**Ng (jī-ha̍p jī-bió [en])** (sió-siá: ng) sī iû jī-bó ⟨N⟩ hām jī-bó ⟨G⟩ sóo tsoo-sîng ê lating jī-bió tsi jī-ha̍p jī-bó [en]. ⟨Ng⟩ Sú-iōng teh ing-gú, welsh-gú (gallois), tik-gú, lingala-gú [en], tuvalu-gú, uzbek-gú, hunlân-gú, ua̍tlâm-gú, māori-gú, tagalog-gú, tonga-gú, filipino-gú,  gilbert-gú tíng-tíng ê gú-giân lāi-té. Kok-tsè im-piau ê piáu-sī uî ŋ (ū-tang-sî-á iah-iōng [ŋɡ); lî-tshiánn teh tsi̍t-kuá-á Hui-tsiu gú-giân [en] lāi-té mā hông khuànn-tsò sī tsi̍t-ê tan-it jī-bó.

Im-ti̍t piáu-sī
---------------

⟨Ng⟩ thong-siông ê im-ti̍t piáu-sī Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im (teh kok-tsè im-piau (IPA) lāi-té iû /ŋ/ hû-hō piáu-sī), hi̍k-tsiá tso̍k nńg-kok sat-im (/ɡ/) ê tsiân phīnn-huà [en] (/n͡g/ hi̍k-tsiá /ⁿg/).

Kok gú-giân ê im-ti̍k piáu-sī
-----------------------------

İ-hā sī ⟨ng⟩ teh kok-tsióng gú-giân, pí-lû Pak-bí-tsiu gú-giân, Au-tsiu gú-giân [en], Tiong-a gú-giân, Hui-tsiu gú-giân [en], Lâm-tó gú-giân, A-tsiu gú-giân [en], tíng-tíng ê gú-giân tang-tiong in-ê im-ti̍k tsi piáu-sī:

### Pak-bí-tsiu gú-giân

Teh Pak-bí-tsiu ê ing-gú tang-tiong tsú-iàu iōng teh sû-bué [en] í ⟨ing⟩ lâi piáu-sī, iōng-lâi kòo-sîng hiān-tsāi hun-sû kah tōng-bîng-sû. ⟨Ng⟩ mā iōng teh kî-thann tsi̍t-kuá-á gú-sû tang-tiong, pí-jû teh ⟨king⟩ (kok-ông) tsit-ê gú-sû lāi-té. Iú-kuan ⟨Ng⟩ tsit-ê jī-ha̍p jī-bó teh ing-gú tang-tiong huat-im ê huat-tián; tshiánn tsham-ua̍t NG ha̍p-pìng [en] hām G hā-kàng [en]. Teh Pak-bí-tsiu guân-tsū-bîn gú-giân ê jī-bó tang-tiong, thong-siông lóng ē iōng ⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩ lâi tshú-tāi ⟨Ng ng⟩.

### Au-tsiu gú-giân

Teh Au-tsiu gú-giân [en] ê Gaeilge-gú tang-tiong, ⟨ng⟩ siōng-thâu-á iōng-tsō ⟨g⟩ ê eclipsis [en] pīng piáu-sī /ŋ/, pí-jû ⟨ár ngalar⟩ /ɑːɾˠ ˈŋɑɫəɾˠ/ "lán ê pēnn" (tsham-kiàn /ˈɡɑɫəɾˠ/). Teh tsit-ê gú-kù ê ūn-tsok kong-lîng tang-tiong, ⟨ng⟩ sī tuā-siá ê ⟨nG⟩, pí-jû "i teh *nG*aillimh".

Welsh-gú hām Rheinische Dokumenta [en] iōng ⟨ng⟩ lâi piáu-sī nńg-kok phīnn-im /ŋ/.

İah koh-teh Hunlân-gú sú-iōng jī-ha̍p jī-bó "⟨ng⟩" lâi piáu-sī im-uī tn̂g ê nńg-kok phīnn-im /ŋː/, kah ⟨nk⟩ /ŋk/ hîng-sîng tuì-pí, āu-tsiá sī hú-im tsiām-piàn tsi-hā ê "kiông" hîng-sik, sī tsi̍t-tsióng ka-tn̂g ê hîng-sik. Jio̍k-huà ê /k/ sán-sing tsi̍t-ê guân-sú ê "nng-kok tshat-im", tsò-uî piau-tsún ê Hunlân-gú tang-tiong put-tsûn-tsāi ê nńg-kok tshat-im. ⟨Ng⟩ tông-huà tsò thâu-tsîng ê /ŋ/, sán-sing tsit-ê im /ŋː/. Sui-bóng phing-siá uî "⟨ng⟩"; m̄-ku teh siánn-mih sî-tsūn ⟨ng⟩ lóng bô sia̍p-ki̍p /ɡ/. Sóo-í jī-ha̍p jī-bió ⟨ng⟩ m̄ sī tsi̍t-ê to̍k-li̍p ê jī-bió. ⟨G⟩ thong-siông tuè-teh ⟨N⟩ ê āu-piah tâng-tsê huat ⟨Ng⟩ ê im, kî-thann ê tsîng-hóng ⟨G⟩ mā kan-na iōng-lâi phing-siá guā-lâi-gú. In-tshú ⟨ng⟩ sī im-uī guân-tsik ê tsi̍t-ê lē-guā, ⟨n⟩ iah-sī ⟨g⟩ sī piau-tsún Hunlân-gú jī-bió tang-tiong tsiânn-tsē ê jī-bió lāi-té ê tsi̍t-ê.

### Tiong-a gú-giân

Tī Tiong-a gú-giân ê Uzbek-gú lāi-té, ⟨ng⟩ sī jī-bó tang-tiong ê tē-29 ê jī-bó. ⟨Ng⟩ hông khuànn-tsò tsi̍t-ê tan-to̍k ê jī-bó; sī Uzbek-gú jī-bó ê tsuè-āu ê tsi̍t-ê ( tio̍h-sī tē-29 ê) jī-bó, āu-piah tsiap "phiat-hō" (tutuq belgisi). Lî-tshiánn teh Alapik-gú lāi-té, ⟨ng⟩ sī tsò-uî jī-bó ⟨ڭ ⟩ ê tsuán-siá.

### Hui-tsiu gú-giân

Teh Hui-tsiu guân-tsū-bîn ê gú-giân [en] tang-tiong, thong-siông lóng ē iōng ⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩ lâi tshú-tāi ⟨ng⟩. Līng-guā teh tsi̍t-kuá-á Hui-tsiu gú-giân (Lingala-gú [en], Bambara-gú [en], Wolof-gú) tang-tiong piáu-sī tsiân-phīnn-huà [en] /ɡ/ (/ⁿɡ/)。

### Lâm-tó gú-giân

Teh tsiânn-tsē Lâm-tó gú-giân Māori-gú, Tagalog-gú, Tonga-gú, Gilbert-gú, Tuvalu-gú, Ìnnî-gú, Chamorro-gú, tang-tiong, ⟨ng⟩ hông jīn-uî sī tan-it jī-bó.

Koh-teh Sepangâ sî-tāi ê Tagalog-gú kah kî-thann ê Huili̍ppin gú-giân [en] lāi-té, ⟨ng⟩ tāi-piáu tsîng phīnn-huà im hē-lia̍t /ŋɡ/. Nńg-kok phīnn-im /ŋ/ ū tsiânn-tsē tsióng su-siá hong-sik, tsik-sī "⟨n͠g⟩", "⟨ñg⟩", "⟨gñ⟩" (pí-jû teh jī-sû "Sagñay" lāi-té ê ⟨gñ⟩), í-ki̍p——teh guân-im tsi āu——ū-tang-sî-á sī "⟨g̃⟩". Koh-lâi teh 20 sè-kí tsá-kî Tagalog-gú, kah kî-thann Huili̍ppin gú-giân ê piau-tsún-huà kuè-tîng tang-tiong, ⟨ng⟩ hông iōng teh nńg-phīnn-im /ŋ/; put-jî-kò tsîng phīnn-huà im /ŋɡ/ tio̍h hông siá-tsò ⟨ngg⟩. Tshú-guā, ⟨ng⟩ mā iōng teh huat-im tsò /naŋ/ ê tiānn-tiānn khuànn ê sio̍k-kik [en] tsōo-sû, tio̍h kā i kah hù-sû [en] tsōo-sû ⟨nang⟩ khu-hun tshut-lâi. Teh Tagalog-gú lāi-té, ⟨ng⟩ iah-sī tsi̍t-ê tan-to̍k ê jī-bó, tha̍k-tsò "Nang". 

Kî-thann ê Lâm Thài-pîng-iûnn [de] ê gú-giân tang-tiong, /ŋ/ im ū-tang-sî-á phing-tsò "⟨ng⟩", iah ū-tang-sî-á kan-nā phing-tsò "⟨G⟩" nā-niā. Tuì New Zealand Māori-gú lâi-kóng, ⟨ng⟩ sī tsi̍t-ê tan-to̍k ê jī-bó. Teh Tâi-uân guân-tsū-bîn tso̍k-gú lāi-té, ⟨ng⟩ sī tsi̍t-ê tan-to̍k ê jī-bôo, piáu-sī /ŋ/ im.

### A-tsiu gú-giân

A-tsiu gú-giân [en] ⟨ng⟩ teh hàn-tsōng gú-giân tang-tiong, Kah ing-gú í-ki̍p kî-thann kuí-ā tsióng Au-tsiu sóo ián-sing ê tsìng-jī-huat (pí-jû ua̍t-lâm-gú) kāng-khuán, thong-siong piáu-sī nńg-kok phīnn-im /ŋ/. Teh Bân-lâm-gú , Kheh-ka-uē, Bân-tang-gú Hok-tsiu-uē lāi-té; ⟨ng⟩ sī tsi̍t-ê tan-to̍k ê jī-bó, tāi-piáu tio̍h ūn-huà hú-im nńg-kok phīnn-im tha̍k-tsò /ŋ/.

Kè-sǹg-ki tāi-bé
----------------

Tshiūnn tuā-to-sòo jī-ha̍p jī-bió kāng-khuán, teh tan-it ê hû-hō tsi-hā pīng-bô ⟨ng⟩ ê pian-bé, ⟨ng⟩ tsóng--sī thong-kuè sio-tsiap tsi̍t-ê ⟨N⟩ hām tsi̍t-ê ⟨g⟩ lâi kòo-sîng e̊.

* jī-bió kiat-kòo hun-kái (ki-pún lating jī-bió, piàn-im hû-hō):

| Hîng-sik | Jī-bú | Jī-hû ket-kòo | 16 tsìn-tsè tāi-bé | Suat-bîng | Pī-tsù |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tuā-siá | **Ng** | NU+004EgU+0067 | `U+004E, U+0067` | Lating tuā-siá jī-bó ⟨N⟩ka-siōng latin sió-siá jī-bó ⟨g⟩ | N ka-siōng g |
| Sió-siá | **ng** | nU+006EgU+0067 | `U+006E, U+0067` | Lating sió-siá jī-bó ⟨n⟩ka-siōng latin sió-siá jī-bó ⟨g⟩ | n ka-siōng g |
|

Tsù-kiok
--------

1. ↑  The short velar nasal is an allophone [en] of /n/ in /nk/, and the long velar nasal /ŋŋ/, written *ng*, is the equivalent of /nk/ under weakening consonant gradation [en] (type of lenition [en]) and thus occurs only medially, e.g. *Helsinki* – Helsingin kaupunki (city *of Helsinki*) /hɛlsiŋki – hɛlsiŋŋin/. (Eng-gí)

Tsù-kái
-------

1. 1 2  de Haan, Ferdinand (2010-11-25). "Typology of Tense, Aspect, and Modality Systems". *Oxford Handbooks Online*. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199281251.013.0021.  (Eng-gí)
2. 1 2  Torrence, Harold (2013-01-18). *The Clause Structure of Wolof*. Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today. **198**. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi:10.1075/la.198. ISBN 978-90-272-5581-5.  (Eng-gí)
3. ↑  Adelaar, K Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus, pian. (2004-11-25). *The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar*. doi:10.4324/9780203821121. ISBN 9781136755101.  (Eng-gí)
4. ↑  Baxter, William H. (1992-01-31). *A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology*. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER MOUTON. doi:10.1515/9783110857085. ISBN 978-3-11-085708-5.  (Eng-gí) (Eng-gí)
5. ↑  Nguyễn-Ðăng-Liêm (2019-03-31). *Vietnamese Pronunciation*. University of Hawaii Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9zcm4h. ISBN 978-0-8248-8161-0.  (Eng-gí)
6. ↑  Bithell, Jethro (2018-10-29), "Sounds, Symbols and Alphabets", *German Pronunciation and Phonology*, Routledge, pp. 1–45, doi:10.4324/9780429468926-1, ISBN 978-0-429-46892-6  (Eng-gí)
7. ↑  Gussmann, Edmund (2000), "Underlying forms", *Morphologie*, Berlin • New York: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 499–510, doi:10.1515/9783110111286.1.7.499, ISBN 978-3-11-011128-6  (Eng-gí)
8. ↑  Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008), "The Velar Nasal", chū Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David; et al. *The World Atlas of Language Structures Online*, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h pó-chûn tī 2011-04-25, 2008-04-30 khòaⁿ--ê  (Eng-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Latin jī-bó ê hù-ka jī-bió [fr] (Lettres supplémentaires de l'alphabet latin)
* Digramme
* Garay alphabet

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* N on the website Scriptsource.org(Eng-gí)
* n on the website Scriptsource.org(Eng-gí)
* g on the website Scriptsource.org(Eng-gí)
* Буква Nна сайте graphemica.com (Eng-gí)
* Буква n на сайте graphemica.com (Eng-gí)
* Буква g на сайте graphemica.com (Eng-gí)
* List of languages with [g] on PHOIBLE (Eng-gí)