recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Tâi-oân ESP Hia̍p-hōe** (Ji̍t-gí: 台湾エスペラント協会), Ji̍t-pún thóng-tī sî-tāi ê Tâi-oân Esperanto cho·-chit. Pān-sū-chhù siat tī Tâi-pak Báng-kà Ē-khàm. Tōa-tiū-tiâⁿ sī chú-iàu ê oa̍h-tōng hoān-ûi. Hia̍p-hōe ê chiân-sin hō·-chò "Ji̍t-pún ESP Hia̍p-hōe (Japana Esperantista Asocio) Tâi-oân-chi-pō·", iû Kodama Sirô (児玉四郎) tī 1913 nî chhòng-pān. Āu--lâi iû So· Phek-hui (蘇璧輝), Liân Un-kheng (連溫卿) hoāⁿ, jī-chhiáⁿ kā kái-miâ.

Hia̍p-hōe bat hoat-hêng goe̍h-khan *La Verda Ombro* (1919-1924, "Le̍k-ǹg" ê ì-sù), chú-pian sī Liân sī. *La Verda Ombro* bat hām pa̍t-kok ê cho·-chit chò khan-bu̍t kau-oāⁿ ê kau-liû.

Hia̍p-hōe ū chiam-tùi sè-kài pa̍t-ūi ê chèng-tī hoat-tián hoat-giân. Tī 1932 nî 11 goe̍h 6, in tī Tâi-oân Sin-bîn-pò hoat-piáu khòng-gī Ji̍t-pún chhim-lio̍k Tiong-kok Tang-pak ê bûn-chiuⁿ, m̄-koh hō· tong-kio̍k san-tû. Tī 1933 nî Hia̍p-hōe sêng-li̍p "Deutsch Hoán-bûn-hòa Khòng-gī Tông-bêng" khòng-gī Tek-kok Adolf Hitler ê chèng-tī. In kó·-chhoe Sè-kài-gí ê oa̍h-tōng mā siū-tio̍h kéng-chhat ê kan-sia̍p.

1990 nî sêng-li̍p ê Tajvana Esperantista Asocio  kap ESP Hia̍p-hōe bô le̍k-sú-siōng ê koan-hē.

Tù-chok
-------

* 組織的研究エスペラント講習書 (日本エスペラント協会台湾支部編; 191?, Tâi-oân, 緑星社)

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

* 張炎憲、李筱峰、莊永明 pian, *Tâi-oân Kīn-tāi Bêng-jîn-chì* 《台灣近代名人誌》tē-4-chi̍p, tē 104-105 ia̍h.
* Sè-kài/Ji̍t-pún ê Esperanto Ūn-tōng-sú Nî-pió[*biân-uán bô-hāu liân-kiat*] (Ji̍t-gí)
* Kài-siāu Hân-kok, Tâi-oân ê Sè-kài-gí ūn-tōng Archived 2004-08-11 at the Wayback Machine. (Polska-gí)
Tē 71 tiuⁿ (1892 nî)
***Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe Kong-pò*** (Hàn-jī: 台灣教會公報) sī Tâi-oân tē-1-ê pò-choá, iōng Pe̍h-oē-jī siá--ê.

* *Tâi-oân-hú-siâⁿ Kàu-hōe-pò* (1885 nî 7 goe̍h – 1891 nî 12 goe̍h)
* *Tâi-lâm-hú Kàu-hōe-pò* (1892 nî 1 goe̍h – 1892 nî 12 goe̍h)
* *Tâi-lâm-hú-siâⁿ Kàu-hōe-pò* (1893 nî 1 goe̍h – 1905 nî 12 goe̍h)
* *Tâi-lâm Kàu-hōe-pò* (1906 nî – 1913 nî 6 goe̍h)
* *Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe-pò* (1913 nî 7 goe̍h – 1932 nî 4 goe̍h)
* *Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe Kong-pò* (1932 nî 5 goe̍h – 1942 nî)

Tē 1 tiuⁿ (1885 nî)

Le̍k-sú
-------

So͘-kat-lân kòe Tâi-oân ê Tiúⁿ-ló-kàu soan-tō-su Má Ngá-kok hòng-hiàn beh tī Tâi-oân ìn sin-bûn-chóa ê ìn-soat-ki tī 1881 nî sàng kàu Tâi-oân, tāi-seng sī Pa Khek-lé bo̍k-sú tńg So͘-kat-lâng o̍h ki-su̍t liáu-āu, chiah tī Tâi-oân siat Chū-tin-tông (āu--lâi ê Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe Kong-pò-siā), ìn Tâi-oân Hú-siâⁿ Kàu-hōe-pò hoat-hêng.

Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* 
* 
* Loā Éng-siông: Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe Kong-pò, Kàu-hōe Sú-ōe
* TÂI-OÂN Pe̍h-ōe-jī Bûn-hiàn-koán ()

Wi fi
**Tè Hân** (諦閒; 1858年—1932年), sio̍k sènn Tsu (朱), miâ Kóo Hi (古虛)，hō Tok Sam (卓三). Tiong-kok Tsiat-kang síng Hông-giâm kuān (kin-á-ji̍t ê Tiong-kok Tsiat-kang síng Tâi-tsiu tshī Hông-giâm khu) jîn-sū[1]. Tè Hân huat-su uī Tiong-kok Bîng-bua̍t Tshing-tshoo ê ko-sing (高僧), pîng-sing tù-su̍t hong-si̍k, hông-huat ián-kàu, huè-jîn put-kuān (誨人不倦). Tè Hân i tiông-tsín Thian-tâi huat-me̍h, uī Thian-tâi tsong (天台宗) tē-43 tāi kàu-kuan (教觀) tsóng-tshî (總持), tuì Tkuān iong-kok kīn-tāi Hu̍t-kàu ê huat-tián kòng-hiàn put-tsí-á tuā.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  陳永革 (2003). *佛教弘化的現代轉型: 民国浙江佛教研究 : 1912-1949*. 宗教文化出版社. ISBN 9787801233110.
2. ↑  方祖猷 (2006). *天臺宗觀宗講寺志 (1912-1949)*. 宗教文化出版社. ISBN 9787801238092.

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn
------------------

* 《佛教弘化的現代轉型: 民國浙江佛教研究 : 1912-1949》(Hàn-gí)
* 《天臺宗觀宗講寺志》(1912-1949) (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Tiantai
* Guanzong Temple

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* 諦閑法師二三事 Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn

* 諦閒大師往生記 Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn
* 觀世音菩薩普門品講義（諦閑法師） Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn
**Sòng Chhó͘-jû** (宋楚瑜, 1942 nî 3 goe̍h 16 ji̍t chhut-sì ), Ô͘-lâm Siong-thâm lâng, i ê lāu-pē hō-chòe Sòng Ta̍t. 

Sòng Chhó·-jû chá-kî pit-gia̍p tī Tâi-oân Chèng-tī Tāi-ha̍k Gōa-kau-hē, 1966 nî khì Bí-kok kiû-ha̍k, sian-āu theh-tio̍h California Tāi-ha̍k (University of California) chèng-tī-ha̍k sek-sū, Thian-chú-kàu Tāi-ha̍k (Georgetown University) tô·-su kóan-lí sek-sū kah 'Kiâu-tī-siâⁿ Tāi-ha̍k Chèng-tī-hē tiat-ha̍k phok-sū kok-hāng ha̍k-ūi. 1974 nî chhut-jīm Hêng-chèng-īⁿ Chiúⁿ Keng-kok ê Eng-bûn sī-chiông pì-su, kā Chiúⁿ--sian chò hoan-e̍k. 1979 nî chò Sin-bûn-kiok tāi-lí kiok-tiúⁿ, 1981 nî tòng-sóan Kok-bîn-tóng tē-12 kài tiong-iong úi-ôan, 1984 nî 10 ge̍h jīm Kok-bîn-tóng Tiong-iong Bûn-hòa Kang-chok-sek chú-jīm, 1987 nî 3 ge̍h chhut-jīm Kok-bîn-tóng Tiong-iong Tóng-pō· hù pì-su-tiúⁿ. 1989 nî seng chòe tiong-iong pì-su-tiúⁿ. 1993 nî chhut-jīm séng chú-se̍k, 1994 nî tòng-sóan ûi bîn-sóan séng-tiúⁿ. 1999 nî, hām Kok-bîn-tóng thiah-phòa-bīn, iōng to̍k-li̍p chham-sóan-jîn ê sin-hūn chham-ka 2000 nî chóng-thóng tāi-sóan. Sit-pāi liáu-āu, ka-tī sêng-li̍p chèng-tóng, miâ hō·-chòe Chhin-bîn-tóng, chò tóng chú-se̍k.

  


|  |
| --- |
| **Sòng Chhó͘-jû** |
| chèng-hú chit-bū
 |
| Chiap-sio̍kTeng Bō͘-sî | **Hêng-chèng-īⁿ Sin-bûn-kio̍k kio̍k-tiúⁿ**1979 nî–1984 nî | Kè-sio̍kTiuⁿ Keng-io̍k |
| Chiap-sio̍kLiân Chiàn | **Tâi-oân-séng chèng-hú chú-se̍k**1993 nî–1994 nî | Kè-sio̍kTiō Siú-phok |
| **Sin hâm-thâu** | **Tâi-oân-séng séng-tiúⁿ**1994 nî–1998 nî | **hùi-tû** |
| chèng-tóng chit-bū |
| Chiap-sio̍kLí Teng-hui | **Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng pì-su-tiúⁿ**1989 nî–1993 nî | Kè-sio̍kMá Eng-kiú |
| **Sin hâm-thâu** | **Chhin Bîn Tóng tóng-chú-se̍k**2000 nî– | **hiān-jīm** |

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 52940613
* LCCN: n78023343
* ISNI: 0000 0000 2146 9837
* GND: 1137862270
* NCL: 000000658

 |

 |

Wi fi


1. ↑  Tedards, Bo (15 March 2000). "The many faces of James Soong". *Taipei Times*. 10 July 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.
**Tang Lô-má Tè-kok** (東羅馬帝國, Latin-gí: *Imperium Romanum Orientale*) mā hō **Byzantine Tè-kok**, sī Lô-má Tè-kok ê chi̍t-ê sî-kî, siú-to͘ tī Constantinopolis, sī Lô-má Tè-kok ê iân-sio̍k, tē-it-ê hông-tè sī Constantinus 1-sè, chòe-āu chi̍t-ê sī Konstantinos 11-sè Palaiologos.

Le̍k-sú
-------

### Tè-kok ê sán-seng

480 nî ê léng-thó͘.
Tī 330 nî ê sî-chūn, Constantinus 1-sè kā siú-to͘ sóa-khì Byzantium, koh kā Byzantium kái-miâ chòe "Sīn-Lô-má",chiù-sì sio̍k-chhiann ê "Constantinopolis". Kàu 395 nî ê sî-chūn Lô-má Tè-kok hun-lia̍t chò Tang Lô-má chham Sai Lô-má.

### Bia̍t-bông

1453 nî, Tang Lô-má Tè-kok hō Osman Tè-kok cheng-ho̍k.

Bûn-hòa
-------

Hagia Sophia sī Tang Lô-má Tè-kok ê Tang-chèng-kàu tiong-sim.
### Chong-kàu

Tang Lô-má Tè-kok gôan-lâi ê chú-iàu chong-kàu sī Ki-tok-kàu. 1054 nî, Ki-tok-kàu hun-lia̍t, Tang Lô-má chit-pêng ê kàu-hōe hō-chòe Tang-hong Chèng-thóng Kàu-hōe (Tang-chèng-kàu).

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 144245245
* LCCN: n80085269
* GND: 4009256-2
* SUDOC: 029855381
* BNF: cb121394475 (data)
* BIBSYS: 2090940
* HDS: 029476
* NDL: 00560706
* NKC: ge131496
* BNE: XX451042
* CiNii: DA01210417

 |

 |
**Tō-lō͘-hoat** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: どうろほう*Dōro Hō*) sī Ji̍t-pún tō-lō͘ siong-koan ê hoat-lu̍t.

Hū-chek ê chèng-hú ki-kò͘ sī Kok-thó͘ Kau-thong Séng. Pún hoat kui-hoān-tio̍h Ji̍t-pún tō-lō͘ ê tēng-gī, chéng-pī chhiú-sio̍k, koán-lí hùi-iōng hū-tam chham hoa̍t-chek téng-téng koh-hāng tō-lō͘ siong-koan sū-hāng. Hiān-hêng ê Tō-lō͘-hoat tī 1952 nîChiau-hô 27 nî6--goe̍h chhe 10 kong-pò͘ (-lu̍t tē 180 hō). Hoat-lu̍t ê tùi-siōng sī ko-sok kiau-chhia kok-tō, it-poaⁿ kok-tō, tō͘-tō-hú-koān-tō kah chhī-teng-chhoan-tō, chóng-kiōng 4 lūi (pún hoat tē 3 tiâu).

Kū ê Tō-lō͘-hoat (kū-hoat, 1919 nî Tāi-chèng 8 nîhoat-lu̍t tē 58 hō) tēng-gī tō-lō͘ sī kok-iú kong-bu̍t. Hiān-hêng hoa̍t-chek kan-na ū kok-tō (ko-sok kiau-chhia kok-tō kah it-poaⁿ kok-tō) sī kok-iú kong-bu̍t, nā-sī tō͘-tō-hú-koān-tō kah chhī-teng-chhoan-tō hun-pia̍t sio̍k tō͘-tō-hú-koān kah chhī-teng-chhoan ê kong-bu̍t.

Siong-koan ê hoat-lēng ū Tō-lō͘ Kau-thong-hoat, Ko-sok Kiau-chhia Kok-tō-hoat, Tō-lō͘ Kò͘-chō-lēng, Chhia-lióng Hān-chè-lēng. 1958 nî í-chêng iah-koh-ū Ke-lō͘ Kò͘-chō-lēng ê chûn-chāi.

Kò͘-sêng
--------

* Tē-1 chiong Chóng-chek
* Tē-2 chiong It-poaⁿ Kok-tō chi Ì-gī pēng-ki̍p Kî Lō͘-sòaⁿ Chí-tēng chham Jīn-tēng
	+ Tē-5 tiâu (It-poaⁿ Kok-tō chi Ì-gī ki̍p Kî Lō͘-sòaⁿ Chí-tēng)
* Tē-3 chiong Tō-lō͘ chi Koán-lí
	+ Tē-1 chiat Tō-lō͘ koán-lí-chiá
	+ Tē-2 chiat Tō-lō͘ chi kò͘-chō
	+ Tē-3 chiat Tō-lō͘ chi chiàm-iōng
	+ Tē-4 chiat Tō-lō͘ chi pó-choân téng-téng
	+ Tē-4 chiat chi 2 Tō-lō͘ chi li̍p-thé khu-e̍k
	+ Tē-5 chiat Khoài-sok kong-lō͘ (Ji̍t-pún-gí: 自動車専用道路)
	+ Tē-6 chiat Kha-ta̍h-chhia-tō téng-téng (Ji̍t-pún-gí: 自轉車専用道路)
* Tē-4 chiong Tō-lō͘ Siong-koan Hùi-iōng, Siu-ji̍p ki̍p Kî Hāu-iōng Hū-tam
* Tē-5 chiong Kàm-tok
* Tē-6 chiong Tō-lō͘ Sím-gī-hōe
* Tē-7 chiong Cha̍p-chek
* Tē-8 chiong Hoa̍t-chek

Gōa-pō͘ Liân-kiat
-----------------

* Tō-lō͘-hoat tiâu-bûnArchived 2006-09-08 at the Wayback Machine.
19 sè-kí ê Toā-tiū-tiâⁿ kó͘ siòng-phìⁿ
**Toā-tiū-tiâⁿ** (Hàn: 大稻埕; Eng: *Twatutia*) sī Tâi-pak-chhī Tāi-tông-khu se-lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t ê thoân-thóng tōe-hō-miâ, mā hō-chò **Tiū-kang** (稻江) kap **Tiū-tin** (稻津). In-ūi chia khah-chá ū tōa phìⁿ pha̍k tiū-á ê khang-tōe (稻埕), só͘-í chiah hō-chò Tōa-tiū-tiâⁿ. 1851 nî, Lîm Lâm-tiân (林藍田) ūi-tio̍h beh cháu-phiah hái-chha̍t, ùi Ke-lâng chhian-sóa kàu Tōa-tiū-tiâⁿ chò seng-lí, khai-siat tiàm-thâu, khai-sí tī Tōa-tiū-tiâⁿ chit kak-sì chìn-hêng siong-gia̍p oa̍h-tāng. 1853 nî, Sam-ip-lâng kap Tâng-oaⁿ-lâng ūi-tio̍h Báng-kah po͘-thâu ê khòng-chè khoân-lī, hoat-seng liáu chhia-piàⁿ sū-kiāⁿ; Ē-kau ê Tâng-oaⁿ-lâng bô-la̍t tí-khòng, chhōa Hâ-hái Siâⁿ-hông sóa lâi kàu Tōa-tiū-tiâⁿ; lo̍h-bé tī Tōa-tiū-tiâⁿ piⁿ-á ê Tām-chúi-hô po͘-thâu kau-e̍k chiah ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á heng-ōng--khí-lâi. 1860 nî, Tām-chúi khui káng liáu-āu, Tōa-tiū-tiâⁿ chiâⁿ-chò Tōa-tâi-pak siōng hoân-hôa ê bu̍t-chu chi̍p-sàn tiong-sim, í tê-hio̍h kap pò͘-liāu bō͘-e̍k ûi-chú. Tōa-tiū-tiâⁿ ê tē-hio̍h bō͘-e̍k tī iûⁿ-hâng tòa-niá hā, m̄-nā chhī-tiûⁿ khok-tāi, mā chō-chiū tōa châi-hù kap hoân-êng. Kàu Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi liáu-āu, Ji̍t-siong tí-chè iûⁿ-hâng sè-le̍k, choán chò Ji̍t-pún kap Tang-lâm-a ê seng-lí. Chiàn-āu, Tōa-tiū-tiâⁿ in-ūi Tām-chúi-hô khó-ta ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á tio̍h sit-khì hô-káng ê kong-lîng; lî-chhiáⁿ Tâi-oân só͘ seng-sán ê tê-bí piàⁿ bōe-iâⁿ Sek-lân âng-tê [en] ê kèng-cheng, jî-lâi bān-bān-á chhìn-chhī--lo̍h-khì. Āu-lâi teh Tâi-pak chhī-khu tio̍h chi̍t-pō͘ chi̍t-pō͘ ê hiòng tang-pêng chhī-khu lâi hoat-tián; jîn-kháu mā tāi-liōng sóa chhut. Tōa-tiū-tiâⁿ bô-táⁿ-kín soah chiâⁿ-chò Tâi-pak-chhī gōa-ûi ê lāu-kū chhī-khu.

Chù-sek
-------

1. ↑  因鄰近淡水河（又稱淡江）而以此稱呼。(Hàn-gí)
2. ↑  閩南語的「埕」（Tâi-lô：tiânn）有空地或廣場 [en]之意。(Hàn-gí)

Iân-sin Oa̍t-tho̍k
------------------

* Campbell, William (August 1896). "The island of Formosa: Its past and future". *Scottish Geographical Magazine*. **12** (8): 385–399. doi:10.1080/00369229608732903.
* Davidson, James W. (1903). *The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions*. London and New York: Macmillan & co. OL 6931635M.
* Lee, Daw-Ming (2013). *Historical Dictionary of Taiwan Cinema*. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879225.

Gōa-pō͘ Bāng-liān
-----------------

* 大稻埕碼頭-臺北旅遊網Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn
 (Hàn-gí)
* 大稻埕碼頭-交通部觀光局Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn
 (Hàn-gí)
Tē-1-pún Tan-be̍h-gí ê Sèng-keng, 1550 nî chhut-pán.
**Sèng-keng**, ā sī kóng **Sèng-chheh**, sī A-pek-la̍h-hán-chu-kàu (亞伯拉罕諸教; Eng-gú: *Abrahamic religions*) tang-tiong só͘-ū kàu-phài ê chong-kàu keng-tián, pau-koah Kū-iok Sèng-keng kah Sin-iok Sèng-keng. Ki-tok-kàu só͘ kóng ê Kū-iok sī Iu-thài-kàu ê keng-chheh, Sin-iok sī kì-lio̍k Iâ-so͘ Ki-tok kah i ê bûn-tô͘ kóng--ê ōe, chò--ê tāi-chì, chham in ê kò͘-sū.

Iû-thài-lâng ê sèng-keng Tanakh ùi Iâ-hô-hoa jû-hô chhòng-sè khai-sí, jiân-āu kóng-su̍t kó͘-sî Iû-thài-lâng ê le̍k-sú, jî-chhiáⁿ kì-lo̍k sian-ti ī-giân. 

Ki-tok chong-kàu sèng-keng iû Kū-iok kap Sin-iok nn̄g pō͘-hūn kò-sêng. Si-kàu ê Kū-iok Sèng-keng kap Iû-thài-lâng ê Tanakh lāi-iông lóng kâng-khoán, tān-sī lāi-té ê chiàu-pâi bô-kāng-khoán. Thâu-khí-seng tong Iû-thài-lâng ê Tanakh beh hoan-choh Hi-liap ōe sî, ha̍k-chiá thó-lūn pēng koat-tēng tiâu-chéng lāi-té ê chiàu-pâi. Hiān-kim ê Sèng-keng ha̍k-chiá David Pawson piáu-sī, chit-ê chò-hoat phah-lû goân-pún Iû-thài-lâng su-lō͘ ê hun-lūi, piàn-sêng siū Hi-liap su-sióng ê Kū-iok Sèng-keng. Tī-leh Lō͘-ka Hok-im, Iâ-so͘ ū thê-kàu, "*tùi Mô͘-se kap chèng sian-ti khí, kìⁿ-nā sèng-keng tiong só͘ chí I ê, lóng kā In kóe-bêng*." chì-chió ē-sái khòaⁿ-kìⁿ tùi Iâ-so͘ lâi kóng sèng-keng hun-lūi sī chiàu Mô͘-se kap Sian-ti lâi hūn, m̄-sī chiàu hiān-kim Kū-iok Sèng-keng le̍k-sú kap sian-ti ê hūn-hoat.

Kū-iok Sèng-keng
----------------

Thian-chú-kàu kah Tang-chèng-kàu ê Kū-iok Seng-keng lóng-chóng 46-pún, pau-koah hō· kî-thaⁿ kàu-phài tòng-chò "chhù-keng" ê hit pō·-hūn kah lân-san ê keng-bûn; Ki-tok-sin-kàu ê Kū-iok Sèng-keng kan-na 39 pún; Iu-thài-kàu--ê, kok-khah chió, kan-na 24 pún. Che sī in-ūi Iû-thài Sèng-keng kā pō·-hūn lōe-iông pian chò kāng pún, ah Ki-tok-kàu to̍h kā thiah-khui.

Sin-iok Sèng-keng
-----------------

1970 nî-tāi ê *Âng-phôe Sèng-keng* kan-na ū Sin-io̍k.
Sin-iok Sèng-keng ê sò·-liōng, kok kàu-phài lóng sio-siâng, lóng sī 27 pún. Put-jī-kò, Iu-thài-kàu kah Islam-kàu pēng bô sêng-jīn Sin-iok Sèng-keng.

Hàn-gú pe̍h-ōe Sèng-keng
------------------------

* Bân-lâm-gú hē-thóng
	+ Pa-khek-lé tī 1916 nî chhut-pán Sin-iok, tī 1930 hoan-hó Kū-iok, tī 1933 nî chhut-pán, hō-chò Sin-kū-iok ê Sèng-keng. Iōng Pe̍h-ōe-jī siá. I kap i ê chō·-lí chham-khó chá-chêng, iáu-bōe chiâu-chn̂g ê Pe̍h-oē-jī e̍k-pún.

* Bân-tang-gú hē-thóng
	+ Hok-chiu-ōe sèng-keng, iōng lô-má-jī, 1880 nî chhut-pán 4 Hok-im-su, 1881 nî chhut-pán Sin-iok, 1914 nî chhut-pán Kū-iok.

* Kheh-ōe hē-thóng
* Kńg-tang-ōe hē-thóng
* Ngô͘-gú hē-thóng

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Wikisource ū koan-hē pún bûn-chiong ê goân-sú bûn-pún:
**zh-min-nan:Category:Sèng-keng** |

* Eng-bûn pán-pún kah Hôa-gí pán-pún ê sèng-keng Archived 2004-11-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Ji̍t-gí ê tiâu-iok, tián-sī tī Ji̍t-pún Gōa-bū-séng Gōa-kau Sú-liāu-koán
***Má-koan Tiâu-iok*** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: 馬関条約、Eng-gí: Treaty of Shimonoseki), koh hō-chò ***Ē-koan Tiâu-iok*** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: 下関条約), ***Chheng Ji̍t Káng-hô Tiâu-iok*** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: 日清講和条約) he̍k-chiá ***Tiong Ji̍t Káng-hô Tiâu-iok***, sī Tāi-chheng Tè-kok kah Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok tī 1895 nî 4 goe̍h 17 hō (Tāi-chheng Kong-sū 21 nî 3 goa̍h 23 hō; Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok Bêng-tī 28 nî 4 goe̍h 17 hō) chhiam-tèng ê tiâu-iok.

Chit-ê tiâu-iok chèng-sek soan-kò Kah-ngó͘ chiàn-cheng ê kiat-sok, mā hō͘ Tāi-chheng Tè-kok kā Hok-kiàn Tâi-oân-séng (hâm Phêⁿ-ô͘) kah liâu-lêng-séng lâm-pō͘ ê Liâu-tang Poàn-tó koah hō͘ Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok; Tâi-oân tio̍h ùi-chia khai-sí 50 tang ê Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi. Siâng-sî, Tāi-chheng Tè-kok soan-pò͘ beh hòng-khì tùi Tiâu-sián kúi-pah-tang ê chong-chú-kok tē-ūi, hō͘ Ji̍t-pún ē-sái tī kúi-nā tang í-āu kā Tiâu-sián chiàm-khì. Liâu-tang poàn-tó in-ūi Lō͘-se-a, Tek-kok kah Hoat-kok kài-ji̍p tio̍h bô koah chhut--khì ah.

Chù-kha
-------

1. ↑  Frank W. Ikle, "The Triple Intervention. Japan's Lesson in the Diplomacy of Imperialism." *Monumenta Nipponica* 22.1/2 (1967): 122-130. online Archived 2019-08-26 at the Wayback Machine.
2. ↑  "清日講和條約（1895年，馬關條約）（仿製品）". *國立臺灣歷史博物館*.
3. ↑  百年傳承　走出活路─中華民國外交史料特展- 臺灣光復 Archived 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine.，國立故宮博物院
Thian-tsin bu-pī ha̍k-tông ê tshòng-pān jîn Lí Hông-tsiong.
**Thian-tsin bu-pī ha̍k-tông** (天津武備學堂 (Tientsin Military Academy); koh kiò-tsò "Pak-iông bu-pī ha̍k-tông" (北洋武備學堂; Peiyang Military Academy); "Lio̍k-kun bu-pī ha̍k-tông" (陸軍武備學堂))，khiā-tī Tiong-kok Thian-tsin Tāi-ti̍t koo (大直沽), sī Kong-sū 11-nî (1885-nî) Ti̍t-lē tsóng-tok kiam Pak-iông thong-siong tāi-sîn (北洋通商大臣) Lí Hông-tsiong (李鴻章) teh hing-pān Iông-bū ūn-tōng tang-tiong tshòng-siat, ì-teh thong-kuè sin-sik kàu-io̍k puê-ióng sin-sik lio̍k-kun kun-kuann tíng-tíng sin-hîng kun-sū jîn-tsâi, sī Tiong-kok tē-it sóo khai-tián kīn-tāi kun-sū kàu-io̍k lio̍k-kun ha̍k-tông. Thian-tsin bu-pī ha̍k-tông sîng-li̍p liáu-āu, Tshing-tîng koh-khah kok síng thui-kóng Thian-tsin bu-pī ha̍k-tông sîng-kong ê king-giām, kok-tē hun-hun hing-khí sin-sik lio̍k-kun ha̍k-hāu, lî-tshiánn tsia--ê ha̍k-hāu ê pān-o̍h hong-tsiam, ha̍k-hāu thé-tsè, kàu-ha̍k luē-iông, sīm-tsì hāu-miâ lóng tsham-tsiàu Thian-tsin bu-pī ha̍k-tông ê tsò-huat. 1900-nî, Pat-kok liân-kun kong-hām Thian-tsin ê sî-tsūn, Thian-tsin bu-pī ha̍k-tông hông hûn-huí. Thian-tsin bu-pī ha̍k-tông tsûn-tsāi ê 15 nî-kan, pit-gia̍p ha̍k-sing to-sòo tsiânn-tsò kok síng sin-kun (新軍) ê kut-kàn, kî-tiong Tuān Kî-suī (段祺瑞), Pîng Kok-tsiong (馮國璋), Ông Tsí-tin (王士珍), Tsô Khun (曹錕) tíng-tíng sîng-uî Pak-iông kun-hua̍t siú-líng.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  徐东波 (2017-05-22). "近代中国陆军军官学校的关键性转变——基于北洋武备学堂与保定军校的比较". *保定学院学报* (2017年03期).
2. ↑  姚锦祥 (1992-04-01). "论北洋武备学堂的历史地位及其影响". *南京师大学报（社会科学版）* (1992年01期).

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Pó-tēng lio̍k-kun kun-kuaⁿ ha̍k-hāu (保定陸軍軍官學校/Pó-tīng lio̍k-kun kun-kuann ha̍k-hāu)
* Chheng-kok bú-pī ha̍k-tông lia̍t-tuaⁿ (清朝武備學堂列表/Tshing-kok bú-pī ha̍k-tông lia̍t-tuann)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* 北洋军事学堂简忆Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn
**Tiong-kok Kok-chè Kóng-pò͘ Tiān-tâi** (Hàn-jī: 中国国际广播电台; Eng-gí: China Radio International; **CRI**) , Tiong-kok kok-ka kóng-pò͘ tiān-tâi, sī Tiong-kok ûi-it chi̍t-keng hiòng chôan sè-kài hòng-sàng ê kóng-pò͘ tiān-tâi, Eng-bûn kán-siá sī CRI, tiān-tâi ê chong-chí sī "chhiok-chìn Tiong-kok jîn-bîn hām sè-kài kok ê kok-ka jîn-bîn chi-kan ê liáu-kái kah iú-gî".

Kán-kài
-------

Tiong-kok Kok-chè Kóng-pò͘ Tiān-tâi, chêng khai-pān kàu taⁿ í-keng ū 60 gōa nî ê le̍k-sú. Bo̍k-chiân, múi kang sú-iōng 38 chióng gōa-kok gí-giân hām 4 chióng Hàn-gú ( Hôa-gú, Bân-lâm-gú, Kńg-tang-ōe, Tiô-chiu-ōe, kheh-gú ) hiòng chôan sè-kài chò hòng-sàng, múi kang hòng-sàng ê sî-kan chiong-kūn beh kàu 400 tiám-cheng. Chiat-bo̍k lōe-iông pau-koah sin-bûn, sî-sū, chèng-tī, keng-chè, bûn-hòa, kho-ki chit-kóa-á hong-bīn ê choan-tôe, kóng-pò͘ ê pîn-lu̍t hok-khàm chôan kiû.

Tiong-kok Kok-chè Kóng-pò͘ Tiān-tâi, bô-lūn sī ki-kò͘ ê kui-bô͘, a̍h-sī tùi sè-kài ê éng-hiàng-la̍t, lóng-chóng pâi tī chôan-kiû kāng-hâng ê khah thâu-chêng, hō͘ lâng kong-jîn sī chôan sè-kài tē-saⁿ tōa ê kóng-pò͘ tiān-tâi, kan-na khah su Bí-kok Chi-im (VOA) kah Eng-kok Kóng-pò͘ Kong-si (BBC).
　　
Hiān-chú-sî, Tiong-kok Kok-chè Kóng-pòq Tiān-tâi tī chôan-kiû kok tōa chiu (Continent ) lóng-chóng siat-li̍p tio̍h 27 ê **chù-gōa kì-chiá-chām**, che í-gōa iū-koh tī Tiong-kok kok-lāi kok séng, chhī, chū-tī-khu, Hiong-káng, Ò-mn̂g siat-li̍p chē-chē kì-chiá-chām. Chóng-kóng-chi̍t-kú, Tiong-kok Kóng-chè Kóng-pò͘ Tiān-tâi ê sìn-sit-bāng sī chhiau tōa-hêng--ê.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Tiong-kok Kok-chè Kóng-pò· Tiān-tâi khai-ki ê sî-kan sī kong-gôan 1941 nî 12 ge̍h 3 hō, chho͘-kî múi-kang ê gōa-gú chiat-bo̍k kan-na 3-jī-kú niâ ( hit-tong-sî sī hòng-sàng Ji̍t-gú chiat-bo̍k ). Ùi 1984 nî khai-sí, to̍h sian-āu cheng-ka 2 thò kok-lāi gōa-gú kóng-pò· pîn-tō, kî-tiong ū 1 thò chôan-pò͘ sú-iōng Eng-gú hòng-sàng, lēng-gōa hit thò khiok-sī chhài-iōng to-chióng gú-giân hòng-sàng, pau-koah Eng-gú, Se-pan-gâ-gí, A-la-pek-gí, Hoat-gí, Tek-gí, Hân-gí, Ji̍t-gí, Gô-gí lóng-chóng 8 chióng gōa-gú chiat-bo̍k kah chi̍t-kóa-á im-ga̍k lūi ê chiat-bo̍k.

1987 nî khai-sí, Tiong-kok Kok-chè Kóng-pò· Tiān-tâi lio̍k-sio̍k hām cha̍p-gōa ke gōa-kok ê tiān-tâi kiat-li̍p ha̍p-chok koan-hē, bo̍k-tek sī hō͘-siong chi-kan ē-tàng chóan-pò͘ chiat-bo̍k. Chiah-ê gōa-kok tiān-tâi chú-iàu tī Eng-kok, Hoat-kok, Sūi-se ( Sūi-sū ), Lō͘-se-a ( Gô-lô-su ), Canada, Mali, Pa-se, Kó͘-pa kah Bí-kok. 

Kong-gôan 2000 nî í-lâi, Tiong-kok Kok-chè Kóng-pò͘ Tiān-tâi khai-sí hē-la̍t thok-tián gia̍p-bū khong-kan. Kàu kah 2004 nî 11 ge̍h, í-kéng ū 28 chióng gú-giân lūi ê chiat-bo̍k tī chôan sè-kài 40 gōa ê kok-ka ê tōaⁿ siâⁿ-chhī (pau-koah Tâi-ôan) lo̍h-tē, pêng-kun múi kang hòng-sàng ta̍t kàu 202 tiám-cheng, tong-jiân, siu-thiaⁿ ê hāu-kó mā tōa hok-tō͘ tit-tio̍h kái-siān.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Kok-chè Chāi-sòaⁿ (CRI online)  Archived 2019-10-01 at the Wayback Machine.
A 14th century Japanese scroll of the *Cheng Weishi Lun* (Jp:*Jōyuishikiron*)
**Sêng-î-siak-lūn** (Hoān-bûn：𑖪𑖰𑖕𑖿𑖗𑖢𑖿𑖝𑖰𑖦𑖯𑖝𑖿𑖨𑖝𑖯𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖰，Vijñāpti-mātratā-siddhi; sîng uî-sik lūn), Tiong-kok î-siak-chong li̍p-chong ê chú-iàu lí-lūn i-kù，í tāi-sēng pu̍t-kàu î-siak-chong chhòng-sí-jîn chi-it sè-chhin ê《î-siak saⁿ-cha̍p-siōng》ûi chú-siàn，iû tông-tāi tì-miâ ko͘-chng hiân-chōng sam-chōng hoat-si í hō͘-hoat-ha̍k-soat ûi-chú jiû-ha̍p ìn-tō͘ si̍p-tāi lūn-si ê chhoân-siak phian-ia̍k lâi-ê，siōng ǔ-hoat-thang thé-hiān hoat-siòng î-siak ha̍k-phài ê ki-pún si-sióng.

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Epstein, Ronald. 1985. The Transformation of Consciousness into Wisdom in the Chinese Consciousness-Only School According to the Cheng Wei-Shi Lun.
* 羅時憲 : 唯識方隅 Archived 2020-08-12 at the Wayback Machine.
* excerpt--The Treatise on the Establishment of the Doctrine of Consciousness-Only
* Johnson, Peter Lunde, trans. (2018),  The Discourse On Realizing There is Only The Virtual Nature of Consciousness (Vijñapti Matratā Siddhi, 成唯識論) ISBN 978-0578530-680
***Spy × Family*** (SPY×FAMILY, *Supaifamirī*?) sī chit-pō͘ Ji̍t-pún bàng-gah‎, iû Endô Tatuya goân-chok. Kong-sī Tâi-gí-tâi hòng-sàng ê sî, līng-guā huan-i̍k **Kan-tia̍p Pān-kong-hué-á**.

Tāi-kong
--------

Kak-sek
-------

### Chú-iàu kak-sek

Twilight / Loid Forger ("黄昏"ロイド・フォージャー, *Tazogare Roido Foja*?)
iû Eguti Takuya phòe-im
Chú-kak, tī Ostania(東国) chò tia̍p-pò ê Westalis(西国) téng-chiam kàn-tia̍p, tāi-hō sī "Twilight", ūi tio̍h chiâⁿ-chò kàn-tia̍p í-keng hòng-khì ka-kī ê hō͘-kháu-miâ, chit-chūn iōng--ê Loid Forger ê sin-kè tī Berlint Chong-ha̍p Pēⁿ-iⁿ(バーリント総合病院) cheng-sîn-kho i-seng.
Thorn Princess / Yor Forger ("いばら姫"ヨル・フォージャー, *Ibasahime Yoru Foja*?)
iû Hayami Saori phòe-im
Lú-chú-kak, sèⁿ Briar(ブライア), 27-sè, ài phông-kó, gê thâng. Piáu-bīn sī Berlint Chhī-chèng-hú ê cha-bó͘ koaⁿ-oân, lūn-chin bú-gē ko-bêng ê sat-chhiú, tāi-hō sī "Thorn Princess", sio̍k-î àm-sat cho͘-chit Garden("ガーデン").
Anya Forger ("被検体007"アーニャ・フォージャー, *Aniya Foja*?)
iû Tanezaki Atumi phòe-im
Bond (ボンド, *Bondo*?)

Mûi-thé
-------

### Tōng-ōe

Chè-chok kong-si sī WIT STUDIO kap CloverWorks.

Chù-kha
-------

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām  (Ji̍t-gí)
* Spy × Family ê Twitter bāng-ia̍h (Ji̍t-gí)
**Tâi-oân Bîn-chú Ki-kim-hōe** (hàn-gú: 臺灣民主基金會) sī Tâi-oân ūi-tio̍h chiap-kúi kok-chè siā-hōe ê bîn-chú le̍k-liōng, thàu-kòe hām kok-kok bîn-chú-hòa ê lí-liām kau-liû kap keng-giām hun-hiáng, chi̍t hong-bīn khip-siu sian-chìn bîn-chú kok-ka ê bîn-chú ūn-chok keng-giām, pēng siān-chīn kiōng-tông î-hō͘ bîn-chú phó͘-sè kè-ta̍t ê kok-chè chek-jīm, iân-sio̍k choân-kiû tē-saⁿ pho bîn-chú-hòa ūn-tōng ê lêng-liōng; lēng chi̍t hong-bīn chhî-sio̍k thui-tōng Tâi-oân bîn-chú phín-chit ê thê-seng, pēng chioh-tio̍h choân-kiû bîn-chú liân-hē bāng-lō͘ ê chek-ke̍k chham-ú, khok-tāi cheng-chhú kok-chè siā-hōe ê jīn-tông kap chi-chhî.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "Our Ideas". Taiwan Foundation for Democracy. goân-loē-iông tī 2 August 2018 hőng khó͘-pih. 11 April 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.

Guā-pōo lên-ket
---------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Tâi-oân Bîn-chú Ki-kim-hōe*** |

* Taiwan Foundation for Democracy in English
* 台灣民主基金會 (*Táiwān Mínzhǔ jījīnhuì*) in Chinese
* World Forum for Democracy in Asia
* Asia Democracy and Human Rights Award
* IHRFG: Taiwan Foundation for Democracy
**Tī Tâi-ôan ê Oa̍t-lâm-lâng** sī kóng tòa tī Tâi-ôan ê Oa̍t-lâm-lâng, chú-iàu sī tī Tâi-ôan chò khang-khòe, ia̍h-sī chham Tâi-ôan-lâng kiat-hun lî-chhiáⁿ î-bîn Tâi-ôan. Kî-tiong mā ū chi̍t-kóa sī hui-hoat î-bîn, ia̍h jîn-kháu hòan-bē ê siū-hāi-chiá. Tī Tâi-ôan ê Oa̍t-lâm-lâng tû-liáu Oa̍t-cho̍k í-gōa, mā-ū chi̍t-kóa sī Oa̍t-lâm Hôa-jîn
.

Kin-kì 2006 nî ê thóng-kè, Tâi-ôan tāi-iok ū 104,807 ê Oa̍t-lâm kok-che̍k chía teh oa̍h-tāng, kî-tiong tōa-pō͘-hūn sī lô-kang. Kàu 2007 nî 10 go̍eh ûi-chí, ha̍p-kè ū 69,464 miâ Oa̍t-lâm lô-kang tī Tâi-ôan kang-chok. Lēng-gōa, tī 2006 nî, lóng-chóng ū 10,173 miâ Oa̍t-lâm-lâng kui-hòa chòe Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok kok-che̍k, chiàm kui-nî kui-hòa Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok jîn-sò͘ ê 85%, tōa-hūn sī lú-sèng.

Siong-koan
----------

* Tâi-oân ê Ìn-nî-lâng

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  台灣、中國、越南三方合作搞偷渡 16越南人 搶灘落網 - 自由時報
2. ↑  楊聰榮。《從越南觀點看越南台灣人：越僑全球化與移民精神》。
3. ↑  越南華僑勤學中文 敞開心門迎接新生 - 大愛新聞
4. ↑  外僑居留人數按國籍分 - 中華民國內政部
5. ↑  外籍勞工人數－按國籍分 - 中華民國勞委會
6. ↑  我國國籍之歸化、回復及喪失 - 中華民國內政部
Tâi 74 soàⁿ ê phiau-á
**Séng-tō Tâi 74 soàⁿ** sī Tâi-oân se-pō͘ 1 tiâu Tang-se-hiòng Khoài-sok Kong-lō͘ -- Chiang-Pin Tâi-tiong Soàⁿ, Khoài-koaⁿ (快官) Kau-liû-tō chì Pak-tūn-toan (北屯端) chit-koe̍h hō-chò Tiong-Chiang Khoài-sok Tō-lō͘. Tâi 74 soàⁿ kā Tiong-san Ko-sok Kong-lō͘, Formosa Ko-sok Kong-lō͘ (Jī-ko) kap Ko-sok-thih-lō͘ chiah-ê lâm-pak-hiòng tō-lō͘ kap-chò 1-ê kau-thong-bāng.

Kán-kài
-------

Tiong-Chiang Khoài-sok Tō-lō͘ tī 2002 nî 5 goe̍h 5 thong-chhia, lâm ùi Chiang-hòa-chhī Khoài-koaⁿ tē-khu khai-sí, óng-pak ha̍ⁿh-kòe Tōa-tō͘-khe liáu-āu tī O͘-ji̍t-khu kap Tâi-tiong Seng-oa̍h-khoan 2-hō-soàⁿ (Hoân-Tiong-lō͘ 環中路) ha̍p chò-hóe, hām Tiong-san Ko-sok Kong-lō͘ pêng-hêng. Pak-tūn-toan sòa leh sio-chiap Hoân-Tiong-lō͘, bī-lâi àn-sǹg ē kap Kok-tō 4-hō sio-chiap. Kui tiâu lō͘ sī ko-kè siang-hiòng 6 chhia-tō.

Khoài-koaⁿ Kau-liû-tō óng-sai kap Kok-tō 3-hō kāng soàⁿ, tī Hô-bí Kau-liû-tō pun--khùi, thàng Chiang-Pin Kang-gia̍p-khu. Óng-lâm chiap khì Tâi 74 soàⁿ/Chiang-hòa Tang-gōa-hoân-tō (74-kah), liân-lo̍k Chiang-hòa-chhī Tang-khu, Hun-hn̂g-hiong kap Hoe-toâⁿ-hiong téng-tē.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Kong-lō͘ Chóng-kio̍k lō͘-soàⁿ tô͘

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Tâi-oân ê séng-tō |
| --- |
|  |
| Khoài-sok kong-lō͘ hē-thóng | 
* 61
	+ Kah ·It
* 62
	+ Kah
* 63
	+ Kah
* 64
* 65
* 66
* 68
	+ Kah
* 72
* 74
	+ Kah
* 76
* 78
* 82
* 84
* 86
* 88

 |  |
|  |
| Khoân-tó kong-lō͘ hē-thóng | 
* 1
	+ Kah ·It ·Piáⁿ ·Teng ·Bō͘ ·Kí
* 9
	+ Kah ·It ·Piáⁿ ·Teng ·Bō͘

 |
|  |
| Hoâiⁿ-koàn kong-lō͘ hē-thóng | 
* 7
	+ Kah ·It ·Piáⁿ ·Teng
* 8
	+ Kah
* 16
* 20
	+ Kah ·It

 |
|  |
| Chhiòng-koàn kong-lō͘ hē-thóng | 
* 3
	+ Kah ·It ·Piáⁿ
* 13
	+ Kah
* 19
	+ Kah
* 21
	+ Kah
* 29

 |
|  |
| Pin-hái kong-lō͘ hē-thóng | 
* 2
	+ Kah ·It ·Piáⁿ ·Teng ·Bō͘ ·Kí ·Keⁿ
* 11
	+ Kah ·It ·Piáⁿ
* 15
	+ Kah
* 17
	+ Kah
	+ It
* 26

 |
|  |
| Ko-thih liân-goā kong-lō͘ | 
* 31
* 35
* 37
* 39

 |
|  |
| Liân-lo̍k kong-lō͘ hē-thóng | 
* 4
* 5
	+ Kah
* 6
* 10
	+ It
* 12
* 14
	+ Kah ·It ·Piáⁿ ·Teng
* 18
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 27
	+ Kah
* 28
* 30

 |
|  |
| Tâi-oân ê kong-lō͘ ê hun-kip: Kok-tō - Séng-tō - Koān-tō (Chhī-tō) - Hiong-tō (Khu-tō) - Choan-iōng kong-lō͘ |

 |
**Té pò** (hàn-gú: 邸报; ing-gú: Dibao (ancient Chinese gazette)); koh kiò-tsò Té Tshau (邸抄), Tiâu pò (朝報), Tiâu pó (條報), Tsa̍p pó (雜報)) sī iōng teh Tiong-kok kok tiâu-tāi tiâu-tîng thong-pó ê tsi̍t-tsióng kong-kò-sìng ê sin-bûn pò-tsuá, tsuan-bûn iōng teh tiâu-tîng thuân-ti kong-sī ê bûn-su hām tsìng-tī tsìng-iàu ê sin-bûn bûn-tshau, siōng-tsá tshut-hiān teh Tiong-kok ê hân-tài. Té pò ê tsok-iōng siong-tong kin-á-ji̍t ê tsù-tsāi Pak-kiann ê sin-bûn ki-kòo, sī teh Tiong-iong tsìng-hú tiong-tshu pōo-mn̂g thóng-it kuán-lí tsi-hā huat-hîng. Té pò ê tiōng-tiám teh thuân-ta̍t tiâu-tsìng siau-sit, nā-sī thian-tsú ê tsiàu-thik (詔敕), sîn-liâu tsàu-gī (臣僚奏議) í-kip iú-kuan kuann-uân jīm-bián tiàu-tshian tíng-tíng, lóng-sī té-lī (邸吏) in sóo su-iàu siu-tsi̍p tshau-lio̍k ê luē-iông.

İû-î Té pò siōng-tāi-sian sī-iû tiâu-tîng lāi-pōo thuân-tshau, liáu-āu tō tah--ê kiong-mn̂g, hōo ta̍k-ke thuân-tshau, "ia̍h hōo-siong thuân-pò, án-ne hông tsai-iánn tiâu-tsìng.", sóo-í koh kiò-tsò "kiong-mn̂g tshau" (宮門抄), "uân-mn̂g tshau" (轅門抄), si̍t-tsè siōng tio̍h-sī siōng-tsá ê tsi̍t-tsióng sin-bûn huat-pòo ê hong-sik.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  Lamont, Ian, "The Rise of the Press in Late Imperial China" Ia̍h-bīn tshûn tóng pī-hūn
, November 27, 2007. (Hàn-gí)
2. ↑  余继登《典故纪闻》275页. (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Sòng-pāi lūi-chhau [zh] (Sòng-pāi luī-tshau)
* Chheng-pāi lūi-chhau [zh] (Tshing-pāi luī-tshau)
* Iú-iông cha̍p-chú [zh] (Iú-iông tsa̍p-tsú)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* , *Canadian Library Journal*, 1992
* Mitchell Stephens, History of Newspapers For Collier's Encyclopedia\* \*
* 歷史篇下冊備課講義第一二章 (Hàn-gí)
**Tōo Hōng-tī** (hàn-gú: 杜鳳治; 1814-nî 6-gue̍h 11ji̍t - 1883-nî 4-gue̍h 4-ji̍t), jī Pênn-siok (平叔), hō Hiō-san (後山), Tiong-kok tsiat-kang siāu-hin [en] siāu-hin [en] san-im tiông-tn̂g [en]-jîn, Tshing-tiâu tsìng-tī jîn-bu̍t, kú-jîn [zh] tshut-sin.

Sing-ping
---------

Tōo Hōng-tī ka-tso̍k tsò-kuann ê lâng bē-tsió, Lé-pōo sū-lông Tōo-liân [zh] (杜聯) sī Tōo Hōng-tī ka-tso̍k lâi ê ti̍t-á, Liû-iông ti-kuān [zh] Tōo Kim-kàm (杜金鑒) sī Tōo Hōng-tī ê a-peh. Hōng-tī gín-á sî-tsūn tuè-tio̍h Tōo Hōng-tī ê lāu-pē Tōo Kim-kàm (杜清鑒) tuè-tio̍h a-peh tsò-kuann khì-kàu Ôo-lâm. Tī 1843-nî, Tōo Hōng-tī kho-tiâu Tō-kong [en] kuí-báu sūn-then [zh] hiong-tshì [zh] hù-kòng, tī 1844-nî khó-tshú Tō-kong kap-sîn un-kho kú-jîn [zh] kong-bîng. 1847-nî huē-tshì pò-miâ liáu-āu, in-uī lāu-pē kuè-sin hām Thài-pîng thian-kok ê guân-in, Tōo Hōng-tī bô-tàng tsài-tōo tsham-ka huē-tshì, tshú-āu iah-bô hi̍k-tit tsìn-sū ê kong-bîng. Thong-kuè "tāi-thiau" (大挑) tsè-tōo, Tōo Hōng-tī tsiân-āu 30 guā-pái tsham-ka thiau-suán kú-jîn uî ti-kuān [zh] ê bīn-tshì, lóng bô suán-tiâu. Hit-tong-sî, kú-jîn thong-kuè phīng-sue-ōng kuān-līng póo-khuat ê kài-lu̍t tsiânn-kē, tsik-sú sī tsìn-sū mā-ū khó-lîng beh tán-hāu tsiânn-tsē nî. Tōo Hōng-tī tsū-án-ne hòng-khì hāu-suán tsu-keh, hiòng tiâu-tîng kuan-khuán to-ē ka-khuài pōo-khuat ê tîng-su, tsuè-āu tī Tông-tī 5-nî khò-tio̍h ūn-khì tit--tio̍h Kńg-tang kóng-lîng-kuān kuān-līng 的 tsit-uī.

Tông-tī 10-nî (1871-nî), tam-jīm tshing-tiâu Kńg-tsiu-hú [zh] Lâm-hái-kuān ti-kuān [zh]. Liáu-āu Lâm-hái-kuān ti-kuān [zh] iû Ia̍p Tāi-tông [zh] tsiap-jīm.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  邱捷 (2021). *晚清官场镜像--杜凤治日记研究*. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社. ISBN 9787520182010.  (Hàn-gí)
2. ↑  政协南海县委员会文史组 (1983.07). *南海文史资料 第2辑*. 政协南海县委员会. pp. 90–94.  (Hàn-gí)
3. ↑  《南海市政府志》编纂委员会编纂 (2007.11). *南海市政府志 2007*. 广州：广东经济出版社. pp. 79–83. ISBN 978-7-80728-749-0.  (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn
------------------

* 邱捷,"晚清官場鏡像--杜鳳治日記研究",社會科學文獻出版社.北京.2021-05. ISBN 978-7-5201-8201-0 (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* kú-jîn [zh]

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* 访谈︱邱捷：州县官杜凤治日记中的晚清官场 (Hàn-gí)
* 杜凤治日记：53岁终于当上广东广宁县知县，靠的是氪金买官和运气 (Hàn-gí)
* 邱捷、刘志伟：把读者带进活生生历史现场的《杜凤治日记》 (Hàn-gí)
**Tek-chhàm-siâⁿ** sī Tâi-oân tī Chheng léng sî-tāi Iong-chèng goân nî (1723 nî) tī tㆩ sin-tek-chhī tiong-sim khí ê sêng-hông, sī hit-tang-chūn Tām-chúi-thiaⁿ thiaⁿ-tī só͘-chāi-tē, āu-lâi Tâi-pak-hú siat-li̍p, Tām-chúi-thiaⁿ siâⁿ kái chò Sin-tek-koān siâⁿ. Chit-má chhun lo̍h-lâi ê siâⁿ-tî sī tī Tō-kong 9 nî (1829 nî) khí hó ê. Ū-sī mā ē iōng "Tek-chhàm-siâⁿ" chheng-ho͘ Sin-tek-chhī. Gêng-hi-mn̂g (迎曦-) sī taⁿ ûi-it lâu lo̍h-lâi ê siâⁿ-mn̂g, sī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok ê kok-tēng kó͘-chek.

Le̍k-sú
-------

*Tām-chúi-thiaⁿ chì* (1871 nî) lāi-té ê Tek-chhàm-siâⁿ tô͘
Chheng-tiâu tú-á thóng-tī Tâi-oân ê sî, kiaⁿ liû-bîn ē hoán-loān, bat kìm-chí Tâi-oân khí chio̍h-chng-á siâⁿ, só͘-í Tek-chhàm-siâⁿ goân-pún sī iōng chèng tek-á tāi-thè chng-á piah. 1806 nî chèng-hú kā tek-á-siâⁿ kái chò thó͘ siâⁿ. 1827 nî, Tēⁿ Iōng-sek kiàn-gī khí chio̍h-chng-á siâⁿ, Chheng-tiâu chèng-hú tông-ì liáu-āu, tī keh-nî khai-sí khí chng-á siâⁿ.

Tī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi, chèng-hú tī Tâi-oân si̍t-si chhī-khu kái-chèng. 1902 nî, siâⁿ-piah kah siâⁿ-lâu lóng hō͘ thiah-tû, kan-na chhun tang-mn̂g (Gêng-hi-mn̂g) lâu lo̍h-lâi. Hō͘-siâⁿ-hô mā pìⁿ chò chúi-chùn.

Siòng-phìⁿ
----------

* Gêng-hi-mn̂g siâⁿ-lâuGêng-hi-mn̂g siâⁿ-lâu
* Gêng-hi-mn̂g téng-koân ê pián, 1828 nî siá êGêng-hi-mn̂g téng-koân ê pián, 1828 nî siá ê
* Siâⁿ-mn̂gSiâⁿ-mn̂g
* Lō͘ tiong-ng îⁿ-khoân lāi-té ê Gêng-hi-mn̂gLō͘ tiong-ng îⁿ-khoân lāi-té ê Gêng-hi-mn̂g
* Kiô-tun ûi-chekKiô-tun ûi-chek
* Sin Kiàn Tâi-oân-hú Tām-chúi-theng Sêng Pi KìSin Kiàn Tâi-oân-hú Tām-chúi-theng Sêng Pi Kì
* Tek-chhàm-siâⁿ hō͘-siâⁿ-hôTek-chhàm-siâⁿ hō͘-siâⁿ-hô

Chham-khó Chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  環輿資料庫採訪編輯 (2010). *《桃竹苗》*. 環輿. pp. 第115頁. ISBN 9789866825484.

* 新竹文化地圖，潘國正編，1997

Gōa-pō͘ Liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Hsinchu City East Gate*** |

* 新竹市政府全球資訊網 Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn
* 新竹文化歷史古蹟 Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn
* 中央氣象局24H全天監視竹塹城即時影像 Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn
* 新竹的發展 Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn
**Tân Éng-tô** (陳永淘, Kheh-oē Chhṳ̀n Yún-thò), sù-siông kiò chò "Â-thò" (阿淘), sī Tâi-oân ê 1 ê gē-su̍t-ka, koa-iâu chhòng-chok-ka kiam koa-chhiú. I choan-tô͘ chhòng-chok hiān-tāi Kheh-gí koa. Chú-iàu ê ga̍k-khì sī gí-tah.

Toān-kì
-------

Tân Éng-tô chhut-sì tī Sin-tek-koān Koan-se-hiong (關西鄉) ê Lâm-mn̂g-khàm-ē (南門崁下). Chng-kha oá-kīn tāi-chū-jiân ê chit khoán khoân-kéng āu--lâi pìⁿ chò i chhòng-chok "Theù-pái ke Sṳ-chhìn" (Éng-koè ê Tāi-chì) ê choâⁿ-thâu. 13 hoè sî, toè lāu-pē lī-khui kò͘-hiong khì kah Tâi-pak. Chheng-siàu-liân ê Éng-tô kèng-ka bô chhù-bī tha̍k-chheh. Kin-kù i ê bāng-chām, "Ko-tiong sî-chūn khai-sí sńg gí-tah, bat chhut-khì-liû, mā bat hông thoè-o̍h." Ū 1-chām-á tiàm soaⁿ-po͘ koè seng-oa̍h. Ko-tiong tông-téng ha̍k-le̍k khó tiâu liáu-āu tō khì chò-peng; kun-tiong mî-noā liān gí-tah ê kang-hu. 

Thoè-ngó͘ liáu-āu khó tiâu Sè-sin Tāi-ha̍k tiān-iáⁿ pian-tō (編導) iā-kan-pō͘, ji̍t--sî tiàm *Iá-goā Cha̍p-chì* chò khì-e̍k kap pian-chi̍p ê khang-khoè. Bat toè koè Tēⁿ Bêng-lêng (鄭明能) kàu-siū tī pak-pō͘ soaⁿ-khu gián-kiù seng-thài. Ū kiat koè hun m̄-koh hun-in sit-pāi. Āu-lâi oāⁿ koè kî-thaⁿ ê thâu-lō͘, chóng--sī lâng ná lâi ná bô goân-khì, tō kā 3 ê thâu-lō͘ lóng sî-tiāu, lī-khui to͘-chhī, tò khì koè chū-iû ê ji̍t-chí. I khì kah Tâi-pak-koān Sam-chi-hiong ê 1 ūi kiông beh pha-hng ê só͘-chāi, khai-sí kioh lâng tàn hìⁿ-sak ê hāi mi̍h-á lâi kái chò gē-su̍t-phín, kang-chok-sek hō "Kim-sio̍k Kái-hòng", chiân-āu 7~8 tang kú. Hit ê khám-chām, pē-bó, a-kong oan-ná poaⁿ khì hia toà. 

1996 nî, a-kong phoà-pēⁿ, Tân Éng-tô ūi beh hō͘ a-kong hoaⁿ-hí, tō gia̍h peng-iú Kiuⁿ Ióng (姜勇) sàng ê gí-tah khai-sí chhòng-chok Kheh-oē koa. Āu--lâi ê chi̍t-koá chhòng-chok ū siū tio̍h pêng-iú khéng-tēng, i tō tò khì Tâi-pak, chiah koh tùi hia hoan-thâu tńg khì Sin-tek, tiàm hia sì-kè cháu-chhiùⁿ.

Tân Éng-tô choè-kīn kúi nî tiàm Sin-tek chháu-tē khiā-khí, hē chin chē cheng-sîn chò tē-hng ê khoân-pó khang-khoè, bat tam-jīm (峨眉) Aì-hiong Hia̍p-chìn-hoē ê chóng-kàn-sū

Im-ga̍k chok-phín
-----------------

* 頭擺的事情 (1997)
* 離開台灣八百米 阿淘的歌 (2000)
* 阿淘和孩子一起 下課啦 (2000)
* 水路 (2003)

Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Kū koaⁿ-hong chām (archive.org ê khò͘-chûn)
* Choan-chip Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine.
Entrez logo
**Entrez** (IPA: [ɒnˈtreɪ]) Tsuân-kio̍k tshâ-sûn khua sòo-kì hē-thóng (Global Query Cross-Database Search System ) sī tsi̍t-ê liân-ha̍p tshiau-tshuē e̋n-jín hi̍k-tsiá mn̂g-hōo bāng-tsām, ún-tsún iōng-tsiá teh Kok-ka sing-bu̍t ki-su̍t sìn-sit tiong-sim (National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)) bāng-tsām tíng-kuân tshiau-tshuē tsiânn-tsē lī-suànn ê kiān-khong kho-ha̍k sòo-kì. NCBI sī kok-ka i-ha̍k tôo-su-kuán (National Library of Medicine (NLM)) ê tsi̍t-pōo-hūn; koh-lâi Kok-ka i-ha̍k tôo-su-kuán pún-sin koh-sī Bí-kok kok-li̍p uē-sing gián-kiù-īnn (National Institutes of Health (NIH)) ê tsi̍t-ê pōo-mn̂g, lî-tshiánn NIH koh-sī Bí-kok uē-sing kì kong-tsiòng ho̍k-bū-pōo ê tsi̍t-pōo-hūn. Suán-ti̍k "Entrez" (teh huat-gú lāi-té sī "ji̍p-lâi" ê būn-hāu gú) tsit-ê bîng-tshing sī uī-tio̍h thé-hiàn huan-gîng kong-tsiòng tshiau-tshuē NLM the̍h-kióng ê luē-iông tsing-sîn.

Entrez Global Query sī tsi̍t-êj tsi̍p-sîng ê tshiau-tshuē hām kiám-sik hē-thóng; ē-tàng thong-kuè tan-ê tshâ-sûn jī-hû tshuàn kap iōng-tsiá kài-bīn, tông-sî hóng-mn̄g sóo-ū ê sòo-kì-khòo. Entrez ē-sái ū-hāu lâi kiám-sik siong-kuan hē-lia̍t, kiat-kòo kap tsham-khó bûn-hiàn. Entrez hē-thóng ē-tàng the̍h-kióng ki-in hām nn̄g-pe̍h-tsit hē-lia̍t, í-ki̍p ní-sik-thé tôo-phóo ê sī-tôo. Tsi̍t-kuá-á kàu-kho-su mā ē-sái thong-kuè Entrez hē-thóng tsāi-suànn lai hi̍k-tshú.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "Definition of 'entrez'". *Collins Dictionary [Internet]*.
2. ↑  NCBI Resource Coordinators (2012). "Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information". *Nucleic Acids Research*. **41** (Database issue): D8–D20. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1189. PMC 3531099 Freely accessible. PMID 23193264.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* UniGene
* Genome project
* PubChem

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Entrez search engine form
* Entrez Help
तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड philip तेरा नुनु कटगया मादरचोस तेरी बीवी को काट काट कर रेप करके फेंक दिया मादरचोड philip तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड philip तेरा नुनु कटगया मादरचोस तेरी बीवी को काट काट कर रेप करके फेंक दिया मादरचोड philip तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड philip तेरा नुनु कटगया मादरचोस तेरी बीवी को काट काट कर रेप करके फेंक दिया मादरचोड philip तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड philip तेरा नुनु कटगया मादरचोस तेरी बीवी को काट काट कर रेप करके फेंक दिया मादरचोड philip तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड philip तेरा नुनु कटगया मादरचोस तेरी बीवी को काट काट कर रेप करके फेंक दिया मादरचोड philip तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड philip तेरा नुनु कटगया मादरचोस तेरी बीवी को काट काट कर रेप करके फेंक दिया मादरचोड philip तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड philip तेरा नुनु कटगया मादरचोस तेरी बीवी को काट काट कर रेप करके फेंक दिया मादरचोड philip तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड philip तेरा नुनु कटगया मादरचोस तेरी बीवी को काट काट कर रेप करके फेंक दिया मादरचोड philip तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड philip तेरा नुनु कटगया मादरचोस तेरी बीवी को काट काट कर रेप करके फेंक दिया मादरचोड philip तेरा सर तन से जुड़ा हुआ मादरचोड
**Pak-iông sûn-kìng ha̍k-tông** (hàn-gú: 北洋巡警學堂), sī Tiong-kok siōng-tsá ê kìng-tshat ha̍k-hāu ê bîng-tshing, mā kiò-tsò Thian-tsin kìng-bū ha̍k-tông (天津警務學堂), sîng-li̍p tī 1902-nî.

Ên-kik
------

Tong-sî kin-kì Sin-thiú tiâu-iok, Thian-tsin tē-khu bē-tàng tsù-kun, Uân Sè-khái kā kun-tuī kái-pian tsò sûn-kìng tsìn-ji̍p Thian-tsin tē-khu; pīng-tshiánn siat-li̍p kìng-bū ha̍k-tông, tē-tsí sī teh Tiong-kok Thian-tsin Hô-pak (河北) Tê-tiôu tshun (堤頭村), iû Thian-tsin sûn-kìng tsóng-kàm Tiáu Píng-kun hū-tsik tiû-kiàn. 1903-nî kah Pó-tīng kìng-bū ha̍k-tông (保定警務學堂) ha̍p-pìng, kái-miâ tsò "Pak-iông sûn-kíng ha̍k-tông". 1911年 (Suan-thòng 3-nî) 5-gue̍h，Pak-iông sûn-kíng ha̍k-tông koh-tsài pìng-ji̍p Pó-tīng hú sûn-kìng ha̍k-tông (保定府巡警學堂) hām Thian-tsin siat sûn-kìng kàu-liān-sóo (天津設巡警教練所). Pak-iông sûn-kíng ha̍k-tông lóng-tsóng puê-hùn kuann-kìng ta̍t-kàu 25-kî, pit-gia̍p sing jîn-sòo ū 3,632 jîn.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  顧明遠．教育大辭典．上海教育出版社，1998年 (Hàn-gí)
2. ↑  "北洋巡警学堂刊印的《国文课本》" Archived 2023-08-03 at the Wayback Machine.近代警察史博物館,retrieved Aug.3,2023. (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* King-tsí puê-khuán (庚子賠款)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* 北洋巡警學堂 (Hàn-gí)
Campora San Giovanni.
**Campora San Giovanni** sī Ì-tāi-lī Amantea Hêng-chèng-khu o̍eh ê Ti̍t-hat-chhī, tī Cosenza-séng kah Catanzaro-séng ê pian-kài.

Keng-chè
--------

I ê Keng-chè sī ki-î Lông-gia̍p ki̍p lí-iû, chiông 1950 nî-tāi í-lâi, í-keng pôe-iáng kahhoat-tián Âng iûⁿ-chhang, chhut-siû kàu kok-lāi kah kok-gōa chhī-tiûⁿ. Tī kè-khì Jī-cha̍p nî chi-lāi ū kè-sio̍k chhut-kháu Âng iûⁿ-chhang sán-phín，ka-siōng kî-thaⁿ ê siong-gia̍p o̍ah-tāng, tùi tong-tē Keng-chè ū-lī.

Tē-lí
-----

Le̍k-sú kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t
-----------------------

Chi̍t-ê Cha̍p-sì sè-kí ê tōa-thah sī ûi-it hián-tù ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t.

Tong-tē bí-si̍t
---------------

Campora San Giovanni ê bí-si̍t phó͘-thong lâi-chū Lông-gia̍p kah Hî-gia̍p thôan-thóng. I pau-koat kán-tan chhài-ngâu, ho̍k-cha̍p ko-tiám ki̍p ti-bah téng-téng:

### Phô-tô-chiú

Tong-tē phô-tô-chiú hián-tù, te̍k-pia̍t sī Âng Phô-tô-chiú; chòe ū-miâ ê sī "savuto" kah Kài-lo̍k phín-chéng.

Cha̍p-hāng
----------

* I chú-iàu kàu-tn̂g sī kiàn-siat tī 1956-nî.

Gōa-pō͘ Liân-chiap
------------------

* Campora San Giovanni
**Ông Thiam-teng** (王添灯; 1901 nî 6 goe̍h 24 – 1947 3 goe̍h 11 [sit-chong]), Tâi-oân-séng Séng-chham-gī-goân, Jī-jī-pat Sū-kiāⁿ Chhú-lí Uí-oân-hoē soan-thoâⁿ-cho͘-tíuⁿ.

Ông Thiam-teng 1901 nî 6 goe̍h 24 ji̍t chhut-sì tī Tâi-pak Sin-tiàm An-khiⁿ. Kong-ha̍k-hāu chhut-gia̍p liáu-āu khì Sin-tiàm Chng-ia̍h-tiûⁿ (庄役場) kang-chok. 1930 nî tam-jīm Tâi-oân Tē-hng-chu-ti Liân-bêng Tâi-pak Chi-pō͘ huh-chek-jîn. 1931 nî chhòng-lip Bûn-san Tê-hâng, keng-êng hui-siông sêng-kong, mā piàn-chó chèng-tī ê tiûⁿ-só͘. 1931 nî 4 goe̍h chhut-pán *Tâi-oân Chhī-ke-chng-chèng Chī Si̍t-chè* thó-lūn Tâi-oân tē-hng-chu-tī ê bûn-tê.

Chiong-chiàn liáu-āu, kè-siok tê-hio̍h ê seng-lí, tam-jīm Tê-hiō-kong-hoē lí-sū-tiúⁿ, mā tī chèng-toâⁿ kap sin-bûn-kài chin jia̍t-sim. 1946 nî tòng-soán Tâi-oân-séng chham-gī-goân, Tâi-pak kan-nā Ông Thiam-teng kap N̂g Tiâu-khîm 2 ê. 
I tī le Séng-chham-gī-hoē té-té 28 kang ê hoē-kî lāi-té, thê-chhut 13 kiāⁿ tan-tok thê-àn kap 5 kiāⁿ liân-hap thê-àn, hoat-giân 81 pái. Siòng chhut-miâ ê chit-sûn sī *Tâi-oân Thn̂g-pau* kap *Peh-hiah Chia̍h A-phiàn*. 

Kok-bîn-tóng cha̍p-siū Tâi-oân liáu-āu, chhut-sán thn̂g ê Tâi-oân soah bé bô thn̂g? Ông Thiam-teng kap Lîm Ji̍t-ko chit-sûn [Chu-oân-huí-oân-huì chiap-siu Tâi-thn̂g ê 15 bàn tóng ê thn̂g ê hē-lō, Goân-lâi sī Tâi-oân Hêng-chèng-tiúⁿ-koaⁿ Kong-sú kā Tâi-thn̂g chiap-siū Ji̍t-bún ê 15 bàn tóng ê thn̂g thau ūn khì Tiong-kok thàn toā-chîⁿ. Ông Thiam-teng chit-sûn kóng "Tân Gî Tiúⁿ-koaⁿ chin koan-hoâi Tâi-oân-tông-pau khui-chhuì ha̍p-chhuì lóng-sī Tâi-oân tông-pau, chin put-hèng hiah ê cha̍p-siū Tâi-oân koan-sim ê sī Tâi-oân thn̂g-pau m̄ sī Tâi-oân tông-paú́."

Ông Thiam-teng kap Lîm Ji̍t-ko mā chit-sûn Bó͘-ek-kio̍k kap Choan-bē-kio̍k su-thun sò͘-chhiⁿ-bàn ê cha̍p-siu bu̍t-chu, Ông Thiam-teng mn̄g Choan-bē-kio̍k kio̍k-tiúⁿ Jīn Uî-kun "Lí chai-iáⁿ m̄ chai-iáⁿ Choan-bē-kiok pò-siāu 70 kong-kin a-phiàn ê tāi-chì?" Jīn Uî-kun kóng "Thiaⁿ-kóng sī khì hō͘ peh-hiah chiah khì." Ông Thiam-teng kóng goá chhiàⁿ choan-ka lâi chhì-giām, chèng-bêng a-phiàn sī khì hō͘ lâng chia̍h khì m̄ sī peh-hiah.

Jī-jī-pat Sū-kiāⁿ hoat-seng liáu-āu i tan-jīm Jī-jī-pat Sū-kiāⁿ Chhú-lí Uî-goân-hoē soaⁿ-thoâⁿ-cho͘-tíuⁿ, tuì Tân Gî Chèng-hú thê-chhut *Chhú-lí-tâi-kong*. 3 goeh 9 ji̍t poàⁿ-mî, hiàn-peng pau-uî Ông Thiam-teng ê chhù, kā i liah-cháu. 

Kin-kù bok-kek-chiá ê hôe-ek, Ông Thiam-teng khì hō͘ hiàn-peng tē 4 thoân thoân-tiúⁿ Tiuⁿ Bo͘-thô phoà khì-iû lâi sio--sì.

Chām-goā liân-kiat
------------------

* 228 Sū-kiān Kì-liām Ki-kim-hoē: Ông Thiam-teng ê siāu-kài Archived 2008-06-05 at the Wayback Machine.
| ?Âng-chhang-thâu |
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| Chéng: | ***A. ascalonicum*** |
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| ***Allium ascalonicum***L. |
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**Âng-chhang-thâu** sī chhang-sio̍k ê si̍t-bu̍t.

Âng-chhang-thâu sī khiàn-phang iōng-ê châi-liāu, chìⁿ-liáu phang-kòng-kòng. Ē-tàng būn bí-ko, būn iû-pn̄g, chò kóe, pa̍k chàng. Liāu-lí ê ùn-liāu chham âng-chhang-thâu mā chin ū khì-bī.

Goân-sán tī Se-a ê âng-chhang-thâu ha̍k-miâ *Allium ascalonicum* L. (tông-gī-sû: *Allium hierochuntinum* Boiss. *Allium cepa* L. var. *aggregatum* G. Don), ū choan-ka jīn-ûi sī chhang-thâu (*A. cepa*) ê 1 chióng. Goân-sán Tiong-a ê *Allium oschaninii* O. Fedtsch. mā ē-sái kóng sī 1 chióng âng-chhang-thâu.

Tô͘
---

* Tâi-oânTâi-oân
* Hoat-kok lâm-pō͘Hoat-kok lâm-pō͘

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

* Fritsch RM, Friesen N. 2002. Evolution, Domestication, and Taxonomy. Tī *Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances*, Rabinowitch HD, Currah L ha̍p-pian. 2006/8/8 hā-chài.
* Chhit-kó͘ Hong-chêng: Âng-chhang-thâu Archived 2006-11-11 at the Wayback Machine.

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| Holopedia | *Chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ pún-té khan tī holopedia.net.* |
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| Toā-tn̂g-khún  *Escherichia coli* |
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| Acidobacteria
Actinobacteria
Aquificae
Bacteroidetes
Chlamydiae
Chlorobi
Chloroflexi
Chrysiogenetes
Cyanobacteria
Deferribacteres
Deinococcus-Thermus
Dictyoglomi
Fibrobacteres
Firmicutes
Fusobacteria
Gemmatimonadetes
Nitrospirae
Planctomycetes
Proteobacteria
Spirochaetes
Thermodesulfobacteria
Thermomicrobia
Thermotogae
Verrucomicrobia |

**Sè-khún** (細菌; *bacterium*; ba̋i-kín) sī sò·-bo̍k chìam chiok-chē ê iú-ki-thé. Sè-khún pī the̍h-lâi chí-chheng prokaryotes he̍k eubacteria sīm-chí pau-koah Archaea. Chia, sè-khún kan-taⁿ kóng-sī eubacteria. Gián-kiù sè-khún ê ha̍k-būm kìo-chò sè-khún-ha̍k, sī bî-seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê kî-tiong chi̍t pō·-mn̂g. 

Sè-khún sī só·-ū seng-bu̍t lāi-té sò·-liōng siāng-chē ê. In kóng-hoat chûn-chāi tī thô·-bah, chúi ê khoân-kéng, koh kah kî-thaⁿ seng-bu̍t kiōng-seng (symbiosis). Chiok-chē pēⁿ-goân-thé sī sè-khún. Sè-khún ê hêng-thé chiâⁿ-sè, éng-éng kan-taⁿ 0.5 kàu 5.0 μm hiah-tōa, sui-bóng ū-ê khah-tōa chhiūⁿ Thiomargarita namibiensis kap Epulopiscium fishelsoni ē tōa-kàu chhiau-kòe 0.5 mm. In it-poaⁿ ū sè-pau-piah, chhiūⁿ si̍t-bu̍t kap ko͘ hit-khoán, m̄-koh, sè-khún ê sè-pau-piah chèng-siông sī peptidoglycan só· kò·-sêng, m̄-sī cellulose (tī si̍t-bu̍t), ia̍h-m̄-sī chitin (tī *fungus*), kah eukaryote ê sè-pau-piah mā-m̄-sī sio-kâng-goân-thâu ê. Chiâⁿ-chē ē ēng flagellum lâi sóa-tín-tang, m̄-koh in ê kò·-chō kah kî-thaⁿ seng-bu̍t ê bô-kâng.
Fort Anthonio, Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ ê 1 pō͘-hūn

**Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ** (紅毛城, Se-pan-gâ-gí: Fuerte de Santo Domingo), 1628 nî Se-pan-gâ-lâng tī Tâi-oân pak-po· ê Hō·-bóe khí ê siâⁿ.

Le̍k-sú
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Kàu 1642 nî ê sî, Hô-lân-lâng ǹg-pak kóaⁿ-cháu Se-pan-gâ-lâng. In-ūi Hô-lân-lâng sio̍k-chheng Âng-mn̂g, ta̍k-ke sòa-lâi khai-sí kā San Domingo Siâⁿ kái-kiò **Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ**. 1661 nî, Tēⁿ Sêng-kong kóaⁿ-cháu chôan Tâi-oân ê Hô-lân-lâng. Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ lo̍h-ji̍p Bêng-chèng ê chhiú-thâu. 1681 nî Bêng-chèng bat siu-lí Âng-mn̂g-siaⁿ, jî-chhiáⁿ phài peng chū-siú. Nn̄g-nî-āu (1683 nî), Chheng-tiâu chhu̍t-peng phah-pāi Bêng-chèng, Tâi-oân siu-ji̍p Chheng-tiâu ê pán-tô·. Chi̍t-khai-sí ū phài an-pêng-chù-su tēng-kî sûn-sī Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ, kàu Khong-hi òan-kî chiām-chiām sit-siu. Tī 1724 nî, Tām-chúi-thiaⁿ siu-lí Âng-mn̂g-siâ. Aū--lâi tī 1860 nî, Chheng-tiâu kap Eng-kok chhiam Thian-chin Tiâu-iok. Àn Thian-chin Tiâu-iok, su-iàu khai-hòng Hō·-bóe ê káng-káu hō͘ gōa-kok-lâng chò seng-lí. 1861 nî Eng-kok tī Hō·-bóe siat léng-sū-kóan. 1868 nî, Eng-kok kah léng-sū-kóan sóa lâi Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ.

Kàu 1970 nî-tāi chá-kî, Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok chèng-hú khai-sí sit-khì kap sè-kài chú-iàu kok-ka ê gōa-kau koan-hē. Eng-kok tī 1972 nî 3 go̍eh thiat-cháu siat tī Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ ê léng-sū-kóan. Eng-kok ka Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ chiām-sî kau Ò-chiu kóan-lí. Kāng-nî 12 go̍eh, Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok kap Australia mā tōan-cho̍at-pang-kau. Kái kau ho· Bí-kok kóan-lí. It-ti̍t-kàu 1980 nî 6 go̍eh 30 hêng Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok.

Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
------------------

* [*biân-uán bô-hāu liân-kiat*]
* Archived 2005-10-24 at the Wayback Machine.

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| * hián
* lūn
* pian
 Hô-lân léng Formosa (1624–1662) |
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| Cho͘-chit | 
* Hô-lân Liân-ha̍p Tang Ìn-tō͘ Kong-si

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| Tāi-chì | 
* Liāu-lô-oan Hái-chiàn [en]
* Pêng-tiāⁿ Formosa
* Lamey Tó Sū-kiāⁿ [en]
* Koeh Hoâi-it chi loān [en]
* Jia̍t-lân-jia Siâⁿ Pau-ûi-chiàn

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| Só͘-chāi | 

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| Hiuⁿ-siā | 
* Bakloan
* Dalivo
* Favorlang
* Kelang
* Longkiau
* Mattau
* Pangsoia
* Pimaba
* Sakam
* Sinkan
* Soulang
* Tampsuy
* Tamsuy
* Tevorang
* Tirosen

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| Siâⁿ | 
* Phêⁿ-ô͘-siâⁿ [en]
* Jia̍t-lân-jia Siâⁿ
* Phó͘-lô-bîn-jia Siâⁿ
* Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ

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| Jîn-bu̍t | 

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| Tióng-koaⁿ | 
* Martinus Sonck
* Gerard Frederikszoon de With
* Pieter Nuyts
* Hans Putmans
* Johan van der Burg
* Paulus Traudenius
* Maximilian le Maire
* François Caron
* Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater
* Nicolas Verburg
* Cornelis Caesar
* Frederick Coyett

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| Thoân-kàu-sū | 
* George Candidius
* Daniel Gravius
* Antonius Hambroek
* Gilbertus Happart
* Robert Junius

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| Kî-thaⁿ | 
* Tēⁿ Chi-liông
* Tēⁿ Sêng-kong

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