Sú-iōng-chiá hun-pò͘-tô
**Ài-ní-lân-gí** (Piau-chún Ài-ní-lân-gí: *Gaeilge*) sī chi̍t-khoán liû-thoân tī Ài-ní-lân-tó--ê Gael-gú (Gaelic), iā sī Ài-ní-lân ê koan-hong gí-giân chi it (Lēng-gōa chit ê sī Eng-gí). Sī chit-ê kok-ka ū le̍k-sú í-lâi liû-thoân siōng kú mā bat sī Éire-tó siōng tōa--ê giân-gí. M̄-koh tùi 19 sè-kí í-lâi, Éire-tó tiō khai-sí í Eng-gí ûi chú-liû. Bó-gú sú-iōng-chiá ū 7 bān goā ê, tē-jī gí-giân iōng-chiá ū 100 bān gōa ê (tī 2016 nî).

Gí-giân--ê miâ
--------------

"Gaeilge" tī Ài-ní-lân-gí, mā ū Gael-gí--ê ì-sù. Beh te̍k-pia̍t chí Ài-ní-lân-gí--ê sî, siá-chò "Gaeilge na hÉireann".

Gaeilge tī kok hong-giân--ê piàn-thé:

* Kó͘-gí: Gaoidhealg, Gaedhealg
* Piau-chún-gí: Gaeilge
* Hong-giân:
	+ Ulster kap Pak Connacht: Gaedhilic, Gaeilic, Gaeilig iah-sī Gaedhlag
	+ Lâm Connacht: Gaeilge (í-chá sī Gaedhilge)
	+ Munster: Gaedhealaing, Gaoluinn, Gaelainn téng

Le̍k-sú
-------

Ài-ní-lân-gí thang hun-chò:

* Goân-sú Ài-ní-lân-gí (3 sè-kí iah-sī khah-chá - 6 sè-kí), tùi Goân-sú Celtic-gí bun--chhut-lâi, sī Gael-gí--ê chó͘-sian, iōng Ogham bûn-jī siá. Lē: ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ (*tovisaci*, "thâu-lâng"--ê sio̍k-keh).
* Kó͘ Ài-ní-lân-gí (Goídelc) (6 sè-kí - 10 sè-kí).
* Tiong-kó͘ Ài-ní-lân-gí (Gaoidhealg) (10 sè-kí - 12 sè-kí), ián-hoà chò Manx-gí (Gaelg), Scotland Gael-gí (Gàidhlig) kap Hiān-tāi Ài-ní-lân-gí (Nua-Ghaeilge).

Hō͘ Elizabeth I khoàⁿ--ê Chē giân-gí té-gú-chi̍p (短語集), ū La-teng-gí, Kīn-kó͘ Eng-gí kap Kīn-kó͘ Ài-ní-lân-gí
* Kīn-kó͘ Ài-ní-lân-gí (Gaoidhealg) (13 sè-kí - 18 sè-kí), sī Scotland kap Ài-ní-lân 13 sè-kí kàu 18 sè-kí--ê su-siá giân-gí. tùi 12 sè-kí--ê Eire-gí kái--lâi.

Ài-ní-lân-gí tī 1871 nî--ê sú-iōng-chiá tē-tô͘
* Hiān-tāi Éire-gí (Nua-Ghaeilge): Éire Toā Ki-hng, táⁿ-ap Gael-gí--ê kok-bîn kàu-io̍k kap phiau-liû kàu hái-goā--ê tiâu-liû tì-kàu Ài-ní-lân-gî tī 19 sè-kì kín-kín soe-thoè, jî-chhiáⁿ sú-iōng-chiá tuā-poàⁿ tī se-hái-hoāⁿ. M̄-koh tī 19 sè-kí boé khai-sí ū gí-giân ho̍k-heng ūn-tōng. 1983 nî chhòng-li̍p Ài-ní-lân-gí liân-bêng (*Conradh na Gaeilge*, *Gaelic League*). Tī Ài-ní-lân-kok to̍k-li̍p āu, chèng-hú thui-sek giân-gí-ê sú-iōng, mā ū chhòng-li̍p Ài-ní-lân-gí Ha̍k-hāu, chóng--sī tī Ài-ní-lân-gí Tē-khu (*Gaeltacht*)--ê bó-gú iōng-chiá--ê lâng-gia̍h iah-sī soe-thoè. Iu-koan hiān-tāi-gí--ê hong-giân chhiáⁿ-khoàⁿ #Hong-giân.

Hong-giân
---------

Ài-ní-lân-gí tē-khu tē-tô͘
Hiān-tāi chū-jiân hong-giân thang chiàu séng-hūn (cuige, province) hun-chò 3 khoán, ta̍k chióng hong-giân--ê hoat-im, sû-gí, sīm-chí sī bûn-hoat ū bô-kâng.

* Ulster Ài-ní-lân-gí (Gaeilic Uladh): tī Ulster, chiap-kīn Scotland Gael-gú, taⁿ hun-pò͘ tī Donegal. Bat sú-iōng tī Pak Ài-ní-lân, hia--ê Ài-ní-lân-gí sú-iōng-chiá iōng--ê Piau-chún-gí mā siū-tio̍h Ulster hong-giân--ê éng-hióng.
* Connacht Ài-ní-lân-gí (Gaeilge Chonnacht): tī Connacht, tāⁿ hūn-pò͘ tī Galway, Mayo téng koān. sú-iōng jîn-kháu siōng chē. Ū Ulster kap Munster hong-giân--ê te̍k-sek.
* Munster Ài-ní-lân-gí (Gaolainn na Mumhan): tī Munster, tāⁿ hūn-pò͘ tī Kerry, Cork, Waterford téng koān, pó-liû chi̍t-koá kó͘-gí te̍k-teng.

Leinster Séng ka-tī--ê hong-giân í-keng bia̍t-bô.

Tī 20 sè-kí, Ài-ní-lân chèng-hú thui-chhut su-siá--ê piau-chún-gí "An Caighdeán Oifigiúil", sī kó͘-gí kap chē-chē hong-giân--ê bûn-hoat kap gí-sû--ê kán-hoà iah-sī sio-lām. Tī kàu-io̍k, chèng-hú bûn-su sú-iōng.

Hoat-im
-------

Ài-ní-lân-gí bô-kong-jīm--ê hoat-im piau-chún. Kok-tē--ê hoat-im hong-sek iā bô-kâng.

### Chú-im

Ài-ní-lân-gí--ê chú-im chē-chē ū pun khoah-im (ngē-ngo̍k-hoà(硬顎化)) kap ē-im (nńg-ngo̍k-hoà (軟顎化)), im-ūi (音位) siōng chió ū: 

Consonant phonemes|  | Tûn-im | Chi̍h-chiam-im | Chi̍h-poē-im | Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Khoah | E̍h | Khoah | E̍h | Khoah | E̍h |
| Po̍k-phò-im | Bô-siaⁿ | pˠ | pʲ | t̪ˠ | tʲ | k | c |  |
| Ū-siaⁿ | bˠ | bʲ | d̪ˠ | dʲ | ɡ | ɟ |  |
| Mô͘-chhat-im/Kīn-im | Bô-siaⁿ | fˠ | fʲ | sˠ | ʃ | x | ç | h |
| Ū-siaⁿ | w | vʲ |  |  | ɣ | j |  |
| Phīⁿ-im | mˠ | mʲ | n̪ˠ | nʲ | ŋ | ɲ |  |
| Siám-im |  |  | ɾˠ | ɾʲ |  |  |  |
| Phīⁿ-thong-im |  |  | l̪ˠ | lʲ |  |  |  |

### Bó-im

Tī Connacht kap Munster--ê hong-giân, toaⁿ-bó-im ū 11--ê im-ūi, siang-bó-im siōng chió ū 4 ê im-ūi:

#### Toaⁿ-bó-im

**Tāng-im**

| Té | Tn̂g |
| --- | --- |
| a | aː |
| ɛ | eː |
| ɪ | iː |
| ɔ | oː |
| ʊ | uː |

**Kheng-im**
It-poaⁿ ē piàn-chò /ә/.

#### Siang-bó-im

Chì-chió ū /əi/, /əu/, /iə/ kap /uə/.

### Tāng-im

Connacht hong-giân ū-hun tāng-im, chhù-tāng-im kap kheng-im. Goân-chek-siōng tàng-im tī thâu im-cha̍t.

Jī-bó
-----

Chú-iāu ū: a b c d e f g h i l m n o p r s t u, kap piáu-sī tn̂g-bó-im--ê á é í ó ú. J, k, q, v, w, x, y, z iōng tī goā-lâi-gú.

Jī-ha̍p jī-bó (二合字母) ū: bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th. Í-chá siá-chò: ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ.

Tùi Kó͘ Ài-ní-lân-gí it-ti̍t kàu 20 sè-kí, thoân-thóng iōng La-teng-jī--ê Gael jī-thé (Cló Gaelach, Gaelic Type) siá.

Jī-bó tha̍k-hoat kok-tē bô-kâng, khah ho̍k-cha̍p, mā ū siá-hoat bô ha̍p kok-tē tha̍k-hoat--ê jī, jû: "deirfiúr" (a-chí).

Gí-hoat
-------

### Chú-im kau-thè

Aì-ní-lân-gí kah kî-tha Celtic gí-cho̍k kâng-khoán, ū chú-im kau-thè (*consonant mutation*)--ê hiān-siōng. Sû-thâu--ê chú-im (ū-sî-á sī ho̍k-ha̍p-sû) ē siū-tio̍h gí-hoat tiâu-kiāⁿ piàn-chò pa̍t-khoán chú-im. Ài-ní-lân gí lāi-té ū nn̄g-chióng kau-thè: jio̍k-im-hòa (弱音化; *lenition*) kap si̍t-im-hòa (蝕音化; *eclipsis*).

Jio̍k-im-hòa goân-chek-pió:

| Goân jī-bó | Kái-piàn-āu jī-bó | Goân hoat-im | Kái-piàn-āu hoat-im |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| b | bh | /bˠ/, /bʲ/ | /vˠ/, /vʲ/ |
| c | ch | /k/, /c/ | /x/, /ç/ |
| d | dh | /d̪ˠ/, /dʲ/ | /ɣ/, /ʝ/ |
| f | fh | /fˠ/, /fʲ/ | bô-siaⁿ |
| g | gh | /g/, /ɟ/ | /ɣ/, /ʝ/ |
| m | mh | /mˠ/, /mʲ/ | /vˠ/, /vʲ/ |
| p | ph | /mˠ/ /mʲ/ | /fˠ/, /fʲ/ |
| s | sh(ts) | /s/ /ʃ/ | /h/ (/tˠ/ /tʲ/) |
| t | th | /tˠ/ /tʲ/ | /h/ |
|

Si̍t-im-hòa--ê pió, hoat-seng tī jī-thâu:

| Goân-jī-bó | Kái-piàn-āu jī-bó |
| --- | --- |
| b | mb |
| c | gc |
| d | nd |
| g | ng |
| p | bp |
| t | dt |
| bó-im | n-bó-im (lē: na n-úll; [phông-kó sio̍k-keh]) |

Tû-liáu "ng" tha̍k /ŋ/, "n-bó-im" ke-tha̍k thâu-chêng--ê "n" , kî-tha lóng kan-ta tha̍k ke-tī thâu-chêng--ê jī-bó.

Koh ū jī-thâu ke t (*t-prothesis*) kap jī-thâu ke h (*h-prothesis*).

### Gí-sū (語序)

Kap Celtic gí-cho̍k--ê kî-thaⁿ gí-giân kâng-khoán, gí-sū sī VSO (Tōng-sû - Chú-gí - Pin-gí)
Pí-lūn:

Ólann sé uisce.
Lim-Hun-sek-sek (分析式) i (iông-sèng) chúi.
I (iông-sèng) lim chúi.
### Chú-im kau-thè

Celtic gí-cho̍k ū chú-im kau-thè--ê te̍k-teng, Ài-ní-lân-gí mā ū. Ū Jio̍k-im hoà (弱音化， Lenition) kap Àm-im-hoà (暗音化, Eclipsis).

Thâu 1 jī sī bó-im--ê sû, ū jī-thâu ke h (H-prothesis), ke t (T-prothesis)--ê hiān-siōng. Jī-thâu ke n sǹg-sī àm-im-hoà.

### Hē-sû (系詞)

Ài-ní-lân-gí--ê hē-sû "is" (hiān-chāi-sek) iōng-lâi liân 2 ê tāi-sû (代詞) iah-sī bêng-sû--ê sû-cho͘ (詞組) téng. Kap tōng-sû "bí" thang hoan-chò Eng-gí--ê "be" (sī), m̄-koh Iōng-hoat bô-kâng.
Le:

**Is** duine mé.
[hē-sû] lâng-toaⁿ-sò͘ chú-keh goá.
Goá sī lâng.
### Tāi-sû

Tâi-sû ū hun toaⁿ-ho̍k-sò͘, tē 3 jîn-chheng ū hun im-iông, mā koh hun liân-chiap-hêng (*conjunctive form*) kap hun-lî-hêng (*disjunctive form*), koh hun ū-bô kiông-tiāu (*emphatic*)--ê hêng.

### Bêng-sû

Bêng-sû ū hun chú-keh (kiam siū-keh), sio̍k-keh (só͘-iú-keh), ú-keh (與格, chiap tī chi̍t-koá kài-sû āu) , ho͘-keh (呼格, kho͘ lâng--ê sî iōng). Mā ū hun toaⁿ-sò͘ kap ho̍k-sò͘ (複數), Im-sèng (陰性) kap iông-sèng (陽性).

Thong-siông sio̍k-keh, ho͘-keh kap chú-keh sio-siâng. Ū 5 khoán piàn-keh (變格), mā ū bô kui-chek--ê bêng-sû. Bô-kâng hong-giân--ê piàn-keh ū lio̍k-á bô-kâng.

Lē:

**Tír** (thó͘-tē), tē 2 piàn-keh (piau-chún-gí).

| Kheh | Toaⁿ-sò͘ | Ho̍k-sò | lē |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chú-keh | tír | tíortha | Tá **tír** againn.Lán ū thó͘-tē. |
| Ho͘-keh | a thír | a thíortha | **A thír!**Thó͘-tē--ah! |
| Sio̍k-keh | tíre | tíortha | ainm **tíre**Thó͘-tē--ê miâ |
| Ú-keh | tír | tíortha | ag **tír**tī thó͘-tē. |

### Koàn-sû

Éire-gí chí ū 2 ê tēng-koàn-sû (定冠詞): "an" (toā-pō͘-hūn toaⁿ-sò͘) kap "na" (Ho̍k-sò͘ kap toaⁿ-sò͘ sio̍k-keh im-sèng bêng-sû). Lē:

* **An** bhean (chit-ê cha-bó͘)
* Poblacht "**na'** hÉireann" ("Ài-ní-lân" kiōng-hô-kok)
* **Na** cailíní (Chia-ê cha-bó͘-gín-á)

### Tong-sû Piàn-hoà

Ài-ní-lân-gí sī khut-chiat-gí (屈折語), tōng-sû--ê bóe-liu ū chē-chē--ê piàn-hoà. Ài-ní-lân-gí ū 11--ê put-kui-chek tōng-sû, 2 khoán tōng-sû piàn-hoà. Bô-kâng hong-giân--ê tōng-sû piàn-hoà ū khó-lêng bô-kâng.

### Hêng-iông-sû

Hêng-iông-sû ū hun-choè goân-kip (原級) kap pí-kàu-kip. Hêng-iông-sû piàn-hoà siū-tio̍h bêng-sû--ê keh, toaⁿ-ho̍k-sò͘, im-iông-sèng, kiông/jio̍k-bêng-sû (strong/weak noun) téng éng-hióng.

### Kài-sû

Chi̍t-koá kài-sû ū jîn-chheng--ê piàn-hoà kap ū-bô kiông-tiāu (emphatic)--ê piàn-hoà.

Tāi-chiòng mûi-thé
------------------

### Tiān-sī-tâi

* TG4

### Tiān-tâi

* RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta - Ho̍k-bū Éire-gí tē-khu--ê.
* Raidió na Life - Ho̍k-bū Dublin tē-khu--ê.
* Raidió Fáilte - Ho̍k-bū Pak-ài-ní-lân-ê.

Té-kù
-----

Í-hā--ê té-kù iōng piau-chún Ài-ní-lân-gí siá:

* Dia duit: Lí hó.
* Séan is ainm dom: Goá kiò-chò Séan (Iok-hān).
* Tá fáilte romhat: Hoan-gêng--lí / (Lí) bián kheh-khì.
* Go raibh maith agat: To-siā--lí.
* Slán: Chài-hoē.

Chù-kha
-------

1. 1 2  "ts" iōng tī thâu-chêng chiap koàn-sû--ê pō͘-hūn s- khí-thâu--ê im-sèng bêng-sû.