Kha-kiû
**Kha-kiû** chit jī, it-poaⁿ sī chí **hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû** (Eng-gí: *association football*), che sī choân sè-kài siōng chē lâng sńg, siōng chē lâng khoàⁿ ê kiû-tūi thé-io̍k ūn-tōng. Chia só͘ kóng ê hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû, sī chí ha̍h FIFA (Kok-chè Kha-kiû Hia̍p-hoē Liân-bêng) kok-chè phiau-chún ê kha-kiû hêng-thài; nā pa̍t-khoán kha-kiû, pí-lūn Bí-kok kha-kiû ia̍h Rugby, in liû-hêng ê tē-khu khah iú-hān.

Kha-kiû sī 1 khoán kiû-lūi ūn-tōng, pí-sài ê lâng hun 2 tūi, 1 tūi siōng chē ū 11 ê kiû-oân. That kiû ji̍p-khì kiû-mn̂g khah chē piàn ê hit tūi sǹg iâⁿ. Kha-kiû iōng--ê kiû mā hō-chò kha-kiû, chú-iàu khò kha lâi tín-tāng; chóng--sī mā ún-chún kiû-oân iōng chhiú í-goā ê kî-thaⁿ hêng-khu pō·-ūi khì sak kiû. Kò· kiû-mn̂g ê kiû-oân sī î-it ē-tàng tī pí-sài-khu lāi-té iōng chhiú bong kiû ê lâng.

Kok-chè pí-sài iōng--ê kha-kiû
FIFA (hoa̍t-lo̍h kha-kiû ê kok-chè cho·-chit) 2001 nî hoat-piáu ê tiau-cha kiat-kó, hoat-kiàn ū chhiau-koè 2-ek 4-chheng-bān lâng, toà tī 200 kúi-ê kok-ka, tēng-kî sńg kha-kiû. Kha-kiû ê kui-chek kán-tan, tùi siat-pī ê iau-kiû chin hó boán-chiok, chia ê in-sò· kiám-chhái tùi kha-kiû ê liû-thoân ū pang-chān. Tû-liáu ū chit-gia̍p ê kiû-tūi, mā ū chin chē hui-chit-gia̍p--ê. Tī chē-chē só·-chāi (te̍k-pia̍t sī Europa, Latin Bí-chiu, Hui-chiu) kha-kiû ū chin chē sí-tiong ê kiû-bê, in ê jia̍t-chêng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tī kiû-tiûⁿ po̍k-hoat chhut-lâi.

Le̍k-sú
-------

### Kó͘-chá ê kha-kiû-khoán oa̍h-tāng

Kap chit-má kha-kiû ke-kiám beh kâng ê kó͘-chá ūn-tōng, ū Hi-lia̍p ê *episkyros*, Lô-má ê *harpastum*, Tiong-kok ê chhiok-kiok (蹴踘), Mesoamerica ê *pok-a-tok*, Au-chiu tiong-sè-kí ê *choule*, *calcio*, Ji̍t-pún ê *kemari*, Má-lâi ê *sian sepak raga* téng-téng.

Kong-gôan-chêng 307 nî, mā tio̍h-sī Tiong-kok kó·-tāi ê Chiàn-kok sî-kî. Tiō-kok ê kok-ông ( Bú-lêng-ông ) si̍t-hêng kái-kek, tī chôan-kok thui-sak "khiâ-bé siā-chìⁿ "ê ūn-tōng. Tiō-ông sî-siông chhōa-tio̍h chhin-sìn khiâ-bé chhut siâⁿ khì se̍h-chhit-thô, seng-oa̍h koè-tit chhiaⁿ-iāⁿ koh chū-chāi. Ū 1 ji̍t, Tiō-ông chham i-ê ē-kha-chhiú-lâng lâi-kàu 1-phiàn chhiū-nâ lāi, chèng-lâng khòaⁿ-kìⁿ chhiū-nâ lāi-té ū chin chōe iá-thò·, seⁿ-chòe chin-chiàⁿ kó·-chui. Tiō-ông sûi bēng-lēng chiòng-lâng seng ùi sì-chiu-ûi kā chia-ê iá-thò· pau-ûi--khí-lâi, àn-sǹg beh lâi o̍ah-lia̍h. Pò·-tì hó-sè liáu-āu, khai-sí tāng-chhiú, siūⁿ-bōe-kàu iá-thò· chi̍t-ē tio̍h-kiaⁿ, kha-chhiú soah koh-khah liú-lia̍h, chū-án-ne sì-kài chông, sì-kè nǹg, tī lâng-phāng kah bé-phāng tang-tiong chǹg-lâi-chǹg-khì. Sui-jiân chèng-lâng lóng-chóng chin kut-la̍t teh pau-chhau, m̄-koh kāng-khóan bô-chhái-kang, kàu-bóe-á iá-thò· mā-sī chôan-pō· cháu-kah bô-pòaⁿ-chiah. Tiō-ông kám-kak chin òan-thàn, sim-chêng mā chin bô sóng-khòai. Chit-ê sî-chūn, ū 1-ê pō·-hā hiông-hiông siūⁿ-tio̍h 1-ê phiat-pō·, siūⁿ-beh lâi thè Tiō-ông kái iu-chhiû, i kái-soeh kóng chit-khóan lia̍h thò·-á ê iû-hì si̍t-chāi chin chhù-bī, put-jî-kò thò·-á siūⁿ-kòe-thâu chiáu-chiⁿ, nā-beh lia̍h, ē khah hùi-khì, i kiàn-gī Tiō-ông, put-jû iōng "kiû "tāi-thè thò·-á, ta̍k-ê-lâng ûi-ûi kòe-lâi sńg, m̄-nā ē-tàng siau-khián, koh ū-hoat-tō· tòan-liān sin-thé, to̍h-chún-kóng tī kiong-têng lāi-té mā ē-tàng lâi chhit-thô. Tiō-ông thiaⁿ-liáu chin hoaⁿ-hí, kóaⁿ-kín hoan-hù pō·-hā chek-sî khì chhau-pān. Chū-án-ne, chit-chióng gôan-sí ê kha-kiû ūn-tōng choa̋n khai-sí tiàm Tiong-kok sî-kiâⁿ--khí-lâi. M̄-koh, hit-tong-sî ê lâng iu-gôan sī khiâ tī bé-téng leh that-kiû. 

Hàn-tāi ê sî-chūn, í-keng hoat-tián kah ū choan-mn̂g thê-kiong hông pí-sài iōng ê kha-kiû-tiûⁿ, hit-sî hō-chò "kiok-siâⁿ "(鞠城), tiûⁿ-tē sī sì-kak-hêng--ê, sán-tn̂g-sán-tn̂g, àn tiong-ng pun-chòe 2-pêng, 1-pêng kok an-pâi 6-ê tōng-khang (洞). Tiûⁿ-tē ê sì-kho·-lìn-tńg (四周围) ài iōng piah-chhiûⁿ-á khong--khí-lâi. 

Kàu-kah Tông-tiâu ê sî-tāi, Tiong-kok ê kha-kiû iû-hì í-keng chin phó·-piàn, peh-sìⁿ chhit-thô kha-kiû ê chúi-pêng mā pí kòe-khì thê-kôan put-lí-á chē. Chit-ê sî-chūn, kha-kiû ūn-tōng mā khai-sí liû-thôan kàu gōa-kok. Ùi Sòng-tiâu ê sī koh ū ná kū-lo̍k-pō͘ teh keng-êng ê chhiok-kiok oa̍h-tāng.

2004 nî, A-chiu-poe Kha-kiû-sài tī Pak-kiaⁿ kí-hêng ê kî-kan, FIFA pat thê-chhut chi̍t khoán kóng-hoat, sī in tēng kha-kiû ê hoat-gôan-tē sī Tiong-kok. 

### Chá-kî ê Eng-kok kha-kiû

Kong-gôan 12 sè-kí chho·-kî, Eng-kok khai-sí chhut-hiān kha-kiû pí-sài, kok-ka mā-ū teh kiàn-siat choan-gia̍p ê kha-kiû-tiûⁿ.

Kha-kiû tī Eng-kok tāi-seng sī peh-sèⁿ ê oa̍h-tāng, sī kòe-chiat kiam khèng-tián ê ji̍t-chí leh ī--ê. William Fitzstephen tiām i 1174 nî kì Thomas à Becket ê toān-kì thâu-sū lāi-bīn ū kóng tio̍h chá-kî tī Eng-kok kha-kiû oa̍h-tāng. 14 sè-kí téng-chām Lûn-tun ê chhī-tiúⁿ Nicholas Farndon kìm-chí kha-kiû, lí-iû sī ín-khí chak-chō. 1365 nî, kok-ông Edward 3-sè koh pan-pò͘ tùi kha-kiû kiam chhiú-kiû (*handball*) ê thong kok kìm-lēng, in-ūi kóng chia oa̍h-tāng hō͘ lâng bô choan-sim liān siā-chìⁿ. Chóng-sī, kàu Shakespeare ê sî-tāi, kha-kiû í-keng sī in kok-bîn bûn-hòa, bûn-ha̍k chok-phín lāi-bīn, chhin-chhiūⁿ *King Lear*, to ū kì-su̍t.

Kha-kiû pìⁿ-chiâⁿ sī 1-chióng lâng kah kiû chi-kan ê iû-hì. Hit-sî Eng-kok-lâng chiong kha-kiû ūn-tōng khòaⁿ-chò sī ko-siōng ê ūn-tōng, kan-na hān-chè tī Ông-sek (王室) lāi-té hiáng-siū, kìm-chí phó·-thong ê peh-sèⁿ sńg chit-chióng iû-hì. Āu--lâi, Eng-kok kah Tan-be̍h hoat-seng chiàn-cheng, chin-chōe Eng-kok ê a-peng-ko ūi-tio̍h beh pâi-kái tùi te̍k-jîn ê oàn-hūn, thiau-kang tī hioh-khùn ê sî-chūn iōng te̍k-jîn ê thâu-khak tòng kha-kiû lâi sńg. Chit-chióng "ài-kok "ê hêng-ûi kám-tòng tio̍h hit-sî ê Eng-kok kok-ông, i ūi-tio̍h beh chióng-lē jîn-bîn, to̍h hā-lēng chhú-siau "**bîn-kan bōe-tàng sńg kha-kiû** "ê kìm-lēng. Chū-án-ne, kha-kiû chiah khai-sí tī Eng-kok kok-lāi sî-kiâⁿ--khí-lâi, jî-chhiáⁿ hoat-tián chin kín. 

### Hiān-tāi kha-kiû

Hiān-tāi ê kha-kiû oa̍h-tāng sī Eng-kok-lâng tī 19 sè-kí hoat-bêng. In tāi-seng chhòng-chō kui-chek, sêng-li̍p hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû kū-lo̍k-pō͘, an-pâi ji̍t-chí cho͘-chit pí-sài. Kha-kiû thang kóng sī hit chūn Eng-kok siong-gia̍p, chè-chō-gia̍p, chit-gia̍p tiong-sán kai-kip khí-heng ê hù-sán-bu̍t, te̍k-pia̍t sī ùi in-ê su-jîn tiong-o̍h (chiàu chāi-tē hō-miâ sī kong-hāu, *public school*) chin liû-hêng. Chóng-sī hia kong-hāu chi kan hêng-sek bô it-tì. 1863 nî 10 ge̍h 26 hō Kha-kiû Hia̍p-hōe (*Football Association*) tī Lûn-tun sêng-li̍p, tiō sī beh chè-iok kong-tēng ê kui-chek. Hit-tang-chūn ū chi̍t phài tùi chhiú ê sú-iōng téng kî-tha sêng-hun ū bô-kâng ê kiàn-kái, āu--lâi ùi 1871 nî sêng-li̍p La-gú-bih Kha-kiû Liân-ha̍p (*Rugby Football Union*).

Pí-sài ê kui-chek
-----------------

### Pí-sài ê bo̍k-tek

Kā kiû that ji̍p-khì tùi-hong ê kiû-mn̂g siōng chē piàn ê hit tūi sī iâⁿ-hong. Kan-na kò· kiû-mn̂g ê kiû-oân (1 tūi 1 ê) ē-sái tiàm pí-sài-khu lāi-té iōng chhiú khì bong kiû.

### Chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ

Múi 1 tiûⁿ pí-sài ū 1-ūi chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ (Eng-gí: *referee*). Kui-chek tē-5-tiâu siá-kóng: "i choân-jiân ū koân-ui chiam-tùi i hō· lâng chí-phài ê hit tiûⁿ tùi-sài lâi chip-hêng Kiû-sài ê Hoat", jî-chhiáⁿ i tùi kiû-sài ū choè-āu ê koat-tēng-koân. Chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ ū 2-ūi chō·-lí. Tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ koh ū tē-4-ê lâng pang-chān chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ; nā ū su-iàu, i ē-sái tāi-thè pa̍t-lâng.

### Kiû-tūi

Múi 1 tūi siōng chē ū 11-ê kiû-oân, kî-tiong 1-ê tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī kò· kiû-mn̂g--ê. Pí-sài kui-chek ē-sái lēng-goā koh chí-tēng siōng chió ê lâng-sò· (it-poaⁿ iau-kiû ū 8 ê).

Kui-chek ún-chún kò·-mn̂g-oân tī ka-kī ê hoa̍t-khu (*penalty area*) lāi, iōng chhiú khì tín-tāng kiû.

Chhun ê kiû-oân ē-sái iōng chhiú í-goā ê jīm-hô 1 ê pō·-ūi chhau-chok kiû. î-it ê lē-goā: kiû chún nā hông that chhut-khì piⁿ-soàⁿ goā-kháu, kiû-oân ē-sái tùi kài-goā iōng chhiú kā kiû tàn ji̍p-khì pí-sài-khu lāi.

Kiû-sài chìn-hêng ê tang-tiong, kiû-tūi ē-sái kā ka-kī ê kiû-oân oāⁿ--lo̍h-lâi, oāⁿ sin kiû-oân chiūⁿ-tiûⁿ. Oāⁿ-tiāu ê kiû-oân bē-sái koh-chài ji̍p--khì. Siōng chē ē-sái oāⁿ kúi-ê, bô-kāng liân-bêng, kok-ka ū bô kāng-khoán ê kui-tēng. Oāⁿ kiû-oân ê lí-iû pau-koat tio̍h-siong, siuⁿ thiám, bô hāu-lu̍t, chiàn-su̍t su-iàu.

### Pí-sài-khu

Phiau-chún ê pí-sài-khu

Chú-iàu ê kok-chè pí-sài
------------------------

Siōng chú-iàu ê kok-chè kha-kiû pí-sài sī FIFA pān--ê Sè-kài-poe. Sè-kài-poe ê pí-sài múi 4-tang chò 1 kî. 190-goā-ê kok-ka tūi seng tī tē-hng chham-ka chu-keh pí-sài. Koat-sài (múi 4-tang 1 pái) khai-hóng 32 tūi chham-ka (1998 nî chìn-chêng sī 24 tūi), pí-sài 4 lé-pài.

* A-chiu: A-chiu-poe
* Europa: European Championship
* Hui-chiu: African Nations Cup
* Lâm-bí-chiu: CONCACAF Gold Cup
* Pak-bí-chiu: Copa America
* Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu: Oceania Cup

Olympia Ūn-tōng-hoē chū 1900 nî khai-sí ū kha-kiû pí-sài (kan-na 1932 nî bô). Pún-té kan-na khai-hóng hō· gia̍p-goā soán-chhiú chham-ka; 1984 nî hit pái khai-sí mā ū tiâu-kiāⁿ chiap-siū chit-gia̍p soán-chhiú ê chu-keh. In-ūi Ò-ūn kan-na ún-chún 23 hoè í-hā ê soán-chhiú kap kúi-ê-á nî-hoè khah toā-ê, pí-sài ê chúi-chún it-poaⁿ khah bô kàu chit-gia̍p ê thêng-tō·.

Po̍k-le̍k
---------

Thīn kha-kiû-tūi ê sí-tiong chi-chhî-chiá ū-sî ē chè-chō mâ-hoân, sīm-chì chō-sêng lâng tio̍h-siong, sí-bông. Chhin-chhiūⁿ Colombia-che̍k ê kiû-oân Andres Escobar tī 1994 nî Sè-kài-poe pí-sài soah, beh tńg-chhù ê lō·--lìn hō· lâng thâi--sí, lí-iû kóng sī in-ūi i kā kiû that-ji̍p ka-kī tūi ê kiû-mn̂g. Kha-kiû ê po̍k-le̍k hūn-chú ū lâng chheng-ho· sī "kha-kiû lô·-moâ". 2004 nî tī Pak-kiaⁿ ê A-chiu-poe pí-sài mā hoat-seng koan-chiòng tùi Ji̍t-pún-tūi kap kî-thaⁿ ê ji̍t-pún-lâng kiông-lia̍t piáu-ta̍t put-boán, hiám-á pìⁿ-chiâⁿ po̍k-le̍k sū-kiāⁿ.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  "In a globalised world, the football World Cup is a force for good". The Conversation. 10 July 2014. 11 July 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  "History of Football – Britain, the home of Football". FIFA.
3. ↑  "History of Football – The Origins". FIFA. 29 April 2013 khòaⁿ--ê.
4. ↑  Yiannis Giossos, Aristomenis Sotiropoulos, Athanasios Souglis, Georgia Dafopoulou (2011). "Reconsidering on the Early Types of Football". *Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity*. doi:10.2478/v10131-011-0013-5. CS1 pó-ióng: Ēng authors chham-sò͘ (link)
5. ↑  "Did China invent football?". *BBC.com*. 2016-01-26. 2017-01-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
6. ↑  , ,
7. 1 2  Tony Collins (2019). *How Football Began: A Global History of How the World’s Football Codes Were Born*. Routledge.
8. ↑  Tony Mason (1996). "Soccer". *Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present*. Oxford University Press.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) (Eng-gí) (Hàn-gí)  (Tek-gú) (Sepangâ-gú)
* Kha-kiû teh DMOZ

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* LCCN: sh85123840
* GND: 4018968-5
* BNF: cb119314286 (data)
* HDS: 048188
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* NKC: ph114578

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