recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
Lîm Gí-tông, 1939 nî
**Lîm Gí-tông** (林語堂, 1895 nî 10 go̍eh 10 - 1976 nî 3 go̍eh 26), Hok-kiàn Liông-khe (chit-chūn ê Liông-hái) lâng. Gôan miâ kiò-chòe **Hô-lo̍k**, lō͘-bóe kái miâ **Gio̍k-tông**, āu--lâi iū-koh kái-chò **Gí-tông**. Kong-gôan 1912 nî ji̍p-khì **Siōng-hái Sèng Iok-hān Toā-o̍h** (上海聖約翰大學), pit-gia̍p liáu-āu tiàm Chheng-hôa Tāi-ha̍k chòe sian-siⁿ. 1919 nî chhiu-thiⁿ tī Bí-kok **Harvard Toā-o̍h Bûn-ha̍k-hē** (Department of literature of Harvard University) chhim-chō, 1922 nî the̍h-tio̍h sek-sū ha̍k-ūi. Liáu-āu, khì-kàu Tek-kok **Leipzig Toā-o̍h** (University of Leipzig), choan-kong Gí-giân ha̍k. 1923 nî the̍h-tio̍h phok-sū ha̍k-ūi, liáu-āu tò-tńg khì Tiong-kok, tī Pak-kiaⁿ Toā-o̍h chò kàu-siū, iū-koh kiam **Pak-kiaⁿ Lú-chú Su-hōan Toā-o̍h** kàu-bū-tiúⁿ kah **Eng-bûn hē** chú-jīm. 1924 nî liáu-āu, chiâⁿ-chòe *Gí-si* (語絲) ê chú-pit (chú-iàu chok-chiá). 1926 nî, tam-jīm Ē-mn̂g Toā-o̍h **Bûn-ha̍k īⁿ** īⁿ-tiúⁿ. 1927 nî tām-jīm kok-ka Gōa-kau-pō͘ pì-su. 1932 nî, chú-pian pòaⁿ-go̍eh-tâm *Lûn-gí*. 1934 chhong-pan *Jîn-se-kan*, 1935 nî chhòng-pān*Ú-tiū hong* (宇宙風), chhiòng-gī siá-chok ê hong-keh to̍h-ài kian-chhî "**chú-ngó· ûi tiong-sim, sok-chō chheng-êng koh sù-sī ê hong-keh**". 1935 nî liáu-āu, tī Bí-kok iōng Eng-bûn siá liáu 1-kóa-á tú-miâ ê bûn-hòa chok-phín kah **tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat**, pí-lūn-kóng : *Ngô͘-kok Ngô͘-bîn* (吾國吾民), *Kiaⁿ-hôa Ian-hûn* (京華煙雲), *Hong-siaⁿ Ho̍k-lē* (風聲鶴唳) téng-téng. 

1944 nî, Lîm Gí-tông ùi **Bí-kok** tò-tńg khì Tiong-kok, tī Tiōng-khèng káng-o̍h. 1945 nî khì Sin-ka-pho tiû-kiàn Lâm-iûⁿ Tāi-ha̍k, tī hia chò hāu-tiúⁿ. 1952 nî, tī Bí-kok hām pêng-iú chhòng-pan *Thian-hong* cha̍p-chì. 1966 nî khì Tâi-ôan tēng-ki. 1967 nî, hō· Hiong-káng Tiong-bûn Tāi-ha̍k phèng-jīm chò gián-kiù kàu-siū. 1975 nî chiâⁿ-chòe kok-chè pit-hōe hù hōe-tiúⁿ. 1976 nî tiàm Hiong-káng kòe-sin.
Lîm Hiàn-tông sian-siⁿ.
**Lîm Hiàn-tông** (Hàn-jī: 林獻堂; 1881 nî 10 goe̍h 22 ji̍t - 1956 nî 9 goe̍h 8 ji̍t), miâ **Tiau-thim** (朝琛), **Hiàn-tông** sī i ê pió-jī, hō **Koàn-oân** (灌園).

Lîm Hiàn-tông tī Tâi-tiong-chhī Bū-hong-khu chhut-sì, sī Bū-hong Lîm-ka (霧峰林家) ê ka-cho̍k sêng-goân.

Lîm Hiàn-tông sī Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi hô-pêng chèng-tī khòng-cheng ê tāi-piáu jîn-bu̍t, bat thui-tōng Tâi-oân Gī-hōe siat-tì chhéng-goān ūn-tōng (臺灣議會設置請願運動).

1947 nî, Tâi-oân hoat-seng Jī-jī-pat sū-kiāⁿ. Lîm Hiàn-tông kiaⁿ ē hō Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng sat-hāi, só͘-í i chí-ū soán-te̍k lī-khui Tâi-oân, poaⁿ-sóa khì Ji̍t-pún lâi pó-choân sèⁿ-miā, āu-lâi chiū tām hia kòe-sin. Sí-āu, i lo̍h-chòng Tâi-oân. I poaⁿ-sóa toà tī Ji̍t-pún ê sî-chūn, iáu ū lâu-hā tùi Tâi-oân ê su-liām ê si-koa chok-phín: "*Īⁿ-kok kang-san kham sió-chū, kó͘-hn̂g hoe-chháu iú sûi liân?*" (異國江山堪小住，故園花草有誰憐？).
**Vancouver** [ban khu berh] (IPA [vænˈkuːvɚ]) tī Canada British Columbia lāi-bīn ê sai-lâm,
Canada se-pōo té hai/tuā ê siâⁿ-tshī kah hái-káng. Lîn-kháu 58-bān guā (2005-nî), nā hâm kau-khu (GVRD) suah sǹg, lîn
kháu 221-bān kha-tau (2005-nî), Canada tsuân-kok tē-3 miâ. Kah Vancouver-tshī saⁿ-uá-- ê ū 3-gê siâⁿ-tshī: Burnaby,
Richmond, West Vancouver.

Vancouver-káng (Port of Vancouver) sī sè-kài ê miâ-siaⁿ káng-kháu, Vancouver sī Pak-bí ê 
Los Angeles kah New York í-guā, tē-3 hai/tuā ê tiān-iáⁿ tshut-sán tiong-sim, hōng hō-tsuè Pak-Hollywood. Tī 2010-nî tsú-sīr tē-11 kài kuâⁿ--lâng ê Olympics (XXI Olympic Winter Games). Vancouver tī Canada sī sing-ua̍h sîng-pún tē-2 kuì ê sóo-tsāi. Tsuân sè-kài té hó khiā-khí ê 5-gê siâⁿ-tshī, Vancouver ta̍k-nî lóng hūn ū hūn.

Vancouver lua̍h-thiⁿ bô luā lua̍h, ūn-tōo 20 kàu 25 tiong-hng, kuâⁿ-thiⁿ bô luā kuâⁿ, 10 guā tōo, 1-nî lo̍h tsi̍t nn̄g páiⁿ serh. Tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kui-li̍t hōo lo̍h buē lī.

Tsiâⁿ-tsuē Tâi-guân lâng î-bîn lâi Canada, lóng khiā tī Vancouver khah tsuē.
**Tiān-náu** mā-hō **kè-sǹg-ki**, sī 1 cho àn-chiàu chí-lēng (thêng-sek) chhau-chok chu-liāu ê ki-khì. Tāi-khài tī 1940-nî kàu 1945-nî sî, tē-1 tâi ū chhin-chhiūⁿ hiān-tāi tiān-náu ê sán-phín chiah hoat-piáu, sui-jiân chìn-chêng í-keng ū chi̍t-koá-á khài-liām-sèng ê sán-phín. Hit-sî-chūn ê tiān-náu chin toā chiah, chiⁿ kah chi̍t-keng toā pâng-keng boán-boán, chia̍h-ê tiān sī hiān-tāi kò-jîn tiān-náu ê kúi pah poē. Hiān-tāi ê tiān-náu in-ūi ū chek-thé tiān-lō͘, m̄-chiah ē-thang piàn sè-chiah, kong-lêng mā cheng-ka kúi pah-bān poē. Taⁿ, kán-tan ê tiān-náu ē-sái khǹg ji̍p chhiú-pió, chia̍h ê tiān iōng chhiú-pió ê tiān-tî tio̍h ē-sái-tit. Kóng-tio̍h tiān-náu, ta̍k-ke siūⁿ tio̍h chiū sī kò-jîn tiān-náu, kî-si̍t chiâⁿ phó͘-phiàn hông sú-iōng ê sī khàm-ji̍p-sek tiān-náu, he sī iōng lâi khòng-chè kî-thaⁿ-ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ, chiâⁿ-chē sī tī ki-hâi lāi-té. Phì-jû-kóng tī chiàn-tàu hui-hêng-ki, kang-gia̍p ki-khì-lâng, tiān-chú hip-siòng-ki, gín-á sńg-mi̍h.

In-ūi tiān-náu ū-hoat-tō͘ thú-chûn jî-chhiáⁿ chip-hêng chí-lēng, só͘-í kong-lêng chē-chē khoán, che mā sī i kap kè-sǹg-ki ê hun-pia̍t. Church-Turing thesis tio̍h sī teh piáu-ta̍t tiān-náu to-kong-lêng ê chi̍t-ê sò͘-ha̍k lūn-tiám: chi̍t-chiah sè-chiah tiān-náu nā ū chi̍t-koá-á siōng ki-pún ê kong-lêng, goân-chek-siōng tio̍h ē-tàng chò kî-thaⁿ jīm-hô chi̍t-tâi tiān-náu só͘ ē-tàng chò ē khang-khoè. Ia̍h tio̍h-sī kóng, chí-iàu sî-kan kap thú-chûn khong-kan ū kàu, chhiūⁿ kò-jîn sò͘-ūi chō͘-lí iōng ê sè-chiah tiān-náu mā ū-hoat-tō͘ chò chi̍t-tâi chhiau-kip tiān-náu chò ê khang-khoè.
**Tong-keng Gī Sio̍k** (Hàn-jī: 東京義塾; Kok-gú-jī: *Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục*) sī chi̍t keng chûn-chāi sî-kan té-chiām m̄-koh khū-iú tiōng-tāi le̍k-sú ì-gī ê Oa̍t-lâm kàu-io̍k thui-tōng ki-kò͘. I siat-tì chāi Oa̍t-lâm ê Hô-lāi, kū-miâ Tong-keng (東京). Tong-keng Gī Sio̍k ê chhòng-siat sī ūi-tio̍h beh kái-kek 20 sè-kí chho͘-kî, chhú-chāi Hoat-kok si̍t-bîn thóng-tī hā ê Oa̍t-lâm siā-hōe.

Tong-keng Gī Sio̍k tī 1907 nî 3 goe̍h sêng-li̍p, i-ê chú-iàu chhòng-pān-chiá sī Niû Bûn-kan (*Lương Văn Can*), iáu-ū kî-thaⁿ chhut-miâ ê ài-kok-chiá, chhin-chhiūⁿ sī Phoaⁿ Pōe-chu kap Phoaⁿ Chiu-teng téng-téng. In chú-tiuⁿ Oa̍t-lâm èng-kai ài hòng-khì lâi-chū Tiong-kok ê Jû-ka kū su-ûi, pēng-chhiáⁿ ha̍k-si̍p chiap-siū Se-hong kap Ji̍t-pún ê sin su-sióng. Ūi-tio̍h beh thui-tōng sin su-sióng ê kàu-io̍k kap thoân-pò͘, Tong-keng Gī Sio̍k sú-iōng lô-má-hòa ê pheng-im bûn-jī Kok-gú-jī lâi chhut-pán kàu-châi kap pò-chóa. Che tùi āu-lâi Kok-gú-jī ê phó͘-ki̍p sán-seng liáu it-tēng ê chhiok-chìn chok-iōng; iā kàng-kē thoân-thóng Hàn Lâm su-siá ê éng-hióng. Tong-keng Gī Sio̍k thê-kiong jīm-hô siūⁿ beh liáu-kái sin su-sióng ê Oa̍t-lâm jîn-bîn bián-hùi ê kà-chheh kàu-ha̍k.

Tong-keng Gī Sio̍k kā Hàn-bûn, Kok-gú-jī-bûn iáu-ū Hoat-bûn tàu-tīn kàu-siū. Tong-keng Gī Sio̍k ê ki-koan cha̍p-chì *Teng-kó͘ Chông-pò* (*Đăng cổ Tùng báo*) chhái-iōng Hàn-bûn kap Kok-gú-jī chò-ûi su-siá ê hêng-sek; che sī Hô-lāi tē-it pái iōng Kok-gú-jī hoat-hêng ê pò-chóa. 1907 nî 3 goe̍h 28 hō, *Teng-kó͘ Chông-pò* í "An-lâm-lâng èng-kai siá An-lâm bûn-jī" ûi-tê, thê-chhut Hàn Lâm kap Hàn-jī tùi ín-chìn gōa-kok tì-sek ê khùn-lân, chú-tiuⁿ sú-iōng khah hong-piān iā khah cheng-khak piáu-ta̍t ê Kok-gú-jī. Tong-keng Gī Sio̍k tī 1908 nî pī si̍t-bîn-tē chèng-hú hā-lēng hong-só.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Iwatsuki Junichi (岩月純一), *Kīn-tāi Oa̍t-lâm ê Hàn-jī būn-tê*
Lô Tāi-iū (2011)
**Lô Tāi-iū** (羅大佑), Tâi-oân-lâng, sī tī Tâi-oân Tâi-pak-chhī chhut-sì ê Kheh-lâng-á, iā sī Tâi-oân ū-miâ ê chhòng-chok koa-chhiú, im-ga̍k-ka, ū "Hoâ-gú Liû-hêng-ge̍k Kàu-hù" (華語流行樂教父) ê miâ-hō. I bat chhòng-chok pēng ián-chhiùⁿ *Loān-khek 1980* (戀曲1980), *Loān-khek 1990* (戀曲1990), *Tông-liân* (童年), *Kong-im tek Kò͘-sū* (光陰的故事), *Lo̍k-káng Sió-tìn* (鹿港小鎮), *Ài-jîn Tông-chì* (愛人同志), *A-sè-a tek Ko͘-jî* (亞細亞的孤兒), *Iá-peh-ha̍p iá-iú Chhun-thian* (野百合也有春天), *Tang-hong chi Chu* (東方之珠), *Hông-hiō Tāi-tō Tang* (皇后大道東), *Chi-ho͘-chiá-iā* (之乎者也), *Hái-siōng-hoa* (海上花), *Sī-hó͘* (是否), *Bêng-thian Hōe Kèng-hó͘ⁿ* (明天會更好) téng-téng Hoâ-gú, Bân-lâm-gú, kap Oa̍t-gú hui-siông chhut-miâ ê koa-khek, tùi 1980 nî-tāi āu-kî kàu 1990 nî-tāi chho͘-kî hāu-hn̂g bîn-koa kap kui-ê Hoâ-gú liû-hêng im-ga̍k hong-keh choán-piàn ū toā sî-tāi ê éng-hióng, i-ê koa-khek iā sī chē-chē koa-chhiú sio-cheⁿ beh hoan-chhiùⁿ ê tùi-siòng.
**Ka-lí-hin** (佳里興) sī Tâi-oân Tâi-lâm-chhī lāi-té ê chi̍t-ê chū-lo̍h, tī Ka-lí-khu ê hêng-chèng-khu lāi-bīn, só͘-chāi sī Ka-lí chhī-khu kap Ha̍k-kah ê tiong-ng. Pún chng hêng-chèng siōng tāi-iok sī pun hō͘ Ka-hòa-lí (佳化里), Heng-hoà-lí (興化里) kap Lé-hòa-lí (禮化里) lâi koán; kok lí ē-té ê chú-iàu siā-lí hun-pia̍t sī Thâu-chêng-khó͘ (頭前許), Thâm-á-kîⁿ (潭仔墘) kap Āu-piah-chan (後壁曾), kui-ê Ka-lí-hin sī seh Chìn-heng-kiong (震興宮) chò tiong-sim.

Miâ
---

Ka-lí-hin chit-ê miâ sī tùi Pêⁿ-po͘ ê Ka-lí-hin-siā hō--lâi, ì-sù sī "Ka-lí-chó͘ sîn ê tē", ē-ēng-tit kì chò *k-alit-hen*, chit jī ia̍h ū khó-lêng sī chhan-chhiūⁿ chit kóa Lâm-tó-hē giân-gí ê pau-sû kò͘-chō (jī-sû piàn-khoán tàu tī thâu-bóe), tō sī "*Alit* ê só͘-chāi".

Tē-lí
-----

Ka-lí-hin ē-té ê Thâu-chêng-khó͘ siā-lí ūi tī leh Chìn-heng-kiong ê tang-lâm-pêng, chú-iàu sī Tēⁿ-sī sî-kî Chôan-chiû-lâng Khó͘ Hi-tián (許希典) pē-kiáⁿ kòe khui-khún--ê; ùi kiong āu, sī chi̍t ūi kiò chò Āu-piah-chan ê siā-lí, chú-iàu sī 1729 nî tùi Kim-mn̂g kòe khai-ki; nā Chìn-heng-kiong sai-lâm-pêng ê Thâm-á-kîⁿ, chú-iàu ê khai-ki-chiá sī Tēⁿ-sī sî-kî kòe--khì ê An-khe-lâng N̂g Kok-tiâu (黃國朝). Lēng-gōa, Ka-lí-hin koh ū kî-tha sèⁿ-sī chng-thâu, phì-jū Thâu-chêng-khó͘ ê pak-pêng ū Āu-bīn-chhòa, Thâm-á-kîⁿ pak-pêng mā ū sèⁿ Lí ê siā-lí.

Ka-lí-hin ê sì-ûi kî-tha chng-siā, ū So͘-chhù-liâu (蘇厝寮), Lâi-chhian-liâu (萊芊寮), Chhiong-kong-liâu (充公寮), Khó͘-tek-ûi (許竹圍), Khu-tek-ûi (邱竹圍), N̂g-tek-ûi (黃竹圍) téng-téng.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi chá-kî tē-tô͘ téng ê Ka-lí-hin (tiong-ng) kap hū-kīn só͘-chāi.
Ka-lí-hin ū khó-lêng sī kó͘-chá Tēⁿ-sī Thian-heng-koān (天興縣) ê koān-tī só͘-chāi-tē. Chheng-kok thóng-tī chá-kî chiong Chu-lô-koān koān-tī siat ùi pún tē-hng, kàu 1704 nî ê sî chia̍h soah kòe Chû-lô-soaⁿ (諸羅山).

Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi chit ūi siat 1-ê tōa-jī hêng-chèng-khu, 1939 nî ū jîn-kháu 4,900 chó͘-iū.

Chham-khó
---------

1. 1 2  "Ka-lí-hin". *台字田*. 2021-10-22 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. 1 2 3 4  林俊霖 (2009). *佳里鎮的開發與社會變遷 (1623–1945)* (sek-sū thesis). 長榮大學 台灣研究所.
3. ↑  臺灣總督官房企畫部 (1940). *昭和十四年末 臺灣常住戶口統計*.

Liân-kiat
---------

* Google (2017-01-13). "佳里興" (Map). *Google Maps*. Google. 2017-01-13 khòaⁿ--ê.
Thà-hn̂g iōng--ê lôe kap phòe-kiāⁿ.
**Lôe / Lê**, **Gû-lôe / Gû-lê** sī chi̍t-chióng choh-sit iōng ê lông-kū. Tī lâng ū-teh chèng-choh, oē-hiáu chioh pō͘-hūn lio̍k-siù ê la̍t lâi tàu choè khang-khè khai-sí, eng-kai tio̍h ū chit-chióng ke-si. Chāi bô-kâng ê só͘-chāi, bô-kâng ê iōng-tô͘ oē-ū bô-kâng ê hêng-thé ê lôe: thà-hn̂g lê-chhân ēng--ê, siu-sêng choan-iōng ēng--ê.

Chi̍t-tiuⁿ-lôe sī ū lôe-chhia, lôe-thâu, lôe-piah, lôe-chhia-taⁿ, lôe-thok kah nn̄g-tiâu pí gû-sin-tn̂g (gû-keng -- gû āu-chē) khah-tn̂g-sió-khoá ê toā-soh, chi̍t-tiâu khan-heng soh-á lâi cho͘-sêng--ê.

Lôe-thâu, lôe-piah sī ēng siⁿ-á hoan-soa chù-chō ê. Lôe-thâu sī siau-mô͘-phín.

Chāi ēng-lôe thà-hn̂g poâⁿ-péng, lāng-sang hn̂g-thô͘ ê sî, bián-put-liáu liâm-thô͘ oē khâⁿ-tiâu-tī lôe-thâu kah lôe-piah piáu-bīn, hō͘ lôe phû-tī thô͘-bīn bô-hoat-tō͘ chhim-thà. Hit-gê sî-chūn lôe-thok tō oē hō͘-lán the̍h-lâi thuh-tiāu liâm tī lôe-thâu, lôe-piah ê thô͘. Hō͘ lôe koh oē-tàng kè-sio̍k lôe chhut beh-ti̍h ê kau, lāng-sang iâu-boē thà-oân ê hn̂g.

Tī ū chèng-choh ê chhân-hn̂g nn̄g-lân (nn̄g-lêng, nn̄g-choā) tiong-kan thà-hn̂g ê sî, ūi-tio̍h phiah-bián hō͘ gû oân-lō͘ tìⁿ-lôe oân-lō͘ àⁿ-lo̍h chia̍h nn̄g-pêng tióng-sêng ê lông-chok-bu̍t, gû-chhùi tio̍h-oē koà gû-chhùi-láng. Gû-chhùi-láng chá-kî sī ēng tek-bî-á lia̍h--ê. Chit-ma nái-lóng (nylon) soh-á chhin-chhái boé-oē-tio̍h, ka-kī thih-kho͘ áu-áu-ē, soh-á lia̍h-lia̍h-ē tio̍h-ū-a.

Chi̍t-tīn-lâng khì kàu chhân-hn̂g lóng-sī tè hoāⁿ-lôe-bé ê lâng teh-kiâⁿ. Hoāⁿ-lôe-bé ê lâng chha-put-to tio̍h-sī chit-tīn-lâng ê chhoā-thâu. Hoāⁿ-lôe-bé ê ki-su̍t sī ài ha̍k-si̍p, m̄-si chhin-chhái-lâng lóng oē-hiáu--ē.
"Word" choán koè chia. Chhōe kî-thaⁿ ēng-hoat, khòaⁿ Word (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h).
**Jī-sû** (eng. *word*) ia̍h **tan-gí** (ji̍t. 単語), **tan-jī**, **sû-gí**, sī giân-gí piáu-tat ì-sù he̍k-chiá sī gí-giân ūn-iōng ê chòe sió tan-goân. Pí-lūn "Pe̍h-ōe-jī" chit-ê 7 jī-bó ê cho͘-ha̍p tiō sī chi̍t-ê jī-sû. Sui-bóng sī ì-sù ê tan-goân, chit tōaⁿ ōe sī-m̄-sī sǹg chò "chi̍t ê jī-sû", tio̍h siū siá-jī hē-thóng lâi éng-hióng.

Jī-sû ê cho͘-sêng
-----------------

Nā sī chiàu kháu-gí chhut-siaⁿ ê hong-bīn lâi kóng, jī-sû sī siaⁿ-im ê tan-goân im-sò͘ cho͘-sêng--ê; nā sī chiàu siá-jī ê hong-bīn lâi kóng, sī su-kì-sò͘ tan-goân (pí-lūn Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê kò-pia̍t jī-bó) cho͘-sêng--ê. 

Jī-sû ê jīn-tēng hong-sek chē khoán, hâm im-ūn-lūn (*phonology*), chiàⁿ-jī-hoat, bûn-hoat, he̍k-chiá sī ì-bī-lūn téng hong-bīn thang hun-sek. Giân-gí-ha̍k kā jī-sû liáu-kái chò gí-lūi-lūn tan-goân, ia̍h sī kóng gí-lūi-sò͘ (*lexeme*), sī tô͘-ōe kap ho͘-im ê cho͘-ha̍p tī bûn-hoat lí-lō͘ tang-tiong keng-kòe ì-bī-lūn-siōng ê ì-sù seⁿ chiâⁿ ê sán-bu̍t.

Jī-sû ê lō͘-iōng
----------------

Chē-ê jī-sû ē-tàng pai-lia̍t chhut phiàn-gí (*phrase*), bûn-chat (*clause*) kap bûn-kù (*sentence*).

Chham-chiàu
-----------

1. ↑  Peter Kang (2015). *Sio̍k Hô sî-kî Ìn-nî lán-lâng-ōe ê gōa-lâi sû* (PDF). Tâi-oân Lô-má-jī Kok-chè Gián-thó-hōe.
2. ↑  R.R.K. Hartmann; Gregory James (1998). "word". *Dictionary of Lexicography*. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-01768-4.

Liân-kiat
---------

* "Word Meaning". *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*.

Siong-koan
----------

* Hêng-sò͘ (morpheme), ē-sài ēng-lâi sán-seng ì-sù ê chòe sió tan-ūi, pún-sin bô it-tēng ū chi̍t-ê goân-chéng ì-sù.
**Jīn-sek-lūn** sī tiat-ha̍k ê 1-ê hun-ki, mā ū lâng kóng-chò **tì-sek-lūn**. Jīn-sek-lūn só· gián-kiù ê chú-tê, sī chin-lí kap tì-sek ê sèng-chit, goân-thaû hām kài-hān (lâng ē-tàng liáu-kái ê kài-hān téng-téng)

Tī chit-ê léng-he̍k ê thó-lūn, it-ti̍t lóng tì-sim tī leh hun-sek tì-sek ê pún-chit kap tì-sek hām chi̍t-koá sio-oá ê koan-liām (pí-lūn-kóng chin-lí, sìn-taú) tiong-kan ê koan-hē. Ū chin chē thó-lūn kap chèng-sêng (Eng-gí: *justification, theory of justification*) ū tī-tāi. Jīn-sek-lūn ha̍k-chiá ē khì hun-sek ta̍k-hāng tì-sek chú-tiuⁿ aū-piah chèng-sêng ê piau-chún, ia̍h-chiū-sī chú-tiuⁿ ê lâng i tio̍h ū sím-mi̍h kin-kì chiah ē-ēng-tit kóng i chai-iáⁿ bó·-chi̍t-hāng sū-si̍t. It-lâi-jī-khì, jīn-sek-lūn só· mn̄g--ê sī chhin-chhiūⁿ chiah-ê būn-tê: "lí kám ū-iáⁿ chai-iáⁿ lí liōng-kóng lí chai-iáⁿ ê tāi-chì?" kap "lí sī án-choáⁿ chai-iáⁿ lí chai-iáⁿ ê tāi-chì--ê?"

Beh gián-kiù tì-sek ê lí-lūn, khêng-si̍t sī ū chiâⁿ chē bô-kâng ê pō·-sò·--ê, chit-chām-á ū chi̍t-koá sin ê gián-kiù í-keng kā kúi-ā sè-kí ê kū ká-tēng sak-tó, mā in-ūi án-ne, jīn-sek-lūn kah taⁿ iû-goân sī chin oa̍h-tāng ê ha̍k-kho.

Ē-kha sī jīn-sek-lūn tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ chhú-lí ê būn-tê:

* Lán lâng sī án-choáⁿ khak-si̍t chai-iáⁿ 1-hāng tāi-chì/mi̍h-kiāⁿ--ê?
* Lán lâng tùi tāi-chì/mi̍h-kiāⁿ ū toh-chi̍t-koá têng-tâⁿ ê su-khó hong-sek?
* Kám ū hit-khoán ē-tàng khak-tēng su-khó hong-sek sī tio̍h he̍k-chiá-sī m̄-tio̍h ê hong-hoat?
* Chit sè-kan kám ū put-khó-ti ê léng-he̍k tī-leh? Nā chún ū, sī ēng siáⁿ-khoán hêng-thé chûn-chāi--ê?
Ka-lé-hìKa-lé-hì
**Ka-lé-hì**, tī kó͘-chá sî-chūn, mā kiò-chòe **sù-bí-pan** (四美班), che sī in-ūi éng-kòe ê ka-lé-hì kan-ta 4-ê lâng teh piáu-ián, piáu-ián ê kak-sek hun-pia̍t sī **seng** (生), **tòaⁿ** (旦), **pak** (北), **cha̍p** (杂) 4-chióng. Chôan-chiu ê ka-lé-hì, thôan-thóng ê kio̍k-ba̍k ū 700-gōa thò, chha-put-to lóng-chóng sī iōng chhiu-siá ê phō·-á 1-tāi thôan 1-tāi liû-thôan kàu-taⁿ. Ū-ê hì-bûn tī Tiong-kok kî-thaⁿ ê hì-kio̍k tang-tiong lóng m̄-bat khòaⁿ--tio̍h, pí-lūn kóng *tò·-tho* (窦滔). 

Tī Tiong-kok kok-chióng phái-pia̍t ê ka-lé-hì tang-tiong, Chôan-chiu è ka-lé sī ûi-it ū im-ga̍k phòe-ha̍p ián-chhut ê ka-lé hì-kio̍k. Chôan-chiu ka-lé-hì ê khiok-ga̍k hō-chòe **ka-lé-tiāu**, i ê chhiùⁿ-khiuⁿ siaⁿ-tiāu kôan, âu-im pá-chiok, chhiong-bóan hiong-thó· bī. Ka-lé-tiāu kàu-taⁿ iu-gôan pó-liû tio̍h 300-gōa-ê kio̍k-bo̍k ê sôan-lu̍t khiok-tiāu. 

Chôan-chiu ê ka-lé-ang-á gōa-hêng chê-cháⁿ, chè-chok iu-bí, iu-kî sī ang-á-thâu ê tiau-khek kah chia̍h-chhat ōe-ang-á ê chhiú-gē, ē-sái kóng sī sè-kài chhōe bô tē-jī ê, chò kah **khiā-chin khiā-hiān**, sit-chāi sī **tiám teng-á-hóe bô-tè-chhōe**. Chôan-chiu **lāng ka-lé** ê lân-tō· chin-kôan, múi-1-sian ka-lé lóng-ài pa̍k 16-tiâu, sīm-chì 30-tiâu ê iù-sòaⁿ. Le̍k-tāi ê gē-jîn iōng chin-chiàⁿ sin-kî kah khá-biāu e piáu-ián ki-su̍t, sok-chō chin chōe o̍ah-lèng-lèng ê kak-sek, mā thé-hiān chhut Chôan-chiu ka-lé-hì ê iù-siù, pek-chin kah khá-biāu. 

Chòe-kīn chit kúi nî lâi, Chôan-chiu ê ka-lé-hì iū-koh ū sin ê hoat-tián, koan-chiòng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē-tàng tī hì-pêⁿ-kha khòaⁿ-tio̍h pêⁿ-téng **lāng sòaⁿ ka-lé** hām **chiáng-tiong ka-lé** ( pò·-tē-hì ) kāng pêⁿ ián-chhut ê chêng-hêng.
**Chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ ê gí-giân, gí-hoat, sû-lūi, pheng-im iah-sī bûn-jī hêng-sek khó-lêng ū su-iàu lán poah-kang tōa siu-kái.**  
Chhiáⁿ chiam-tùi chit ê būn-tê thiam-tī thó-lūn-ia̍h kì gī-lūn. To-siā. 

Lo̍k-nâ Tn̂g-bóe-chheⁿ
**Lo̍k-nâ Tn̂g-bóe-chheⁿ** (Hàn-jī: 鹿林長尾星) sī thâu chi̍t-lia̍p iû Tâi-oân hoat-hiān kah hō-miâ ê tn̂g-boé-chheⁿ. Iû Kok-chè Thian-bûn Liân-ha̍p-hoē（ＩＡＵ）chèng-sit pian-hō Ｃ/2007 N3. Eng-gí miâ kiàu Comet Lulin. Tī 2009-nî 2 gue̍h 24 ji̍t siong oá tē-kiû, tāi-iok lat chhian-bān kong-lí.

Hoat-kiàn ê kòe-thêng
---------------------

2007-nî 7goe̍h 11 ji̍t e-tsái-á，Kńg-chiu ê Ia̍p Choân-chi(葉泉志) thàu-koè bāng-lō͘ hā-chāi iû Lo̍k-nâ Thian-bûn-tâi koan-chhek-goân Lîm Khé-seng(林啟生) so͘ hip ê iáⁿ-siōng tong-àn. keng-koè hun-sek kap pí-pheng liáu-āu, hoat-hiàn tī Bo̍k-chheⁿ kap Thó͘-chheⁿ chi kan ū chi̍t-lia̍p khó-lêng sī sin ê tn̂g-boé-chheⁿ. keng-koè Kok-chè Thian-bûn Liân-ha̍p-hoē khak-jīn liáu chèng-sek hō-miâ. Chit pái ê hoat-hiān sī Lo̍k-nâ Thian-bûn-tâi sûn-thiⁿ kè-oē ê sêng-kó chi it. Kè-oē sī iû Kńg-chiu-chhī Tiong-chèng Tāi-ha̍k kap Thô-hn̂g-koān Tiong-iong Tāi-ha̍k kiong-tông ha̍p-chok.

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  李宗祐，命名「鹿林彗星」 彗星、小行星齊現 台灣雙星報喜，中國時報，2007年07月28日
**Li̍p-hoat** sī chè-tēng hoat-lu̍t ê ì-sù, chit-ê sû sī 1 ê Hàn-jī-sû, sû-goân kap Ji̍t-gí, Hoâ-gí sio-siâng. Li̍p-hoat-koân ē tī chèng-hú--ni̍h to̍k-li̍p chò 1 ê pō͘-mn̂g, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī hun-koân chè-tō͘ siat-kè ê kiat-kó.

It-poaⁿ kóng kok-ka ê li̍p-hoat pō͘-mn̂g, sī chí 1 tīn ū chè-tēng hoat-lu̍t koân-le̍k ê lâng só͘ cho͘-sêng ê ki-kò͘, in thàu-koè soán-kí iah sī chiap-siū phah-phài lâi tam-jīm chit-ê khang-khoè. Li̍p-hoat ê thêng-sū sù-siông sī chiah-ê lâng ēng thó-lūn kap tâu-phiò lâi koat-tēng beh thong-koè siáⁿ-mih-khoán ê hoat-lu̍t. Li̍p-hoat ki-koan án-choáⁿ kiâⁿ in ê koân, khah chia̍p sī tī in kok ê hiàn-hoat lāi-té ū kui-tēng.

Nā tī tē-hng ê hêng-chèng khu-he̍k lâi kóng (pí-lūn koān, chhī, tìn, khu t.t.), mā tiāⁿ ū siat gī-hoē he̍k-chiá sī tāi-piáu-hoē, in ê goân-lí kap téng-koân kóng ê sio-oá, cheng-chha tī tē-hng ê gī-hoē só͘ chè-tēng--ê, sī sio̍k-tī tē-hng chèng-hú ê hoat-kui.

Li̍p-hoat pō͘-mn̂g iā tō sī phó͘-thong só͘ kóng ê **kok-hoē**, ū ê kok-ka ê li̍p-hoat ki-koan ū hun-chò téng-ē 2 ê kok-hoē, che kiò-chò nn̄g-īⁿ-chè.

Li̍p-hoat ki-koan ê miâ-thâu
----------------------------

* Kok-hoē
* Parliament — Eng-kok ê li̍p-hoat ki-koan, mā sī Eng-gí chí kok-hoē chin chia̍p sú-iōng ê sû.
* Congress — Bí-kok ê kok-hoē.
* Diet — Tiāⁿ ēng lâi chí Ji̍t-pún, Dan-kok, Sūi-tián ê kok-hoē.
* Kok-bîn Tāi-hoē — Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok
* Althing — Peng-tē
* Assembleia da República — Phû-tô-gâ
* Bundestag — Tek-kok
* Riksdag — Sūi-tián
* Cortes Generales — Se-pan-gâ
* Eduskunta — Suomi
* Liân-pang Gî-hoē — Lō͘-se-a, Sūi-se
* Folketing — Dan-kok
* Stortinget — Norge
* Knesset — Í-sek-lia̍t
* Li̍p-hoat-īⁿ — Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok / Tâi-oân
Uttar Pradesh ê ūi-tì.
**Uttar Pradesh** (Hindi-gí: उत्तर प्रदेश, Urdu-gí: اتر پردیش) sī Ìn-tō͘ ê chi̍t-ê pang, siú-hú sī Lucknow, biān-chek 243,286 km²; tāi-iok ū 1.9 ek ê jîn-kháu, sī Ìn-tō͘ jîn-kháu siāng chē ê pang.

Le̍k-sú
-------

### Tē-miâ kap hoān-ûi ê ián-piàn

Chi̍t-ê só͘-chāi tī 1833 nî í-chêng sī Bengal Koán-khu (*Bengal Presidency*) ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn, siù Britain Tang Ìn-tō͘ Kong-si ê koán-lí. 1833 nî āu, Bengal Koán-khu hōng hun chò nn̄g-ê pō͘-hūn, kî-tiong chi̍t hūn sì Agra Koán-khu (Presidency of Agra). 1836 nî, Agra Koán-khu kài miâ Sai-pak Séng-hūn (*North-Western Provinces*). 

Kàu 1877 nî, Agra kap Oudh ê nn̄g-ê séng soá hō͘ Britain ê si̍t-bîn chèng-hú koán-lí. 1902 nî ê sî-chūn, chi̍t-ê tē-khu koh kái chò Agra kap Oudh Liân-ha̍p Séng-hūn (*United Provinces of Agra and Oudh*). 1921 nî, kài Britain Ìn-tō͘ Liân-ha̍p Séng-hūn (*United Provinces of British India*). Kàu 1935 nî lio̍k chò Liân-ha̍p Séng-hūn (*United Provinces*). 

1947 nî Ìn-tō͘ to̍k-li̍p ê sî-chūn, lēng-goā ê Rampur, Banares kap Tehri-Garwal che kúi-ê phoan-ông kok (*princely state*) lóng ha̍p-ji̍p Liân-ha̍p Séng-hūn. 1950 nî kài chò hiān-sî ê miâ Uttar Pradesh. 1999 nî, Himalayan kap Uttaranchal soá-chhut Uttar Pradesh.

Tē-lí
-----

Uttar Pradesh kap pún kok ê Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand koh ū Bihar sio-chiap; i-ê pak bīn mā goá lēng-goā ê kok-ka Nepal. 

Àn-chiàu tē-hêng, Uttar Pradesh hun nn̄g toā tē-lí-khu, kha toā ê chi̍t pêng sī Hêng-hô Pêng-goân; lēng-goā chi̍t pêng sī Vindhya Soaⁿ-lêng tē-khu.

Jîn-kháu
--------

| Jîn-kháu piàn-hoà |
| --- |
| 1951 nî | 60,274,000 |
| 1961 nî | 70,144,000 |
| 1971 nî | 83,849,000 |
| 1981 nî | 105,137,000 |
| 1991 nî | 132,062,000 |
| 2001 nî | 166,198,000 |

Uttar Pradesh ê jîn-kháu tùi 2008 nî 7 goe̍h 1 ji̍t chhiau-koè 1 ek 9000 bān, nā kā chit-ê pang sǹg chò chi̍t-ê kok-ka, i-ê jîn-kháu tī sè-kài koh kok pâi tē-15 miâ. Kun-kù 2001 nî ê tiāu-cha, 80% ê Uttar Pradesh ki-bîn sī Ìn-tō͘-kàu-tô͘, 18% sī I-su-lân-kàu-tô͘; kî-tha sī Sikkh-kàu, Hu̍t-kàu, Ki-tok-kàu kap Jaina-kàu.

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  "Census Population" (PDF). *Census of India*. Ministry of Finance India. 2008-12-18 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  "Census Reference Tables, C-Series Population by religious communities". *Census of India*. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2001. 2008-07-12 khòaⁿ--ê.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
 Ìn-tō͘ ê hêng-chèng-khu |
| --- |
|  |
| Pang | Andhra Pradesh | Arunachal Pradesh | Assam | Bihar | Chhattisgarh | Goa | Gujarat | Haryana | Himachal Pradesh | Jammu kap Kashmir | Jharkhand | Karnataka | Kerala | Madhya Pradesh | Maharashtra | Manipur | Meghalaya | Mizoram | Nagaland | Orissa | Punjab | Rajasthan | Sikkim | Tamil Nadu | Telangana | Tripura | Uttar Pradesh | Uttarakhand | West Bengal |
|  |
| Liân-pangTi̍t-hat-khu | Andaman kap Nicobar Kûn-tó | Chandigarh | Dadra kap Nagar Haveli | Delhi | Daman kap Diu | Lakshadweep | Puducherry |

 |
**Klein–Gordon hong-têng-sek** (Klein-Gordon equation) sī siong-tùi-lūn liōng-chú le̍k-ha̍k kap liōng-chú tiûⁿ-lūn tiong siōng ki-pún ê hong-têng-sek, i sī Schrödinger hong-têng-sek ê te̍k-sû siong-tùi-lūn hêng-sek, iōng-lâi biâu-su̍t spin 0 lia̍p-chú. Klein–Gordon hong-têng-sek sī Sūi-tián lí-lūn bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-ka Oskar Klein kap Tek-kok ê Walter Gordon tī 1920 nî-tāi kàu 1930 nî-tāi hun-pia̍t to̍k-li̍p thui-tō ·chhut-lâi ·ê.

Biâu-su̍t
---------

Klein–Gordon hong-têng-sek sī án-ne:

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}}\psi -\nabla ^{2}\psi +{\frac {m^{2}c^{2}}{\hbar ^{2}}}\psi =0}.
lán tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē ēng chū-jiân tan-ūi chè (*c* = <i id="mwGw">ħ</i> = 1) kā siá-chò

{\displaystyle -\partial \_{t}^{2}\psi +\nabla ^{2}\psi =m^{2}\psi }

Kiōng-piàn hêng-sek
-------------------

Chū-iû lia̍p-chú ê Schrödinger hong-têng-sek sī hui-siong-tùi-lūn liōng-chú le̍k-ha̍k siōng ki-pún ê hong-têng-sek:

{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathbf {p} ^{2}}{2m}}\psi =i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\psi }
kî-tiong {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =-i\hbar \mathbf {\nabla } } sī ūn-tōng-liōng soàn-hû.

Schrödinger hong-têng-sek tùi siong-tùi-lūn chi-hā m̄-sī kiōng-piàn, ì-sù tiō sī kóng i bōe boán-chiok Einstein ê te̍k-sû siong-tùi-lūn.

Lī-iōng te̍k-sû siong-tùi-lūn tiong sì-ūn-tōng-liōng ê put-piàn-sèng thui-tō ·chhut-lâi ê siong-tùi-lūn-sèng lêng-liōng ūn-tōng-liōng koan-hē

{\displaystyle E={\sqrt {\mathbf {p} ^{2}c^{2}+m^{2}c^{4}}}}
kā Schrödinger hong-têng-sek tò-chhiú-pêng chū-iû lia̍p chú ê tóng-lêng {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathbf {p} ^{2}}{2m}}} ōaⁿ-tiāu, 

chiong-kî-bóe tō ē tit-tio̍h i ê kiōng-piàn hêng-sek

{\displaystyle (\Box ^{2}+\mu ^{2})\psi =0,}
kî-tiong {\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {mc}{\hbar }}\,}

D'Alembertian sī {\displaystyle \Box ^{2}={\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}}-\nabla ^{2}\,}

Koh khòaⁿ
---------

* Dirac hong-têng-sek
* Liōng-chú tiûⁿ-lūn

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------
**Chèng-gī** sī lâng, hām khan-sia̍p ê tāi-chì kap mi̍h-kiāⁿ lóng tī 1-chióng lí-sióng, koh tō-tek-siōng chèng-khak ê chōng-thài. Chit-ê lí-sióng chū-lâi m̄-bat si̍t-hiān--koè, chit-sè-kan, sì-koè chiâu sī bô pêⁿ-chiàⁿ ê tāi-chì. Sui-bóng án-ne, toā-pō·-hūn ê lâng lóng jīn-ûi lán tio̍h kap bô-chèng-gī tùi-te̍k koh táⁿ-chéng--i, sè-kài-siōng chē-chē siā-hoē hām chèng-tī ūn-tōng oan-nā kap cheng-kaù chèng-gī ū tī-tāi.

M̄-koh, tàu-té chèng-gī kap bô-chèng-gī ê hiān-si̍t, tùi lán ū siáⁿ-mi̍h iau-kiû, lán tio̍h chò síaⁿ-mi̍h chiah tio̍h--leh, chit-hāng tāi-chì, lán lâng iáu bô kài chheng-chhó, hiān-chhú-sî jîn-lūi soah tiàm tī 1-khoán gāi-gio̍h ê tē-ūi, chha-put-to lâng lóng lia̍h chèng-gī put-chí-á tiōng-iàu, chóng--sī bô-khak-tēng tī lán pún-sin ê kak-sek, ki-kò͘, kiâⁿ-pàng ia̍h chéng-kô sè-kài lâi kóng, beh án-choáⁿ phoàⁿ-toàn siáⁿ-mi̍h sī chèng-gī, siáⁿ-mi̍h koh bô-chèng-gī.

Chit-ê būn-tê kú-tn̂g í-lâi tō-sī tiat-ha̍k thó-lūn ê loē-iông, chhin-chhiūⁿ-kóng, chèng-gī kiù-chin sī siáⁿ-mi̍h, koh iau-kiû lán tio̍h án-choáⁿ chò? Chit-2-ê būn-tê thang kóng sī chêng kó·-chá kah taⁿ tō siōng chia̍p hông thó-lūn--ê. Pí-lūn-kóng, tī 1-ê siā-hoē lāi-té, tio̍h án-choáⁿ kā châi-lī chò pun-pheⁿ? Sī hō· sûi-lâng lóng pêⁿ chē? Ia̍h-sī hō· gâu-lâng lâi koat-tēng? He̍k-chiá-sī chiàu sûi-lâng ê tē-ūi lâi pun? Chit-ê būn-tê tī koè-khì 2,500-nî ti̍t-ti̍t thó-lūn kah chiâⁿ kek-ka. Tiat-ha̍k-ka, chèng-tī-ha̍k-chiá, sîn-ha̍k-ka, hoat-lu̍t-ha̍k-chiá hām chē-chē lâng lóng siūⁿ-beh kā chèng-gī ê goân-thâu, pún-chit kap iau-kiû téng-téng thiah-bêng.

Lán ē-tàng kā chèng-gī khoàⁿ-chò 1-chióng tek-hēng, nā kā tòng-chò lâng ê sèng-chit lâi kóng, chèng-gī kan-taⁿ thang tī in ê kiâⁿ-pàng kap in chò-chiâⁿ ê koàn-si̍p lâi piáu-hiān; lán mā ē-ēng-tit kā chèng-gī khoàⁿ-chò kiâⁿ-pàng ia̍h koàn-si̍p ê sèng-chit, nā án-ne, tō kan-taⁿ tī lâng ū chit-hō kiâⁿ-pàng he̍k-sī kiâⁿ hit-hō koàn-si̍p ê sî chiah ē-tàng piáu-hiān. Chèng-gī ê goân-thâu sûi-lâng siūⁿ--ê lóng koh-iūⁿ, kiám-chhái sī hô-hâi, sîn ê bēng-lēng, chū-jiân ê kui-chek, ia̍h-sī lâng só· chhòng-chō--ê, koh mā ū-khó-lêng sī pa̍t-hāng ke chin ki-pún, m̄-koh sò·-siông lâng kám-kak bô hiah tiōng-iàu ê lûn-lí piau-chún.

Chèng-gī ê iau-kiû chú-iàu ū 2-hong-bīn: pun-pheⁿ kap táⁿ-chéng. Pun-pheⁿ ê chèng-gī kiám-chhái sī iau-kiû pêng-téng, hō· lâng in èng-kai tit--tio̍h-ê, hō· siōng-kài sòng-hiong--ê tit-tio̍h siōng-toā ê lī-ek, pó-hō· thàu-koè ta̍k-hāng tio̍h ê chhiú-lō· the̍h-tio̍h ê châi-lī, he̍k-chiá-sī kā kui-ê lī-ek choè-tāi-hoà. Táⁿ-chéng ê chèng-gī pau-koat iau-kiû tùi éng-koè ê kiâⁿ-pàng pò-ho̍k, ia̍h sī in-ūi bī-lâi ê hiō-kó lâi hoa̍t-choē.

Chèng-gī ê lí-sióng tio̍h thàu-koè ki-kò͘ chiah ē-tàng si̍t-hiān, chiah-ê ki-kò͘ tio̍h chhú-lí chèng-tong-sèng, thêng-sū, hoat-lu̍t ê chè-tēng kap kái-soeh ê khang-khoè.
The New York Stock Exchange in Lower Manhattan is the world's largest stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies.

| Financial market |
| --- |
| Looking up at a computerized stocks-value board at the Philippine Stock Exchange |
| * Kong-khai tshī-tiûnn
* Exchange ·Securities
 |
| Bond market |
| * Bond valuation
* Corporate bond
* Fixed income
* Government bond
* High-yield debt
* Municipal bond
* Securitization
 |
| Stock market |
| * Common stock
* Preferred stock
* Registered share
* Stock
* Stock certificate
* Tsìng-kuàn kau-i̍k-sóo (ETF...)
 |
| 
Other markets |
| Derivatives * (Credit derivative
* Futures exchange
* Hybrid security)
 
Foreign exchange * (Currency
* Hoē-lu̍t)
 * Commodity
* Money
* Real estate
* Reinsurance
 |
| Over-the-counter (off-exchange) |
| * Forwards
* Options

* Spot market
* Swaps
 |
| Trading |
| * Participants
* Regulation
* Clearing
 |
| 
Related areas |
| * Banks and banking
* Finance
	+ corporate
	+ personal
	+ public
 |
| * hián
* lūn
* pian
 |

**Chèng-kǹg kau-e̍k-só͘** (證券交易所), ia̍h sī hō choè **Chèng-kǹg Chhú-ín-só͘** (證券取引所), sī iōng-lâi kau-e̍k kó͘-phiò, chè-kǹg téng-téng ū-kè chèng-kǹg ê chhī-tiûⁿ.

Choè chá ê chèng-kǹg kau-e̍k-só͘ sī 1602 nî tī Hô-lân sêng-li̍p ê Amsterdam Chèng-kǹg Kau-e̍k-só͘. Kin-á-ji̍t Bí-kok ê chèng-kǹg kau-e̍k-só͘ ū New York Chèng-kǹg Kau-e̍k-só͘ kap NASDAQ; Tâi-oân ê chèng-kǹg kau-e̍k-só͘ ū Tâi-oân Chèng-kǹg Kau-e̍k-só͘; Hiong-káng ê chèng-kǹg kau-e̍k-só͘ ū Hiong-káng Kau-e̍k-só͘; Tiong-kok ê chèng-kǹg kau-e̍k-só͘ ū Siōng-hái Chèng-kǹg Kau-e̍k-só͘ kap Chhim-chùn Chèng-kǹg Kau-e̍k-só͘.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  Kat Tretina and Benjamin Curry (April 9, 2021). "NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange". *Forbes*. July 25, 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

Khì Wiktionary chhâ  
***stock exchange*** chit ê sû.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Stock exchanges*** |

* Chèng-kǹg kau-e̍k-só͘ teh DMOZ
**Si--sī Si̍t-su Sú** (施氏食獅史) sī gí-giân-ha̍k-ka Tiō Goân-jīm (趙元任) só· siá ê "siat-hān bûn-chiuⁿ" (設限文章), choân-bûn 92 ê hàn-jī, ta̍k jī ê Hôa-gí hoat-im to-sī *shi*, cheng-chha siaⁿ-tiāu bô siâng. Tiō--sian siūⁿ-beh iōng che lâi chèng-bêng "Tiong-bûn" Latin-hòa sī kiâⁿ bē-thong--ê, La-teng-hòa liáu-āu, ē ke chin oh khu-pia̍t kāng-im ê oē-kù.

Chóng--sī, nā iōng Bân-lâm-gí lâi tha̍k, chia ê hàn-jī ê Bân-lâm-gí tha̍k-im tō pí Hôa-gí khah to-goân-hòa, pau-koat ū *se*, *si*, *su*, *sek*, *sip*, *sit* 6-chióng im. Put-jî-kò, chit khoán to-goân-hòa tùi liáu-kài bûn-chiuⁿ ê ì-gī ū pang-chān a̍h bô, sī 1 ê koan-kiàn.

Bûn-chiong
----------

### Goân-bûn

《施氏食獅史》  

石室詩士施氏，嗜獅，誓食十獅。  

氏時時適市視獅。  

十時，適十獅適市。  

是時，適施氏適市。  

氏視是十獅，恃矢勢，使是十獅逝世。  

氏拾是十獅屍，適石室。  

石室濕，氏使侍拭石室。  

石室拭，氏始試食是十獅。  

食時，始識是十獅屍，實十石獅屍。  

試釋是事。  

### Bûn-tho̍k

#### Phó͘-thong-oē-pán

*Shī Shì shí shī shǐ*  

Shí shì shī shì Shī Shì, shì shī, shì shí shí sh.  

Shì shí shí shì shì shì shī.  

Shí shí, shì shí shī shì shì.  

Shì shí, shì Shī Shì shì shì.  

Shì shì shì shí shī, shì shǐ shì, shǐ shì shí shī shì shì.  

Shì shí shì shí shī shī, shì shí shì.  

Shí shì shī, Shì shǐ shì shì shí shì.  

Shí shì shì, Shì shǐ shì shí shì shí shī.  

Shí shí, shǐ shí shì shí shī shī, shí shí shí shī shī.  

Shì shì shì shì.  

#### Bân-lâm-gú-pán

*Si--sī Si̍t Su Sú*   

Se̍k sek si sū Si--sī, sī su, sè si̍t si̍p su.  

Sī sî-sî sek chhī sī su.  

Si̍p sî, sek si̍p su sek chhī.  

Sī-sî, sek Si--sī sek chhī.  

Sī sī sī si̍p su, sī sí-sè, sú sī si̍p su sē-sè.  

Sī si̍p sī si̍p su si, sek se̍k-sek.  

Se̍k-sek sip, sī sú sū sek se̍k-sek.  

Se̍k-sek sek, sī sú sì si̍t sī si̍p su.  

Si̍t sî, sú se̍k sī si̍p su si, si̍t si̍p se̍k su si.  

Sì sek sī sū.
Tiong-kǹg Tōa-lâu
**Tiong-kǹg Chi̍p-thoân Chóng-pō͘ Tōa-lâu** (中鋼集團總部大樓) sī chi̍t tòng tī Tâi-oân Ko-hiông-chhī Chiân-tìn-khu Sêng-kong-jī-lō͘ kap Ho̍k-heng-sam-lō͘ lō͘-kháu ê chi̍p-ha̍p-sek pān-kong tōa-lâu, kīn-óa Ko-hiông-káng, sī Tiong-kǹg Chi̍p-thoân ê chóng-pō͘ só͘-chāi-tē. Tē-siōng lâu koân 29 chân, tē-hā 4 chân ê Tiong-kǹg Chóng-pō͘ Tōa-lâu ēng kǹg-kò͘ kò͘-chō, gōa-khak sī po-lê ûi-bō͘ siat-kè. Tōa-lâu iû Tâi-oân pún-thó͘ ū-miâ ê kiàn-tio̍k-su Iâu Jîn-hí kap i-ê Tāi-goân Liân-ha̍p Kiàn-tio̍k-su Sū-bū-só͘ siat-kè, iû Éng-chùn Kiat-kò͘ Kang-têng Kò͘-būn hū-chek kiat-kò͘ kui-ōe.

Tû-liáu chò-ûi Tiong-kǹg Chi̍p-thoân lāi kok siong-koan tan-ūi ê pān-kong iōng-tô͘ í-gōa, Tiong-kǹg Chóng-pō͘ Tōa-lâu ê pō͘-hūn lâu-chân mā tùi-gōa chhut-cho͘ hō͘ kî-thaⁿ ê khì-gia̍p, tī tōa-lâu khé-iōng chho͘-kî ê ū-miâ cho͘-iōng-hō͘ pau-hâm Tiāu-hong Gîn-hâng, Khîn-gia̍p Chiòng-sìn Liân-ha̍p Hōe-kè Sū-bū-só͘, Ji̍t-siong Sam-lêng Ji̍t-liân Gîn-hâng kap Bí-kok chāi Tâi Hia̍p-hōe Ko-hiông Hun-chhù.

Tiong-kǹg Chóng-pō͘ Tōa-lâu pēng m̄-sī chi̍t ê to̍k-li̍p ê khai-hoat-àn, chá tī hit tòng tōa-lâu heng-kiàn chìn-chêng, Tiong-kǹg tiō í-keng lī-iōng chiu-ûi ê iōng-tē heng-kiàn tōa-hêng ê siong-gia̍p kiàn-tio̍k hō͘ Ka-lo̍k-hok kap Gî-ke Ka-kū téng chhiúⁿ-siong sêng-cho͘ sú-iōng, ah tī chiu-ûi hêng-sêng chi̍t ê sin-heng ê siong-gia̍p kò͘-bu̍t-khu, sī Ko-hiông-chhī Chèng-hú só͘ chhui-tōng thàu-kòe káng-khu to͘-chhī keng-sin ê Ko-hiông To-kong-lêng Keng-bō͘ Hn̂g-khu ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn.
**Sé-saⁿ** sī sé saⁿ-á-khò͘ kiam kî-tha pháng-chit-phín téng mi̍h ê kang-hu kap khang-khòe. Tùi it-poaⁿ chhù-lāi ji̍t-siông lâi kóng, tû-liáu sé chheng-khì í-gōa, iáu ū tiàu-saⁿ, phi-saⁿ ê khang-khòe.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Tùi khó-kó͘-ha̍k gián-kiù thang chai-iáⁿ, tī Chêng 2800 nî ê Pa-pí-lûn bûn-bêng chiō ū sap-bûn ê chè-chok; lēng-gōa tī Chêng 2000 nî ê Ai-ki̍p ū sé-saⁿ ê chèng-kù. Ùi Kó͘ Tiong-kok ê Hàn-tiâu (Chêng 206 nî kàu Āu 220 nî), kap kâng sî-kî ê Hui-chiu chi̍t kóa só͘-chāi, ū sú-iōng thian-jiân sap-bûn ê kì-lio̍k, khó-lêng sī ēng n̂g-ba̍k-chí chò--ê. Ùi Au-chiu, sap-bûn ê seng-sán tī 7 sè-kí chó-iū í-keng sī chi̍t hāng kang-gē.

### Ki-hâi sé-saⁿ

1906 nî ê sî, thâu chi̍t khoán sé-saⁿ-ki hông kài-siāu chhut--lâi. Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn liáu-āu, Bí-kok ê Procter & Gamble khai-sí kóng-kò in-ê sap-bûn kap chheng-kiat-che. Chha-put-to kâng chi̍t-ê sî-chūn, tī 1947 nî ê sî, General Electric hoat-piáu liáu in ê choân chū-tōng ka-iōng sé-saⁿ-ki.

Chham-chiàu
-----------

1. 1 2  Lorraine Gamman & Sean O’Mara (2004). "Laundry". Chū Valerie Steele. *Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion*. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-31394-4.

Siong-koan
----------

* Ta-sé
pêⁿ-po·-cho̍k lú-sèng
**Tâi-ôan goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k** (Hàn-jī: 原住民族) sī 17 sè-kí Hàn-jîn bōe î-bîn chêng tō tī Tâi-oân khiā-khí ê Lâm-tó-gí-cho̍k kah in ê hiō-tāi. Lēng-gōa 1 ê bêng-sû sī *sian-chū-bîn* (先住民), taⁿ khah hán-tit iōng. Tâi-ôan goân-chū-bîn ê thoân-thóng gí-giân sio̍k-î Lâm-tó-gí-hē.

Miâ-chheng
----------

Tâi-oân ê Hō-ló-lâng, Kheh-lâng kiò in *Hoan-á*, ì-sù sī "bô bûn-bêng ê lâng". Ū-ê goân-chū-bîn mā kā Hō-ló-lâng hō-chò *Pháiⁿ-lâng*. 

Ji̍t-pún-lâng kin-kù tiong-sêng-tō· kā in hun-chò *se̍k-hoan* kah *chheⁿ-hoan*. Lēng-gōa iū-koh ū *hoan-lâng* (Ji̍t-pún-oē: *banzin*, 蕃人) ê kóng-hoat. Āu--lâi mā ū *ko-soa-cho̍k* (*takasagozoku*, 高砂族), *ko-soaⁿ-cho̍k* ê kiò-hoat. In ê cho̍k-kûn hun-lūi tùi hiān-tāi jîn-lūi-ha̍k, gí-giân-ha̍k, sīm-chì it-poaⁿ-lâng ê chai-bat éng-hióng chin chhim.

Chiàn-āu ê Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok chèng-hú it-lu̍t chheng-ho· in kiò *soaⁿ-pau*, ē-kha koh pun chò "soaⁿ-tē" kap "pêⁿ-tē" 2 chióng.

Sui-bóng bat ū jîn-sū jīn-ûi *sian-chū-bîn* khah thò-tòng, hiān-chhú-sî *goân-chū-bîn* chit-ê chheng-ho· sī siā-hōe phó·-phiàn ē-tàng chiap-siū ê bêng-sû.

Koaⁿ-hong tē-ūi
---------------

Goân-chū-bîn cho̍k-kûn ê thoân-thóng tē-poâⁿ
Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok sêng-jīm ê cho̍k-kûn kah sêng-jīm ê nî-tāi:

(Í-hā khó-lêng ū chhò-gō·)

* Amis ('Amis; Pangcah)
* Atayal (Tayal, Tayan)
* Bunun
* Kanakanavu (2014 nî)
* Kavalan (2002 nî)
* Paiwan
* Puyuma
* Rukai
* Saaroa (2014 nî)
* Saisiyat (Saisiat)
* Sakizaya (2007 nî)
* Seediq (2008 nî)
* Tao (Yami)
* Thao (2001 nî)
* Truku (Taroko, 2004 nî)
* Tsou (Cou)

Bûn-hòa koân
------------

Chiàn-āu lâi Tâi ê Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok chèng-hú si̍t-si Hàn-hòa chèng-chhek. 1995 nî siu hoat chìn-chêng, Sèⁿ-miâ Tiâu-lē (姓名條例) pēng bô ún-chún Goân-chū-bîn sú-iōng thoân-thóng miâ-sèⁿ. Chit tiâu hoat-lu̍t tī 2003 nî koh-chài siu-tēng, ún-chún in tòa kok-bîn sin-hūn-chèng téng-thâu lia̍t lô-má-phèng-im ê miâ. Chóng--sī kàu 2005 nî iáu bô-kàu 1 chheng lâng hoan-thâu kái iōng thoân-tóng miâ.

Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Category:Aborigines of Taiwan*** |

* Aboriginal identity sought through name rectification (*Tâi-pak Sî-pò*)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k |
| --- |
|  |
| Hêng-chèng-īⁿ ū sêng-jīm | Amis-cho̍k (Pangcah)   Tayal-cho̍k   Bunun-cho̍k   Kanakanavu-cho̍k   Kavalan-cho̍k   Paiwan-cho̍k   Puyuma-cho̍k   Rukai-cho̍k   Saaroa-cho̍k   Sakizaya-cho̍k   Saisiyat-cho̍k   Seediq-cho̍k   Tao-cho̍k   Thao-cho̍k   Truku-cho̍k   Tsou-cho̍k |
|  |
| Tē-hng ū sêng-jīm | Makatao-cho̍k (Pîn-tong-koān)   Siraya-cho̍k (Tâi-lâm-chhī)   Taivuan-cho̍k (Hoa-liân-koān Hù-lí-hiong) |
|  |
| Koaⁿ-hong bô sêng-jīm | Babuza-cho̍k   Basay-cho̍k   Hoanya-cho̍k   Kaxabu-cho̍k   Ketagalan-cho̍k   Kulon-cho̍k   Luilang-cho̍k   Papora-cho̍k   Pazeh-cho̍k   Qauqaut-cho̍k   Taokas-cho̍k |
|  |
| Kî-thaⁿ hun-lūi | Ko-soaⁿ-cho̍k   Pêⁿ-po͘-cho̍k   Formosa-lâng |

 |
Tâi-oân Hái-kiap
**Tâi-oân būn-tê** (臺灣問題), he̍k-chiá **Tâi-hái būn-tê** (臺海問題), **Lióng-hoāⁿ būn-tê** (兩岸問題), sī Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn kap Tē-jī-chhù Kok-kiōng Lōe-chiàn só͘ ûi-liû ê chèng-tī kap hoat-lu̍t būn-tê. 1945 nî 10 goe̍h 25 ji̍t, Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Tâi-oân-séng Hêng-chèng Tióng-koaⁿ Tân Gî tāi-piáu Bêng-kun chiap-siū chāi-Tâi Ji̍t-kun ê tâu-hâng, Tâi-oân ê thóng-tī-koân ùi Ji̍t-kun kau-hō͘ Bêng-kun. 1949 nî 10 goe̍h 1 ji̍t, Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok kiàn-li̍p liáu-āu, Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng léng-tō ê Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Chèng-hú tī kāng-nî ê 12 goe̍h thè-siú Tâi-oân. 1951 nî 9 goe̍h, Ji̍t-pún chèng-hú hām Tông-bêng-kok chhiam-tēng *San Francisco Tiâu-iok*, chèng-sek hòng-khì tùi Tâi-oân ê chú-koân, tān-sī in-ūi Tiong-kok tāi-piáu-koân ê būn-tê, Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok chèng-hú kap Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chèng-hú lóng bô chhiam-tēng hô-iok. Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chèng-hú lo̍h-bóe í-keng tī *Tiong-Ji̍t Hô-io̍k* lāi sêng-jīm hit hāng hô-iok, ah Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok nn̄g hāng hô-iok lóng bô sêng-jīm.

Tâi-oân būn-tê khan-liân tio̍h Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn liáu-āu ê Tâi-oân chú-koân kui-sio̍k, í-ki̍p nn̄g ê Tiong-kok chèng-koân tī kok-chè téng-bīn koan-hē tio̍h chú-koân, léng-thó͘ kap chèng-koân ha̍p-hoat-sèng ê cheng-gī. "Tâi-oân būn-tê" ê miâ-hō sī Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok ê koàn-iōng bêng-sû; tī kok-chè siōng, thong-siông ū **Tâi-oân gī-tê** (臺灣議題), **Tâi-oân tē-ūi būn-tê** (臺灣地位問題), **Tâi-oân chèng-tī tē-ūi būn-tê** (臺灣政治地位問題) téng-téng ê hō-miâ. Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok kan-na teh pò-tō chia-ê goā-pō͘ giân-lūn sî chiah ē sú-iōng. Chit-ê bêng-sû siōng-chá chhut-hiān tī 1955 nî Lí Chong-jîn só͘ siá ê *Tùi Tâi-oân Būn-tê tek Kū-thé Kiàn-gī* (對臺灣問題的具體建議) ê bûn-chiuⁿ lāi, in-ūi Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok kóng-hoàn soan-thoân, ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á tī Hoâ-gú-khoan kap kok-chè siā-hōe thong-hêng. Chit-ê bêng-sû iōng tī-leh piáu-su̍t koan-hē tio̍h Tâi-oân chū-sin ê chèng-tī tē-ūi kap chú-koân kui-sio̍k būn-tê, kāng-sî mā kóng-gī pau-hâm Lióng-hoāⁿ koan-hē būn-tê kap Tâi-oân pún-tē só͘ kóng ê **thóng-to̍k būn-tê** (統獨問題).

Koh khoàⁿ
---------

* Tâi-oân to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng
* Tâi-oân-séng (Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok)
**Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k** ê hoat-chó· it-poaⁿ sī kóng tī Ji̍t-pún si̍t-bîn ê 1920 nî-tāi ê Tâi-oân sin-bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng [?]. Chit-ê ūn-tōng ê sèng-chit hām thoân-thóng ê kū-bûn-ha̍k khah bô sio-kâng. Tùi Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi sin-bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng khai-sí, Tâi-oân ê chok-ka tō it-ti̍t kā in kiàn-li̍p--khí-lâi ê bûn-ha̍k hō-chò **Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k".**

Āu--lâi in-ūi chèng-tī khoân-kéng, tia̍t-pia̍t sī Kok-bîn Chèng-hú thóng-tī Tâi-oân liáu-āu, **Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k** chit-ê bêng-sû tō it-ti̍t ū cheng-gī, chhin-chhiūⁿ 1970 nî-tāi ê hiong-thó· bûn-ha̍k poâⁿ-oē ê sî, tō ū lâng kāu-chhau-hoân, kóng hiong-thó· bûn-ha̍k kap hun-lī-chú-gī sio-liâm-tì-toà, mā ū lâng kóng hiong-thó· bûn-ha̍k kap Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng thóng-tī chi-hā ê bûn-ha̍k chhēng kāng niá khò·, sī kang-lông-peng bûn-gē (工農兵文藝), mā koh ū lâng tiâu-tî kā ut-áu, hō-chò "pian-kiong bûn-ha̍k" (邊疆文學).

It-ti̍t kàu 1980 nî-tāi khí-chho·, Tâi-oân ê chok-ka chóng-sǹg sī sêng-kong kā Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k cheng-chhú-tio̍h tē-ūi, kong-khai thê-chhiòng tī Tâi-oân sán-seng ê bûn-ha̍k tō-sī Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k. It-lâi-jī-khì, kìⁿ-nā jīn-tông Tâi-oân ê lâng, ēng Tâi-oân-lâng ê koan-tiám, lâi siá-chhut thiàⁿ-thàng Tâi-oân, kap Tâi-oân ū koan-hē ê bûn-ha̍k-chok-phín, lóng ē-sái kìo-chò Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k.

Nā khoàⁿ Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k sú-iōng ê bûn-jī, ū Hàn-jī bûn-giân-bûn, Hō-ló, Ji̍t-bûn kap Hoâ-gí téng-téng, ū ê siá Hàn-jī, ū ê ēng lô-má-jī, sam-téng-jī-hō, sǹg sī Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k ê tia̍t-sek.

Nā tùi le̍k-sú lâi khoàⁿ, Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k sī khah-òaⁿ hoat-chó· ê bûn-ha̍k, kap sian-chìn kok-ka pí--khí-lâi, m̄-nā pí Ji̍t-pún bān khí-kiâⁿ chin-chē, sīm-chì mā pí Tiong-kok Ngó-sù ūn-tōng ê sin-bûn-ha̍k khah-bān kúi-nā tang. In-ūi Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k hoat-chó· khah-oàⁿ, só·-í chū-jiân tō kè-sêng kî-thaⁿ bûn-ha̍k ê sèng-chit kap sêng-chek, Au-chiu kap Bí-kok bûn-ha̍k tùi i ū éng-hióng, Ji̍t-pún kap Tiong-kok bûn-ha̍k mā tùi i ū chin-chē éng-hióng.

Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi, Loā-hô (賴和) kā Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k hō-chò "sè-kài-chú-gī ē-kha ê Tâi-oân sin-bûn-ha̍k", nā chit-ê sî-tāi ê chok-ka Chiong Tiāu-chèng (鍾肇政, Kheh-gí: Chûng Seu-chṳn) sī kóng: "Tâi-oân bûn-ha̍k sī Tâi-oân pún-thó· ê bûn-ha̍k, sī Tâi-oân lâng ê bûn-ha̍k, sī sè-kài bûn-ha̍k ê 1-ki."

Siang-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
----------------------

* Kok-ka Tâi-oân Bûn-ha̍k-koán
**Tâi-oân-ōe-bûn** (台灣話文) sī chú-tiuⁿ ēng Tâi-oân-ōe siá bûn-chiuⁿ ê su-sióng kap ūn-tōng. Ùi 1930 nî khai-sí, siū-tio̍h Ji̍t-pún ê giân-bûn it-tì su-sióng ê éng-hióng, N̂g Se̍k-hui tī Sin Bûn-hia̍p ê khan-bu̍t *Ngó͘-jîn-pò* khan-teng chi̍t phiⁿ hō-chò *Chóaⁿ-iūⁿ Put Thê-chhiòng Hiong-thó͘ Bûn-ha̍k* (怎樣不提倡鄉土文學). N̂g Se̍k-hui jīn-ûi, khiā tī ki-chân jio̍k-sè cho̍k-kûn ê kak-tō͘, kiông-tiāu nā-sī Tâi-oân-ōe chham bûn-jī ha̍p-it liáu-āu, ē-tàng hō͘ lông-kang kai-kip ê ki-chân cho̍k-kûn sú-iōng khí-lâi khah lī-piān. M̄-koh, án-ne ê su-sióng soan ín-khí liáu chi-chhî kap hoán-tùi siang-hong ê bûn-ha̍k lūn-chiàn. It-ti̍t kàu 1934 nî chiah ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á pêng-sek. Tâi-oân-ōe-bûn ūn-tōng mā chham Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê sin-kū bûn-ha̍k lūn-chiàn ū-koan.

Pōe-kéng
--------

1895 nî, Tâi-oân chìn-ji̍p Ji̍t-pún thóng-tī sî-tāi, Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú khai-sí tī kok-gí thoân-si̍p-só͘ kap kong-ha̍k-hāu téng koaⁿ-hong kàu-io̍k ki-koan thui-sak Ji̍t-pún-ōe kap Ji̍t-bûn. Tī chit-khoán chêng-hêng hā, Tâi-oân-ōe ê seng-chûn hoat-tián siū-tio̍h gōa-lâi giân-gí ê ui-hia̍p; tī bûn-su hong-bīn mā ài bīn-tùi pí Hàn-bûn koh-khah "giân-bûn bô it-tì" ê chêng-hêng. In-chhú, tì-sú Tâi-oân hit-chūn ê bûn-ha̍k-kài chū-kak beh kā Tâi-oân-lâng ê seng-oa̍h giân-gí siá chò su-biān-bûn, chiah ùi chia sán-seng liáu ēng Hàn-jī lâi siá Tâi-oân-ōe-bûn ê chú-tiuⁿ.

1924 nî, Liân Un-kheng hoat-piáu chi̍t phiⁿ hō-chò *Giân-gí chi Siā-hōe tek Sèng-chit* (言語之社會的性質) ê bûn-chiuⁿ; 1929 nî, *Tâi-oân Bîn-pò* khan-teng Liân Ngá-tông ê *Tâi-gí Chéng-lí chi Thâu-sū* (台語整理之頭緒) kap *Tâi-gí Kàu-lí chi Chek-jīm* (台語教理之責任) 2 phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ. In 2 lâng ê lūn-tiám lóng í-keng kóng tio̍h Tâi-oân pún-thó͘ giân-gí ê tiōng-iàu-sèng, m̄-koh iû-goân bô thê-chhut kái-koat ê hong-hoat, mā bô ùi siā-hōe tāi-chiòng ê kak-tō͘ lâi su-khó.

Hoat-íⁿ
-------

1930 nî, chó-phài thoân-thé Sin Bûn-hia̍p tiong-siông-úi N̂g Se̍k-hui tī hit-ê thoân-thé ê gōa-sū mûi-thé *Ngó͘-jîn-pò* téng hoat-piáu chi̍t phiⁿ hō-chò *Chóaⁿ-iūⁿ Put Thê-chhiòng Hiong-thó͘ Bûn-ha̍k* (怎樣不提倡鄉土文學) ê bûn-chiuⁿ, lāi-té siá tio̍h: "ēng Tâi-oân-ōe chò bûn, ēng Tâi-oân-ōe chò si, ēng Tâi-oân-ōe chò sió-soat, ēng Tâi-oân-ōe chò koa-iâu, biâu-siá Tâi-oân ê sū-bu̍t". Keh-tńg-nî, i koh tī *Tâi-oân Sin-bûn* hoat-piáu *Chài Tâm Hiong-thó͘ Bûn-ha̍k* (再談鄉土文學). Chit 2 phiⁿ chok-phín lóng bêng-pe̍k piáu-sī Tâi-oân bûn-jîn èng-kai ài ēng Tâi-oân-ōe lâi biâu-siá Tâi-oân ê sū-bu̍t; lēng-gōa mā chú-tiuⁿ ēng Hàn-jī piáu-kì Tâi-oân-ōe ê giân-bûn it-tì ūn-tōng.
Khǹg tī Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Phok-bu̍t-koán ê Nâ-tē-n̂g-hó͘-kî
**Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok kok-kî**, sī 1895 nî 5-goe̍h 23 kàu 10-goe̍h tī Tâi-oân kiàn-li̍p ê Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok leh iōng ê kok-kî kah kok-hui, in-ūi i ê tô͘ sī nâ-tē n̂g-hó͘, koh hō-chò **Nâ-tē-n̂g-hó͘-kî** iah-sī **N̂g-hó͘-kî**, tio̍h tī chit bīn kî-á kong-pò͘ ê hit-kang, Tn̂g Kéng-siông hoat-piáu "Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok To̍k-li̍p Soan-giân".

Le̍k-sú
-------

Tē-it-biān "Nâ-tē-n̂g-hó͘-kî" tī 1895 nî 5-goe̍h 23 Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok sêng-li̍p ê sî-chūn chhut-hiān, in-ūi *Má-koan Tiâu-iok* kā Tâi-oân kah Phêⁿ-ô͘ koah hō͘ Ji̍t-pún. Ūi-tio̍h mài hőng koah chhut--khì, soan-pò͘ sêng-li̍p "Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok", kí-chiàn Tâi-oân sûn-bú Tn̂g Kéng-siông chò tāi-chóng-thóng. Bô-gōa-kú, Ji̍t-kun chiàm-niá Ke-lâng, Tn̂g Kéng-siông soan khì Hō͘-bóe (taⁿ Tām-chúi-khu) ê Douglas iôⁿ-hâng, āu--lâi koh chē Tek-ko lûn-chûn Arthur-hō khì Ē-mn̂g. Kâng nî 6 goe̍h, chhun--ê lâng koh tī Tâi-lâm sêng-li̍p "Tē-jī Kiōng-hô", tāi-chiong-kun Lâu Éng-hok chiâⁿ-chò Bîn-chú-kok tē-2-jīm tāi-chóng-thóng. 1895 nî 10-goe̍h, Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok mā in-ūi Lâu Éng-hok peng pāi tio̍h sûi kái-sàn.

Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok ūi-tio̍h beh ho͘-èng tio̍h Chheng-tè-kok kok-kî ê "n̂g-tē nâ-lêng", tio̍h khe̍h "nâ-tē n̂g-hó͘" chò kok-kî, só͘-í hō-chò "Nâ-tē-n̂g-hó͘-kî". kin-kì *Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok lîm-sî hiàn-hoat* tē-4-tiâu, Tâi-oân "chhái-iōng Nâ-tē N̂g-hó͘ kok-kî, pēng chok-ûi kok-hui."

2012 nî, Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Phok-bu̍t-koán keng-kòe 1 nî pòaⁿ ê khó-chèng koh siu-ho̍k, khak-tēng N̂g-hó͘-kî goân-té sī siang-bīn ê. chiàⁿ hoán nn̄g-bīn ê hó͘ ba̍k-chiu bô-kâng, chiàⁿ-bīn ê hó͘ ang-á-jîn îⁿ-îⁿ, sī "àm-sî ê hó͘"; hoán-bīn ê hó͘ ang-á-jîn oan-oan ná-chhiōⁿ goe̍h-niô͘ kāng-khoán, sī "ji̍t-sî ê hó͘", chiàⁿ hoán nn̄g-bīn tāi-piáu ê sī tiù-iā he̍k-chiá im-iông, ū "ji̍t-iā hō͘-kok" ê kóng-hoat.

Koh-khòaⁿ
---------

* Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok
* Tâi-oân chóng-thóng

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  "國立臺灣博物館 【典藏選粹/臺灣民主國藍地黃虎旗】". 國立臺灣博物館. goân-loē-iông tī 2016-12-20 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-12-14 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  簡後聰. "福爾摩沙傳奇：臺灣的歷史源流（下冊）" (PDF). *第240頁*. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 2021-08-15 hőng khó͘-pih. 2021-08-02 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. ↑  "黃虎旗再現─原來有兩隻老虎！臺博館鎮館典藏文物修護重大發現" (Press release). 國立臺灣博物館. 2012-12-14. goân-loē-iông tī 2016-12-20 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-12-14 khòaⁿ--ê.
4. ↑  重大發現！藍地黃虎旗竟有2隻老虎 Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine.，中央廣播電臺，2012/12/14

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Flag of the Republic of Formosa*** |

* 國立臺灣博物館 【典藏選粹/臺灣民主國藍地黃虎旗】
* 黃虎旗再現─臺灣民主國藍地黃虎旗修護成果展, 國立臺灣博物館
**Sé-hîm** (ha̍k-miâ: *Procyon lotor*) sī Pak Bí-chiu goân-seng ê Chia̍h-bah-ba̍k tōng-bu̍t. Tī chi̍t-koá kî-tha só͘-chāi, chhan-chhiūⁿ Ji̍t-pún, sé-hîm sī phó͘-phiàn ê goā-lâi chéng.

Hêng-thé kì-su̍t
----------------

Sé-hîm tùi thâu kòe āu-kha ê chhùn-chhioh sī 40 chì 70 kong-hun, bóe-á tn̂g-tō͘ ū 20 chì 40 kong-hun. Keng-kah-thâu koân-tō͘ ū 23 chì 30 kong-hun. Tōa-chāi liáu-āu ê sé-hîm thé-tāng chiàu kò͘-pia̍t seng-oa̍h khoân-kéng, ū chin tōa cheng-chha, tùi 2 kàu 14 kong-kin lóng ū khó-lêng, chóng nā tōa-pō͘-hūn sī 3.5 kàu 9 kong-kin. I-poaⁿ kang-ê sé-hîm pí bó--ê khah tāng cha-put-to 15% kàu 20%. Nā kôaⁿ-thiⁿ tú khai-sí ê sî-chūn, in ē-tàng chin-ka 2-pōe ê thé-tāng.

Sé-hîm ê gōa-khoán chú-iàu te̍k-sek sī in ba̍k-chiu sì-ûi ê o͘-sek khian-á, tī he o͘-sek khian-á gōa-kháu koh seⁿ pe̍h-sek ê mo͘, tiō ná-chhiūⁿ "chhat-á" om bīn ê khoán-iūⁿ.

Hêng-ûi
-------

Sé-hîm ê siā-hōe hêng-ûi chiàu in sèng-pia̍t ū chha. Ū chhin-cho̍k koan-hē ê bó sé-hîm ē tòa tī kâng só͘-chāi, tī chhōe mi̍h chia̍h he̍k-chiá sī hioh-khùn ê sî-chūn ū-sî ē kìⁿ-bīn. Bô chhin-cho̍k koan-hē ê kang sé-hîm chi kan ū tì-tāi bô chin ba̍t ê kûn-thé seng-oa̍h, it-poaⁿ chi̍t tīn bô chhiau-kòe 4 chia̍h, hō͘ in thang tùi-khòng gōa-kháu ê kang sé-hîm tī kau-phòe sî-kî ê chhim-ji̍p. Kang sé-hîm tùi gín-á ū kong-kek-sèng, bó sé-hîm ē chhōa gín-á to̍k-li̍p seng-oa̍h it-ti̍t kàu gín-á khah tōa-hān ē-tàng pó-hō͘ ka-tī. Chham-khó í-siōng 3 khoán ê seng-oa̍h hong-sek, ha̍k-chiá Ulf Hohmann chheng in ê siā-hōe kò͘-chō sī "sam kai-ki̍p siā-hōe" (*three class society*).

Hun-lūi
-------

Thong sè-kài ū 22 khoán sé-hîm á-chéng. Pau-koat í-hā:

* *P. l. lotor*
* *P. l. auspicatus*
* *P. l. elucus*
* *P. l. excelsus*
* *P. l. fuscipes*
* *P. l. gloveralleni*
* *P. l. grinnelli*
* *P. l. hernandezii*
* *P. l. hirtus*
* *P. l. incautus*
* *P. l. inesperatus*
* *P. l. insularis*
* *P. l. litoreus*
* *P. l. marinus*
* *P. l. maynardi*
* *P. l. megalodous*
* *P. l. pacificus*
* *P. l. pallidus*
* *P. l. psora*
* *P. l. pumilus*
* *P. l. simus*
* *P. l. vancouverensis*

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Fossilworks: *Procyon lotor*
2. ↑  Timm, R.; Cuarón, A.D.; Reid, F.; Helgen, K.; González-Maya, J.F. (2016). "*Procyon lotor*". *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. **2016**: e.T41686A45216638. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41686A45216638.en. 24 November 2016 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. ↑  *Procyon lotor*, Wilson & Reeder's *Mammal Species of the World*. 3rd Edition.