**Ni-khí** khí-lia̍t tāi-iok tùi chhut-sì 6 kó·-goe̍h khai-sí hoat-gê kàu 2 hòe-pòaⁿ chó-iū hoat liáu, sī jîn-lūi tē-1 thò ê chhùi-khí. 6 hòe chó-iū kàu 12 hòe chó-iū kî-kan ni-khí lo̍k-sio̍k thoat-lo̍h ōaⁿ-chò éng-kiú-khí. Chin chió-sò· ê chêng-hêng hā ( sian-thian-sèng khiàm-khoat éng-kiú-khí, *oligodontia* ) ni-khí ē kè-sio̍k ûi-tî kàu saⁿ-sì-cha̍p-hòe chiah thoat-lo̍h.

Ni-khí ê sò·-bo̍k kap miâ-chheng
--------------------------------

Ni-khí chóng-kiōng ū 20 khí, múi 1-ê quadrant ū 5 khí, iû kīn-sim kàu oán-sim hun-pia̍t sī 1 khí chèng-tiong mn̂g-khí, 1 khí chhek mn̂g-khí, 1 khí kak-khí kap 2 khí kiū- khí. Ūi-tio̍h kán-tan, múi 1 khí ni-khí lóng-ū tāi-hō, pí-jû-kóng Set square systemàn-chiàu quadrant ûi thâu-chêng kàu āu-piah kā pian-chó A, B, C, D, kap E. Tò-pêng téng-koân ê kak-khí tio̍h siá-chò +C ( C khǹg tī tò-pêng téng-koân hit-ê quadrant), kî-thaⁿ lūi-thui. Siông-sè chhiáng khòaⁿ chhùi-khí chia.

Ni-khí ê hêng-thāi kap kái-phòa
-------------------------------

Ni-khí ê hâm-chúi-liōng pí éng-kiú-khí khah-chē, che tì-sú ni-khí ê sek-tì chham éng-kiú-khí bô-sio-siâng, ni-khí ê sek-tì pí éng-kiú-khí khah nâ-pe̍h, a̍h éng-kiú-khí pí-kàu--khì-lâi khah n̂g khah phú-sek. Ni-khí ê khí-gún-pō· (*cervix*) pí éng-kiú-khí khah siu-sok, án-ne sú-tit ni-khí ê gê-koan (*crown*) ná-siuN pí khí-kin ke chin-tōa. Ni-khí gê-koan ê gê-iū-chit kap gê-pún-chit lóng tāi-iok 1 mm kāu, pí éng-kiú-khí ke chin-po̍h. Ni-khí mn̂g-khí ke̍k kak-khí kan-tāⁿ ū 1-ê khí-kin, a̍h kiū-khí ū 2-ê kàu 3-ê khí-kin. Ni-khí kiū-khí ê khí-kin pí éng-kiú-khí khah-iù-siù, chi-kan ê kū-lî pí éng-kiú-khí khah tōa, ia̍h-tio̍h-sī kóng khí-kin khui khah khui, bē-su-nā giap peng-kak ê giap-á (*ice tongs*). Chit-ê thí-khui ê giap-á-hêng ê khí-kin hêng-thāi sī ūi-tio̍h beh iông-la̍p chiap-sio̍k beh hoat-chhut ê éng-kiú sió-kiū-khí, in-chhú tī-teh bán-tû khí-kin iah-bē khip-siu ê ni-kiú-khí ê sî-chūn, tio̍h-ài sè-jī.
Ni-khí ê gê-chhóe-khiuⁿ (*pulp chamber*) tōa-sió chiàm gê-koan ê pí-lē pí éng-kiú-khí khah-tōa, in-chhú sió-kóa chiù-khang tio̍h-ē chiù kàu gê-chhóe (it-poaⁿ lâng kóng sîn-keng). Ni-khí gê-chhóe hoat-seng pēⁿ-piàn ê sî, *lamina dura* ê phò-hāi siâng-chāi chhut-hiān tī khí-kin hun-kî (*furcation*) ê só·-chāi, a̍h éng-kiú-khí chhut-hiān tī khí-kin bóe-liu (*root apex*) ê só·-chāi khah-chē.

Ni-khí chhut-khí ê sî-kan
-------------------------

Fig:**Chhùi-khí kài-hòa kap chhut-khí sî-kan**

Ni-khí ê kong-lêng
------------------

Ni-khí ê kong-lêng m̄-ā **pō·-chia̍h**, **hoat-im**, kap **bí-koan**, iah-ū khí-lia̍t **khong-kan ûi-chhî** ( *space maintenance* ) kap **ín-tó éng-kiú-khí chhut-khí** (萌發, *teething, eruption* ) ê kong-lêng.

Fig:**Ni-khí kap éng-kiú-khí siong-tùi ūi-tì ê koan-hē**
* **Ín-tó éng-kiú-khí chhut-khí**

Éng-kiú-khí ē tùi ni-khí ê ē-kha ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á ǹg-gōa chhut-khí, éng-kiú-khí iân-lō· ǹg-gōa hoat--chhut-lâi, ni-khí ê khí-kin iân-lō· khip-siu. Nā-chún ni-khí in-ūi chiù-khí he̍k-chiah-sī kî-thaⁿ goân-in thê-chá thoat-lo̍h, bô ni-khí ê ín-tó, éng-kiú-khí ē khah-bān hoat-chhut.

Fig:**Ni-khí ê phû-sóa**
* **khong-kan ûi-chhî**

Kháu-khiuⁿ ê chhùi-khí ū phû-sóa ê kheng-siōng, ni-khí ê C, D ē ǹg oán-sim phû-sóa ( *distal drifting* ), a̍h ni-khí ê E kap éng-kiú-khí ê 6, 7, 8 ē ǹg kīn-sim ( *mesial* ) phû-sóa. Tī pêng-hêng ê pō·-chia̍h ki-bah hē-thóng kap kiān-khong ê chhùi-khí chêng-hêng chi-hā, chhùi-khí ê siong-tùi ūi-tì ē ta̍t-kàu ún-tēng ê chōng-thāi. Nā D he̍k E thê-chá thoat-lo̍h he̍k-sī sio-chaip-bīn chiù-khí ( *proximal caries* ), oán-sim kap kīn-sim sio-chiap ê chhùi-khí tio̍h-ē sio-óa--khòe-lâi, chō-sêng khí-lia̍t khong-kan ê sòng-sit. Khí-lia̍t kīn-oán-sim tn̂g-tō· kiám-chió sī tì-sú éng-kiú-khí hoat bē chéng-chê ê goân-in chi-it.

Fig:**Khong-kan sòng-sit tì-sú éng-kiú-khí hoat bē chéng-chê**

Ni-khí chi̍t-pēⁿ ê tī-liâu
--------------------------

**Fig:Ni-khí ê toān-chhóe tī-liâu**
**Fig:Ni-khí ê bán-chhóe tī-liâu**
In-ūi ni-khí ê kai-tōaⁿ-sèng te̍k-sèng, tī tī-liâu sî khó-lū ê tiōng-tiám sī án-chóaⁿ hō· gín-á pêng-iú sūn-lī chiap-siū tī-liâu, 1 bīn ûi-chhî ni-khí ê kong-lêng, koh 1 bīn khak-pó éng-kiú khí-lia̍t ê sūn-lī bêng-hoat.

Ni-khí chiù-khí ê **thiⁿ-pó· tī-liâu** chú-iàu bo̍k-piau sī hō· gin-á pêng-iú ē-tàng tī kheng-sang kap khoài-lo̍k chêng-hêng hā oân-sêng tī-liâu, a̍h m̄-sī oân-bí ê thiⁿ-pó·. Ni-khí it-poaⁿ siāng-bān 12 hòe tio̍h ē lok--khí, thiⁿ-pó· sú-iōng ê châi-liāu ê khó-lū kap éng-kiú-khí bô-kâng. Ni-khí thiⁿ-pó· sú-iōng ê châi-liāu siāng tāi-seng khó-lū ê sī ***glass ionomer***, In-ūi *glass ionomer* sui-jiân tòng khah bē kú, m̄-koh ū liâm-kiat-èng, m̄-bián chhia-bôa *undercut*, án-ne tio̍h ē-tàng chīn-liōng pó-liû chhùi-khí,jī-chhiáⁿ *glass ionomer* koh ē sek-chhut *fluoride* kàng-kē koh chiù-khí ê ki-hōe. Soah--lo̍h-lâi khó-lū ê sī **gîn-hún** (*amalgam*), in-ūi i siāng kan-tan. Chòe-āu chiah-sī **ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí** (*composite resin*), in-ūi i ki-su̍t siāng bín-kám, tú tio̍h chhùi-nōa he̍k heh-e̍k tio̍h-ē sit-pāi. 

Chiù-khí nā chiù kàu gê-chhóe tio̍h su-iàu **kin-kńg tī-liâu**, ni-khí ê kin-kńg tī-liâu ū hun-chò **toān-chhóe-su̍t** (斷髓術, *pulpotomy*) kap **bán-chhóe-su̍t** (挽髓術, *pulpectomy*) 2 tióng. Toān-chhóe-su̍t tio̍h-sī kā gê-chhóe-khiuⁿ ê gê-chhóe chhiat-tû, a̍h pó·-liû kin-kńg ê gê-chhóe. Che sit-hap sú-iōng tī gê-chhóe hoat-iām kan-tāⁿ hoat-seng tī gê-chhóe-khiuⁿ, bô pau-koa̍h kin-kńg ê chêng-hêng. Bán-chhóe-su̍t tio̍h-sī kā gê-chhóe-khiuⁿ kap kin-kńg ê gê-chhóe lóng bán-tû, sit-hap sú-iōng tī hoat-iām í-keng chhim-hoōn káu kin-kńg ê gê-chhóe, sīm-chí í-keng pháiⁿ-sú (壞死, *necrosis*) ê sî-chūn. It-poaⁿ lâi-kóng, ni-khí ê kin-kńg tī-liâu sêng-kong-lu̍t khah-kē, iû-kî sī

Ni-khí chi̍t-pēⁿ ê ī-hông
-------------------------

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Gê-khí kái-phòa-ha̍k |
| --- |
|  |
| Beng-miâ-hoat | 
* Glossary of dentistry
* Universal Numbering System

 |
|  |
| Lâng ê chhùi-khí | 
* Éng-kiú-khí
	+ Mn̂g-khí
	+ Kak-khí
	+ Sió-āu-chan
	+ Āu-chan
* Ni-khí

 |
|  |
| Siōng-go̍k-kut ê chhùi-khí | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Mn̂g-khí | 
* Chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí
* Lateral incisor
* Canine

 |
|  |
| Sió-āu-chan | 
* First premolar
* Second premolar

 |
|  |
| Āu-chan | 
* First molar
* Second molar
* Tē-3 tōa-kiū-khí

 |

 |
|  |
| Hā-go̍k-kut ê chhùi-khí | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Mn̂g-khí | 
* Central incisor
* Lateral incisor
* Canine

 |
|  |
| Sió-āu-chan | 
* First premolar
* Second premolar

 |
|  |
| Āu-chan | 
* First molar
* Second molar
* Tē-3 tōa-kiū-khí

 |

 |
|  |
| Chhùi-khí ê kok-pō͘-hūn | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Crown | 
* Cusp
	+ Cusp of Carabelli
* Zuckerkandl's tubercle

 |
|  |
| 
* Khí-chhoé
* Kin-kńg tī-liâu
	+ Apical foramen

 |
|  |
| 
* Cementoenamel junction
* Khí-iū-chit
* Dental-enamel junction
* Khí-pún-chit
* Dental papilla

 |
|  |
| 
* Mamelon

 |
|  |
| 
* Dental alveolus

 |

 |

 |