recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Chhùi-khiuⁿ ōe-seng** (*oral hygiene*) kán-tan kóng tio̍h-sī chhùi-lāi pó-chhî chheng-khì. Khí-khiuⁿ ōe-seng hun-chò kò-jîn ta̍k-kang kap khí-kho tēng-kî 2 hong-bīn. Kò-jîn ta̍k-kang chò-hó chhùi-khiuⁿ ōe-seng sī ī-hông chiù-khí, khí-hōaⁿ-iām, khí-chiu-iām, kap kî-thaⁿ chhùi-khí chit-pēⁿ siāng-hó ê mê-kak. I mā ē-tàng ī-hông chhùi-chhàu (*halitosis*). Chhùi-khiuⁿ ōe-seng sī ta̍k-ê-lâng ta̍k-kang ài-chò ê khang-khòe. Ū hāu-lu̍t ê chhùi-khiuⁿ ōe-seng khì-tû chhùi-khí piáu-bīn ê khí-khún-pan hō· lán ū kiàn-khong ê chhùi-khí kap khí-hōaⁿ.

Kò-jîn ê khang-khòe
-------------------

Siāng-tiōng-iáu ê ke-si:

* Khí-bín kap khí-sòaⁿ: Hó-liâu-á ū khí-bín lù-chhùi-khí kap ū khí-sòaⁿ chheng chhùi-khí-phāng phang-chān khì-tû khí-khún-pan kap ī-hông khí-tái ê seⁿ-sêng. Phó-thong lâi-kóng, ta̍k-ê-lâng ta̍k-kang ài sé 1-kái chhùi-khí, kap sú-iōng 1-kái khí-sòaⁿ. Te̍k-sû ê chêng-hêng pí-jû chò chhùi-khí kiáu-chèng ê lâng ta̍k-kái chia̍h mi̍h-kiāⁿ tio̍h-ài liâm-mi sé-chhùi kap sú-iōng khí-sòaⁿ. Ká-sú m̄-chāi án-chóaⁿ sé-chhùi kap sú-iōng khí-sòaⁿ, tio̍h-ài chhéng-kàu gê-i-su.

Kî-thaⁿ hú-chō· ê ke-si:

* Khí-thok: Ē-sái î-tû chhùi-khí-phāng ê chhài-iù-á kap bah-iù-á.
* Tiān-tōng khí-bín: Sek-ha̍p chhiú-pō· bô lī-piān ê lâng.
* Chhùi-khí chúi-chhiâⁿ (*water irrigation*): Thâu-seng lâi chang-cháu pn̄g-chhài-iù-á.
* Hâm-fluoride ê lo̍k-chhùi-chúi he̍k khí-ko: Ē-sái tn̂g-kî sú-iōng lâi kiám-chió chiù-khí ê ki-lu̍t.
* Hâm sat-khún he̍k ek-khún seng-hun ê lo̍k-chhùi-chúi: Tī gî-i-su chí-tō chi-hā té-kî sú-iōng, ē-tàng kiám-chió khí-khún-pan ê seⁿ-sêng.
* Tùi-khòng chhùi-khí sng-nńg ê khí-ko
* I-poaⁿ sêng-hun ê khí-ko

Lēng-gōa ài chù-ì ê tāi-chì:
Oa̍h-chô ké-chhùikhí, khí-lia̍t kiáu-chèng ê oa̍h-tōng chong-tī (*removable appliance*) mā-ài ta̍k-kang iōng khí-bín kah chheng-chúi (m̄-bián khí-ko) lù hō· chheng-khí, kú-kú-á iōng chheng-kiat-chē chheng-kiat 1--ê.

Khí-kho ê chiàu-kò·
-------------------

Kò-jîn ê ōe-seng khang-khòe chò-liáu ū làu-kau ê só·-chāi, kú-á tio̍h-ē seⁿ-chhut khí-tái, sīm-chí chiù-khí kap khí-chiu-pēⁿ. Tēng-kî khì gê-i-su hia chò kiám-cha, ē-tàng thê-chá chhōe-chhut kap kái-koat būn-tê. Choan-gia̍p ê khí-kho siāng ki-pún pau-koah ū chhiau-im-pho sé-khí-ki khe-tû khí-tái, [chiù-khí thiⁿ-pó·]], kin-kńg tī-liâu, chiù-khí bán-tû téng-téng.

Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
-----------------

* *NIH site on Oral Hygiene*
Phīⁿ-chhùi, nâ-thâu (*pharynx*) kap âu-thâu (*larynx*) ê sí-chōng chhiat-bīn. 
**Chhùi** (*mouth*), loē-pō͘ khong-kan kiò **chhùi-khiuⁿ** (*oral cavity*), sī jîn-lūi he̍k-chiá tōng-bu̍t chia̍h mi̍h-kiāⁿ tē-1 ê ji̍p-kháu thong-tō, i-poaⁿ sī ūi-tī thâu-pō·. Tāi-pō·-hūn ê tōng-bu̍t ū 1-thò ho̍k-cha̍p ê siau-hòa hē-thóng, ū siang-ê khui-chhùi, ji̍p-kháu sī chhùi, chhut-káu sī kha-chhng (*anus*). Mā-koh iah-ū tōng-bu̍t kan-taⁿ ū 1-ê khui-chhùi, chia̍h-ji̍p kap pâi-chhut sī kāng-1-ê. 

Chiâⁿ-chē ê tōng-bu̍t chhùi-lāi koh-ū chhùi-kì (*mouthparts*) lâi pō·-kā chia̍h-mih he̍k chù-siā to̍k-sio̍h. 
Tī jîn-lūi, chhùi ê gōa-bīn ū téng-koân kap ē-kha 2-phìⁿ chhùi-tûn, in ū kóng-ōe (*speech*), gân-bīn piáu-chêng (*facial expression*), sio-chim (*kissing*), khip-ún (*sucking*), téng-téng kong-lêng. 

Jîn-tiong (*philtrum*) sī téng-koân chhùi-tûn tiong-hng 1-tiâu khiā-ti̍t ê lap-o·, sī phoe-thai hoat-io̍k kî-kan nasomedial and maxillary processes sio-kap chò-hóe ê hûn-jiah. Nā-sī bô oân-choân sio-kap sêng-kong, tio̍h chhut-hiān khih-tûn, khih-chhùi he̍k Cleft palate ê chêng-hêng. 

Tī jîn-lūi, chhùi-lāi iah-ū chhùi-khí, chhùi-chi̍h, khí-hōaⁿ, kap liâm-mo̍h ê khì-koan he̍k cho·-chit.

Kái-phò
-------

Chhùi-khiuⁿ (*cavum oris*) ê tâu-chêng sī chhùi-tûn, bóe-āu sī chhùi-ian (*oropharynx*), lāi-té ū chhùi-khí, khí-chô kap chhùi-chi̍h, sì-bīn-pia̍h pau-hok chhùi-khiuⁿ liâm-mo̍h (*oral mucosa*). Í chhùi-khí he̍k bû-khí-chiah (*edentulous ridge*) chò hun-kài, chhùi-khí chìn-chêng ê chhùi-khiuⁿ sī chhùi-khiuⁿ chiân-têng-khu (*vestibulum oris*), koh ē-tàng iù-siù kā hun-chò tûn-chiân-têng-khu (*labial vestibule*) kap giap-chiân-têng-khu (*buccal vestibule*). Chhùi-khí he̍k bû-gê-chiah ê āu-bīn sī chiàⁿ-chhùi-khiuⁿ (*cavum oris proprium*), chhùi-chi̍h tī chia--nih. 

Chhùi-khiuⁿ liâm-mo̍h ū 2-lūi, 1-lūi sī kak-hòa siōng-phôe, lēng 1-lūi sī hui-kak-hòa siōng-phôe. Chhùi-chi̍h ê téng-koân piáu-bīn, hard palate, kap chhùi-khí piⁿ-á kúi-ê mm ê khí-hōaⁿ sī kak-hòa siōng-phôe, kî-thaⁿ só·-chāi sī hui-kak-hòa siōng-phôe. Chhùi-khiuⁿ liâm-mo̍h ê sek-tī ki-pun-siōng sī âng-sek--ê, kak-hòa siōng-phôe ê sek-tī khah chhián-sek, bōng--khí-lâi khah tēng-ngē, chhin-chhiūⁿ bē tín-tāng; hui-kak-hòa siōng-phôe sek-tī khah chhim-sek, khah jiû-nńg, gâu tín-tāng, bî-hoeh-kńg khòaⁿ khah bêng-hián.
**Chhùi-nōa** (*saliva*) sī chhùi-nōa-sòaⁿ (*salivary gland*) hun-pì-bu̍t kap khí-gîn sìm-chhut-sio̍h (*gingival fluid exudate*) ê hūn-ha̍p-bu̍t, bô-sek thàu-bêng sió-kóa-á sng-sng, koh ū-sî ko-ko. I hâm-ū 99.42 % ê chúi kap 0.58 % ê kò·-thé; pí-tāng (*specific gravity*) 1.003; pH 6.35-6.85; 24 tiám-cheng ê hūn-pì-liōng sī 1500 ml. Bû-ki ê sêng-hun pau-koah chloride, bicarbonate, kap sodium í-ki̍p calcium, sulfate, kap phosphate. Iú-ki ê sêng-hun pau-koah amylase, mucin, kap khah chió-liōng ê nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, urea, glucose, lactic acid, phosphatase, kap carbonic anhydrase.

Jîn-lūi chhùi-nōa ê hun-pì siū-tio̍h tōa-náu phôe-chân ê khòng-chè, iah-mā siū-tio̍h chia̍h-si̍t, khoân-kéng, nî-hòe, sim-chiâⁿ, kap chhùi-nōa-sòaⁿ chit-pēⁿ téng-téng ê éng-hióng.

Chhùi-nōa ê chú-iàu kong-lêng sī sip-jūn chia̍h-mi̍h kap chhùi-khiuⁿ liâm-mo̍k, lī-piān chia̍h-mi̍h lia̍p-kô· (*bolus*) thong-kòe chia̍h-tō (si̍t-tō; *esophagus*); koh-lâi-ê kong-lêng sī chhùi-nōa ê amylase siau-hòa hun-kái tiān-hún (*starch*) kap dextrins piàn-sêng be̍h-gê-thn̂g (*maltose*). I mā-ū chheng-kiat kap tām-po̍h-á sat-khún (*bactericidal*) ê kong-lêng. 

Chhùi-nōa ē-tàng the̍h-lâi kiám-cha sin-thé ê chit-pēⁿ, pí-jû-kóng AIDS, gâm-chèng. Tú hun-pì chhut--lâi ê chèng-siông ê chhùi-nōa sī bô sè-khún téng-téng pēⁿ-goân-thé--ê , mā-koh lâi-kàu chhùi-khiuⁿ siū-tio̍h u-jiám tio̍h khai-sí chham-lām chiok-chē sè-khún.
**Siau Lē-hông**(蕭麗紅; 1950-) sī Tâi-uân Ka-gī tsin tshut-miâ ê sió-suat tsok-ka. Siau ê bûn-jī ū kóo-tián ê tsîng-huâi, mā sī Tâi-uân lú-sìng bûn-ha̍k ê tāi-piáu.

Sing-pîng
---------

5 huè ê sî-tsūn, Lē-hông ê lāu-pē in-uī kiù-hué sí-bông; lāu-bú to̍k-tsū ióng-tshī in 3 hiann-tī-tsí-muē, ka-kàu hui-siông giâm-keh. Sè-hàn Lē-hông tiānn-tiānn kah a-má tuà tsò-hué, liáu-kái tsng-kha sóo-tsāi ê gí-giân, sìn-gióng kah hong-sio̍k, mā tsin bê kòo-hiong Pòo-tē ê kua-á-hì. Lē-hông tī tiong-ha̍k sî-tāi tō khai-sí tshòng-tsok. 1966 nî 9 gue̍h, tē-it phinn suànn-bûn *Láu-khì ji̍t-tsí--lí tik bōng*(老去日子裡的夢) khan-ting tsāi Liân-ha̍p-pò hù-khan. Tâng-nî ê 11 kah 12 gue̍h, sio̍k-khan *Ún-khì pho-bûn tik khong-kan*(隱去波紋的空間) kah *To sī ná thài-iông*(都是那太陽).

Tsok-phín
---------

* *Tshian-kang iú suí tshian-kang gua̍t* (千江有水千江月)
* *Kuì-hue-hāng* (桂花巷)
* *Pi̍k-suí-ôo tshun-bōng* (白水湖春夢)
* *Thô-hue ú tsìng-kó* (桃花與正果)
* *Líng-kim-tshiam* (冷金籤)
**Jîn-tō-chú-gī** (人道主義; *humanitarianism*) sī tiōng-sī jîn-lūi kè-ta̍t ê su-sióng, te̍k-pia̍t sī koan-sim siōng-ki-pún ê lâng ê sèⁿ-miā kap ki-pún seng-chûn chōng-hóng. Koan-chù ê sī lâng ê hēng-hok, kiông-tiāu jîn-lūi chi-kan ê hō͘-chō͘ koan-ài, hām tiōng-sī jîn-lūi ê kè-ta̍t. Siong-tùi-tek, lēng-gōa ū tiōng-sī sîn-bêng, tiōng-sī chū-jiân ia̍h-sī tiōng-sī tōng-bu̍t téng-téng ê su-sióng chú-tiuⁿ. 

Jîn-tō-chú-gī kap jîn-pún-chú-gī í-ki̍p jîn-bûn-chú-gī ū bi̍t-chhiat ê koan-hē. Ti se-hong, jîn-tō-chú-gī kap jîn-pún-chú-gī sīm-chì iōng kāng chi̍t-ê bêng-sû lâi piáu-ta̍t. Tī se-hong, jîn-tō-chú-gī khí-goân tī Au-chiu ê bûn-gē-ho̍k-heng sî-kî, chiam-tùi Ki-tok-kàu kàu-hōe thóng-tī siā-hōe ê sîn-tō-chú-gī lâi hêng-sêng ê chi̍t-khoán su-tiâu. Āu-lâi mā iân-sin chò hû-chō͘ jio̍k-chiá ê chû-siān cheng-sîn.

Siong-koan
----------

* Jîn-pún-chú-gī
* Jîn-bûn-chú-gī
**Pah-hun-pí**, **pah-hun-lu̍t** (百分率), iah-sī **pha̋-siàn-tò͘** (kán-lio̍kː **pha**), sī piáu-ta̍t pí-lu̍t (比率)--ê chò-huat, chiū sī "1/100 (pah-hun-chi-it, 0.01)--ê kúi-poē". Sò͘-ha̍k hû-hō sī "%", ke tī sò͘-ti̍t āu-piah, pí-lūn: 0.27 thang piáu-sī chò {\displaystyle 27\%}, tha̍k-chò "pah-hun chi jī-cha̍p-chhit" iah-sī "jī-cha̍p-chhit pha".

Gí-goân
-------

Pha̋-siàn-tò͘ sī Ji̍t-gí パーセント (Hùn-lēng-sek: *Pâsento*)--ê im-e̍k (音譯), sī La-teng-gí *per centum* (múi chi̍t-pah) keng-iû Eng-gí *percent* thoân--lâi--ê.

Iōng-hoat
---------

Thang kā chi̍t ê hun-sò͘ ia̍h-sī sió-sò͘ iōng pah-hun-pí lâi piáu-sī. Seng kā i piau-chò sió-sò͘, koh sêng-í {\displaystyle 100\%}, oāⁿ-chò 0.01--ê poē-sò͘. Lē:

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{8}}=0.125=0.125\times 100\%=12.5\%}

{\displaystyle 0.349=0.349\times 100\%=34.9\%}

Chún-nā {\displaystyle A=12}, {\displaystyle B=8}, A tio̍h-sī B--ê {\displaystyle 12/8=1.5\times 100\%=150\%}, tio̍h-sī A khah chē B {\displaystyle 50\%(=150\%-100\%)}.

Chham-khó
---------

* chhian-hun-bí (‰)
* bān-hun-pí (‱)
* hun-sò͘
Tsi̍t-uánn tsí-hó ê muâ-á-kiáñ (teh Sepangâ)
**Tsia̍h muâ-á-kiáñ sè-kài kím-piau-sài** (ing-gú: Elver Eating World Championships) ta̍k-nî teh England Gloucestershire ê Frampton on Severn [en] kú-hîng. Au-tsiu muâ-lē [en] ê muâ-á-kiáñ teh li̍k-sú-siōng sī Severn Valley ê tiōng-iàu si̍t-bu̍t的, ta̍k-nî lóng--ê khìng-tsiok tsia--ê muâ-á-kiáñ siû-kàu tsi̍t-tiâu khe lâi. Teh Frampton, tsit-ê khìng-tsiok ua̍h-tāng tsiâñ-tsò hiong-tshun tē-khu pênn-poo-tē tíng-kuân ê kìng-tsing-sìng ê tsia̍h-si̍t pí-sài [en]. Kàu 1970 nî-tāi, án-ne hông kiò-tsò **Tsuân-kok tsia̍h muâ-á-kiáñ pí-sài** (National Elver Eating Competition). M̄-kù kàu 1990-nî, tué-tioh muâ-á-kiáñ tsiâñ-tsò Jû-lâi jû-tsió, pí-sài sua-lâi thîng-tsí kú-pān. Tsit-hāng pí-sài tī 2015 -nî tsiâñ-tsò "Tsia̍h Muâ-á-kiáñ sè-kài kím-piau-sài" tiong-sin khai-sí, sui-bóng bô-beh koh tsia̍h muâ-á-kiáñ, tshú-tāi ê si̍t-bu̍t guā-piáu tshin-tshiūñ muâ-á-kiáñ ê surimi [en] (hî-tsiuñ). Tioh tsióng ê lâng tō sī ē-tàng tī siōng-tè ê sî-kan lāi tsia̍h-tiāu tsi̍t-pōo-hun si̍t-bu̍t ê pí-sài-tsiá. Piau-tsún tio̍h-sî tsa-poo tsia̍h 1-pōng (0.45 kg) surimi, tsa-bóo tsia̍h 0.5 pōng (0.23 kg), gín-á ká-ná tsia̍h itali-bīn tō ē-sái.

Puē-kíng kòo-sū
---------------

Ua̍h ê muâ-á-kiàñ
İù-nî-kî ê Au-tsiu muâ-lē [en] kiò-tsò muâ-á-kiáñ (elver), teh li̍k-sú-siōng sī Severn Valley ê tiōng-iàu si̍t-bu̍t. Muâ-kiáñ ta̍k-nî uì Háiseá hái [en] ê sán-nn̄g-tē lâi-kàu tsit-ê sóo-tsāi, thong-siông teh Severn íng-tiâu [en] ê pang-tsōo tsi-hā hông tshuah kàu siōng-iû. Hit-tang-tsūn muâ-á-kiáñ hông tuā-liōng tsang--tio̍h, koh-hōo tsāi-tē-lâng khuàñ-tsò ē-tàng bén-tsîñ the̍h-tio̍h ê tsia̍h-mi̍h lâi-guân. Thuân-thóng ê tsú-tsia̍h hong-huat sī kā-in ua̍h-ua̍h tsìñ lâi tsia̍h, án-ne tō ē hōo tsia--ê hî-á-kiáñ tsiâñ-tsò pe̍h-sik.

Muâ-á-kiáñ ê kiong-ìng tuì iân-hô ê tuā-lâng ê sóo-tsai lâi-kóng sī tsi̍t-ê tiōng-iàu ê būn-tê, tíng-liû tsng-thâu lóng-tī haiñ-tshan muâ-á teh kàu-tè tsìn-tsîng tō hōo-lâng lia̍h liáu-liáu. Tī 1874-nî tō kìm-tsí teh Severn hô [en] tsuí-bué póo-lô muâ-á-kiáñ, án-ne tì-sú tong-tē-lâng tuì "Severn hî-gia̍p uí-uân-huē" (Severn Fisheries Board) ê put-buán koh-kah tsìn-hîng gī-huē piàn-lūn.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. 1 2  Brooks, Robin (4 July 2020). "Elver wars on the River Severn - how a tiny eel changed the law". *GloucestershireLive* (ēng Eng-gí). 9 August 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  Horton, Kim (30 April 2018). "Everything you need to know about elver eating in Gloucestershire". *GloucestershireLive* (ēng Eng-gí). 9 August 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. ↑  Brown, Erica (18 May 1983). "Gloucestershire Celebrates Return of the Eel to the Severn". *The New York Times*. 9 August 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Konstantin Kuhle [en]
* Piáu-kik S-1 [en] (Pió-keh S-1)
* IPO [en]
* Palestine thok-koán-tē (Palestine thok-kuán-tē; eng-gí: Mandatory Palestine)
* Lio̍k- pok [en] (Lio̽k/Liubo)

Guā-pōo lên-ket
---------------

* YouTube YouTube téng ê **World Elver Eating Championship. Frampton On Severn 2019** ê iáⁿ-phìⁿ
* Farmer tastes success at world elver eating championships-stroudnewsandjournal
* Farmer tastes success at world elver eating championships-gazetteseries
**Ûn-ûn-á-piàn siông-thài** (Eng-gí: *creeping normalcy*) biô-siá piàn-hòa sok-tō· sô-sô, ū khí ū lo̍h, chìn-tō· khâm-khia̍t ê chhu-sè. In-ūi piàn-hòa khoaⁿ-khoaⁿ-á-sī, koan-chha̍t-chiá khah oh hoat-kak tio̍h hiān-hóng si̍t-chāi teh piàn-hòa ê chhu-sè, lia̍h-chún kóng koân-koân-kē-kē ê piàn-hòa pêng-kin khí-lâi téng-î chêng-kah-taⁿ lóng tī--teh ê siông-thài. Che ē-tit-thang biô-siá chē-chē siā-hōe he̍k-chiá chū-jiân-te̍k ê hiān-siōng, chhin-chhiūⁿ kóng khì-hāu piàn-hòa, khoân-kéng phò-hāi, seng-oa̍h phín-chit kàng-kē téng-téng. Khó-pí kóng, choân-kiû khì-un hoán sio-lō chit-ê chhu-sè chin oh phòaⁿ-toān (kàu-taⁿ kho-ha̍k-kài í-gōa iû-goân ū cheng-gī), in-ūi bô-lūn sè-kài pêng-kin khì-un siáⁿ khoán hêng, khì-un sûi nî ū koân-kē ê chha-īⁿ, tùi lâng ê éng-hióng tòe teh hó-bái. Ē-sái kóng tû-hui tn̂g-kî khioh chu-liāu hun-sek, bô khoàⁿ bē-chhut kui-ê hē-thóng ū ûn-ûn-á khah sio-lō ê chōng-hóng hoat-seng.

Kéng-koan bô-thâu-sîn-chèng (Eng-gí: *landscape amnesia*) sī siông-thài ûn-ûn-á-piàn ê 1-ê lē. Che ì-sù kóng lâng bē-kì-leh sin-khu-piⁿ ê kéng-koan í-chá seⁿ-chò siáⁿ khoán, in-ūi khoân-kéng piàn-hòa ê sok-tō· bān. Kú-kú pài-hóng 1-piàn ê gōa-tē-lâng khah ū hoat-tō· hoat-kak hiah-ê piàn-hòa. Ha̍k-chiá Jared Diamond jīn-ûi che ē-tàng kái-seh choáⁿ-iūⁿ Rapa Nui-lâng hiah-ni̍h-á "gōng", soah kā tó-siōng chòe-āu 1 châng chhiū-á chhò-chhò tiāu, chiong-kî-bóe ín-khí khoân-kéng chai-lān, tó-bîn lō·-bóe chôaⁿ-á iau-iau--sí. I kái-seh kóng, chhiū-á-châng m̄-sī chò-1-pái kui-phiàn kā chhò tiāu, chhò-chhiū siâng-sî iū-koh ū sin châng puh--chhut-lâi, tì-sú kóng múi 1 iân ê lâng lia̍h-chún gán-chêng ê chhiū-á-nâ hām í-chá--ê pêⁿ-pêⁿ ām, sī siông-thài. Kan-taⁿ siāng lāu ê sī-tōa ē-kì-leh gín-á sî-tāi ê chhiū-á pí hiān-chāi khah tōa-châng, sò·-liōng oân-ná khah chē. Chit-ê chhu-sè sak kah chīn-pōng, chiong-kui-bóe kan-taⁿ chhun chiâu sè-châng ê iù-chhiū tī--teh. Taⁿ in-ūi kàu kah hit-ê khám-chām hit khoán si̍t-bu̍t chá tio̍h bô keng-chè-siōng ê kè-ta̍t tī--teh, bô lâng ē siūⁿ tio̍h in tih-beh kā siāng bóe 1 châng chheng tiāu. Diamond oân-ná jīn-ûi che pō·-hūn ē-tàng kái-seh choáⁿ-iūⁿ Ji̍t-pún Tokugawa Bō·-hú sî-tāi ê Chiong-kun si̍t-si chō-nâ chèng-chhek: phò-hāi ê sok-tō· chiâⁿ kín, in khoàⁿ-ē-tio̍h būn-tê.

Bó-gí liû-sit oân-ná chhin-chhiūⁿ.

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

* Diamond, Jared. *Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.* Penguin Books: 2005. ISBN 0143036556.
Ko-hiông-chhī Im-ga̍k-koán
**Ko-hiông-chhī Im-ga̍k-koán** (高雄市音樂館) ūi-tī Ko-hiông-chhī iâm-tiâⁿ-khu, tī chú-āu 2000 nî 11 goe̍h ê sî-chūn sêng-li̍p, hām Ko-hiông Chhī-li̍p Le̍k-sú Phok-bu̍t-koán pēng-li̍p tī Ài-hô piⁿ-á.

ko-hiông-chhī Im-ga̍k-koán ūi-tī Tiong-chèng-sù-lō͘ kap Hô-se-lō͘ ê kau-chhe-kháu, sī chi̍t tòng 5 chân ê lâu-á-chhù; kî-tiong, 1 lâu kàu 3 lâu sī im-ga̍k ián-chàu-thiaⁿ, 4 kàu 5 lâu hun-pia̍t sī Kong-hiông-chhī Kau-hióng-ga̍k-thoân kap Ko-hiông-chhī Kok-ga̍k-thoân ê pān-kong-sek kiam pâi-liān-sek. Im-ga̍k ián-chàu-thiaⁿ ū 384 ê chō-ūi, sek-ha̍p sió-hêng sek-lāi im-ga̍k kap si-tiok-ga̍k ê piáu-ián. Nn̄g-pêng sī hêng-chèng pān-kong-sek kap pâi-liān-sek. Khoân-jiáu im-ga̍k-thiaⁿ hôe-lông sī im-ga̍k gián-si̍p kàu-sek, sī-thiaⁿ-sek kap tô͘-su-koán téng-téng. Im-ga̍k-koán ê tē-hā-sek liân-kiat Ko-hiông Kok-chè Hōe-gī Tiong-sim, lóng-chóng ū 476 ê thêng-chhia-ūi. Im-ga̍k-koán goā-kháu ê kóng-tiûⁿ sī thiⁿ-lō͘ ê im-ga̍k piáu-ián-tâi.

Kīn-oá kéng-tiám
----------------

* Ko-hiông Chhī-li̍p Le̍k-sú Phok-bu̍t-koán
* Ko-hiông Kok-chè Hōe-gī Tiong-sim
làu-the--ê chêng-hêng
Tuì chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t lâi kóng, **thu̍t-the**, **làu-the** iah-sī **liû-sán** sī chí phoe-thai iah thai-jî bē-chêng chhut-sì, koāⁿ-kūi (捾膭, ū-kūi iah-sī ū-sin--ê chōng-thāi) tō thê-chá chhé-soah. Thu̍t-the ū-khó-lêng sī ka-tī hoat-seng--ê, che tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī in-ūi koè-têng-tiong ū toh-ūi chhut būn-tê ê khí-tì. Nā jîn-lūi ū-tang-sî-á ē thiau-kang chò hō͘ thu̍t-the, che kiò-chò phah-thoat-sin.

Iù-the kap gín-á-the ê khu-pia̍t
--------------------------------

Lâng ū-sin liáu-āu tio̍h ēng 38 lé-pài thang tióng-sêng liáu-āu chhut-sì. It-poaⁿ sī lāu-bú siōng-boé pái goa̍h-sìn liáu-āu 40 lé-pài liáu-āu tō seⁿ-kiáⁿ. Tī lāu-bú pa̍k-tó͘ teh sêng-tióng ê siōng-khí-thâu 8 ê lé-pài tō kiò-chò iù-the (Eng-gí: embryo), koh lâi ê 32 lé-pài tō kiò-chò gín-á-the (Eng-gí: fetus).

Thu̍t-the ê lūi-hêng
--------------------

Thu̍t-the ū 2 ê toā lūi. Ū-sî-chūn, sī ū-sin ê koè-têng-tiong thut-thoê, kiat-kó iù-the iah gín-á-the chū-án-ne sí--khì. Tsit-ê chêng-hêng hò-chò bú-sin-sí.

Thu̍t-the tī chi̍t-kuá sî-chūn tùi hū-jîn-lâng sī kài gûi-hiám--ê. Hū-jîn-lâng seⁿ-kiáⁿ mā chin kan-kè, i huān-sè chin hoân-ló͘, koh kiám-chhái i bô siūⁿ-beh ài gín-á, nā án-ne, i tō ū-khó-lêng thiau-kang kā chhé-soah. Chit-ê chêng-hêng, tō kiò-chò phah-thoat-sin.

Téng-koân chit 2 khoán, nā iù-the iah gín-á-the ùi chú-kiong chhut--lâi, tō sī oân-choân thu̍t-the, ū-sî-chūn, iù-the iah gín-á-the ē iû-goân lâu tī chú-kiong--ni̍h, che hō-chò thu̍t-the pāi-bé (missed abortion). Nā thu̍t-the pāi-bé, tio̍h thàu-koè chhiú-su̍t kā the the̍h--chhut-lâi, án-ne hū-jîn-lâng chiah bē kám-jiám phoà-pēⁿ.

Phah-thoat-sin (thiau-kang hō͘ thu̍t-the)
-----------------------------------------

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Jîn-kang liû-sán
### Bêng-chheng

Nā the sī in-ūi chū-jiân ê in-toaⁿ tī ū-sin ê thâu 20 lé-pài--ni̍h sí--khì, lán kóng siáu-sán iah làu-the. Nā tī tē 20 kàu 37 lé-pài tō seⁿ-kiáⁿ, tō sī chá-sán (buē-chiok-goe̍h-seⁿ). The nā tī 20 lé-pài liáu-āu tī chú-kiong sí--khì, he̍k-sī seⁿ ê sî chuâⁿ sí, tō kiò-chò sí-the iah-sī sí-sán (Eng-gí: stillbirth). Chá-sán kap sí-the it-poaⁿ bô khoàⁿ-chò sī siáu-sán.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Chu Chú-hông (朱子宏), Tiuⁿ Chi-giâm (張之嚴), "I-iōng Tâi-gú Kàu-ha̍k", Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Tāi-ha̍k I-ha̍k-īⁿ

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| --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* LCCN: sh85085974
* GND: 4128069-6
* NDL: 00569917
* NKC: ph115832

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**SIL International** (í-chá kiò-choè **Summer Institute of Linguistics**, kán-siá SIL) sī 1-ê hui-gêng-lī sèng ê cho·-chit. In chú-iàu ê bo̍k-piau sī gián-kiù 1-koá-á khah bô-lâng chai, khah pih-suh ê gí-giân, thui-sak bat-jī, mā-sī pang-chān hoan-e̍k Sèng-keng ê sū-kang.

Wycliffe Bible Translators ("Wycliffe Sèng-keng Hoan-e̍k-chiá") sī SIL International ê chí-moē cho·-chit; in choan-mn̂g hoan-e̍k Sèng-keng. Só·-ū ê Wycliffe hoē-oân mā lóng-chóng sī SIL ê hoē-oân.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Tī 1930 nî-tāi chhoe-kî, chi̍t-tīn Ki-tok-kàu ê bo̍k-su khì tī Guatemala hia thoân-kàu, kō͘ tong-tē ê Kaqchikel lâng cho͘ sêng Ki-tok-hōe, āu-lâi, SIL International chit-ê cho͘-chit chiū-sī iû Tiúⁿ-lo Kàu-hōe ê Ûi-liâm Thau-sián (William Cameron Townsend) bo̍k-su tī 1934 nî só͘ chhòng-pān ê. Thau-sián bo̍k-su oân-sêng Kaqchikel ōe-gí ê Sèng-keng hoan-e̍k liáu-āu, tī 1933 nî ōaⁿ khì kàu Be̍k-se-ko, pang-chān in hia ê goân-chū-bîn gí-giân ê Sèng-keng hoan-e̍k sū-kang.

SIL International ê jī-hêng kap nńg-thé
---------------------------------------

* Jī-hêng
	+ Charis SIL
	+ Doulos SIL
	+ Gentium
	+ SIL Encore IPA
* Jī-hêng kho-ki
	+ Graphite
* Nńg-thé
	+ WorldPad

Goā-pō· liân-kiat
-----------------

* SIL international
* Ethnologue.com

Chham-khó Chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 255
2. ↑  Michael C. Howard, Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction, McFarland, USA, 2014, p. 196
**Ta̍t-him Kang-têng Kó͘-hūn Iú-hān Kong-si** (達欣工程股份有限公司), kán-chheng **Ta̍t-him Kang-têng** (達欣工程) ia̍h **Ta̍t-him-kang** (達欣工) sī Tâi-oân ê chi̍t keng chiūⁿ-chhī êng-kiàn kong-si, tû-liáu it-poaⁿ chū-the̍h kiàn-siat í-gōa, ū chèng-hú kang-têng sêng-pau lêng-le̍k kap kah-kip êng-chō-chhiúⁿ chu-keh.

Ta̍t-him Kang-têng tī Tâi-oân ê le̍k-sú hui-siông kú-tn̂g, chá tī 1967 nî tiō í-keng sêng-li̍p, mā chham-ú hit-sî Tâi-oân keng-chè khí-poe siâⁿ-chhī-hòa ê kong-gū kiàn-siat, sêng-li̍p 8 tang āu tiō chhú-tit kah-kip êng-chō-chhiúⁿ chu-keh. 1979 nî sêng-kiàn Tâi-pak Gióng-tek Tōa-lâu sī hit-sî Tâi-oân siāng tōa liōng-thé kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t; chiông-chhú chhut-miâ pēng chiap-hā Tiong-heng Pháng-chit Tōa-lâu, Tâi-pak Oán-khì Tiong-sim téng ū-miâ kiàn-siat-àn, koh hām chèng-hú tong-kio̍k koan-hē liông-hó, kè-sio̍k chhú-tit Tiong-hôa Hâng-khong ki-pêⁿ kap Sin-tek Kho-ha̍k Hn̂g-khu téng kiàn-siat, 1996 nî kó͘-phiò chiūⁿ-chhī. Āu-lâi koh nn̄g pái tit-tio̍h Lāi-chèng-pō͘ Êng-kiàn-sú iu-liông êng-chō-siong phêng-kè.
Demonstration model of a direct-methanol fuel cell (black layered cube) in its enclosure.
Scheme of a proton-conducting fuel cell
**Jiân-liāu tiān-tî** (燃料電池; Eng-gí: *fuel cell*) sī chi̍t chióng chú-iàu thàu-kòe sng-sò͘ ia̍h-sī kî-thaⁿ sng-hòa-che chìn-hêng sng-hòa hoân-goân hoán-èng, kā jiân-liāu lāi ê hòa-ha̍k-lêng choán-ōaⁿ chò tiān-lêng ê hoat-tiān chong-tì. Siāng chia̍p-khoàiⁿ ê jiân-liāu sī chúi-sò͘, kî-thaⁿ jiân-liāu lâi-goân lâi-chū jīm-hô thang hun-kái chhut chúi-sò͘ goân-chú ê thòaⁿ-hòa chúi-sò͘, chhan-chhiūⁿ thian-jiân-khì, alcohol téng. Jiân-liāu tiān-tî hām it-chhù tiān-tî bô kāng-khoán, hó-chhù tī thàu-kòe ún-tēng kiong-èng sng-sò͘ kap jiân-liāu lâi-goân, tio̍h ē-tàng chhî-sio̍k put-toān lâi thê-kiong ún-tēng tiān-le̍k, ti̍t-kàu jiân-liāu ēng liáu, hām it-poaⁿ hui-chhiong-tiān tiān-tî ēng liáu tiō tàn-tiāu bô-kāng.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* LCCN: sh85052220
* GND: 4008195-3
* BNF: cb11944532n (data)
* NDL: 00568097
* NKC: ph395728

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**Cheng E̍k-jîn** (鍾逸人; 1921 nî 12 goe̍h 17 ji̍t chhut-sì ), Tâi-oân Tâi-tiong-chhī chhut-sin, chêng Jī-chhit Pō͘-tūi pō͘-tūi-tiúⁿ; i iā sī chi̍t ūi chok-ka, bat tit-tio̍h tē-18 kài Tâi-oân Bûn-ha̍k-ka Gû-tin Chióng kap Ngô͘ To̍k-liû Bûn-ha̍k Chióng.

Cheng E̍k-jîn jīn-ûi "Tâi-oân-lâng m̄-sī Tiong-kok-lâng", "Tâi-oân ài to̍k-li̍p"; kiàn-kok sī beh kiâⁿ ji̍p kûn-chiòng tàu-tīn phah-piàⁿ, khé-bêng Tâi-oân ê le̍k-sú kap Tâi-oân chiâⁿ-si̍t ê sin-hūn, chhian-bān m̄-thang koh gōng-gōng thiaⁿ-sìn Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng ê iâu-giân. I hi-bāng hoàn-chhéⁿ siàu-liân chi̍t tāi tùi Tâi-oân le̍k-sú ê chèng-khak jīn-ti, í "seng put ûi lô" (生不為奴) ê sìn-liām kap kiōng-tông ê "kok-bîn ì-chì", hō͘ kok-chè kiông-koân chai-iáⁿ "góa beh kiàn-li̍p chú-koân to̍k-li̍p ê kok-ka".

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  重現二七部隊座談會 為自由而戰的台灣魂, 台灣教會公報, 2016-03-11
2. ↑  二七部隊部隊長鍾逸人前輩參訪台灣聖山, 台灣大地文教基金會, 2013-10-15
3. ↑  書寫二戰往事 93歲鍾逸人見證歷史, 自由時報, 2014-12-10
Alexander Pushkin
**Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin** (Lō͘-se-a-gí: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин, IPA: Sound [ʌlʲɪˈksandr sʲɪˈrgʲevʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn]?, 1799 nî 6 goe̍h 6 ji̍t – 1837 nî 2 goe̍h 10 ji̍t) sī Lō͘-se-a lōng-bān-chú-gī ê chok-ka, hông chun-chhûn chò Lō͘-se-a it-lia̍p-it ê si-jîn, pēng-chhiáⁿ sī Lō͘-se-a bó-gí bûn-ha̍k Lō͘-se-a bûn-ha̍k ê khai-ki-chiá. Pushkin ēng kháu-gí lái siá si kap kha-pún, chhòng-chō 1 chióng thàu-lām hì-ke̍k, lōng-bān-sú (romance), kap khoe-sé (satire) ê kóng-kó͘ hong-keh, tùi boé-āu ê Lō͘-se-a chok-ka éng-hióng kài toā. 1833 nî hoat-piáu ê si *Tâng Khî-sū* (Медный всадник) sī Pushkin ê tāi-piáu-chok.

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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 66477450
* LCCN: n80036579
* ISNI: 0000 0001 2137 2055
* GND: 118641816
* SELIBR: 85223
* SUDOC: 028188012
* BNF: cb12007375v (data)
* BIBSYS: 97000967
* ULAN: 500324476
* NLA: 36246179
* NDL: 00453465
* NKC: jn19990210513
* ICCU: CFIV001053
* RLS: 000080362
* BNE: XX910058
* CiNii: DA00383486

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**TDM-GCC** (ing-gú: TDM-GCC) sī Microsoft Windows ê pian-i̍k-khì thò-kiānn. Tse sī tsiânn-tsē tsheh-tsi̍k tang-tiong thong-siông thui-tsiàn ê pian-tsi̍p-khì; bô-lūn sī tsiam-tuì tshoo-ha̍k-tsiá hām king-giām hong-hù ê tîng-sū-guân.

TDM-GCC kiat-ha̍p GCC kang-kū-tsi̍p ê siōng-sin ún-tīng pán-pún; tsi̍t-kuá-á iōng-teh Windows-Frignsteliness ê póo-ting í-ki̍p bián-huì kah khai-hòng guân-sú-bé nńg-thé [en] MinGW [en] ê tsip-hîng-kî [en] API [en]; í-lâi tshòng-kiàn Microsoft pian-tsi̍p-khì hām pênn-tâi SDK [en] ê khui-guân thè-tāi hong-àn. Uì Windows 98 í-lâi, jīm-hô pán-pún ê Windows lóng ē-sái kòo-kiàn 32 bit kah 64 bit 2 tsìn-tsè ê bûn-kiānn [en].

TDM-GCC sī tuì kî-thann sóo-tsāi tsū-iû sú-iōng ê tsoo-kiānn ê tiông-sin hun-phuè. Tsi̍t-ê siōng-tuā ê khu-pia̍t tio̍h-sī, TDM-GCC king-kái bi̍k-jīn ê GCC tsu-liāu-khòo ài tsīng-thài liân-tsiap hâm-sòo-khòo [en]; pīng-tshiánn sú-iōng kiōng-hióng luē-tsûn [en] khu-i̍k tsìn-hîng lē-guā tshú-lí [en].

Kah TDM-GCC pa̍k tsò-hué ê IDE
------------------------------

* Code::Blocks
* Dev-C++

Tsù-kái
-------

1. 1 2  "About | TDM-GCC".
2. ↑
3. ↑  "Google Scholar".
4. ↑  "TDM-GCC Compiler".

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Exception handling
* Free and open-source software
* GNU General Public License

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* TDM-GCC website (redirects to )
| Merapi Soaⁿ (Tiong Java) |
| --- |
| Merapi |
| Hái-poa̍t: | 2,914 kong-chhioh |
| Ūi-tì: | Tiong Java (Ìn-nî) |
| Soaⁿ-me̍h: |  |
| Chō-piau: | 7°32′S, 110°26′E |
| Hêng-thài: | Stratovolcano |
| Nî-tāi: | 400,000 nî |
| Po̍k-hoat: | 2002 |

**Merapi Soaⁿ** (*Gunung Merapi*, Má-lâi-oē "Hoé-soaⁿ" ê ì-sù), tiàm-tī Ìn-nî Tiong Java ê 1 chō hoé-soaⁿ, chū 1548 nî kàu 2006 nî (4 goe̍h) bat po̍k-hoat 68 kái, sī Ìn-nî siōng chia̍p oa̍h-tōng ê hoé-soaⁿ. Merapi put-chí-á oá Yogyakarta chit ê siâⁿ-chhī. Ū sò͘-chheng lâng tiàm soaⁿ-kha khiā-khí. Hái-poa̍t 1700 kong-chhioh koân ê só͘-chāi to-iā ū chng-thâu tī--teh. Chia ê in-sò͘ tì-sú IAVCEI chiōng Merapi kui tī "Cha̍p-tang Hoé-soaⁿ" (*Decade Volcano*) ê lūi-pia̍t.

Ìn-nî Se Sumatra oân-ná ū 1 lia̍p hoé-soaⁿ hō kāng miâ--ê (chham-khó Merapi Soaⁿ (Sumatra)).

Choè-kīn ê po̍k-hoat hoat-seng tī 1992 nî. 2006 nî 4 goe̍h iū-koh khai-sí chhèng-ian, tē-tāng, lâu hoé-ko.
***Koyaanisqatsi: Life out of balance*** (*Koyaanisqatsi: Sit-tiâu ê seng-oa̍h*, 1983) sī Godfrey Reggio kàm-tok ê 1 chhut kì-lo̍k-phìⁿ. Phìⁿ thàu-kòe pàng-bān, ká-kín ê iáⁿ-siōng piáu-hiān chhut kok-chióng chū-jiân kap jîn-chō ê hiān-siōng, chhin-chhiūⁿ soaⁿ-khut lāi ê piah-oē, tāi-chū-jiân ê hái-éng, hûn, kau-thong ê chó·-ha̍p, chà-toâⁿ po̍k-chà, tōa-to·-chhī ê bīn-chhiuⁿ, téng-téng. Bē-su teh kó·-lē lâng pí-phēng, liân-sióng "chū-jiân" kap "jîn-chō" chi-kan ê koan-hē.

Chit phìⁿ kui chhut bô kóng oē, kan-taⁿ phòe-ga̍k tang-tiong ū lâng têng-ho̍k liām 1 kù *koyaanisqatsi* kap kî-thaⁿ kúi-kù-á oē. "Koyaanisqatsi" sī Hopi-gí, ì-sù kóng "pāi-tek, loān-chhī-chhā ê seng-oa̍h", "sit-tiâu ê seng-oa̍h". Chhut-bóe ū phah Hopi chhàm-gí ê Eng-bûn hoan-e̍k. Im-ga̍k sī Philip Glass choan-kang ūi phìⁿ tēng-chok ê chok-phín.

Kui chhut 87 hun-cheng. Chè-chok ê sî-kan ū 6-tang kú, kî-tiong 3 tang teh phah-phìⁿ, 3 tang teh phòe ga̍k. Kin-kù in ê kóng-hoat, Reggio hām Glass 2 lâng hō·-siong éng-hióng: Glass kiàn-nā oân-sêng 1 pha, Reggio ē tńg khì siu-chián i ê iáⁿ-phìⁿ hō· in ē-tit-thang koh khah sù-phòe; liáu-āu Glass iū-koh tńg khì chhiâu i ê chhòng-chok, án-ne teh chìn-hêng.

Ū kúi-nā-chhut phìⁿ chiap-sòa *Koyaanisqatsi*: *Powaqqatsi* kap *Naqoyqatsi* 2 tōa chhut, kap 2 chhut té-phìⁿ hō-chò *Anima Mundi*, *Evidence*.

Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
-----------------

* Koaⁿ-hong chām
*"Siōng-tè" ê kî-tha ì-sù, khòaⁿ Siōng-tè (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h).*
It-sîn-kàu--ni̍h to̍k-it ê **Sîn**/**Siōng-tè**, sī bān-hāng-mi̍h lāi-tè siōng-koân ê chûn-chāi, sī tong-goân-chho· chhòng-chō--ê, tī bān-mi̍h téng-koân chò chú-cháiⁿ--ê, it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi I sī choân-lêng, choân-ti, tī ta̍k-só·-chāi lóng tī-leh, koh ū chiâu-chn̂g ê thiàⁿ--ê. Pí-lūn Iû-thài-kàu, Ki-tok-kàu, Islam kàu lóng ū chit-ê koan-liām. Nā Lô-má Thian-chú-kàu sī koàn-sì kóng **Thian-chú**, mā ū kā 2 chióng kóng-hoat kap-chò-hoé pìⁿ **Siōng-chú**--ê. Ū chi̍t-koá Islam-kàu ê ha̍k-chiá chú-tiuⁿ Siōng-tè ê miâ tiāⁿ-tio̍h ēng A-la-pek-gí keng-bûn ê iōng-sû, Allah, bē-ēng-tit hoan-e̍k.

Kok it-sîn-kàu ê sîn
--------------------

Kî-tiong siōng-chú-iàu--ê phì-jû Iû-thài-kàu, Ki-tok-kàu kap Islam-kàu lāi-té, lóng jīn-ûi Siōng-tè chhòng-chō chit-ê sè-kài, koh thóng-tī kui-ê ú-tiū. In lóng jīn-ûi Siōng-tè ū ē-bīn chiah-ê sèng-chit:

* Siōng-tè sī sèng--ê (bô choē--ê, bē siau-si̍h bē hú-pāi--ê)
* Siōng-tè sī kong-gī--ê (pêⁿ-chiàⁿ--ê, gī--ê, I ê phoàⁿ-toàn mā lóng-sī tio̍h--ê)
* Siōng-tè ū chiâu-chn̂g ê koân-lêng (I ê ì-hiòng tiāⁿ-tio̍h ē chiâⁿ)
* Siōng-tè sī choân-lêng--ê (bô I chò-bē-kàu ê tāi-chì)
* Siōng-tè sī choân-ti--ê (bô I m̄-chai ê tāi-chì)
* Siōng-tè ū chiâu-chn̂g ê thiàⁿ
* Siōng-tè tī ta̍k-só·-chāi lóng tī-leh
* Siōng-tè sī tī bān-hāng-mi̍h chìn-chêng tō tī-leh--ê, I ti̍t-ti̍t tī-leh, koh éng-oán tī-leh.
* Siōng-tè sī chhiau-thoat--ê (I tī khong-kan kap sî-kan í-goā, I bē hō· chit-sè-kan ê le̍k-liōng he̍k-sī kî-thaⁿ I só· chhòng-chō ê mi̍h lâi éng-hióng.

Iû-thài-kàu, Ki-tok-kaù kap Islam it-poaⁿ kā Siōng-tè khoàⁿ-chò sī ū ūi-keh--ê, I ū ì-hiòng mā ū kò-sèng, chóng--sī ū chin chē lí-sèng-chú-gī ê tiat-ha̍k-ka, in kám-kak che sī m̄-tio̍h--ê, in jīn-ûi tùi Siōng-tè jīn-hô chhin-chhiūⁿ lâng ê kóng-hoat, lóng kan-taⁿ sī phì-jū niā-tiāⁿ, in kóng Siōng-tè kah-sī chhiau-thoat--ê, tō bô-khó-lêng ū chhiūⁿ lâng ê kiâⁿ-choè.

Tī ki-tok-kàu (chú-iàu ê kàu-phài) ê koan-liām lāi-té, Siōng-tè ū 3-ê ūi-keh, hō-chò sam-ūi it-thé, m̄-koh bô-kâng ê kàu-phài, tùi Sèng-kiáⁿ ê ì-hiòng kap sèng-chit, iû-goân iáu ū cheng-gī.

Siong-koan
----------

* Ki-tok-kàu ê Sîn

Liân-kiat
---------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***God*** |
**Thoân-thóng im-ga̍k** kap **bîn-kan im-ga̍k** iah **bîn-iâu** ū chin chē têng-tha̍h ê só͘-chāi, tī ha̍k-su̍t kho͘-á iah chèng-sek ê to͘-ha̍p (pí-lūn im-ga̍k chióng), khah chia̍p sú-iōng "thoân-thóng im-ga̍k" ê kóng-hoat, nā tī chhin-chhiūⁿ khek-poâⁿ téng-téng hui-ha̍k-su̍t ê to͘-ha̍p, "bîn-iâu" tō khah chia̍p í 1 chióng khoah-ì ê hong-sek teh sú-iōng.

Te̍k-sek
--------

Lán nā chhú le̍k-sú-tek ê kak-tō͘, bîn-iâu ū ē-bīn chiah-ê te̍k-sek:

* Thàu-koè khó͘-thoân ê thoân-thóng lâi thoân-pò͘.

Tī 20 sè-kí chìn-chêng, it-poaⁿ ê choh-chhân-lâng kap kang-lâng sī m̄-bat jī--ê, in tio̍h ua̍t-liām lâi o̍h koa-khek. Chāi-chá he m̄-sī ēng chheh, lio̍k-im iah hòng-sàng ê mûi-kài teh thoân-pò͘--ê, sui-jiân āu--lâi khai-sí ū bîn-iâu koa-chhiú lī-iōng ga̍k-phó͘, koa-pún iah khek-poâⁿ lâi cheng-ka in ê ián-chhiùⁿ ê khek-bo̍k, m̄-koh che lóng sī ùi í-chá khó͘-thoân só͘ kì-lio̍k ka-kang kap pian-khek ê sán-bu̍t.
* Im-ga̍k pún-sin tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kap bîn-cho̍k bûn-hoà ū tī-tāi.

Bîn-iâu kap tia̍t-tēng khu-he̍k iah bûn-hoà kau-ki-liân, tài bûn-hoà ê te̍k-sek. Tī î-bîn ê tiong-kan, in ē thàu-koè ha̍k-si̍p in chó͘-kong-á chāi-chá ê koa-khek iah bú-tō lâi tián-hiān in ê bô-kâng kap te̍k-sek.
* Kì-liām le̍k-sú sū-kiāⁿ kap jîn-bu̍t.

Tī nî-cheh-sî-á, pí-lūn Koè-nî, Chhit-niû-má-seⁿ, Tiong-chhiu, Gō͘-goe̍h-cheh, Koh-oa̍h-cheh, Iâ-so͘-seⁿ téng-téng, sù-siông ē ū saⁿ tùi-thīn ê koa-khek thang khèng-chiok. Nā hun-lé, seⁿ-ji̍t iah chòng-sek, mā kiám-chhái ē ū kò͘-tēng ê koa, bú-tō iah hong-sio̍k. Chong-kàu ê cheh-ji̍t sî-siông sī ū bîn-sio̍k im-ga̍k chham-chhap tī lāi-té--ê.
Chiah-ê im-ga̍k thàu-koè hui-bí-ha̍k ê te̍k-chit lâi ta̍t-sêng kám-chêng liân-hê kap jīn-tông ê lō͘-ēng.

  

In-ūi i ê goân-khí-thâu kap thoân-pò͘ ê chhiú-lō͘, bîn-iâu ū-sî-á mā ū ē-kha chiah-ê te̍k-sek:

* Bô tù-chok-koân

19 sè-kí kah taⁿ ū chē-chē lán chai chok-chiá ê koa-khek, chóng--sī in sī ùi khó͘-thoân ê thoân-thóng sán-seng--ê, iā tī im-ga̍k chhut-pán-siōng in hō͘ lâng tòng-chò "thoân-thóng im-ga̍k". Nā ùi 1970 nî-tāi khai-sí chit-ê chêng-hóng tō ná lâi ná chió--a, taⁿ ta̍k tè bîn-sio̍k im-ga̍k nā ū chè-chok lio̍k-im--ê mā ê ū pian-khek ê tù-chok koân-lī.
* Bûn-hoà ê kau-chham hiông-ha̍p

Lâng ê chhut-sin huān-sè bô to̍k-to̍k 1 ê lâi-goân, tùi pē-hē kap bú-hē bô-siâng ê lâng, im-ga̍k mā ē thàu-lām bô-kâng ê éng-hióng. Chit-ê kái-pian ê chéng-hêng pau-koat ga̍k-khì, pian-khek, lām-chham téng-téng.
* Hui-siong-gia̍p

Ūi-tio̍h bûn-hoà jīn-tông só͘ chò ê im-ga̍k ián-chàu / ián-chhiùⁿ tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī bô tui-kiû lī-sûn ê tōng-ki--ê, chit chióng bô kim-chîⁿ pò-siúⁿ ê bîn-iâu iah bîn-sio̍k im-ga̍k piáu-ián tī éng-koè koh khah phó͘-phiàn.
**Siōng Îⁿ**| 

|  |
| --- |
|  |

 |
| Hàn-jī | 尚 圓 |
| Kana | ショー イン |
| Lô-má-jī | Shō In |

**Siōng Oân** (尚 圓, ショーイン; 1415 nî~1476 nî) sī Liû-kiû-kok tē-7 tāi kok-ông, kah Tē-jī Siōng--sī (第二尚氏) ê kiàn-kok tāi kun-ông; 1469 kàu 1476 nî-kan chāi-ūi.

Siōng Oân teng-ki chìn-chêng, goân-miâ **Kim-hoân** (金丸), jú-miâ **Su-tek-kim** (思德金)

I ê sîn-miâ sī **Kim-hoân Àn-si Thiⁿ-boa̍t-sio̍k chi Ông-jîn-chú** (金丸按司添末續之王仁子).

Seng-pêng
---------

1434 nî, Siōng Oân ê pē-bú kòe-sin, i hām sió-tī Siōng Soan-ui (尚宣威) tàu-tīn siⁿ-oa̍h.

1438 nî, Siōng Oân hām in bó͘ kah in sió-tī chò-hóe cháu-lō͘, lâi kàu Kok-thâu (國頭).

1441 nî, 27 hòe ê Siōng Oân chi̍t-ke-hoé keng-kè Kiú-chì (久志) téng só͘-chāi, chòe-āu lâi kàu kiaⁿ-siâⁿ Siú-lí(首里), tâu-khò Siōng Thài-kiú (尚泰久) ông-chú. Siōng Thài-kiú āu-lâi kā i chhui-chiàn hō kok-ông Siōng Su-ta̍t (尚思達), siū hong "Ka-lâi-chhek-thâu" (家來赤頭). 1452 nî, Siōng Îⁿ sêng-ûi ko-kip koaⁿ-oân.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
 Liû-kiû Kok-ông  |
| --- |
|  |
| Sùn-thian Ông-tiâu | Sùn-thian · Sùn-má-sūn-hi · Gī-pún |
|  |
| Eng-chó͘ Ông-tiâu | Eng-chó͘ · Tāi-sêng · Eng-chû · Gio̍k-sêng · Se-ui |
|  |
| San-san Sî-tāi | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Tiong-san Ông-kok** | Chhat-tō͘ · Bú-lêng |
|  |
| **Lâm-san Ông-kok** | Sêng-chhat-tō͘ · Ang-eng-chí · Ang-eng-chó͘ · Thaⁿ-ló͘-muí |
|  |
| **Pak-san Ông-kok** | Pà-nî-chi · Bîn · Phan-an-ti |

 |
|  |
| Tē-it Siōng--sī | Siōng Su-siāu · Siōng Pa-chì · Siōng Tiong · Siōng Su-ta̍t · Siōng Kim-hok · Siōng Thài-kiú · Siōng Tek |
|  |
| Tē-jī Siōng--sī | Siōng Oân · Siōng Soan-ui · Siōng Chin · Siōng Chheng · Siōng Goân · Siōng Éng · Siōng Lêng · Siōng Hong · Siōng Hiân · Siōng Chit · Siōng Cheng · Siōng Ek · Siōng Kèng · Siōng Bo̍k · Siōng Un · Siōng Sêng · Siōng Hō · Siōng Io̍k · Siōng Thài |

 |
**Hái-kiap-lióng-hōaⁿ**, sī chham Tiong-kok ū khan-liân ê tē-lí-chèng-tī khài-liām, hái-kiap to̍h sī Tâi-ôan Hái-kiap, "lióng-hōaⁿ" sī teh kóng Tiong-kok Tāi-lio̍k kah Tâi-ôan chit 2-ê só·-chāi. 

Kong-gôan tē 20 sè-kí ê téng pòaⁿ sè-kí, Tiong-kok hoat-seng Kok-Kiōng lōe-chiàn, Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng chiàn-pāi liáu-āu, chèng-kôan ùi Tāi-lio̍k pôaⁿ-chhian kàu Tâi-ôan, kok-hō iu-gôan pó-liû chòe Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok. Ah Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng só· thóng-tī ê Tāi-lio̍k chèng-kôan, kok-hō khiok-sī Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok. Chhú-khì liáu-āu, 2-pêng tn̂g-kî hun-tī kah tùi-li̍p. Chham Hái-kiap-lióng-hōaⁿ chit-ê bêng-chheng lio̍h-á ū khan-sia̍p--ê, koh-ū Lióng-hōaⁿ-sam-tē, Tōa Tiong-Hôa Tē-khu chia-ê. Sam-tē (saⁿ-tē) pau-koah Tāi-lio̍k, Tâi-ôan kah Káng-Ò tē-khu. 

Hái-kiap-lióng-hōaⁿ tī 1992 nî chìn-chêng, lóng-chóng hōng-hêng chi̍t-ê Tiong-kok ê cheng-chhek. Āu--lâi, Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k chèng-kôan tī Tâi-ôan tó-tàⁿ liáu-āu, Tâi-to̍k ê sè-le̍k lú lâi lú tōa, kàu-kah Lí Teng-hui hōaⁿ-chhiú-thâu ê sî-tāi, Tâi-to̍k ūn-tōng chhut-hiān ko-tiau. Chhêng hit-chūn khai-sí, Lióng-hōaⁿ to̍h put-sî ūi-tio̍h "chi̍t-ê Tiong-kok ê būn-tê" kah "Tâi-to̍k ê būn-tôe" teh sio-kàn-kiāu. 

Tâi-oân pún-thó·-phài jīn-ûi "hái-kiap-lióng-hōaⁿ" mā ē-sái chí Bashi Hái-kiap nn̄g-pêng ê kok-ka, chiū sī Tâi-oân kap Hui-li̍p-pin.

Chham-khòaⁿ
-----------

* Hái-kiap Lióng-hōaⁿ Koan-hē Hia̍p-hōe(kán-chheng "Hái-hia̍p-hōe", Tāi-lio̍k)
* Hái-kiap Kau-liû ki-kim-hōe (kán-chheng "Hái-ki-hōe" Tâi-ôan)
* 92 Kiōng-sek (it-Tiong kok-piáu)
* Tâi-ôan būn-tê
Se-guân 917 nî, Ngó͘-tāi Si̍p-kok ê tsîng-hîng.
**Bân** (hàn-jī: **閩**; 909 nî - 945 nî) sī Tiong-kok Ngóo-tāi Si̍p-kok (五代十國) sî-tāi ê chi̍t ê kok-ka, i tong-sî ê chìng-sik kok-hō sī **Tāi-bân** (**大閩**), sio̍k-î Si̍p-kok(十國). Bân ê kok-thó͘ tāi-iok sī tī kin-á-ji̍t ê Hok-kiàn, siú-to͘ tī Hok-chiu. Chū se-goân 909 nî Ông Sím-ti (王審知) khai-kok it-ti̍t kàu 945 nî Ông Iân-chèng (王延政) tâu-hâng Lâm-tông(南唐) bia̍t-bông uî-chí, Bân chîng-āu ū 6 uī kun-ông, kok-ka î-chhî lóng-chóng 37 nî.

Li̍k-sú
-------

Tông-chiau-chong(唐昭宗) Kíng-hok(景福) 2 nî, 893 nî, Ông Sím-tiâu(王審潮), Ông Sím-khui(王審邽), Ông Sím-ti saⁿ hiaⁿ-tī kong-chiàm Hok-chiu, āu-lâi chiām-chiām khòng-chè kui-ê Hok-kiàn. Tông-tiâu(唐朝) chèng-hú hō͘ Ông Sím-tiô Hok-kiàn Koan-chhat-sú(觀察使) ê koaⁿ-uī lâi thóng-tī Hok-kiàn, koè bô-guā-kú koh sing-chò Ui-bú-kun(威武軍) Chiat-tō͘-sú(節度使). Khiân-lîng(乾寧) 4 nî, 898 nî, Ông Sím-tiô koè-sin, kā chiat-tō͘-sú ê uī thoân hō͘ sió-tī Ông Sím-ti.

Āu-liông(後梁) Khai-pîng(開平) 3 nî, 909 nî, Ông Sím-ti hōo Ā-liông Thài-chó͘(後梁太祖) hong tsò "Bân-ông"(閩王), chìng-sik khai-kok.

925 nî, Ông Sím-ti koè-sin, biō-hō "Bân-thài-chó͘"(閩太祖). Toā-kiáⁿ Ông Iân-hān(王延翰) ting-ki(登基), m̄-koh tē 2 tang tō khì hō͘ poān-loān ê sió-tī Ông Iân-kun(王延鈞) kap Ông Iân-lún(王延禀) thâi-thâu, sè-hō(諡號) "Bân-sū-ông"(閩嗣王).

Li̍k-tāi tè-ông
---------------

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Bân-kok hông-sek

| Sènn-miâ | Biō-hō | Sè-hō | Tiong-kiong | Nî-hō |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ông Sím-tiâu(王審潮) | - | Kóng-bú(廣武) | - | - |
| Ông Sím-ti(王審知) | Thài-chó͘(太祖) | Chiau Bú Hàu-hông-tè(昭武孝皇帝) | Hông-hiō Jîm--sī(皇后任氏) | Khai-pîng(開平) 909 nî ~ 911 nîKan-hoà(乾化) 911 nî ~ 915 nîChing-bîn(貞明) 915 nî ~ 921 nîLiông-tik(龍德) 921 nî ~ 923 nîTông-kong(同光) 923 nî ~ 925 nî |
| Ông Iân-hān(王延翰) | - | Sū-ông(嗣王) | Hu-jîn Chhui--sī(夫人崔氏) | Tông-kong(同光) 925 nîThian-sîng(天成) 926 nî |
| Ông Iân-kun(王延鈞) | Huī-tsong(惠宗) | Chê Siok Bîn Hàu-hông-tè(齊肅明孝皇帝) | Huì-hiō Kim--sī(廢后金氏)Hông-hiō Tân--sī(皇后陳氏) | Thian-sîng(天成) 926 nî ~ 930 nîTn̂g-hing(長興) 930 nî~933 nîLiông-khé(龍啓) 933 nî~934 nîÍng-hô(永和) 935 nî |
| Ông Kè-phêng(王繼鵬) | Khong-chong(康宗) | Sìng-sîn Ing-joē Bûn-bîng Kóng-bú Ìng-tō Tāi-hông Hàu-hông-tè(聖神英睿文明廣武應道大弘孝皇帝) | Hông-hiō Lí--sī(皇后李氏) | Íng-hô(永和) 935 nî ~ 936 nîThong-bûn(通文) 936 nî~939 nî |
| Ông Iân-hi(王延曦) | Kéng-chong(景宗) | (睿文廣武明聖元徳大孝皇帝) | Hông-hiō Lí--sī(皇后李氏) | Íng-liông(永隆) 939 nî~943 nî |
| Ông Iân-chèng(王延政) | - | Kiong-ì(恭懿) | Hông-hiō Tiuⁿ--sī(皇后張氏) | Thian-tek(天德) 943 nî ~ 945 nî |

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

* Sin Ngó͘-tāi-sú
* Kū Ngó͘-tāi-sú
* Si̍p-kok Chhun-Chhiu
* Chu-tī-thong-kàm

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Ngó͘-tāi Si̍p-kok |
| --- |
|  |
| Ngó͘-tāi | Hiō Liông · Hiō Tông · Hiō Chìn · Hiō Hàn · Hiō Chiu |
|  |
| Si̍p-kok | Chiân Sio̍k · Hiō Sio̍k · Lâm Tông · Ngô͘ · Ngô͘-oa̍t · Bân · Chhó͘ · Lâm Hàn · Keng-lâm · Pak Hàn |

 |
Immune checkpoints in the tumour microenvironment
Immune checkpoints of immunosuppressive actions associated with breast cancer
**Bián-i̍k kiám-tsa-tiám** (immune checkpoint) sī bián-i̍k hē-thóng ê tiâu-tsiat-khì. Tsia--ê tôo-kìng tuì tsū-ngóo nāi-siū tsì-kuan tiōng-iàu, ē-sái hông-tsí bián-i̍k hē-thóng bô-ka khu-pia̍t teh kong-kik sè-pau. M̄-kū, ū tsi̍t-kuá-á tsíng-liû ē-tàng thong-kuè tshì-kik bián-i̍k kiám-tsa-tiám tsit-ê bo̍k-piau lai pó-hōo ka-kī bián-siū kong-kik..

Ap-tsè sìng kiám-tsa-tiám hun-tsú in-uī i teh tsiânn-tsē tsióng gâm-tsìng tang-tiong ê ìng-iōng tsiâm-li̍k in-tshú tsiânn-tsò gâm-tsìng bián-i̍k liâu-huat ê piau-pà. Bo̍k-tsiân phue-tsún ê kiám-tsa-tiám ap-tsè-tse ē-tàng tsóo-tn̄g CTLA4, PD-1 kah PD-L1. Pîng-tsiā siong-kuan khoh-ak ê huat-hiān, James P. Allison [en] hām Tasuku Honjo [en] îng-hi̍k 2018-nî sing-bu̍t tsè-io̍h kho-ha̍k Tông tsióng [en] kah Nobel sing-li tsióng hi̍k-tsiá i-ha̍k tsióng.

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn
------------------

1. ↑  Pardoll DM (March 2012). "The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy". *Nature Reviews. Cancer*. **12** (4): 252–264. doi:10.1038/nrc3239. PMC 4856023 Freely accessible. PMID 22437870.
2. ↑  "2014 Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science". goân-loē-iông tī 2017-10-20 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-06-18 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. ↑  Devlin H (2018-10-01). "James P Allison and Tasuku Honjo win Nobel prize for medicine". *the Guardian*. 2018-10-01 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* CTLA4
* PD-1
* PD-L1

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Checkpoint Receptor Assays
* Immune Checkpoint Proteins
* Immune checkpoint inhibitors: use them early, combined and instead of
* Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
* Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Their Side Effects
* 【2018諾貝爾生醫獎】癌症免疫療法新突破
Liân Hêng.
Liân Hêng (連橫; 1878–1936) sī Tâi-oân ê le̍k-sú ha̍k-chiá, Tâi-gí ha̍k-chiá, chok-ka kah si-jîn. Liân Hêng kā i ê it-seng lóng hōng-hiàn hō͘ gián-kiù, chhòng-chō kah thui-kóng Tâi-oân bûn-hòa; i ê le̍k-sú gián-kiù kah si-koa chok-phín lāi-té ū chin siông-sè ê kì-chài. I siōng ū miâ-siaⁿ ê chok-phín sī Tâi-oân Thong-sú (臺灣通史), chin chē lâng jīn-ûi che sī tē-it pún iû Tâi-oân-lâng ka-kī só͘ siá ê le̍k-sú-chheh. Tû-liáu Tâi-oân Thong-sú í-gōa, Liân Hêng ê tù-chok iáu-ū Tâi-oân-gí tián (臺灣語典), Tâi-oân si-sēng (臺灣詩乘) kah Kiàm-hoa-sek si-chi̍p (劍花室詩集).

Sí-bông kah Phêng-kè
--------------------

Oân-sêng Tâi-oân Thong-sú liáu-āu, Liân Hêng kè-sio̍k thàu-kòe chèng-tī oa̍h-tāng, si-koa kah sin-bûn lâi kó͘-lē kah chhui-tōng Tâi-oân bîn-cho̍k chú-gī (臺灣民族主義). 1936 nî, Liân Hêng kòe-sin, 58 hòe.

Liân Hêng ê si-koa kah le̍k-sú chok-phín khé-hoat tio̍h āu-tāi Tâi-oân-lâng tī bûn-hòa, cheng-sîn sīm-chì chèng-tī ê Tâi-oân chú-thé (臺灣主體) su-sióng.

Pī-chù
------

1. ↑  (Eng-gí) Goddard, The Makers of Taiwan,pg.158
2. ↑  (Eng-gí) Wu,Lien Heng: Taiwan's Search for Identity and Tradition,pg.29
**Tāi tiâu-sián tsù-tsat bí-kok washington kong-sài [en] kuán [en]** (hân-gú: 대조선 주차 미국 화성돈 공사관 (大朝鮮駐箚美國華盛頓公使館); ing-gú: Old Korean Legation Museum; **Kū tiâu-sián sài-kuán phok-bu̍t-kuán**) sī tsi̍t-tsō li̍k-sú iu-kiú ê kòo-ki phok-bu̍t-kuán [en], khiā-tī Bí-kok Washington, D.C. Logan înn-khuân ke-khu 15 Logan Circle NW (mā lia̍t-tsò 1500 13th Street NW). Tī 1877-nî khí-hó, sī kun-kuann hām tsìng-tī-ka Seth Ledyard Phelps ê tsū-sóo, sî-kan uì 1889-nî kàu 1905-nî, teh Ji̍t-pún khòng-tsè hân-kok tsìng-hú ê sî-tsūn, tsit-king tshù pat-sī tiâu-sián ông-kok hām tāi-hân tè-kok ê tāi-sài-kuán. Tsit-ê kiàn-tio̍k tī 1910-nî iōng 10bí-guân ê kè-siàu bē tshut-khì, āu--lâi iōng-tsō hui-è bí-kok lâng ê gû-lo̍k tiong-sim, kang-huē tuā-thiann kah su-jîn tsū-the̍h.

Tuì tsiânn-tsē hân-kok lâng lâi kóng, tsit tsōkiàn-tio̍k the̍h-tshínn tio̍h Ji̍t-pún kiông-hîng tsiap-kuán in ê kok-ka hām hân-kok sòng-sit tsú-kuân.King-kuè hân-kok lâng sòo-si̍p nî ê pò-kè; tsit-ê bu̍t-gia̍p tī 2012-nî iû i-ê tn̂g-kî sóo-iú-tsiá tshut-siū hōo hân-kok tsìng-hú [en] ê bûn-huà î-sán kuán-lí-thing [en] kah tāi hân bîn-kok bûn-huà î-sán kok-ka sìn-thok. King-kuè to-nî, khai beh sòo pah-bān bí-kim lai huan-siu liáu-āu, Tāi-hân tè-kok tsù bí-kok kong-sài kuán phok-bu̍t-kuán tī 2018-nî khai-hòng. Tsit tsō Victorian hong-keh ê phok-bu̍t-kuán siat-iú tôo-su-kuán, iàn-huē-thiann kah sió kong-hn̂g, sī Logan înn-khuân li̍k-sú ke-khu ê tiōng-iàu tsâi-sán kah tuā 14-ke li̍k-sú ke-khu.

Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k
----------------

* Lee, Yur-Bok (1983). *Establishment of a Korean legation in the United States, 1887 - 1890: A study of conflict between the Confucian world Order and modern international relations*. Illinois Papers in Asian Studies. **III**. University of Illinois.  (Eng-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* List of museums in Washington, D.C.
* Koreans in Washington, D.C.
* South Korea–United States relations
* Kim-iông kau-e̍k sòe

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***15 Logan Circle NW*** |

* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām  (Eng-gí)
**Ha̍p-sêng-sò͘** (合成數) he̍k-chiá **ha̍p-sò͘** (合數) sī tû-liáu 1 kap chū-sin í-goā, iáu-ū kî-thaⁿ io̍k-sò͘ chûn-chāi ê chèng-chéng-sò͘. Àn-chiàu tēng-gī, múi-chi̍t-ê tāi-î 1 ê chéng-sò͘, nā m̄-sī sò͘-sò͘, chiū sī ha̍p-sêng-sò͘. 0 kap 1 m̄-sī sò͘-sò͘, iā m̄-sī ha̍p-sêng-sò͘. Pí-lūn kóng, chéng-sò͘ 14 sī chi̍t ê ha̍p-sêng-sò͘, in-ūi 14 ē-sái pī hun-kái sêng 2×7.

Thâu 105 ê ha̍p-sêng-sò͘ sī: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140.

Sèng-chit
---------

* Só͘-ū tāi-î 2 ê ngó͘-sò͘ lóng sī ha̍p-sêng-sò͘. Siōng-sè ê ha̍p-sêng-sò͘ sī 4.
* Múi-chi̍t-ê ha̍p-sêng-sò͘ lóng ē-sái iōng ûi-it ê sò͘-sò͘ sêng-chek hêng-sek lâi piáu-ta̍t, iā chiū sī soàn-su̍t ki-pún tēng-lí.
* Jīm-hô chi̍t ê tāi-î 5 ê ha̍p-sêng-sò͘ *n*, {\displaystyle (n-1)!\,\,\,\equiv \,\,0{\pmod {n}}} (Wilson tēng-lí).
**Ōtsuka Ai** (大塚 愛; 1982 nî 9 goe̍h 9 ji̍t chhut-sì ), Bân-lâm-gí tha̍k-tsheh-im **Tāi-thióng Ài**, Ji̍t-pún tsa-bóo kua-tshiú, Avex ê tshiam-iok gē-jîn. Otsuka tī Tāi-pán-hú Tāi-pán-tshī tshut-sì, hām Hamasaki Ayumi kah Kōda Kumi sann lâng sī Avex ê tāi-piáu kua-tshenn. Otsuka sī tshòng-tsok kua-tshiú, i--ê hong-keh sio̍k-î káu-kuài kah khai-lóng, tān-sī mā ū tsin tsē su-tsîng kua-khik, suân-lu̍t ū ga̍k-thuân ê kám-kak. Otsuka tuì tē 2 tiunn tuann-khik *Sakuranbo* (さくらんぼ) khai-sí ū-miâ, tsit siú tuann-khik tong-sî bat liân-sio̍k 103 tsiu lóng thîng-liû tī Oricon *tuann-khik tsiu pâi-hâng* thâu 200 miâ; i mā in-uī án-ne, jîn-khì sī jú lâi jú kuân. Otsuka ê tāi-piáu-tsok ū *Sakuranbo*, *Happy Days*, *Kingyo Hanabi* (金魚花火), *Smily/Bīdama* (Smily/ビー玉), *Planetarium* (プラネタリウム), *Ren'ai Shashin* (恋愛写真), kah *Chu-Lip* (チューリップ). Otsuka tī 2010 nî kiat-hun, kè hōo SU (大槻 一人), ū tsi̍t ê tsa-bóo-kiánn.

Tsok-phín
---------

### Tuann-khik

### Tsuan-tsi̍p

* *Love Punch* (2004)
* *Love Jam* (2004)
* *Love Cook* (2005)
* *Love Piece* (2007)
* *Love Letter* (2008)
* *Aio Punch* (2014)
* *Love Fantastic* (2014)

### Tsing-suán

* *Ai am Best* (2007)
* *Love is Best* (2009)

### Sòo-uī Hā-tsài
**IATA ki-tiûⁿ tāi-bé** sī chi̍t ê iû Kok-chè Khong-ūn Hia̍p-hōe (IATA) kui-tēng, the̍h-lâi tāi-piáu choân sè-kài tāi-to-sò͘ ki-tiûⁿ ê tāi-bé hē-thóng. I-ê pian-hō kui-chek sī ēng 3 ê jī-bó cho͘-sêng. Siāng chia̍p-khoàiⁿ ê só͘-chāi sī tī teng-ki-chèng kap hêng-lí pâi-á téng.

Chia-ê tāi-bé ê hun-phòe iû IATA tē 763 hō koat-gī lâi koat-tēng, iû tī Montréal ê IATA chóng-pō͘ koán-lí. Chia-ê tāi-bé múi pòaⁿ-nî chhut-pán chi̍t pái, siu-lo̍k tī IATA ê hâng-khong kong-si pian-bé bo̍k-lio̍k lāi-té. M̄-koh tāi-to-sò͘ kok-ka ê chèng-sek hâng-khong khan-bu̍t lāi-bīn lóng sú-iōng ICAO tāi-bé, bô teh ēng IATA tāi-bé.

IATA mā ū thè hóe-chhia-thâu kap ki-tiûⁿ keng-êng si̍t-thé thê-kiong tāi-bé. I mā ū chi̍t hūn hâng-khong kong-si kap thih-ki-lō͘-sòaⁿ (pau-hâm Amtrak, SNCF kap Tek-kok Thih-lō͘) tāi-békiōng-hióng hia̍p-gī, kap chi̍t hūn tī Bí-kok kap Ka-ná-tāi Amtrak chhia-thâu sú-iōng ê tan-to̍k chām-bé bo̍k-lio̍k.
**Gilgamesh Sū-sū-si** sī Pā-pī-ló͘-nī-à (*Babylonia*) ê 1-siú sū-sū-si. Chit-siú sū-sū-si it-poaⁿ hông kóng-chò sī kah taⁿ hoat-hiān siōng kó͘-chá ê bûn-ha̍k chok-phín, m̄-koh si̍t-chè-siōng sī ū pí i koh khah chá ê chok-phín tī-leh--ê.

Gilgamesh sī sîn-oē lāi-té só͘ kóng ê 1-ê kok-ông, khe-khó i ê nî-tāi chha-put-to sī tī se-goân-chêng 2650-nî hit-tah, ū chi̍t-hē-thóng ê Ki-en-gir (Eng-gí: *Sumer*) thoân-soat kap si, lóng siu tī āu--lâi ê Akkad-gí ê tn̂g si--ni̍h, hiān-chhú-sī siōng-kài ka-nn̂g ê pán-pún sī se-goân-chêng 7-sè-kí ê Assyr ông Ashurbanipal ê chu-khò͘ lāi-té hit 11-tè chio̍h-pán.

Gilgamesh Sū-sū-si tī kó͘-chá-sî sī chin chhut-miâ koh chin chē lâng chai--ê, lāi-té 1-toāⁿ kóng-tio̍h chò-toā-chúi ê kò͘-sū, hō͘ āu--lâi ê lâng kóng-chò sī Mesopotamia-pán ê Ná-a ê Toā-chûn.

Chit-siú sū-sū-si chú-iàu sī teh kóng Gilgamesh kap i ê pêng-iú Enkidu ê koan-hē, Gilgamesh in-ūi chò-ông ê tāi-chì kám-kak hoân-ló koh loé-chì, in-ūi i sī chin pháiⁿ ê ông, só͘-í sîn ēng thô͘ chō Enkidu lâi kap i tàu-sè, 2-ê lâng ū chin-chē lāng-hiám ê oa̍h-tōng. Chit lāi-té, koh te̍k-pia̍t kóng-kioh Enkidu sí liáu-āu Gilgamesh kám-chêng-tek sit-lo̍h.

Tha̍k Gilgamesh Sū-sū-si phó-thong lóng-sī tha̍k hoan-e̍k ê pán-pún, Gilgamesh mā piàn-chò tāi-chiòng bûn-hoà ê 1-ê siōng-teng.