuân (社團法人嘉義市嘉邑行善團). Tī 1965-nî iû Hô Bîng-tik (何明德) sóo tshòng-pān, sī Tâi-uân Ka-gī tshī tsi̍t-ê í tsō-kiô phoo-lōo uî-tsú ê siā-huē kong-ik thuân-thé. Teh bô tsìng-hú ū-sǹg ê tsi-uān tsi hā, tsì 2021-nî 10-gue̍huî-tsí í-king hing-kiàn 620 tsō kiô, tsú-iàu khiā tī suann-khu kah phian-hiong tē-khu, tsō-hok bîn-tsiòng. 2010-nî i-ê siān-hîng hōo Tiong-hua bîn-kok tsóng-thóng Má Ing-kiú tsán-ū uî "M̄-nā sī Tâi-uân tsi kong, kìng-ka sī sè-kài ê kî-tsik".

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "嘉邑造橋鋪路 總統：世界奇蹟". *人間福報*. 2010-07-25. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2018-02-05. 2010-10-16 khòaⁿ--ê.  (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* 921 tōa tē-tāng (九二一大地震/921 tuā tē-tāng)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Ka-gī tshī Ka-ip hîng-siān thuân thâu-ia̍h (嘉義市嘉邑行善團首頁) (Hàn-gí)
AUV REMUS (thâu-tsîng) ham Seafox (āu-piah)
UUV
UUV (AUV) der Seahorse-Klasse
ATLAS Seafox-1, ein militärisches ROV für die Beseitigung von Seeminen
**Bô-jîn tsuí-hā tsài-kū** (ing-gú: unmanned underwater vehicles (**UUV**), mā kiò-tsò **bô-jîn tsiâm-hâng-khì** hi̍k-tsiá **tsuí-hā bô-jîn-ki** (underwater drones)) huān-tsí teh tsuí-bīn hā ê bô-jîn kà-sú tsài-kū. Tsú-iàu ē-tàng hun-tsò nn̄g-tuā luī, it-luī sī su-iàu jîn-luī tshau-tsok ê "iâu-khòng tsiâm-tsuí-khì" (remotely operated underwater vehicles, ROVs), ROV sú-iōng tsi̍t-tiâu pau-kó ū tâng-suànn kah kong-tshiam êk kè-sîn (tether) kah kang-tsok bó-tsûn liân-tsiap; tshau-tsok-tsiá ē-tàng tsik-sî thuân-tē bīng-līng hōo tsài-kū. Līng-guā tsi̍t-luī sī bô kè-sîn, ē-tàng to̍k-li̍p i-tsiàu sū-tsîng ê siat-tīng kang-tsok, bô su-iàu jîn-luī iâu-khòng ê "tsū-tsú tsuí-hā tsài-kū" (autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs)); koh-lâi AUV sio̍k-î ke-khì-lâng ê tsi̍t-tsióng. Bo̍k-tsiân siong-gia̍p siōng kóng-huàn sú-iōng ê sī ROV, AUV tuā-to-sòo iōng teh kho-ha̍k gián-kiù kah kun-sū hong-bīn.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "Spies Target Underwater Drone Fleet: Report". *ABC News*. 27 October 2011. 11 April 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.  (Eng-gí)
2. ↑  "Autonomous Underwater Vehicles | AUV Technology | Underwater Gliders". *Unmanned Systems Technology* (ēng Eng-gí). 2021-11-04 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Elbit Systems
* Elbit Skylark
* Elbit Hermes 900
* Elbit Hermes 450
* E-LynX
* Silver Marlin

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Russia Says It's Working on a Drone That Can Imitate Any Submarine - *The Surrogat* - Saint
* TWINBOT project
* GIRONA500
Eng-gí sī Sai German gí-giân ê chi̍t hūn-chú. Goân-thâu chú-iàu sī German-lâng ji̍p Britain ê sî-chūn chah--ji̍p-khì ê Anglo-Frisii-hē kok khoán hong-giân. Hia-ê German-lâng, goân-sin chú-iàu sī khiā tī kin-á-ji̍t Tek-kok ê sai-pak kiam Kē-tē-kok tē-khu.

Khí-seng, Kó͘ Eng-gí hâm chin choē hun-soàⁿ ê khiuⁿ-kháu, liû-thong tī hit chūn Eng-lân tē-hng ê chiòng Anglo-Saxon ông-kok. Āu--lâi, kî-tiong ê Āu-kî Sai Saxon hong-giân (*Late West Saxon*) ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á pìⁿ chò chú-liû.

Goân-pún ê Kó͘ Eng-gí koh tī 8, 9 sè-kí ê sî-chūn, siū tio̍h tùi Scandinavia lâi cheng-ho̍k ê bîn-chok só͘ kóng ê Pak German gí-giân éng-hióng. Kàu 11 sè-kí, sio̍k Romance gí-giân ê Kó͘ Norman-gí, mā tī Norman lâng thóng-tī Eng-lân ê sî-chūn éng-hióng Eng-gí.

Siū Scandinavia-lâng ê éng-hióng, Eng-gí ê gí-hoat piàn khah tan-sûn, sû-lūi piàn hong-hù. Norman-lân ê thóng-tī, koh hō͘ Eng-gí ka-thiam chin choē sio̍k La-teng-hē ê Romance gí-giân sû-lūi, te̍k-pia̍t sī koaⁿ-hú ê iōng-gí.

Sî-tāi hun-tōaⁿ
---------------

Eng-gí ê hoat-tián le̍k-sú ē-tàng hun 3-ê chú-iàu sî-tāi, Kó͘ Eng-gí sī chha-put-to kong-goân 1100 nî í-chêng; Tiong-kó͘ Eng-gí (*Middle English*) s tāi-khài 1100 nî kàu 1500 nî; Kīn-tāi Eng-gí (*Modern English*) sī tāi-khài 1500 nî í-āu. Kīn-tāi Eng-gí ē-tàng koh hun chò Chá-kî kap Boán-kî, kài-sòaⁿ siat tī 1700 nî chó-iū.

Goân-chho͘ Eng-gí
-----------------

German-lâng ê gí-giân sī Eng-gí khí-sian ê goân-thâu, ki-tiong pâu-koat liáu Angle-lâng, Saxon-lâng, Frisii-lâng kap Jute-lâng, lēng-gōa mā khó-lêng ū Frank-lâng. Tī chia-ê German-lâng khì kàu Britain í-chêng, in chiū í-keng tùi Lia̍p-teng-gí lāi-bīn o̍h liáu chin chē ēng-gí, phì-jû "wine" (phû-tô-chiú), "cup" (poe-á), "bishop" (chú-kàu) téng-téng.

Kó͘ Eng-gí
----------

It-poan sǹg kong-goân 449 ní German pō͘-lo̍k khai-sí ji̍p-chhim Britain tē-hng.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Terttu Nevalainen (2006). *An Introduction to Early Modern English*. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1523-7.
2. ↑  Baugh, Albert C.; Cable, Thomas (2002). *A History of the English Language* (Tē-5 pán.). Routledge. ISBN 0-203-99463-9.
**PTT** chú-chām ê teng-ji̍p ōe-bīn (2007 nî 7 goa̍h 29 hō êng-bō͘ liap-iáⁿ ê tô͘)
**Phi-thek-thek Si̍t-gia̍p-hong** (批踢踢實業坊), he̍k-chiá **PTT**, sī chi̍t ê BBS, í ha̍k-su̍t sèng-chit ûi bo̍k-tek, tī bāng-lō͘ téng thê-kiong giân-lūn khong-kan. PTT bo̍k-chiân sī iû Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Tāi-ha̍k ê Tiān-chú Pò͘-kò-lân Hē-thóng Gián-kiù-siā (電子佈告欄系統研究社) koán-lí, toā-pō͘-hūn ê hē-thóng goân-tāi-bé bo̍k-chiân sī iû Chu-sìn Kang-têng Ha̍k-hē ê ha̍k-seng kap hāu-iú chìn-hêng î-hō͘, pēng iau-chhiáⁿ hoat-lu̍t choan-gia̍p jîn-sū tam-jīm hoat-lu̍t kò͘-būn. I ū nn̄g ê hun-chām, **Phi-thek-thek Thò͘** (批踢踢兔) kap **Phi-thek-thek Som** (批踢踢參). Bo̍k-chiân tī Phi-thek-thek Si̍t-gia̍p-hong kap Phi-thek-thek Thò͘ téng ê chù-chheh jîn-sò͘ lóng-chóng tāi-iok ū 150-bān lâng; tī chiam-hong sî-toāⁿ nn̄g chām ū chhiau-kòe 15-bān ūi sú-iōng-chiá kāng sî-kan chiūⁿ-soàⁿ, ióng-iú chhiau-kòe 2-bān ê bô-kāng chú-tê ê khan-páng, ta̍k-kang chhiau-kòe 2-bān phiⁿ sin bûn-chiuⁿ kap 50-bān chek thui-bûn pī hoat-piáu.
***Casablanca*** sī chi̍t-chhut 1942 nî Bí-kok ê lōng-bān chêng-chat-tek iáⁿ-hì. Tō-ián sī Michael Curtiz. Chú-iàu ián-oân ū Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman kap Paul Henreid, kî-thaⁿ koh ū Claude Rains, Conrad Veidt, Sydney Greenstreet kap Peter Lorre. Chit-phìⁿ tī Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn oân-sêng. Kò͘-sū siōng chú-iàu sī teh kóng chi̍t-ê lâm-chú lāi-sim chêng-ài kap tō-tek ê kau-chiàn. I pit-su soán-tek i-ê kiū-chêng, ia̍h-sī pang-chō͘ chit-ê ko͘-niû kap in Československo-kok Tí-khòng Phài ê ang-sài tô-thoat Vichy Chèng-hú khòng-chè ê Morocco ê Casablanca chhī lâi kè-sio̍k tí-khòng Nazi.

Sui-bóng chit-phìⁿ sī cheng-soán iáⁿ-hì, ián-oân kap hì-bûn chok-chiá chhin-chhiūⁿ Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein kap Howard Koch téng-téng mā lóng-sī hit-tang-sî siōng ū miâ-siaⁿ ê hì-hó͘, khí-thâu hì-pan lāi-té bô-lâng lia̍h-chún *Casablanca* ē chiâⁿ-mi̍h. I mā put-kò sī Hollywood pah-pah-iūⁿ iáⁿ-hì ê kî-tiong chi̍t-chhut niâ-tiāⁿ. Tùi-chiò chit-chhut iáⁿ-hì chhut-hì chìn-chêng bô-lâng koan-sim ê chêng-hêng, i khai-ián to̍h put-chí-á sêng-kong. I mā thàn Khè-bêng-kun thó-hoa̍t Pak Hui-chiu taⁿ-á hoat-seng kúi lé-pài ê sî-ki koáⁿ-kín chhut-hì. Sui-bóng hì-bûn chok-chiá tiāⁿ lîm-sî lām-sám tàu, jiáu-loān liap-iáⁿ chìn-tō͘, Bogart koh sī tē-it pái poaⁿ lōng-bān hì ê chú-kak, *Casablanca* iû-goân tit-tio̍h 3 ê Oscar Chióng. Pau-hâm Iáⁿ-hì Chok-phín Siúⁿ. Lāi-té ê jîn-bu̍t, kháu-pe̍h kap im-ga̍k lóng chiâⁿ-choè tián-hêng. Jî-chhiáⁿ *Casablanca* mā chiâⁿ-choè lú-lâi-lú choē lâng sim-lāi kā tòng-chò sī kó͘-kim tē-it téng iáⁿ-hì. 

1. ↑   Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine.
2. ↑

Chêng-chat
----------

Chit-chhut iáⁿ-hì sî-tāi siat-tēng tī 1941 nî ê Cha̍p-jī-goe̍h chhe. Rick Blaine (Humphrey Bogart) sī chi̍t-ê khek-po̍k ê Bí-kok hái-goā kok-bîn, toà tī Casablanca. I khui chi̍t-keng "Rick's Café Américain", sī chi̍t-keng ko-kip ê kū-lo̍k-pō͘ kap kiáu-keng. Ū kúi-nā chióng kok-che̍k ê lâng-kheh óng-lâi -- Vichy Hoat-kok, Italia, kap Nazi chèng-hú jîn-oân. Liû-bông-chiá tùi jîn-seng î-it ê ǹg-bāng to̍h-sī beh siūⁿ pān-hoat tô khì Bí-kok, hia iáu-bē ka-ji̍p tāi-chiàn. Sui-jiân Rick hi-bāng tùi só͘-ū tāi-chì lóng pó-chhî tiong-li̍p, kàu āu-piah to̍h ē hoat-hiān i ūi-tio̍h tùi-khòng 1935 Italia chhim-hoa̍t Ethiopia, bat ūn hoé-chhèng khhì kàu hia. I mā bat tī Se-pan-gâ Jîn-bîn Cheng-chiàn khiā tī Kiōng-hô Tóng chit-pêng tùi-khòng Francisco Franco ê Kok-bîn Tóng.
**Christopher Langton** (1949 nî—) sī gián-kiù jîn-kang sìⁿ-miā (artificial life) ê sian-hêng-chiá. Langton tiû-pī ê "Jîn-kang sìⁿ-miā 1" gián-thó-hoē (International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems) 1987 nî tī Los Alamos Kok-ka Si̍t-giām-sek (Los Alamos National Laboratory) kí-pān, liáu-āu chit ê gián-kiù léng-he̍k tō ēng Langton chhòng-chō ê jîn-kang sìⁿ-miā lâi hō-miâ.

Langton tī Michigan Tāi-ha̍k the̍h tio̍h ha̍k-ūi, i hoat-bêng Langton káu-hiā kap Langton hoê-lō͘ (Langton loop) 2 chióng kán-tan ê jîn-kang sìⁿ-miā bô͘-gí (simulation). Langton koh ēng Lambda chham-sò͘ lâi tō͘ khoàⁿ ho̍k-cha̍p-tō͘ ham sè-pau chū-tōng-ki (cellular automata) ê kè-sǹg lêng-le̍k, chhin-chhiūⁿ Conways Sìⁿ-miā ê Lambda chham-sò͘ tō sī 0.273.

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

Chhiáⁿ chham-khó Hūn-tūn kîⁿ (Edge of chaos)

* Christopher G. Langton. "Computation at the edge of chaos". *Physica D*, **42**, 1990.
* J. P. Crutchfield, K. Young, "Computation at the Onset of Chaos", in *Entropy, Complexity, and the Physics of Information*, W. Zurek, editor, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, VIII, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts (1990) pp. 223-269.
* Melanie Mitchell, Peter T. Hraber, James P. Crutchfield. *Revisiting the edge of chaos: Evolving cellular automata to perform computations Archived 2000-09-18 at Archive.is*. *Complex Systems*, **7**:89--130, 1993.
* Melanie Mitchell, James P. Crutchfield, Peter T. Hraber. *Dynamics, Computation, and the "Edge of Chaos": A Re-Examination Archived 2006-10-19 at the Wayback Machine.*
* *Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution* by Stuart Kauffman

Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Lambda chham-sò͘
* Swarm bô͘-gí
Paddingtong hîm sī jî-tông bûn-ha̍k toing ê chhòng-chok jîn-bu̍t. I tē-it-pái chhut-hiān tī 1958 nî 10 goe̍h 13 hō jî-tông tho̍k-bu̍t 《Paddingtong hîm》lāi-té, jî-chhiáⁿ tī Eng-kok chok-ka Michael Bond siá—ê 20 gōa pún chheh lāi-té chhut-hiān, sī Peggy Fortnum, David McKee kap kî-thaⁿ gē-su̍t-ka ūi chhah-tô͘.

Ùi "Siōng o͘-àm ê Peru" lâi ê iú-siān ba̍k-kiàⁿ-hîm, tì i ê kū bō-á, phòa-kô͘-kô͘ ê phê-siuⁿ, cho͘-mn̂g gōa-thò kap tùi kam-á ké-chí-chiùⁿ ê jia̍t-ài, í-keng chiâⁿ-chòe jî-tông bûn-ha̍k lāi-té ê keng-tián jîn-bu̍t. Paddington hîm sī chi̍t-chiah gí-lâng ê hîm, i lóng chiok ū lé-māu, chheng-ho͘ lâng "sian-siⁿ", "hu-jîn" kap "sió-chiá", chin chió ti̍t-chiap kiò lâng ê miâ. Jî-chhiáⁿ i chin hó-sim, sui-jiân i ē tùi hit-kóa i bē-sóng ê lâng giâm-giâm kā gîn. I ū bû-hān ê lêng-le̍k bû-ì toing jiá mâ-hoân, m̄-koh ta̍k-ke lóng-chai, i "chin-sim chin-le̍k kā tāi-chì chò hó-sè". I sī tī Paddington chhia-thâu hông (jîn-lūi) Brown in chi̍t-ke hoat-hiān, kā i siu-ióng, hō-miâ kiò "Paddington Brown", in-ūi i goân-lâi ê hîm-gú miâ tùi in lâi-kóng siuⁿ-kè oh hoat-im.

1. ↑  "Michael Bond: 'Paddington stands up for things, he's, not afraid of going to the top and giving them a hard stare'". *The Guardian*. 10 September 2019 khòaⁿ--ê.
Huè-ki Antonov An-225 Mriya (ukraina-gí: Антонов Ан-225 Мрія, NATO tāi-hō: Cossack, C tsit-e̊ lī-bó piáu-sī huè-ūn ia̍h-sī ūn-su-ki).
**NATO tài-hō** (NATO bīng-miâ, pak-iok tāi-hō, pak-iok bīng-miâ ; eng-gí: NATO reporting name; hàn-gí: 北約代號, 北約命名) sī líng-tsèn ê sî-tsūn NATO khah soo-lên kap tiong-kok kun-sū tsong-pī (military technology) sóo khí ê pian-hō (numbering scheme) kap bīng-miâ (name). Ná-ū tsit-e̊ NATO tāi-hō ê tshut-hēn, sī in-uī teh líng-tsèn sî-tāi tsit nng-e̊ kok-ka ê kun-sū tsong-pī tsi si̍t-tsè tài-hō kap bīng-miâ it-puañ lóng bô hoo se-hong kok-ka sóo liáu-kái. Pí-lû, Lōo-si-ia ê hong-tsà-ki Tupolev Tu-160, NATO tāi-hō kiò-tsò "Blackjack". Lî-tshiáñ soo-lên kah tiong-kok tsit nn̄g-e̊ kok-ka pīng-bô tshiūñ NATO kok-ka hit-tsióng hoo sóo-ū-e̊ kun-sū tsong-pī pen tāi-hō ê thuân-thóng. In-tshú in tsiâñ-tse ê tsong-pī sī bô tāi-hō-e̊. Koh uî-tio̍h NATO lāi-pōo ê kun-sū tsham-siông khí-kèn, sóo-í NATO tan hong-bīn tsè-tīng tsit-tsióng bīng-miâ hē-thóng ê tsè-tōo.

Koh-lâi, pōo-hūn kuè-khì bat-sī Warsaw tiâu-iok tsoo-tsit (Организация Варшавского Договора) ê sîng-guân, m̄-kù tsit-má í-king ka-ji̍p NATO ê tang-au kok-ka, pí-lû: Chesko, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria tíng-tíng kok-ka. Sui-jiân tsia-e̊ kok-ka iu-guân tiāñ-tiāñ koh-teh sú-iōng soo-lên tsè-tsō ê kun-hué, m̄-kù tsia-e̊ kok-ka sóo-ū-e̊ soo-lên tsè-tsō ê kun-hué, í-king uì guân-sen soo-lên e lāi-pōo tāi-hō kái-tsō NATO tāi-hō, tsit-má í-king m̄ sī hēn-tsú-sî Lōo-si-ia ê GRAU pian-hō (Индекс ГРАУ). Lia̍h-tsún-kóng koh-teh sú-iōng kah Lōo-si-ia kāng-khuán kiril zī-bó ê Bulgaria, tsit-e̊ kok-ka hēn-tsú-sî sóo-ū-e̊ soo-lên tsè-tsō-e̊ kun-hué iá-sī iōng NATO tāi-hō lâi ting-lo̍k-e̊.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "NATO Code Names for Submarines and Ships: Submarine Classes / Reporting Name". *Art and Aerospace Page*. Univ. of Michigan, UMCC / AIS. 29 April 2011 khòaⁿ--ê.  (Eng-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Iû-soat oa̍h-tāng [en] (İû-suat ua̍h-tāng/Lobbying)

Guā-pōo lên-ket
---------------

* Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles (Eng-gí)
* Aerospace Web (Eng-gí)
**Skydio** sī Bí-kok tsi̍t-king bô-jîn-ki tsè-tsō-siong, tsóng-pōo khiā-tī Bí-kok California tsiu San Mateo. Tī 2021-nî 3-gue̍h, Skydio tsit-king kong-si suah piàn-sîng tsi̍t-tsiah to̍k-kak-siù (獨角獸); tsiânn-tsò Bí-kok tē-it king tsu-pún gia̍h tshiau-kuè 10 ik bí-kim ê bô-jîn-ki tset-so-siong.

Li̍k-sú
-------

Skydio kong-si iû Adam Bry, Abe Bachrach kap Matt Donahoe tī 2014-nî tshòng-li̍p, in lóng pat-teh Massachusetts lí-kang ha̍k-īnn ha̍k-si̍p kuè. Adam Bry hām Abe Bachrach tsham-ú kiông-tāi ê ke-khì-lâng hāng-bo̍k, gián-kiù tsè-tsō bô su-iàu GPS tō ē-sái ka-kī hui-hîng ê hui-ki tsi hong-huat; siōng-bué-á gián-tsè tshut tsah-ū laser tshik-kū-gî (測距儀) ê kòo-tīng i̍k bô-jîn-ki, tsi̍t-tsiah bô-jîn-ki ē-tàng teh thîng-tshia tiûnn sì-khoo uî-á tsū-tōng tō-hâng. Tī 2012-nî, Bry hām Bachrach pang-tsān khai-huat tsū-tsú khòng-tsè sǹg-huat, ē-tàng kè-sǹg hui-ki ê kuí-tsik pīng-tshiánnkhak-tīng hui-ki i-ê "tsōng-thài"——hui-ki ê uī-tì, bu̍t-lí hong-hiòng, sok-tōo kap ka-sok-tōo. Pit-gia̍p liáu-āu, Bry hām Bachrach tī 2012-nî tsiông-sū kang-gia̍p khang-khuè, teh Google ê Project Wing khui-khé Google ê tsū-tsú bô-jîn-ki hāng-bo̍k. Khuànn-tio̍h bô-jîn-ki tuì tsū-tsú sìng ê su-kiû, 2014-nî, Bry, Bachrach kap Donahoe tshòng-li̍p Skydio; tō-lâi si̍t-hiān bô-jîn-ki teh ta̍k ê hâng-gia̍p kah ìng-iōng tang-tiong kū-iú tuā-bong tsiâm-li̍k ê guān-kíng. Tsá-kî ê tâu-tsu-tsiá pau-kuat hong-hiám tâu-tsu-ka Andreessen Horowitz.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "Autonomous drone maker Skydio raises $170M led by Andreessen Horowitz". *TechCrunch* (ēng Eng-gí). 2021-08-31 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  "American company Skydio becomes first U.S. drone company to reach $1 billion valuation". *CNBC* (ēng Eng-gí). 2021-03-11. 2021-08-31 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. ↑  News, M. I. T. "The Autonomous 'Selfie Drone'". *cacm.acm.org* (ēng Eng-gí). 2021-09-16 khòaⁿ--ê.
4. ↑  "The autonomous "selfie drone"". *MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology* (ēng Eng-gí). 2021-09-16 khòaⁿ--ê.
5. ↑  Popper, Ben (2015-01-15). "Meet the tiny startup building self-navigating drones". *The Verge* (ēng Eng-gí). 2021-08-31 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Andreessen Horowitz
* Unicorn (finance)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Skydio Stops Selling Consumer Drones
* Skydio is pivoting to enterprise — its consumer drones are dead
* YouTube YouTube téng ê **5 Steps to Implementing Patrol-Led Deployment** ê iáⁿ-phìⁿ
**Tōa-hêng gí-giân bô͘-hêng** (Eng-gí: *large language model*; LLM) sī chi̍t chióng gí-giân bô͘-hêng, iû chē-chē chham-sò͘ (thong-siông 10 ek gōa ê khoân-tiōng) ê jîn-kang sîn-keng bāng-lō͘ chó͘-sêng, sú-iōng chū-kàm-tok ha̍k-si̍p ia̍h pòaⁿ-kàm-tok ha̍k-si̍p tùi tōa-liōng bô piau-kì bûn-pún chìn-hêng hùn-liān. Tōa-hêng gí-giân bô͘-hêng tī 2018 nî chó-iū chhut-hiān, jiân-āu tī kok-chióng jīm-bū tiong ū chhut-sek ê piáu-hiān. Sui-jiân chit-ê su̍t-gí bô chèng-sek ê tēng-gī, m̄-koh i thong-siông kóng--ê sī chham-sò͘ sò͘-liōng tī kúi-nā cha̍p-ek ia̍h koh-khah chē sò͘-liōng-kip ê chhim-tō͘ ha̍k-si̍p bô͘-hêng. Tōa-hêng gí-giân bô͘-hêng sī thong-iōng ê bô͘-hêng, tī kóng-hoàn ê jīm-bū tiong piáu-hiān chhut-sek, mā bōe chiam-tùi chi̍t hāng te̍k-tēng ê jīm-bū (chhin-chhiūⁿ chêng-kám hun-sek, hō-miâ si̍t-thé sek-pia̍t ia̍h sò͘-ha̍k thui-lí) lâi chìn-hêng hùn-liān. Sui-jiân tī ī-chhek bûn-kù tiong ê ē chi̍t ê tan-sû téng kán-tan jīm-bū siōng chiap-siū kòe hùn-liān, m̄-koh hoat-hiān kū-iú chiok-gia̍h hùn-liān kap chham-sò͘ sò͘-liōng ê sîn-keng gí-giân bô͘-hêng ē-tàng lia̍h-tio̍h jîn-lūi gí-giân ê tōa-pō͘-hūn gí-hoat kap ì-sù. Lēng-gōa, tōa-hêng gí-giân bô͘-hêng tián-sī liáu siong-tong chē koan-î sè-kài ê siông-sek, pēng-chhiáⁿ ē-hiáu tī hùn-liān kòe-têng kā tōa-liōng sū-si̍t kì-tiâu.
**Pòaⁿ-kàm-tok ha̍k-si̍p** (Eng-gí: *semi-supervised learning*) sī ki-hāi ha̍k-si̍p ê chi̍t ê hun-iá, itī hùn-liān sî sú-iōng tio̍h chió-liōng ê ū-piau-chhiam sò͘-kì kap tōa-liōng ê bô-piau-chhiam sò͘-kì. Pòaⁿ-kàm-tok ha̍k-si̍p kài tī bô-kàm-tok ha̍k-si̍p (hùn-liān sò͘-kì choân-pō͘ lóng bô piau-chhiam) kap kàm-tok ha̍k-si̍p (hùn-liān sò͘-kì choân-pō͘ lóng ū piau-chhiam) tiong-kan. Pòaⁿ-kàm-tok ha̍k-si̍p sī ūi-tio̍h beh oān-kái hùn-liān sò͘-kì tiong chûn-chāi piau-chhiam sò͘-kì iú-hān ê bûn-tê.

Bô-kàm-tok ha̍k-si̍p ha̍h-ēng ê būn-tê it-poaⁿ sī ū tōa-liōng bô-piau-chhiam iūⁿ-pún, ah beh chhú-tit ū-piau-chhiam siūⁿ-pún sêng-pún khah koân. Pō͘-hūn kî-thaⁿ ki-hāi ha̍k-si̍p hun-chi ū sio-siāng ê tōng-ki, m̄-koh chun-chiông bô-kāng ê ká-siat kap hong-hoat, chhin-chhiūⁿ chú-tōng ha̍k-si̍p kap jio̍k-kàm-tok ha̍k-si̍p. Kā bô-piau-chhiam iūⁿ-pún kap chió-liōng ū-piau-chhiam iūⁿ-pún chò-hóe sú-iōng ê sî, ē tùi ha̍k-si̍p ê chún-khak-sèng sán-seng chin tōa ê kái-siān. Ūi-tio̍h te̍k-tēng būn-tê só͘ siu-chi̍p ê sò͘-kì thong-siông su-iàu choan-ka tì-sek ia̍h chìn-hêng bu̍t-lí si̍t-giām. In-chhú, chhú-tit ū-piau-chhiam iūⁿ-pún ê sêng-pún it-poaⁿ mā khah koân, ah nā beh chhú-tit tōa-hêng koh oân-choân piau-kì ê iūⁿ-pún-chi̍p sī bô-siáⁿ khó-lêng--ê; ah nā-sī beh chhú-tit bô-piau-chhiam iūⁿ-pún ê sêng-pún it-poaⁿ siong-tùi khah kē. Án-ne lâi khòaⁿ, pòaⁿ-kàm-tok ha̍k-si̍p tī ki-hāi ha̍k-si̍p kap jîn-lūi ha̍k-si̍p ê kiàn-bô͘ hong-bīn mā ū lí-lūn kè-ta̍t.
Elfriede Jelinek
**Elfriede Jelinek** (1946 nî 10-goe̍h 20 chhut-sì) sī 1-ūi Tang-kok ê cha-bó·-chú-gī hì-ke̍k-ka kiam siáu-soat-ka. I tit-tio̍h 2004 nî ê Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng. Sím-cha tan-ūi phêng-lūn kóng: "i ê siáu-soat kah hì-ke̍k thàu-kòe im-ga̍k-sèng ê siaⁿ-im/hoán-siaⁿ-im, po̍k-chhut siā-hōe ê chhàu-phú-ōe jōa-ni̍h-á hàm koh án-choáⁿ khì chi-phoè lâng".

Jelinek tī Tang-kok Styria ê Mürzzuschlag-tìn chhut-sì. I tī kok-gōa sī siū lâng chun-kèng ê chok-ka, tī kok-lāi khiok-sī bô lâng-iân koh siū tio̍h chē-chē phoe-phêng. 

I tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tī i ê tù-chok lāi-bīn thàm-thó cha-bó·-lâng ê sèng, te̍k-pia̍t sī hông chau-that, khó·-to̍k ê hit bīn. I iōng bô kám-chêng ê gí-giân biô-siá lâng kah lâng chi-kan châm-jím, chhau-chok koân-le̍k ê hō·-tōng koan-hē. I ê chhiú-toāⁿ tùi tho̍k-chiá ū chin tōa ê chìn-hām-sèng. Tùi i lâi kóng, koân-le̍k, chhim-lio̍k-sèng sī lâng ê koan-hē ê tōng-le̍k. I ê sàn-bûn kah hì-ke̍k ū bē-chió cheng-gī-sèng.

I kīn-kî ê chok-phín khai-sí thàm-thó cha-bó·-chú-gī í-gōa ê gī-tê, ǹg it-poaⁿ-sèng ê siā-hōe phêng-lūn kiâⁿ. I ê hì-ke̍k hm̍h-hm̍h, m̄-koh bú-tâi siat-kè hôa-chhái, kiông-tiāu bú-tō-su̍t. I ê *Sportstück* thàm-thó thé-io̍k ê po̍k-le̍k kah fascio-chú-gī.

Chèng-tī siōng, i hoán-tùi Tang-kok Wolfgang Schüssel ín-chhoā ê iù-phài chèng-hú. I tùi 1974 nî chham-ka Tang-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng, kàu-kah 1991 nî.

Jelinek's ê siáu-soat *Die Klavierspielerin* ū kái chò tiān-iáⁿ (*Kǹg-khîm-ka*, 2001).

I bô ài hong-sîn, mā kóng i kiaⁿ chheⁿ-hūn. I bô àn-sǹg chhin-sin chham-ka Nobel Chióng ê pan-chióng tián-lé. I ū kóng i hoaⁿ-hí tio̍h-chióng, m̄-koh i mā kám-kak ut-chut, in-ūi i taⁿ chiâⁿ-chò kong-kiōng jîn-bu̍t. I mā hoai-gî sī in-ūi i sī cha-bó·--ê chiah ē tio̍h-chióng.

Chok-phín
---------

### Siáu-soat

* *bukolit. hörroman* 1979
* *wir sind lockvögel baby!* 1970
* *Michael. Ein Jugendbuch für die Infantilgesellschaft* 1972
* *Die Liebhaberinnen* 1975
* *Die Ausgesperrten* 1980
* *Die Klavierspielerin* (Kǹg-khîm-ka) 1983
* *Oh Wildnis, oh Schutz vor ihr* 1985
* *Lust* 1989
* *Die Kinder der Toten* 1997
* *Gier* 2000

### Hì-kek

* *Was geschah, nachdem Nora ihren Mann verlassen hatte*; 1977
* *Clara S.*; 1981
* *Burgtheater*; 1983
* *Krankheit oder Moderne Frauen*; 1984
* *Präsident Abendwind*; 1987
* *Wolken.Heim*; 1988
* *Totenauberg*; 1991
* *Raststätte*; 1994
* *Stecken, Stab und Stangl*; 1996
* *Ein Sportstück*; 1998
* *er nicht als er*; 1998
* *In den Alpen*
* *Das Werk*
* *Prinzessinnendramen*
* *Bambiland*; 2003

### Hoan-e̍k

* *Die Enden der Parabel* Thomas Pynchon ê siáu-soat; 1976
* *Herrenjagd* Georges Feydeau ê hì-kek; 1983
* *Floh im Ohr* Georges Feydeau ê hì-kek; 1986
* *Der Gockel* Georges Feydeau ê hì-kek; 1986
* *Die Affaire Rue de Lourcine* Eugène Labiche ê hì-kek; 1988
* *Die Dame vom Maxim* Georges Feydeau ê hì-kek; 1990
* *Der Jude von Malta* Christopher Marlowe ê hì-kek; 2001
* *Ernst sein ist alles* Oscar Wilde ê hì-kek; 2004
* Lyrik und Kurzgeschichten (latein-)amerikanischer AutorInnen

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* I ê bāng-chām (Tek-gí)
* Nobel Chióng ê siāu-kài-bûn
Bé-chhia sī chi̍t-koá Amisch lâng chú-iàu ê kau-thong kang-khū (2004 nî)
**Amisch** (Eng-gí: *Amish*) sī 1 tīn chài-chìm-lé-phài ê Ki-tok-tô͘, chú-iàu khiā tī Bí-kok kap Canada Ontario Séng. In khiā tī chong-kàu lí-iû, kā ka-kī hām goā-kài ê chú-liû hiān-tāi siā-hoē hun-khui. In bô chiông-kun, bô chiap-siū chèng-hú chi-oān, chin chē kū-choa̍t pān pó-hiám. In in-ūi hān-chè chi̍t-koá sin ki-su̍t ê lī-iōng (chhin-chhiūⁿ chū-tōng-chhia, tiān-oē), tī goā-kài te̍k-pia̍t chhut-miâ. Toā-hūn kóng 1 chióng Tek-gí-hē ê hong-giân hō chò *Deitsch* ("Tek-gí"). In pun chò sò͘-10-tīn thoân-khè, sûi ê koh pun chò to̍k-li̍p ê khu ia̍h kàu-hoē. Ta̍k ê khu ū ka-kī bô siá chò jī ê kui-kí, hō chò *Ordnung*. Siōng pó-siú ê Amisch kiò chò Kū Amisch Tia̍t-sū (Old Order Amish). Sin Amisch Tia̍t-sū (New Order Amish) ū chiap-siū chi̍t-koá sin ki-su̍t.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Amisch kap Bûn-nó͘-hoē sio-siâng, sī Au-chiu 16 sè-kí chho͘-kî ê Ki-tok-kàu Sin-kàu ūn-tōng lāi-bīn ê Sūi-se Chài-chìm-lé-phài. Tī 1693 nî, Jacob Amman chhoā--ê phài tùi Sūi-se Bûn-nó͘-phài hun-lia̍t--chhut-lâi, goân-in sī Amman kian-chhî ài giâm-keh siám-pī hit-koá bô siú kàu-hoē kui-kí ê hūn-chú.

Chū 18 sè-kí, khai-sí ū Amisch î-bîn khì kah Bí-kok, chú-iàu ūi beh siám-phiah chong-kàu pek-hāi kap chiông-kun ê iau-kiû. Chē-chē toà Pennsylvania, Lancaster County khiā-khí. Kî-thaⁿ ê thoân-thé āu--lâi khiā tī pa̍t-chiu ia̍h-sī soá khì hia, pau-koat tī Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Maryland, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Maine. Mā ū khì kah Canada--ê. Lâu tī Au-chiu ê kàu-hoē ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á hām Bûn-nó͘-phài ha̍p-pèng, siōng boé-ê tī 1937 nî.

Toā-hūn ê Bí-chiu Amisch siā-khu āu--lâi sit-khì in ê Amisch jīn-tông. Siōng chá-kî ê toā hun-lia̍t tī 1860 nî-tāi. Hit-chūn ū chú-kàu khui toā hoē-gī gī-lūn án-choáⁿ èng-hù hiān-tāi siā-hoē ê ap-le̍k. Chóng--sī pó-siú-phài chin kín tō thoè--chhut-khì. Toā-hūn ê chìn-pō͘-phài āu--lâi lóng pìⁿ-chiâⁿ Bûn-nó͘-phài.

Kè-ta̍t-koan
------------

Amisch ê kè-ta̍t-koan lâi chū in chhiâng-chāi ín-iōng ê Sèng-keng keng-cha̍t:

* "M̄-thang chiong bô sìn Chú ê lâng khòaⁿ-chò tông-téng ê, siūⁿ-boeh lâi kap in kau-chhap, in-ūi bē-ēng-tit án-ne. Kong-chèng kap put-hoat kám ē-tàng chò-hóe? Kong-bêng kap o·-àm kám ē-tàng tòa chò-hóe?" (Ko-lîm-to Hō͘-su 6:14)
* "Lín tio̍h lī-khui in, tio̍h kap in hun-lī. M̄-thang chiap-chhiok bô chheng-khì ê, án-ne Góa chiū ē kā lín chiap-siū." (Ko-lîm-to Hō͘-su 6:17)
* "Lín m̄-thang kap sè-sio̍k tông-hòa, tio̍h hō· Siōng-chú lâi kā lín kái-piàn, keng-sin lín ê sim-chì, lín chiah ē bêng-pe̍k sím-mih sī Siōng-chú ê chí-ì; sím-mih sī hó-sū, sím-mih sī Siōng-chú só· hoaⁿ-hí ê, sím-mih sī ôan-chôan ê." (Lô-má-su 12:2)

Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Amisch*** |

* Amish (Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online)
* Amish in the jungle Archived 2007-01-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Phage ê kiat-kòo :1 — thâu (DNA), 2 — boé-liu, 3 — hu̍t-sng, 4 — i-khak, 5 — «i-niá», 6 — siu-sok siàu, 7 — boé siam-uî, 8 — chiam-chhì, 9 — té-puâñ.
Phage T4 ê kái-phió-ha̍k kah kám-jiám chiu-kî.
**Bacteriophage** (Eng-gí ho͘-im: /ˈbækˈtɪər.i.oʊˌfeɪdʒ/, gí-goân: bacteria "sè-khún" + phagein "chia̍h"), kán-lio̍k **phage** ("hoè-jih"), sī ē-sài kám-jiám sè-khún pēng-chhiá tī khún thé-lāi siⁿ-thòaⁿ ê pēⁿ-to̍k. Bacteriophage ki-pún ê kò͘-chō sī nn̄g-pe̍h-chit gōa-khak kap pau tī khak lāi ê tùi DNA he̍k-chiá RNA kò͘-sêng ê ûi-thoân-thé. In-ê khah chió ê ū 4-ê ûi-thoân-chú, khah chē ē-tàng kàu kúi pah ê.

Bacteriophage tī seng-bu̍t chi tiong siāng phó͘-phiàn ê chi̍t khoán. "Bacteriophage" chit lūi m̄ sī ûi-thoân he̍k-chiá chìn-hòa siōng ê hun-lūi, i sī àn-chiàu tùi sè-khùn kám-jiám ê lêng-le̍k tēng-gī chhut--lâi ê lūi-pia̍t, kî-tiong hâm 1 bo̍k (order) kap 13-ê kho (family), lóng-chóng chhiau-kòe 5,100 khoán phage. In oa̍h tī chhiau-kòe 140 khoán ê sè-khún he̍k-chiá kó͘-sè-khún ê sio̍k (genus) lāi-bīn.

Chù-kái
-------

1. ↑  H.-W. Ackermann (2003) Bacteriophage observations and evolution. *Research in Microbiology*.

Chham-khó bûn-hiàn
------------------

* Hauser, AR (2016). "Beyond Antibiotics: New Therapeutic Approaches for Bacterial Infections". *Clinical Infectious Diseases*. **63** (1): 89–95. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw200. PMC 4901866 Freely accessible. PMID 27025826.
* Strathdee, Steffanie; Patterson, Tom (2019). *The Perfect Predator*. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0316418089.

Chham-oa̍t
----------

* Phage T4(eng-gí: Escherichia virus T4; hàn-gí: T4噬菌體)
* I-khak (eng-gí: capsid; hàn-gí: 衣殼)
* Kám-jiám (eng-gí: infection; hàn-gí: 感染)

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Bacteriophage*** |


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Wikiquote ū ***Bacteriophage*** ê ín-iōng-kù. |

* Häusler, T. (2006) "Viruses vs. Superbugs", Macmillan
* Animation of bacteriophage targeting E. coli bacteria
* Phage.org general information on bacteriophages
* bacteriophages illustrations and genomics
* Bacteriophages get a foothold on their prey
**Lí Sin** (李紳; 772-nî — 846-nî), jī Kong-suî (公垂), Tiong-kok Tông-tāi Po̍k-tsiu (hiān-kim An-hui) jîn-sū, tshut-sì teh Oo-tîng [zh] (hiān-kim ê Tiong-kok Tsiat-kang Ôo-tsiu, sîng-tióng teh Jūn-tsiu Bû-sik (hiān-kim ê Tiong-kok Kang-soo). Lí Sin sī Tiong-kok Tông-tāi tāi-sîn, pat tsham-ú kuè Tông-tiâu ê Gû-lí Tóng-tsing [zh] (牛李黨爭). Iah-sī si-jîn, bûn-ha̍k-sū; tsham-ú kuè sin-ga̍k-hú ê ūn-tōng.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  《旧唐书》卷一百七十七："紳六歲而孤，母盧氏教以經義。紳形狀眇小而精悍，能為歌詩。鄉賦之年，諷誦多在人口。" (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Gû-lí Tóng-cheng [zh] (Gû-lí Tóng-tsing/牛李黨爭)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* 李紳
* 請不要再污衊寫下「鋤禾日當午」的那個唐朝詩人
* Books of the *Quan Tangshi* that include collected poems of Li Shen at the Chinese Text Project:
	+ Book 480
	+ Book 481
	+ Book 483
	+ Book 483


|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 38200449
* LCCN: n79118745
* SUDOC: 174330553

 |

 |
**Khe san hîng-lí tôo** (hàn-gú: 谿山行旅圖) uî Tiong-kok Ngóo-tāi bua̍t Pak Sòng tshoo uē-ka Huān Khuan (范寬) ê tsok-phín; sú-iōng si-tsit ê kìn tsok-uî uē-pòo, thán-ti̍t 206.3 cm, hîng-khuah 103.3 cm. Í tshián-tām ê sik-tshái tsò ki̍k-uî tsâm-gâm kòo-tôo; huân-nā san-tshuan liû-suí, ko-san giâm-tsio̍h kai tsām-gám kau-lik, pīng-tshiánn thîng-hiān tshut li̍p-thé ê khong-kan kám; lî-tshiánn jîn-bu̍t, bé-phit iah ē-tàng teh tshùn-tshioh ki̍k-uî biáu-siáu ê hiàn-tsè tsi-hā ua̍h-lîng ua̍h-hiàn. Kì-thuân Bîng-tāi Tóng Kî-tshiong (董其昌) phîng-kè tsit-pak uē uî "Sòng uē tē-it" (宋畫第一). Hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh Tâi-pak Kok-li̍p Kòo-kiong Phok-bu̍t-īnn.

Kòo-kiong sam pó
----------------

Huān Khuan "Khe san hîng-lí tôo" kah Kok Hi (郭熙) "Tsó tshun tôo" (早春圖), Lí Tông (李唐) "Bān hok siông-hong tôo" (萬壑松風圖) sann-kiānn siu-tsông teh Tâi-pak kok-li̍p Kòo-kiong Phok-bu̍t-īnn ê tuā-pak san-suí tsok-phín, hông ū-uî "Kòo-kiong sam pó" (故宮三寶).

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn
------------------

* 《大觀：北宋書畫特展圖錄》。2006年，國立故宮博物院。 ISBN 9789575625047 (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Tsó tshun tôo (早春圖)
* Bān hok siông-hong tôo (萬壑松風圖)
* Mahāvaipulya Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* 宋西元960-1279范寬谿山行旅 (Hàn-gí)
* 解讀范寬《谿山行旅圖》密碼（上） (Hàn-gí)
* 與神遇：再訪范寬故里的新發現 (Hàn-gí)