tóng-àn:Kharkov Freedom Square.jpgKharkiv Chū-iû Kóng-tiûⁿ
**Kharkiv (**Ukraina-gí: Харків [ˈxɑrkiu̯]; Lō͘-se-a-gí: Харьков [ˈxarʲkəf]) sī ūi-tī Ukraina tē-jī tōa ê siâⁿ-chhī, ūi-tī tang-pak-pō͘, lī Lō͘-se-a kok-kài 30 kong-lí. Kharkiv mā sī thoân-thóng tē-lí-khu Sloboda Ukraine ê hú-siâⁿ, í-ki̍p Kharkiv Chiu kap Kharkiv Khu ê hêng-chèng tiong-sim. Jîn-kháu 140 bān lâng.

Le̍k-sú
-------

1890 nî-tāi ê Kharkiv
17 sè-kí tiong-sûn, Ukraina Cossack lâng tī chia kiàn-li̍p to͘-chhī. 

### Lō͘-se-a Tè-kok

1708 nî Pёtr 1-sè si̍t-si hêng-chèng kái-kek, Kharikiv tē-khu la̍p-ji̍p Kyiv Séng. Kharkiv is specifically mentioned as one of the towns making a part of the governorate. In 1727, Belgorod Governorate was split off, and Kharkiv moved to Belgorod Governorate. It was the center of a separate administrative unit, Kharkiv Sloboda Cossack regiment. The regiment at some point was detached from Belgorod Governorate, then attached to it again, until in 1765, Sloboda Ukraine Governorate was established with the seat in Kharkiv.

Kharkiv Tāi-ha̍k 1805 nî tī Governorate-General chhòng-hāu.

### So͘-liân sî-tāi

So͘-liân sî-tāi chho͘-kî, Bolshevik kā Kharkiv tòng-chò Ukraina Soviet Siā-hoē-chú-gī Kiōng-hô-kok ê siú-to͘ (1917-1934), beh tùi-khòng ūi-tī Kiev ê Ukraina Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok.

1930 nî

1940 nî 4 goe̍h káu 5 goe̍h, 3,800 ê Starobilsk chi̍p-tiong-iâⁿ ê Pho-lân siû-hoān tī Kharkiv pì-bi̍t kéng-chhat tōa-lâu lāi-té hŏng chhú-koat, jiân-āu hŏng tâi tī Pyatykhatky chhiū-nâ llāi, chē sī Katyn thô͘-sat ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn. Hit ê só͘-chāi koh ū tâi chiok chē 1937 káu 1938 nî Tāi-siok-chheng tiong ê Ukraina siū-hāi-chiá ê si-thé.

### Nazi Tek-kok Chiàm-niá

Tē-jī chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn ê sî, Nazi Tek-kok ji̍p-chhim So͘-liân ê Ukraina, Tek-kun kiau So͘-kun tī Kharkiv sio-chiàn 4 pái, thóng-chheng Kharkiv Chiàn-e̍k. 1941 nî káu 1945 nî chi-kan, Kharkiv kúi-nā pái hō͘ Tek-kok chiàm-niá. 

1941 nî káu 1942 nî, 15,000 ê Iû-thài-lâng hō͘ Tek-kok-lâng thâi-sí, bâi-chòng tī Drobytsky Yar ê chhim-kok .

2022 nî 2 goe̍h 24, Lō͘-se-a kun-tūi ji̍p-chhim Ukraina, Kharkiv pō͘-hūn tē-khu siū-tio̍h hui-tôaⁿ kong-kek.

Tē-lí kap Khì-hāu
-----------------

Khairkiv tī Ukraina ê tang-pak-pō͘, Kharkiv Hô, Lopan Hô, Udy Hô saⁿ tiâu khe ê kàu-hōe-chhù. Khairkiv sio̍k-tī tâm-lūn tāi-lio̍k-sèng khì-hāu, kôaⁿ-thiⁿ chheⁿ-léng, ē lo̍h-seh, joa̍h-thiⁿ iām-joa̍h. 1 goe̍h pêⁿ-kun un-tō͘ Liap-sī -4.6 tō͘, 7 goe̍h pêⁿ-kun un-tō͘ Liap-sī 20.3 tō͘. Nî-kun hō͘-liōng 513 mm, hō͘-kùi chú-iàu sī 6 goe̍h, 7 goe̍h.

| Khì-hāu chu-liāu: Kharkiv (pêng-kun sò͘-kì 1981−2010 nî, ke̍k-toan sò͘-kì 1936 nî kàu-taⁿ) |
| --- |
| Goe̍h-hūn | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Nî pêng-kin |
| Kì-lio̍k ko-un °C (°F) | 11.1 | 14.6 | 21.8 | 30.5 | 34.5 | 39.8 | 38.4 | 39.8 | 34.5 | 29.3 | 20.3 | 13.4 | 39.8 |
| Pêng-kin ko-un °C (°F) | -2.2 | -1.6 | 4.3 | 14.0 | 20.8 | 24.3 | 26.4 | 25.7 | 19.4 | 12.0 | 3.6 | -1.1 | 12.1 |
| Ji̍t pêng-kin °C (°F) | -4.6 | -4.5 | 0.7 | 9.2 | 15.5 | 19.2 | 21.3 | 20.3 | 14.4 | 7.9 | 0.9 | -3.5 | 8.1 |
| Pêng-kin kē-un °C (°F) | -7.0 | -7.3 | -2.4 | 4.6 | 10.3 | 14.2 | 16.2 | 14.9 | 9.8 | 4.3 | -1.5 | -5.9 | 4.2 |
| Kì-lio̍k kē-un °C (°F) | -35.6 | -29.8 | -32.2 | -11.4 | -1.9 | 2.2 | 5.7 | 2.2 | -2.9 | -9.1 | -20.9 | -30.8 | −35.6 |
| Kàng-chúi mm (in) | 36.4 | 33.3 | 32.7 | 33.8 | 50.2 | 61.2 | 60.1 | 41.8 | 46.5 | 44.5 | 42.9 | 35.9 | 519.3
Pang-bô͘:Infobox weather/oneline |
| Pêng-kin lo̍h-hō͘ ji̍t-sò͘ | 10 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 143 |
| Pêng-kin lo̍h-seh ji̍t-sò͘ | 19 | 18 | 12 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 2 | 9 | 18 | 80 |
| Ji̍t-chiò sî-sò͘ | 41.5 | 63.3 | 123.5 | 166.7 | 252.9 | 266.6 | 278.0 | 262.4 | 176.6 | 112.8 | 51.0 | 31.4 | 1,826.7 |
| *Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net* |
| *Source #2: Sè-kài Khì-siōng Cho͘-chit* |

Bûn-hòa
-------

Kharkiv sī Ukraina kok-lāi chú-iàu ê bûn-hòa siâⁿ-chhī chi-it. Tī chia ū 20 ê phok-bu̍t-koán, chhiau-kòe 10 ê hì-īⁿ, koh mā ū chin-chē bí-su̍t-koán. Sî-siông lóng ū tōa-hêng ê im-ga̍k kap tiān-iáⁿ siong-koan ê oa̍h-tāng tū chia kú-hêng.

Kau-thong
---------

Kharkiv sī Ukraina siōng tōa ê chóng-lō͘-thâu chi it, hâng-khong, thih-lō͘, kong-lō͘ kau-thong.

### Chāi-tē kau-thong

Kharkiv chia̍t-ūn chū 1975 nî khai-sí, bo̍k-chêng ū 3 tiâu lō͘-sòaⁿ, 30 ê chhia-chām. Kharkiv chhī-lāi mā ū kong-chhia, trolleybus, tram, kap marshrutka.

### Thih-lō͘

Kharkiv ê tē-it tiâu thih-ki-lō͘ 1869 nî thong-chhia, túi Kursk khí-thâu, sái káu Azov. 1901 nî Kharkiv Chhia-thâu, tān-sī tī Jī-chiàn tiong hŏng phah-pháiⁿ. Bo̍k-chêng khòaⁿ-tio̍h ê chām-thé khí tī 1952 nî. Kharkiv.

### Hâng-khong

Kharkiv Kok-chè Ki-tiûⁿ sī Kharkiv siōng tōa ê ki-tiûⁿ, i ê tēng-kî kok-chè hâng-sòaⁿ ū kàu Berlin, Wien, Warszawa, Bratislava, Baku, Istanbul téng-téng só͘-chāi, mā ū kùi-chiat-sèng hâng-pan kap pau-ki. Chá-chêng Kharkiv ū hâng-khong kong-si Aeromist-Kharkiv, tān-sī i tī 2007 nî tò-khí. Kharkiv Pak Ki-tiûⁿ ū Antonov kong-si ê poe-lêng-ki kang-tiûⁿ.

Chí-mōe siâⁿ-chhī
-----------------

Kharkiv kap í-hā siâⁿ-chhī chí-mōe siâⁿ-chhī：

* Belgorod, Lō͘-se-a (2001)
* Bologna, Italia (1966)
* Brno, Chesko (2005)
* Cetinje, Montenegro (2011)
* Cincinnati, Ohio, Bí-kok (1989)
* Daejeon Kóng-he̍k-chhī, Tāi-hân Bîn-kok (2013)
* Daugavpils, Latvia (2006)
* Gaziantep, Thó͘-ní-kî (2011)
* Geroskipou, Ku-pí-lō͘ (2018)
* Chè-lâm-chhī, Tiong-kok (2004)
* Kaunas, Lietuva (2001)
* Kutaisi, Gruzia (2005)
* Lille, Hoat-kok (1978)
* Maribor, Slovenia (2012)
* Moscow, Lô͘-se-a (2001)
* Nizhny Novgorod, Lō͘-se-a (2001)
* Novosibirsk, Lō͘-se-a (2011)
* Nuremberg, Tek-kok (1990)
* Polis, Ku-pí-lō͘ (2018)
* Poznań, Pho-lân (1998)
* Rishon LeZion, Í-sek-lia̍t (2008)
* Saint Petersburg, Lō͘-se-a (2003)
* Tbilisi, Gruzia (2012)
* Tianjin, Tiong-kok (1993)
* Tirana, Albania (2017)
* Trnava, Slovakia (2013)
* Varna, Bulgaria (1995)

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  "History" (Ukraina-gí). Kharkiv Chiu Chèng-hú. 2021/3/1 cha-sûn .
2. ↑  Colin Burgess and Rex Hall (2009). The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team: Their Lives and Legacies. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 36
3. ↑  "‘Horrendous’ rocket attack kills civilians in Kharkiv as Moscow ‘adapts its tactics’" (Eng-gí) *The Guadrian*. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
4. ↑  "Weather and Climate - The Climate of Kharkiv" (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2015-07-13. 13 December 2019 khòaⁿ--ê.
5. ↑  "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2021-07-17. 18 July 2021 khòaⁿ--ê.