**Hâng-khong-ki** sī ē-tàng lī-iōng khong-khì, tī tāi-khì-chân hōan-ûi lāi hui-hêng ê **hui-hêng-khì**.

Àn-chiàu tēng-gī, Hâng-khong-ki ū kok-chióng ê hêng-sek, pau-koat:

* pí khong-khì khin--ê: jia̍t-khì-kiû, hui-chûn... téng-téng.
* pí khong-khì tāng--ê: ti̍t-seng-ki, soân-e̍k-ki, it-poaⁿ siāng-chia̍p khòaⁿ-tio̍h ê kò·-tēng-e̍k hui-ki... téng-téng.

Hoat-tián le̍k-sú
-----------------

### O̍h chiáu-á ia̍t-si̍t

Jîn-lūi chū kó·-chá khai-sí, to̍h iōng chin chē pān-hoat lâi beh o̍h poe. Koan-chhat tōng-bu̍t kiám-chhái sī siōng-kài ti̍t-chiap ê hong-hoat. Iû-kî sī chiáu-á ê hêng-thé, put-toān chhì-kek jîn-lūi khì mô·-hóng. Thoân-soat kap kò·-sū lāi-té, ē-hiáu poe ê lâng, sîn-bêng ah-sī kúi-kòai, chin chē lóng ū chi̍t-siang chhin-chiūⁿ chiáu-á ah-sī iā-pô ê si̍t-á.

Chit-khóan mô·-hóng chiáu-á ia̍t-si̍t ê tòng-chok, āu--lâi hông chóan-piàn chò **ia̍t-si̍t-ki** (Eng-gí: ornithopter). Iā-tio̍h-sī lī-iōng ki-hâi siat-kè, lâi sak-tōng n̄ng-phìⁿ si̍t-á chò téng-ē ê ia̍t-tōng. M̄-koh chit-khóan khài-liām bô kái si̍t-chè. Che khan-sia̍p tio̍h hit-tong-sî jîn-lūi tùi chiaú-á hui-hêng tōng-chok koan-chhat ê cheng-chha, kap chi̍t-kóa-á Khong-khì tōng-le̍k-ha̍k ê būn-tê.

Le̍k-sú siōng chin ū-miâ ê Leonardo da Vinci, tùi hui-hêng ū chin tōa ê hèng-chhù. Hiān-chú-sî pó-chûn--lo̍h-lâi ê i ê chhiú-kó tang-tiong, koan-hē hui-hêng ê lāi-iông chhiau-kòe 35,000 jī, siong-koan ê tô·-iūⁿ ū 500 kúi pak. Chiam-tùiia̍t-si̍t-ki, i mā ōe liáu bē chió ê siat-kè-tô·. Put-jî-kò i sī m̄-sī ū chhì-giām ah-sī si̍t-hiān chia-ê siat-kè.

### Pí khong-khì khin ê hong-sek

Montgolfier hiaⁿ-tī ê khì-kiû.
Kin-kù bûn-hiàn ê kì-chài, jîn-lūi tē-1-pài "poe" chiūⁿ thiⁿ, sī lī-iōng jia̍t-khì-kiû. 1783 nî 11 go̍eh 21, Pilatre de Rozier kap Marquis d'Arlandes n̄ng-lâng, chē jia̍t-khì-kûi poe kòe Pa-lê ū 5 eng-lí hn̄g.

Jia̍t-khì-kiû sī iû Joseph Montgolfier kap Etienne Montgolfier hiaⁿ-tī-á nn̄g-lâng só· siat-kè kap chè-chok--ê. In hoat-hiān jia̍t-khong-khì ē-sái hō· mi̍h-kiāⁿ poe--khí-khì, to̍h khai-sí chìn-hêng si̍t-giām. Kòe-thêng tiong seng iōng jia̍t-khì-kiû chài iûⁿ-á, ke-kak-á, ah koh ū ah-á téng-téng ê tōng-bu̍t chò chhì-giām.

Giâm-keh kóng--khí-lâi, che iáu bô sǹg-sī chin-chiàⁿ ê hui-hêng. Che kan-na sī lī-iōng jia̍t khong-khì bi̍t-tō· khah sè, só·-í ē-tàng tī khong-khì laī-té "phû--khì-lâi". M̄-koh jia̍t-khì-kiû ê sêng-kong, khak-si̍t tāi-piáu jîn-lūi lî-khui tē-bīn ê chi̍t-tōa-pō·.

### Hiān-tāi hui-hêng-ki ê ki-chhó͘

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Hui-hêng-ki
George CayleyHiān-chú-sî ê hui-hêng-ki kap kòe-khì it-poaⁿ-lâng ê ia̍t-si̍t khài-liām bô-kâng. Chit-má lán só· khòaⁿ--tio̍h ê hui-hêng-ki, chhap-put-to si̍t-á lóng sī kò͘-tēng ê. Chit-ê khài-liām sī Eng-kok ê George Cayley (1773-1857) tī 1799 nî só· siat-kè--chhut-lâi ê.

I ê siat-kè khài-liām sī:

* Kò͘-tēng ê si̍t-á thê-kiong hiòng téng-bīn ê seng-le̍k
* 1-ê ki-khì iōng lâi thê-kiong hiòng thâu-chêng ê thui-le̍k
* 1-cho͘ khia-ti̍t kap thán-hôaiⁿ ê bóe-si̍t hū-chek ún-tēng

George Cayley ê khài-liām, ē-sái kóng sī āu--lâi jîn-lūi sêng-kong chō chhut hui-hêng-ki ê tiōng-iàu ki-chhó·. Kòe-khì ê siūⁿ-hoat sī o̍h chiáu-á ê ia̍t-si̍t, hi-bāng lī-iōng si̍t-á ê ia̍t-tōng, chò-hóe thê-kiong thui-le̍k kap seng-le̍k. Tī si̍t-chè siōng, chài-lâng ê hui-hêng ki-khì chin oh iōng chit-khóan hong-sek lâi ta̍t-sêng hui-hêng ê bo̍k-te̍k.

George Cayley m̄-nā thê-chhut sin koan-liām, i koh siat-kè si̍t-giām ki-kò· lâi chhì-giām e̍k-phò͘-bīn ê seng-le̍k. I iā siat-kè bô·-hêng (Eng-gí: model) ê chhiú-siā phiau-hêng-ki (Eng-gí: hand launched glider). I ê bô͘-hêng í-keng ū hiān-tāi hui-hêng-ki ê chho·-pō· hêng-thé, pau-koat kò͘-tēng ê chú-e̍k, chúi-pêng bóe-e̍k kap khiā-ti̍t bóe-e̍k.

Tû-liáu bô·-hêng chhì-giām, George Cayley mā chìn-hêng chài-lâng phiau-hêng-ki ê hui-hêng si̍t-giām.

### Tōng-le̍k hui-hêng ê chhì-giām

George Cayley sūi-bóng phah-hā chin tiōng-iàu ê ki-chhó·, m̄-koh i ê sêng-chiū tī hit-tong-sî bô siū-tio̍h tiōng-sī. Chi̍t-kóa-á āu-lâi ê hui-hêng-khì siat-kè-chiá, ū chham-khó tio̍h Cayley ê lí-lūn, soah bô it-tēng chai-iáⁿ chia-ê lí-lūn sī Cayley só· gián-kiù--chhut-lâi-ê.

Kap George Cayley kāng sî-tāi ê William Samuel Henson (1812-1888), tī 1843-nî siat-kè liáu chi̍t-khóan lī-iōng cheng-khì-ki tài-tōng nn̄g-ê phiat-á ê kò͘-tēng-e̍k hui-hêng-ki. Chit-ê siat-kè hō-chò khong-tiong cheng-khì-chhia (en: aerial steam carriage), chú-iàu sī í Cayley ê gián-kiù chò ki-chhó· lâi siat-kè--ê. Sui-jiân miâ-siaⁿ bē-sió, m̄-koh chit-ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ kan-na ū siat-kè, pēng bô si̍t-chè ê chè-chok sêng-phíⁿ, tong-jiân iā bô chìn-hêng jīn-hô ê chhì-poe.

Henson ê pêng-iú John Stringfellow, chè-chō sió-hêng ê cheng-khì iân-jín tàu tī mô͘-hêng-ki téng-bīn. Sui-bóng i ê chhì-giām mā bô sêng-kong, m̄-koh i ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ tùi āu-lâi ê lâng ū bē-sió ê éng-hióng. 

Tī Hoat-kok mā ū siong-koan ê si̍t-giām kap hoat-tián. 1857-nî kàu 1858-nî, ū 1-ūi miâ-kiò Félix Du Temple ê hái-kun kun-koaⁿ (iā sī kang-thêng-su), sêng-kong chhì-poe tē-1-chiah ū tōng-le̍k ê tan-e̍k mô·-heng-ki. Chit-chiah hui-hêng-ki ê tōng-le̍k sī sú-iōng sî-cheng ê ki-hâi hoat-tiâu. 1874-nî ê sî, i chìn-1-pō· sêng-kong chhì-poe lī-iōng mó· 1-khóan jia̍t-khì iân-jín ê chài-lâng hui-hêng-ki. Chit-chiah iû 1-ūi siàu-liân kiâⁿ-chûn-lâng só· kà-sú ê hui-hêng-ki, kan-na khí-poe 1-ē-á, pēng bô î-chhî hui-hêng ê sè-bīn.

Tē 2-kiāⁿ lūi-sū ê hui-hêng kì-lo̍k, sī tī 1884-nî ê Lō·-se-a, iû Alexander F. Mozhaiski (ru: Александр Фёдорович Можайский) tī Leningrad (ru: Ленинград) só· chìn-hêng--ê. I ê siat-kè chú-iàu sī án-chiàu Henson ê khong-tiong cheng-khì-chhia. Kap Du Temple kāng-khóan, i ê hui-hêng-ki mā kan-na lî-khui tē-bīn 1-sî-á niâ, bô-hoat-tō· î-chhî chìn-1-pō· ê hui-hêng.

### Phiau-hêng-ki ê sêng-kong

Otto Lilienthal. Tē-1-ūi sêng-kong chho-chok phiau-hêng-ki poe chiūⁿ thiⁿ ê lâng1848-nî chhut-sì tī Prussia (Tek-kok) ê Otto Lilienthal, sī le̍k-sú siōng tē-1-ūi sêng-kong kà-sú phiau-hêng-ki ê lâng. I ê phiau-hêng-ki sī ē-tàng chho-chok--ê, ē-sái khòng-chè hong-hiòng.

Tī 1896-nî i sit-sū kòe-sin chìn-chêng, Lilienthal chóng-kiōng sêng-kong chìn-hêng kòe 2,500 kài í-siōng ê phiau-hêng.

I ū 1-pún chheh, chheh-miâ hō-chò *Í Chiáu-á ê Hui-hêng ûi Hâng-khong ê Ki-Chhó͘* (Tek-gí: *Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst*). Lāi-té m̄-nā gián-kiù chiáu-á si̍t-á ê kò͘-chō kap hêng-thé, koh kā chia-ê khong-khì tōng-le̍k tì-sek, iōng tī ki-khì ê hui-hêng siat-kè. Chit-pún chheh ū 1-kóa-á hit-tang-chūn siōng-kài siông-sè ê khong-khì tōng-le̍k sò͘-kì. Aū--lâi chin chhut-miâ ê Wright hiaⁿ-tī bat tha̍k-tio̍h 1-pō͘-hūn ê hoan-e̍k lōe-iông, iā í che chò ki-chhó͘, chìn-hêng phiau-hêng-ki ê siat-kè.

Lilienthal tùi hâng-khong kho-ki hoat-tiań ê khoàⁿ-hoat sī "Ài ka-tī liâu--lo̍h-khì." Lâng it-tēng tio̍h-ài chhin-sin thé-giām hui-hêng, chiah ē-tàng tī si̍t-chè ê hui-hêng kòe-thêng tiong, tit-tio̍h koan-hē hui-hêng ê keng-giām. Kán-tan kóng, i kám-kak jîn-lūi beh ē-tàng chìn-1-pō͘ hoat-tián hâng-khong, si̍t-chè ê hêng-tōng kap chhì-giám sī chin tiōng-iàu--ê.

1896-nî 8-goe̍h chhe-9, Lilienthal tī-leh chhì-poe ê sî, 1-káng-hong chō-sêng i ê phiau-hêng-ki sit-sok, soah-lâi chai-lo̍h thô͘-kha. Sui-bóng kan-na chú-si̍t pháiⁿ--khì, m̄-koh i pún-sin soah sūi-tio̍h tāng-siong, liân liông-kut iā siak tn̄g--khì. Keh-tńg-kang Lilienthal tio̍h put-hēng lâi kòe-sin.

Hui-hêng goân-lí
----------------

Tî-liáu jia̍t-khì-kiû, tāi-pō·-hūn hui-hêng-ki ê hui-hêng, lóng ē-tàng chham-khó ē-bīn ê goân-lí.

Hui-ki ê hui-hêng, khan-sia̍p tio̍h chin-chē bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ê goân-lí, iû-kî sī khong-khì tōng-le̍k-ha̍k.

Tī-leh hui-hêng ê sî, chok-iōng tī hui-hêng-ki pún-thé ê le̍k-liōng ū sì-hāng, pau-koat thui-le̍k, chó·-le̍k, seng-le̍k, kap tāng-le̍k. Thui-le̍k it-poaⁿ iû hoat-tōng-ki (iân-jín) lâi thê-kiong, iōng-lâi khek-ho̍k chó·-le̍k, hō· hui-hêng-ki ē-tàng chiân-chìn. Chó·-le̍k sī in-ūi hui-hêng-ki kap khong-khì ū siong-tùi ê ūn-tōng chiah sán-seng--ê, seng-le̍k mā-sī án-ne, chit-nn̄g-chióng la̍t lóng-sī sio̍k-î khong-khì tōng-le̍k. Tāng-le̍k iā-chiū-sī hui-hêng-ki pún-sin ê tāng-liōng, in-ūi tē-kiû ê tāng-le̍k-tiûⁿ (Hàn-jī: 重力場) só· ín-khí--ê.

Kán-tan lâi kóng, hui-hêng-ki beh ē-tàng poe--khí-lâi, thui-le̍k ài pí chó·-le̍k khah tōa, seng-le̍k ài pí tāng-le̍k khah tōa. In ê koan-hē ē-tàng siá-chò:

{\displaystyle \left\{{\begin{matrix}T\geq D\\L\geq W\end{matrix}}\right.}

khî-tiong ***T*** sī thui-le̍k, ***D*** sī chó·-le̍k, ***L*** sī seng-le̍k, ***W*** sī tāng-le̍k.

Chióng-lūi
----------

### Àn-chiàu sán-seng seng-le̍k ê hong-sek khu-hun

* pí khong-khì khin--ê
	+ Jia̍t-khì-kiû
	+ Hui-chûn
* pí khong-khì tāng--ê
	+ kò·-tēng-e̍k
	+ soân-choán-e̍k
		- ti̍t-seng-ki
		- soân-e̍k-ki

### Àn-chiàu iōng-tô· khu-hun

* bîn-hâng-ki
* kun-ki
* si̍t-giām-ki
* kàu-liān-ki

Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***:Category:Aircraft*** |

1. ↑  Flight Before Flying by David Wragg (Author) Publisher: ‎Osprey Publishing; First Edition (2 May 1974)Language: ‎English, Hardcover: ‎192 pages, ISBN-10: ‎0850451655, ISBN-13: ‎978-0850451658
2. ↑  World's Air Fleets Hardcover – 1 May 1969 by David Wragg (Author), Publisher: ‎Littlehampton Book Services Ltd; 2nd edition (1 May 1969), Language: ‎English, Hardcover:176 pages ISBN-10: ‎0711000859, ISBN-13: ‎978-0711000858
3. ↑  World's Air Forces Hardcover – 15 Oct. 1971 by David Wragg (Author), Publisher: ‎Osprey Publishing; First Edition (15 Oct. 1971), Language: ‎English, Hardcover: ‎232 pages, ISBN-10: ‎0850450381, ISBN-13: ‎978-0850450385
4. ↑  Speed in the Air, Hardcover – 5 Sept. 1974 by David Wragg (Author), Publisher: ‎Osprey Publishing; 1st ed edition (5 Sept. 1974), Hardcover: ‎192 pages, ISBN-10: ‎0850451752, ISBN-13: ‎978-0850451757