recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Provence** (tha̍k "phu-ló·-baⁿ-suh") sī Hoat-kok tang-lâm kak ê tē-tāi, chá-chêng sī chi̍t-ê séng. I khiā tiàm Tē-tiong-hái hái-hōaⁿ, tī Hoat-kok kap Italia ê piⁿ-kài. Provence ê liāu-lí, phû-tô-chiú kap phang-hún sī te̍k-pia̍t chhut-miâ ê sán-phin.

Province, iû-kî Marseille hit-tah-á, siū Hi-lia̍p ûi-chú ê Tē-tiong-hái bûn-hòa éng-hióng. Āu--lâi pìⁿ Lô-má Tè-kok siōng chá tī Se Europa sêng-li̍p ê chi̍t séng. I ê mîa àn Lia̍p-teng-gú *provincia* lâi--ê, ì-sù sī "séng".

Kiōng-hô-kok ê tiong-iong chèng-hú ūi beh phah-phòa tē-hng ê chèng-tī la̍t, tī 1790-nî hùi-séng, kā thiah chò kúi-nā-ê kōan (*département*) ê hêng-chèng tan-ūi. I ê hōan-ûi iok-lio̍k téng-î hiān-tāi ê Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur hêng-chèng-khu -- Bouches-du-Rhône kōan (13), Vaucluse kōan (84), Alpes-de-Haute-Provence kōan (04), Var kōan (83), Alpes-Maritimes kōan (06) -- koh ke l'Ardèche kōan (07) kap Drôme kōan (26) ê lâm-pêng.

Provence ê khì-hāu siū Tē-tiong-hái éng-hióng, kài-hó.

Chú-iàu ê siâⁿ-chhī pau-koat Nice kap Marseille. Provence-gí (*Provençal*) sī thôan-thóng ê bó-gí kap bûn-giân.

Jîn-bu̍t
--------

* Frédéric Mistral


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *Chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ pún-té khan tī holopedia.net.* |
**Keng-chè Ha̍p-chok kap Hoat-tián Cho͘-chit**, Eng-bûn: *Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development*, kán-siá chò: **OECD**, che sī 1 ê 30 ê kok-ka cho͘-li̍p ê kok-chè cho͘-chit. I ê hoē-oân kok lóng chiap-siū chèng-hú chhú bîn-chú ê thé-hē, mā chiap-siū chū-iû keng-chè. Lán kóng nā 1 ê kok-ka ê chèng-hú bô teh khòng-chè i ê kong-bîn kap khì-gia̍p ê keng-chè hoa̍t-tōng, iā chit-ê kok-ka tō sī chhái-chú chū-iû keng-chè.

OECD sī tī 1948 (eh, que alguien me ayude)nî khí-ki--ê, tong-goân-chhoe sī kiò-chò **Au-chiu Keng-chè Ha̍p-chok Cho͘-chit** (Eng-bûn: *Organization for European Economic Co-operation*, OEEC). Hit-tang-chūn Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn tú kiat-sok liōng-kî-io̍k 3 tang, chi̍t-koá Au-chiu kok-ka chò-hoé cho͘-li̍p OEEC thang chhiok-chìn sán-gia̍p téng-téng tī Tāi-chiàn tiong-kan siū sńg-tn̄g ê hē-hāng ê ho̍k-chín. Āu--lâi ū chi̍t-koá hui-Au-chiu ê kok-ka mā ka-ji̍p chit-ê cho͘-chit, m̄-chiah tī 1960 nî ê sî, OEEC kái-miâ, hō-chò OECD, iā tō sī hiān-chú-sî ê "Keng-chè Ha̍p-chok kap Hoat-tián Cho͘-chit".

OECD ê chóng-pō͘ tī Paris ê Château de la Muette. Taⁿ OECD ū 33 ê hoē-oân kok, chit lāi-té ū 20 kok sī tī 1960 nî tō ka-ji̍p--ê, in ê miâ-toaⁿ lia̍t tī ē-kha:

1. Tang-kok
2. Belgien
3. Canada
4. Dan-kok
5. Hoat-kok
6. Tek-kok
7. Hi-lia̍p
8. Peng-tē
9. Éire
10. Italia
11. Luxembourg
12. Kē-tē-kok
13. Norge
14. Phû-tô-gâ
15. Se-pan-gâ
16. Sverige
17. Sūi-sū
18. Türkiye
19. Eng-kok
20. Bí-kok

  

Ē-bîn chit 10 kok sī 1960 nî liáu-āu chiah ka-ji̍p--ê, goe̍h-bâi-hō lâi-té sī in ka-ji̍p ê nî-tāi:

1. Ji̍t-pún (1964)
2. Suomi (1969)
3. Australia (1971)
4. New Zealand (1973)
5. Be̍k-se-ko (1994)
6. Česko (1995)
7. Magyar-kok (1996)
8. Hân-kok (1996)
9. Polska(1996)
10. Slovensko (2000)
11. Chile (2010)
12. Slovenia (2010)
13. Í-sek-lia̍t-kok (2010)
**Keng-chè sêng-tióng** sī keng-chè-ha̍k-chiá hām kì-chiá chia̍p iōng ê piáu-ta̍t hong-sek, ì-sù sī chi̍t ê kok-ka hit nî-tō͘ kéng-lāi seng-sán chóng-gia̍h tùi-pí óng-nî ê cheng-tióng-lu̍t. Koh-khah it-poaⁿ ê kóng-hoat, keng-chè sêng-tióng ê hâm-gī sī kóng: tī it-tēng ê sî-kan lāi, chi̍t ê keng-chè thé-hē seng-sán lōe-pō͘ sêng-oân seng-oa̍h só͘ su-iàu ê siong-phín kap lô-bū chiâm-chāi seng-sán-le̍k ê khok-tāi. Seng-sán-le̍k ê sêng-tióng chú-iàu iû chi̍t ê kok-ka ê chū-jiân chu-goân ê chē-chió, si̍t-chit chu-pún-lúi sò͘-liōng ê lúi-chek kap chit-liōng thê-seng, jîn-le̍k chu-pún ê lúi-chek, ki-su̍t chúi-chún ê thê-seng í-ki̍p chè-tō͘ khoân-kéng ê kái-siān. In-chhú, keng-chè sêng-tióng mā piáu-sī koat-tēng seng-sán-le̍k ê chē-chē in-sò͘ ê khok-tián kap kái-siān.

Chi-chhî keng-chè cheng-tióng ê lâng jīn-ûi i ē-tàng cheng-ka chi̍t ê kok-ka ê châi-hù pēng-chhiáⁿ cheng-ka chiū-gia̍p ki-hōe. Keng-chè chiàⁿ cheng-tióng it-poaⁿ pī khoàⁿ-chò sī chéng-thé keng-chè kéng-khì ê piáu-hiān.

Jû-kó chi̍t ê kok-ka ê kéng-lāi seng-sán chóng-gia̍h cheng-tióng sī hū-sò͘, chiū tāi-piáu hit nî ê kéng-lāi seng-sán chóng-gia̍h pí óng-nî kiám-chió, che chiū hō-chò keng-chè soe-thè. Tī thong-siông ê chêng-hóng hā, chí-ū tī kéng-lāi seng-sán chóng-gia̍h liân-sio̍k nn̄g ê kùi-tō͘ chhî-sio̍k kiám-chió, chiah ē hō-chò keng-chè soe-thè.
Pang-bô͘:Infobox animanga/MediaMix

Pang-bô͘:Infobox animanga/MediaMix

Tiān-sī tōng-ōe
**Gôan-tio̍h**
 渡航
 

 **Kàm-tok**
 吉村愛
 

 **Kio̍k-pún Thóng-tiû**
 菅正太郎
 

 **Jîn-bu̍t Siat-tēng**
 進藤優
 

 **Im-ga̍k**
 石濱翔、MONACA
 

 **Tōng-oē Chè-chok**
Brain's Base
**Chè-chok**
果然製作委員會搞錯了、TBS電視台、BS-TBS
**Tāi-lí Hoat-hêng**
Ji̍t-pún ê kî-á 日本Geneon環球娛樂  
Flag of the Republic of ChinaHiong-káng 普威爾國際
**Hòng-sàng Tiān-sī-tâi**
Ji̍t-pún ê kî-á 參照播放電視台

**Kî-taⁿ Tiān-sī-tâi：**
Tāi-hân Bîn-kokFlag of the Republic of ChinaHiong-káng Animax

**Hòng-sàng Sî-kan**
 2013年4月4日－6月27日
 

 **Báng-lō͘**
Bí-kok ê kî-áLiân-ha̍p Ông-kok ê kî-á Crunchyroll
**Chi̍p-sò͘**
 全13話+OVA
**Pán-khoân**
**©**2013 WATARU WATARI, SHOGAKUKAN/OREGAIRU PRODUCTION COMMITTEE
 

Tiān-sī tōng-ōe
**Gôan-tio̍h**
 渡航
 

 **Kàm-tok**
 及川啓
 

 **Kio̍k-pún Thóng-tiû**
 菅正太郎
 

 **Jîn-bu̍t Siat-tēng**
 田中雄一
 

 **Im-ga̍k**
 石濱翔、高橋邦幸
 

 **Tōng-oē Chè-chok**
feel.
**Chè-chok**
果然製作委員會搞錯了。續、TBS電視台
**Hòng-sàng Tiān-sī-tâi**
Ji̍t-pún ê kî-á 參照播放電視台
**Hòng-sàng Sî-kan**
 2015年4月2日－6月25日
 

 **Chi̍p-sò͘**
 全13話+OVA(2016年10月發售）
 

|}
Pang-bô͘:Infobox animanga/MediaMix
Pang-bô͘:Infobox animanga/Game
Pang-bô͘:Infobox animanga/Game
|}
|-
|Pang-bô͘ soat-bêng
|}
***Yahari Ore no Seishun Love Comedy wa Matigatteiru.*** (Ji̍t-pún-gí: やはり俺の青春ラブコメはまちがっている。) sī Watari Wataru kap Ponkan8 ê Kheng-siáu-soat.



1. ↑  "My Teen Romantic Comedy SNAFU". *TBS Program Catalog* (ēng Eng-gí). TBS電視台. 2013-03-26 khòaⁿ--ê.
Jī-lâm.
**Jī-lâm**(𡨸喃; Chữ Nôm), mā kiò-tsò **Lâm-jī**(喃字), sī kóo-tsá tī Ua̍t-lâm sóo thong-hîng kah sú-iōng ê bûn-jī. Jī-lâm kā Hàn-jī tòng-tsò ki-tshóo, iōng hîng-sing, huē-ì kah ké-tsioh ê hong-sik lâi tshòng-tsō kah tsè-tīng. Jī-lâm sī tsuan-bûn the̍h lâi su-siá Ua̍t-lâm-gí ê bûn-jī, i tī gí-bûn siōng ê tē-uī tō tshin-tshiūnn Hân-gí ê ko-lê-jī kah Ji̍t-gí ê kana kāng-khuán.

Iú-kuan Jī-lâm siōng tsá ê li̍k-sú kì-lo̍k, sī tsū 11 sè-kí khai-sí. Jī-lâm guân-pún tiānn-tiānn the̍h lâi kì-lo̍k lâng-miâ kah tē-miâ, āu-lâi sú-iōng lú lâi lú phóo-phiàn, sîng-uî Ua̍t-lâm ka-kī ti̍k-iú ê kok-ka kah bîn-tso̍k bûn-huà. Tī 14 sè-kí ê Ôo tiâu kah 18 sè-kí ê Se-san tiâu sî-tāi, Jī-lâm tsiām-tsiām tī tsìng-hú kuann-hong ê bûn-su lāi-té tshut-hiān, sîng-uî Ua̍t-lâm bûn-ha̍k ê tiōng-iàu sán-bu̍t.

Jī-lâm ê kòo-tsō tsú-iàu sī tsi̍t ê Hàn-jī piáu-sī ì-sù, ka-siōng tsi̍t ê Hàn-jī piáu-ta̍t huat-im. Pí-jû kóng "𡨸" tsit jī, tō sī ūn-iōng hîng-sing sóo tshòng-tsō tshut-lâi ê; tang-tiong, "宁" ê pōo-hūn piáu-ta̍t huat-im, "字" ê pōo-hūn piáu-sī ì-sù, iā tō sī "bûn-jī" ê Jī-lâm siá-huat. Iáu-m̄-koh, Jī-lâm bô tsin thóng-it ê siá-huat, tsi̍t ê Kok-gí-jī khó-lîng ū bô kāng-khuán ê Jī-lâm tuì-ìng; pí-jû "Chữ" tō ū "𡨸" ia̍h-sī "𡦂" tíng tsē-tsē khuán siá-huat.

Tsū 19 sè-kí, Ua̍t-lâm khai-sí hōo Huat-kok thóng-tī; Huat-kok thui-kóng sú-iōng Kok-gí-jī, kìm-tsí Jī-lâm. Jī-lâm in-tshú tsiām-tsiām siau-sit. Tī Jī-lâm huat-tián ê kuè-tîng tang-tiong, sui-jiân thóng-tī-tsiá ū sú-iōng ê kì-lo̍k, tān-sī in-uī bô ka-siōng kàu-io̍k ê tsi-tshî, sóo-í it-puann ê Ua̍t-lâm jîn-bîn kin-pún bē-hiáu tha̍k. Koh ka-siōng bô kuann-hong ê tsíng-lí kah thóng-it, Jī-lâm ê sú-iōng tsōng-hóng hui-siông hūn-luān. 1867 nî, kái-kik jîn-sū Ńg Tiông-tsó͘(阮長祚) thê-tshut huì-tû Hàn-bûn, thui-tōng Jī-lâm ê piau-tsún-huà hong-àn, hō-tsò "**Kok-im Hàn-jī**"(國音漢字); m̄-koh, Ńg-i̍k-tsong huán-tuì.
Tong liû-thé (pí-lūn-kóng khong-khì kap chúi) lâu-kòe chi̍t-ê bu̍t-thé ê sî, ē tī bu̍t-thé piáu-bīn sán-seng ap-le̍k, chia--ê ap-le̍k hun-pò· (*distribution*) it-poaⁿ lâi kóng lóng chin ho̍k-cha̍p, nā-sī keng-kòe chek-hun (Hàn-jī: 積分), ē-tàng tit-tio̍h chi̍t-ê ha̍p-le̍k, chit-ê ha̍p-le̍k ē-tàng hun-chò nn̄g-ê hong-hiòng, kap liû-thé kâng hong-hiòng--ê hō-chò chó·-le̍k, khiā-ti̍t (Hàn-jī: 垂直)--ê hō-chò phû-le̍k, iōng hâng-khong-ha̍k siong-koan--ê su̍t-gí lâi kóng tio̍h-sī **seng-le̍k**, iā-chiū-sī hō· hui-hêng-khì seng-khong ê le̍k-liōng.

Seng-le̍k kap e̍k-phò·-bīn
--------------------------

Nā-sī beh thó-lūn seng-le̍k, chiū ài liáu-kái e̍k-phò·-bīn.

Hui-hêng-ki su-iàu seng-le̍k, lú-tōa lú-hó, tông-sî chó·-le̍k ài lú-sè lú-hó. E̍k-phò·-bīn sī jîn-lūi só· chai-iáⁿ ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ tang-tiong, ē-tàng tī-leh sán-seng seng-le̍k ê sî, ū siāng-sió chó·-le̍k ê hêng-thé.

Seng-le̍k ê lí-lūn
------------------
Tī jîn-kang sîn-keng bāng-lō͘ tiong, múi chi̍t ê sîn-keng-goân kā i-ê su-ji̍p chiàu khoân-tāng ka--khí-lâi liáu-āu thoân-sàng hō͘ **kek-oa̍h hâm-sò͘** (*activation function*). Nā-sī sîn-keng-goân ū *n* ê su-ji̍p {\displaystyle x\_{1},x\_{2},...x\_{n}}, ah sîn-keng-goân ê su-chhut chiū sī {\displaystyle a=g(w\_{1}x\_{1}+w\_{2}x\_{2}+w\_{3}x\_{3}+...w\_{n}x\_{n}+b)}, kî-tiong {\displaystyle g} chiū sī kek-oa̍h hâm-sò͘. Ká-sú hâm-sò͘ *g* sī sòaⁿ-sèng hâm-sò͘ {\displaystyle g(z)=z}, sîn-keng-goân tiō sī chò sòaⁿ-sèng hôe-kui ia̍h sòaⁿ-sèng hun-lūi. Thong-siông *g* sī chi̍t ê hui-sòaⁿ-sèng hâm-sò͘, chò hui-sòaⁿ-sèng hôe-kui ia̍h chhú-lí m̄-sī sòaⁿ-sèng thang-hun-lī ê hun-lūi būn-tê. Nā *g* sī sò͘-ti̍t tī 0 kàu 1 ia̍h -1 kàu 1 ê "s" hêng hâm-sò͘, sîn-keng-goân ê su-chhut sò͘-ti̍t thang pī kái-soeh chò chi̍t ê jī-goân koat-tēng būn-tê. Ēng ū khah tōa bî-hun sò͘-ti̍t ê kek-oa̍h hâm-sò͘ chhin-chhiūⁿ ReLU lâi tāi-thè páu-hô "s" hêng kek-oa̍h hâm-sò͘ ē-tàng hùn-liān koh-khah chhim ê bāng-lō͘.
So Ji-sub.
**So Ji-sub** (소지섭, 1977/11/04 tshut-sì) sī tsi̍t uī Lâm Hân tsa-poo ián-uân. Tsò gû-á-khòo ê model liáu-āu, i khai-sí tshut-miâ, tsiām-tsiām piàn-sîng tiān-sī-kio̍k ê lâm-tsú-kak. I ián-tshut kuè tiān-sī-kio̍k *I'm Sorry, I Love You*, *Cain and Abel*, *Phantom* kah *Master's Sun*, iáu-koh ū tiān-iánn *Rough Cut*. So Ji-sub mā bat huat-hîng kuè hip-pop EP.

Sing-pîng
---------

Tsiàu So Ji-sub i ka-kī ê kóng-huat, i siàu-liân sî-tsūn sī tsi̍t ê tsin pì-sù ê gín-á; sóo-í, i kā ka-kī hùn-liān sîng tsi̍t uī tsuan-gia̍p ê siû-tsuí suán-tshiú. I kóng ka-kī ē piàn-sîng bîng-tshenn, uân-tsuân sī ì-guā. I pún-lâi ē siūnn beh tsò model, tsí-sī siūnn kóng ē-sái kah hip-pop kua-tshiú Kim Sung-jae kìnn tsi̍t bīn niā-niā, bô siūnn kàu suah tī 1995 nî hōo lâng suán tsò STORM gû-á-khòo huē-siā ê model. Suà--lo̍h-khì, i koh tsham-ka hí-kio̍k *Three Guys and Three Girls* kah tiān-sī-kio̍k *Model* ê ián-tshut. Iáu-m̄-koh, siong-tuì kāng-khuán huē-siā ê Song Seung-heon huat-tián liáu tsin sîng-kong, i suah bô-siánn-mih sîng-kó, tsí ē-tàng ián tsi̍t-kuá sió kak-sik. It-ti̍t kàu 2002 nî ián-tshut tiān-sī-kio̍k *Glass Slippers* ê phuè-kak liáu-āu, i tsiah khai-sí siū-tio̍h tiōng-sī.

Tsū 2004 nî khai-sí, i tsiām-tsiām tián-hiān tshut i ê ián-hì tsâi-lîng, tī *What Happened in Bali* ián-tshut phuè-kak. I siūnn kóng ka-kī ing-kai ē kè-sio̍k án-ne tsò hú-tsōo-hîng ián-uân; m̄-koh, i keh-tńg-nî tī *I'm Sorry, I Love You* ián-tshut pi-kio̍k jîn-bu̍t, hong-tōng Hân-kok kah tsuân A-tsiu. I āu-lâi mā piáu-sī kóng i ka-kī kám-kak tsit nn̄g tshut sī i ián-hì sing-gâi tiong, siōng hó ê hì-kio̍k tsok-phín. 2004 nî kàu 2007 nî, i khì tsò-ping. Tsò liáu ping, i huê-kui ián-gē sū-gia̍p, liâm-mi ián-tshut Jang Hoon tō-ián ê tiān-iánn *Rough Cut*. In-uī i tâu-tsu tsi̍t tshut ka-kī ê tiān-iánn, sóo-í tuā-bē liáu-āu thàn beh-tsió tsînn.

2009 nî, So Ji-sub khai-sí tâu-ji̍p Ji̍t-pún kah Tiong-kok ê ián-gē tshī-tiûnn, hun-pia̍t ián-tshut *GeGeGe no Kitaro 2: Kitaro and the Millenium Curse* kah *Sophie's Revenge* nn̄g tshut hì-kio̍k. I liâm-mi koh tńg-khì Hân-kok ián-tshut *Cain and Abel*. 2010 nî, So Ji-sub huat-piáu i ê siòng-phìnn ji̍t-kì *So Ji-sub's Journey*; tī tsit pún ji̍t-kì tang-tiong, kì-lo̍k i ka-kī tshut-tō 13 tang í-lâi sóo huat-sing kuè ê tuā-sè hāng tāi-tsì. Iû tsit pún ji̍t-kì, ē-sái liáu-kái pîng-siông-sî tsin pì-sù ê i, tī bô-kāng sî-kî sim-lāi ê tsióng-tsióng kám-siū. Tī Gangwon tō, ū īng i ê miâ hō-miâ ê *So Ji-sub lōo*. Sin-uî tsi̍t ê hip-pop ê ài-hònn-tsiá, So Ji-sub mā ū huat-piáu kuè EP. 2013 nî, So Ji-sub ián-tshut gî-sîn-gî-kuí ê tiān-sī-kio̍k *Master's Sun*.
Editorial from a 1921 issue of *Photoplay* recommending that readers not watch a film, which featured nude scenes.
**Siā-lūn** (Bíkok kiò-tsò "editorial", tsú-iàu kuan-tiám ê bûn-tsiuñ; hi̍k-tsiá teh Ingkok kiò-tsò "leader") sī-iû pò-tsuá, tsa̍p-tsì hi̍k-tsiá jīm-hô kî-thañ su-bīn bûn-kiāñ ê ko-kip pian-tsip jîn-uân hi̍k tshut-pán-siong tsuān-siá ê bûn-tsiuñ, thong-siông bī sú-miâ. Au-tsiu kah Bí-kok ê tsú-iàu pò-tsuá, pí-jū "New York sî-pò" (The New York Times) hām "Boston khuân-kiû sî-pò" (The Boston Globe [en]), tsia-ê pò-tsuá tiāñ-tiāñ kā siā-lūn kui-luī tsò "Ì-kiàn" ê piau-tê.

Tshah-tôo siā-lūn khó-lîng iōng siā-lūn bàng-gah [en] ê hîng-sik tshut-hiān. Teh thong-siông ê tsîng-hóng tsi-hā, pò-tsuá ê pen-tsip uí-uân-huē ē phîng-kóo tah-tsi̍t-kuá tuì in-ê to̍k-tsiá liáu-kái pò-tsuá ê ì-kiàn tsiâñ-tiōng-iàu.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  Staff (23 May 2012). "Opinion". *The New York Times*. 23 May 2012 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  Staff (23 May 2012). "Opinion". *The Boston Globe*. 23 May 2012 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. ↑  Staff (2012). "AAEC The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists". The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists. 23 May 2012 khòaⁿ--ê.
4. ↑  Passante, Christopher K. (2007). *The Complete Idiot's Guide to Journalism – Editorials*. Penguin. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-59257-670-8. 21 February 2010 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Thian-chu e̍k-biâu [en] (then-tsu i̍k-biâu/smallpox vaccine)
* Kâu-chu [en] (kâu-tsu/monkeypox)
* Palytoxin [en]

Guā-pōo lên-ket
---------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Siā-lūn*** |

* The dictionary definition of *siā-lūn* at Wiktionary

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* LCCN: sh85040975
* BNF: cb119542023 (data)
* NDL: 00571964

 |

 |
Goân-siau
**Goân-siau** (元宵), mā hō chò **siōng-goân** (上元) kap **siōng-goân-mî** (上元暝), sī Tang-a ê 1 ê tiōng-iàu thoân-thóng cheh-ji̍t, sî-kan tī lông-le̍k ê chiaⁿ-goe̍h cha̍p-gō͘.

Goân-siau sī kū-le̍k sin-nî ê thâu-chi̍t-ê goe̍h-îⁿ ê àm-mî. Chit kang sī pài goe̍h-niû kah him-sióng goe̍h-niû ê li̍t-chí, mā tāi-piáu chhun-thiⁿ beh lâi--ah. Koh sī thoân-thóng tēng-gī siōng, sin-nî ê siōng bóe kang. Tī Tiong-kok, Goân-siau ê thoân-thóng sè-sio̍k sī "ioh bê-chhai".

Hu̍t-kàu ū tī Chiaⁿ--goe̍h cha̍p-gō͘ tiám-teng kiong-hu̍t ê sè-sio̍k. Nā Tō-kàu, kā Siōng-goân khòaⁿ-chò sī Thian-koaⁿ Tāi-tè (Giâu) ê tàn-sîn. 
Chiaⁿ--goe̍h cha̍p-gō͘ sī Siōng-goân; Chhit-goe̍h cha̍p-gō͘ sī Tiong-goân; Cha̍p-goe̍h cha̍p-gō͘ sī Hā-goân. Che 3 li̍t hun-pia̍t sio̍k **Thiⁿ**, **Tè** kah **Chúi** ê Saⁿ-koaⁿ Tāi-tè só͘ koán. Siōng-goân sī Thian-koaⁿ ê hôa-tàn, só͘-í ài tiám teng khèng-chiok. Kàu Tông-tiâu kiat-sok chìn-chêng, tiâu-têng lóng sī chèng-sek leh chè-pài.

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Thoân-thóng cheh-ji̍t |
| --- |
|  |
| Jī-káu-mê  · Chhun-cheh  · Goân-siau (siōng-goân-mî)  · Chheng-bêng-cheh  · Gō͘-ji̍t-cheh (Toan-ngó͘-cheh)  · Chhit-niû-má-seⁿ (Chhit-sia̍h)  · Chhit-goe̍h-pòaⁿ (Tiong-goân phó͘-tō͘)  · Peh-goe̍h-cheh (Tiong-chhiu)  · Tiông-iông-cheh  · Tang-cheh  · Sàng-sîn |

 |
**Tāi-goân** (大元, Bông-kó͘-gí: ᠶᠡᠭᠡ  
 ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ  
 ᠤᠯᠤᠰ *Их Юань Улс*), mā ū kóng **Goân-tiâu** (元朝), **Ô͘-goân** (胡元) ia̍h **Bông-goân** (蒙元), sī tī 1271 nî kàu 1368 nî thóng-tī chha-put-to hiān-chhú-sî Tiong-kok khu-he̍k ê tè-kok. I tī Sòng-tiâu āu-piah, tī Bêng-tiâu í-chêng. Goân-tiâu ê Bông-kó͘-gí kok-miâ sī **Dayan Yeke Mongɣul Ulus** (Bông-kó͘-gí: ᠳᠠᠶᠠᠩ  
 ᠶᠡᠬᠡ  
 ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ  
 ᠦᠯᠦᠰ *Даян Их Монгол Улс*), chiàu jī-bīn ì-sù sī "Tāi-goân Tāi Bông-kó͘-kok". Kî-tiong "Dayan" kó-lêng sī Hàn-gí "Tāi-goân" (大元) ê im-e̍k, kī-miâ lâi-goân sī *E̍k-keng* lāi-bīn ê "Tāi chai khiân-goân" (大哉乾元); mā ū kó-lêng sī "Chheⁿ-sek Bông-kó͘" ê ì-sù

Chiah ông-tiâu sī Bông-kó͘-cho̍k ê Bông-kó͘ Tè-kok bia̍t-bông Tiong-kok í-hāu kiàn-li̍p--ê. 1368 nî, hō͘ Bêng Thài-chó͘ phài lâng jiok tńg Bô͘-pak.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑   Б. Сумъяабаатар: Юань гэдэг нэрний учир.

Koh khoàⁿ
---------

* Goân-tiâu hông-tè

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 3875150325579210090000
* LCCN: sh85024071
* GND: 4241585-8

 |

 |
Chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ m̄-sī teh kóng Seng-hûn.
Hoat-siā sêng-hūn NGC 6357 ê sé-sé chi̍t pō͘-hūn. I hoat-chhut ê âng-kng sī H II khu ê te̍k-teng.
**Seng-chè-hûn** (Hàn-jī: 星際雲; Eng-gí: interstellar cloud) it-poaⁿ sī lán seng-hē ia̍h-sī kî-thaⁿ seng-hē lāi-té ê khì-thé, tiān-chiuⁿ kap thô͘-hún chi̍p-óa--khiā-lâi--ê, khiā-sǹg-kóng sī seng-chè bu̍t-chit ê bi̍t-tō͘ khah koân pêng-kin ê só͘-chāi. Hûn ê bi̍t-tō͘, tōa-sè kap un-tō͘ ē koat-tēng hûn-lāi chúi-sò͘ chiâⁿ-chò saⁿ chióng chōng-thài ê kî-tiong chi̍t chióng. Tiong-sèng chúi-sò͘ ê hûn ē hêng-sêng H I khu, lī-chú chúi-sò͘ ê hûn ē hêng-sêng H II khu, chúi-sò͘ hun-chú ê hûn tō kán-chheng ûi hun-chú-hûn, ū-sî-chūn mā kiò-chò *cha̍t-chiⁿ-hûn* (實櫼雲; Eng-gí: dense cloud). Tiong-sèng ê hûn kap lī-chú-hòa ê hûn ū-sî mā kiò-chò *khok-sàn-hûn* (擴散雲; Eng-gí: diffuse cloud). Seng-chè-hûn ê iû-lâi sī Âng-kī-chheⁿ chia̍h-lāu ê sî ê khì-thé kap thô͘-hún.

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  "Carved by Massive Stars". *ESO Picture of the Week*. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2018-06-02. 13 September 2013 khòaⁿ--ê.
The Kok-chè thài-khong tsām, iú-sú í-lâi teh tê-sim kuí-tō (geocentric orbit) siōng tsoo-tsng ê siōng-tuā ê bu̍t-kiâñ
**Khong-kan tsām** (ing-gú: space station, orbital station, orbital space station; **thài-khong tsām**) sī ūn-hîng teh guā-tsân thài-khong ê lîn-tsō tshng, kông-gī siōng uî hāng-thian-khì ê tsi̍t-tsióng. Kah ú-tiū-tsûn sio-pí, khong-kan tsām bô-it-tīng ē tsài hāng-tiān-guân sing-khong, mā bú-it-tīng kū-pī thui-tsìn kah tsiūñ-lio̍k iōng-ê siat-pī. M̄-kū khong-kan tsām ū sik-ha̍p lîn-luī tn̂g-sî-kan khiā-tuà ê siat-kè, ē-sái tsò ú-hāng-guân teh thài-khong tíng-tsù kap kang-tsok ê tiûñ-sóo. Khong-kan tsām ē-sái thê-kiong tē-bīn si̍t-giām siat-si bô-huat-tōo thê-kiong ê kē-tiōng-li̍k, ú-tiū khong-kan huân-kíng tíng-tíng tiâu-kiāñ, tsú-iàu lóng hōo-lâng iōng-teh kok-tsióng kho-ha̍k ê gián-kiù (iû-kî-sī gián-kiù tn̂g-kî tī-liû ú-tiū tuì lîn-thé ê íng-hióng). Bo̍k-tsiân lîn-luī ê tsuân-pōo khong-kan tsām lóng-sī kiàn-tsō teh tē-kiû uē-tsheñ kiù-tō tíng-kuân-ê, uî -tio̍h tuì khong-kan tsām tsìn-hîng lîn-guân kah bu̍t-tsit ê póo-kip kap ūn-sàng, su-iàu kî-thañ thài-khong hui-hîng khì ê phuè-ha̍p. Bí-kok khong-kan tsòng-sū kè-uē 2024-nî kiàn-li̍p teh gue̍h-kiù kuí-tō ê khong-kan tsām, beh sîng-uî tē-it-ê kiàn-li̍p teh tē-kiû í-guā ê kuí-tō khong-kan tsām.

Tsham-khó bûn-hàn
-----------------

* Chladek, Jay (2017). *Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations*. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2292-2.
* Haeuplik-Meusburger: *Architecture for Astronauts – An Activity based Approach*. Springer Praxis Books, 2011, ISBN 978-3-7091-0666-2.
* Grujica S. Ivanovich (July 7, 2008). *Salyut: the first space station: triumph and tragedy*. Praxis. p. 426. ISBN 978-0-387-73585-6.
* Neri Vela, Rodolfo (1990). *Manned space stations" Their construction, operation and potential application*. Paris: European Space Agency SP-1137. ISBN 978-92-9092-124-0.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Nebraska tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-siā (Nebraska tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-siā; University of Nebraska Press)
* Yale hoat-lu̍t kî-khan [en] (Yale huat-lu̍t kî-khan/Yale Law Journal)
* Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k hoat-lu̍t phêng-lūn [en] (Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn/University of Pennsylvania Law Review)
* Hô-lâm ko-téng hoat-īⁿ [zh] (Hô-lâm ko-tíng huat-īñ)
* Soaⁿ-tang ko-téng hoat-īⁿ [zh] (Suañ-tang ko-tíng huat-īñ)

Guā-pōo lên-ket
---------------

* Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Space Stations
* ISS - on Russian News Agency TASS Official Infographic (Eng-gí)
* "Giant Doughnut Purposed as Space Station", *Popular Science*, October 1951, pp. 120–121; article on the subject of space exploration and a space station orbiting earth
**Mastodon** sī chi̍t ê hun-soàⁿ-hêng siā-kûn bāng-lō͘ (*federated social network*), kap Twitter ū sio-siâng--ê kong-lêng, m̄-koh koán-lí tī hui-tiong-sim-hoà (非中心化)--ê ho̍k-bū-khì (*server*) liân-bêng, sú-iōng khai-hòng goân-sú-bé nńg-thé. Sú-iōng-chiá lóng sio̍k tī chi̍t ê Mastodon ho̍k-bū-khì, kiò-chò "si̍t-lē" (實例, *instance*). Tī hia in thang pho͘ (PO) té-phoe hō͘ pa̍t-lâng tha̍k, m̄-koh chit-ê kong-lêng ài khoàⁿ sú-iōng-chiá kap si̍t-lē--ê siat-tēng. Té-phoe thang hun-chò to̍k-to̍k hō͘ ka-tī khoàⁿ, kan-ta hō͘ kin-toè-chiá (*followers*) khoàⁿ, khong-khai tī só͘-sio̍k si̍t-lē, khong-khai tī Mastodon--ê liân-bêng bāng-lō͘, í-ki̍p hō͘ pa̍t-chi̍t-ê sú-iōng-chiá khoàⁿ. Chit-ê ho̍k-bū leh chhoē kap tùi téng kàu ē (*top-down*) siū chún-chat--ê Twitter bô-kâng, beh ǹg sió siā-kûn kap í siā-kûn ûi chú--ê hong-sek hoat-tián.

Chham-khó
---------

* Misskey
* Pleroma (nńg-thé)
* Lemmy
* siā-kûn bāng-chām

Goā-kháu liân-kiat
------------------

* Koaⁿ-hōng bāng-chām
* Mastodon--ê goân-sú-bé
| Pòaⁿ-tō-théchong-tìchè-chō |
| --- |
|  |
| MOSFET scaling(process nodes) |
| 
* 010 µm – 1971 nî
* 006 µm – 1974 nî
* 003 µm – 1977 nî
* 1.5 µm – 1981 nî
* 001 µm – 1984 nî
* 800 nm – 1987 nî
* 600 nm – 1990 nî
* 350 nm – 1993 nî
* 250 nm – 1996 nî
* 180 nm – 1999 nî
* 130 nm – 2001 nî
* 090 nm – 2003 nî
* 065 nm – 2005 nî
* 045 nm – 2007 nî
* 032 nm – 2009 nî
* 022 nm – 2012 nî
* 014 nm – 2014 nî
* 010 nm – 2016 nî
* 007 nm – 2018 nî
* 005 nm – 2020 nî

 |
| Bī-lâi
* 003 nm – *~2022 nî*
 |
| * hián
* lūn
* pian
 |

**90 nāi-bí chè-têng** (Eng-gí: *90 nm process*) sī pòaⁿ-tō-thé chè-chō chè-têng ê chi̍t ê chúi-pêng, tāi-iok tī 2004 nî kàu 2005 nî chó-iū ta̍t-sêng. Che sī iû hit-tang-chūn ê léng-sian pòaⁿ-tō-thé kong-si Intel, AMD, Infineon, Texas Instruments, IBM kap Tâi-chek-tiān só͘ oân-sêng. Chē-chē chhiúⁿ-siong ēng 193 nāi-bí ê pho-tn̂g lâi chìn-hêng koan-kiān chân-kip ê kng-khek.

Lēng-gōa, 12 eng-chhùn chiⁿ-îⁿ tī chit-ê chè-têng chiâⁿ-chò chú-liû.
G∞golplex ê piáu-sī.
Gogolplex í su-tsik ê hîng-sik sóo pian-siá ê.(ISBN 978-0-9900072-0-3; ISBN 978-0-9900072-1-0)
**Googolplex** (ing-gú: Googolplex) iōng phóo-thong ê 10 tsìn-tsè piáu-sī-huat sóo siá tshut--lâi ê; tsiū sī 10googol, 1-ê  googol tio̍h-sī 10100 tshú-hong ê lîng, iah tio̍h-sī kóng, 10 ê googol tshú-hong sóo tsoo-sîng ê.

Sòo-jī piáu-sī
--------------

### Googolplex

1 googolplex
= 10googol
= 10(10100)
= 1010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
### Googolplexian

Tsi̍t-ê googolplexian tio̍h-sī 1 kah googolplex ê 0|lîng; hi̍k-tsiá 10 ê googolplex tshú-hong.

{\displaystyle \mathrm {googolplexian} =10^{\mathrm {googolplex} }=10^{10^{10^{100}}}}

Li̍k-sú
-------

Tī 1920-nî, Edward Kasner [en] 9-huè ê ti̍t-á Milton Sirotta tshòng-tsō googol [en] tsi̍t-sû, tsik sī 10100, jiân-āu thê-tshut koh-khah tsìn-tsi̍t-pōo ê su̍t-gú googolplex uî "1, jiân-āu sī 0, it-ti-kàu lí bú kah tsiânn thiám".] Kasner kuat-tīng tshái-iōng king-tsìng-sik ê tīng-gī, in-uī "bô kāng-khuán ê lâng teh bô kâng ê sî-kan ē kám-kak siān-tauh-tauh, Carnera [en] íng-uán bô-huat-tōo tsiânn-tsò pí Einstein phok-sū koh-khah hó ê sòo-ha̍k-ka, in-uī i-ū koh-khah tsē ê nai-li̍k lî-tshiánn ē-sái siá koh-khah tn̂g ê sî-kan". Iû-í tshú bi̍k ê tsiann kiat-ha̍p-sìng, googolplex in-tshú piau-tsún-huà uî 10(10100) = 1010100.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  Nitsche, Wolfgang H."Googolplex Written Out", August 2013,retrieved Feb 9,2023.(ISBN 978-0-9900072-0-3; ISBN 978-0-9900072-1-0) (Eng-gí)
2. ↑  Bialik, Carl (14 June 2004). "There Could Be No Google Without Edward Kasner". *The Wall Street Journal Online*. goân-loē-iông tī 30 November 2016 hőng khó͘-pih.  (retrieved 17 March 2015) (Eng-gí)
3. ↑  Edward Kasner & James R. Newman (1940) Mathematics and the Imagination, page 23, NY: Simon & Schuster (Eng-gí)
4. ↑  Anthony J. Dos Reis (2012). *Compiler Construction Using Java, JavaCC, and Yacc*. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-118-11277-9.  Extract of page 91 (Eng-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Graham's number
* Names of large numbers
* Orders of magnitude (numbers)
* Skewes's number
* On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
* Mathematics Genealogy Project
* Mathematics and the Imagination
* Simon & Schuster
* 2016–2021 literary phishing thefts
* İstanbul ki-tiûⁿ

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Googolplex*** |

* The dictionary definition of *googolplex* at Wiktionary

* Googolplex Written Out (Eng-gí)
* Weisstein, Eric W. "Googolplex". *MathWorld*.  (Eng-gí)
* googolplex at PlanetMath. (Eng-gí)
* Padilla, Tony; Symonds, Ria. "Googol and Googolplex". *Numberphile*. Brady Haran. goân-loē-iông tī 29 March 2014 hőng khó͘-pih. 6 April 2013 khòaⁿ--ê.  (Eng-gí)

template:Large numbers [en]
*"Hong-giân" ê kî-tha ì-sù, chham-khó hong-giân (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h).*
**Hong-giân** (方言; Eng-gí: *dialect*) it-poaⁿ iā kiò chò **thó͘-ōe** (土話), tī giân-gú-ha̍k siōng sī chi̍t ê giân-gú tī bô-kāng só͘-chāi he̍k-chiá jîn-kûn ê piàn-hêng.

Tēng-gī
-------

Hong-giân kan-tán ê tēng-gī sī chí chi̍t-ê gián-gí lāi ū hō͘-siōng khó-lí-kái-sèng (*mutual intelligibility*) ê chi̍t kóa kiōng-chûn piàn-chéng (*variety*); chóng-sī chit khoán tēng-gī sī ū būn-tê--ê, in-ūi ū-sî bô-kâng gián-gí chi kan oa-na ū it-tēng thêng-tō͘ ê hō͘-siōng lí-kài khó-lêng (pí-lūn Sūi-tián-gí kap Nô͘-ui-gí).

Nā beh kui-la̍p chhut chi̍t-ê hong-giân, tāi-seng su-iàu jīn-tēng chhut chi̍t-ê hâm chē chióng piàn-chéng ê giân-gí. Ùi pún giân-gí ē-té ê ta̍k-ê piàn-chéng chi kan ū ho͘-im, sû-lūi, kap bûn-hoat ê cheng-chha. Hong-giân chi kan ê pian-kài sī hâm-hô͘--ê, liân-sòa ê tē-khu-sèng hong-giân ū khó-lêng sán-seng chi̍t tiâu hong-giân liān (*dialect chain*), he̍k-chiá kiò hong-giân liân-sio̍k-thé (*dialect continuum*), tang-tiong sio-óa ê nn̄g khoán hong-giân beh-kâng ê thêng-tō͘ pí bô sio-óa--ê khah koân.

Hong-giân chha-pia̍t
--------------------

Hong-giân chi kan ê chha-pia̍t thang hun sò͘-liōng-sèng (*quantitative*) kap sèng-chit-sèng (*qualitative*) nn̄g-ê hong-bīn lâi liáu-kái.

Hong-giân chûn-chāi ê hêng-sek
------------------------------

Hong-giân thang hun chò tē-hng-seǹg hong-giân kap siā-hòe-sèng hong-giân (*social dialect*). Tē-hng-sèng ê hong-giân sī chiàu té-lí ê khu-he̍k lâi koat-tēng; nā siā-hòe-sèng ê hong-giân, sī chí san-seng tī sèng-pia̍t, nî-hòe kap cho̍k-hē téng in-sò͘ chi kan ê hong-giân.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Carstairs Douglas (1873). *Chinese English dictionary of Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy*.
2. 1 2 3 4  Richard Cameron (2010). "Dialect". Chū Patrick Colm Hogan. *The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Language Sciences*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866897.
3. ↑  Carmen Llamas; Louise Mullany; Peter Stockwell, pian. (2006). "Glossary". *The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics*. Routledge. ISBN 9781134303489.

Khòaⁿ lēng-gōa
--------------

* Khiuⁿ-kháu
* Hong-giân-ha̍k
**Ia̍p Kiok-lân** (葉菊蘭; 1949 nî 2 goe̍h 13 ji̍t chhut-sì ) sī Tâi-oân Biâu-le̍k-koān chhut-sì ê chèng-tī-ka, chêng-jīm li̍p-hoat uí-oân kah Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok hêng-chèng-īⁿ ê hù-īⁿ-tiúⁿ. I bat ū tam-jīm--koè hêng-chèng-īⁿ kau-thong-pō͘ ê pō͘-tiúⁿ kah chìng-bū uí-oân. Tî-chhú-chi-gōa, i sī kheh-ka-lâng jî-chhiáⁿ chò--koè kheh-ka uí-oân-hōe ê chú-jīm uí-oân. 2005 nî 9 goe̍h 26 ji̍t, i tāi-lí Tân Kî-māi tam-jīm Ko-hiông-chhī ê chhī-tiúⁿ, sī Ko-hiông-chhī iú-sú í-lâi thâu-chi̍t-uī cha-bó͘ siú-tiúⁿ. Āu--lâi i tam-jīm Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chóng-thóng-hú ê pì-su-tiúⁿ.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Ko-hiông-chhī Chhī-tiúⁿ |
| --- |
|  |
| Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi | 
* Iwamoto Tasuke
* Saitô Gentosio
* Imai Masaharu
* Gisaburô Kobayasi
* Matuo Sigeharu
* Munetô Tairiku
* Kosima Mô
* Yokoyama Takeo
* Nakamatu Otohiko

 |  |
|  |
| Séng-hat-chhī sî-tāi | 
* Liân Bô͘
* N̂g Tiōng-tô͘
* N̂g Kiông
* Lâu Siông
* Tân Pó-thài
* Siā Chèng-kiông
* Tân Bú-chiong
* Tân Khé-chhoan
* Iûⁿ Kim-hó͘
* Ông Gio̍k-hûn

 |
|  |
| Īⁿ-hat-chhī sî-tāi | 
* Ông Gio̍k-hûn
* Iûⁿ Kim-chhông
* Khó͘ Chúi-tek
* So͘ Lâm-sêng
* Ngô͘ Tun-gī

 |
|  |
| Ti̍t-hat-chhī sî-tāi | 
* Ngô͘ Tun-gī
* Siā Tiông-têng
* Tân Kî-māi (tāi-lí)
* Ia̍p Kiok-lân (tāi-lí)
* Tân Kiok
* Khó͘ Li̍p-bêng
* Hân Kok-jû
* Iûⁿ Bêng-chiu (tāi-lí)
* Tân Kî-māi

 |

 |
**Ia̍p Tshing-iāu** (hân-gú: 葉清耀, 1880－1942), pún-tsi̍k Tâi-uân Tâi-tiong tāng-sì, Ia̍p Tshing-iāu put-tān sī Tâi-uân teh Tâi-uân jit-tī sî-kî ê ti-bîng lu̍t-su [en], iā teh tī-kíng sū-kiānn [zh] it-àn lāi-té, tam-jīm Tâi-uân tong-sū-jîn [en] ê lu̍t-su. Liáu-āu, Ia̍p Tshing-iāu koh tsiânn-tsò Tâi-uân siú-uī huat-ha̍k phok-sū [en] (1932-nî, Bîng-tī tāi-ha̍k [en]).

Sing-pîng
---------

Tshut-sì teh Tâi-uân jit-tī sî-kî Tâi-tiong tāng-sì, tsū sè-hàn ka-tîng tō sàn-tshiah, uì tāng-sè kong-ha̍k-hāu pit-gia̍p liáu-āu tō bô-koh tha̍k-tsheh; pīng-tshiánn tsiām-sî teh-tsò tshàu-uân kang-lâng ê thâu-lōo. M̄-kuh teh ha̍k-hāu ê lāu-su kóo-lē tsi-hā, khó-ji̍p Tâi-tiong su-huān ha̍k-hāu. Tsi-āu tsiân-óng Ji̍t-pún liû-ha̍k, pīng-tshiánn tsìn-ji̍p Bîng-tī tāi-ha̍k huat-ha̍k kho tsiū-to̍k. Pīng-tshiánn teh kiû-ha̍k ê kuè-tîng tang-tiong khai-sí tsún-pī lu̍t-su khó-tshì. Mo-m̄-kuh suā-lâi tso-gū--tio̍htong-sî tsìng-hú ê hān-tsè; tsū-án-ne tō-teh sì-kè tshíng-guān tsi-hā, tsuè-āu hōo Ji̍t-pún tsìng-hú tông-ì khai-hòng hōo i pò-khó. Ia̍p Tshing-iāu mā sūn-lī khó-tio̍h lu̍t-su tsu-keh; tsiânn-tsò thâu-tsi̍t-ê Tâi-uân-lâng lu̍t-su. Tshú-guā Ia̍p Tshing-iāu mā iōng lūn-bûn "Hîng-huat tông-ì lūn" (刑法同意論) the̍h-tio̍h huat-ha̍k phok-sū [en] ê tsu-keh; pīng in-tshú tsiânn-tsò thâu-tsi̍t-ê Tâi-uân-lâng huat-ha̍k phok-sū.

Ia̍p Tshing-iāu tńg--lâi Tâi-uân liáu-āu, teh Tuā-tiū-tiânn khai-siat  lu̍t-su sū-bū-sóo [en] tsip-gia̍p. Tī 1923-nî, tī-kíng sū-kiānn [zh] huat-sing, Ia̍p Tshing-iāu siū-thok tam-jīm Tsiúnn Uī-suí, Tshuà Puê-hué tíng-jîn ê piān-hōo lu̍t-su, pīng-tshiánn teh it-sím ê sî-tsūn sūn-lī thè kai àn ê tsuân-pōo pī-kò tsing-tshú bô-tsuē phuànn-kuat, jî-lâi Ia̍p Tshing-iāu ê miâ-siann lú-lâi lú tsin tháu. Tsi-āu tī 1930-nî tsoo-tsit Tâi-uân tē-hng tsū-tī liân-bîng, tsú-tiunn Tâi-uân-lâng ē-tàng ti̍t-suán tē-hng kong-tsit; m̄-kuh suah--lâi tī 1942-nî in-uī kuann-pēnn [en] kuè-sin, hióng-siū 62 huē.

Ka-tso̍k
--------

* Bió Tân Thô (陳桃)（lông-king）
* Hiann Tân Ia̍p-lia̍t (陳葉烈)（tsiunn-ló-gia̍p [zh]；uá bió sènn）
* Tī Ia̍p Chheng-kiong (葉清恭)
* Kiánn Ia̍p Tsok-ga̍k (葉作樂) （huat-lu̍t-jîn）
* Guā-sun Tiong Bûn-liông (張文龍)（lu̍t-su [en]）

Tsù-kái
-------

1. 1 2  葉清耀著,"刑法同意論 - 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション",日本,國立國會圖書館,0016047-000,637-169,retrieved 2022-10-19. (Ji̍t-pún-gí)
2. 1 2  "台湾人初の法学博士となる葉清耀への学位授与を伝える。駿台新報(明治大学新聞) 320・第321号記事",明治大學,retrieved 2022-10-19. (Ji̍t-pún-gí)
3. ↑  "歷史上的今天 反抗的先驅，史上第一位法學博士！". 2019-09-16 khòaⁿ--ê.  (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn
------------------

* 田健治郎，《田健治郎日記》，中研院台史所 [zh]，臺灣日記資料庫。1919年12月18日內容，「前九時，伴通譯施家本及辨護士葉清耀（唯一臺灣人弁護士也）來謁，則逐條令面陳，對之一一與訓諭。約二時間餘，彼等表滿腔之謝意而去。」 (Hàn-gí)
* 吳密察，《台灣史小事典》，遠流出版社。 (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Bîng-tī tāi-ha̍k [en] (Meiji University)
* Hiaⁿ-tī chí-mōe [en] (hiann-tī tsí-muē/sibling)
* Tong-sū-jîn (hoat-lu̍t) [en] (Party (law))
* Tâi-oân chiuⁿ-ló sán-gia̍p [zh] (Tâi-uân tsiunn-ló sán-gia̍)
* Tiong-iong Gián-kiù-īⁿ Tâi-oân-sú Gián-kiù-só͘ [zh]

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Ia̍p Chheng-iāu*** |

* 刑法同意論 - 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション (Ji̍t-pún-gí)
**Ia̍p Sēng-kiat** (葉盛吉; 1923 nî 10 goe̍h 25 ji̍t – 1950 nî 11 goe̍h 29 ji̍t), Tâi-oân Tâi-lâm-chiu Sin-iâⁿ-kūn Sin-iâⁿ-ke chhut-sì, Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng tóng-oân. Tâi-lâm It-tiong pit-gia̍p liáu-āu, keng-kòe 2 tang têng-khó, khó tiâu Ji̍t-pún Sian-tâi Tē-jī Ko-téng Ha̍k-hāu, lo̍h-bóe khó tiâu Tang-kiaⁿ I-ha̍k-īⁿ. Chiàn-āu choán-ha̍k tò-tńg-lâi Tâi-oân tha̍k Tâi-oân Tāi-ha̍k I-ha̍k-hē. Tńg-lâi Tâi-oân liáu-āu, i-ê su-sióng khai-sí óa chó-phài, siū i-ha̍k-īⁿ ha̍k-seng chū-tī hōe-tiúⁿ Lâu Chiau-kong kài-siāu ka-ji̍p kiōng-sán-tóng, tam-jīm Tâi-tāi I-ha̍k-īⁿ chi-pō͘ léng-tō lio̍k-sio̍k kài-siāu Gân Sè-hông téng i-ha̍k-īⁿ ha̍k-seng kap i-seng ka-ji̍p séng-kang-úi ha̍k-kang-úi. 1950 nî, Chhòa Hàu-khiân piàn-kòa āu, Tiong-kiōng tī Tâi-oân ê cho͘-chit óa-kái, tōa-liōng sêng-oân pī lia̍h. 1950 nî 11 goe̍h 29 hō, Ia̍p Sēng-kiat tī Tâi-pak Bé-tiûⁿ-teng pī chhèng-sat.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  楊威理 (2009-08-01). *雙鄉記：葉盛吉一台灣知識分子之青春．徬徨．探索．實踐與悲劇*. 人間出版社.
**Luluna** (Hàn-miâ: 羅娜, 羅羅娜, 鹿羅娜, 羅漊納) sī Tâi-oân Bunun-cho̍k Isbukun ê chi̍t ê pō͘-lo̍k, hêng-chèng-siōng sio̍k-î Lâm-tâu-koān Sìn-gī-hiong Lô-ná-chhoan (羅娜村). I sī choân Tâi-oân Bunun-cho̍k siōng tōa ê pō͘-lo̍k, mā sī Tâi-oân Goân-chū Bîn-cho̍k tiong siōng tōa ê pō͘-lo̍k, ki-bîn ū chi̍t chheng gōa lâng.

Tē-lí
-----

Luluna khiā-tī Tan-liú-lân-khe Khe-khàm-kûn (陳有蘭溪溪崁群) ê Luluna Khe-khàm (羅娜溪崁) téng-koân, chē sī Pit-chio̍h-khe (筆石溪) kā Tan-liú-lân-khe chhiong-chek ·chhut-lâi ê sìⁿ-chōng-tē, hái-poa̍t 900 kàu 1000 kong-chhioh.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Luluna pún-lâi sī Luhtu-kûn Tsou-cho̍k ê Lâm-á-kha-siā (楠仔跤社) lâng ê sè-chhng, goân-miâ kiò-chò **Nia-feo’isi**. Hia-ê Tsou-cho̍k lâng kah tòa tī Lêng-ko-kūn hoan-tē ê Isbukun Bunun-cho̍k lâng chò-tùi-thâu.

Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê 1935 nî, Ji̍t-pún sit-bîn chèng-hú chip-hêng chi̍p-thoân î-chū ê lí-hoan chèng-chhek, kiông-pek Tsou-cho̍k kā chi̍t tè khe-khàm-tē koah-jiōng hō͘ Bunun-cho̍k ê 8 siā, lóng-chóng 76 hō͘, 1102 lâng, hō͘ in chhian-·ji̍p-lâi. Pō͘-lo̍k ê sin ê miâ Luluna, khó-lêng sī tùi Tsou-cho̍k thâu-lâng ê sī-cho̍k 魯澛那納 ia̍h-sī Yulunana (優路拿納) lâi ·ê. 

1945 nî, Lêng-ko-kūn hoan-tē kái-chè chò Lô-ná-hiong (羅娜鄉) ê hêng-chèng tiong-sim ba̍t siat tī leh Luluna, iah-m̄-koh 1946 nî chit ê hiong kái-miâ chò Sìn-gī-hiong, hiong-kong-só͘ mā sóa-ūi sóa khì khah óa chúi-bóe ê Bêng-téng-chhoan (明德村).

2014 nî, "Tâi-oân Goân-chū Bîn-cho̍k Pō͘-lo̍k Hêng-tōng Liân-bêng" hiòng chèng-hú cheng-chhú, hi-bāng kóng Sìn-gī-hiong ē-tàng hui-ho̍k goân-miâ Lô-ná-hiong.

Jîn-bûn
-------

### Kàu-io̍k

* Lâm-tâu-koān Sìn-gī-siōng Luluna Kok-bîn Sió-ha̍k (南投縣信義鄉羅娜國民小學)

### Chong-kàu

ki-bîn chú-iàu sìn Ki-tok-kàu kap Thian-chú-kàu. Chng-lāi ê kàu-tn̂g ū:

* Luluna Thian-chú-tn̂g (羅娜天主堂)
* Tâi-oân Ki-tok Tiúⁿ-ló Kàu-hōe Luluna kau-hōe (臺灣基督長老教會羅娜教會)

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. 1 2  "羅娜部落【Luluna】" (ēng Hôa-gí). 原住民族委員會. 2015. goân-loē-iông tī 2020-09-19 hőng khó͘-pih. 2022-08-05 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. 1 2  "羅娜部落" (ēng Hôa-gí). 國立彰化生活美學館. 2014. 2022-08-05 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. ↑  "陳有蘭溪階地群" (ēng Hôa-gí). 台灣地景保育網. 2022-07-04. 2022-08-05 khòaⁿ--ê.
4. 1 2  "孤立於阿里山外的鄒族久美部落" (ēng Hôa-gí). 原住民族委員會. 2015. goân-loē-iông tī 2021-12-08 hőng khó͘-pih. 2022-08-05 khòaⁿ--ê.
5. ↑  "歷史沿革" (ēng Hôa-gí). 信義鄉公所. 2019. goân-loē-iông tī 2022-07-01 hőng khó͘-pih.
6. ↑  黃邦平、花孟璟、林子翔、佟振國、陳信仁、張瑞楨 (2014-10-25). "拒復興仁愛 山川部落爭「原」 味" (ēng Hôa-gí). *Chū-iû Sî-pò*. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2014-10-25. 2014-10-26 khòaⁿ--ê.
Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē ê hoē-oân kok tiong-kan ū saⁿ-kap tshiam-sú 1 hūn bûn-kiāⁿ, hō-chò **Au-chiu Jîn-koân Kong-iok**. I tsiâu-tsn̂g ê miâ-chheng sī **Pó-hō͘ Jîn-koân kap Ki-pún chū-iû ê Kong-iok** (*Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms*), iā i kán-séng ê Eng-bûn miâ *European Convention on Human Rights* koh thang kán-siá chò **ECHR**. In-ûi chit hūn kong-iok, só͘-í chiah ū Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ (*European Court of Human Rights*, ECoHR) ê sêng-li̍p. 

Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē ê hoē-oân kok ū gī-bū tio̍h chun-thàn Au-chiu Jîn-koân kong-iok ê hia̍p-gī.

Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ ū koân tùi ǹg i thê-chhut ê sin-sò͘ iah-sī àn-kiāⁿ chò-chhut chhâi-koat. Nā ū lâng jīn-ûi ū Au-chiu ê kok-ka sńg-tn̄g i ê jîn-koân, án-ne i tō ē-tàng kā chit-ê tāi-chì pò khì hō͘ Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ ê hoat-koaⁿ. Hoat-koaⁿ ē thiaⁿ-sím jî-chhiáⁿ chò chhâi-koat, chit-ê chhâi-koat m̄-sī kui tī khang-khang, in-ūi hit-ê khan-sia̍p--tio̍h ê kok-ka ê chèng-hú tiāⁿ-tio̍h ài sūn-thàn.
**Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ** (Eng-gí kán-siá: **ECoHR**) hū-chek sím-phoàⁿ te̍k-sû ê àn-kiāⁿ. Chiah-ê àn-kiāⁿ sī kap jîn-koân ū tī-tāi--ê. Chit-ê hoat-īⁿ koh ū 1 ê khah sù-siông sú-iōng ê miâ, hō-chò : "Strasbourg Hoat-īⁿ" (*Strasbourg Court*).

Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē ê hoē-oân kok saⁿ-kap kiàn-li̍p chit-ê jîn-koân hoat-īⁿ, bo̍k-tek sī beh liú-la̍k jîn-koân siong-koan ê kiù-hun, tī hoat-têng thiaⁿ tong-sū-chiá khòng-sò͘ kap hun-sò͘, pēng-chhiáⁿ chò sím-phoàⁿ. Au-chiu Jîn-koân Kong-iok lāi-té ū chē-chē koan-hē jîn-koân ê loē-iông, iā Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ chú-tiuⁿ lâng tio̍h lóng ū chiah-ê koân-lī chiah tio̍h.

Chit-ê hoat-īⁿ ū i ê hoat-koaⁿ. Hoat-koaⁿ ê lâng-gia̍h kap Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē ê hoē-oân kok sò͘-gia̍h sio-siâng, hiān-chhú-sî, Au-chiu Phêng-gī-hoē ū 47 ê hoē-oân kok, ta̍k kok lóng thang tī Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ ū 1 ūi hoat-koaⁿ, chóng--sī chiah-ê hoat-koaⁿ sī to̍k-to̍k khiā tiàm Au-chiu Jîn-koân Hoat-īⁿ ê li̍p-tiûⁿ, m̄-sī ūi in ka-tī ê kok.
lūi-pia̍t
No. 23 thàm-chiam
**Thàm-chiam** sī khí-kho tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sú-iōng ê ke-si. Thàm-chiam bóe-á ê chiam-toan sī kiám-cha chiù-khí ê sî, beh cheng-ka chhiok-kak iōng--ê. 

Kú-tn̂g í-lâi, khí-kho-i lóng the̍h thàm-chiam lâi chhōe khí-iū-chit ê chiù-khang, m̄-koh kīn-lâi ū chi̍t-kóa khí-kho choan-gia̍p jîn-sū giâu-gî chit-koán hoat-tō·. In-ūi chiù-khí tú-khí-seng chí-sī chi̍t-jiah thoat-kài-hòa ê só·-chāi, iáu-bô khang-phāng sán-seng. In jīn-ûi sú-iōng thàm-chaim ē tī khí-iū-chit téng-bīn chè-chō jîn-ûi ê khang-li̍h. In jīn-ûi èng-kai thàu-kòe fluoride ê sú-iōng, kap chhùi-khiuⁿ oē-seng ê chip-hêng kā koh-kài-hòa thńg--lâi. Chit-ê cheng-lūn iáu leh kè-sio̍k, in-ūi bô chhiok-kám ê pang-chàn, ū-sî-chūn chiâⁿ-oh chín-toān chhut chiù-khí. 

Thàm-chiam ū kún-na-khoán, siāng-chia̍p sú-iōng ê sī:

* No. 23, kiò-chò *shepherd's hook*, it-poaⁿ the̍h i lâi kiám-cha kā-ha̍p-bīn ê chiù-khang.

Kî-thaⁿ iáu-ū:

* No. 2, kiò-chò *cowhorn* he̍k *pigtail*, the̍h-lâi kiám-cha sió-āu-chan goán-sim C-E junction ê chiù-khang.
* No.6, kiò-chò *right angle*, kiám-cha khí-hōaⁿ hū-kīn ê chiù-khang.
* No. 17, kiò-chò *back-action*, kiám-cha chhùi-khí oán-sim-bīn ê chiù-khang.
| Tâi-phiò |
| --- |
| Kū-tâi-phiò |
| Tē-it-thò Ti̍t-sek Sin-tâi-phiò |
| Tē-jī-thò Ti̍t-sek Sin-tâi-phiò |
| Tē-saⁿ-thò Ti̍t-sek Sin-tâi-phiò |
| Tē-sì-thò Ti̍t-sek Sin-tâi-phiò |
| Kim-Má Choan-iōng Choá-pè |
| Tē-it-thò Hoâiⁿ-sek Sin-tâi-phiò |
| Tē-jī-thò Hoâiⁿ-sek Sin-tâi-phiò |
| Tē-saⁿ-thò Hoâiⁿ-sek Sin-tâi-phiò |
| Tē-sì-thò Hoâiⁿ-sek Sin-tâi-phiò |
| Tē-gō͘-thò Hoâiⁿ-sek Sin-tâi-phiò |
| Sin-tâi-phiò ê gîn-kak-á |

**Tē-gō͘-thò Hoâiⁿ-sek Sin-tâi-phiò** tī 1999 nî iû Tiong-iong Ìn-chè-chhiúⁿ ìn-chè, 2000 nî 7 goe̍h khai-sí hoat-hêng liû-thong. Chit-ê pán-pún thê-seng chin-gūi te̍k-teng, cheng-ka ki-khì piān-sek kong-lêng. Kiat-ha̍p Au-chiu-sek tiān-náu kò͘-tô͘ kap Bí-kok-sek chhiú-kang tiau-khek ki-gē. Lóng-chóng ū 2000 îⁿ, 1000 îⁿ, 500 îⁿ, 200 îⁿ kap 100 îⁿ 5 chióng bīn-gia̍h, put-kò 2000 kap 5000 îⁿ ê sú-iōng-lu̍t khah-kē. Tû-liáu 100 îⁿ kap 200 îⁿ pó-liû chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t ê hêng-siōng, 500 îⁿ bīn-gia̍h í-siōng kái-chò í kàu-io̍k, kho-ha̍k kap thé-io̍k chò-ûi chú-te̍k, pòe-bīn kái-chò í Tâi-oân pó-io̍k-lūi tōng-bu̍t kap hong-kéng bêng-sèng; siōng-kài te̍k-pia̍t ê sī 1000 îⁿ kap 500 îⁿ ê jîn-bu̍t sī chin-chiàⁿ ū hit-ê lâng chûn-chāi; kî-tiong, 1000 îⁿ ê pòe-bîn sī 4 ê gín-á, só͘-í tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hō͘ Tâi-oân-lâng hō-chò "sió-pêng-iú" (小朋友).

It-lám-piáu
-----------

Siong-koan
----------

* Sin-tâi-phiò
**Siu-ho̍k-thé** (*restoration*) sī beh siu-ho̍k chiù--khì ê chhùi-khí, hoê-ho̍k goân-té ê kong-lêng kap hêng-thài, he̍k cheng-ka chhùi-khí ê bí-koan. Siu-ho̍k-thé ū kúi-á-chióng châi-chit, siu-ho̍k ê hong-hoat ē-sái hun-chò ti̍t-chiap kap kàn-chiap 2 khoán. Ti̍t-chiap siu-ho̍k-thé sī tī chhùi-lāi chò--ê, ia̍h-tio̍h-sī it-poaⁿ só·-kóng ê thūn-chhùi-khí; ah kàn-chiap siu-ho̍k-thé sī tī chhùi-goā ê ki-kang-sek chè-chō hó chiah liâm khì chhùi-khí. Kàn-chiap ê chò-hoat tī chhùi-khí chhia hó, siu-ho̍k-thé iàu-bē tàu--khì-lih chin-chêng, ài ū chi̍t-ê lîm-sî ê siu-ho̍k-thé seng khǹg tī chhùi-khí koân-téng, î-chhî kā-ha̍p khong-kan kap chiap-chhiok tiám, chhiok-chìn kap pó·-chhî khí-chiu kap khí-chhoé ê cho·-chit, í-bián siū-siong. 

Tiāⁿ khoàⁿ leh iōng ê ti̍t-chiap siu-ho̍k-thé ū gîn-sek ê gîn-hún, kap chhùi-khí-sek ê glass ionomer cement, resin-ionomer cement, ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí. Siâng-chāi iōng tio̍h ê kàn-chiap siu-ho̍k-thé ū kham-thé (khí-kho), koan-kài-thé (khí-kho), khí-lông, kap siuⁿ-bīn (鑲面, *veneer*); iōng tio̍h ê châi-chit ū ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí, iù-hûi-á (khí-kho), tô-chû (khí-kho), he̍k n̂g-kim khe-kim (khí-kho). 

* Chìn-chêng ê ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí kap chiù-khí
* Ē-té ū chiù-khí
* Ēng ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí têng-thūn hó-sè
Gmail ê sin phiau-chì
**Gmail** (*Google Mail*) sī Google tī 2004 nî 4 goe̍h 1 hō hoat-pò͘ ê chi̍t-ê bián-hùi tiān-chú iû-kiāⁿ ho̍k-bū. Tī siāng-chá thui-chhut sî, sin sú-iōng-chiá su-iàu hiān-iú sú-iōng-chiá ê tiān-chú iû-kiāⁿ iau-chhiáⁿ. 2007 nî 2 goe̍h 7 hō, Google soan-pò͘ kā Gmail ê chù-chheh oân-choân khai-hòng. Lo̍h-bóe koh tī 2009 nî 7 goa̍h 7 hō ê sî, chèng-sek chhú-siau Beta phiau-chì, tī thui-chhut 5-tang-gōa āu chóng-sǹg choán-ûi chèng-sek pán-pún. Gmail siāng-chá thui-chhut sî ū 1 GB ê thú-chûn khong-kan, tōa-tōa thê-ko tong-sî bián-hùi phe-tâng iông-liōng ê piau-chún. Bo̍k-chiân, Gmail ê iōng-hō͘ í-keng ē-sái hiáng-iú chhiau-kòe 15 GB ê iông-liōng, pēng-chhiáⁿ ē-sái thong-kòe hù-chîⁿ chhú-tit khah-chē khong-kan. Nā-chún beh lēng-gōa sòe khah-chē ê khong-kan, ē-sái ēng ta̍k-kò-goe̍h 1.99 Bí-kim ê kè-siàu lâi chhú-tit 100 GB ê thú-chûn khong-kan. Gmail siāng hō͘ lâng o-ló ê sī i-ê sú-iōng kài-bīn, m̄-nā iông-ī sú-iōng jî-chhiáⁿ sok-tō͘ chin kín, chhú-gōa Gmail mā sī chi̍t-ê chhut-miâ ê AJAX èng-iōng.
**Hông-hoé Tn̂g-siâⁿ** (防火長城, Eng-gí: Great Firewall of China, kán-chheng: GFW), chèng-sek ê miâ-chheng kiò choè **Tiong-kok kok-ka hông-hoé-chhiông** (中國國家防火牆), sī Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok tī ka-kī kok-ka lāi-bīn choè ê chin toā ê Internet (bāng-chè-bāng-lō͘) hông-hoé-chhiông.

Chiah mih-á sī chèng-hú bēng-lēng choè ê, i ê chú-iàu siat-kè--chiá sī Tiong-kok kang-têng-īⁿ ê kang-têng-su Png Pin-heng. Chèng-hú choè chiah mih-á ê bo̍k-te̍k sī boē iông-ín i ê peh-sèⁿ khoàⁿ tio̍h chèng-hú jīn-uî tuì chèng-hú boē hó ê Internet (bāng-chè-bāng-lō͘) sìn-sit.

Google, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter tíng-tíng chin chè sè-kài chhut-miâ ê bāng-chām hō͘ Tiong-kok chèng-hú hong-só. Wikipedia ê pō͘-hūn bûn-chiuⁿ iā hō͘ i hong-só. Bāng-chām hō͘ i hong-só, hō͘ Tiong-kok ê peh-sèⁿ kiò choè „hō͘-chhiông". In nā sī siūⁿ chûn-chhú (tī Tiong-kok kiò choè liû-lám) hō͘ hong-só ê bāng-chām, pit-su sái hoan-chhiông nńg-thé. Chhiūⁿ Tor, Freegate, goagent kap Bû-kài-liû-lám án-ni ê nńg-thé lóng sī Tiong-kok lâng ài sái ê hoan-chhiông nńg-thé. Kî-tiong Freegate kap Bû-kài-liû-lám sī Hoat-lûn-kong khai-hoat ê.
Ngó͘-hêng
**Ngó͘-hêng** (五行) sī Tiong-kok chū-kó͘-í-lâi Tō-ha̍k ê chi̍t chióng hē-thóng koan-tiám, kóng-hoàn èng-iōng tī Hàn-i-ha̍k, hong-súi, sǹg-miā, siòng-miā kap pok-kòa hong-bīn. Chiàn-kok sî-tāi ê im-iông-ka sī ngó͘-hêng ê khí-goân. Ngó͘-hêng ê ì-gī pau-hâm
chioh-tio̍h im-iông ián-piàn kòe-têng ê 5 chióng ki-pún tōng-thài: **hó͘ⁿ** (火), **súi** (水), **bo̍k** (木), **kim** (金), **thó͘** (土).

Nā-sī im-iông sī chi̍t chióng kó͘-chá ê tùi-li̍p thóng-it ha̍k-soat, ngó͘-hêng ha̍k-soat ē-tàng kóng sī chi̍t chióng goân-sí hē-thóng lūn. Ngó͘-hêng ha̍k-soat jīn-ûi, tāi-chū-jiân ê hiān-siōng iû "bo̍k, hó͘ⁿ, thó͘, kim, súi" chit 5 chióng khì ê piàn-hòa só͘ hâm-kài, put-tàn èng-hióng tio̍h lâng ê ūn-miā, mā hō͘ ú-tiū bān-bu̍t sûn-khoân put-chí; i kiông-tiāu chéng-thé kài-liām, biâu-hōe liáu sū-bu̍t ê kiat-kò͘ koan-hē kap ūn-tōng hêng-sek. Tiong-kok ùi kó͘-chá kàu-taⁿ ê sî-sū hû-hō "10 ê thian-kan", in-ê ì-gī chham ngó͘-hêng kap im-iông bi̍t-chhiat koan-liân.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* **Ngó͘-hêng** tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn.
**Khong-kan** chit-ê sû, tī koh-iūⁿ ê léng-he̍k lāi-té, ū bô-kâng ê ì-sù.

Bu̍t-lí-tek khong-kan sèng-chit
-------------------------------

Ēng bu̍t-lí lâi kóng, khong-kan ū 2-khoán tia̍t-sèng: **choa̍t-tùi ê khong-kan** kap **siong-tùi ê khong-kan**.

Choa̍t-tùi ê khong-kan sī Eng-kok ê bu̍t-lí ha̍k-chiá Newton the̍h-chhut--ê, I chú-tiuⁿ khong-kan sī sio-liân-soà--ê, chiâu-ûn--ê, bô-chè-hān--ê, khong-kan chiâⁿ-chò pau-koat chū-jiân-te̍k, keng-chè-te̍k kap siā-hoē-te̍k bān-hāng-mi̍h iông-khì ê lō·-iōng.

Tī Newton tùi khong-kan ê soat-bêng lāi-té, ū khan-sia̍p-tio̍h tiong-sè-kí ê chong-kàu koan-liām, tì-sú ū lâng kā hoán-tùi.

In-ūi án-ne, Tek-kok ê ha̍k-chiá Leibniz choaⁿ-á chú-tiuⁿ siong-tùi ê kong-kan koan-liām. I jīn-ûi khong-kan sī ta̍k-hāng mi̍h hō·-siōng-chi-kan ê koan-hē, chit-khoán koan-hē, ē-ēng-tit thàu-koè kí-hô-ha̍k iú-tiâu-iú-toāⁿ lâi poé-hoē. Iā-chiū-sī kóng, khong-kan ê sèng-chit, sī tī mi̍h-kiāⁿ kap mi̍h-kiāⁿ tiong-kan sio-lī ū goā-hn̄g lâi piáu-hiān.

Newton kap Leibniz chit-2 phài, ū-bat oan kah chin kek-ka, liáu-aū, Einstein the̍h-chhut siong-tùi-lūn, koh ka-siōng ú-tiū kho-ha̍k ê hoat-tián, chhut-hiān khong-kan sī ú-tiū toā-phek-le̍k lâi sán-seng ê kheh-koan chûn-chāi ê khoàⁿ-hoat.

Chit-khoán chú-tiuⁿ, sī kā choa̍t-tùi ê khong-kan kap siong-tùi ê khong-kan tòng-chò chit-ê kheh-koan chûn-chāi ê 2-chióng sèng-chit, goân-té tùi-ngó͘-chhiong ê 2-khoán chú-tiuⁿ choaⁿ-á án-ne hông chò-hoé chiap-siū.

Sò·-ha̍k ê khong-kan
--------------------

Pian-chi̍p tiong *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

Bu̍t-lí ê khong-kan
-------------------

Pian-chi̍p tiong *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

Tē-lí-ha̍k ê khong-kan
----------------------

Pian-chi̍p tiong *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*
| Tiong-kok kok-kua [en] |
| --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  "Pu Tian Yue" (hui kuan-hong)  |  1878–1896
  |
|  "Tune of Li Zhongtang" (hui kuan-hong)  |  1896–1906
  |
|  "Praise the Dragon Flag" (hui kuan-hong)  |  1906–1911
  |
|  "Cup of Solid Gold"  |  1911–1912
  |
|  "Song of Five Races Under One Union"  |  1912–1913
  |
|  "Khing-hûn kua"  |  1913–1915
  |
|  "Tiong-huâ hiông-li̍p ú-tiū kan" |  1915–1921
  |
|  "Khing-hûn kua"  |  1921–1928
  |
|  "Sam-bîn tsú-gī kua"  |  1928–present
  |
|  "Kok-tsè kua"  |  1931–1937
  |
|  "Gī-ióng-kun tsìn-hîng-khik"  |  1949–bo̍k-tsiân
  |

 |
| * hián
* lūn
* pian
 |

**Tiong-hôa Hiông-li̍p Ú-tiū-kan** (中華雄立宇宙間) sī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Pak-iûⁿ Chèng-hú tī 1915-nî 5-goe̍h chì 12-goe̍h kap 1916-nî chì 1921-nî ê kok-koa, mā-sī Tiong-hôa Tè-kok ê kok-koa. 1915-nî 5-goe̍h Pak-iûⁿ Chèng-hú Chèng-sū-tông (政事堂) Lé-chè-koán (禮制館) siū-bēng chè-chok kok-koa Tiong-hôa Hiông-li̍p Ú-tiū-kan. 1915-nî 5-goe̍h 23-hō, Oân Sè-khái chóng-thóng bēng-lēng pan-tēng Tiong-hôa Hiông-li̍p Ú-tiū-kan ûi kok-koa. 1921 nî, i-ê kok-koa tē-ūi hō͘ Kheng-hûn-koa lâi thè-tāi.

Koa-sû
------

Tiong-kok hiông-li̍p ú-tiū kan (中國雄立宇宙間)  

Khok-pat-sian (廓八埏)  

Hôa-tiū lâi-chiông Khun-lūn-tian (華冑來從崑崙巔)  

Kang-ô͘ hō-tōng san biân-liân (江湖浩蕩山綿連)  

Kiōng-hô ngó͘-cho̍k khai Giâu-thian (共和五族開堯天)  

Ek-bān-liân (億萬年)
Lí Teng-hui tī 1988 nî 1 goe̍h kè-jīm Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Chóng-thóng liáu-āu, Chiúⁿ-ka chip-chèng sî-tāi kiat-sok, Tâi-oân-lâng tē-it pái chhut-jīm kok-ka goân-siú, Tâi-oân siā-hōe iau-kiû chèng-tī bîn-chú-hòa ê ho͘-siaⁿ ji̍t-ek ko-tiòng. 1990 nî, tē-it kài Kok-bîn Tāi-hōe tāi-piáu soán-kí chóng-thóng sî ín-hoat Saⁿ-goe̍h ha̍k-ūn, Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Chèng-hú tī 1991 nî kap 1992 nî oân-sêng kok-hōe gī-oân choân-bīn kái-soán liáu-āu, Bîn-chú Chìn-pō͘ Tóng kap Lí Teng-hui chóng-thóng tiō khai-sí thui-tōng **Chóng-thóng kap Hù Chóng-thóng tī Tâi-oân ê kong-bîn ti̍t-chiap soán-kí kap pā-bián**, tān-sī in-ūi Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng lāi pó-siú-phài chó͘-jiáu bô-hoat-tō͘ si̍t-hiān. Ūi-tio̍h beh pī-bián tī 1994 nî 12 goe̍h chek-chiong siú-tō͘ bîn-soán ê Tâi-oân-séng Séng-tiúⁿ ín-hoat Yeltsin hāu-èng, só͘-í tī 1994 nî 7 goe̍h siu-kái pēng tòng-kiat pō͘-hūn hiàn-hoat, tī soán-kí chóng-thóng kap hù-chóng-thóng sî sek-iōng Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Hiàn-hoat Cheng-siu Tiâu-bûn, kái-piàn chìn-chêng iû Kok-bîn Tāi-hōe tāi-piáu kàn-chiap soán-kí ê hong-sek. 1996 nî 3 goe̍h 23 hō, tī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok chū-iû tē-khu (Tâi-oân, Phêⁿ-ô͘, Kim-mn̂g kap Má-chó͘) kí-hêng chóng-thóng ê tē-it pái ti̍t-chiap soán-kí.

Siong-koan
----------

* 1996 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí
* 2000 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí
* 2004 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng soán-kí
* 2008 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí
* 2012 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí
* 2016 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí
* 2020 nî Tâi-oân chóng-thóng sóan-kí

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Tâi-oân chóng-thóng soán-kí |
| --- |
|  |
| 
* 1954 nî
* 1960 nî
* 1966 nî
* 1972 nî
* 1978 nî
* 1984 nî
* 1990 nî
* 1996 nî
* 2000 nî
* 2004 nî
* 2008 nî
* 2012 nî
* 2016 nî
* 2020 nî
* *2024 nî*

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