Medical conditionPang-bô͘:SHORTDESC:Medical condition
**Chiù-khí** sī chhùi-khí pēⁿ ê 1 khoán koè-têng kap kiat-kó. In-ūi gê-khí ê kiat-kò· siū siong-hāi, chhùi-khí seⁿ chiù-khang. Chiù-khí sī put-chí-á phó·-phiàn ê pēⁿ, kan-na kám-mō· koh khah phó·-phiàn. It-poaⁿ lâi kóng, gín-á, nî-hoè khah chió ê sêng-liân-lâng hoat-seng chiù-khí ê pí-lē khah koân, chóng--sī jīm-hô lâng to̍h ū khó-lêng hoat-seng. Chiù-khí sī siàu-liân-lâng lak chhùi-khí siāng-kài chú-iàu ê goân-in.

Goân-in
-------

Chiù-khí ê hoat-pēⁿ in-toaⁿ kap hoat-pēⁿ koè-têng ia̍h-bô chin chheng-chhó, m̄-koh tāi-pō·-hūn lóng jīn-ûi kah sè-khún, sng, í-ki̍p thoat-kài-hoà (*decalcification*) ū tī-tāi. Pêng-siông-sî lán lâng ê kháu-khiuⁿ thàu-té lo̍h-ū sè-khún tī--leh. Lán teh chia̍h mi̍h ê sî-chūn, hia ê sè-khún tio̍h ē kā carbohydrate, te̍k-pia̍t sī chià-thn̂g, siau-hoà sán-seng sng. Tī sng ê khoân-kéng chi-hā, pH-ti̍t kàng-kē, chhùi-khí hoat-seng kài lî-chú (*calcium ion*) kap lîn-sng-kin lî-chú (*phosphate ion*) ùi gê-iū-chit kái-lî chhut--lâi ê thoat-kài-hoà hiān-siōng, sûi-āu pH-ti̍t seng-koân, ah kài lî-chú kap lîn-sng-kin lî-chú ē koh-chài tîm-chek tńg--khì hêng-sêng koh-kài-hoà (*recalcificatioh*), ia̍h tio̍h-sī kóng tú-khí-seng ê chiù-khí sī ē-tàng hoê-ho̍k--ê, m̄-koh nā thoat-kài-hoà khah iâⁿ-bīn, chiù-khí choâⁿ lâi hoat-seng. Sè-khún, sng, lah-sap-mi̍h-á kah chhùi-nōa thàu-lām chò-hoé chiâⁿ-chò 1-khoán liâm-liâm iū-koh n̂g-n̂g, chiâⁿ-gâu liâm chhùi-khí ê bu̍t-chit, hō·-lâng hō-chò khí-khún-pan (*dental plaque*). Khí-khún-pan poaⁿ-ián chiù-khí kap khí-chiu-pēⁿ ê koan-kiān kha-siàu.

### Kî-thaⁿ in-sò͘

* **Chhùi-khí**

Chhùi-khí ê **kò͘-chō**, te̍k-pia̍t sī chhùi-khí ê piáu-bīn chham chiù-khí chiâⁿ ū koan-hē. Chiù-khí ê hoat-seng-lu̍t kah chhùi-khí piáu-bīn ê hu̍t (氟), sin (鋅), iân (鉛) hâm thih (鐵) lî-chú ê liōng hêng-sêng hoán-pí ê koan-hē. Chhùi-khí ê **hêng-thāi** mā-sī in-sò· chi-it, sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng (*pit and fissure*) chiâⁿ iông-ī tui-chek gê-khún-pan ín-khí chiù-khí. Chhùi-khí ê **ūi-tī** mā-ū éng-hióng, pí-jû chhò-ūi (*malposition*) ê chhùi-khí, sé khah bē chheng-khì, tio̍h khah-gâu chiù-khí.

* **Chhùi-nōa**

Chhùi-nōa ê chē-chió tùi chiù-khí ū tiōng-tōa ê éng-hióng, chhùi-nōa nā chē tio̍h khah boē chiù-khí; chhùi-nōa nā chió tio̍h khah gâu chiù-khí.

```
 tghbn ng b rev  gb gv bntgb. gb b  g b fv m bob mb ngvb ngbn g vb 'edfcv mnfv nb nnghbn mgb mgvb v fan gb bn non tvb nnt v. vbb gb. b
```

Chèng-thâu kah cheng-siōng
--------------------------

### Chèng-chōng (*syndrome*)

Chiù-khí bô tiāⁿ-tio̍h ē thiàⁿ, phó·-lio̍k lâi kóng tio̍h tán-kàu gê-iū-chit hō· phò·-hāi kàu siong-tong thêng-tō·, chiah-ē thiàⁿ. Chiù-khí mā bô-tek-khak ē-ū chiâⁿ tōa ê chiù-khang tī chhùi-khí ê piáu-bīn hō· lâng khòaⁿ-kìⁿ, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī piáu-bīn kan-tāⁿ ū sè-ka-khang-á ê khang-chhùi, lāi-té í-keng chiù kah khang-khang-khang.

### Cheng-siōng (*sign*)

Fig: **Chiù-khí ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ**
Gê-i-su chú-iàu sī thàu-kòe **ti̍t-chiap koan-chhat**, **thàm-chiam thàm-chhek** (*probing*), kap **tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ** (*radiograph*) lâi kiám-cha chiù-khí. Gê-i-su tāi-seng ti̍t-chiap koan-chhat kám-ū chiù-khí? Chiù-khí ê lîm-chhn̂g cheng-siōng siāng tāi-seng sī "pe̍h-tiám". Tī pe̍h-tiám sî-kî iah-bô chhùi-khí kò·-chō ê bêng-hián sòng-sit, chiù-khang ê chìn-hêng sī ē-tàng hôe-ho̍k--ê. Kàu--liáu khah lo̍h--bóe ū kim-sio̍k lî-chí, chhùi-nōa ê nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, he̍k-sī hun-tái tîm-chek ê sî, pe̍h-tiám tio̍h piàn-sêng n̂g-sek, ka-pi-sek, he̍k-sī o·-sek, soah--lâi chiù-chhng khai-sí chhut-hiān jî-chhiáⁿ bē-tàng koh hôe-ho̍k. Gê-i-su soah--lo̍h-lâi ē iōng thàm-chiam thàm-chhek chiù-khang. Sú-iōng tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ ē-tàng pang-chān chiù-khí ê chín-toān, m̄-koh tiān-kong-phìⁿ só· khòaⁿ--tio̍h ê chiù-khang pí si̍t-chè siōng ê chiù-khang khah sè.

Fig: **Chiù-khí ê sī-ì-tô·ē-tàng kah chiù-khí ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ tùi-chiàu**
Lîm-chhn̂g siōng, tùi 3 ê kak-tō· kā chiù-khí hun-chòe 6 lūi:

* Chiù-khí ê ūi-tì:
	+ **Sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng chiù-khí**: chiù-khí tī chhùi-khí kā-ha̍h bīn ê sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng.
	+ **Pêng-ku̍t bīn chiù-khí**: chiù-khí tī chhùi-khí ê pêng-ku̍t piáu-bīn.
* Hoat-pēⁿ ê sok-tō·:
	+ **Kip-sèng chiù-khí**: hoat-chok liáu chiok-kín , siâng-chāi chhut-hiān tī 20 hòe chìn-chêng, pí-jû kóng *rampant caries*.
	+ **Bān-sèng chiù-khí**: hoat-seng ê sok-tō· chiâⁿ bān, pí-jû kóng *arrested caries*, ū tang-sî-á ē chū-jiân siau-sit.
* Goân-hoat a̍h sī chài-hoat:
	+ **Goân-hoat-sèng chiù-khí**: chiù-khí hoat-seng tī goân-té bô chiù-khí ê gê-iū-chit he̍k gê-pún-chit.
	+ **Chài-hoat-sèng chiù-khí**: chiù-khí hoat-seng tī thiām-pó·-bu̍t chi-hā he̍k pian-iân.

Tī-liâu
-------

Phò-hāi--khì ê chhùi-khí kiat-kò· bô-hoat-tō· oân-choân koh seⁿ--chut-lâi, sui-bóng chhùi-khiuⁿ oē-seng nā î-chhî tī sek-tòng ê piau-chún, hui-siông sè ê chho·-kî chiù-khang ē koh-kài-hòa--tńg-lâi.  Tùi hui-siông sè ê chiù-khang, kio̍k-pō· ê hu̍t-hoà-bu̍t ē-sái chhiok-chìn koh-kài-hoà. Tùi khah-toā ê chiù-khang ē-sái thàu-koè tī-liâu lâi chiong-chí chiù-khi ê chin-tián. Tī-liâu ê bo̍k-phiau sī pó-liû chhùi-khí ê khí-chit kap phiah-bián chin-chi̍t-pō· ê phò-hāi. 

It-poaⁿ lâi-kóng, chá-kî ê tī-liâu sī khah bē thiàⁿ--ê, mā khah bē khai-chîⁿ. Kio̍k-pō· bâ-chùi (*anesthetic*), nitrous oxide ("laughing gas"), he̍k kî-thaⁿ ê io̍h-bu̍t khó-lêng ē-sái pang-chān kiám-kheng tī-liâu ê thiàⁿ-thàng kap chiau-cho.  Ko-sok chhiú-ki kap boâ-chiam pī the̍h-lâi boâ-tû toā-pō·-hūn ê chiù-chhng. Thng-sî o̍·-á (*spoon excavator*) pī the̍h-lâi sè-jī ê î-tû chiù-khí, iû-kî sī chiù-khí chiok oá khí-chhoé ê chêng-hêng.  Chiù-chhng î-tû chheng-khì liáu-āu, song-sit ê chhùi-khí khí-chit su-iàu siu-ho̍k-thé lâi hui-ho̍k chhùi-khí ê kong-lêng kap bí-koan.

Siu-ho̍k ēng ê châi-liāu ū a-má-káng, ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí, iù-hûi-á, kap kim-á.  Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí kap iù-hûi-á in-ūi hó-khoàⁿ, pī sú-iōng tī su-iàu khó-lū bí-koan ê só·-chāi. M̄-koh ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí khah nńg, iù-hî-á khah chhè, tī su-iàu khah-toā ê pō· ê la̍t ê āu-piah-khí, ū-ê gê-i-su ē khó-lū kiàn-gī sú-iōng a-má-káng he̍k n̂g-kim.  Nā-sī chiù-khang siuⁿ-koè-toā, chhùi-khí bē-tàng kan-taⁿ iōng thiâm-pó· ê hong-sek lâi siu-ho̍k. chit-ê sî-chūn, tio̍h su-iàu khí-lông. Khí-lông sī 1 ê thò-á, kā chhùi-khí pau--khí-lâi. Khí-lông tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sú-iōng n̂g-kim, iù-hûi-á, he̍k iù-hûi iông-kàu kim-sio̍k (porcelain fused to metal) chia ê châi-liāu chè-chō. 

Tī chi̍t-kóa chêng-hêng hā, kin-kńg tī-liâu sī su-iàu ê.  Kin-kńg tī-liâu koh kiò-chò khí-lāi tī-liâu. Chhùi-khí nā in-ūi chiù-khí he̍k goā-siong tì-sú khí-chhoé kám-jiám hoat-iām, tio̍h su-iàu kin-kńg tī-liâu. Tī khí-lāi tī-liâu, sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg chia-ê khí-chhoé kap chiù-khí lóng hông î-tû chheng-khì. Kin-kńg pī iōng endodontic file lâi chheng-kiat kap sok-hêng, lō·-boé koh iōng chhiūⁿ chhiūⁿ-ni ê gutta-percha lâi thūn.  Tī-liâu soah, chhùi-khí ài iōng khí-lông kā khàm--khí-lâi. 

Chiù-khí nā hûi-siông giâm-tiōng, tio̍h ài kā chhùi-khí bán-tiāu. Bô tùi-kā-khí (*opposing tooth*), he̍k lâu--lo̍h-lâi ē ín-khí chin-chi̍t-pō· ê būn-tê, he̍k tì-hūi-khí lóng-sī bán-chhùi-khí ê sek-èng-chèng.  Pēⁿ-lâng nā-sī bô-hoat-tō· he̍k m̄-goān hù siu-ho̍k ê hùi-iōng, he̍k siu-ho̍k ū khùn-lân, bán-chhùi-khí khó-lêng mā-sī kiàn-gī ê soán-tek.

Hiān-tāi siâng-chāi sú-iōng ê thiâm-pó· châi-liāu ū:

* **a-má-káng** (*amalgam*)
* **Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí** (*composite resin*)

Khah-tōa ê chiù-khang nā sú-iōng ti̍t-chiap thiâm-pó· ê hong-sek khah-bô thò-tòng, pit-su keng-kòe kā-bô· (*impression taking*), koàn-bô· (*pouring cast*), tih-la̍h (*waxup*), hoan-soa (*investing*), kap chù-chō (*casting*) téng-téng kòe-têng, chòe-aū chò-sêng **kham-thé** (*inlay*), **koan-kài-thé** (*onlay*), he̍k-sī **khí-lông** (*crown*), chiah-koh iōng liâm-ha̍p-che (*dental cement*) liâm tī chhùi-khí, án-ne chiah ē-tàng hoe-ho̍k chhùi-khí ê gōa-hêng kap kong-lêng. Kham-thé, koan-kài-thé, kap khí-lông só· sú-iōng ê châi-liāu ū :

* **Khe-kim** (*gold alloys*)
* **Phó·-thong kim-sio̍k** (*base metal*)
* **Iù-hûi-á** (*porcelain*)
* **Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí** (*composite resin*)

Ī-hông
------

### Chia̍h-mi̍h khòng-chè

Siāng ū-hāu ê ī-hông hoat-to· chi-it sī chīn-liōng mài chia̍h cheng-chè ê thn̂g-lūi chia̍h-mi̍h.
Nā-beh chia̍h tit hoaⁿ-hí, koh bē chhùi-khí-thiàⁿ, tû-liáu ióng-sêng liông-hó ê kháu-khiuⁿ chheng-kiat koàn-sì í-gōa, koh-ài phòe-ha̍p chia̍h-si̍t koán-lí, soán-tek sek-tòng ê chia̍h-mi̍h, kap khòng-chè gâu chiù-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h ê liap-chhú-liōng.

It-poan lâi-kóng, liâm-sèng koân, hâm thn̂g chē, cheng-chè ê piáⁿ-koaⁿ tiám-sim sī siāng-gâu chiù-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h. In-chhú teh chia̍h tiám-sim ê sî-chūn, tio̍h-ài chim-chiok soán-tek.

#### Khòng-chè chia̍h-si̍t ê chò-hoat

* Ióng-sêng tha̍k si̍t-phín piau-chhiam ê koàn-sì tāi-seng, m̄-thang kò·-bé hâm thn̂g siuⁿ chē ê si̍t-phín.
* kā gâu chiù-khí ê si̍t-bu̍t chīn-liōng hān-chè tī 3 tǹg pn̄g-chêng he̍k pn̄g-āu 1 tiám-cheng lāi lâi chia̍h，jî-chhiáⁿ pn̄g-āu ài sé-chhùi bín-chhùi-khí, sé liáu bē-sái koh chia̍h mi̍h-kiāⁿ.
* Chim-chiok soán-tek 3 tǹg chi-kan ê tiám-sim.
	+ Khah mài chia̍h chē thn̂g gâu liâm chhùi-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h, soán-tek kî-thaⁿ sek-ha̍p ê tāi-iōng-phín.
	+ Soán-tek sú-iōng chheⁿ-chhài kóe-chí lâi chò 3 tǹg chi-kan ê tiám-sim.
	+ Pē-bú he̍k-chiah sī-tōa mài iōng thn̂g-kó lâi chiáng-lē kap phiàn gin-á.
	+ Chhù-lāi ê lâng ê li̍p-tiûⁿ tio̍h-ài siāng-khoán, chiah-bē kā gin-á ê koan-liām chhòng--loān-khì.

#### Chia̍h-mi̍h ê soán-tek

* **Chīn-liōng phiah-bián ê chia̍h-mi̍h**:   
chi-ku-la̍t (chi-ku-la̍t gû-leng), chhiū-ni-thn̂g, ngē ê thn̂g-kó, thn̂g-á-chhiám (棒棒糖), thô·-tāu-thn̂g, toffee thn̂g (太妃糖), peng-kî-lîm, tiⁿ-kho͘-pháng (甜甜圈), lìn-gò͘-phài (phông-kó-phài; 蘋果派), chó-á-ko (棗糕), hâm-thn̂g ê piáⁿ-koaⁿ, kho͘-khó͘-ah (可可), khì-chúi, ka-thn̂g ê kó-chiap, phô-tô-koaⁿ, kóe-chí koàn-thâu, kó-chiùⁿ, phang-bi̍t, thô·-tāu-chiùⁿ (花生醬) téng-téng.
* **Ē-ēng-tit khó-lū ê chia̍h-mi̍h**:  
So·-tá piáⁿ , bô-thn̂g ê chhiū-ni-thn̂g, thô͘-tāu, he̍k-thô, koe-chí, bán-thô, pau-á, po̍h-piánn (烙餅), pe̍h-kún-chúi, chió-thn̂g he̍k-chiá bô-thn̂g ê liâng-chúi, bô ka-kang--kòe ê chhài-se hām kóe-chí, ke-bah-kak, bah-so͘, hî-so· kah liû-hî-si.

### Kháu-khiuⁿ ōe-seng

Liông-hó ê kháu-khiuⁿ ōe-seng sī ī-hông chiù-khí ê tē-2 ê hoat-tō͘, te̍k-pia̍t sī pêng-hôa bīn ê chiù-khí. 1 kang siāng-chió 1 kái sú-iōng **khí-bín-á** sé-chhùi kap **khí-sòaⁿ** chheng chhùi-khí-phāng sī chiâⁿ tiōng-iàu ê chheng-kia̍t khang-khòe. Sú-iōng ū lām chlorhexidine ê lo̍k-chhùi-chúi sui-jiân ê-tàng ek-chè gê-khún-pan lâi hêng-sêng, m̄-koh gê-i-su bô chàn-sêng tn̂g-kî sú-iōng.

### Kái-piàn chhùi-khí piáu-bīn he̍k chhùi-khí kò·-chō

Hu̍t lî-chí tn̂g-sî-kan tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kap khí-iū-chit chiap-chhiok ē-tàng sú-ti̍t chá-kî ê chiù-khí koh-chài kài-hòa, lēng-gōa koân lông-tō· ê hu̍t mā ē-tàng ek-chè gê-khún-pan sán-seng sng. Só·-í hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t ē-tàng kiám-chió chhùi-khí kài-chit ê liû-sit, pang-chō· chá-kî chiù-khí ê hôe-ho̍k, sú-ti̍t chhùi-khí tùi chiù-khí koh-khah ū té-khòng-la̍t. Gê-i-su siâng-chài kiàn-gī lī-iōng hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t ê hoat-tō· ū:

### Kî-thaⁿ ê pō͘-sò͘

* **Tī lim ê chúi chham-ji̍p hu̍t** (飲水加氟)
* **Chia̍h hu̍t ê io̍h-á** (口服氟錠)
* **Hâm hu̍t khí-ko kap lo̍k-chhùi-chúi**
* **Kio̍k-pō͘ chhat hu̍t** (局部塗氟)

Kái-piàn chhùi-khí piáu-bīn he̍k chhùi-khí kò·-chō ê lēng 1-ê hó hoat-tō· sī:

* **Sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng hong-pì**

Sú-iōng liû-tōng-sèng chiâⁿ-hó ê chhiū-chí kā chhùi-khí ka-ha̍p bīn siāng-gâu chiù-khang ê sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng hong-pì--khí-lâi sī ī-hông sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng chiù-khí siāng-hó ê hoat-tō·.

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. 1 2
2. 1 2
3. ↑
4. 1 2
5. ↑
6. ↑
7. ↑
8. ↑  Dental Cavities, *MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia*, page accessed August 14, 2006.
9. ↑  Oral Health Topics: Anesthesia Frequently Asked Questions, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.
10. ↑  Summit, James B. J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. "Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 128. ISBN 0-86715-382-2.
11. ↑  "Aspects of Treatment of Cavities and of Caries Disease" from the Disease Control Priorities Project. Page accessed August 15, 2006.
12. ↑  Oral Health Topics: Dental Filling Options, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.
13. ↑  What is a Root Canal?, hosted by the Academy of General Dentistry. Page accessed on August 16, 2006.
14. ↑  FAQs About Root Canal Treatment, hosted on the American Association of Endodontists website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.
15. ↑  Wisdom Teeth Archived 2006-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. packet in pdf format hosted by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Page accessed on August 16, 2006.

Iân-sin oa̍t-tho̍k
------------------

* Nanci, A. (2013). *Ten Cate's Oral Histology*. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0323078467.
* B. A. Burt et S. Pai, Sugar consumption and caries risk : a systematic review, 2001
* M Woodward & A. R. Walker, Sugar consumption and dental caries : evidence from 90 countries, 1994

Goā-pō· liân-kiat
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* LCCN: sh85036872
* GND: 4029669-6
* BNF: cb11964910v (data)
* NKC: ph127692

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