Téng-ham éng-kiú chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí, chiàⁿ-pêng 1 khí tò-pêng mā 1 khí, tī téng-ham éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí (maxillary lateral incisor) ê kīn-sim-chhek (khah chiap-kīn bīn ê tiong-soàⁿ), khiā tī chhùi-khiuⁿ koân-téng thâu-chêng chiàⁿ-tiong-hng, sī siāng bêng-hián ê chhùi-khí. Kah kî-thaⁿ ê mn̂g-khí kāng-khoán, i ê kong-lêng sī chhiat-tn̄g he̍k ka-tn̄g chia̍h-mi̍h. I bô kā-lûn (kā-thâu, cusp), i leh kā chia̍h-mi̍h ê pō·-ūi kiò-chò chhiat-toan. Sui-bóng ni-khí kap éng-kiú-khí sio-siâng ia̍h-ū mn̂g-khí, téng-ham ni chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí kap i ū chi̍t-koá koh-iūⁿ ê só·-chāi.

Hû-hō piáu-sī
-------------

*Chhùi-khí ê hû-hō piáu-sī chhiáⁿ chham-khó chhùi-khí hit-phiⁿ, kah siông-sè*.
Zsigmondy-Palmer, Chevron, or Set Square system
Chiàⁿ-pêng sī 1┘, tò-pêng sī └1
FDI hû-hō piáu-sī-hoat
Chiàⁿ-pêng sī 11, tò-pêng sī 21
Bí-kok hû-hō piáu-sī-hoat
Chiàⁿ-pêng sī 8, tò-pêng sī 9
Au-chiu hû-hō piáu-sī-hoat
Chiàⁿ-pêng sī 1+, tò-pêng sī +1

Hoat-io̍k
---------

*Ū 1 phiⁿ Chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k kóng khah chē.*.
Hêng-sêng chhùi-khí ê hit-tīn sè-pau sī ùi first branchial arch ê ectoderm kap neural crest ê ectomesenchyme hun-hoà--lâi-ê.  Chhùi-khí ngē cho·-chit hoat-io̍k ê sî-chūn, khí-pún-chit tāi-seng seⁿ, ah khí-iū-chit sûi tòe leh seⁿ. 

Tng iù-eⁿ chhut-sì 3-4 kò-goe̍h ê sî, téng-ham éng-kiú chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí khai-sí chìn-hêng kài-hoà.  Chit-ki chhùi-khí ê khí-koan tī 4-5 hoè ê sî hoat-io̍k oân-sêng, tī 7-8 hoè ê sî hoat-gê chìn-ji̍p chhùi-khiuⁿ. I ê khí-kha tī 10 hoè hoat-io̍k oân-choân

Hêng-thài
---------

Thâu-chêng-khí hit kúi khí lāi-té, téng-ham éng-kiú chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí tī kīn-oán-sim sī siāng khoah--ê. I pí kè-piah ê chhek-mn̂g-khí khah toā-ki, ah tī tûn-chhek-bīn mā-bô chhiūⁿ chhek-mn̂g-khí hiah phòng. In-chhú, chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí ê hêng-chōng khah kui-kí sì-chiàⁿ. Kīn-sim ê chhiat-toan-kak pí oán-sim chhiat-toan-kak khah lāi khah chiam. Chit-ki chhùi-khí tú hoat ê sî, tī chhiat-toan ū 3 ê îⁿ-îⁿ-chiam-chiam ê te̍k-teng kiò-chò mammelon  In-ūi khí-iū-chit ē boâ-sún, mammelon āu--lâi ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á siau-sit. 

It-poaⁿ lâi-kóng, chit-ki chhùi-khí ê goā-koan cha-po· cha-bó· ū koh-iūⁿ. Cha-po· ê thong-siông pí cha-bó· ê khah toā-ki. Khí-iū-chit kap khí-pún-chit ê kau-tō· ê sèng-pia̍t chheng-chha tio̍h khah kē. In-ūi boâ-sún (attrition), nî-hoè tùi kái-phòa khí-koan (anatomy crown) ê tn̂g-tō· ū éng-hióng. Khah siàu-liân ê kái-phòa khí-koan pí khah chē-hoè--ê khah tn̂g. M̄-koh in-ūi khí-hoāⁿ ē sûi nî-hoè cheng-ka jî úi-sok, lîm-chhn̂g khí-koan (clinical crown) tian-tó jú-lâi jú-tn̂g. 

Labial view.
### Tûn-chhek koan-khoàⁿ

Tûn-chhek koan-khoàⁿ sī ùi chhùi-tûn hit-pêng ǹg chhùi lāi khoàⁿ chhùi-khí. Chit-ki chhùi-khí ê kīn-sim kheng-khak sī ti̍t ê he̍k chi̍t-sut-á phok-phok, ah oán-sim kheng-khak tio̍h ke phok chiâⁿ-chē.  Chū-án-ne, kīn-sim ê height of curvature (the point furthest away from the central axis of the tooth) khah chiap-kīn kīn-sim-chhiat-toan kak, ah oán-sim--ê khah phian-hiòng khí-kha-chiam (apical).

Tī mammelon boâ bô--khì liáu-āu, téng-ham chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí ê chhiat-toan pìⁿ-chiâⁿ ti̍t-ti̍t pêⁿ-pêⁿ. Chhiat-toan tiong-toāⁿ lio̍h-lio̍h-á ǹg chhùi-khí tiong-sim naih--lo̍h-khì. I ê ām-kún-á soàⁿ (cervical line, khí-koan kap khí-kha ê kài-soàⁿ) tiong-toaⁿ ǹg khí-kha-chiam naih--lo̍h, chiū-án-ne, ām-kún-á soàⁿ ná-chhiūⁿ poàⁿ-îⁿ-hêng.

Ùi chit-bīn kā khoàⁿ, khí-kha ê goā-koan sī tūn ê îⁿ-chui-thé. Khí-koan pí khí-kha tn̂g beh 2-3 mm, m̄-koh chē m̄-sī chiâⁿ it-tēng.  Chit-khí chhùi-khí ê khí-kha khah bô toā ê oan-khiau chêng-hêng. 

Lingual view.
### Sia̍t-chhek koan-khoàⁿ

Sia̍t-chhek koan-khoàⁿ sī ùi chhùi-chi̍h hit-pêng ǹg goā-kháu khoàⁿ chhùi-khí. Téng-ham chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí ê sia̍t-chhek bīn ū toā lap-o, kiò-chò sia̍t-chhek lap-o, oá ām-kún-á soàⁿ hia ū thok-khí, kiò-chò cingulum, kīn-sim kap oán-sim chit 2 piⁿ ū koân--khí-lâi, kiò-chò marginal ridges. Chhiat-toan ê sia̍t-chhek mā-ū tām-po̍h-á koân--khí-lâi, kah marginal ridge sio-liân. Chit- ê sia̍t-chhek lap-o sì-piⁿ sì ê koân-khí hun-pia̍t sī: chhiat-toan ê sia̍t-chhek pian-iân, kīn-sim ê marginal ridge, oán-sim ê marginal ridge, kap ām-kún-á ê cingulum. Cingulum koân-téng ū hoat-io̍k-kau, lâu tùi sia̍t-chhek lap-o khì. 

Chit-khí chhùi-khí ê chit-ê bī pí tûn-chhek bī khah e̍h. In-chhú, tûn-chhek bīn ê kīn-sim pian kap oán-sim pian ê kū-lî pí sia̍t-chhek bīn--ê khah-toā. Jī-chhiáⁿ, chit-khí chhùi-khí tī ām-kún-á hia ê hûiⁿ-chhiat-bīn ē hián-hiān tāi-khài ê saⁿ-kak-hêng goā-hêng. Chit-ê saⁿ-kak-hêng 3 piⁿ hun-pia̍t sī iông-gân bīn (facial surface), kīn-sim bīn, kap oán-sim bīn, oân-sim bīn chit-ê piⁿ ū khah-té tām--po̍h. 

Mesial view.
### Kīn-sim koan-khoàⁿ

Chit-khí chhùi-khí ê kīn-sim koan-khoàⁿ sī ùi bīn-pō· ê tiong-soàⁿ hia khoàⁿ chit-khí chhùi-khí. Kīn-sim koan-khoàⁿ chit-khí chhùi-khí hián-sī khí-koan sī saⁿ-kak-hêng, téng-tiám sī chhiat-toan, té-pō· sī ām-kún-á hia. Khí-kha hián-sī î-chui-hêng, chiam-toan tūn-tūn. Kah kî-thaⁿ chhùi-khí bô-kâng, chit-khí ê tiong-sim soàⁿ tâng-chê thong-koè chhiat-toan tiong-sim kap khí-kha-chiam.  Che mā hoat-seng tī téng-ham chhek mn̂g-khí. 

Sia̍t-chhek oan-khek kap tûn-chhek oan-khek ê siāng-koân-tiám lóng ūi-tī ām-kún-á soàⁿ ê chhiat-toan-chhek. Chit-ê khí-koan ê tûn-chhek piáu-bīn ùi koan-khek siāng-koân-tiám (crest of curvature) kàu chhiat-toan sī phok ê. Ah, i ê sia̍t-chhek piáu-bīn ùi koan-khek siāng-koân-tiám kàu chhiat-toan tāi-hūn sī lap ê, kan-taⁿ oá cingulum kap chhiat-toan hit-tah sī phok ê. 

Ùi chit-ê hong-hiòng khoàⁿ, ām-kú-soàⁿ ǹg chhiat-toan oan-khek ê têng-tō·, chit-khí chhùi-khí siāng-toā, pí kî-thaⁿ chhùi-khí kèng-ka bêng-hián. Í téng-ham chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí pêng-kin khí-koan tn̂g-tō· 10.5 kàu 11 mm lâi-kóng, i-ê ām-kún-soàⁿ oan-khek ū 3 kàu 4 mm. 

Distal view.
### Oán-sim koan-khoàⁿ

Oán-sim koan-khoàⁿ sī ùi oán-lî bīn ê tiong-soàⁿ ê hit-pêng ǹg tiong-soàⁿ hong-hiòng khoàⁿ chhùi-khí. Chit-ê chhùi-khí ê chit-pêng kah kīn-sim hui-siông sio-siâng. Chit-khí chhùi-khí ê tûn-chhek piáu-bīn tī oán-sim koan-khoàⁿ pí kīn-sim koan-khoàⁿ hián-hiàn, in-ūi i-ê tûn-chhek piáu-bīn ǹg oán-sim kap sia̍t-chhek kheng-chhiâ (傾斜). Ām-kún-soàⁿ hiòng chhiat-toan oan-khek ê têng-tō· mā pí kīn-sim khah-chió. 

### Chhiat-toan koan-khoàⁿ

Chhiat-toan koan-khoàⁿ sī kóng ùi chhiat-toan khoàⁿ chhùi-khí. Ùi chit-ê kak-tō· khoàⁿ, kan-taⁿ khoàⁿ ē tio̍h khí-koan, tāi-khài hun-chò siang-pêng. Tûn-chhek bīn kám-kak khoah-khoah pêⁿ-pêⁿ. Sia̍t-chhek bīn hiòng cingulum piàn e̍h-sè--khì. Kīn-sim kak kàu cingulum ê kū-lî sió-khoá pí oán-sim kak kàu cingulum ê kū-lî tn̂g. 

### Khí-chhoé kái-phoà

Khí-chhoé sī chhùi-khí ê sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg kong-èng. Chit-khí chhùi-khí ê kin-kńg tī-liâu hāu-kó chiâⁿ-hó. Chit-khí chhùi-khí tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ū 3 ê khí-chhoé kak (pulp horn).  Kiông-beh choân-pō· ê téng-ham chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí ū chi̍t-ê kin-kńg kap chi̍t-ê khí-kha-chiam.  Tī-leh chò kin-kńg tī-liâu, só· khui ê chin-ji̍p khí-chhoé-khiuⁿ ê ji̍p-kháu siâng-chāi sī tī sia̍t-chhek piáu-bīn ê tiong-hng, chhiat-toan kap cingulum chi-kan. Tī ām-kún-soàⁿ ê hū-kīn, kin-kńg hoâiⁿ-chhiat ê hêng-chiōng sī saⁿ-kak-hêng, kàu-kah khí-kha tiong-toaⁿ hū-kīn chiah pìⁿ-chò î-hêng.  Sui-bóng khí-kha chha-put-tō sī ti̍t--ê, oan-khek tiám siāng-chia̍p chhut-hiān tī oá khí-kha-chiam ê só·-chāi, ah oan-khek ê hong-hiòng sī oan khì oán-sim kap sia̍t-chhek.

Kah hū-kīn chhùi-khí ê chiap-chhiok
-----------------------------------

### Lîn-chiap chiap-chhiok

Kah kāng khí-kiong sio-keh-piah chhùi-khí ê chiap-chhiok kiò-chò lîn-chiap chiap-chhiok. Ē kah ka-tī ū lîn-chiap chiap-chhiok ê chhùi-khí kan-taⁿ 2 chióng, téng-ham chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí sī kî-tiong 1 ê. Lēng 1 ê sī ē-ham chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí. Tī kiān-khong chōng-thài, chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí hō·-siong chiap-chhiok ê tiám sī tī khí-koan ê chhiat-toan saⁿ-hun-chi-it.  Lēng-chi̍t-pêng, chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí kap chhek-mn̂g-khí ê chiap-chhiok tiám, khah oá khí-hoāⁿ, sī tī khí-koan ê chhiat-toan saⁿ-hun-chi-it kap tiong-kan saⁿ-hun-chi-it chi-kan. 

### Kā-ha̍p

Tng chhùi ha̍p--khí-lâi, kah choân-pō· ê téng-ham thâu-chêng-khí sio-siâng, téng-ham chiàⁿ mn̂g-khí thong-siông sī tī ē-ham chhùi-khí ê tûn-chhek.  Nā-sī-kóng téng-ham thâu-chêng-khí khiā chāi ē-ham chhùi-khí ê sia̍t-chhek, án-ne kiò-chò thâu-chêng-khí chhò-kā (crossbite). Ū-sî-chūn, chit-chióng chhùi-khí ê pâi-lia̍t hián-sī ē-ham siong-tùi téng-ham ê ūi-tì ū phian-î, ah kiò-chò Class III he̍k Pseudo-Class III malocclusion. Chèng-siông ê kā-ha̍p sī Class I kā-ha̍p. 

Tng chhùi-khí kā--khí-lâi, téng-ham chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí ē kah ē-ham chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí í-ki̍p chhek-mn̂g-khí chiap-chhiok. Ē-ham chhùi-khí ê chiap-chhiok tiám sī tī téng-ham chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí ê sia̍t-chhek lap-o ùi chhiat-toan hiòng khí-hoāⁿ tāi-iok 4 mm ê só·-chāi.  Tī chit-ê ūi-tì, téng-ham mn̂g-khí kā ē-ham mn̂g-khí ê khí-koan cha-tiāu kiông-beh chi̍t-poàⁿ. Tng chhùi oân-choân kā-ha̍p--khí-lâi, téng-ham mn̂g-khí kah ē-ham mn̂g-khí iáu-sī bô-hoat-tō· kā chò-hoé, án-ne kiò-chò thâu-chêng-khí khui-kā (anterior open bite). Chit-chióng chhùi-khí o·-pe̍h-pâi hoān-sè sī in-ūi bó·-chi̍t-chióng koàn-sì, hó-pí suh-chéng-thâu-á. Lēng chi̍t-hong-bīn, nā-si ē-ham mn̂g-khí kā tī téng-ham mn̂g-khí ê ūi-tì sī oá he̍k oân-choân tī khí-hoāⁿ, án-na kiò-chò chhim-kā (deep bite).

Chhùi-khí ê koh-iūⁿ
-------------------

Téng-ham chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí chia̍p khoàiⁿ ê piàn-ī sī shovel-shaped incisor.

Chù-kái
-------

1. ↑  Cate, A. R. Ten, *Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function*, 5th ed. (Saint Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1998), p. 102. ISBN 0-8151-2952-1.
2. ↑  Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. *Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion*. 8th edition. 2003. p. 45. ISBN 0-7216-9382-2.
3. 1 2  The Permanent Incisor Teeth, hosted by the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), accessed on June 8, 1006.
4. 1 2 3  Maxillary Incisors Archived 2006-05-20 at the Wayback Machine. hosted by the University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry, accessed on June 8, 1006.
5. ↑  Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. *Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion*. 8th edition. 2003. p. 156. ISBN 0-7216-9382-2.
6. ↑  Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. *Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion*. 8th edition. 2003. p. 158. ISBN 0-7216-9382-2.
7. 1 2  Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. *Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion*. 8th edition. 2003. p. 159. ISBN 0-7216-9382-2.
8. ↑  Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. *Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion*. 8th edition. 2003. p. 161. ISBN 0-7216-9382-2.
9. 1 2  Walton, Richard E. and Mahmoud Torabinejad. *Principles and Practice of Endodontics*. 3rd edition. 2002. p. 562. ISBN 0-7216-9160-9.
10. ↑  Summit, James B. J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. "Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001. P. 62. ISBN 0-86715-382-2.
11. 1 2  Okeson, Jeffrey P. *Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion*. 5th edition. 2003. p. 83. ISBN 0-323-01477-1.

Chham-khó bûn-hèn
-----------------

* Ash, Major M.; Nelson, Stanley J. (2003). *Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion* (8th pán.). W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-9382-2.
* Nanci, Antonio (2013). *Ten Cate's oral histology* (8th pán.). Elsevier. ISBN 9780323096300.
* Neville, Brad W. (2002). *Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology* (2nd pán.). W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-9003-3.
* Okeson, Jeffrey P. (2003). *Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion* (5th pán.). Mosby. ISBN 0-323-01477-1.
* Scheid, Rickne C. (2012). *Woelfel's dental anatomy* (8th pán.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1608317462.

Chham-oa̍t
----------

* Lâng ê chhùi-khí

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Incisors: Structure and function: want to learn more about it?

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Gê-khí kái-phòa-ha̍k |
| --- |
|  |
| Beng-miâ-hoat | 
* Glossary of dentistry
* Universal Numbering System

 |
|  |
| Lâng ê chhùi-khí | 
* Éng-kiú-khí
	+ Mn̂g-khí
	+ Kak-khí
	+ Sió-āu-chan
	+ Āu-chan
* Ni-khí

 |
|  |
| Siōng-go̍k-kut ê chhùi-khí | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Mn̂g-khí | 
* Chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí
* Lateral incisor
* Canine

 |
|  |
| Sió-āu-chan | 
* First premolar
* Second premolar

 |
|  |
| Āu-chan | 
* First molar
* Second molar
* Tē-3 tōa-kiū-khí

 |

 |
|  |
| Hā-go̍k-kut ê chhùi-khí | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Mn̂g-khí | 
* Central incisor
* Lateral incisor
* Canine

 |
|  |
| Sió-āu-chan | 
* First premolar
* Second premolar

 |
|  |
| Āu-chan | 
* First molar
* Second molar
* Tē-3 tōa-kiū-khí

 |

 |
|  |
| Chhùi-khí ê kok-pō͘-hūn | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Crown | 
* Cusp
	+ Cusp of Carabelli
* Zuckerkandl's tubercle

 |
|  |
| 
* Khí-chhoé
* Kin-kńg tī-liâu
	+ Apical foramen

 |
|  |
| 
* Cementoenamel junction
* Khí-iū-chit
* Dental-enamel junction
* Khí-pún-chit
* Dental papilla

 |
|  |
| 
* Mamelon

 |
|  |
| 
* Dental alveolus

 |

 |

 |