Methane, CH4; iû sòaⁿ-tiâu kap kak-tō͘ kò͘-sêng ê kiat-kò͘-sek hián-sī 4 ê C-H σ kiān.
**Iú-ki hòa-ha̍k** (有機化學; *organic chemistry*) sī chi̍t ê hòa-ha̍k ê hun-iá, hâm-kài chiam-tùi iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t kap iú-ki bu̍t-chit ê kiat-kò͘, sèng-chit kap hoán-èng ê kho-ha̍k gián-kiù. Kiat-kò͘ ê gián-kiù pau-hâm chē-chē bu̍t-lí-ha̍k kap hòa-ha̍k hong-hoat lâi koat-tēng iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t kap bu̍t-chit ê hòa-ha̍k sêng-hūn kap hòa-ha̍k-sek. Sèng-chit ê gián-kiù pau-hâm bu̍t-lí sèng-chit, hòa-ha̍k sèng-chit kap hoán-èng-sèng, mā liáu-kái iú-ki bu̍t-chit tī sûn-bu̍t-chit, iông-e̍k, hūn-ha̍p-bu̍t kap seng-sán kòe-têng tiong ê sèng-chit. Iú-ki hoán-èng ê gián-kiù pau-hâm thàu-kòe hòa-ha̍k ha̍p-sêng chè-pī bo̍k-phiau hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t (chhin-chhiūⁿ thian-jiân-bu̍t, io̍h-bu̍t, ko-hun-chú téng-téng) lâi thàm-thó in-ê hoān-ûi; leng-gōa mā tī si̍t-giām-sek kap lí-lūn kè-sǹg ê gián-kiù tiong chiam-tùi kò-pia̍t iú-ki bu̍t-chit ê hoán-èng-sèng chìn-hêng gián-kiù.

Tī iú-ki hòa-ha̍k léng-he̍k tiong gián-kiù ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t ū thòaⁿ-hòa chúi-sò͘ (kan-nā ū thòaⁿ-sò͘ kap chúi-sò͘ ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t), iáu-koh ū hâm-iú thòaⁿ-sò͘ kap kî-thaⁿ goân-sò͘ ê chē-chē bu̍t-chit, te̍k-pia̍t sī chúi-sò͘, chit-sò͘, liû-hông, lîn (chia-ê goân-sò͘ chia̍p chhut-hiān tī seng-bu̍t thé-lāi ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t tiong) kap hòng-siā goân-sò͘ ló͘-sò͘. Chē-chē hiān-tāi gián-kiù kā gián-kiù ê chú-tê iân-sin kàu iú-ki kim-sio̍k (pau-hâm Lanthanum, m̄-koh chú-iàu sī kòe-tō͘ kim-sio̍k chhin-chhiūⁿ a-iân, tâng téng-téng).

Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t cho͘-sêng só͘-ū Tē-kiû sèⁿ-miā ê ki-pún, mā sī chē-chē siong-gia̍p sán-phín ê ki-chhó͘, pau-hâm io̍h-phín, chio̍h-iû hòa-ha̍k, lông-gia̍p hòa-ha̍k kap ùi in ka-kang seng-sán chhut-lâi ê sán-phín (chhin-chhiūⁿ jūn-ku̍t-che, iûⁿ-che, sok-ka, jiân-liāu, po̍k-chà-bu̍t téng-téng). Tio̍h chhan-chhiūⁿ tú-chiah kóng--ê, iú-ki hòa-ha̍k chham iú-ki kim-sio̍k hòa-ha̍k kap seng-hòa-ha̍k sio-thah, m̄-koh mā chham io̍h-bu̍t hòa-ha̍k, ko-hun-chú hòa-ha̍k, iáu-koh ū chē-chē hong-bīn ê châi-liāu kho-ha̍k sio-thah.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Hòa-ha̍k ê le̍k-sú
Tī 19 sè-kí chìn-chêng, hòa-ha̍k-ka it-poaⁿ jīn-tēng kóng lâi-chū sèⁿ-miā-thé ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t chham seng-khì la̍t ū koan-hē; kā in chham bû-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t chò chi̍t ê khu-pia̍t. 19 sè-kí téng pòaⁿ-ia̍p, chi̍t-kóa ū-koan iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t ê hē-thóng-sèng gián-kiù pī hoat-piáu. 1816 nî chó-iū, Michel Chevreul chiam-tùi ùi kok-chióng jī-nn̂g kap a-kha-lih ha̍p-sêng lâi ê sap-bûn chìn-hêng gián-kiù. I kā chē-chē chióng sng chham a-kha-lih hoán-èng lâi ha̍p-sêng sap-bûn. 1828 nî, Friedrich Wöhler ēng "bû-ki-bu̍t" châi-liāu lâi ha̍p-sêng "iú-ki-bu̍t" jiō-sò͘, iā chiū sī hiān-kim só͘ kóng--ê Wöhler ha̍p-sêng.

1856 nî, William Henry Perkin tī seng-sán quinine ê kòe-têng tiong ì-gōa ha̍p-sêng iú-ki ní-liāu, mauveine. I-ê hoat-hiān, thàu-kòe mauveine ê sêng-kong, tōa-tōa thê-seng iú-ki hòa-ha̍k ê siū-koan-chù-tō͘.

1858 nî, Friedrich August Kekulé kap Archibald Scott Couper hoat-tián hòa-ha̍k kiat-kò͘ ê kài-liām; che sī iú-ki hòa-ha̍k gián-kiù ê tiōng-iàu chìn-tián.

Gián-kiù
--------

Sèng-chit
---------

Hō-miâ
------

Lūi-pia̍t
---------

Iú-ki hoán-èng
--------------

Iú-ki hoán-èng sī hâm-iú iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t ê hòa-ha̍k hoán-èng. Chē-chē iú-ki hoán-èng lóng hām koaⁿ-lêng-ki ū koan-hē. Ki-pún ê hoán-èng lūi-pia̍t ū ka-thiam hoán-èng, thoat-lī hoán-èng, tì-ōaⁿ hoán-èng, choán-ūi hoán-èng kap sng-hòa hoân-goân hoán-èng téng-téng.

Iú-ki ha̍p-sêng
---------------

Chham-khó
---------

1. 1 2 3  Clayden, J.; Greeves, N. and Warren, S. (2012) *Organic Chemistry*. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–15. ISBN 0199270295.
2. ↑  Elschenbroich, C. (2006) *Organometallics* 3rd Ed. Wiley-VCH
3. ↑  Morrison, Robert T.; Boyd, Robert N. and Boyd, Robert K. (1992) *Organic Chemistry*, 6th ed. Benjamin Cummings.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* MIT.edu, OpenCourseWare: Organic Chemistry I
* HaverFord.edu, Organic Chemistry Lectures, Videos and Text
* Organic-Chemistry.org, Organic Chemistry Portal – Recent Abstracts and (Name)Reactions
* Orgsyn.org, Organic Chemistry synthesis journal
* Khanacademy.org, Khan Academy - Organic Chemistry

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Hòa-ha̍k ê hun-iá |
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