recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Bí-kok Kok-bū Pō͘** (Eng-gí: *United States Department of State*), Hàn-bûn mā hoan-e̍k chò **Kok-bū-īⁿ** (國務院), sī Bí-kok chú-koán kok-chè koan-hē ê liân-pang chân-kip hêng-chèng pō͘-mn̂g.

Hō-miâ
------

1789 nî 9 goe̍h 15, Bí-kok kok-hōe thong-kòe chi̍t hāng hoat-àn, lāi-bīn pau-koat kā chìn-chêng ê Gōa-bǔ-pō͘ (*Department of Foreign Affairs*) kái miâ chò Kok-bū-pō͘, che chú-iàu sī phòe-ha̍p hit-chūn phài chi̍t kóa kok-lāi sū-bū hō͘ in. Hia ê tāi-chì pau-koat ū hoat-pò͘ kap pó-koán Bí-kok hoat-lu̍t téng chē khoán kì-lio̍k khang-khòe. Hiān-chāi iáu koh î-chhî kok-lāi sū-bū ū Tōa-chiong (*Great Seal*) ê pó-chûn kap Pe̍h-kiong ê gî-sek téng tāi-chì.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  "Why is the Department called the Department of State?". *Office of the Historian*. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. 2017-01-25 khòaⁿ--ê.

Siong-koan
----------

* Bí-kok Kok-bū Pō͘-tiúⁿ

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Bí-kok liân-pang hêng-chèng pō͘-bûn |
| --- |
|  |
| Pō͘-bûn | 
* Châi-chèng
* Hông-bū
* Kàu-io̍k
* Kok-bū
* Lêng-goân
* Lông-gia̍p
* Ōe-seng kap Kong-kiōng Ho̍k-bū
* Kok-thó͘ An-choân
* Khiā-chhù kap To͘-chhī Hoat-tián
* Lōe-chèng
* Su-hoat
* Lô-kang
* Ūn-su
* Siong-gia̍p
* Thè-ngó͘ Kun-jîn Sū-bū

 |
|  |
| Khah-chá | 
* Khong-kun
* Lio̍k-kun
* Siong-bū kap Lô-kang
* Ōe-seng, Kàu-io̍k kap Hok-lī
* Hái-kun
* Iû-chèng
* Chiàn-cheng

 |

 |
Sin-pán Te̍k-khu
**Sin Pang-kiô Chhia-chām Te̍k-tēng Choan-iōng-khu** (新板橋車站特定專用區) sī tī Tâi-oân Sin-pak-chhī Pang-kiô-khu ê chi̍t ê kok-ka tiōng-tiám kiàn-siat kè-ōe khu-he̍k, it-poaⁿ kán-chheng **Sin-pán Te̍k-khu** (新板特區) ia̍h **Sin-chām Te̍k-khu** (新站特區), khu-he̍k lāi ū choân Tâi-oân tē-it ê sêng-hêng ê sì-thih kiōng-kò͘ (Ko-thih, Tâi-thih, Chia̍t-ūn, kap Kheh-ūn) chhia-chām, bān-pêⁿ to͘-hōe kong-hn̂g kap tōa-hêng kóng-tiûⁿ, Sin-pak-chhī Chèng-hú kok kio̍k-chhù kap tiong-iong chèng-hú hat-hā ê Hêng-chèng-īⁿ Kim-iông Kàm-tok Koán-lí Úi-oân-hōe, Tì-hūi Châi-sán Hoat-īⁿ, Kau-thong-pō͘ Thih-tō-kio̍k téng pō͘-hōe chìn-chù tī chia; khu-lāi mā ū chē keng ho̍k-ha̍p-sek kò͘-bu̍t tiong-sim kap siong-tiûⁿ iáⁿ-siâⁿ, bī-lâi koh ū Tōa Tâi-pak Sin Kio̍k-īⁿ, hōe-tián tiong-sim kap koan-kong pn̄g-tiàm ê kui-ōe. Pang-kiô-khu pī tēng-gī chò Sin-pak-chhī ia̍h Tâi-pak to͘-hōe-khu sai-pêng (Tām-chúi-hô sai-hōaⁿ) ê chú-iàu to͘-sim siâⁿ-chhī kap kau-thong chhu-liú, ah Sin-pán Te̍k-khu sī siong-gia̍p he̍k-sim, bo̍k-chiân iu-goân teh chhî-sio̍k hoat-tián lâi khok-tāi hoān-ûi ê chhu-sè.
Chân-liû ê liû-soàⁿ chêng-hêng
**Chân-liû** (層流; *laminar flow*) sī chi̍t khoán liû-thé ê liû-tōng chōng-thài. Tī liû-sok chin sió ê sî-chūn, liû-thé sī hun-chân liû-tōng, bōe hō͘-siong hūn-ha̍p; chit sî ê liû-tōng chōng-thài hō-chò chân-liû. Tān-sī, nā-chún liû-sok ta̍uh-ta̍uh cheng-ka, liû-thé ê liû-soàⁿ ē khai-sí chhut-hiān pho-chōng ê hàiⁿ-tōng, hàiⁿ-tōng ê pîn-lu̍t kap chín-hok ē tòe-tio̍h liû-sok ê cheng-ka lâi cheng-ka; chit sî ê liû-tōng chōng-thài hō-chò kòe-tō͘-liû. Nā-chún kè-sio̍k cheng-ka liû-sok kàu chin tōa, liû-thé ê liû-soàⁿ í-keng hun bōe chheng-chhó, liû-tiûⁿ lāi-bīn chhut-hiān chē-chē kńg-chn̄g, che chiū hō-chò loān-liû.

Téng-bīn ê liû-tōng piàn-hòa ê chêng-hêng ē-ēng iōng Reynolds sò͘ lâi liōng-hòa. Tī Reynolds sò͘ khah-sè ê sî-chūn, liû-thé ê liâm-tī-le̍k (黏滯力) tùi liû-tiûⁿ ê éng-hióng tāi-î koàn-sèng-le̍k (慣性力), liû-sok ê jiáu-tōng ē in-ūi liâm-tī-le̍k lâi kiám-chió, liû-thé ê liû-tōng ún-tēng, sī chân-liû ê chōng-thài. Hoán-tian-tò, nā-chún Reynolds sò͘ khah-tōa, liû-thé ê koàn-sèng-le̍k tùi liû-tiûⁿ ê éng-hióng tāi-î liâm-tī-le̍k, liû-thé ê liû-tōng khah bô ún-tēng, liû-sok ê bî-sió piàn-hòa iông-ī hoat-tián kap cheng-kiông, hêng-sêng būn-loān koh bô-kui-chek ê loān-liû liû-tiûⁿ.
Frank Lloyd Wright
**Frank Lloyd Wright** (chhut-sì hō-chò **Frank Lincoln Wright**; 1867 nî 6 goe̍h 8 ji̍t – 1959 nî 4 goe̍h 9 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok ê kiàn-tio̍k-su, sek-lāi siat-kè-su, chok-ka kap kàu-io̍k-ka. Wright it-seng siat-kè chhiau-kòe 1,000 ê kiàn-tio̍k, kî-tiong í-keng ū 532 ê oân-sêng. Wright ê siat-kè tiat-ha̍k sī iú-ki kiàn-tio̍k, kiông-tiāu kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t kap khoân-kéng sī hô-hâi koh jîn-sèng-hòa ê. Chit hāng tiat-ha̍k ê siōng-hó ê lē chiū sī Fallingwater (1935 nî), pī hō-chò "Bí-kok le̍k-sú siōng siōng-úi-tāi ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t". Wright siá-kòe 20 pún chheh kap lēng-gōa chē-chē bûn-chiuⁿ, i pún-sin tī Bí-kok kap Au-chiu iā sī chin siū-tio̍h hoan-gêng ê kà-chheh káng-su. Chāi-sè ê sî chiū í-keng chin chhut-miâ ê Wright, tī 1991 nî pī Bí-kok Kiàn-tio̍k-su Hia̍p-hōe hō-chò "siōng-úi-tāi ê Bí-kok kiàn-tio̍k-su".

Galleri
-------

* Fallingwater, Pennsylvania 1937.
* Arthur Heurtley House, Oak Park, Illinois 1902.
* Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin 1902.
* Darwin D. Martin House, Buffalo, New York 1904.
* Frank Lloyd Wright Home 1898.
* Charles Weltzheimer Residence, Oberlin, Ohio 1948.
* Wright's Johnson Wax headquarters complex, Racine, Wisconsin 1939.
* The Walter Gale House, Oak Park, Illinois 1893.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Brewster, Mike (July 28, 2004). "Frank Lloyd Wright: America's Architect". *Business Week*. The McGraw-Hill Companies. January 22, 2008 khòaⁿ--ê.
**Sin bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng** (新文學運動), koh kiò **bûn-ha̍k kek-bēng** (文學革命), **pe̍h-ōe-bûn ūn-tōng** (白話文運動), sī Tiong-kok ê chi̍t tiûⁿ bûn-ha̍k kap gú-bûn ê kái-kek ūn-tōng, iû chok-ka kap ha̍k-chiá tī 1910 nî-tāi āu-kî hoat-khí.

Khí-in
------

Sin bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng sī bûn-ha̍k hoat-tián ê chū-jiân chhu-sè. Pe̍h-ōe-bûn bûn-ha̍k ê khai-ki sî-tāi pēng m̄-sī chū Ngó͘-sù khai-sí, ē-tàng tui-sok kàu Bêng Chheng ê pe̍h-ōe-bûn chhòng-chok. *Jû-lîm Gōe-sú*, *Jī-si̍p-liân Bo̍k-tó͘ chi Koài Hiān-chōng*, *Âng-lâu-bāng* lóng-chóng sī iōng pe̍h-ōe-bûn siá chhut-lâi ê. Tiong-kok thoân-thóng bûn-ha̍k kàu liáu Chheng-tiâu boa̍t-kî, bô-lūn si sû sán-bûn, siáu-soat hì-kio̍k, kan-na í-keng kàu biān-lîm tô͘ kiông kiû piàn ê kai-toāⁿ, hàn-bûn iā sek-bî. Sêng-chiap kòe-khì Tông-tiâu ê piàn-bûn, Sòng Goân ê oā-pún, Kim Goân ê hì-khiok kap Bêng Chheng ê chiong-hôe siáu-soat ê pe̍h-ōe bûn-ha̍k, kiam siū thoân-thóng bîn-kan bûn-ha̍k kap Koaⁿ-ōe ê éng-hióng, kek-sin bûn-ha̍k ê lūn-kiàn chú-tiuⁿ pit-jiân sán-seng.

Ùi Sin-hāi Kek-bēng liáu-āu, Tiong-kok siā-hōe phó͘-phiàn chûn-chāi kok-chióng kái-kek kó͘-chá bûn-hoà ê su-sióng; kî-tiong, sin bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng chú-iàu khí-goân chū 1915 nî Tân To̍k-siù tī Siōng-hái chhòng-pān ê *Chheng-liân Cha̍p-chì* (青年雜誌), lo̍h-bóe kái miâ chò *Sin Chheng-liân* (新青年). Tī Sin Chheng-liân cha̍p-chì lāi, iu-goân í 1917 nî chì 1919 nî chi-kan iû Ô͘ Sek hoat-piáu ê kúi-nā phiⁿ lūn-su̍t ûi tiòng-sim. Pí-lūn 1917 nî 1 goe̍h ê *Bûn-ha̍k Kái-liông Cho͘-gī* (文學改良芻議) kap 1918 nî 4 goe̍h ê *Kiàn-siat tek Bûn-ha̍k Kek-bēng Lūn* (建設的文學革命論) téng-téng. Tòe 1919 nî só͘ hoat-seng ê Ngó͘-sù ūn-tōng, hit-tang-chūn Tiong-kok choân-kok chhiong-boán tio̍h hoán-thoân-thóng (反傳統) kap kiû-kek-sin (求革新) ê ho͘-siaⁿ, chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ thui-tōng sin bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng ê hoat-tián, put-kò sin-bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng kap Ngó͘-sù ūn-tōng chi-kan kî-si̍t pēng bô ti̍t-chiap ê koan-hē.

Sin bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng goân-chū chèng-kio̍k tōng-tōng, lia̍t-kiông khi-lêng kap bîn-cho̍k chū-kak. Chū A-phiàn Chiàn-cheng liáu-āu, Tiong-kok siū-tio̍h lia̍t-kiông ê khoân-sù, chhim-lêng ap-pek, put-toàn pī pek koah-tē pôe-khoán, kok-ka lōe-iu-gōe-hoàn, hui-siông giâm-tiōng. Tì-sek hūn-chú hō-tiàu bîn-cho̍k chū-kak, put-ûi-î-le̍k, tui-sûn bîn-cho̍k tô͘-kiông chi lō͘, bē-chió kek-sin ūn-tōng in-chhú sán-seng. Chia-ê ūn-tōng ê éng-hióng m̄ kan-na tī chèng-tī hong-bīn, iā chhì-kek tì-sek hūn-chú tùi Tiong-kok bûn-hoà, su-sióng, bûn-ha̍k ê tiông-sin su-khó, ín-khí phó͘-kip kàu-io̍k ê su-kiû, chek-ke̍k thui-tōng sin bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng ê sán-seng.

Sin bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng lâi-chū "giân-bûn it-thé" (言文一體) ê su-kiû. Hàn-bûn chò-ûi kū bûn-ha̍k ê ke-si, í-keng put-ha̍p-sî-gî, bōe-tàng sek-èng sin sî-tāi kap pò-chiong cha̍p-chì ê su-iàu. Ka-siōng se-hong sin ha̍k-būn ê chhì-kek, it-chhè sin ha̍k-su̍t kap sin su-sióng, pit-su í chi̍t chióng sin bûn-thé chiah thang hó piáu-ta̍t liû-thiòng. In-chhú iú-sek-chi-sū thê-chhiòng pe̍h-ōe-bûn, lâi phó͘-kip kap khai-hòng kàu-io̍k, kái-chìn bîn-tì.
Bí-kok tē-5 jīm chóng-thóng James Monroe
**Monroe Chú-gī** (Eng: *Monroe Doctrine*) sī Bí-kok tē-5 jīm chóng-thóng James Monroe tī 1823 nî hoat-piáu ê chi̍t hāng koan-î Bí-chiu tāi-lio̍k khòng-chè-koân ê Bí-kok gōa-kau chèng-chhek. Monroe Chú-gī seng-bêng Au-chiu kok-ka nā-sī chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ tùi Pak Bí-chiu kap Lâm Bí-chiu ê thó͘-tē chìn-hêng si̍t-bîn, tùi in-ê chèng-koân chìn-hêng kan-ū, lóng ài kā che khoàⁿ-chò sī chhim-lio̍k ê hêng-ûi, Bí-kok lóng ài kài-ji̍p. Bí-kok mā seng-bêng bōe khì kan-ū hiān-chûn ê Au-chiu si̍t-bîn-tē, mā bōe chham-ú Au-chiu kok-ka lāi-pō͘ ê sū-bū.

Hit-tang-chūn, chha-put-to só͘-ū ê La-teng Bí-chiu si̍t-bîn-tē lóng í-keng ia̍h-sī tng-teh tui-kiû to̍k-li̍p, pái-thoat Se-pan-gâ kap Phû-tô-gâ ê si̍t-bîn thóng-tī. Lēng-gōa, Bí-kok mā hām Eng-kok ta̍t-sêng kiōng-sek, hi-bāng Au-chiu sè-le̍k m̄-thang koh chìn-ji̍p Bí-chiu.

Monroe Chú-gī ê bo̍k-tek hām éng-hióng lo̍h-bóe liân-sòa liáu chhiau-kòe chi̍t-ê sè-kí ê sî-kan.
**Châi-bū koán-lí** (財務管理) sī tùi cho͘-chit lāi ê chu-kim su-iàu kap chu-kim tiû-chhò͘ thê-kiong khó-lêng-sèng ê tiâu-chéng oa̍h-tāng. Tī Eng-gí tiong, ū-sî iā hō-chò kim-iông (*finance*); m̄-koh, hām kim-iông bô-kāng, châi-bū koán-lí chù-tiōng kong-si ê chu-kim su-kiû kap tiû-chhò͘, chu-pún kiat-kò͘, kó͘-lī chèng-chhek téng. Tī Eng-gí tiong tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kui-lūi chò kong-si lí-châi (*corporate finance*). Ah lí-châi iáu-koh pau-hâm tio̍h tâu-chu koán-lí téng chē-chē kî-thaⁿ lōe-iông.

Châi-bū koán-lí sī tī it-tēng ê chéng-thé bo̍k-piau hā, koan-î chu-sán ê kò͘-tì (tâu-chu), chu-pún ê iông-thong (tiû-chu), keng-êng tiong hiān-kim liû-liōng (êng-ūn chu-kim) kap lī-sûn hun-phòe ê koán-lí. Se-hong châi-bū-ha̍k chú-iàu iû saⁿ tōa léng-he̍k kò͘-sêng, chiū sī kong-si châi-bū, tâu-chu-ha̍k kap hông-koan châi-bū. Kî-tiong, kong-si châi-bū tī Tiong-kok tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ pī hoan-e̍k chò "kong-si lí-châi-ha̍k" ia̍h "khì-gia̍p châi-bū koán-lí".

Châi-bū koán-lí ê bo̍k-piau ū sán-ti̍t chòe-tāi-hòa, lī-sûn chòe-tāi-hòa, kó͘-tong châi-hù chòe-tāi-hòa kap khì-gia̍p kè-ta̍t chòe-tāi-hòa téng.
Cheng-chú chham loán-chú kiat-ha̍p chiâⁿ-chò siū-cheng-loán.
**Siū-cheng-loán** (受精卵; *zygote*), he̍k-chiá **ha̍p-chú** (合子), tī hoat-seⁿ seng-bu̍t-ha̍k lāi sī the̍h-lâi biâu-su̍t seng-bu̍t ê tē-it kai-toāⁿ, chit-sî i kan-na sī chi̍t ê tan-sè-pau. Chi̍t lia̍p siū-cheng-loán thong-siông sī thàu-kòe nn̄g ê tan-pōe-thé sè-pau, chhin-chhiūⁿ cha-bó͘ ê loán-chú hām cha-po͘ ê cheng-chú, thàu-kòe siū-cheng kiat-ha̍p chò-hóe só͘ hêng-sêng ê jī-pōe-thé sè-pau. Só͘-í siū-cheng-loán pau-hâm liáu lâi-chū lāu-pē kap lāu-bú ê DNA, thê-kiong liáu chi̍t ê sin ê kò-thé ê choân-pō͘ ûi-thoân sìn-sit.

Tī chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t ê seⁿ-thoàⁿ kòe-têng tiong, siū-cheng liáu-āu só͘ hêng-sêng ê siū-cheng-loán ē soá-tāng chì su-loán-kńg, hun-lia̍t chò koh-khah chē ê sè-pau, tān-sī i-ê toā-sè pēng bōe kái-piàn. Siū-cheng-loán ê hun-lia̍t sī iú-si hun-lia̍t. 
Só͘-ū ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t chāi it-seng tiong lóng ē keng-kòe siū-cheng-loán chit-ê kai-toāⁿ. Siū-cheng-loán ē hoat-io̍k chiâⁿ-chò phoe-thai, jiân-āu piàn-sêng the-jî.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  O’Reilly, Deirdre. "Fetal development," *MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia* (2007-10-19). Retrieved 2009-02-15.
2. ↑  Klossner, N. Jayne and Hatfield, Nancy. *Introductory Maternity & Pediatric Nursing,* p. 107 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006).
Pìⁿ bâi-ho̍k-khí ê ē-táu **tì-hūi-khí**
**Tì-hūi-khí** (Hàn-jī: 智慧齒, Eng-gí: *wisdom teeth*) he̍k-sī **tì-khí**, tio̍h-sī **tē-3 tمōa-kiū-khí** (第三大臼齒, *third molar*), pâi-lia̍t tī khí-lia̍t (齒列, *dentition*) múi 1-ê *quadrant* ê siāng āu-piah, lóng-chóng ū 4 khí. Tì-hūi-khí thiⁿ-chan tāi-khài tī 18 kap 20 hòe chi-kan, m̄-koh ū lâng ē khah-bān chhut-khí. Tì-hūi-khí tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ bô-hoat-tō· thiⁿ-chan oân-choân, khā tī tē-2 tōa-kiū-khí ê āu-piah ē-kha, án-ne kiò-chò pa̍k-khí (縛齒, 阻生牙, *impacted teeth*).Tì-hūi-khí pa̍k-khí bô pō· mi̍h-kiāⁿ ê kong-lêng, gâu tui-chek khí-khún-pan ín-khí tē-2 tōa-kiū-khí ê āu-piah ē-kha khí-kin chiù-khí he̍k-sī gê-chiu-iām, nā-sī án-ne tio̍h-ài khiā tī ī-hông ê li̍p-tiûⁿ sū-sian kā bán-tû. Bán-tû pa̍k-khí ê siāng-hó sî-ki sī tī 20 hòe chó-iū, khang-chhùi khah-hó siu-sok , hù-chok-iōng mā khah-chió. M̄-koh ūi-tì siūⁿ chhim-pō· ê pa̍k-khí chin pháiⁿ bán-tû iū-koh bē ín-khí chiù-khí he̍k-sī gê-chiu-pēⁿ, gê-i-su ē khó-lū soán-tek bô-beh bán-tû; tēng-kî koan-chhat, nā-ū hoat-seng kî-thaⁿ ê pēⁿ-piàn (病變), chiah-koh bán-tû.

Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
-----------------


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|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Wisdom teeth*** |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Gê-khí kái-phòa-ha̍k |
| --- |
|  |
| Beng-miâ-hoat | 
* Glossary of dentistry
* Universal Numbering System

 |
|  |
| Lâng ê chhùi-khí | 
* Éng-kiú-khí
	+ Mn̂g-khí
	+ Kak-khí
	+ Sió-āu-chan
	+ Āu-chan
* Ni-khí

 |
|  |
| Siōng-go̍k-kut ê chhùi-khí | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Mn̂g-khí | 
* Chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí
* Lateral incisor
* Canine

 |
|  |
| Sió-āu-chan | 
* First premolar
* Second premolar

 |
|  |
| Āu-chan | 
* First molar
* Second molar
* Tē-3 tōa-kiū-khí

 |

 |
|  |
| Hā-go̍k-kut ê chhùi-khí | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Mn̂g-khí | 
* Central incisor
* Lateral incisor
* Canine

 |
|  |
| Sió-āu-chan | 
* First premolar
* Second premolar

 |
|  |
| Āu-chan | 
* First molar
* Second molar
* Tē-3 tōa-kiū-khí

 |

 |
|  |
| Chhùi-khí ê kok-pō͘-hūn | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Crown | 
* Cusp
	+ Cusp of Carabelli
* Zuckerkandl's tubercle

 |
|  |
| 
* Khí-chhoé
* Kin-kńg tī-liâu
	+ Apical foramen

 |
|  |
| 
* Cementoenamel junction
* Khí-iū-chit
* Dental-enamel junction
* Khí-pún-chit
* Dental papilla

 |
|  |
| 
* Mamelon

 |
|  |
| 
* Dental alveolus

 |

 |

 |
**Āu-chin-siòng(siàng) chèng-tī** (後-, Eng-gí: *post-truth politics*) sī 1 khóan chèng-tī hiān-siōng. Kin-kù *Oxford Eng-gí Sû-tián*, "āu-chin-siàng" hêng-iông kan-sia̍p iah-sī piáu-sī 1 chióng chêng-hóng, chiū sī tùi chiâⁿ û-lūn　(輿論, *public opinion*) lâi kóng, kheh-koan--ê sū-si̍t pí sò͘-kiû kám-chêng kap kok-jîn sìn-gióng khah bô éng-hióng. Mā thang kóng chin-siàng kap sū-si̍t bô-hoat-tō͘ hō͘ tāi-chiòng sio thīn, tian-tó sī ka-kiông kám-chêng chiah thang the̍h-tio̍h chi-chhî.

2016 nî, Oxford Sû-tián kéng chit sû chò 2016 nî--ê tāi-piáu-sû (-詞). Chóng-chhâi Casper Grathwohl piáu-sī, "post-truth" siōng chá chhut-hiān tī 1992 nî, m̄-koh 2016 nî chit-ê sû--ê sú-iōng-lu̍t (-率) pí 2015 nî ke 20 poē, tī Eng-kok thoat-au (脫歐) kong-tâu kap Bí-kok Kiōng-hô-tóng thui-chiàn Donald Trump chò 2016 nî bî-kok chóng-thóng hāu-soán-jîn--ê sî, Eng-gí--ê āu-chin-siòng hőng chia̍p-chia̍p sú-iōng. I iā kóng in-ūi siā-kûn bāng-chām (Eng-gí: *Social Network Service*) chiām-chiām piàn-chó sin-bûn lâi-goân, lâng mā m̄ sìn thoân-thóng lâi-goân--ê sin-bûn chin-siòng, "āu-chin-siòng" chiah chiām-chiām-á chiâⁿ-chò choan-iú--ê sû.

Chù-kha
-------

1. ↑  Mā tha̍k-chò "î-lūn". "Tâi-ji̍t Tāi-sû-tián tùi "Û-lún" (輿論)--ê kiám-sek kiat-kó". 2016-12-03 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  "post-truth - definition of post-truth in English (Oxford Dictionaries)". Oxford University Press. 2016-12-03 khòaⁿ--ê. (Eng-gí)
3. ↑  Kùi Ka-chê (桂家齊) (2016-11-16). "川普當選後　「後真相」（Post-truth）成年度代表字". Phōng-kó Ji̍t-pò. 2016-12-03 khòaⁿ--ê. (Koaⁿ-oē)
Hō-ló Wikipedia thâu-ia̍h ê QR Bé
**QR Bé** sī 1994-nî Ji̍t-pún kong-si Denso (hiān-chhú-sî kiò Denso-Wave) khai-hoat--chhut-lâi ê 1-khoán jī-chhù-goân ê sûn-bé, ēng o͘ pe̍h kau-koah ê keh-á khoán-sek lâi tāi-piáu chu-liāu. **QR** sī tùi **Quick Response** lâi--ê, in-ūi tong-goân-chhoe khai-hoat ê sî, tō ǹ̍g-bāng tiān-chú ke-si thang kín-chia̍p tha̍k che sûn-bé ê chu-liāu. QR Bé sī chit-má Ji̍t-pún siōng tiāⁿ khoàⁿ-tio̍h ê jī-chhù-goân sûn-bé.

Ji̍t-pún QR Bé ê piau-chún JIS X 0510 sī tī 1999-nî 1--goe̍h kong-pò͘--ê, chit-hāng piau-chún tùi-èng--ê sī 2000-nî 6--goe̍h he̍k-chún ê ISO/IEC18004.

Tia̍t-teng
----------

Tī QR Bé 4-ê kak-á lāi-té, ū 3-ê kak-á ū ìn chiàⁿ-sì-kak-hêng, he khoán-sek chhin-chhiūⁿ 1-ê pe̍h--ê sù-hong-chhioh téng-koân, koh tha̍h 1-ê khah sè-ê ê o͘-sek sù-hong-chhioh, chit-3-ê chiàⁿ-sì-kak-hêng sī hō͘ kái-bé nńg-thé lia̍h ūi ê tô͘, sú-iōng-chiá m̄-bián siòng-chún, m̄-koán ēng sím-mi̍h kak-tō͘, tiān-chú ke-si lóng ē-ēng-tit tha̍k-tio̍h chu-liāu.

Phó-thong ê sûn-bé sī kā chu-liāu kià-chò hoâiⁿ--ê, m̄-koh QR Bé sī kāng-sî-chūn kā chu-liāu kià-chò ti̍t--ê kap hoâiⁿ--ê, chit-khoán siat-kè sī beh pó-chûn sò͘-jī lia̍h-goā ê chū-liāu, hō͘ lô-má-jī, Hàn-jī kap kana mā ē kià-tit.

Siōng toā ê gia̍h-siàu
----------------------

* Sò͘-jī: 7,089-ê
* Lô-má-jī (US-ASCII): 4,296-ê
* Jī-chìn-ūi-sò (8 bit): 2,953-ê ūi-goân
* Hàn-jī kap kana: 1,817-ê

Si̍t-iōng
---------

QR Bé goân-té sī khì-chhia kang-tiûⁿ ēng lâi koán liāu--ê, taⁿ í-keng chia̍p tī ta̍k-tô͘ ê chûn-hoè koán-lí sú-iōng. Kìⁿ-nā ū RS-232C kài-bīn ê tiān-chú ke-si hām kái-bé nńg-thé, thàu-koè lia̍p-tô͘-khì he̍k-chiá-sī kha-me-lah tō ē-tàng kā QR Bé ê chu-liāu tha̍k--chhut-lâi.

Ji̍t-pún ê chhiú-ki-á kong-si chín ū tī chng kha-me-lah ê chhiú-ki-á lāi-té kah tha̍k QR Bé ê nńg-thé, chin-chē bāng-chām, cha̍p-chì hām kóng-kò téng-téng mā lóng khai-sí ēng QR Bé thê-kiong ho̍k-bū.

Links
-----
**Éng** (湧), **hong-éng** (風湧) ia̍h **hái-éng** (海湧), sī hái, ô͘, thâm téng-téng só͘-chāi, chúi siū-tio̍h goā-la̍t só͘-ín-khí ê chit-chióng hiān-siōng. Hong sī kî-tiong kài chú-iàu-ê in-sò͘. Hong ê kiông-tō͘, chhe-ê hoān-ûi, kah chhe goā-kú lóng oē-ū bô-kâng-ê éng. Sio-oá nn̄g-gê éng kài-koân nn̄g-tiám ê kū-lî sī goā-tn̂g, chi̍t-gê éng ê kài-kè-tiám kap i kài-koân-tiám ê kū-lî sī goā-koân, éng î-soá sok-tō͘ ê kín-bān hong-hiòng, éng sī siū sím-mi̍h goā-la̍t lâi khí-tì--ê, téng-téng sī líau-kái éng ê siong-koan ê ki-pún tì-sek.

Niau-pi-pa ê hái-éng.
Chúi-bīn sī tông-sî siū-tio̍h bô-kâng hong-hiòng, bô-kâng le̍k-liōng ê hong teh chhe, tì-sú lán só͘ khoàⁿ-tio̍h ê chúi-bīn sī kok-chióng hêng-thé-ê éng só͘ chong-ha̍p khí-lâi--ê kiat-kó: ū niau-pi-pa ê chúi-bīn. Chū-án-ne lán mā oē-tàng iû khoàⁿ bô-kâng--ê chúi-bīn lâi liáu-kái hiān-siōng, lâi thui-chhek bī-lâi hái-nih ê piàn-hoà.

Éng nā jú-tn̂g, sok-tō͘ jú-kín. Éng nā jú-koân, kài-koân-tiám ê éng nā-sī chih-chài boē-tiâu, éng tio̍h-oē phoà-khì hō͘-lán khoàⁿ-tio̍h pe̍h-phe̍h. Hái-éng tī goā-hái koáⁿ chi̍t-pâi koh chi̍t-pâi ê éng hiòng hái-hoāⁿ ek-kè--lâi, chiūⁿ hoāⁿ liáu-āu, éng phoà, siau-sit-bû-chong. Sū-si̍t-siōng i oē pun chhut nn̄g-kó͘ thoa-la̍t chiok-kiông ê chúi-lâu, chi̍t-kó͘ sūn hái-phiâⁿ ê chhiâ-tō͘ kiâⁿ hái-tóe kah chi̍t-kó͘ lî-hoāⁿ ê chúi-lâu lâi khoài-sok lâu-chhut toā-hái. Che nā chhim-tō͘ an-choân sī lán-lâng ka-kī o̍h siû-chúi bián-lâng-kà chin-hó ê chō͘-la̍t kah khoân-kéng. M̄-koh, nā tùi hái-phiâⁿ tē-hêng bô-se̍k koh siuⁿ-chhim, hái-piⁿ sńg-chúi ê lâng oē hoat-seng giû-hiám, lâi sit-lo̍h, mā-sī tī chia.
Iratay is located in Lân-sūIratayIratayIratay tī Lân-sū ê ūi-tì.
**Iratay**, Hàn-miâ Hî-lâng (漁人), sī Lân-sū lâm-pō͘ ê chi̍t ê Tao-cho̍k pō͘-lo̍k, hêng-chèng-siōng sio̍k-tī Tâi-tang-koān Lân-sū-hiong Âng-thâu-chhoan Iratay khiā tī Imatoron kap Imorod tiong-kan, sī tó téng bīn-chek siōng sè ê pō͘-lo̍k.

Miâ-chheng
----------

Iratay sī tùi Tao-gí gí-sò͘ *ratay* lâi ·ê. *Ratay* ê ì-sù sī pêⁿ-po͘. Gōa-chnge ê lâng mā kā Iratay kiò-chò Ilasapen, ì-sù sī hō͘ tōa-chúi im-khì ê só͘-chāi.

Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi, Iratay ba̍t hō͘ Ji̍t-pún-lâng hō-miâ chò 南根村, Iwatashi, Iwatasu. Chiàn-āu, 1947 nî, Iratay hŏng hō chi̍t ê Hàn-miâ kiò-chò Hî-lâng (漁人).

Tē-lí
-----

Iratay ūi-tī Tâi-soaⁿ (臺山, 236 m) tang-lâm-khàm ê gâi-chui tui-chek-chân (崖錐堆積層; Eng-gí: talus deposit). Iratay ê lâm-hong sī Pat-tāi-oan.

Bûn-hòa
-------

* Lân-un Bûn-kàu Kî-kim-hōe (蘭恩文教基金會)
* Tâi-oân Ki-tok Tiúⁿ-ló Kàu-hōe Hî-lâng Kàu-hōe (臺灣基督長老教會漁人教會)

Kau-thong
---------

### Ki-tiûⁿ

* Lân-sū Ki-tiûⁿ ūi-tī Iratay ê sai-pêng, sī Lân-sū ê mn̂g-hō͘ chi-it.

### Kong-lō͘

* TW THWtt80.svg Tang-80-sòaⁿ: Iratay ūi-tī Tang-80-sòaⁿ 29.5K ê só͘-chāi.

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  "蘭嶼的地名：蘭嶼地誌資料庫介紹" (PDF), *民族學研究所資料彙編* (ēng Hôa-gí), 中央研究院民族學研究所, **185**, p. 221, 2007, 2022-08-17 khòaⁿ--ê
2. ↑  "武界部落【Bukai】" (ēng Hôa-gí). 原住民族委員會. 2015. goân-loē-iông tī 2021-01-15 hőng khó͘-pih. 2022-08-05 khòaⁿ--ê. .
3. ↑  黃清琦 (2016-07-24). "蘭嶼部落「被命名」的經過" (ēng Hôa-gí). 2022-08-17 khòaⁿ--ê.
Tiong-kok kho-ha̍k-īnn Tshim-tsùn sian-tsìn ki-su̍t gián-kiù-īnn tang-lâm mn̂g.
**Tiong-kok kho-ha̍k-īnn tshim-tsùn sian-tsìn ki-su̍t gián-kiù-īnn** (hàn-gú: 中國科學院深圳先進技術研究院, kán-tshing kiò-tsò **Tshim-tsùn sian-tsìn-īnn** (深圳先進院)), khiā-tī Tiong-kok Kńg-tang síng Tshim-tsùn tshī Lâm-san khu Tshim-tsùn tāi-ha̍k siânn, Kong-bīn khu kong-bîng kho-ha̍k siânn. Sîng-li̍p tī 2006-nî, iû Tiong-kok khoh-ak-īnn, Tshim-tsùn tshī jîn-bîn tsìng-hú í-ki̍p Hiong-káng tiong-bûn tāi-ha̍k sam-hong kiōng-tông sóo kiàn-li̍p.

Li̍k-sú ên-kik
--------------

### Tshim-tsùn sian-tsìn ki-su̍t gián-kiù-īnn

2006-nî, 9-gue̍h, Tiong-kok kho-ha̍k-īnn tshim-tsùn sian-tsìn ki-su̍t gián-kiù-īnn sîng-li̍p.

2009-nî, 5-gue̍h, Tiong-kho-īnn Tshim-tsún sian-tsìn-īnn ji̍p-tsū Tshim-tsùn tāi-ha̍k-siânn; 12-gue̍h, Tiong-kho-īnn Tshim-tsún sian-tsìn-īnn thong-kuè Tiong-kok kho-ha̍k-īnn hām Tshim-tsùn tshī ê tsìng-sik giām-siu.

2010-nî, 1-gue̍h, Tiong-kho-īnn Tshim-tsùn sian-tsìn-īnn tsio-khui tē-it kài li-su-huē.

2013-nî, 6-gue̍h, Tiong-kok kho-ha̍k-īnn tē-it king ê tsuan-gia̍p ha̍k-īnn Tiong-kok kho-ha̍k-īnn tshim-tsùn sian-tsìn ki-su̍t gián-kiù-īnn sîng-li̍p.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "人民网：院市合作共建中科院深圳先进技术研究院----中国科学院". *www.cas.cn*. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2020-10-23. 2020-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  "深圳先进技术研究院入驻新园区". *中国科学院*. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2023-02-25. 2023-02-25 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. ↑  "中科院深圳先进技术研究院12月17日正式通过验收". *中国政府网*. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2023-02-25. 2023-02-25 khòaⁿ--ê.
4. ↑  "深圳先进院第一届理事会一次会议召开". *中国科学院*. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2023-02-25. 2023-02-25 khòaⁿ--ê.
5. ↑  "中国科学院大学深圳先进技术学院在深揭牌成立-中新网". *www.chinanews.com*. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2020-10-23. 2020-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Chinese Academy of Sciences (中國科學院)
* Black Hornet Nano

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院Ia̍h-bīn chûn-àn pī-hūn
 (Hàn-gí)
* 突破技術封鎖 中國自主研發核磁共振儀成功並啟動量產 (Hàn-gí)
*"Thn̂g-lūi" choán lâi chia, khah thong-sio̍k ê ì-sù chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ: thn̂g.*
**Thoàⁿ-chúi-hoà-bu̍t** (Eng-gí: *carbohydrate*) sī hâm-ū sng-sò͘, chúi-sò͘, kap thòaⁿ-sò͘ ê hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t. I sī iû tan-thn̂g-lūi ê thn̂g cho͘-sêng, ē-sái iōng hòa-ha̍k-sek Cn(H2O)n lâi piáu-sī, he̍k chit-chióng sêng-hun ê ián-seng-bu̍t. 

Pau-koah si̍t-bu̍t kap tōng-bu̍t ê tāi-to-sò͘ seng-bu̍t chāi-lāi, bó͘-mih-á thòaⁿ-chúi-hòa-bu̍t sī lêng-liōng tû-chûn kap choán-î ê tiōng-iàu hêng-sek. Àn-chiàu cho͘-sêng ê thn̂g ê sò͘-bo̍k, thòaⁿ-chúi-hòa-bu̍t ē-sái hun-chò: tan-thn̂g (chhan-chhiūⁿ phô-thô-thn̂g kap kó-thn̂g), siang-thn̂g (*disaccharide*; chhan-chhiūⁿ chià-thn̂g, be̍h-gê-thn̂g kap ni-thn̂g), chió-thn̂g (*oligosaccharide*), kap to-thn̂g (*polysaccharide*; chhan-chhiūⁿ tiān-hún, koaⁿ-thn̂g, kap chhiam-ûi-sò͘. 

Kó-thn̂g (Fischer projection)
Tan-sûn ê thòaⁿ-chúi-hòa-bu̍t hâm-ū thòaⁿ-sò͘, chúi-sò͘ kap sng-sò͘ goân-chú, í 1:2:1 ê mole pí-lu̍t cho͘-sêng, ē-sái siá chò hun-chú-sek C*n*(H*2*O)*n*. (Chit-ê hun-chú-sek kan-taⁿ sek-ha̍p tan-thn̂g, ah C*n*(H*2*O)*m* khah sek-ha̍p tāi-to-sò͘ ê thòaⁿ-chúi-hòa-bu̍t. Sui-bóng chiâⁿ-chē tiōng-iàu ê "carbohydrate" sī ián-seng chū chit-ê kiat-kò, chhan-chhiūⁿ deoxyribose kap glycerol, in pēng-bô hù-ha̍p giâm-keh ê thòaⁿ-chúi-hòa-bu̍t ê tēng-gī, só·-í in m̄-sī thòaⁿ-chúi-hòa-bu̍t. Ū chi̍t-kóa hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t hâm-ū kî-thaⁿ ê goân-sò· mā sǹg-sī thòaⁿ-chúi-hòa-bu̍t (chhan-chhiūⁿ chitin, i hâm-ū nitrogen). 

Siāng kán-tan ê thòaⁿ-chúi-hòa-bu̍t sī tan-thn̂g, 1 tiâu sè-tiâu ti̍t-ti̍t ê aldehyde kap ketone kò·-chō, tû-tiāu siang-pêng-thâu ê kong-lêng-ki bô í-gōa, ū chē-chē ê hydroxyl group tī ta̍k-ê carbon ê piⁿ-á. Kî-thaⁿ ê thòaⁿ-chúi-hòa-bu̍t sī iû tan-thn̂g chò tan-ūi lâi cho·-sêng, ē-sái thàu-kòe chúi-kái lâi hun-kái. Hâm 2 ê tan-thn̂g ê kìo-chò siang-thn̂g, 2 ê kàu 9 ê ê kiò-chò chió-thn̂g, 10 ê í-siōng ê kìo to-thn̂g.
Tiáu Píng-kun 
Tiáu Píng-kun
**Tiáu Píng-kun** (hàn-gú: 趙秉鈞; 1859-nî 2-gue̍h 3ji̍t—1914-nî 2-gue̍h 26-ji̍t; **Tiō Píng-kun**), jī Tì Am (智庵), Tiong-kok Hô-lâm síng Jú-tsiu (汝州) Ti̍k-lē tsiu (直隸州) jîn-sū. Tiong-kok tshing bua̍t bîn tshoo tsìng-tī-ka, Uân Sè-khái êtshin-sìn. Iah-sī Tiong-kok hiān-tāi kìng-tshat tsè-tōo tshòng-sí jîn. Tiong-hua bîn-kok tshoo-nî pat tam-jīm kuè Tiong-hua bîn-kok kok-bū tsóng-lí; pīng-tshiánn teh tong-sî ka-ji̍p kok-bîn-tóng tam-jīm lí-sū. M̄-ko kî-āu in-uī puē-hū Sòng Kàu-jîn gū tshì àn (遇刺案) ê hiâm-gî jî-lâi sî-khì tsóng-lí it-tsi, iû Tuān Kî-suī tsiām-khuân. Āu--lâi tiòng-hong sí-bông.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  李宗一《趙秉鈞》中国社会科学院近代史研究所 (1980). *民国人物传 第2卷*. 中華書局.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Tiong-kok kìng-tshat tsè-tōo (中國警察制度)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

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|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Zhao Bingjun*** |

* 趙秉鈞是怎麼死的 (Hàn-gí)
* 后人忆史：民国总理赵秉钧死于中风 与宋案无关 (Hàn-gí)
* 笔者：走进民国总理赵秉钧 (Hàn-gí)
**Tn̂g-oē Hoan-jī Chho͘-ha̍k** (hàn-jī: 唐話番字初學) sī Chheng-tiâu Hâm-hong 2 nî (1852 nî) ê sî-chūn, iû Talmage bo̍k-su tī Ē-mn̂g khan-teng ê kà-chheh, choan-bûn kài-siāu Pe̍h-oē-jī ê sú-iōng hong-sek. Chit pún Pe̍h-oē-jī kà-chheh lóng-chóng 15 ia̍h, tong-chho choān-siá ê chú-iàu bo̍k-tek sī beh the̍h lâi hoan-e̍k *Sèng-keng*. Chheh-miâ tiong só͘ kóng ê "Tn̂g-oē" chiū-sī Bân-lâm-gí ê Ē-mn̂g hong-giân, ah "Hoan-jī" chiū-sī Lô-má-jī.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Chit pún chheh iân-khí chū 1850 nî ê Ē-mn̂g, 1852 nî ôan-sêng. Bân-lâm-gí pán-pún ê *Sèng-keng* *Lō͘-tek-kì*(1853), *Lō͘-ka Hok-im*(1866), *Loh-hān It-su*, *Loh-hān Jī-su*, *Loh-hān Sam-su*(1870) kah *Má-thài Hok-im*(1872) lóng sī chham-khó chit pún kà-chheh ê hong-àn. Tâi-ôan ê *Tâi-oân Kàu-hōe Kong-pò* (台灣教會公報) mā chhái-iōng chit pún chheh só͘ chè-tēng ê chit thò pheng-im bûn-jī.

1894 nî, Talmage bo̍k-su kòe-sin 2 nî liáu-āu, koh chhut-pán *Ē-mn̂g-im ê jī-tián* (廈門音个字典), sī chìn chi̍t pō͘ sú-iōng Pe̍h-oē-jī phian-pâi ê Bân-lâm-gí Ē-mn̂g hong-giân jī-tián.

Siong-koan
----------

* Pe̍h-oē-jī
* Ē-mn̂g-im ê jī-tián
**Ji̍t-pún kok-tsè būn-tê gián-kiù-sóo** (ing-gú: Japan Institute of International Affairs; kán-tshing **JIIA**; ji̍t-gú: 公益財団法人日本国際問題研究所 (nihon kokusai mondai kenkyūshio (にほんこくさいもんだいけんきゅうしょ)), kán-tshing **Kok-būn-gián** (国問研, koku mon ken (こくもんけん))) sī Ji̍t-pún ê tsi̍t-king guā-kau tsìng-tshik hām an-tsuân tì-khòo [en]. JIIA sîng-li̍p tī 1959-nî 12-gue̍h, sī-í Ing-kok hông-ka kok-tsè sū-bū gián-kiù-sóo (Chatham House) tíng-tíng ki-kòo uî lâm-pún. Ji̍t-pún siú-siòng Yoshida Shigeru (吉田茂) sī JIIA ê tē-1 jîm tsú-si̍k. JIIA ê hiān-jīm tsú-si̍k sī Ji̍t-pún guā-bū-síng tsiân pōo-tiúnn kiam tsù Bí-kok tāi-sài Sasae Kenichiro (佐佐憲一郎).

Kin-kì guā-kau tsa̍p-tsì hām Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k Lauder gián-kiù-sóo tì-khòo kah Civil Societies Program ê sòo-kì, JIIA sī Ji̍t-pún ê tíng-kip tì-khòo, teh A-tsiu tíng-kip tì-khòo pâi-miâ tang-tiong pâi tē-1: Tiong-kok, Ìn-tōo, Ji̍t-pún kah Hân-kok.

JIIA sī tsi̍t-ê su-jîn ê, bô tóng-phài ê tsìng-tshik tì-khòo, hū-tsik sím-tsa Ji̍t-pún ê guā-kau tsìng-tshik pīng hiòng jit-pu tsìng-hú thê-tshut kiàn-gī. JIIA í-king tshut-pán 100 guā-pún tsheh. JIIA iah-koh tshut-pán tsit-hūn kuan-î guā-kau sū-bū ê Ji̍t-gú gue̍h-khan Kokusai Mondai. JIIA tsan-kingt lē-sio̍k teh guā-kau-pōo.

JIIA tīng-kî tsoo-tsit lūn-tân, gián-thó-huē kap kok-tsè huē-gī, hōo Ji̍t-pún hām kok-tsè tsuan-ka thó-lūn kah piān-lūn Ji̍t-pún ê guā-kau tsìng-tshik hām sè-kài sū-bū.

JIIA iah-koh khai-tián kap A-thài tē-khu, Tang-pak-a, Bí-tsiu, Au-tsiu, Gôlôsu kah to̍k-lián-thé, Tiong-tang hām Hui-tsiu, an-tsuân kah tsuân-kiû-huà iú-kuan ê guā-kau tsìng-tshik būn-tê ê gián-kiù kè-uē.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "ABOUT US - JIIA -The Japan Institute of International Affairs-". *www2.jiia.or.jp*.
2. ↑  *The Think Tank Index*, Foreign Policy, goân-loē-iông tī 2009-01-19 hőng khó͘-pih
3. ↑  *PENN LIBRARIES Scholarly Commons*
4. 1 2  "RESEARCH & PUBLICATION - JIIA -The Japan Institute of International Affairs-". *www2.jiia.or.jp*.
5. ↑  "EVENT - JIIA -The Japan Institute of International Affairs-". *www2.jiia.or.jp*.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Kenichirō Sasae
* Chatham House
* Think tank
* Foreign Affairs

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Official Website of JIIA (English)

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 159390186
* LCCN: n50064644
* ISNI: 0000 0001 2238 6520
* GND: 108639206X
* SUDOC: 059396032
* BNF: cb121782387 (data)
* NDL: 00281432
* CiNii: DA00330796

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**Pak-iông kun-i ha̍k-tông** (hàn-gú: 北洋軍醫學堂; **Pak-iûnn kun-i ha̍k-tông**) khai-sí tshòng-li̍p tī 1902-nî (Tshing Kong-sū 28-nî), sī kin-á-ji̍t teh Tâi-uân ê kok-hông i-ha̍k-īnn, hi̍k-tsiá kiò-tsò Kok-hông i-ha̍k tiong-sim (NDMC) ê tsiân-sin. Iōng tsit-khuánn ê tshing-hoo tio̍h-hōo Tiong-hua bîn-kok kok-hông i-ha̍k-īnn tsiânn-tsò Tiong-hua bîn-kok kun-sū īnn-hāu tang-tiong li̍k-sú siōng iu-kiú ê ha̍k-hú.

Li̍k-sú
-------

Pak-iông kun-i ha̍k-tông tshòng-li̍p tī 1902-nî 11-gue̍h 14-ji̍t, sī hit tong-sî Ti̍t-lē tsóng-tok pak-iông tāi-sîn Uân Sè-khái sóo tshòng-li̍p, iû Pak-iông kun-tsìng-su kun-kio̍k hū-tsik tiû-pān. Kun-i-kio̍k tsóng-pān Sû Huâ-tshing (徐華清/Tshî Huâ-tshing) kiam-jīm ha̍k-tông tsóng-lí. Phìng-tshiánn Ji̍t-pún tsū-kun pēnn-īnn ê īnn-tiúnn Hiraga Seijilou (平賀精次郎/ひらが せいじろう) lio̍k-kun jī-tíng kun-i-tsìng (軍醫正) uî tsóng-kàu-si̍p (總教習). Tsuan-bûn puê-ióng Pak-iông lio̍k-kun kun-i uî bo̍k-ti̍k, tī 1902-nî 12 gue̍h 1-ji̍t kú-pān thâu-tsi̍t-kî tsio-sing khó-tshì, lio̍k-tshú tsiann-pī ha̍k-guân 46 jîn. 1902-nî 12-gue̍h khai-sí siū-khò. 1903-nî tshun-thinn, ho̍k-tshì tsin-suántsin-sua, tsiann-tshú ha̍k-sing 37-jîn; uî lio̍k-tshú ê ha̍k-guân khàu-tû miâ-gia̍h, tio̍h-sî hù-khò tsiá (附課者). Kin-kì Pak-iông kun-i ha̍k-tông tsiong-tîng (北洋軍醫學堂章程), ha̍k-tsè 3-nî puànn, siat-li̍p tsóng-huē-pān 2-guân, tsóng-kàu 1-guân, hun-kàu 8-guân. Pak-iông ta̍k-nî puah-khuánn 2 bān-niú king-huì. 1906-nî tshòng-pān io̍h-kho. Tīng Siū (鄭壽), Bīng Bo̍k-tik (孟目的), Tîn Phok (陳璞) tíng-tíng jîn-sū sian-āu tam-jīm tsú-jīm.

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn
------------------

* 天津史志丛刊. 1, 二十世纪初的天津概况 [地方志] / 日本中国驻屯军司令部编 ; 侯振彤译 (1986年4月第1版) 内部发行. (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Pak-iông hông-i̍k pēnn-īnn (北洋防疫醫院)
* Thian-tsin kuann pēnn-īnn (天津官醫院)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* 国防医学院首页-National Defense Medical Center，NDMC (Hàn-gí)
**Tiong Tîng-gio̍k** (hàn-gú: 張廷玉; 1672-nî 10-gue̍h 29-ji̍t—1755-nî 5-gue̍h 19-ji̍t; **Tiunn Tîng-gio̍k**), jī Hîng-sîn (衡臣), hō Giân-tsai (研齋), Tiong-kok An-hui Tông-sîng (桐城) jîn-sū, tshut-sin Tông-sîng Tiong-sī ka-tso̍k. Tshing-kok tsing-ti jîn-bu̍t, Khong Iong Khiân (康雍乾) sam-tiâu tiōng-sîn; "Bîng-sú" tsóng-tsuán kuan (總纂官), sí-āu phuè-hióng thài-biō. Tiong Tîng-gio̍k teh Khong-hi 39-nî (1700-nî) kho-tiòng tsìn-sū. Khong-hi tiâu, jīm Hîng-pōo Tsó sū-lông (左侍郎). Iong-tsìng tiâu, jīm Lé-pōo Siōng-su (禮部尚書), Hōo-pōo Siōng-su (戶部尚書), Lī-pōo Siōng-su (吏部尚書), Pó-hê tiān Tāi-ha̍k sū (保和殿大學士), Kun-ki tāi-sîn (軍機大臣) tíng-tíng, uân-siān Kun-ki tshú (軍機處) tsè-tōo. Khiân-liông nî-kan, ka-hong Thài-pó (太保); āu tik-tsuē Khiân-liông tè, hiám-á tso-hō. Āu-lâi iu-guân i-kì Iong-tsìng tè i-bīng phuè-hióng thài-biō, sī tshing-tiâu uî-it phuè-hióng thài-biō ê hàn-tso̍k tāi-sîn. Sī Bûn-hê (文和).

Sing-pîng
---------

### Khong-hi tiâu

Khong-hi 11-nî 9-gue̍h tshe 9-ji̍t (1672-nî 10-gue̍h 29-ji̍t), Tiong Tîng-gio̍k tshut-sì teh kiann-su. Sī Khong-hi tiâuTāi-ha̍k sū Tiong Ing ê kiánn. Khong-hi 39-nî (1700-nî), kho-tiâu tsìn-sū, siū hān-lîm-īnn (翰林院) kiám-thó (檢討), ji̍p-ti̍t Lâm su-hông (南書), In-uī pē-bú siong-sū tńg--khì. Ting-iu uân-pit, kái-jīm Su-king kio̍k (司經局) Sé-bé (洗馬). Li̍k-jīm Sū-tsí (庶子), Sū-káng ha̍k-sū (侍講學士), Luē-kok ha̍k-sū (內閣學士)[1]. Khong-hi 59-nî (1720年), siū Hîng-pōo Tsó sū-lông (左侍郎). Suann-tang iâm-huàn (鹽販) Ông Bí-kong (王美公) tíng-tíng kiû-tsi̍p tsiòng-jîn thuân-kàu, Sûn-hú (巡撫) Lí Sū-tik (李樹德) bīng-līng tāi-pōo tîng-tî, lia̍h--tio̍h 150 guā-lâng. Tshing sìng-tsóo (清聖祖) bīng Tiong Tîng-gio̍k hām Too-thóng (都統) Thok-lāi (託賴), Ha̍k-sū Ting Tik (登德) it-tông sím-lí, í sat 7-jîn, liû-hòng 35-jîn sut-pian (戍邊) tīng-àn. Tshù-nî siū Lé-pōo tsó sū-lông (吏部左侍郎).

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  《清史稿》（卷288）:"五十九年，授刑部侍郎。山東鹽販王美公等糾眾倡邪教，巡撫 李樹德令捕治，得百五十餘人。上命 廷玉與都統託賴、學士 登德會勘，戮七人、戍三十五而讞定。旋調吏部。" (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Kun-ki tshú (軍機處)
* Kun-ki tāi-sîn (軍機大臣)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* 雍正與張廷玉之情誼 (Hàn-gí)
* 張廷玉--張英家族三人 (Hàn-gí)


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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 57982381
* LCCN: n83002654
* ISNI: 0000 0001 2134 6447
* GND: 1013308093
* SUDOC: 18521276X
* BNF: cb170369131 (data)
* NLA: 36617403
* NDL: 00748650
* BNE: XX4723406

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**ChatGPT** (Eng-gí: *Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer*), ì-sù ī **Khai-káng Seⁿ-sêng Ī-hùn-liān Piàn-ōaⁿ Bô͘-hêng**, sī OpenAI khai-hoat ê chi̍t ê jîn-kang tì-lêng khai-káng ke-khì-lâng thêng-sek, tī 2022 nî 11 goe̍h thui-chhut. Chit-ê thêng-sek sī kin-kì GPT-3.5 kè-kò͘ ê tōa-hêng gí-giân bô͘-hêng pēng thàu-kòe kiông-hòa ha̍k-si̍p lâi chìn-hêng hùn-liān.

ChatGPT bo̍k-chiân iu-goân sī ēng bûn-jī hong-sek hō͘-tōng, ah tû-liáu ē-tàng thàu-kòe jîn-lūi chū-jiân tùi-ōe hong-sek chìn-hêng hō͘-tōng, iáu-koh ē-tàng chò siong-tùi ho̍k-cha̍p ê gí-giân khang-khòe, pau-hâm chū-tōng bûn-jī seⁿ-sêng, chū-tōng būn-tap, chū-tōng tiah-iàu téng chāi-lāi ê chē chióng jīm-bū. Chhin-chhiūⁿ: tī chū-tōng bûn-jī seⁿ-sêng hong-bīn, ChatGPT thang kin-kì su-ji̍p ê bûn-jī chū-tōng seⁿ-sêng lūi-sū ê bûn-jī (kio̍k-pún, koa-khek, khì-oe̍h téng-téng); tī chū-tōng būn-tap hong-bīn, ChatGPT thang kin-kì su-ji̍p ê būn-tê chū-tōng seⁿ-sêng tap-àn; iáu-koh ū pian-siá kap tû-chhò tiān-náu thêng-sek ê lêng-le̍k. Tī thui-kóng kî-kan, só͘-ū lâng thang bián-hùi chù-chheh, pēng tī teng-ji̍p liáu-āu bián-hùi sú-iōng ChatGPT si̍t-hiān hām AI ke-khì-lâng tùi-ōe.

Chù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "ChatGPT – Release Notes". goân-loē-iông tī August 4, 2023 hőng khó͘-pih. August 4, 2023 khòaⁿ--ê.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* **ChatGPT** tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn.
* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām

* ChatGPT Prompt Engineering for Developers, course by Andrew Ng and OpenAI
* Can ChatGPT write a podcast episode? (*Planet Money* podcast, May 2023)
* Will Chat GPT do more harm than good? (Gary Marcus and Keith Teare debate, February 2023)
* The Cost of AI - "Projected Revenue & Losses Worldwide"
* "What OpenAI Really Wants" by *Wired*
* Videos:
	+ Study finds ChatGPT struggles with public health referrals (CBS, June 2023)
	+ What if ChatGPT had a body? (ABC, March 2023)
	+ What is ChatGPT? (BBC, January 2023)
	+ How good is ChatGPT? (CNN, January 2023)
	+ Cheating With ChatGPT (*WSJ*, December 2022)
Phòa-chhùi ê chū-iû
**Kong-bîn chū-iû** (公民自由; *civil liberties*) sī kong-bîn ê chèng-tī chū-iû. Kong-bîn chū-iû hān-chè tio̍h chèng-hú ê koân-le̍k, hông-chí chèng-hú lām-iōng koân-le̍k kap kiáu-chhá i-ê kong-bîn ê seng-oa̍h. Ki-pún ê kong-bîn chū-iû pau-koat tio̍h chi̍p-hōe chū-iû, chong-kàu chū-iû kap giân-lūn chū-iû. Tông-sî, kong-bîn mā ū-koân iau-kiû ha̍p-hoat ê sò͘-siōng têng-sū, kong-pêng ê sím-phoàⁿ kòe-têng, ún-su-koân kap chū-ngó͘ hông-ōe ê koân-lī. Chiâⁿ-chē sè-kài téng ê bîn-chú kok-ka, iû-kî sī Bí-kok kap Au-chiu, lóng ū kok-chū ê hiàn-hoat lâi pó-chiòng kong-bîn chū-iû, bîn-chù chèng-hú mā ū-chek-jīm pó-hō͘ chia-ê kong-bîn chū-iû; tian-tò-péng, koân-ui-chú-gī kok-ka tiō khiàm-khoeh chia-ê pó-hō͘, chèng-hú sīm-chì ē chú-tōng chhim-hoān chia-ê chū-iû. Chi̍t-kóa chū-iû sī-m̄-sī sio̍k-î kong-bîn chū-iû mā chûn-chāi tio̍h cheng-gī, in sī-m̄-sī ài pī pó-hō͘ mā sī cheng-lūn ê gī-tê. Ū-cheng-gī ê lē pau-koat tio̍h seⁿ-si̍t ê koân-li, tông-sèng hun-in í-ki̍p chhî-iû chhèng-ki ê koân-lī. Tû-chhú-chi-gōa, tio̍h-sǹg sī pī hoat-lu̍t pó-hō͘ ê kong-bîn chū-iû, ū-sî-chūn mā ē pī hòe-chí, iû-kî sī tī chiàn-cheng ê sî-kî.
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9 goe̍h 26
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Abe Sinzô kin-á-ji̍t chèng-sek tòng-soán, chē-ūi chiâⁿ-chò Ji̍t-pún tē-90-jīm ê siú-siòng, i mā-sī in kok chū Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn kah taⁿ, siōng-kài siàu-liân ê siú-siòng, kin-nî chiah 51-hoè.

(IHT)

9 goe̍h 20
----------

Ji̍t-pún Chū-iû-bîn-chú-tóng kin-á-ji̍t soán-kí chóng-chhâi, ū-koân soán-kí--ê sī in tóng ê kok-hoē gī-oân (403-ê) kap tóng-oân (300-phiò), kiat-kó Abe Sinzô tòng-soán, i sī Chū-iû-bîn-chú-tóng tē-21-jīm ê chóng-chhâi, pān-phoe tī 9 goe̍h 26 ê lîm-sî kok-hoē hoē-kî--ni̍h, Abe Shinzo ē soà-chiap Koizumi Zyun'itirô chiâⁿ-chò Ji̍t-pún ê tē-90-jīn siú-siòng. (Yomiuri)

9 goe̍h 19
----------

Thài-kok hoat-seng chèng-piàn. Kun-tūi thàn chóng-lí Thaksin Shinawatra tī Bí-kok chham-ka Liân-ha̍p-kok tāi-hoē ê sî, khòng-chè chèng-hú kap tiān-sī-tâi, soan-pò· kài-giâm. Che sī Thài-kok chit 15-tang thâu-chi̍t-pái ê kun-tūi chèng-piàn. Kun-hong tī keh-tńg-kang kóng, in chip-chèng sī chiām-sî--ê, tī chèng-tī kái-kek liáu-aū, ē kā chèng-koân hêng hō· jîn-bîn.(FT)
Kang-tiûⁿ
**Kang-tiûⁿ** (工場), ia̍h **kang-chhiúⁿ** (工廠), sī teh seng-sán hòe-bu̍t ê tōa-hêng kang-gia̍p kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t. Tōa pō͘-hūn ê kang-tiûⁿ lóng ū siat tōa-hêng ke-khì ia̍h iû siat-pī kò͘-sêng ê seng-sán-sòaⁿ.

Siāng chá-kî ê kang-tiûⁿ (pí-lūn 18 sè-kí khí tī Eng-kok si̍t-bîn-tē ê kang-tiûⁿ) pēng bô tōa-hêng ê chū-tōng-hòa ke-khì. Hit-tang-chūn ê kang-tiûⁿ sûn-chhùi sī hō͘ chi̍t tīn chiông-sū chhiú-kang-gia̍p (chhin-chhiūⁿ pháng-chit-gia̍p) ê kang-lâng chū-chi̍p khí-lâi, chò-hóe chìn-hêng seng-sán khang-khòe. Chit chióng chò-hoat khah hó koán-lí, ah goân-liāu mā khah ē-tàng ū-hāu hun-phòe.

Ti̍t-kàu tōng-le̍k chit-pò͘-ki kap cheng-khì-ki téng ki-hāi hoat-bêng liáu-āu, khai-sí chhut-hiān í ke-khì seng-sán ê kang-tiûⁿ. Ki-hāi kap khó-thè-ōaⁿ ê lêng-kiāⁿ hō͘ seng-sán koh-khah ū hāu-lu̍t, mā kiám-chió hùi-bu̍t. Kang-tiûⁿ ê tōa-liōng chhut-hiān sī kang-gia̍p kek-bēng ê khai-toan.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* LCCN: sh85046823
* GND: 4250288-3
* HDS: 013882
* NDL: 00566918
* BNE: XX527704

 |

 |
Ko-hiông Kang-tiûⁿ tōa-mn̂g.
**Ji̍t-pún A-lú-mih Tu-sek Hōe-siā** (日本アルミニウム株式會社 *nippon aruminiumu kabusiki-gaisya*; Eng-gí miâ: *The Japan Aluminium Company, Limited*), sī Tâi-oân Tiān-le̍k Tu-sek Hōe-siā ê siā-tiúⁿ Matuki Kanitirô (松木幹一郎) kap hù-siā-tiúⁿ Andati Husazirô (安達房治郎) thui-tōng hā, Isaka Takasi (井坂孝) téng si̍t-gia̍p-ka tī 1935 nî kiàn-li̍p ê a-lú-mih chè-chō hōe-siā.

In pún-siā tī Tang-kiaⁿ, tē-it keng kang-tiuⁿ siat tī Ko-hiông-chhī, āu-lâi mā tī Hoa-lian-káng-chhī kap Ji̍t-pún pún-thó͘ ê Yawata-chhī (八幡市) siat chhiúⁿ. In--ê kang-tiûⁿ tī Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn tang-tiong siū-hāi giâm-tiōng.

Chiàn-āu ê chhú-tì
------------------

In ùi Tâi-oân ê sán-gia̍p chiàn-āu sī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok siu chò Tâi-oân Lú-gia̍p Kong-si, āu--lâi koh bē hō͘ Tiong-kok Kǹg-thih, kái hō Tiong-kǹg Lú-gia̍p.

Chham-khó
---------

* *昭和十八年 臺灣會社年鑑*. 臺灣經濟研究會. 1942.
* "日本アルミニウム會社". *臺灣を代表するもの*. 臺灣新聞社. 1935.
* 陳慈玉 (2012). "日本統治期における台湾輸出産業の発展と変遷（下）". *立命館経済学*. 立命館大学. **61** (1).

Siong-koan
----------

* Ji̍t-pún A-lú-mih Tu-sek Hōe-siā Ko-hiông Kang-tiûⁿ
**Ak-chhân** (Eng-bûn: *irrigation*), bûn-giân kóng-hoat sī **koàn-khài** (灌溉), sī lī-iōng jîn-ûi ê hong-sek lâi sú-iōng thian-jiân kàng-chúi (hō͘-chúi) í-gōa ê kî-thaⁿ chúi-goân lâi kiong-kip thó͘-tē ia̍h-sī thô͘-jióng chúi-hūn. Ak-chhân tōa-pòaⁿ lóng sī iōng-lâi chèng-choh lông-chok-bu̍t he̍k-chiá kî-thaⁿ si̍t-bu̍t, lēng-gōa iā ē-ēng iōng-lâi î-chhî kéng-koan. Oân-choân bô lī-iōng ak-chhân ki-su̍t ê lông-gia̍p chhân-hn̂g pī hō-chò bô-chúi-chhân.

Ak-chhân hē-thóng iā ē iōng-lâi ah-chè thô͘-hún iáu-ū pâi-hòng u-chúi. Ak-chhân hē-thóng chia̍p-chia̍p hām pâi-chúi hē-thóng tàu-tīn gián-kiù, hō͘-chiá sī iōng-lâi pâi-tû chi̍t ê só͘-chāi tē-piáu ia̍h-sī tē-piáu í-hā ê chúi-hūn ê thian-jiân he̍k-chiá jîn-kang ki-su̍t. Ak-chhân ē-ēng kóng sī lông-gia̍p hoat-tián ê tiong-sim te̍k-teng, iā sī bûn-hòa ê sêng-kó; i sī chē-chē kok-ka keng-chè kap siā-hōe ê ki-chhó͘.

Te̍k-sû ki-su̍t
---------------

* Tih-chúi-ak (*drip irrigation*)
* Îⁿ-kho͘-ak (*circle irrigation*)

Siong-koan
----------

* Ak-chúi


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Ak-chhân*** |
Type of Tshiú-liû-tān [en]{{SHORTDESC:Type of Tshiú-liû-tān [en]|noreplace}}
РГД-5 и запал для неё, отверстие для запала в корпусе гранаты закрыто пластмассовой пробкой, чтобы не попадала грязь.
Граната РГД-5 в разрезе (музей ДОСААФ в Минске)
Сумка на две гранаты, из комплекта снаряжения, ВС СССР, 1982 год.
**RGD-5** (РГД-5 (Индекс ГРАУ — 57-Г-717); gô-gú: Ручная Граната, Дистанционная); ing-gú: uán-tîng tshiú-liû-tān (hand grenade remote)) sī tsi̍t-tsióng jī-tsiàn liáu-āu soo-liân sat-siong phuà-phìnn tshiū-liû-tān, siat-kè tī 20 sè-kí 50 nî-tāi tshe. RGD-5 tī 1954-nî khai-sí teh soo-liân kun-tuī ho̍k-i̍k. RGD-5 kóng-huàn tshut-kháu, tsì-kim iû-uân teh Tiong-tang hām tsiân soo-liân tsi̍p-thuân ê tsiânn-tsē kun-tuī tang-tiong ho̍k-i̍k.

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn
------------------

* Hogg, Ian V. (1991). *Jane's Infantry Weapons 1991-92*. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-0963-9.  (Eng-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Gôlôsu bú-khì lia̍t-tuann (List of Russian weaponry)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Photos of RGD-5 grenades at inert-ord.net
* Labelled diagram of an RGD-5 grenade
* RGD-5 data (in Russian)
* Various photos of Russian RGD-5s
* Photo of Chinese Type 59 grenade (RGD-5 clone)
* Video #2 of RGD-5 being thrown
* Video #3 of RGD-5 being thrown
Édouard Manet ê chok-phín *Le Suicidé*
**Chū-sat** (自殺; Eng-bûn: *suicide*), he̍k-chiá **chū-chīn** (自盡), **kiâⁿ té-lō͘** (行短路), sī thiâu-kang chō-sêng ka-kī sí-bông ê hêng-ûi. Chū-sat hêng-ûi ê hoat-seng it-poaⁿ sī ut-chut ê kiat-kó; khí-in tī cheng-sîn-pēⁿ, pí-lūn iu-ut-chèng, sò-ut-chèng, cheng-sîn-hun-lia̍t-chèng, pian-iân-sèng jîn-keh chiòng-gāi, chiú-cheng tiòng-to̍k, ia̍h-sī io̍h-bu̍t lām-iōng, lēng-gōa iáu-koh ū ap-le̍k in-sò͘ chhan-chhiūⁿ keng-chè khùn-lân, jîn-chè koan-hē būn-tê, kap lêng-tī téng-téng in-sò͘. Chū-sat hông-tī ê khang-khòe pau-koat hān-chè chiông-sū chū-sat hêng-ûi ê hong-hoat kap ki-hōe, pí-lūn chhèng-ki kap to̍k-io̍h koán-chè, tī-liâu cheng-sîn-pēⁿ, iáu-ū kái-siān keng-chè tiâu-kiāⁿ. Sui-jiân gûi-ki jia̍t-sòaⁿ chin chia̍p-khòaⁿ, m̄-koh in tùi chū-sat hông-tī hāu-kó pēng-bô ti̍t-chiap koan-liân.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Paris, J (June 2002). "Chronic suicidality among patients with borderline personality disorder". *Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)*. **53** (6): 738–42. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.6.738. PMID 12045312.
2. ↑  Hawton K, van Heeringen K (April 2009). "Suicide". *Lancet*. **373** (9672): 1372–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X. PMID 19376453.
3. ↑  Bottino, SM; Bottino, CM; Regina, CG; Correia, AV; Ribeiro, WS (March 2015). "Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review". *Cadernos de saude publica*. **31** (3): 463–75. PMID 25859714.
4. ↑  Sakinofsky, I (June 2007). "The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses". *Canadian Journal of Psychiatry*. **52** (6 Suppl 1): 7S–20S. PMID 17824349.
Chiu Pek-ngá
**Chiu Pek-ngá** (周柏雅, 1959 nî 3 goe̍h 8 ji̍t - ) sī Tâi-oân ê chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t, Chiong-hoà-koān Tiân-tiong-tìn lâng. 2009-nî 2 goe̍h 8 ji̍t, Chiu Pek-ngá iû Bîn-chú Chìn-pō͘-tóng teng-tiàu tāi-piáu Bîn-chìn-tóng chham-soán chiân li̍p-úi Lí Khèng-an (李慶安) in-ūi siang-têng kok-chi̍p-àn só͘ lâu-lo̍h--lâi ê Tâi-pak-chhī tē-6 soán-khu li̍p-úi pó͘-soán。

2010-nî 12 goe̍h 25 ji̍t, Chiu Pek-ngá tāi-piáu Bîn-chìn-tóng soán Tâi-pak-chhī Gī-hoē hù-gī-tiúⁿ. Choè-āu í 1-phò iâⁿ-koè Kok-bîn-tóng tê-miâ ê goân-jīm hù-gī-tiúⁿ Tân Kím-siông (陳錦祥). I chiâⁿ-choè Tâi-pak-chhī Gī-hoē thâu-chi̍t-ê Bîn-chìn-tóng tóng-che̍k hù-gī-tiúⁿ.

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  北市立委補選 民進黨周柏雅對決國民黨蔣乃辛 2009 nî 2 goe̍h 9 ji̍t，《Chū-iû Tiān-chú-pò》

Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Tâi-pak-chhī Gī-hoē gī-goân kán-kài
* Chiu Pek-ngá bāng-lō͘ ho̍k-bū-chhù
* Chiu Pek-ngá ê Blog
**Chng Koan-eng** (莊鵑瑛), mā hō **Sió Kiû** (小球), 1985 nî tshut-sì, sī Tâi-uân ê tshòng-tsok kua-tshiú. Mā sī ga̍k-thuân Mî-hue-thn̂g ê tsú-tshiùnn. Ga̍k-thuân tsū 2013 nî hiu thuân. 2017 nî hô khuân-kiû im-ga̍k tshiam-iok, í kò-jîn bîng-gī "Sió Kiû" kè-sio̍k huat-tián ián-gē sū-gia̍p. 

2007 nî ê sî, Sió Kiû tsham-ka tāi-ha̍k ê kua tshiùnn pí-sài, hōo tsò phîng-sím ê sím siànn tiat huat ku̍t, nn̄g kò-jîn tàu-tīn tsoo-sîng Mî-hue Thn̂g ga̍k-thuân. Hō tsit-ê thuân miâ sī in-uī sió kiû ê kua-siann tshin-tshiūnn mî-hue thn̂g kâng-khuán nńg-khiū-khiū. 

Mî-hue thn̂g tuì ke-thâu khai-sí, ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á luí-tsik, tsū-tsi̍p ua̍t lâi ua̍t tsē kua-bê, sīm-tsì tī-leh bāng-lōo siōng tit tio̍h "tsit-sì-lâng it-tīng ài thiann-kuè hiān-tiûnn ê ga̍k-thuân" tsit khuán ê miâ-siann.

2013 nî, ga̍k-thuân sîng-li̍p 6 nî ê sî, kuat-tīng beh tsiām-sî hioh sik. Archived 2020-06-06 at the Wayback Machine.

2014 nî, sió kiû khai-sí í kò-jîn ê sin-hūn huat-tián. Tsit tuānn kî-kan, i huat liáu nn̄g tiunn tuann-khik kiam tsi̍t pún tsheh.

2016 nî, ián-tshut bú-tâi hì "sìng-tàn khuài-lo̍k".

2017 nî, tī-leh Tâi-uân tō-ián Gūi Tek-sèng ê im-ga̍k tiān-iánn "52 Hz guá ài lí" lāi-té tshut ián lú tsú-kak. Kāng nî, í khuân-kiû im-ga̍k tshiam iok kua-tshiú ê sin-hūn, huat-hîng tē-it tiunn kò-jîn tsuan-tsi̍p. 

2018 nî, huat-hîng tē-jī tiunn kò-jîn tsuan-tsi̍p "pa suh ti̍k hī-á"hô tsi̍t pún huē pún *tsin-si̍t sè-kài*.
| ?**Chúi-pit-á**
 |
| --- |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k ê hun-lūi** |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  Kài: | Plantae |
|  Mn̂g: | Magnoliophyta |
|  Kong: | Magnoliopsida |
|  Ba̍k: | Malpighiales |
|  Kho: | Rhizophoraceae |
|  Sio̍k: | *Kandelia* |
|  Chéng: | *K. candel* |

 |
| **Siang-bêng-hoat** |
| ***Kandelia Candel***? |

**Chúi-pit-á** (水筆仔), **Chúi-pit** (水筆), **Ka-tîn** (茄藤), **Âng-hái-ka-tang** (紅海茄苳) sī chi̍t-chióng âng-chhiū kho ê si̍t-but. Sī âng-chhiū-nâ chú-iàu ê si̍t-but chi-it.

* Ha̍k-kho: *Rhizophoraceae* (Âng-chhiū kho)
* Ha̍k-miâ: *Kandelia candel*

Tī Pat-lí, Tām-chúi kap Kan-tāu iân-hōaⁿ ê tām-chúi-hô ê khe-piⁿ ê âng-chhiū-nâ chú-iàu sī chúi-pit-á. Sin-tek ê hái-hōaⁿ ê âng-chhiū-nâ sî hái-ka-tang thàu-lām chúi-pit-á. 

Chúi-pit-á tī chhiū oe thâu puh khì-kin théⁿ--leh, hio̍h-á tùi-siⁿ, ke-nn̄g-hêng, kāu-kāu ē hóan-kng. Chí puh-íⁿ liáu-āu, ùi tì-thâu-á seⁿ tn̂g-ko-hêng ê chhiⁿ-sek the-seng-biâu (胎生苗), gōa-phê khah ku̍t-liu.

Liân-kiat
---------

* Si̍t-bu̍t ê Tâi-oân-miâ: Chúi-pit-á Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine.
**Tāng lia̍p-tsí hòng-siā tī-liâu** (ji̍t-gú: 重粒子線がん治療 (じゅうりゅうしせんがんちりょう), ing-gú: heavy particle therapy, charged particle radiotherapy, heavy ion therapy tíng-tíng; **tāng lia̍p-tsí hòng-siā-suànn gâm-tsìng tī-liâu**), sī tsi̍t-luīlī-iōng ka-sok kàu kín tsì kong-sok 70% ê tāng lia̍p-tsí hòng-siā-suànn tī-liâu tsíng-liû ê hong-huat. In-uī Tāng lia̍p-tsí hòng-siā tī-liâu kū-iú ē-sái tsìn-hîng ko tsè-liōng kio̍k-pōo tī-liâu ê ti̍k-sìng, iōng thuànn lia̍p-tsí sok tsing-khak tīng-uī tsíng-liû ê pēnn-piàn. Teh hōo gâm-tsìng pēnn-tsàu tsiok-gia̍h siong-hāi ê tông-sî, mā ē-tàng siōng-tuā hān-tōo lâi kiám-tsió tuì tsìng-siông sè-pau ê put-lī íng-hióng. Kah hiān-tsāi kóng-huàn sú-iōng ê kong-tsí hòng-liâu sio-pí, Tāng lia̍p-tsí hòng-siā tī-liâu ē-tàng thê-kiong koh-khah hó ê bu̍t-lí tsè-liōng hun-pòo, í-ki̍p koh-khah kuân ê sing-bu̍t-ha̍k hāu-ìng; tsiū-án-ni ta̍t-tio̍h koh-khah kuân ê kio̍k-pōo khòng-tsè-lu̍t hām koh-khah kē ê hù-tsok-iōng. Tāng lia̍p-tsí hòng-siā tī-liâu sī bo̍k-tsîng siōng sian-tsìn ê hòng-siā liâu-huat tsi-it.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "This radiotherapy utilizes heavy ion (carbon ion) beams". *hirt-japan.info*. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2019-11-21. 2014-03-06 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  Agence France-Presse. "Japanese specialist tests non-surgical 'heavy ion radiotherapy' breast cancer therapy". *Raw Story*. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2014-03-06. 2014-03-06 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Radiation therapy
* Superconducting magnet

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* 国立研究開発法人 量子科学技術研究開発機構 量子医学・医療部門 (Ji̍t-pún-gí)
* 国立研究開発法人 量子科学技術研究開発機構 QST病院 (Ji̍t-pún-gí)
* 群馬大学重粒子線医学研究センター (Ji̍t-pún-gí)
* Tāng lia̍p-tsí gâm-tsìng tī-liâu ki-su̍t kài-siāu (重粒子癌症治療技術介紹) (Hàn-gí)