**Peng-tó Kiōng-hô-kok** (冰島共和國, Peng-tó-gí: Lýðveldið Ísland) tī pak Tāi-se-iûⁿ, So͘-kat-lân kap Greenland ê tiong-kan. Peng-tó sī Pak-au kok-ka kî-tiong 1 kok.

Peng-tó sī siāng to͘-chhī-hòa ê Pak-au kok-ka, jîn-kháu chi̍t-pòaⁿ tòa siú-to· Reykjavík.

Hō-miâ
------

Peng-tó ê hō-miâ ū chi̍t khoán kū-sek im-e̍k-gí sī **I-su-lân**.

Tē-lí seng-thài
---------------

Tiong-tāi-se-iûⁿ Liông-chit tú-tú keng-kòe Peng-tó.
Oē-chheⁿ iáⁿ-siōng (9 goe̍h thiⁿ), khoàⁿ-ē-tio̍h éng-kiú ê peng-bō
Oē-chheⁿ iáⁿ-siōng (1 goe̍h té)
Peng-tó tī Bí-chiu kap Euro-A-chiu chit 2-tè tāi-lio̍k-pôaⁿ sio-pōng ê só·-chāi (hō-chò Tiong Tāi-se-iûⁿ Liông-chit, *Mid-Atlantic Ridge*), tì-tio̍h chhiâng-chāi ū hóe-soaⁿ tùi hái-té phû--chhut-lâi, án-ne lâi chō chhut bē-chió sin lio̍k-tē. Peng-tó pún-sin sī kî-tiong siāng-kài tōa--ê. Tó-siōng ê hóe-soaⁿ pêng-kin it~jī-cha̍p-nî po̍k-hoat 1 pái, chhèng--chhut-lâi ê hóe-hu (*tephra*) u-jiám cheng-seⁿ chia̍h--ê chháu-á, che le̍k-sú-siōng bat chin chē pái chō-chiâⁿ cheng-seⁿ kap lâng iau-iau--sí. Chē-chē un-choâⁿ kap phong-phài ê tē-hā-sio thê-kiong Peng-tó thiân-jiân ê lêng-goân, m̄-bián chhiūⁿ pa̍t-ūi tio̍h khò hòa-chio̍h jiân-liāu. Peng-tó lōe-tē sī ko-goân, oá Pak-ke̍k-khoan, tōa-pō·-hūn thàu-nî-tang khàm 1 têng peng-bō (Eng-gí: *ice cap*). Hô-chhoan ê chúi sam-put-gō·-sî ē e̍k-kîⁿ. Kē-tē só·-chāi in-ūi oá México-oan-lîu (*Gulf Stream*), khì-un pí-kàu khah un-hô.

Peng-tó Tāi-ha̍k ê 1-ê hāu-hn̂g, chhiū-á chin chió.
Peng-tó sī Au-chiu kok-ka tang-tiong seng-thài phò-hāi siāng-kài giâm-tiōng ê 1-ê. Chū khai-sí ū Pak-au-lâng tiàm hia khiā-khí kàu taⁿ, ē-sái kóng tōa-pō·-hūn ê chāi-tē ê chhiū-châng kap kî-thaⁿ ê si̍t-bu̍t lóng in-ūi kòe-thâu lī-iōng chôaⁿ-á thòaⁿ bē lo̍h-khì. Koh in-ūi khì-hāu hân-léng, chháu-châng têng hoat ê sok-tō· te̍k-pia̍t sô. Piáu-bīn ê si̍t-bu̍t it-tàn chheng-tiāu, ē-kha-têng khin, iù, koh sang ê hóe-hu-thô· chin kín tō khì hō· tó-siōng ê kông-hong tōa-hō· piàⁿ-piàⁿ tiāu. Kú-tn̂g sî-kan lia̍p-chek--khí-lâi ê pûi thô·-bah soah chi̍t-pòaⁿ án-ne lâi liû-sit. Hiān-tāi ê Peng-tó iû-goân tōa-phiàn bē-su soa-bô· kāng-khoán. Sui-bóng chèng-hu ū siat 1-ê pō·-mn̂g choan-kang hoa̍t-lo̍h chō-nâ ê sū-kang, chóng--sī bo̍k-chêng hāu-kó iú-hān.

Le̍k-sú sū-kiāⁿ
---------------

Kong-goân 870 nî khai-sí ū lâng î-bîn khì kàu Peng-tó. Tōa-pō·-hūn lâi-chū sai Lo̍k-ui, chió-pō·-hūn sī chá-kî î-bîn khì kàu Britain Kûn-tó ê Viking-lâng kap in chhōa--ê Celt cha-bó·-lâng. 930 nî chó-iū tōa-pō·-hūn sek-ha̍p chèng-choh ê tē í-keng hông chiàm liáu-liáu ah, î-bîn tòe teh chió--khì.

Peng-tó gī-hōe tī 999 nî thong-kòe chiap-siū Ki-tok-kàu, thang î-chhî in hām Ki-tok-kàu Norge ê keng-chè koan-hē. Peng-tó khai-sí hiòng Lô-má la̍p-sòe. Kàu-hōe phài tāi-lio̍k-chek ê chú-kàu kàu Peng-tó.

Tī 13 sè-kí chêng-pòaⁿ, tó-siōng 5-ê thâu-lâng kap in tāi-piáu ê tōa ka-cho̍k sio-tak, pàng-hóe, thâi-sí bē-chió lâng. Peng-tó-lâng chôaⁿ-á tī 1262 hit nî iau-chhiáⁿ Lo̍k-ui ông thóng-tī. Tī 1397 nî Lo̍k-ui, Sūi-tián, Tan-be̍h chit 3-ê Pak-au ông-kok thóng-it tī kāng-1-ê ông ê miâ-gī-hā (Kalmar Tông-bêng), 1536 nî pun chò Sūi-tián kap Tan-be̍h 2 kok (Tan-be̍h-pêng pau-koah Lo̍k-ui kap Lo̍k-ui koán-hat ê hái-gōa léng-thó·). 1814 nî liáu-āu Lo̍k-ui kui Sūi-tián, ah Peng-tó (kap Greenland, Faroe Kûn-tó) lâu tī Tan-be̍h. 1874 nî Peng-tó tùi Tan-be̍h tit-tio̍h pō·-hūn chū-tī-koân. 1944 nî oân-choân tùi Tan-be̍h to̍k-li̍p--chhut-khì.

Keng-chè
--------

Chá-kî ê î-bîn chhì beh tiàm Peng-tó kiàn-li̍p Pak-au-sek ê keng-chè ki-chhó·. In tòa lâi gû, bé, ti, mî-iûⁿ, kap soaⁿ-iûⁿ chit 5 chióng tián-hêng ê Au-a-chiu cheng-seⁿ-á, kî-tiong mî-iûⁿ sò·-liōng siāng chē, ah ti-á kap soaⁿ-iûⁿ in-ūi bô ha̍h tong-tē seng-thài āu--lâi chôaⁿ-á hòng-khì. Lēng-gōa koh ū lia̍h tong-tē ê iá-seng tōng-bu̍t lâi chia̍h, kî-tiong hái-chhiūⁿ kap hái-chiáu chin kín tō chia̍h kah khu̍t-chéng--khì, só·-í āu--lâi nn̄g-pe̍h-chit chú-iàu tùi hî-á lâi. Che pau-koah khe-ô· lāi ê chun-hî, salmon, *char* (*Salvelinus*-sio̍k), kap iân-hái ê soat-hî kap *haddock* (*Melanogrammus aeglefinus*). Soat-hî kap *haddock* te̍k-pia̍t tiōng-iàu: in thê-kiong chia̍h-mi̍h hō· Peng-tó-lâng ū-hoat-tō· tō·-kòe Sió Peng-hô Sî-tāi, jī-chhiáⁿ sī hiān-tāi Peng-tó-kok ê keng-chè tōng-le̍k.

Peng-tó ê keng-chè tiōng-sim tī Tiong-kó·-sî-tāi boán-kî khai-sí choán-hêng khì hái-sán-gia̍p. Hit-tong-sî Au-chiu tāi-lio̍k ê siâⁿ-chhī jîn-kháu tng teh sêng-tióng, che thê-kiong Peng-tó 1-ê goā-siau iân-hái hî-sán ê chhī-tiûⁿ khong-kan. Chú-iàu ê sán-phín sī pha̍k-ta liáu so-iâm ê soat-hî-koaⁿ. Peng-tó tó-siōng in-ūi bô tōa-châng chhiū thê-kiong chō-chûn ê bo̍k-châi, in tio̍h khò Lo̍k-ui, Eng-lân, Tek-kok, Hoat-kok kap O-lân ūn-su sán-phín kàu tāi-lio̍k. Peng-tó kàu-kah 20 sè-kí chho·-kî chiah ū ka-kī ê chûn-tūi. Lia̍h-hî ki-su̍t oân-ná tī hit-tōaⁿ sî-kî tōa-tōa hiān-tāi-hòa. Lông-gia̍p chiām-chiām ui--khì, jîn-kháu tòe teh sóa khì to·-chhī tiong-sim. Siâⁿ-chhī ê jîn-kháu tī 1920 nî-tāi thâu-1-pái pí chng-kha chē. Kàu-kah 1950 nî-tāi, Peng-tó ê gōa-siau-phín ū 9-siâⁿ í-siōng sī hái-sán.

Hiān-tāi ê keng-chè ki-chhó· kiàn-li̍p tòa hî-sán. Gōa-siau siu-ji̍p 6-siâⁿ í-siōng hām hî-gia̍p ū koan-hē. Kî-thaⁿ ê gōa-siau-phín pau-koah a-lú-mih, ferro-silicon, mî-chè-phín, kap hî-gia̍p hong-bīn ê siat-pī. Tōa-pō·-hūn gōa-siau khì Au-chiu Liân-bêng (EU), Europa Chū-iû Bō·-ek Hia̍p-hōe (EFTA), Bí-kok, Ji̍t-pún. 1970, 80 nî-tāi bat hoat-seng thong-hòe phòng-tiòng, siāng koân chhèng kàu 59% (1980); chòe-kīn kúi-nî í-keng lak lo̍h-lâi kàu 1.5% chó-iū. Hiān-chhú-sî ê sit-gia̍p-lu̍t te̍k-pia̍t kē, 1% chó-iū.

Thian-jiân chu-goân chió, âng-mo·-thô· sī chú-iàu ê chè-phín, iōng tī kiàn-tio̍k, pí chìn-kháu ê chhâ ke chin ē hô. Peng-tó lêng-goân chhiong-chiok, tē-hā-sio kap chúi-le̍k hoat-tiān iōng liáu ū chhun, bo̍k-chêng ū teh gián-kiù gōa-siau ê khó-hêng-sèng. Khai-hoat chia̍h-tiān kang-gia̍p mā teh khó-lū-tiong.

Tī kòe-khì 10 tang Peng-tó ū teh khai-hoat chè-chō-gia̍p kap ho̍k-bū-gia̍p, pau-koah chu-sìn kho-ki, seng-bu̍t kho-ki, kim-iông ho̍k-bū téng-téng. Koan-kong-gia̍p phòe-ha̍p seng-thài koan-kong ê sî-kiâⁿ thê-kiong lâng him-sióng hái-ang ê ki-hōe.

Peng-tó bô thih-lō·.

Kok-bîn-só·-tek pêng-kin 1 lâng pun Bí-kim 30,900 (2003 nî kó·-kè), pâi tī sè-kài chêng kúi-ūi-á. Kin-kù 2006 nî ê 1 phiⁿ OECD pò-kò, Peng-tó ê khoan-pîn phó·-ki̍p-lu̍t sī 26.7%, sī sè-kài tē 1 ūi (Hân-kok 25.4%).

Chèng-tī
--------

Peng-tó tī 1944 nî tùi Tan-be̍h to̍k-li̍p, sêng-li̍p kiōng-hô-kok. Gī-hōe (*Alþingi*) tī 930 nî sêng-li̍p, 1799 nî thêng-chí ūn-chok, 1844 nî iū-koh têng oa̍h-tāng; hit-chūn ê kak-sek sī chò Tan-be̍h ông ê kò·-būn-thoân. Hiān-tāi ê *Alþingi* ū 63-ê gī-oân.

Chóng-thóng sī kok-ka ê thâu-lâng, koân-le̍k iú-hān, tī te̍k-sû chêng-hêng ē-sái chí-phài pō·-tiúⁿ. Chhōa-thâu ê pō·-tiúⁿ chiah sī chèng-hú ê thâu-lâng. In-ūi m̄-bat ū chèng-tóng soán kòe-pòaⁿ, chêng-kah-taⁿ ê chèng-hú lóng-chóng sī 2 tóng í-siōng cho·-sêng ê liân-ha̍p chèng-hú.

Chóng-thóng, kok-hōe, pō·-tiúⁿ, tē-hng gī-hōe lóng sī 4 tang kái-soán 1 pái.

Chú-iàu ê chèng-tóng: To̍k-li̍p Tóng, Chìn-pō· Tóng, Siā-hōe Bîn-chú Liân-bêng, Chó-phài-le̍k-tóng, Chū-iû Tóng.

Peng-tó bô kun-tūi.

Hêng-chèng
----------

Peng-tó pun-chò 8 ê tē-khu (*landsvæði*), ē-kha koh pun-chò 26 ê hêng-chèng-khu (éng-kòe pun 23 ê koān, hō-chò *sýslur*). Lóng-chóng ū 104 ê hiong-tìn.

Jîn-kháu
--------

Peng-tó pún-té tāi-khài bô tòa lâng, nā ū mā ke̍k-ke kúi-ê-á Éire-lâng tòa tī hia (bo̍k-chêng pēng-bô khó-kó· chèng-kì).

Peng-tó chêng-kah-taⁿ î-bîn iú-hān, jîn-kháu chha-put-to lóng-sī chá-kî Skandinavia î-bîn ê hiō-tāi. Chit-ê te̍k-sek piáu-sī Peng-tó jîn-kháu te̍k-pia̍t sek-ha̍p chò ûi-thoân-ha̍k hong-bīn ê gián-kiù.

Bûn-hòa
-------

Peng-tó-lâng tī kòe-khì chheng-gōa-nî oa̍h tī 1-ê pháiⁿ seng-chûn ê khoân-kéng tang-tiong. In āu--lâi o̍h ē-hiáu tiâu-chéng chó·-tē ê keng-chè bô·-sek thang sek-èng Peng-tó ê thiau-chiàn. Che chō-chiâⁿ tó-bîn thāi-tō· khim-hióng pó-siú, bô gōan-ì mā kám-kak bô pún-chîⁿ thang chhìn-chhái si̍t-giām, bō·-hiám.

Bat-jī-lu̍t 99.9%. Chhut-pán ê gia̍h nā chiàu jîn-kháu pí-lē lâi phēng, tī choân sè-kài sī pâi thâu-chêng-ūi. Peng-tó-gú pó-chûn kó·-chá Kó· Norse-oē ê te̍k-sek. Hiān-tāi ê Peng-tó-lâng (kap Føroyar-lâng) iáu tha̍k ū bat chheng-nî-chêng ê Kó· Norse bûn-hiàn. Lo̍k-ui-lâng tō bô chit-ê châi-tiāu. In ê sú-si (*saga*) kì-chài 12 sè-kí ê Lo̍k-ui kap Peng-tó le̍k-sú. Siāng ū miâ-siaⁿ ê hiān-tāi chok-ka sī Halldor Kiljan Laxness chit-ūi Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng ê tit-chióng-jîn.

Peng-tó mā pó-chûn Skandinavia í-chá ê hō-miâ hē-thóng. Tōa-pō·-hūn lâng bô sèⁿ. Kí 1-ê lē: ū 1-ê chhut-miâ ê cha-bó· koa-chheⁿ hō-chò Björk Guðmundsdóttir. *Björk* sī i kò-jîn ê miâ, tān-sī *Guðmundsdóttir* m̄ sī i ê sèⁿ. He ì-sù sī "Guðmundur ê cha-bó·-kiáⁿ", ah Guðmundur sī lāu-pē kò-jîn ê miâ. Siat-sú Björk ū hiaⁿ-tī, in ê miâ āu-piah tiāⁿ-tio̍h-sī *Guðmundurson* ("Guðmundur ê cha-po·-kiáⁿ"). Só·-í Peng-tó-lâng thong-siông kiò lâng ê kò-jîn miâ, tī chèng-sek ê tiûⁿ-bīn (chhin-chhiūⁿ kok-hōe-thiaⁿ) oân-ná sī án-ne. Hoat-lu̍t kui-tēng tio̍h iōng chit-ê hē-thóng; î-it ê lē-gōa sī 1913 nî chìn-chêng tō ū hō sèⁿ ê hit-kóa lâng kap in ê hiō-tāi. Cha-bó·-lâng kiat-hun liáu-āu it-poaⁿ kè-siok iōng pún-miâ.

Chham-chiàu
-----------

1. ↑  *Tē-lí Kàu-kho-su Koàn Jī*. Tiong Se Tōe-miâ Piáu.

Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
-----------------

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|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Ísland*** |

* Peng-tó ê koaⁿ-hong ji̍p-kháu
* Kok-hōe ê Eng-bûn bāng-chām
* Chèng-hú ê Eng-bûn bāng-chām
* Siòng
* Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Gōa-kau-pō· lí-hêng chu-sìn

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| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Au-chiu ê kok-ka kap i-lāi-tē |
| --- |
|  |
| Chú-khoân kok-ka | Albania · Andorra · Armenia1 · Ò-tē-lī · Azerbaijan1 · Pak Macedonia · Belarus · Pe̍k-ní-gī · Bosnia kap Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Ku-pí-lō͘1 · Chesko · Tan-be̍h · Estonia · Hun-lân · Hoat-kok · Gruzia1 · Tek-kok · Hi-lia̍p · Hông-gâ-lī · Peng-tó · Ài-ní-lân · Í-tāi-lī · Kazakhstan1 · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lietuva · Luxembourg · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Hô-lân · Ná-ui · Pho-lân · Phû-tô-gâ · Romania · Lō͘-se-a1 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Se-pan-gâ · Sūi-tián · Sūi-se · Thó͘-ní-kî1 · Ukraina · Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok · Vaticano |  |
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| Pō͘-hūn sêng-jīn ê kok-ka | Abkhazia1 · Artsakh1 · Kosovo · Pak Ku-pí-lō͘1 · Lâm Ossetia1 · Transnistria |
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| I-lāi-tē | 

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| Tan-be̍h | Faroe Kûn-tó (kò͘-sêng-kok) |
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| Hun-lân | Åland Kûn-tó (kò͘-sêng-kok) |
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| Ná-ui | Jan Mayen ·Svalbard (Hui-kiàn-chè i-lāi-tē) |
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| Eng-kok | Akrotiri kap Dhekelia1 · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Man ·Jersey |

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| Kî-thaⁿ chú-khoân si̍t-thé | Au-chiu Liân-bêng  · Malta Khî-sū-thoân |
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| 1 Pō͘-hūn tī A-chiu, it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi sī Au-chiu ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn. |

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 133608068
* LCCN: n80140759
* ISNI: 0000 0001 2189 3811
* GND: 4027754-9
* HDS: 003358
* NDL: 00560122
* NKC: ge129393

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