recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Ông Thian-sióng
**Ông Thian-sióng** (王天賞; 1903 nî 11 goe̍h 16 ji̍t – 1994 nî 11 goe̍h 21 ji̍t) sī Tâi-oân ê si̍t-gia̍p-ka kiam chèng-tī-chiá.

Keng-le̍k
---------

Ông Thian-sióng sī Ko-hiông Kî-āu chhut-sì--ê. Tām Ko-hiông Tē-it Kong-ha̍k-hāu chut-gia̍p liáu-āu pat tòe Lîm Kài-jîn (林介仁) chham Tân Sek-jû (陳錫如) o̍h Hàn-ha̍k; tè-bé kok hòe Tang-kiaⁿ Meziro (目白) Eng-gí Ha̍k-hāu ha̍k-si̍p, mā khì kòe Siōng-hái iû-ha̍k.

I 1917 nî ê sî ji̍p Tāi-chèng Bû-chìn Tu-sek Hōe-siā ê Ko-hiông chi-tiàm siōng-pan, chò kàu 1923 nî ê sî, koh kái ji̍p Ha̍p-chu Hōe-siā Āu-têng-cho͘ (合資會社後藤組). Kàu 1924 nî kòe Ji̍t-pún pún-thó͘ liû-ha̍k, 1926 nî chài koh tńg Tâi-oân keng-gêng hoat-tōng-ki hî-gia̍p. Kî-kan ia̍h sī Tâi-oân Heng-gia̍p Sìn-iōng Cho͘-ha̍p ê lí-sū, āu--lâi chò kàm-sū. Ông--sī 1929 nî chìn-ji̍p Tâi-oân Chhng-khò͘ Hōe-siā.

1930 nî i kòe Tiong-kok chi̍t chām, 1931 nî tńg Tâi-oân, tī Tâi-oân Sin-bîn-pò chò tāi-chì. 1932 nî khui Chín-bûn Su-kio̍k (振文書局). 1936 nî i chò Kî-āu Chhiⁿ-hî Î-chhut Kong-si ê cho͘-chit tāi-piáu téng hî-gia̍p hong-bīn ê sū-gia̍p. 

1938 nî, Ông--sī chham-ú Ko-hiông Siong-kong Hōe-gī-só͘ gī-goân soán-kí tòng-soán. 1939 nî i koh chham-ka Tē-2-hôe ê Ko-hiông-chhī-hōe gī-goân soán-kí tòng-soán.

Chiàn-āu i mā bat chò Ko-hiông chhī-chèng-hú ê kàu-io̍k-kio̍k-tiúⁿ, *Kok-seng-pò* hoat-hêng-jîm téng sū-gia̍p.

Siong-koan
----------

* Lâu Khoài-tī

Chham-khó
---------

* 中山馨 & 片山淸夫 (1940). *躍進高雄の全貌*.
* 臺灣新民報社, pian. (1937). "王天賞". *臺灣人士鑑*. 呂靈石.
* *全島市會議員及街庄協議會員一覽*. 臺灣新民報社. 1939.
* 蔡說麗 (2005). "王天賞". *線上台灣歷史辭典*. 遠流出版事業 & 智慧藏學習科技.
**PubMed Central** (PMC) sī tsi̍t-ê bián-huì ê sòo-uī tôo-su-kuán, sòo-kì-khòo hām bûn-tóng-khóo, iōng-teh tsûn-tòng í-king teh sing-bu̍t i-ha̍k [en] hām sèñ-miā kho-ha̍k kî-khan tíng-kuân huat-piáu ê khai-hòng kia̍t-tshú [en] ha̍k-su̍t lūn-bûn. PubMed Central sī-iû bí-kok kok-ka sing-bu̍t ki-su̍t sìn-sit tiong-sim [en] sóo khai-huat--ê.

PubMed Central kah PubMed bô-kâng. PubMed Central sī tsi̍t-ê bián-huì ê lūn-bûn sòo-kì-khòo, jīm-hô jî lóng ē-tàng thong-kuè bāng-lōo liû-lám-khì, uì jīm-hô sóo-tsai hóng-mn̄g PubMed Central hām ua̍t-to̍k lūn-bûn tsuân-bûn. Sio-tuì-huán PubMed kan-na thê-kiong sing-bu̍t i-ha̍k [en] líng-i̍k ê lūn-bûn in-bûn hām tsai-iau; lūn-bûn tsuân-bûn pīng bô-teh PubMed tíng-kuân. Ū su-iàu tsuân-bûn ê iōng-tsiá, tō su-iàu teh PubMed í-guā ê siong-kuan khǹg lūn-bûn ê sóo-tsai khì tit-tshú lūn-bûn ê tsuân-bûn. Lî-tshiáñ teh tsia-ê sóo-tsai mā-ū khó-lîng hù-huì tsiah ē-tàng ua̍t-lám.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  Beck, Jeff (2010). "Report from the Field: PubMed Central, an XML-based Archive of Life Sciences Journal Articles". *Proceedings of the International Symposium on XML for the Long Haul: Issues in the Long-term Preservation of XML*. **6**. doi:10.4242/BalisageVol6.Beck01. ISBN 978-1-935958-02-4.
2. ↑  "MEDLINE, PubMed, and PMC (PubMed Central): How are they different?". *www.nlm.nih.gov*. 9 September 2019.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Europe PubMed Central
* Die Welt [en]
* F-35 siám-tiān II chiàn-tàu-ki [en] (F-35 siám-tēn II sèn-tàu ki/Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II)
* Sò͘-jī tiān-tâi [en] (Sòo-jī tēn-tâi/Numbers station)
* Nosaka Akiyuki [en] (野坂昭如)

Guā-pōo lên-ket
---------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Wikidata has the property: 
* ***PMC識別碼 (P932)*** (see uses)
 |

* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 262505332
* LCCN: no00088269

 |

 |
Chhōe kî-thaⁿ ēng-hoat, khòaⁿ Siáu-soat (khu-pia̍t).
**Siáu-soat** ia̍h **sió-soat** sī bûn-ha̍k ê 1-khoán piáu-hiān khoán-sek.

Siáu-soat ê loē-iông lâi kóng, hām sûi-pit, phêng-lūn kap le̍k-sú bô kâng, siáu-soat bô tō-sī ēng chōng-khang ê kò͘-sū lâi piáu-hiān, bô tō-sī kā sū-si̍t-siōng ū ê kò͘-sū kā kái-pian; nā chhiú-lō͘ lâi kóng, khah chē sī ēng sàn-bûn ê khoán-sek, sui-bóng mā ū siáu-soat chok-phín hō͘ chi̍t-koá ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi khah oá tī si ê hêng-thé. (Pí-lūn Zhivago Sian-siⁿ).

Siáu-soat nā chiàu tn̂g-té, thang hun-chò tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat, tiong-phiⁿ siáu-soat, té-phiⁿ siáu-soat kap ke̍k-té-phiⁿ siáu-soat.

Lōe-iông hun-lūi
----------------

Nā chiàu loē-iông ê pō͘-lūi, siōng-bô ū ē-bīn chit-kúi-lūi:

* Kho-ha̍k siáu-soat (*science fiction*)
* Kî-hàm siáu-soat (*fantasy*)
* Hoān-choē siáu-soat
* Ài-chêng siáu-soat
* Khióng-pò͘ siáu-soat
* Kàn-tia̍p siáu-soat
* Le̍k-sú siáu-soat
* Bú-kiap siáu-soat
* Chhui-lí siáu-soat
**Siáⁿ-lâng mā m̄-chai** (Jı̍t-pún-ōe: 誰も知らない) sī Jı̍t-pún kàm-tok Koreeda Hirokazu 2004 nî ê tiān-iáⁿ, kò͘-sū kun-kù 1988 nî 1-chân ū-iáⁿ ê tāi-chí. Ián lâm-chú-kak ê Yagira Yūya (14 hòe) tit-tio̍h 2004 nî Cannes tiān-iáⁿ cheh ê siōng-hó-ê lâm-chú-kak sióng.

Kio̍k-chêng
-----------

***Sè-jī! Sòa--lo̍h-lâi ū kóng tio̍h kò·-sū ê ke̍k-chêng!***
1-ê toaⁿ-sin ê lāu-bú tī pah-hòe kong-si siōng-pan, chhī i 4-ê gín-á. 4-ê gín-á i lóng kā chhàng-tī chhù-·nih, bô hō͘ in tha̍k-chheh, mā bô ài hō͘ chhù-piⁿ keh-piah chai, kan-taⁿ ún-chún in tōa-hàn-kiáⁿ chhut-khì bóe-chhài. 

Āu-·lâi lāu-bú chhut-mn̂g tō bô tńg-·lâi. Chîⁿ chiam-chiam-á ēng-liáu, chúi-tiān mā bô-·khì. Chò tōa-hiaⁿ-·ê mā sī chīn-liōng lâi chiàu-kò͘ sió-tī sió-bē, it-tit kàu siōng-sè-hàn ê sió-bē sí-·khì...

Ián-oân
-------

| Ián-oân | Kak-sek |
| --- | --- |
| Yûya Yagira | Akira, tōa-hiaⁿ |
| Ayu Kitaura | Kyoko, tōa-chí |
| Hiei Kimura | Shigeru,sió-tī |
| Momoko Shimizu | Yuki, sió-bē |
| Hanae Kan | Saki, Akira ê pêng-iú |
| You | Keiko, khà-sàng |
| Kazumi Kushida | Yoshinaga, chhù-thâu-ke |
| Yukiko Okamoto | Eriko Yoshinaga |
| Sei Hiraizumi | Piān-lī kám-á-tiàm ê keng-lí |
| Ryo Kase | Piān-lī kám-á-tiàm ê sin-lô͘ |
| Yuichi Kimura | Sugihara, ún-chiàng |
| Kenichi Endo | Phâ-chhìn-kò͘ ê sin-lô͘ |
| Susumu Terajima | Iá-kiû kàu-liān |
| Takako Tate | Piān-lī kám-á-tiàm ê kùi-tâi |

Tāu-tì-sek
----------

* Ián khà-sàng ê You sī koa-chhiⁿ, i ián chit-chhut-hì lóng bô oa̍t-liām tâi-sû, tō chiàu i pún-lâng ê kò-sèng kù-chāi khì ián, chóng-·sī ián liáu bōe-bái.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

IMDB chu-liāu-khò͘
**Bāng-ia̍h liû-lám-khì** sī 1-chióng iōng-lâi khoàⁿ kò-jîn kap soàⁿ-téng ê HTML bûn-kiāⁿ ê èng-iōng nńg-thé. It-poaⁿ kán-chheng **liû-lám-khì**.

Hia̍p-tēng kap piau-chún
------------------------

Liû-lám-khì kap bāng-ia̍h ho̍k-sāi-khì/sù-haū-khì (server) chi-kan lī-iōng HTTP hia̍p-tēng kau-thong.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Tim Berners-Lee tī 1990 nî chhòng-chō sè-kài tē-it-ê bāng-ia̍h lîu-lám-khì, kiò-choè WorldWideWeb. Chit-ê lîu-lám-khì kan-na ē-sái chhú-lí bûn-jī, bô hoat-tō͘ chhú-lí tô͘. I tī 1991 nî 3 goe̍h kā chit-ê sán-phín kài-siāu hō͘ CERN ê tông-sū. Chit-ê nńg-thé tī hit tong-sî chú-iàu ê kong-lêng sī hong-piān CERN ê kho-ha̍k-ka cháu-chhoē kap kau-oāⁿ chu-liāu.

Aū--lâi, Bí-kok ê NCSA hoat-tián-chhut tē-it-ê ē-sái hián-sī tô͘-hêng ê liû-lám-khì, kiò Mosaic. Chit-ê liû-lám-khì chin súi koh chin hó-iōng. In-ūi án-ne, liû-lám-khì lú lâi lú liû-hêng. Tī 1993 nî thui-sak chhut Mosaic 1.0 pán. Liáu-aū, Mosaic sió-cho· ê thâu-lâng Marc Andreessen lī-khui NCSA khì khui 1-keng kong-si, kiò Bāng-kéng Thong-sìn Kong-si (*Netscape Communications Corporation*).

Bāng-kéng tī 1994 nî 10 goe̍h hoat-piaú Netscape Navigator chit-ê liû-lám-khì. Mā ū khai-hòng hō͘ lâng bián-hùi táuⁿ-ló͘. Netscape Navigator siū-tio̍h chin-toā ê hoan-gêng. 1995 nî, Microsoft ūi-tio̍h beh chìn-ji̍p liû-lám-khì nńg-thé ê chhī-tiûⁿ, thui-sak-chhut mā sī bián-chîⁿ ê Internet Explorer (it-poaⁿ kán-siá choè IE). Chit 2-ê liû-lám-khì tī aū-lâi 3 nî chó-iū ê ke̍k-lia̍t kèng-cheng, hō·-lâng chheng-choè "(te-it-pái) liû-lám-khì ê chiàn-cheng".

Bāng-ia̍h liû-lám-khì lia̍t-toaⁿ
--------------------------------

### Tô·-hêng

Iōng Gecko choè ki-chó· ê liû-lám-khì

* Mozilla
	+ Mozilla Firefox

Iōng Internet Explorer choè ki-chó· ê liû-lám-khì

* Internet Explorer

Iōng KHTML choè ki-chó· ê liû-lám-khì

* Konqueror
	+ Safari

Kî-thaⁿ

* Opera

### Bûn-jī

* Lynx
* w3m

### Chá-kî

* Mosaic
* WorldWideWeb
**La Tchadienne** sī Tchad ê kok-koa. La Tchadienne chit-ê sû sī Hoat-gú, ì-sù sī 'Tchad ê koa'. Chit-tiâu koa sī Louis Gidrol kap i chhōa ê ha̍k-seng siá--ê; khek sī Paul Villard chò--ê. Tùi 1960 nî Tchad to̍k-li̍p kàu taⁿ, chò kok-koa.

Hoat-gú ê koa-sû
----------------

Peuple Tchadien, debout et à l'ouvrage!
Tu as conquis la terre et ton droit;
Ta liberté naîtra de ton courage.
Lève les yeux, l'avenir est à Toi.
O mon Pays, que Dieu te prenne en garde,
Que tes voisins admirent tes enfants.
Joyeux, pacifique, avance en chantant,
Fidèle à tes anciens qui te regardent.
Peuple Tchadien, debout et à l'ouvrage!
Tu as conquis la terre et ton droit;
Ta liberté naîtra de ton courage.
Lève les yeux, l'avenir est à Toi.

Hoan-e̍k
--------

Tchad ê jîn-bîn, tio̍h khiā--khí-lâi, chò khí-kang!
Lín í-keng phah-piàⁿ ti̍t-tio̍h lín-ê thó͘-tē, lín-ê kôan-lī;
Lín-ê chū-iû ōe tùi lín-ê ióng-khì lâi chhut-sì.
Gia̍h lín-ê ba̍k-chiu, bī-lâi sī lín-ê.
Góa ê kok-ka ah!, gōan Siōng-tè kā lí pó-pì,
Gōan lí ê chhù-piⁿ him-siān lí ê chèng-kiáⁿ-jî.
Khòai-lo̍k, pêng-an, chhiùⁿ-koa lâi ǹg-chiân-kiâⁿ,
Tùi lí ê chó͘-sian ài chīn-tiong, in teh kā lí khòaⁿ.
| ?***Siáu-gû-pēⁿ*** |
| --- |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê hun-lūi** |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| (bô) | Prion |
| (bô) | Mammalian prion |
| (bô) | ***BSE prion*** |

 |

**Siáu-gû-pīⁿ** (疯牛病/狂牛病/BSE), sī 1-chióng hoat-seng tī tōng-bu̍t (kan-na pau-koat **4-kha cheng-seⁿ-a** ??) kah lâng sin--siōng ê pēⁿ-chèng, i-ha̍k-kài ka kiò-chò "**gû-náu piàn hái-mî ê chi̍t-pīⁿ** "(牛脑海绵状病), i ê Eng-bûn-miâ kán-cheng hō·-chòe **BSE**.

Siū-tio̍h siáu-gû-pēⁿ ui-hia̍p ê só·-chāi
-----------------------------------------

1985 nî 4 go̍eh, i-ha̍k-ka siāng tāi-seng tī Eng-kok hoat-hiān chit-khóan sin-ê pēⁿ-to̍k, kā hō·-miâ kiò-chò **BSE**, hit-sî Eng-kok ê pò-khan mā ū choan-tê chò pò-tō. 10-gōa-nî āu, **BSE** hoat-chok chin-kín, Eng-kok ū cha̍p-gōa-bān chiah gû-á to̍h-pēⁿ. Gú-á tio̍h-pīⁿ liáu-āu, chhut-hiān **sîn-keng chhò-lōan**, **thian-tho̍h, hāu-tai** ê chèng-chn̄g, koh bián lōa-kú to̍h-ē sí--khì. Bo̍k-chiân siáu-gû-pīⁿ í-keng khok-sàn kàu sè-kài siōng ê chin-chōe kok-ka kah tē-khu, phì-jû-kóng Hoat-kok, Ài-ní-lân, Ka-ná-tāi, Tan-be̍h, Phû-tô-gâ, Sūi-se, Oman kah Tek-kok. Chia-ê siū-tio̍h siáu-gû-pīⁿ éng-hiáng khah giâm-tiōng ê kok-ka tang-tiong, ū-ê sī in-ūi chia̍p-chia̍p ùi Eng-kok chìn-kháu gû-bah só· chō-sêng--ê.

gû to̍h-pēⁿ āu ê chèng-chn̄g
----------------------------

I-ka̍k-ka hoat-hiān **BSE** ê pēⁿ-thêng it-poaⁿ tī 14～90-kang tiong-kan, put-jī-kò ín-choh-kî hōan-sè ū 4～6-nî hiah-nī kú. 4-nî chó-iū ê lâu-gû siōng-kài iông-ī to̍h Siáu-gû-pīⁿ. Pēⁿ-gû ê chèng-chn̄g chē-chē-khóan, bô-it-tēng lóng sio-kāng, tōa-to-sò· pēⁿ-gû ê tiong-su sîn-keng hē-thóng ē hoat-seng piàn-hòa, gû-á piàn-kah chiâⁿ hóan-siông, phih-phih-chhoah, khok-khok-chông, chiâⁿ bô-tek-tiāⁿ, sīm-chì koh khiā bōe-chāi, ài po̍ah-tó. Pēⁿ-gû thâu-khak pō·-ūi piàn-kah chin bín-kám, ah ū-sî thiaⁿ-tio̍h siaⁿ to̍h-ē tio̍h-chheⁿ-kiaⁿ. Sûi-tio̍h pēⁿ-chêng hoat-tián, pēⁿ-gû put-sî to̍h-ē kiù-kin ngē-chiāⁿ (痙攣發直), sim-thiàu piàn bān, chhóan-khùi ke-chiok kín. Chhú-khì gû-á lú lâi lú sán, kàu-kah sí--khì. Phòa-pak hoat-hiān, pēⁿ-gû tiong-su sîn-keng hē-thóng ê **náu-hoe-chit** í-keng pìⁿ-chiâⁿ ná-chhiūⁿ sī 1-tè hái-mî kāng-khóan, sîn-keng sè-pau hoat-seng giâm-tiōng pēⁿ-piàn. 

Chiok-chōe-tang í-lâi, Eng-kok ê choan-ka hun-sek-kóng, 1-kóa-á tì-to̍h Creutzfeldt-Jakob pēⁿ-chêng (**CJD**; Tiong-bûn :克——雅二氏病) ê pēⁿ-lâng, sī in-ūi bô-tiuⁿ-tî khì chia̍h-tio̍h hia-ê chìn-chêng to̍h í-keng òe-tio̍h siáu-gû-pēⁿ ê gû-bah só· ín-khí--ê. Chit-khóan ê kái-tho̍k, ín-khí tio̍h chôan sè-kài ê lâng tùi siáu-gû-pīⁿ bû-hān ê khióng-kū kah kiaⁿ-sim. Kin-kù choan-ka ê thóng-kè, múi-1-nî tī 100-bān lâng tang-tiong, tāi-khài kan-na ū 1-ê lâng ē òe-tio̍h siáu-gû-pīⁿ.
| ?Pe̍h-hîm |
| --- |
|
|  |
|
|
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
| 

|
|  |
| He̍k: | Eukarya |
|
| Kài: | Animalia |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mn̂g: | Chordata |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kong: | Mammalia |
|
|
|
|
|
| Bo̍k: | Carnivora |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kho: | Ursidae |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sio̍k: | *Ursus* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chéng: | ***U. maritimus*** |
|

 |
| Ha̍k-miâ |
| ***Ursus maritimus***Phipps, 1774 |
|
|
|
| Siâng-ì-miâ |
| *Ursus eogroenlandicus*
*Ursus groenlandicus*
*Ursus jenaensis*
*Ursus labradorensis*
*Ursus marinus*
*Ursus polaris*
*Ursus spitzbergensis*
*Ursus ungavensis*
*Thalarctos maritimus* |
| Seⁿ-thoàⁿ tē-tô͘ |

**Pe̍h-hîm** (ha̍k-miâ: *Ursus maritimus*, mā hō·-chò **pak-ke̍k-hîm**) sī sio̍k-î Carnivora-bo̍k Ursidae-kho ê tōa-hêng chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t. Chit ê hîm chit-má tī Pak-ke̍k-iûⁿ hù-kīn ū tè chhoē, sī choân sè-kài siāng-kài tōa-chiah ê lio̍k-tē bah-si̍t tōng-bu̍t. Hîm-kang ū 400 chì 600 kg tāng, ū-kóa-á sīm-chì 800 kg khah chē. Bó--ê iok-lio̍k chi̍t-poàⁿ tōa, thong-siông 200 chì 300 kg tāng. Kang--ê 240 chì 260 cm tn̂g; bó--ê 190 chì 210 cm tn̂g. Tú chhut-siⁿ ê hîm-á-kiáⁿ chiah 600 chì 700 g niâ.

Pe̍h-hîm chin hó jīm. In kui sin-khu ê pe̍h-mo· joa̍h--lâng ê sî mā bē tńg chhim-sek. Chit tiám hām pa̍t khoán pak-ke̍k-khoan ê tōng-bu̍t bô kâng. In ê mo· si̍t-chè-siōng bô sek-sò·, bē-su lāu-lâng ê thâu-mn̂g kāng-khoán. Chóng--sī, bat ū chhī tòa tōng-bu̍t-hn̂g ê pe̍h-hîm tńg "chheⁿ-sek". Che sī in-ūi hit tah khì-hāu khah sio-joa̍h, tì-sú mo·-kńg-khang lāi-té seⁿ-ko·.

Pe̍h-hîm ê pó-un lêng-le̍k put-chí-á ū-hāu: kiàn-nā un-tō· khah koân 10°C tō sǹg kòe-thâu-sio.

Pe̍h-hîm sī hîm-lūi tang-tiong siāng i-lāi bah-si̍t ê chéng, chú-iàu chia̍h hái-pà. In gâu siû-chúi, put-sî chhut-hiān tī lī lio̍k-tē kúi-nā-kong-lí hn̄g ê hái-siōng. In chông ê sok-tō· kín, tùi in lia̍h-chia̍h chin iú-lī. In ê chia̍h-mi̍h hân tōa-liōng ê bi-tá-mín A, khip-siu liáu-āu pó-chûn tī koaⁿ lāi-té. Bat ū thàm-hiám-ka chia̍h hîm-koaⁿ tiòng-to̍k ê.

Ū 5 ê kok-ka tī 1973 nî chhiam-sio̍k Kok-chè Pe̍h-hîm Pó-io̍k Hia̍p-gī (*International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears*), pau-koat Canada, Danmark, Norge, Bí-kok, chêng Soviet Liân-bêng. 2006 nî ê IUCN Âng-miâ-toaⁿ thâu-1-pái jīn-ûi pe̍h-hîm ū khu̍t-chéng ê gûi-hiám (*Vulnerable to Extinction*). In chí-chhut ū gián-kiù pò-kò àn-sǹg tī bī-lâi 50 chì 100 tang, pe̍h-hîm ê sò͘-bo̍k ē in-ūi phû-peng iûⁿ--khì choâⁿ-á kiám 50% chì 100%. 


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|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Ursus maritimus*** |
Torii Kì-liām Phok-bu̍t-koán
**Torii Ryûzô** (Hàn-jī: 鳥居龍藏) sī Ji̍t-pún 1-ê jîn-lūi-ha̍k kap khó-kó͘-ha̍k ê ha̍k-chiá. I tī 1870-nî 4-go̍eh 4-hō chhut-sì, 1953-nî 1-go̍eh 14 kòe-sin.

Torii Ryûzô sī Ji̍t-pún Tokusima-kōan (德島縣) lâng. I sui-jiân liân sió-ha̍k jī-nî tō tha̍k bô liáu, m̄-koh āu--lâi soah chiap-siū Tang-kiaⁿ Tè-kok Tāi-ha̍k jîn-lūi-ha̍k kàu-siū Tuboi Syôgorô (坪井正五郎) ê chí-tō, chiâⁿ-chò jîn-lūi-ha̍k-kho ê chō͘-chhiú.

I tī 1896 kàu 1900 chit-kúi-nî, lóng-chóng lâi Tâi-oân 4-chōa, chò goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k ê ha̍k-su̍t tiau-cha, chha-put-to kā Tâi-oân-tó kiâⁿ thàu-thàu, mā ū khì kàu Lân-sū, thè Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k ê jîn-lūi-ha̍k kap bîn-cho̍k-ha̍k hun-lūi kiàn-li̍p tiōng-iàu ê ki-chhó͘, mā lâu chin chē pó-kùi ê liap-iáⁿ kap bûn-jī chu-liāu.

1897-nî ê sî i hoat-hiān Tâi-pak Îⁿ-soaⁿ-á lê-thióng, ūi Tâi-oân ê khó-kó͘-ha̍k phah-khui 1-sìⁿ mn̂g. Aū--lâi i khì Tiong-kok se-lâm-pō͘ chò tiau-cha, mā kā Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn kap Tiong-kok se-lâm-pō͘ ê chió-sò͘-bîn-cho̍k chò pí-kàu gián-kiù. 1900-nî liáu-āu, i koh chóan tùi Tang-pak-a, i tī Tang-a khó-kó͘-ha̍k kap jîn-lūi-ha̍k ê kòng-hiàn si̍t-chāi put-chí-á tōa.

Torii Ryûzô tī 1921-nî í *Boán-chiu kap Bông-kó͘ ū Le̍k-sú Chìn-chêng* (滿蒙の有史以前) chit-phiⁿ lūn-bûn the̍h-tio̍h bûn-ha̍k phok-sū, tī Tang-kiaⁿ Tè-kok Tāi-ha̍k chò chō͘-lí kàu-siū, bô-jōa-gú tō sî-chit, ka-tī sêng-li̍p **Torii Jîn-lūi-ha̍k Gián-kiù-sek** (鳥居人類學研究室). Āu--lâi koh chò-kòe Kok-ha̍k-īⁿ Tāi-ha̍k (國學院大學) kap Siōng-tì Tāi-ha̍k (上智大學) ê kàu-siū. 1939 kàu 1951-nî chit 12-tang, i mā sī Pak-kiaⁿ Iàn-keng Tāi-ha̍k (燕京大學) ê kheh-chō kàu-siū.

I ê tù-chok ū siu-lio̍k chò *Torii Ryûzô Choân-chi̍p*.

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 89537386
* LCCN: n84112385
* ISNI: 0000 0000 8402 2258
* GND: 123605822
* SUDOC: 075535238
* BNF: cb14389882f (data)
* NDL: 00085489
* NKC: mzk2013750254
* CiNii: DA01098226

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Siáu-bí ê sin piau-chì
**Siáu-bí Kho-ki** (小米科技) sī Tiong-kok chi̍t-keng hêng-tōng thong-sìn chiong-toan chong-tì gián-chè kap nńg-thé khai-hoat ê khì-gia̍p, tī 2010 nî 4 goe̍h 6 hō sêng-li̍p. Siáu-bí ê piau-chì sī chi̍t-ê MI ê tô͘-hêng; che sī *Mobile Internet* ê siok-siá, tāi-piáu Siáu-bí sī chi̍t-keng soá-tāng ê bāng-chè bāng-lō͘ kong-si. MI ê lēng-gōa chi̍t-ê hâm-gī sī *mission impossible*, ì-sù sī "oân-sêng bōe-ēng oân-sêng ê jīm-bū". Nā-chún kā piau-chì péng-pêng, hêng-chōng chhin-chhiūⁿ Hàn-jī ê sim (心), ì-sù sī "ūi iōng-hō͘ séng chi̍t-kóa-á sim".

2010 nî, Siáu-bí oân-sêng A lûn iông-chu 4100-bān Bí-kim, pēng tī chhú-āu iâⁿ-lâi chē-chē lûn iông-chu. 2011 nî, hoat-piáu tē-it khoán sán-phín "Siáu-bí Chhiú-ki". 2015 nî Siáu-bí chiâⁿ-chò Tiong-kok chiân-saⁿ-tōa tì-hūi-hêng chhiú-ki chhiúⁿ-siong kap choân-kiû siāng-tōa tì-hūi-hêng chhiú-ki chhiúⁿ-siong chit-it.
Ài-hô
**Ài-hô** (愛河) sī lâu koè Ko-hiông chhī-lāi ūn-hô-hoà ê chi̍t tiâu sè-tiâu hô. Tn̂g-tō͘ tāi-kài 12 kong-lí, goân-thâu tī Jîn-bú-khu. 

Ài-hô tī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi kiò chòe **Ko-hiông-chhoan** (高雄川 *Takao-gawa*) iah-sī **Táⁿ-káu-chhoan** (打狗川), chiàn-āu pat kái chòe **Jîn-ài-hô** (仁愛河). Nā koh khah thoân-thóng lâi kóng, Ài-hô ê bô-kâng hô-toāⁿ lóng ū bô-kâng ê miâ, kó͘-chá chāi-tē lâng it-poaⁿ sì kā hō chò "káng", chhan-chhiūⁿ "Thâu-chêng-káng", "Āu-piah-káng" téng-téng. 

"Ài-hô" chi̍t-ê miâ pún-sin sī tùi "Ài-hô Iû-chûn-só͘" (愛河遊船所) hō--lâi-ê.

Hō-miâ
------

Tī Hōng-soaⁿ-koān Chhái-hóng-chheh lāi-bīn, ū kì-lio̍k pún hô tī Chheng-kok sî-kî hun tōaⁿ ê hō-miâ, tùi téng-liû sǹg--lo̍h-lâi, sī Chûn-á-thâu-káng (船仔頭港), Chhân-bóe-káng (田尾港), Lêng-chúi-káng (龍水港), í-kip Iâm-tiâⁿ-káng (鹽埕港).

Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi chá-kî chiàu tē-hō-miâ, hō kûi-tiâu sī Táⁿ-káu-chhoan (打狗川), āu-lâi mā tùi tē-hō-miâ kái chò Ko-hiông-chhoan. Chiàn-āu koan-hong ê hō-miâ sī Ko-hiông-hô (高雄河). Ài-hô chit-ê miâ it-poaⁿ sī jīn-ûi tī 1948 nî ū gōa-tē phài--lâi ê kì-chià siá sin-bûn ê sî, tùi tē-hng bô se̍k, chiong hô-piⁿ "Ài-hô Iû-chûn-só͘" khâng-páng ê miâ tòng chò sī hô ê miâ siá-ji̍p pò-tō, kàu 1950 nî-tāi, "Ài-hô" í-keng siū chhī-chèng-hú sin-bûn kap koaⁿ-hong sin-bûn-siā chhái-ēng.

1968 nî, ū kok-hōe gī-oân thê-àn kái pún hô ê miâ chò "Jîn-ài-hô" (仁愛河), bo̍k-tek sī o-ló Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k hu-jîn Sòng Bí-lêng â jîn-ài. Āu-bóe chhī-gī-hōe thong-kòe, 1970 nî chèng-sek si̍t-si. Chóng-sī 1991 nî chhī-gī-hōe tiông-sin thó-lūn hō-miâ, 1992 nî koat-tēng khoe-ho̍k sú-iōng Ài-hô.

Chham-khó
---------

1. 1 2 3  陳仁勇 (2005). "愛河名稱沿革考". *高市文獻*. 高雄市文獻委員會. **18** (2).
**Tâi-ôan Ho̍h-ló phài bîn-kan im-ga̍k**, pau-koat Ho̍h-ló bîn-koa kah khì-ga̍k nn̄g pō͘-hūn.

Ho̍h-ló bîn-koa
---------------

Ho̍h-ló bîn-koa, ki-pún-siōng sī teh kóng Tâi-ôan bîn-kan ê Ho̍h-ló koa-iâu, iōng Bân-lâm-gí (Ho̍h-ló-ōe) ián-chhiùⁿ, sī ùi kòe-khì chi̍t tāi sòa chi̍t tāi siong-thôan--lo̍h-lâi ê bin-kan koa-iâu.

### Àn-chiàu sán-seng kah liû-thong hun-pō͘ hun-lūi

Tâi-ôan Ho̍h-ló bîn-koa, àn-chiàu sán-seng kah liû-thong hun-pō͘ ê chōng-hóng, liōng-ki-iok ē-sái pun-chòe saⁿ ê khah tōa ê phìⁿ, che to̍h-sī: sai-pō͘ pêng-gôan, Hêng-chhun tē-khu kah pak-pō͘ Gî-lân tē-khu. Chit saⁿ ê khu-he̍k, tú-tú-hó mā-sī Bân-lâm-lâng tēng-ku khai-hoat siāng-kài chi̍p-tiong ê só͘-chāi.

### Àn-chiàu koa-sû biâu-siá ê chú-tê

Àn-chiàu koa-sû biâu-siá ê hong-keh, tāi-khài pun-chòe ē-kha kok-chióng ê lūi-hêng:

1. Ka-têng lûn-lí lūi (pí-lūn: Pēⁿ-kiáⁿ-koa)
2. Lô-tōng lūi (pí-lūn: Gû-lê-koa)
3. Ài-chêng lūi (pí-lūn: La̍k-ge̍h bo̍at-lī)
4. Chè-sī lūi (祭祀類, pí-lūn: Khan-bông-koa)
5. Káng-sū lūi (敘事類, pí-lūn: Soat-mûi su-kun)
6. Ngô͘-lo̍k lūi (娛樂類, pí-lūn: Lim-chiu-koa)

Put-lī-kò, in-ūi koa-sû óng-óng khan-liân chin-chōe chióng ê ì-gī, ū-sî mā chin oh-tit kā Ho̍h-ló bîn-koa chòe tan-sûn ê hun-lūi. Ho̍h-ló bîn-koa ê ián-chhiùⁿ tōa-to-sò͘ sio̍k-î toaⁿ-im khiok-tiāu ê ián-chhiùⁿ, mā-ū sio-po tùi-chhiùⁿ--ê, pí-lūn Thô-hoe tah-tō͘ kah Tō͘-ún-á koa. Che í-gōa, koh-ū gîm-siōng sek ê ián-chhiùⁿ hong-hoat, put-kò khah hán-kiàn. Ho̍h-ló bîn-koa ê choh-sû choh-khek chin sû-phok, i ê sôan-lu̍t bí-biāu, chhiong-bóan hiong-thó͘-bī, koa-sû it-poaⁿ sī sì kù chhit jī, lâng kóng "sì-kù-liân-á".

Ho̍h-ló bîn-kan khì-ga̍k
------------------------

Tâi-ôan Ho̍h-ló bîn-kan khì-ga̍k, àn-chiàu im-ga̍k te̍k-sek, ē-tàng pun-chòe lâm-kóan ga̍k kah pak-kóan ga̍k nn̄g ê phài-pia̍t, chóng--sī khah-chē ha̍p-chàu, to̍k-chàu khah-chió. To̍k-chàu im-ga̍k ê ga̍k-khì thong-siông sī hiân-á chit-lūi--ê, chhan-chhiūⁿ tōa-kóng-hiân, jī-hiân, ah sio̍k-î phoah-hiân ga̍k-khì ê go̍eh-khîm, ū-tang-sî-á mā-ē iōng--tio̍h. 

Ha̍p-chàu khì-ga̍k chhái-iōng ê ga̍k-khì, pau-koah "kim (金), chio̍h (石), thó͘ (土), phôe-kek (革), si-sòaⁿ (絲), tek (竹), phû (匏)" kok-chióng lūi-hêng--ê, àn-chiàu ga̍k-khì bô-kâng ê pian-chè, koh ē-tàng pun-chò ē-kha sì chióng lūi-hêng: 

1. lô-kó͘ ga̍k
2. kó͘-chhoe ga̍k
3. sī-tek ga̍k (lâm-kóan chò tāi-piáu )
4. hūn-hap ga̍k (chhan-chhiūⁿ teh chè-sī ah-sī khèng-tián ê sî, ián-chhut ê "cha̍p-saⁿ-khiuⁿ")

Sin hoat-tián
-------------

Che-í-gōa, chi̍t-kóa-á iû-tio̍h Tâi-ôan kīn-nî-lâi gē-kài só͘ chhòng-chok--ê, iu-siù ê Bân-lâm-gí chhiò-khoe-kio̍k, mā hō͘-lâng khòaⁿ-chòe sī Ho̍h-ló im-ga̍k tiōng-iàu ê chó͘-sêng pō͘-hūn. Chit-khóan chhiò-khe kio̍k tōa-to-sò͘ sī iau-chhiáⁿ gē-kài ê chhiò-khoe ián-ôan lâi lio̍k-chè--ê, i ê te̍k-tiám sī chhiong-bóan chhù-bī kah hàm-kó͘, gí-giân tùi-pe̍h cha̍p-chiok chhiò-khoe, iu-kî siū-tio̍h bîn-chiòng ê hí-ài kah phâng-tiûⁿ.
Tī sò͘-ha̍k tiong, chi̍t ê ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ {\displaystyle z} ê **ho̍k-kiōng-tam** (Hàn-jī: 複共擔, Eng-gí: complex conjugate) {\displaystyle {\overline {z}}} mā sī chi̍t ê ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘, {\displaystyle {\overline {z}}} ê si̍t-pó͘ kah {\displaystyle z} sio-kâng, {\displaystyle {\overline {z}}} hi-pō͘ kah {\displaystyle z} pêⁿ-tōa tān-sī hû-hō tùi-hoán ê sò͘. Khiā-sǹg-kóng, nā-chún {\displaystyle a}  kap {\displaystyle b} sī si̍t-sò͘, {\displaystyle z=a+bi} ê ho̍k-kiōng-tam tiō sī {\displaystyle {\overline {z}}=a-bi}. Pí-lūn-kóng,

{\textstyle {\overline {-4+3i}}=-4-3i}
{\textstyle {\overline {8}}=8} (si̍t-sò͘ ê ho̍k-kiōng-tam sī i ka-kī)
{\textstyle {\overline {2i}}=-2i} (sûn hi-sò͘ ê ho̍k-kiōng-tam sī i ê tùi-hoán sò͘)
Lán nā iōng-tio̍h ke̍k-chò-piau piáu-sī, ē-sái án-ne tēng-gī ho̍k-kiōng-tam:

{\displaystyle {\overline {re^{i\theta }}}=re^{-i\theta }}
kî-tiong in ê hok-kak hû-hō tùi-hoán. Che ē-sái iōng Euler kong-sek lâi chèng-bêng.

Miâ-chheng
----------

Eng-gí *conjugate* goân-chū Latin-gí ê *coniugāre* ("liân chò-hóe, gû-taⁿ"), iû *con-* ("chò-hóe") +‎ *iugāre* (" chiap, pa̍k, liân") kò͘-sêng. 

Tiong-kok-ōe kā e̍k-chò 共軛. Ji̍t-pún-ōe e̍k-chò 共役. Tâi-oân-ōe e̍k-chò 共擔.

Kì-hō
-----

Ho̍k-kiōng-tam ê kì-hō ū nn̄g chióng: vinculum {\displaystyle {\overline {z}}} kap chheⁿ-tiám {\displaystyle z^{\*}}. 

Tē 1 chióng sò͘-ha̍k-ka khah ài iōng. 

Tē 2 chióng bu̍t-lí-ha̍k, tiān-ki kang-têng, tiān-náu kho-ha̍k téng-téng léng-he̍k khah ài iōng.

It-poaⁿ-hòa
-----------

Chi̍t ê ho̍k hâng-lia̍t ê ho̍k-kiōng-tam tiō sī ta̍k-ê iàu-sò͘ lóng ka i piàn-chò ho̍k-kiōng-tam. Pí-lūn-kóng, 

{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} ={\begin{pmatrix}2+3i&{\sqrt {3}}i\\1-0.5i&-6\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\overline {\mathbf {A} }}={\begin{pmatrix}2-3i&-{\sqrt {3}}i\\1+0.5i&-6\end{pmatrix}}.}

Sèng-chit
---------

Tùi jīm-hô nn̄g ê ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ {\displaystyle z} kap {\displaystyle w}, lán ū

* {\displaystyle {\overline {\left({\overline {z}}\right)}}=z}.
* {\displaystyle {\overline {z+w}}={\overline {z}}+{\overline {w}}}.
* {\displaystyle {\overline {z-w}}={\overline {z}}-{\overline {w}}}.
* {\displaystyle {\overline {zw}}={\overline {z}}\cdot {\overline {w}}}.
* {\displaystyle {\overline {\left({\frac {z}{w}}\right)}}={\frac {\overline {z}}{\overline {w}}}}, chún-kóng {\displaystyle w\neq 0}.
* {\displaystyle z{\overline {z}}={\left|z\right|}^{2}}.
* {\displaystyle \left\vert {\overline {z}}\right\vert =\left\vert z\right\vert }.
* {\displaystyle z^{-1}={\frac {\overline {z}}{{\left|z\right|}^{2}}}}, chún-kóng {\displaystyle z\neq 0}.
* {\displaystyle {\overline {z^{n}}}=\left({\overline {z}}\right)^{n}}, tùi só͘-ū ê {\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {Z} }
* {\displaystyle \exp \left({\overline {z}}\right)={\overline {\exp(z)}}}
* {\displaystyle \ln \left({\overline {z}}\right)={\overline {\ln(z)}}}, chún-kóng {\displaystyle z\neq 0}.

Chù-kái
-------

1. ↑  ēng Eng-gí tha̍k-chò "z bar".
Sai Sahara
**Sai Sahara** (A-la-pek-gí: صحراء غربية) tiàm-tī Hui-chiu sai-pak-pō·, ì-sù sī Sahara Soa-bô· ê sai-pêng. Hái-hōaⁿ oá Tāi-se-iûⁿ. Keh-piah ū Morocco (pak), Algeria (tang-pak), Mauritania (tang kap lâm) 3 kok. Sai Sahara bo̍k-chêng tōa pō·-hūn sī Morocco teh thóng-tī. Chāi-tē Sahrawi-lâng ê chèng-tī cho·-chit hō--ê kok-miâ sī **Sahrawi A-la-pek Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok**.

1884 nî Se-pan-gâ sè-le̍k khai-sí chhun kàu iân-hái tē-tài. 1924 nî (?) Se-pan-gâ kā Saguia el-Hamra (pak) kap Río de Oro (lâm) chit 2-ê hêng-chèng-khu ha̍p-pèng chò Se-pan-gâ Sahara. Sahara Tháu-pa̍k Ūn-tōng tī 1967 hit nî sêng-li̍p, siū tio̍h Se-pan-gâ kiông-lia̍t táⁿ-ap, 1970 nî kìm-chí. 1973 nî to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng cho·-chit Polisario sêng-li̍p. 1975 nî keh-piah kok Morocco hoat-tōng jîn-hái-chiàn-su̍t kā Se-pan-gâ-lâng koáⁿ cháu, kàu kah 1979 nî oân-choân chiáng-ak tiâu leh. 1976 nî Polisario léng-tō ê to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng soán-pò· sêng-li̍p Sahrawi-kok, hām Morocco kun-hong kau-chiàn. 1991 nî in ê liû-bông chèng-koân hām Morocco chhiam-tēng thêng-hóe hia̍p-gī, che pau-koah tī bī-lâi pān kong-bîn tâu-phiò koat-tēng chòe-āu ê chèng-tī tē-ūi. Chóng--sī in-ūi siang-hong tùi tâu-phiò koân ê jīn-tēng bô hoat-tō· ta̍t-sêng kiōng-sek, kàu taⁿ iáu-bōe ū tut-phòa. Tōa-pō·-hūn kok-ka bô sêng-jīm Morocco ê thóng-tī-koân.

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| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Hui-chiu ê kok-ka kap i-lāi-tē |
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| Kok-ka | 

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| Chú-khoân kok-ka | Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cabo Verde · Tiong-hui Kiōng-hô-kok · Chad · Comoros · Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok · Congo Kiōng-hô-kok · Djibouti · Ai-ki̍p · Chhiah-tō Guinea · Eritrea · Ethiopia
 · Gabon · Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Côte d'Ivoire · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · São Tomé kap Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · Lâm-hui-kok · Lâm Sudan · Sudan · Eswatini · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe |
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| Pō͘-hūn sêng-jīn ê kok-ka | Sahrawi A-la-pek Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok · Somaliland |

 | Orthogrpahic projection of Africa |
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| I-lāi-tē | Îles Éparses / Mayotte / Réunion (Hoat-kok) · Pantelleria / Pelagie Kûn-tó (Í-tāi-lī) · Madeira (Phû-tô-gâ) · Canaria Kûn-tó / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas de soberanía (Se-pan-gâ) · Saint Helena, Ascension kap Tristan da Cunha (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok) · Socotra (Yemen) · Sai Sahara 1 |
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| 1 Ū chú-khoân kiù-hun ê tē-hng. |

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 127856076
* LCCN: n81130239
* GND: 4289787-7
* NDL: 00576627
* NKC: xx0124300

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Chò-phōaⁿ tōng-bu̍t
**Chò-phōaⁿ tōng-bu̍t** sī chhī beh chò-phōaⁿ, him-sióng, ia̍h sī kò͘-chhù ê tōng-bu̍t. Khah phó͘-thong ū káu-á, niau-á, hî-á, chiáu-á, kap thò͘-á téng-téng. Mā ū lâng chhī it-poaⁿ chò ka-thiok ê tōng-bu̍t, chhin-chhiūⁿ ti-á, ke-á chò-phōaⁿ, nā pâ-thiông-lūi kap khun-thiông mā ū chi̍t koá-á. Lâng ūi tio̍h chhù-bī ia̍h lō͘-iōng, í-keng kā chin chē khoán ê tōng-bu̍t poê-ióng chhut kok chióng bô-kâng ê phín-chéng.

Kóng-hoat
---------

Ū chi̍t jī **thióng-bu̍t** lâi chheng chit khoán tōng-bu̍t, m̄-koh Hō-ló-ōe si̍t-chè seng-oa̍h chin hán--tit teh ēng, lóng sī kaⁿ-taⁿ kóng "tōng-bu̍t" khah chē.

Pún kài-liām tī Eng-gí sī *pet*, sī tùi Scot-lân kap Pak Eng-lân thoân ji̍p, khí-goân bô chheng-chó, chóng-sī chá-sî ū ì-sù "lo̍h-sèng ê tōng-bu̍t".

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  pet, Online Etymology Dictionary.

Siong-koan ê bûn-chiong
-----------------------

* Ka-thiok
* Chò-kang tōng-bu̍t
* Ka-chhī tōng-bu̍t
Mî-iûⁿ Kûn-tó sī Viking-lâng ǹg sai hoat-tián ê 1-ê tiōng-iàu ê tiong-sim. iû-phiò chiàⁿ-chhiú-pêng sī Au-chiu sai-pak, tò-chhiú-pêng sī Peng-tē, ē-pêng sī Britain Kûn-tó ê pak-pêng.
**Viking-lâng** (Kó͘-Norse-oē: *vikingr*) sī 8 sè-kí boé-kî kàu 11 sè-kí chi-kan teh kiâⁿ-chûn thàm-hiám, kau-chiàn, chò seng-lí ê hit-koá Pak-au lâng. In bat chhiúⁿ-kiap Britain Kûn-tó, Hoat-kok, Au-chiu kî-thaⁿ só͘-chāi.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Skandinavia lī sai-lâm-a ê lông-gia̍p bûn-bêng hoat-goân-tē te̍k-pia̍t hn̄g, lông-gia̍p ki-su̍t kàu se-goân chêng 2500 nî chiah thoân kàu Au-chiu sai-pak. Au-chiu Tiong-kó· Sî-tāi chìn-chêng ê Skandinavia ē-sái kóng sī Au-chiu bûn-bêng ê chháu-tē, pēng-bô siū tio̍h Roma Tè-kok koán-hat a̍h-sī éng-hióng.

Skandinavia ê tē-lí kap bu̍t-chit tiâu-kiāⁿ te̍k-pia̍t kó·-lē lâng hoat-tián kiâⁿ-chûn ki-su̍t. Norge iû-kî sī án-ne. I ê hái-hōaⁿ-sòaⁿ oan-oan-oat-oat, hêng-sêng chē-chē chhun ji̍p-khì lio̍k-tē ê tn̂g oan (hō-chò fjord), tì-sú chē chûn pí iân hái-hōaⁿ kiâⁿ lio̍k-tē khah khoài. Chá-kî ê chûn bô phâng. Kàu-kah 600 nî chó-iū chiah ū phâng-chûn ki-su̍t tùi Tē-tiong-hái thoân kàu-ūi. Hit tōaⁿ sî-kî Au-chiu khì-hāu te̍k-pia̍t sio-lo̍h, Skandinavia jîn-kháu tōa cheng-ka. Norge ê tē pún-té kan-taⁿ 3% sek-ha̍p chèng-choh. Kàu-kah 700 nî, sai Norge ê tē ē-tàng ióng-chhī ê jîn-kháu-gia̍h í-keng chha-put-to chīn-pōng.

Só͘-í to̍h khai-sí ū lâng hoat-tián khì kàu hái-gōa. In ê chûn sok-tō· kín, ū phâng oân-ná ē-tit kò-chiúⁿ, ē-tàng kòe hái mā ē-sái kò chiūⁿ hô-chhoan. In chài Pak-au sim-lîm ê tōng-bu̍t phôe kàu Britain Kûn-tó, tāi-lio̍k gōa-siau. Ū-sî bé-bē, ū-sî kiam chhiúⁿ-kiap. In ka-kī hō ê miâ hō-chò *Viking*, ì-sù sī "Chhiúⁿ-kiap ê lâng". Thâu-khí-seng kéng joa̍h--lâng sî-chūn kòe hái khì kàu Britain hù-kīn ê Lindisfarne-tó chhiúⁿ tong-tē ê Ki-tok-kàu siu-tō-īⁿ, chhiu-thiⁿ chiah lī-khui. Āu--lâi tī koâⁿ--lâng ê sî-chūn bih tòa bo̍k-phiau-tē hù-kīn kòe-tang, thèng-hāu hó-thiⁿ chiah lo̍h-chhiú. Kàu-bóe--ah kui-khì lâu tòa gōa-hiong, kiàn-li̍p sin chèng-tī sè-le̍k.

Viking-lâng tùi-gōa khok-chhiong(?) ê lō͘-sòaⁿ chú-iàu pun 3 tiâu. Tang, sai.

* Sverige -> Pe̍h-hái -> Kiev/Lō·-se-a
* Danmark -> Lindisfarne-tó, Normandie, Brittany, Gibraltar, Tē-tiong-hái
* Norge ->
	+ Shetland Kûn-tó
	+ Mî-iûⁿ Kûn-tó
	+ Orkney Kûn-tó
	+ Éire (Dublin)
	+ Peng-tē
	+ Chheⁿ-tē
	+ Vinland, Markland (Labrador, Newfoundland)

Bûn-hòa
-------

Chia̍h-mi̍h: siāng ài chia̍h ti-bah.

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

* Diamond, Jared. 2005. *Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed*. New York: Viking.
Wikispecies ê thâu-ia̍h
**Wikispecies** (Ûi-ki-bu̍t-chéng) sī Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe kiàn-li̍p ê chi̍t ê khai-hòng koh chū-iû ê bu̍t-chéng bo̍k-lio̍k. I-ê lōe-iông hâm-kài liáu tōng-bu̍t, si̍t-bu̍t, chin-khún, sè-khún, kó͘-sè-khún, goân-seng seng-bu̍t, pēⁿ-to̍k í-ki̍p só͘-ū tī Tē-kiû téng seng-oa̍h ê kok-chióng sèⁿ-miā. Wikispecies tī 2004 nî 9 goe̍h 14 khé-iōng, tī 2007 nî 5 goe̍h 20 ta̍t-kàu 100,000 tiâu bu̍t-chéng bûn-chiuⁿ. Kàu 2017 nî 9 goe̍h í-keng ū 560,000 tiâu bu̍t-chéng bûn-chiuⁿ.

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| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe |
| --- |
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| Kang-sū | 
* Wikipedia
* Wiktionary
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikidata
* Wikiquote
* Wikisource
* Wikibooks
* Wikispecies
* Wikinews
* Wikiversity
* Wikivoyage

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| Kî-thaⁿ | 
* Wikimania
* MediaWiki
* Meta-Wiki
* Wikimedia Incubator

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| Jîn-bu̍t | 
* Jimmy Wales
* Larry Sanger

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Chîn-tiâu pán-tô͘.
**Chîn** (秦), ia̍h **Chîn-tiâu** (秦朝), sī tùi Chiàn-kok Sî-tāi ê Chîn-kok hoat-tián chhut-lâi ê tiâu-tāi, chûn-chāi tī chêng 221 nî kàu chêng 207 nî. Chîn-tiâu thun-bia̍t liáu Chiàn-kok Sî-tāi ê 6-ê kok-ka, kiàn-li̍p tiong-iong chi̍p-koân, khai kok kun-chú sī Chîn Sí Hông-tè, sī Tiong-kok thâu chi̍t ê chheng chò "hông-tè" ê thóng-tī-chiá. 

Iâⁿ Cheng thóng-it Tiong-kok liáu-āu, chiông án-ne chū-chheng 'kang-ko-saⁿ hông, tek koân-gō͘ tè' , chhòng-kiàn hông-tè chun hō, chū hō ūi-chiah hông-tè. Chîn Sí Hông si̍t-hêng liáu chi̍t hē-lia̍t ka-kiông tiong-iong-chi̍p-koân, kióng-kò͘ kok-ka thóng-it ê chhò͘-si. hông-tè ióng-iú chì-ko bô siōng ê koân-le̍k, tāi-sîn chí-ū chham-chèng gī sū-koân, bô koat-chhek koân; tiong-ng si̍t-hêng sam-kong-káu-kheng chè, 'sam-kong' to̍h sī sêng-siòng, gū-sú tāi-hu, thài ùi, hun-pia̍t chiáng-koán hêng-chèng, kàm-chhat kap kun-sū; toē-hng si̍t-hêng kūn koān chè, hun thiⁿ-ē ūi saⁿ-cha̍p la̍k kūn, thóng-it tō͘-liōng hêng, hoè-pè, bûn-jī; choân-kok siu-kiàn ia̍h-tō, chîn tî-tâu, heng-kiàn chúi-lī, tio̍k lêng kî; chhiân it sìⁿ chhiong tûn-piⁿ-tē, tek-phoàⁿ choē-hoān sù-siú pian-hông, teh chiàn kok chu kok só͘ kiàn-tiông siâⁿ ê ki-chhó͘ téng siu-kiàn it lí-tiúⁿ siâⁿ, hông-chí hiong-lô͘ ji̍p-chhim. 

Chîn Sí Hông sí liáu-āu, Tiō Ko kau-kiat hô͘-hāi kap Lí Su, gūi-chō î-chiàu li̍p Hô͘ Hāi choè hông-tè, iah-koh bēng-lēng chîn-sí-hông tióng-chú Hû So͘ khì-sí. Chîn Jī-sì Hô͘ Hāi hun-sông, bô Chîn Sí Hông tùi kok-tē hoán-khòng le̍k-liōng ê kà-gū le̍k. í-chêng ê kok-kok kùi-cho̍k hô pêng-bîn hun-hun hoán-loān, só͘-í Chîn-tiau chin kín to̍h bia̍t-bông liáu.
**Hiong-káng Siōng-hái Hōe-hong Gîn-hâng Iú-hān Kong-si** (Hàn-jī: 香港上海滙豐銀行有限公司; Eng-gí: *The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited*; kán-chheng **HSBC**, **Hōe-hong**, **Hong Kong Bank**) sī Hōe-hong Khòng-kó͘ Iú-hān Kong-si ê choân-chu hū-sio̍k kong-si, sio̍k-î Hōe-hong Chi̍p-thoân ê chhòng-li̍p sêng-oân kap tī A-Thài tē-khu ê kî-lām gîn-hâng, mā sī Hiong-káng siāng-tōa ê chù-chheh gîn-hâng, í-ki̍p Káng-pè ê 3 keng hoat-chhau gîn-hâng chi-it (lēng-gōa nn̄g keng sī Che-táⁿ Gîn-hâng kap Tiong-kok Gîn-hâng). I-ê chóng-pō͘ tī Tiong-khoân Hông-hiō Tāi-tō Tiong 1 hō ê Hōe-hong Chóng-hâng Tāi-hā, hiān-chhú-sî Hiong-káng Siōng-hái Hōe-hong Gîn-hâng kap kok hū-sio̍kkong-si chú-iàu tī A-Thài tē-khu siat-li̍p iok 700 keng hun-hâng kap pān-sū-chhù.

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 149773912
* LCCN: n50072984
* ISNI: 0000 0001 2243 3198
* GND: 1079720-8
* SUDOC: 029173531
* BNF: cb120854650 (data)
* NLA: 35749807
* NDL: 00634181
* NKC: kn20050405021
* BNE: XX218324

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**Khu Biāu-chin** (邱妙津) (1969 nî-1995 nî), Tâi-ôan Chiong-hòa-kōan lâng. Chhut-miâ ê cha-bó͘ tông-sèng-loân chhok-ka. I ê tù-chok éng-hióng Tâi-ôan ê tông-sèng-loân bûn-ha̍k chin-chhim. Khu Biāu-chin sī Pak-it-lú, Tâi-ôan Tāi-ha̍k sim-lí-hē pit-gia̍p. I bat tī Tiuⁿ lāu-su sim-lí hú-tō tiong-sim chò hú-tō-gôan, liáu-āu tī *Sin-sin-bûn* cha̍p-chì chò-kè kì-chiá. 1994 nî chhut-kok khì tha̍k Hoat-kok Paris Tē 8 Tāi-ha̍k ê tē-jī kai-tōan sim-lí-ha̍k-hē ê lîm-chhêng-cho·. Jiân-āu bat chóan ji̍p-khì lú-sèng-chú-gī gián-kiù-só͘.

Khu Biāu-chin ê sí
------------------

Khu Biāu-chin sī chū-sat sí--ê. Koan-hē i ê chū-sat ū chin-chē chióng ê kóng-hoat. I kòe-sin hit-nî khak-tēng sī 1995 nî, m̄-koh ji̍t-kî bô khak-tēng, it-poaⁿ kóng sī tī 6 go̍eh 30 ji̍t. Chū-sat ê hong-hoat, tōa-pō͘-hūn ê chu-liāu kóng i sī iōng chúi-kó-to chhì heng-khám-á sí-bông, m̄-sī chia̍h-io̍h iā-sī thiàu-lâu.

Chok-phín nî-pió
----------------

* *Ko̍k-hî chhiú-kì* (鱷魚手記), Sî-pò Chhut-pán-siā. 1991 nî (ISBN 9571323268 )
* *Kúi ê kông-hoan* (鬼的狂歡), Liân-ha̍p-bûn-ha̍k chhut-pán-siā. 1991 nî 3 go̍eh 1 (ISBN 9575221451)
* *Che̍k-bo̍k ê kûn-chiòng* (寂寞的群眾), Liân-ha̍p-bûn-ha̍k chhut-pán-siā. 1995 nî 9 go̍eh 1 (ISBN 9575221222)
* *Montmartre ûi-su* (蒙馬特遺書), Liân-ha̍p-bûn-ha̍k chhut-pán-siā. 1996 nî 5 go̍eh 1 (ISBN 9575221400)

Tio̍h chióng kì-lo̍k
--------------------

* Tē 1 kài Tiong-iong Ji̍t-pò té-phiⁿ sió-soat thâu-chióng.
* Tē 4 kài Liân-ha̍p-bûn-ha̍k sin-jîn-chióng tiong-phiⁿ sió-soat thui-chiàn-chióng.
* 1995 nî, *Ko̍k-hî Chhiú-kì* tio̍h Sî-pò-bûn-ha̍k thui-chiàn-chióng.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

*Chhiáⁿ pó͘ siá*
**Hun-koân** sù-siông sī kā chèng-hú hun-thiah chò 3 ê pō͘-mn̂g ê ì-sù.

Chit 3 ê pō͘-mn̂g sī:

* Li̍p-hoat - chè-tēng hoat-lu̍t ê pō͘-mn̂g
* Hêng-chèng - chip-hêng hoat-lu̍t, chiàu hoat-lu̍t koán-lí kok-ka ê pō͘-mn̂g kap
* Su-hoat - phoàⁿ-toàn hoat-lu̍t sī m̄-sī hông î-hoán kap koat-tēng beh án-choáⁿ chhú-lí ê hoat-īⁿ téng-téng.

Hun-koân ē-tàng pó-chiong kok-ka--ni̍h ê jîn-bîn ê koân-lī, chhin-chhiūⁿ hêng-chèng pō͘-mn̂g tō kan-taⁿ thang chip-hêng hoat-lu̍t, bē-sái koh kāng-sî chè-tēng hoat-lu̍t lâi hùn-toā pún-sin ê koân, koh su-hoat ê to̍k-li̍p, mā ē-ēng-tit khak-tēng hoān-choē ê lâng siū-tio̍h chhù-hoa̍t, án-ne chèng-hú (pau-koat li̍p-hoat ki-koan) lāi-té ê lâng tō bē tāi-tāi-tián-tián m̄ chiàu hoat-lu̍t lâi kiâⁿ.

Hun-koân mā kóng-chò sī khe-cha kap pîⁿ-pāng ê hē-thóng (*a system of checks and balances*), in-ūi nā 3 ê pō͘-mn̂g ē-tàng hō͘-siong khe-cha, nā ū jīm-hô 1 ê ê koân giâ--khí-lâi ê sī, pa̍t-ê koân tō ū hō͘ chèng-hú ê koân pîⁿ-pāng ê lō͘-iōng tī leh.

Tī Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok ê hiàn-hoat lāi-tè, m̄-nā ū thâu-chêng chit 3 ê pō͘-mn̂g ê hun-koân, koh lēng-goā siat kàm-chhat kap khó-chhì 2 ê pō͘-mn̂g. Lēng-goā kí Bí-kok lâi kóng, sui-jiân sī hun-chò 3 ê pō͘-mn̂g hun kah chin bêng, m̄-koh hù chóng-thóng ū tam-jim̄ Chham-gī-īⁿ ê thâu-lâng (i pêng-siông-sî bô leh chhap gī-sū, kan-tann tâu-phiò pêⁿ-chhiú ê sî, chiah ē tâu 1 phiò hun su-iânⁿ). Koh nā chhú Eng-kok chò lē, chèng-hú ê 3 ê pō͘-mn̂g pēng bô bêng-bêng kā thiah-hun, koân-le̍k ê khe-cha kap pîⁿ-pāng sī khò le̍k-sú kap koàn-lē (thàn chêng-lâi kú-tn̂g só͘ lâi kiâⁿ ê lē só͘ sán-seng ê kui-chek). Eng-kok lú-ông (iah kok-ông) kāng-sî-chūn sī kok-ka ê thâu-lâng (hêng-chèng koân), m̄-koh mā sī kok-hoē (li̍p-hoat pō͘-mn̂g) kap su-hoat pō͘-mn̂g ê thâu (*the Fountain of Justice*). Chóng--sī lú-ông (iah kok-ông) àn koàn-lē tû-khì lāi-koh ê tāi-sêng iau-kiû í-goā, pēng bē khì chhap-sū, mā m̄-bat kū-choa̍t kok-hoē chè-tēng ê hoat-lu̍t, iā-chī-sī i ê koân sui-bóng chin toā, m̄-koh beh kiâⁿ--chhut-lāi sī siū-tio̍h chè-hān--ê, mā kan-taⁿ thang tī te̍k-sû ê sî-kan chiah ē-sái kiâⁿ.
Lê-chhân
**Lê-chhân** / **thà-hn̂g** sī chi̍t-chióng choh-sit-lâng ê sit-thâu, sī ēng lôe(lê) poâⁿ-péng, lāng-sang chhân-hn̂g ê thô͘ chún-pī thang-hó chèng-choh, ah-sī tī chhân(hn̂g)-thô͘ phah-lân(ēng lôe liô-chhut chi̍t-tiâu beh-ti̍h--ê chhim-kau kah liô-chhut chai-chéng lông-chok-bu̍t ūi-tì ê ki-chún-soāⁿ) ê khang-khoè.

Hiān-chú-sî lê-chhân thà-hn̂g nā-sī ū ki-khì-hoà, chhun ēng thih-gû-á, téng-koân só͘-beh-ài--ê khang-khoè thih-gû-á lóng chò-ē-lâi. Chāi chá-kî, lôe só͘ chhèng(lôe, lê, thà)--chhut-ê thô͘-ha̍t(kiat-kui-oân ê thô͘-tè) sī ài chi̍t-tīn lâng gia̍h tî(tû)-thâu toè lôe-āu iōng tî-thâu-kheng(tî-thâu-bah kah tî-thâu-pìⁿ liân-chiap hit-ūi) chàu-thâu-á chi̍t-tè chi̍t-tè khán(kòng) hō͘-i iù. Chit-má ū thih-gû-á, chit-chióng phah-chhùi thô͘-ha̍t ê chong-tì mā-oē-ū kah-tī thih-gû-á téng-thâu-nih. Thih-gû-á sái kiâⁿ liáu-āu oē-tàng tông-sî it-kí-sò͘-tit lâi phah-soàⁿ thô͘-ha̍t, oē-tàng kiám-khin chiok-choē khang-khoè kah kiám-chió lê-chhân thà-hn̂g sî-chūn ê kha-siàu.
***Hiong-káng Ki-pún Hoat*** (香港基本法), choân-miâ ***Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok Hiong-káng Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu Ki-pún Hoat*** (中華人民共和國香港特別行政區基本法), sī Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok Choân-kok Jîn-bîn Tāi-piáu Tāi-hōe chè-tēng ê chi̍t phō choân-kok-sèng ê hoat-lu̍t, sī Hiong-káng Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu ê hiàn-chè bûn-kiāⁿ, ùi 1997 nî 7 goe̍h chhe 1 khai-sí, chhú-tāi si̍t-bîn-tē sî-kî ê *Eng-hông Chè-khò* kap *Hông-sek Hùn-lēng* ê tē-ūi, khak-jīm liáu Hiong-káng Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu Chèng-hú ê cho͘-sêng pān-hoat, koân-le̍k kap chek-jīm, hām chham Tiong-kok Tiong-iong Chèng-hú ê koan-hē téng-téng.

1984 nî 12 goe̍h 19, Tiong-Eng keng-kòe 2 tang ê tâm-phoàⁿ liáu-āu chhiam-sú *Liân-ha̍p Seng-bêng*, kái-koat liáu Hiong-káng chú-koân kui-sio̍k ê būn-tê. Kin-kì *Seng-bêng* ê tē-saⁿ toāⁿ ê tē-12 tiâu, Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok ài í *Ki-pún Hoat* khak-li̍p Hiong-káng sī te̍k-pia̍t hêng-chèng-khu, pēng àn-chiàu it-kok lióng-chè ê hong-chiam, pó-chèng chú-koân î-kau chêng ê chu-pún-chú-gī chè-tō͘ î-chhî 50 tang m̄-piàn, Tiong-kok tāi-lio̍k só͘ si-hêng ê siā-hōe-chú-gī chè-tō͘ bōe thoàⁿ kàu Hiong-káng, Hiong-káng Te̍k-khu ē î-chhî ko-tō͘ chū-tī. Kin-kì *Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok Hiàn-hoat* tē-31 tiâu kui-tēng, kok-ka tī pit-iàu sî ē-tàng siat-li̍p te̍k-pia̍t hêng-chèng-khu, tī te̍k-pia̍t hêng-chèng-khu lāi si̍t-hêng ê chè-tō͘ chiàu kū-thé chêng-hòng iû Choân-kok Jîn-bîn Tāi-piáu Tāi-hōe í hoat-lu̍t kui-tēng.
**Chi-ná** (Hàn-jī: 支那) sī kó͘-chá Ìn-tō͘ tùi Tiong-kok--ê chheng-ho (Hoân-gí: चीन *cīna*), kap Eng-gí *China*, La-teng-gí Sīnae khó-lêng kâng-goân. Khó-lêng lâi tùi Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gí--ê Chîn (秦, bô͘-gí (模擬) hoat-im: *\*zin*). Tī Sûi-tiâu kap Tông-tiâu--ê hu̍t-keng (佛經) chiū chhut-hiān.

Āu-lâi tī kīn-tāi Ji̍t-pún, tio̍h ū-lâng kā Chi-ná (Hiragana: シナ *Sina*) hō Hàn-jîn--ê thoân-thóng só͘ toà--ê só͘-chāi iah-sī kok-ka, bûn-hoà, he̍k-chiá sī Tiong-kok. Sīm-chí liân Tiong-kok iā ū sú-iōng. Kin-kù Niû Khé-chhiau (梁啟超) *Ín-beng-si̍t Si-oā* (飲冰室詩話) Tē 6 cha̍t kóng, Khong Iú-ûi (康有為)--ê jī sió-chiá Khong Tông-phek (康同璧) khì Ìn-tō āu, siá--ê sī tio̍h ū: "Jio̍k lūn lú-sū se-iû chiá, ngó͘ sī 'Chi-ná' tē-it jîn." (若論女士西遊者，我是「支那」第一人。)

1914 nî Ji̍t-pún--ê *Ku̍t-khe (滑稽) Sî-kio̍k Sè-kài Tē-tô͘* tiong, chhut-hiān "Chi-ná"
Kàu Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn soah chêng, Ji̍t-pún chia̍p-chia̍p ēng Chi-ná kiò Tiong-kok (Chheng-kok iah-sī Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok), chiàn-cheng--ê sî mā ū kháu-hō "Pō-Chi eng-têng [ja]", ì-sù sī têng-hoat (懲罰) pō-ge̍k (暴虐)--ê Tiong-kok. Taⁿ Hoâ-lâm, Hoâ-pak kiò-chò "Lâm-chi" (南支), "Pak-chi".

1946 nî, in-ūi chit-ê sû hō͘ Tiong-kok hong-bīn lia̍h-chò bú-bān--ê sû, Ji̍t-pún hoat-chhut kong-bûn *Pī-bián Chi-ná--ê Ho-chheng--ê Kiāⁿ* (支那の呼稱を避けることに關する件), thêng-chí chèng-sek bûn-su--ê sú-iōng. Chit-má tû-liáu Lâm Tiong-kok Hái hō-chò "Lâm Chi-ná Hái" (南シナ海 *Minani Sina Kai*, Chi-ná ēng Hiragana siá), Ìn-tō Chi-ná (インドシナ *Indosina*, China mā ēng Hiragana siá) téng sû-gí goā, chèng-sek só͘-chāi bô sú-iōng Chi-ná chit-ê sû.
**Khu Ka-hông** (邱家洪, 1933-),Tâi-oân Chiong-hoà-koān Siā-thâu lâng, chó͘-che̍k (祖籍) Kńg-tang Jiâu-pêng-koān (饒平縣). Tâi-oân sió-soat-ka, bat chò Tâi-tiong-chhī Chèng-hú Siā-hoē-kio̍k-tiúⁿ, Tâi-tiong-chhī Chèng-hú chú-jīm pì-su.

Seng-pêng
---------

Ku Ka-hông pit-gia̍p tī Siā-thâu Kok-sió, Séng-li̍p Chiong-hoà Kang-gia̍p Chit-gia̍p Pó͘-si̍p Ha̍k-hāu (taⁿ sio̍k Chiong-su Hù-kang) āu, tī Tâi-thih tam-jīm kī-su̍t-kang. Āu-lâi kàu Tang-hng Ji̍t-pò jīm te̍k-iok kì-chiá, koh tī hia huat-piáu tn̂g-phiⁿ sió-suat *Lo̍k-eng (落英)*.

Siū teng-chi̍p chham-ú 823 Phàu-chiàn āu, Khu Ka-hông tit in bó͘--ê chhin-chiâⁿ Siā Tang-bín (謝東閔) pang-chān, tī Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-Tóng Bîn-Chiòng Ho̍k-bū Siā jīm tóng-chit (黨職). In ū koè "It-téng Te̍k-khó (乙等特考) Siā-hoē Kang-chok Jîn-oân Khó-chhì" téng kong-bū-oân chu-keh khó-chì, 1973 nî hō͘ Tâi-oân-séng Tóng-pō͘ (黨部) chú-úi kéng kàu séng tóng-pō͘, hū-chek kàm-to̍k kì-lio̍k Tâi-oân-séng Gī-hoē gī-oân giân-hêng, koh tùi séng tóng-pō͘ thê-chhut su-bīn pò-kò, jīm "Tóng-chèng Kang-chok Sió-choo" Hū-chek-jîn. M̄-koh bô ha̍h hèng-chhù, siū Tâi-tiong-chhī Chhī-tiúⁿ Cheng Bûn-pho (曾文坡) iau-chhiáⁿ, jīm Tâi-tiong-chhī Siā-hoē Kio̍k-tiúⁿ, liáu-āu tiàu kah Tâi-oân-séng Chèng-hú Siā-hoē-chhù. 1985 nî khí, sian-āu jīm Tâi-tiong Chhī-tiúⁿ Tiuⁿ Chú-goân (張子源), Lîm Pek-iông (林柏榕)--ê chhī-chèng-hú chú-jīm pì-su, tī 1993 nî thoè-hiu.

2006 nî chhut-pán Tāi-hô Sió-soat (大河小說) *Tâi-oân Tāi Hong-hûn* (-大風雲), siá Hông-bîn-hoà Ūn-tōng (皇民化-) kàu 2000 nî chèng-tóng lûn-thè--ê Tâi-oân-sú, hoán-èng Tâi-oân bún-thó ì-sek, koh tī keh-tńg-nî iōng che the̍h-tio̍h tè 13 kài Bû Éng-ho̍k (巫永福) Bûn-ha̍k-chióng, Tiong Tâi-oân Bûn-ha̍k Sêng-chiū Chióng.

Tù-chok
-------

*Só͘-ū tù-chok lóng iōng Hoâ-gí*

### Tn̂g-phiⁿ Sió-soat

* Lo̍k-eng (落英), 1956 nî 10 goe̍h
* Chhī-tiúⁿ--ê Thian-tông (市長的天堂), 1996 nî 7 goe̍h
* Toā Sím-phuàⁿ: Kok-ông Lâng-bé--ê Boán-koa (大審判：國王人馬的輓歌), 1998 nî 6 goe̍h
* Tâi-oân Tāi Hong-hûn (台灣大風雲), 2006 nî 7 goe̍h (Tāi-hô Sió-soat)

### Hoê-ek-lio̍k (回憶錄) kap thoân-kì

* Àm-pâng Chèng-tī: Lîm Pek-iông Bō͘-liâu-tiúⁿ Chèng-toâⁿ Huê-ek-lio̍k (暗房政治：林柏榕幕僚長政壇回憶錄), 1995 nî 4 goe̍h
* Chèng-tī Hô-chêng Tām-po̍k Sim: Siā Tang-bín Thoān (政治豪情淡泊心：謝東閔傳), 1999 nî 10 goe̍h
* Táⁿ-chō Liōng-lē Jîn-seng: Khu Ka-hông Hoê-ek-lio̍k (打造亮麗人生：邱家洪回憶錄), 2007 nî

### Sàn-bûn (散文)

* Tiong-kok Bāng Chhun-hong: Khu Ka-hông Iōng-sim Khoàⁿ Tiong-kok (中國望春風：邱家洪用心看中國), 2000 nî
* Cháu-koè Chhái-hông Sè-kài (走過彩虹世界), 2000 nî
* Chhiòng-hêng Koaⁿ-tiûⁿ: Chò chi̍t-ê ì-khì hong-hoat--ê kong-bū-oân (縱橫官場：做一個意氣風發的公務員), 2000 nî 4 goe̍h

Chham-khó Bûn-hiān
------------------

* Khó Hēng-lin̂g (許杏齡) (2010-11). "殖民宿命與島嶼重生:邱家洪《台灣大風雲》之研究" (PDF). 2014-12-01 khòaⁿ--ê. (Koaⁿ-oē)

1. ↑  Hok Soat-lêng (郝雪卿) (2007-12-01). "台灣大風雲研討會 邱家洪獲中台灣文學獎". Tiong-iong-siā (choàn kàu Toā-kì-goân (大紀元) Tiān-chú-pò. 2014-12-01 khòaⁿ--ê. (Koaⁿ-oē)
| ?***Siáu-kaú-pēⁿ*** |
| --- |
| **Pēⁿ-to̍k hun-lūi** |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  Kûn: | Group V ((-)ssRNA) |
|  Ba̍k: | *Mononegavirales* |
|  Kho: | *Rhabdoviridae* |
|  Sio̍k: | *Lyssavirus* |
|  Chéng: | ***Rabies virus*** |

 |

**Siáu-káu-pēⁿ** ia̍h **kông-khián-pēⁿ** (狂犬病), 1-chióng thoân-jiám-pēⁿ, put-sî tī-leh lâng kah tōng-bu̍t (te̍k-pia̍t sī cheng-seⁿ-á) chi-kan sio kòe sio òe.

Jîn-lūi sī án-chóaⁿ khì òe--tio̍h--ê
------------------------------------

Jîn-lūi ē tì-tio̍h Siáu-káu-pēⁿ, chha-put-to lóng-sī khì hō· hià-ê tāi-seng tio̍h-pēⁿ ê cheng-seⁿ-á kā-tio̍h, a̍h-sī jiàu-siong ín-khí--ê, ah ū-sī sīm-chì chí-sī hō· cheng-seⁿ-á chī-tio̍h gôan-té siū-siong ê khang-chhùi, mā soah-lâi òe-tio̍h pēⁿ-to̍k. Lēng-gōa, Siáu-káu-pēⁿ ū-tang-sî-á mā ē-tàng thong-kòe khong-khì ti̍t-chiap thôan-pò·.

Gûi-hāi ê thêng-tō·
-------------------

Put-hēng tì-tio̍h siáu-káu-pīⁿ liáu-āu, pīⁿ-to̍k chú-iàu ē chhim-hōan tiong-su sîn-keng hē-thóng. Siáu-káu-pīⁿ siōng ki-pún ê chèng-chn̄g to̍h-sī pēⁿ-lâng khòaⁿ-tio̍h chúi ē kiaⁿ, che tī i-ha̍k siōng hō·-chòe "**khióng-chúi-chèng**"(恐水病). Siáu-káu-pēⁿ sī 1-khóan cha̍p-chiok hiông-hiám ê pēⁿ-chèng, sí-bông ê kài-lu̍t ē-tàng ta̍t-kàu cha̍p-siâⁿ. Tiāu-cha piáu-bêng, só·-ū ê cheng-seⁿ-á tang-tiong, káu-á siōng keng-siông kā siáu-káu-pēⁿ òe hō· lâng, koh sòa--lo̍h-lâi to̍h-sī niau-á.

Beh cháiⁿ-iūⁿ ū-hông
--------------------

Kì-jiân siáu-káu-pēⁿ ê sí-bông-lu̍t chiah-nī kôan, nā án-ne, sī beh chóaⁿ-iūⁿ lâi ū-hông--leh? Lán ē-tàng chhái-chhú 1-kóa-á chhò-si lâi tùi-hū--i. Pí-lūn-kóng : 

* chè-tēng siong-koan ê tiâu-bûn, giâm-keh kóan-chè chhī-káu, siau-bia̍t phòa-pēⁿ-káu kah liû-liōng-khián.
* liōng-chá chù-siā ū-hông pēⁿ-to̍k ê e̍k-biâu. Bo̍k-chiân phó·-piàn chhái-iōng chù-siā choan-mn̂g ê e̍k-biâu kah khòng-pēⁿ-to̍k huih-chheng lâi ū-hông.

Sui-jiân kóng lán ài chek-ke̍k chhái-chhú hêng-tōng lâi ū-hông siáu-káu-pēⁿ thôan-jiám, m̄-koh nā-sī bān-put-hēng tio̍h-pēⁿ to̍h chhi-chhám-chē-kòa lo·h, in-ūi kàu-taⁿ i-ha̍k-kài tùi siáu-káu-pēⁿ ê tī-liâu ôan-á pēng-bô chin-hó ê pān-hoat.

Siáⁿ-lâng su-iàu phah ū-hong-chiam
----------------------------------

It-poaⁿ lâi-kóng, siù-i(兽医), tōng-bu̍t kóan-lí-ôan, la̍h-lâng (猎人), iá-gōa kang-chok-chiá kah 1-kóa-á khah ū khó-lêng chiap-chhiok siáu-káu-pīⁿ-to̍k ê i-bū jîn-ôan, lóng-chióng to̍h-ài phah ū-hong-chiam, chù-siā khòng-pēⁿ-to̍k ê e̍k-biâu.
Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Keng-chè-pō͘ kap Hêng-chèng-īⁿ Tāi-lio̍k Úi-oân-hōe ìn-chè ê Hái-kiap Lióng-gān Ho̍k-bū Bō͘-e̍k Hia̍p-gī soan-thoân chu-liāu
**Hái-kiap Lióng-gān Ho̍k-bū Bō͘-e̍k Hia̍p-gī** (Hàn: 海峽兩岸服務貿易協議; pe̍h-ōe: **Hái-kiap Lióng-hoāⁿ Ho̍k-bū Bō͘-e̍k Hia̍p-gī**; kán-siá: **CSSTA**) sī Tiong-kok Tâi-oân lióng-hoāⁿ kin-kì Hái-kiap Lióng-gān Keng-chè Ha̍p-chok Kà-kò͘ Hia̍p-gī (ECFA) tē-4 tiâu só͘ chhiam-sú ê ho̍k-bū bō͘-e̍k hia̍p-tēng. 2011 nî 3 goe̍h, lióng-hoāⁿ ê keng-bō͘ gia̍p-bū chú-koán pō͘-bûn khai-sí chìn-hêng ho̍k-bū bō͘-e̍k chham-siông, pēng-chhiáⁿ ta̍t-sêng kiōng-sek. Lo̍h-bóe tī 2012 nî 8 goe̍h 9 hō kí-hêng ê lióng-gān lióng-hōe ko-chân hōe-tâm téng, siang-hong tông-ì tī ta̍t-sêng koan-î hia̍p-gī bûn-pún kap chhī-tiûⁿ khai-hòng hāng-bo̍k ê kiōng-sek liáu-āu lâi chèng-sek chhiam-sú. 2013 nî 6 goe̍h 21 hō, lióng-gān lióng-hōe tī Tiong-kok Siōng-hái-chhī kí-hêng ê tē-káu-chhù ko-chân hōe-tâm chhiam-sú chit-hāng hia̍p-gī; iā hiòng goā-pō͘ kong-pò͘ khai-hòng chheng-toaⁿ.

Tī Tâi-oân, in-ūi pō͘-hūn jîn-sū tam-iu chit-hāng hia̍p-gī ê si̍t-hêng ē tì-sú Tâi-oân put-koán tī keng-chè ia̍h-sī chèng-tī hong-bīn khì-hō͘ siong-tùi khoat-hoa̍t chū-iû ê Tiong-kok ê éng-hióng, koh ka-siōng Tâi-oân koaⁿ-hong teh thong-kòe chit-hāng hia̍p-gī ê sî-chūn, sím-lí thêng-sū siū-tio̍h chit-gî, tì-sú Thài-iông-hoe Ha̍k-ūn ê po̍k-hoat.