recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
|  |
| --- |
| Le̍k-sú-su |
| Iok-su-a-kì |
| Sū-su-kì |
| Lō·-tek-kì |
| Sat-bó·-jíⁿ-kì chiūⁿ hā |
| Lia̍t-ông-kì chiūⁿ hā |
| Le̍k-tāi-chì chiūⁿ hā |
| Í-su-láh-kì |
| Nî-hi-bí-kì |
| Í-su-thiap-kì |
|  |

**Lō·-tek-kì** sī chi̍t-phiⁿ khó-í ko-siōng, un-hiong tōng-jîn ê kò·-sū, Sū-su-kì só· kì-chài ê hōan-lān sî-kî ûi pòe-kéng, biâu-su̍t chi̍t-tōaⁿ le̍k-sú ê chhah-khek. Sū-su-kì ū put-siáu kò·-sū kì-su̍t Sîn ê jîn-bîn chāi lī-khì Sîn sî-hāu cho-gū kàu ê chai-lān. Lō·-tek ê kò·-sū khioh biâu-siá gōa-kok-lâng kui-hiòng Í-sek-lia̍t ê Siōng-tè in-jî bông-siū hok-khì, piàn-sêng Sîn tiong-sim chú-bîn ê chi̍t pō·-hūn.

Pún-su Tê-iàu
-------------

* Ná-o-bí kap Lō·-tek hóan-hê Pek-lī-hêng. (Chi̍t-chiuⁿ: Chi̍t kàu 22-chat)

* Lō·-tek gū-siāng Pho-a-su. (Nn̄g-chiuⁿ: Chi̍t-chat kàu Saⁿ-chiuⁿ :18-chat)

* Pho-a-su kin Lō·-tek kiat-hun (Sì-chiuⁿ: Chi̍t-kàu 22-chat)
Evo Morales
**Juan Evo Morales Aima** (1959 nî 10 goe̍h 26), Bolivia chó-phài chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t, coca chèng-choh ūn-tōng ê thâu-lâng, tī 2005 nî ê chóng-thóng soán-kí tōa-iâⁿ tùi-chhiú, chiâⁿ-chò hit-kok thâu-1-ê goân-chū-bîn (Aymara-cho̍k) chóng-thóng.

I sī *cocalero* ūn-tōng kap Ǹg Siā-hōe-chú-gī Ūn-tōng (*Movimiento al Socialismo*, MAS) ê thâu-lâng. *Cocalero* sī chèng coca ê choh-sit-lâng cho·-ha̍p ê liân-bêng; in hoán-tùi Bí-kok bia̍t coca ê chèng-chhek.

Chóng-thóng jīm-lāi
-------------------

Tī 2006 nî i soan-pò͘ Bolivia beh chiōng goā-kok kong-si ê thian-jiân-khì sán-gia̍p kok-iú-hoà pēng-chhiáⁿ sûi phài peng-á kap koaⁿ-oân khì hoāⁿ 53 cho͘ siat-si. I kóng goā-kok kong-si ū 6 goe̍h-ji̍t ê sî-kan thang hām chèng-hú kau-sia̍p sin koan-hē. Siū éng-hióng ê kong-si ū 20 goā keng, pau-koah Pa-se ê kok-iú kong-si Petrobras. Bolivia ê thian-jiân-khì chu-goân sī Latin Bí-chiu tē 2 toā--ê, pâi toà Venezuela āu-piah.
The Eye of Providence, as seen on the US $1 bill, has been perceived by some to be evidence of a conspiracy linking the founding fathers of the United States to the Illuminati.:58:47–49
**Im-bô͘-lūn** (陰謀論) sī tùi le̍k-sú ia̍h tong-tāi sū-kiāⁿ chò-chhut te̍k-pia̍t kái-soeh ê kóng-hoat, thong-siông àm-siā sū-kiāⁿ ê kong-khai kái-soeh sī thiau-kang khi-moâ, iû pōe-āu ê chi̍p-thoân teh chhau-chhiòng sū-thài ê hoat-tián hām kiat-kó, lâi chhú-tit chi̍p-thoân ê siōng-toā lī-ek. Chit-khoán te̍k-pia̍t ê kái-soeh hām it-poaⁿ phó͘-phiàn hō͘ lâng chiap-siū ê kái-soeh bô-kāng, in ē kā sū-kiāⁿ kái-soeh chò kò-jîn ia̍h thoân-thé pì-bi̍t chhek-ōe ê kiat-kó.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  Barkun, Michael (2003). *A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America*. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 3–4.
2. ↑  Issitt, Micah; Main, Carlyn (2014). *Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs*. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-478-0.

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Wikiquote ū ***Im-bô͘-lūn*** ê ín-iōng-kù. |

Khì Wiktionary chhâ  
***conspiracy theory*** chit ê sû.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Conspiracy theories*** |

* Conspiracy Theories, *Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy*

Conspiracy theories [en]
***Chhiau-kip Âng-lâng-pńg*** (超級紅人榜) sī Tâi-oân Sam-lip Tiān-sī-tâi ê chhiùⁿ-koa pí-sài chiat-bo̍k. Iû U Bí-jîn (于美人) kah Chhoà Chhiong-hiàn (蔡昌憲) liân-ha̍p tsú-tshî. 2010 nî 11 gue̍h 7 ji̍t khai-sí pò-tshut. Sam-lip Tâi-oân-tâi múi lé-pài-ji̍t àm-sî 6-tiám-poànn kàu 8-tiám pò-chhut. Tak-lé-pài ū tshiánn gōo-ê phîng-phuànn. Ū Iû Hông-bêng (游鴻明), N̂g Su-chùn (黃舒駿), Âng Kèng-giâu (洪敬堯), Khó͘ Siông-tek (許常德), Siù-lân Má-ngá (秀蘭瑪雅), Chiam Ngá-bûn (詹雅雯) kah Tân Khèng-jîn (陳慶仁). Tak-ê pîhng-phuànn siōng-tsē ē-sái phuánn gōo-hun. Ha̍p leh puán-hun sī ji̍p-tsah-gōo-hun. Tshiat-bo̍k sī iōng kok-gí chú-chhî kah pêng-lūn, iōng tâi-gí tshiùnn-kua.

Kui-tshek
---------

Pí-sài pun-choè 30-hoè í-hā ê "ngó͘-siōng-cho͘" kap 30-hoè í-siōng ê "chheng-chhun-cho͘". Chit 2-cho͘ tak-lé-pài lóng ū 2-ê pí-sài-chiá. Siōng-koân-hun ê lâng chiah-kok kah téng-lé-pài iâⁿ ê lâng sio-pí.
**Kâng-miâ-jī** (Eng-gí: *homonym*; Óa-im: "***HÓ-MO-NÌM**-yes*"; gí-goân: *homo-* "sio-siâng" + *-nym* "hō-miâ") ia̍h **tông-im-gí** (Ji̍t-gí: 同音語) sī ho͘-im kap siá-hoat sio-siâng m̄-koh ì-sù bô-kâng ê tan-jī, nā chiàu goân-choân ì-sù thang hō chò "kâng-im kâng-hêng bô-kàng ì-sù ê tan-jī". Chit-khoán jī mā ē-sài kóng sī ū chē khoán ì-sù ê chi̍t-ê tan-jī, chóng-sī chia ê ì-sù tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī bô-kâng lâi-goân, ka-ta sī bô tú-hó ū sio-siâng ê ho͘-im ia̍h tàu-jī.

Pí-lūn chiàu Pe̍h-ōe-jī chò chiàⁿ-jī-hoat ê Hō-ló-oē lâi-kóng, "su-hoat" (司法) kap su-hoat (書法) tiō sǹg sī chi̍t khoán kâng-miâ-jī. Bô-kâng siá-hoat m̄-koh ho͘-im sio-siâng ê jī mā sǹg sī kâng-miâ-jī, chhan-chhiūⁿ Ji̍t-pún-ōe ê "機関" (ki-koan) kap "器官" (khì-koan) lóng tha̍k *kikan*, m̄-koh chiàu Hàn-jī lâi kóng sī bô-kâng siá-hoat. Nā tùi Hàn-jī ê koan-tiám lâi kóng, che nn̄g lē lóng sǹg chò ī-hêng-jī (*heterograph*).

Chham-chiàu
-----------

1. ↑  "homonym (n.)". *Online Etymology Dictionary*. 2018-12-13 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  "同音語". *Kotobank.jp*. 2018-12-13 khòaⁿ--ê.
**Sèng Francis--ê Kî-tó-bûn** (Hoat-gí: *Prière de saint François*), hőng lia̍h-chó sī Sèng Francis siá--ê kî-tó-bûn, m̄-koh bô chèng-kù kóng i tī 1912 nî chìn-chêng tio̍h chhut-hiān.

Hoat-gí-pán
-----------

Kin-kù *La Clochette* cha̍p-chì 1912 nî 12 goe̍h (Tē 12 Hō)--ê tē 285 ia̍h, bô lo̍h-miâ:

Seigneur, fais de moi un instrument de ta paix.
Là où il y a de la haine, que je mette l’amour.
Là où il y a l’offense, que je mette le pardon.
Là où il y a la discorde, que je mette l’union.
Là où il y a l’erreur, que je mette la vérité.
Là où il y a le doute, que je mette la foi.
Là où il y a le désespoir, que je mette l’espérance.
Là où il y a les ténèbres, que je mette votre lumière.
Là où il y a la tristesse, que je mette la joie.
Ô Maître, que je ne cherche pas tant à être consolé qu’à consoler,
à être compris qu’à comprendre,
à être aimé qu’à aimer,
car c’est en donnant qu’on reçoit,
c’est en s’oubliant qu’on trouve,
c’est en pardonnant qu’on est pardonné,
c’est en mourant qu’on ressuscite à l’éternelle vie.

1 chióng Eng-gí hoan-e̍k
------------------------

Lord, make me an instrument of thy peace.
Where there is hatred, let me sow love;
Where there is injury, pardon;
Where there is doubt, faith;
Where there is despair, hope;
Where there is darkness, light;
Where there is sadness, joy.
O divine Master, grant that I may not so much seek
To be consoled as to console,
To be understood as to understand,
To be loved as to love;
For it is in giving that we receive;
It is in pardoning that we are pardoned;
It is in dying to self that we are born to eternal life.

Hô-ló-oē hoan-e̍k
-----------------

Chú--ah, hō͘ goá chò lí hô-pêng--ê kang-kū.
Ū oan-siû--ê só͘-chāi, hō͘ goá iā ài.
Ū siong-hāi-ê só͘-chāi, hō͘ goá iā sià-bián.
Ū giâu-gî--ê só͘-chāi, hō͘ goá iā siong-sìn.
Ū choa̍t-bāng--ê só͘-chāi, hō͘ goá iā ǹg-bāng.
Ū pi-siong--ê só͘-chāi, hō͘ goá iā hí-lo̍k.
Sèng-chú--ah, èng-ún goá m̄-thang kiû
Siū an-ùi khah-chē an-ùi pa̍t-lâng,
Siū liáu-kái khah-chē liáu-kái pa̍t-lâng,
Siū lâng thiàⁿ khah-chē thiàⁿ pa̍t-lâng.
In-ūi hō͘ pa̍t-lâng--ê sî, gún ē tit-tio̍h;
Sià-bián pa̍t-lâng--ê sî, gún ē siū sià-bián.
Tī sí-bông--ê sî, gún ē oa̍h tī éng-oa̍h.
**Nigeria chà-khi** (Eng-gí: *Nigerian scams*), mā thang hō **419 chà-khi**, sī chi̍t khoán chà-khi (chà-phiàn, phiàn-kio̍k) hêng-sek. 

Nigeria chà-khi bô it-tēng kap Nigeria ū koān-hē, i ki-pún ê sêng-hun mā kiò sìn-jīm phiàn-su̍t. Chú-iàu sī phiàn kóng beh pun chi̍t pit chîⁿ hō͘ pī-hāi-chiá , m̄-koh tāi-seng iau-kiû pī-hāi-chiá la̍p chi̍t kóa só͘-hùi, nā pī-hāi-chiá khak-si̍t hō͘ pián--khì, pián-sian sòa--lo̍h-lâi to̍h ū khó-lêng koh pian chi̍t liân-sòa sin lí-iû lâi thó chîⁿ.

Í-chá Nigeria chài-khi sī lī-ēng phoe-sìn chiap-chhio̍k pī-hāi-chiá. Bāng-lō͘ hoat-tián liáu-āu, chá-kî sī lī-ēng e-mail, che mā sī "Nigeria" chi̍t-ê miâ-hō sán-seng ê pōe-kéng, in-ūi pián-sian tiāⁿ phiàn lâng kóng ū Nigeria ê chu-kim iā sī ka-tī sī "Nigeria Ông-chú"; nā "419" chit-ê sò͘-jī sī tùi Nigeria chà-khi-chōe hoat-lūt pian-hō 4-1-9 hō--lâi-ê.

Āu-lâi koh hoat-tián ēng siā-kau ho̍k-bū phì-jû Facebook ia̍h Line téng mn̂g-lō͘ phiàn chîⁿ.

Siong-koan
----------

Chit khoán chà-khi ū chi̍t khoán kó͘-chá hêng-sek kiò "Se-pan-gâ Kaⁿ-siû" (Spanish Prisoner).
2017 Tâi-oân Teng-hōe chāi Hûn-lîm
**Tâi-oân Teng-hōe** (臺灣燈會; Eng: *Taiwan Lantern Festival*) sī iû Tâi-oân Kau-thong-pō͘ Koan-kong-kio̍k chú-pān, ùi 1990 nî khai-sí tī ta̍k-nî Goân-siau kí-hêng ê tōa-hêng teng-hōe oa̍h-tāng. Che goân-té sī kan-na tī Tâi-pak-chhī kí-pān ê **Tâi-pak Teng-hōe** (臺北燈會), lo̍h-bóe tī 2001 nî khai-sí kái-miâ pēng khai-hòng choân-kok kok koān-chhī sio-cheⁿ múi-chi̍t nî ê chú-pān-khoân, chiâⁿ-chò choân-kok-sèng ê kok-ka-kip oa̍h-tāng.

Iû Tâi-pak-chhī Chèng-hú só͘ kí-pān ê teng-hōe hō-chò Tâi-pak Teng-cheh.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Tâi-oân Teng-hōe |
| --- |
|  |
| 1990 nî-tāi | 
* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* 1993
* 1994
* 1995
* 1996
* 1997
* 1998
* 1999

 |
|  |
| 2000 nî-tāi | 
* 2000
* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009

 |
|  |
| 2010 nî-tāi | 
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019

 |

 |
Cheng-chú kap loán-chú tng-teh chìn-hêng siū-cheng chok-iōng.
Kóng-gī lâi kóng ê sèng-pia̍t ē-sái sī seng-lí sèng-pia̍t, sim-lí sèng-pia̍t, siā-hōe sèng-pia̍t, chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ í kài-siàu seng-lí sèng-pia̍t ûi-chú.

**Seng-lí sèng-pia̍t** (生理性別) koh kiò-chò **seⁿ-si̍t sèng-pia̍t** (生殖性別) he̍k-chiá **seng-bu̍t sèng-pia̍t** (生物性別); seng-bu̍t tiong ū chē-chē bu̍t-chéng ē-sái khu-hun chò 2 ê ia̍h-sī 2 ê í-siōng ê chéng-lūi, hō-chò **sèng-pia̍t** (*sex*). Chia-ê bô-kāng ê sèng-pia̍t kò-thé ē kiat-ha̍p pó͘-chiok hō͘-siong ê ûi-thoân-chú lâi seⁿ-thoàⁿ āu-tāi, chit-khoán kòe-têng hō-chò seⁿ-thoàⁿ. Tián-hêng ê chêng-hòng hā, chi̍t ê bu̍t-chéng ē ū 2 chióng sèng-pia̍t: hiông-sèng kap chhu-sèng. Kî-tiong, chhu-sèng sī pī kài-tēng chò seng-sán khah-toā phòe-ngó͘-chú ê hit chi̍t hong. In-chhú, sèng-pia̍t ê chéng-lūi sī iû seng-bu̍t kò-thé tī sèⁿ-miā chiu-kî ê bó͘ chi̍t toāⁿ sî-kan lāi ē-tàng chip-hêng ê seⁿ-thoàⁿ kong-lêng só͘ koat-tēng.
Tân Kùi-tông
**Tân Kùi-tông** (陳季同; 1851 nî  – 1907 nî ), piáu-jī **Kèng-jû** (敬如), hō **Sam-sêng Cha-khek** (三乘槎客), sī Tiong-kok Boán-chheng Hâu-koaⁿ-koān chhut-sin ê chèng-tī jîn-bu̍t. I sī Boán-chheng bóe-kî ê Tiong-kok sin-chèng ê chham-ú-chiá, mā sī kāng chi̍t sî-kî ê gōa-kau-ka kap chok-ka.

I tī 1867 nî khó-tiâu Kiû-sī Tông-gē Kio̍k (求是堂藝局), lo̍h-bóe ê Chûn-chèng O̍h-tn̂g. 1875 nî, Ji̍t-ì-kek tńg-khì Hoat-kok chhái-kò͘ chûn-kàm, Chûn-chèng Tāi-sîn Sím Pó-cheng kéng-soán Chûn-chèng O̍h-tn̂g ê iu-siù ha̍k-seng Tân Kùi-tông téng lâng tòe Ji̍t-ì-kek chò-hóe iû-le̍k Au-chiu. 1878 nî kàu 1889 nî i tī Hoat-kok Pa-lí Chèng-tī O̍h-tn̂g liû-ha̍k o̍h kong-hoat choan-gia̍p.

1895 nî, Tâi-oân in-ūi *Shimonoseki Tiâu-iok* hō͘ Tiong-kok koah-niū hō͘ Ji̍t-pún, i chú-tiuⁿ sêng-li̍p kok-ka lâi tùi-gōa kiû-oān. Bóe-á chham-ú chhek-oe̍h Tâi-oân Bîn-chú Kok pēng khí-chhó *Bîn-chú-kok Soan-giân*, âu-lāi hō͘ Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok Tāi-chóng-thóng Tn̂g Kéng-siông jīm-bēng chò Gōa-bū Tāi-sîn, hū-chek hit kok ê gōa-kau sū-bū. M̄-koh, Ji̍t-pún kun-tūi teng-lio̍k liáu-āu, i mā tùi Tn̂g Kéng-siông lī-khui Tâi-oân.
***Citrus*** (シトラス, Shitorasu) sī Saburôta ê pek-ha̍p loân-ài bàng-gah, tī It-sìn-siā (一迅社) ê *Comic Pek-ha̍p Ki* ùi 2013 nî 1 goe̍h hō khai-sí liân-chài. Kái-pian--ê tiān-sī tōng-oē tī 2018 nî 1 goe̍h khí khai-sí hòng-sàng.

Kò͘-sū
------

Chāi-lâi m̄-bat loân-ài ê cha-bó͘ ko-tiong-seⁿ Lâm-goân Iū-chú in-ùi a-bú chài-hun, soán-kàu chi̍t-keng lú-chú ko-tiong. Tī hia, i tú-tio̍h hia ê ha̍k-seⁿ-hoē-tiúⁿ Gâ-i, soà m̄-chai, i tio̍h sī Iū-chú sin ê sió-moē, jī-chhiáⁿ in ài khùn kâng-chi̍t-keng pâng-keng. Kò͘-sū tio̍h sī chit 2-ê cha-bó͘-gín-á sī án-noá jú lâi jú oá, siōng-boé hoat-kak pí-chhú ê kám-chêng.

Jîn-bu̍t
--------

Lâm-goân Iū-chú (藍原 柚子, *Aihara Yuzu*?)
Phoè-im-oân: Tiok-ta̍t Chhái-nāi (竹達彩奈, Taketatsu Ayana)
Chú-kak. 8 goe̍h 8 ji̍t chhut-sì. Ùi a-bú chài-hun ê chhiu-thiⁿ choán-ha̍k kàu Lâm-goân Ha̍k-oân ê 1 nî A pan.
I kā thâu-mo͘ ní chó ka-pi-sek. Sui-jiân khoàⁿ--khì-lâi chin iau-kiau, m̄-kuh m̄-bat loân-ài. Choán-khió sin ê ha̍k-hāu mā m̄ kái-piān i ê chēng-chhah. Sui-jiân kap iap-thiap ê o͘-niau Kok-kháu Chêng-bí chin tàu-tah, tān-sī kap ki-thaⁿ ê tông-o̍h lóng bô goā hó.
Lâm-goân Gâ-i (藍原 芽衣, *Aihara Mei*?)
Phoè-im-oân: Chin-tiân Bí-pho (津田美波, Tsuda Minami)
Lēng-goā chi̍t-ê chú-kak. 9 goe̍h 13 ji̍t chhut-sì. Lí-sū-tiúⁿ ê cha-bó͘-sun, koh chi̍t-nî-á tio̍h chò ha̍k-seⁿ-hoē-tiúⁿ.
Thâu-mo͘ o͘ koh tn̂g, ho͘ lâng kám-kak chiaⁿ ko͘-sng. Chin gâu tha̍k cheh, tiaⁿ-tiaⁿ hō͘ in tông-o̍h ûi--leh. Mā chin tit hak-seⁿ-hoē ê lâng ê sìn-khò.
Kok-khió Chêng-bí (谷口 はるみ, *Taniguti Harumi*?)
Phoè-im-oân: Têng-chéng Hēng-tāi (藤井ゆきよ, Fujii Yukiyo)
Iū-chú ê tông-o̍h, ko-tiong chiah lâi chit-keng ha̍k-hāu.
I kā ti̍t thâu-mo͘ pa̍k chò nn̄g-pêng. Tī ha̍k-hāu ê sî kah siú-kui-kí, chāi-goā ê sî mā kap Iū-chú kāng-koán chng kah súi-súi.
Thô-bo̍k-iá Ki-chú (桃木野 姫子, *Momokino Himeko*?)
Phoè-im-oân: Kiú-pó Pe̍k-ha̍p-hoa (久保ユリカ, Kubo Yurika)
Gâ-i ê tiok-má-chi-iú, ha̍k-seⁿ-hoē ê hù-hoē-tiúⁿ.
Súi-te̍k Ba̍k-nī (水沢 まつり, *Mizusawa Maturi*?)
Phoè-im-oân: Khut-iá Sa-iá-ka (堀野紗也加, Horino Sayaka)
Iū-chú ê tiok-má-chi-iú. Kok-tiong 2 nî-kip. Lâu kah keng-kah ê thâu-mo͘ hō i ní chó chhián-sek.

Chhut-pán ê chheh
-----------------

| Chi̍p-sò͘ |  Ji̍t-pún  It-sìn-siā  |  Tâi-oân  Tong-li̍p Chhut-pán-siā  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hoat-siū Ji̍t-kî | ISBN | Hoat-siū Ji̍t-kî | ISBN |
| 1 | 2013 nî 8-goe̍h 1-ji̍t | ISBN-978-4-7580-7264-9 | 2015 nî 3-goe̍h 6-ji̍t | ISBN-978-986-382-506-7 |
| 2 | 2014 nî 4-goe̍h 1-ji̍t | ISBN-978-4-7580-7297-7 | 2015 nî 7-goe̍h 7-ji̍t | ISBN-978-986-382-507-4 |
| 3 | 2014 nî 12-goe̍h 1-ji̍t | ISBN-978-4-7580-7372-1 | 2016 nî 1-goe̍h 28-ji̍t | ISBN-978-986-382-508-1 |
| 4 | 2015 nî 8-goe̍h 1-ji̍t | ISBN-978-4-7580-7449-0 | 2016 nî 5-goe̍h 24-ji̍t | ISBN-978-986-431-879-7 |
| 5 | 2016 nî 5-goe̍h 18-ji̍t | ISBN-978-4-7580-7540-4 |  |  |

Goā-pō͘ Liân-kiat
-----------------

* (Ji̍t-pún-gí)citrus(ピクシブ百科事典)
* (Ji̍t-pún-gí)It-sìn-siā WEB bàng-gah Pek-ha̍p-ki
**Chester Nimitz** (Eng-bûn: *Chester William Nimitz*; 1885 nî 2 goe̍h 24 ji̍t – 1966 nî 2 goe̍h 20 ji̍t) sī Bí-kok Hái-kun le̍k-sú siōng ê chi̍t ūi chiong-kun, i siōng kôan ê kun-kai sī gō͘-chheⁿ goân-sòe. Nimitz chá-nî choan-bûn gián-kiù chǹg-chúi-théng, āu-lâi chiâⁿ-chòe Bí-kun lāi-bīn chhâ-iû iân-jín ê ki-su̍t choan-ka. Tī Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Chiàn-cheng po̍k-hoat liáu-āu, Nimitz chhut-jīm Bí-kok Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Lām-tūi ê chóng-su-lēng, khai-sí chú-tō tùi Ji̍t-pún ê chiàn-sū. Chiàn-āu, Nimitz tam-jīm Hái-kun Chok-chiàn Pō͘-tiúⁿ, it-ti̍t chò kàu 1947 nî thè-ngó͘ ûi-chí.

Nimitz tī 1966 nî kòe-sin. Bí-kok Hái-kun ūi-tio̍h beh kì-liām Nimitz, kā i kòe-sin liáu-āu ê tē-it chiah hâng-khong-bú-lām hō-chòe Nimitz-kip Hâng-khong-bú-lām, mā sī lo̍h-bóe ê Nimitz-hō Hâng-khong-bú-lām. Lēng-gōa, tī Hawaii Honolulu kap California Kū-kim-soaⁿ, iáu-ū chi̍t tiâu kì-liām i ê Nimitz ko-sok kong-lō͘.
**Hoán-choân-kiû-hòa** sī hoán-tùi hiān-chhú-sî tng sî-kiâⁿ ê choân-kiû-hòa ê khoán-sek ê lâng iah thoân-thé in só͘ ēng ê kháu-hō he̍k-chiá-sī chí in ê hêng-tōng.

Hoán Lausanne ê Sè-kài Keng-chè Lūn-toâⁿ ê piah-chō (graffiti). Téng-koân siá-kóng: *La croissance est une folie* ("Sêng-tióng tō sī siáu-kông").
Chin chē lâng kā "hoán-choân-kiû-hòa" tòng-chò 1 ê siā-hoē ūn-tōng, m̄-koh m̄a ū lâng kā khoàⁿ-chò sī kúi-ā-ê bô-siâng ê siā-hoē ūn-tōng. M̄-koán án-choáⁿ, hoán-choân-kiû-hòa ê chham-ú-chiá ū hô-chê teh kap toā khì-gia̍p ê chèng-tī sè-le̍k tùi-tu, chiah-ê toā khì-gia̍p ê sè-le̍k tiàm bō͘-e̍k tiâu-iok kap chē-chē só͘-chāi lóng koan-chhat ē-tio̍h, hoán-choân-kiû-hòa-chiá piáu-sī chiah-ê kiâⁿ-pàng kap hiān-siōng ū sńg-tn̄g khoân-kéng, lô-kang koân-lī, kok-ka chú-koân, kap Tē-saⁿ Sè-kài téng-téng.

Toā-to-sò͘ hō͘ lâng kiò-chò "hoán-choân-kiû-hòa" ê jîn-sū khah kah-ì lâng chheng-ho͘ in sī **Choân-kiû Chèng-gī Ūn-tōng** ê sêng-oân, tī Italia khah chia̍p kóng-chò ūn-tōng ê ūn-tōng (movimento dei movimenti), nā tī Hoat-kok sī tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kiò-chò kái-piàn chông-kiû-hòa (l'altermondialisme), chit-ê ūn-tōng ū chē-chē hō-miâ.

Taⁿ lán só͘ chai ê chiah-ê thoân-thé iah kò-jîn sī tī 20 sè-kí boé-kî hoat-tián chò "hoán-choân-kiû-hoà ūn-tōng"--ê, in tùi-ke̍h khì-gia̍p hoa̍t-tōng kap Hoat-tián Kok-ka (developing nations) chhui-sak ê chū-iû bō͘-e̍k só͘ kiám-chhái ē chō-sêng ê choân-kiû-hòa.

Pa̍t-ê bāng-chām
----------------

* The Scorecard on Development: 25 Years of Diminished Progress (CEPR)
* About Globalization
* Center for Economic and Policy Research
* International Monetary Fund
* World Bank Group
* World Economic Forum
* World Trade Organization
* Wobblies
* Economic Globalization and the Environment
* Smygo Hui-thóng-tī-chú-gī-chiá kap Hêng-tōng-chiá ê Sin-bûn kap Koan-tiámNews & views for anarchists & activists
* Corporatewatch
* History of the G8 - Eng-kok chèng-hú ê bāng-chām
* YaleGlobal Online - Yale Tiong-sim ūi-tio̍h Choân-kiû-hòa gián-kiù chò--ê soàⁿ-téng chu-liāu chām
* New World Disorder - Éire Kok-ka Hòng-sàng Tiān-tāi (RTÉ) só͘ chò ê siāu-kài bāng-chām.
* "The ABCs of the Global Economy" chhut-chhù: Dollars & Sense Magazine
***Khu-pia̍t-ia̍h:** Ū kúi-nā-ê lâng hō͘-chò Tân Lûi*
**Tân Lûi** (陳雷, pún-miâ **Gô͘ Kéng-jū** 吳景裕, 1939 nî chhut-sì, Tâi-lâm-koān Moâ-tāu), Tâi-oân Hō-ló-oē ê chok-ka. I ê sió-soat, hì-kio̍k te̍k-pia̍t chhut-miâ.

Tân Lûi tī Tâi-lâm-chhī toā-hàn. 1964 nî tùi Tâi-oân Tāi-ha̍k i-kho pit-gia̍p. Seng khì Bí-kok si̍t-si̍p, liáu-āu tī Kha-ná-tah tha̍k-chheh, the̍h-tio̍h bián-e̍k-ha̍k phok-sū ha̍k-ūi. 1973 nî khai-sí tī Ontario chò khai-gia̍p-i.

I tāi-ha̍k sî-tāi khai-sí siá Tiong-bûn ê si kap sàn-bûn. 1985 nî liáu-āu chiah khai-sí hoat-piáu Hō-ló-oē ê bûn-ha̍k chok-phín. "Bí-lē ê Chiuⁿ-nó·-nâ" (1986) sī i ê tē-1-phiⁿ té-phiⁿ sió-soat.

I ê bûn-ha̍k chok-phín chha-put-to lóng iōng hàn-lô ê siá-hoat hoat-piáu. *Tâi-bûn Thong-sìn* sī i chú-iàu ê hoat-piáu hn̂g-tē.

Tù-chok
-------

* *Éng-oán ê Kò͘-hiong* (1994)
* *Tân Lûi Tâi-gí Bûn-ha̍k Soán* (1995)
* *Tân Lûi Hì-kio̍k Soán-chi̍p* (1996)
* *Hiong-sú Pó͘-kì* (2008)
***K-On!*** (けいおん!, Hùn-lēng-sek: Keion!) a̍h **Kheng-im-pō͘** (輕音部) sī 1 pō͘ Ji̍p-pún--ê sì-keh bàng-gah. Iû Kakifly chòng-chò. Āu-lâi hō kái-chò kâng-miâ--ê tōng-oē.

Kio̍k-chêng
-----------

Jîn-but Kài-siāu
----------------

### Pàng-khò-āu (放課後) Tea Time

Pêng-te̍k Uî (平沢 唯 (ひらさわ ゆい) Hirasawa Yui)
Thian-tho̍h ê cha-bó͘-gin-a, tī ga̍k-thuân lāi tuâⁿ gì-tah. Tha̍k-chheh kap ūn-tōng lóng bô chin gâu, ga̍k-khì ián-chàu mā sī oân-choân ê chho͘-ha̍k-chiá, m̄-kuh soah ì-goā hoat-hui chhut-chiòng ê chiah ē, ū choa̍t-tùi-im-kám. I kā ka-kī ê gì-tah kiò-chò 'Gì-thài'.
Chhiu-soaⁿ Lêng (秋山 澪 (あきやま みお) Akiyama Mio)
Ū lâu kàu io ê tn̂g thau-mn̂g. Jîn-khì chiâⁿ koân. Kheng-im-pō͘ ê tiān-poè-su(bass)-siú, mā sī chú-chhiùⁿ. Piáu-bīn chin ta-tiú, kong-khò mā bē-bái, tān sèng-keh chin pì-sù, chin kiaⁿ khióng-pò͘ ê kò͘-sū kap oē-tê. Tam-jīm choh sû. Sī chi̍t-ê tò-chhiú-koái.
Tiân-chéⁿ-tiong Lu̍t (田井中 律 (たいなか りつ) Tainaka Ritu)
Kheng-im-pō͘ ê siā-tiúⁿ kap kó͘ chhiú. Thâu téng koà tioh hoat-kho͘. Ū tām-po̍h cha-po͘-sèng ê cha-bó͘-gín-á.
Khîm-chhoe Tiû (琴吹 紬 (ことぶき つむぎ) Kotobuki Tumugi)
Ba̍k-bâi chiâⁿ chho͘. Kheng-im-pō͘ ê khí-poâⁿ chhiú. Pún-lâi sī siūⁿ-beh ka-ji̍p ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-thoân, tān hō Lu̍t giù ji̍p Kheng-im-pō͘.
Tiong-iá Chú (中野 梓 (なかの あずさ) Nakano Azusa)
Ko͘-chi̍t-ê āu-poè. Sèng-keh jīn-chin, chóng-sī kám-kak siā-thoân ê ha̍k-chiá siuⁿ nńg-si.
### Wakaba Girls

Tiong-iá Chú (中野梓)
Pêng-te̍k Iu (平沢憂)
Lêng-bo̍k Sûn (鈴木 純 (すずき じゅん), Suzuki Zyûn)
Chê-têng Kín (斉藤 菫 (さいとう すみれ), Saitô Sumire)
Ò-tiân Ti̍t(奥田 直 (おくだ なお), Okuda Nao)

Bàng-gah
--------

Ji̍t-gí pán iû Hong-bûn-siā chhut-pán, tī Tâi-oân kap Hiang-káng sī Chiam-toan Chhut-pán tāi-lí.

Tiān-sī Tōng-oē
---------------

Tē 1 kî tī 2009 nî 9 goe̍h khai-sí hòng-sàng, tē 2 kî tī 2010 nî 4 goe̍h khai-sí hòng-sàng. Lóng sī chhim-iā tōng-oē. Iû Kiaⁿ-to͘ Tōng-ōe chè-chok.

Chù-kái
-------

1. ↑  Ji̍t-gí: わかばガールズ，Hoan-e̍k: Jio̍k-hio̍h (若葉, chíⁿ-hio̍h) Siàu-lú
**Choa̍t-si̍t** (絕食), koh kiò **choa̍t-si̍t khòng-gī** (絕食抗議), sī te̍k-pia̍t kóng ūi-tio̍h chèng-tī he̍k-chiá sī kî-thaⁿ bo̍k-tek só͘ chìn-hêng ê hui-po̍k-le̍k tí-khòng he̍k-chiá khòng-gī ê chi̍t chióng hong-sek. Hui khòng-gī sèng-chit ê chū-chú-sèng thêng-chí ím-si̍t it-poaⁿ hō-chò kìm-si̍t.

Choa̍t-si̍t-chiá kong-khai soan-pò͘ tī it-tēng kî-kan lāi thêng-chí chìn-si̍t, chió-sò͘ kang-sî thêng-chí lîm-chúi, sīm-chì kī-choa̍t chēng-me̍h chù-siā. Choa̍t-si̍t khòng-gī ê hāu-kó, ài chhú-koat chāi choa̍t-si̍t-chiá ê miâ-bōng, choa̍t-si̍t sū-kiāⁿ ê kong-khai thêng-tō͘, kong-chiòng tùi choa̍t-si̍t-chiá sò͘-kiû ê chàn-tông thêng-tō͘, pī-khòng-gī-hong ê it-koàn thài-tō͘ kap chêng-sè téng-téng.

Choa̍t-si̍t ē-tàng tì-sú sí-bông, tān-sī choa̍t-si̍t-chiá in-ūi ū bêng-khak ê iau-kiû, eng-kai hām lī-iōng thêng-chí ím-si̍t lâi chū-sat ê chêng-hòng ū khu-pia̍t.
Kok-thài Jîn-siū Tōa-lâu
**Kok-thài Jîn-siū Pó-hiám Kó͘-hūn Iú-hān Kong-si** (國泰人壽保險股份有限公司), káng-chheng **Kok-siū** (國壽), sī chi̍t keng Tâi-oân ê jîn-siū pó-hiám kong-si; chóng-pō͘ siat tī Tâi-pak-chhī Tāi-an-khu. Kok-thài Jîn-siū sī Kok-thài Kim-iông Khòng-kó͘ kî-hā ê chi̍t keng chú-kong-si. 2018 nî Bí-kok *Fortune* cha̍p-chì tiong pâi choân-kiû tē-410 tōa kong-si.

Kok-thài Jîn-siū tī 1957 nî 8 goe̍h 15 hō iû Chhòa Bān-chhun kap Chhòa Bān-lîm hiaⁿ-tī nn̄g lâng kiōng-tông chhòng-li̍p, mā sī Lîm-oân Chi̍p-thoân kap chi̍p-thoân kî-hā ê Kok-thài Kim-khòng ê he̍k-sim khì-gia̍p. 1964 nî 11 goe̍h 7 hō, Kok-thài Jîn-siū kó͘-phiò tī Tâi-oân Chèng-koàn Kau-e̍k-só͘ kòa-pâi, kó͘-phiò tāi-hō 2882, sī Tâi-oân tē-it keng kó͘-phiò chiūⁿ-chhī ê pó-hiám kong-si.

2004 nî 12 goe̍h, Kok-thài Jîn-siū kap Tiong-kok Tang-hong Hâng-khong kiōng-tông chhut-chu tī Tiong-kok Siōng-hái siat-li̍p Kok-thài Jîn-siū Pó-hiám Iú-hān Chek-jīm Kong-si (國泰人壽保險有限責任公司). 2005 nî 1 goe̍h 24 hō, Kok-thài Jîn-siū Pó-hiám Iú-hān Chek-jīm Kong-si chèng-sek tùi-gōa siau-siū pó-toaⁿ. 2005 nî 2 goe̍h 24 hō, Kok-thài Jîn-siū Iú-hān Chek-jīm Kong-si tī Siōng-hái Kok-chè Hōe-gī Tiong-sim kí-hêng khai-gia̍p tián-lé. Kok-thài Jîn-siū ùi 2005 nî khai-sí lio̍k-sio̍k tī Tiong-kok ê chú-iàu siâⁿ-chhī siat-tì hun-kong-si kap ho̍k-bū kì-tiám, sī tē-it keng he̍k-chún tī Tiong-kok siat-li̍p hun-kong-si ê Tâi-oân kim-iông kong-si. 2008 nî 7 goe̍h 4 hō, Kok-thài Jîn-siū tī Oa̍t-lâm Ô͘-chì-bêng-chhī to̍k-chu siat-li̍p Oa̍t-lâm Kok-thài Jîn-siū (越南國泰人壽), só͘-tēng tī Oa̍t-lâm tâu-chu ê Tâi-siong kap tong-tē bîn-chiòng ǔi-chú ê siū-hiám chhī-tiûⁿ.
**Kim Bí-lêng** (金美齡, 1934 nî 2 goe̍h 7 - ), Tâi-oân lâng, Ji̍t-pún chhut-miâ ê chèng-tī phêng-lūn-ka. I tn̂g-kî tī Ji̍t-pún hoán-tùi Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok thé-chè, chò Tâi-to̍k ūn-tōng. Tân Chúi-píⁿ chiū-jīm liáu-āu, phèng i chò Chóng-thóng-hú kok-ka chèng-chhek kò·-būn.

I 1934 nî chhut-sì tī Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok thóng-tī ê Tâi-oân Tâi-pak. Tùi chhī-lāi ê lú-chú ko-kip tiong-ha̍k pit-gia̍p. Chiàn-āu (1959 nî) khì tī Ji̍t-pún Waseda Tāi-ha̍k (早稲田) liû-ha̍k. 1971 nî siu-liáu Waseda ê bûn-ha̍k gián-kiù-kho ê phok-sū khò-thêng. I bat tam-jīm tāi-ha̍k ê káng-su. I chiông-sū Eng-gí kàu-io̍k iok-lio̍k 20 tang, kàu-kah 1996 nî 3-goe̍h ûi-chí.

I tn̂g-kî lâu tī Ji̍t-pún; 1980 nî-tāi Tâi-oân lōe-pō· chèng-tī khoân-kéng khai-hòng liáu-āu chiah ū tńg--khì. I chi-chhî bîn-chú ūn-tōng, tī 1963 nî tī Waseda cho· ha̍k-seng īⁿ-gī thoân-thé Tâi-oân Tiū-mn̂g Hōe (台灣稻門會). Sú-bêng bat the̍h chîⁿ chhut-lâi chàn-chō·--in. Siâng-hit-sî, i mā tī 1961 nî chham-ka to̍k-phài ê Tâi-oân Chheng-liân Hōe, sī chá-kî ê hōe-oân mā sī tē-1-ê cha-bó· hōe-oân. I hām Chiu Eng-bêng (周英明) tēng-hun liáu-āu 2 lâng chiah chai-iáⁿ tùi-hong oân-nā sī hōe-oân. Hit-chūn ê Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok chù-Ji̍t tāi-sài-kóan iáu m̄-chai i ê sin-hūn, chhiâng-chāi chhōe i chò hoan-e̍k kang-chok. 1968 nî 7-goe̍h Ji̍t-pún ê *Tiong-iong Kong-lūn* (中央公論, Tyûyô Kôron) hū-lú pán khan chhut i ê bûn-chiuⁿ, "Tâi-oân Liû-ha̍k-seng Chò-lâng ê Tiâu-kiāⁿ", khòng-sò· Ji̍t-pún chèng-hú ûi-hoán jîn-koân, khián-sàng hoán Kok-bîn-tóng ha̍k-seng tńg Tâi-oân -- ín-khí siong-tong ê gī-lūn.

Kim Bí-lêng ê miâ tī Tâi-oân tó-lāi pún-chiâⁿ chió lâng chai. Káu-kah ? nî i ka-ji̍p *Tâi-oân-lūn* chit pún tù-chok ê lūn-chiàn, chiah khah chē lâng tùi i ū ìn-siōng. Bô-lūn sī i ê nî-hòe, sèng-pia̍t, káⁿ kóng-oē ê sèng-keh, lóng hām Tâi-oân siā-hōe koàn-sì ê mûi-thé bûn-hòa chha chin chē. Tùi i ê phêng-kè ē-sái kóng chin lióng-kip-hòa. Hoán-tùi Tâi-to̍k ê pó-siú-phài mûi-thé, jîn-bu̍t kah thoân-thé tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ chí-khòng i "chhin-Ji̍t", te̍k-pia̍t sī Ji̍t-pún ê iù-phài sè-le̍k. Tông-chêng i ê sè-le̍k chú-iàu sī só·-kóng ê "Tâi-oân-phài". I hām Lí Teng-hui tīn-iâⁿ ê li̍p-tiûⁿ sio-oá, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ piáu-hiān chhut pí Tân Chúi-píⁿ chèng-hú a̍h sī Bîn-chú Chìn-pō· Tóng koh khah kiông-lia̍t ê thāi-tō·.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Kim Bí-lêng Homepage (Ji̍t-bûn)
Abraham Lincoln tī Gettysburg
**Gettysburg Ián-káng** (Gettysburg Address) sī tē-16 jīm Bí-kok Chóng-thóng Abraham Lincoln siōng chhut-miâ ê ián-káng, iā sī tī Bí-kok le̍k-sú siōng, hō͘ lâng ín-iōng siōng-chē pái ê chèng-tī-sèng ián-káng.

1863 nî 11 goe̍h 19 hō, sī Lâm-pak Chiàn-cheng tiong Gettysburg Chiàn-tò͘ kiat-sok liáu-āu 4 kò-goe̍h, Lincoln tī Pennsylvania Gettysburg ê Gettysburg Kok-ka Kong-bōng ê kiat-bō͘ gî-sek tiong hoat-piáu chit pái ián-káng, ai-tō tī 5 kò-goā-goe̍h ê Gettysburg Chiàn-tò͘ lāi tīn-bông ê kun-jîn. Lincoln ê ián-káng tī hit-kang tē-2 sūn-ūi hoat-piáu, lo̍h-bóe chiâⁿ-chò Bí-kok le̍k-sú siōng siōng úi-tāi ê ián-káng chi-it. Ēng bô-kàu 300 jī ê jī-sò͘, 2 kàu 3 hun-cheng ê sî-kan, Lincoln ēng To̍k-li̍p Soan-giân só͘ chi-chhî ê "lâng-lâng seⁿ-lâi pêng-téng" ê goân-chek, tiông-sin tēng-gī chit tiûⁿ lōe-chiàn; m̄-nā sī ūi-tio̍h liân-pang ê chûn-sio̍k hùn-tàu, mā sī "chū-iû ê sin-seng", kā chin-chiàⁿ ê pêng-téng chhoā hō͘ choân-thé kong-bîn.
**Chiang-chiu-hú** (漳州府) sī Tāi-bêng kap Tâi-chheng Hok-kiàn-séng ê chi̍t ê hú, hoān-ûi chhat-put-to sī taⁿ Tiong-kok Hok-kiàn-séng ê Chiang-chiu-chhī.

Le̍k-sú
-------

### Tāi-bêng

### Tāi-chheng

Tâi-chheng ê sî, hú-siâⁿ iáu tī Liông-khe-koān. 

Iong-chèng 12 nî (1734 nî) āu, hoān-ûi chhat-put-to sī taⁿ Tiong-kok Hok-kiàn-séng ê Chiang-chiu-chhī (bô pau-hâm Liông-hái-khu Kak-bí-tìn chió-sò͘ tē-khu, Lâm-chēng-koān sai-pak-kak ê Tn̂g-tah-) Lêng-nâ-chhī Chiuⁿ-phîng-chhī chió-sò͘ tē-khu, Éng-tēng-khu chió-sò͘ tē-khu, Ē-mn̂g-chhī Hái-chhng-khu lâm-pòaⁿ-pō͘, Kńg-tang-séng Sòaⁿ-thâu-chhī Lâm-ò-koān tang-pòaⁿ-po͘ kap Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kim-mn̂g-koān Kim-siâⁿ-tìn ê Tang-tiàⁿ-tó.

Iong-chèng 10 nî (1732 nî), í Kńg-tang-séng Tiô-chiu-hú Jiâu-pêng, Hok-kiàn-séng Chiang-chiu-hú Chiàu-an-koān put-piat chhî-iú ê Lâm-ò-tó chu-ò ha̍p-tī Lâm-ò-thiaⁿ, iû Tiô-chiu-hú, Chiang-chiu-hú, kiōng-koán.

Iong-chèng 12 nî (1734 nî), seng Lêng-nâ-koān ûi Lêng-nâ Ti̍t-lē-chiu (龍巖直隸州), ōe Chiuⁿ-phîng-koān pēng Lêng-iông-koān kui Lêng-nâ Ti̍t-lē-chiu koán-hat, Chiang-chiu-hú hat-kéng sok-sió, kan-taⁿ siong-tong taⁿ Hok-kiàn-séng Kiú-liông-kang tiong-hā-iû kip kî se-lâm tē-khu. Kāng-nî, ōe Chiuⁿ-phó͘-koān Tang-soaⁿ-tó (東山島) tang-pak-kak Tâng-soaⁿ-pó (銅山保) sio̍k Chiàu-an-koān。

Iong-chèng 12 nî (1735 nî), ōe Lâm-chēng-koān Chhia-tiân (車田) chóng cha̍p-gō͘ pó sio̍k Chiuⁿ-phó͘-koān.

Ka-khèng 3 nî (1798 nî), sek Pêng-hô, Chiúⁿ-phó͘, Chiàu-an saⁿ koán-tē tì Ûn-sio-thiaⁿ.

Kàu hit-sî, Chiang-chiu-hú hat 7 ê koān, 2 ê sòaⁿ-thiaⁿ.

1. Liông-khe-koān (龍溪縣): taⁿ ê Hiong-siâⁿ-khu, Hôa-an-koān, Liông-bûn-khu
2. Hái-têng-koān (海澄縣): taⁿ ê Chiang-chiu-chhī Liông-hái-khu tang-lâm-pō͘ kap Ē-mn̂g-chhī Hái-chhng-khu lâm-pòaⁿ-pō͘, koh ū Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kim-mn̂g-koān Kim-siâⁿ-tìn Tang-tiàⁿ-tó
3. Tiông-thài-koān (長泰縣): taⁿ ê Tiông-thài-khu
4. Lâm-chēng-koān (南靖縣): taⁿ ê Lâm-chēng-koān
5. Pêng-hô-koān (平和縣): taⁿ ê Pêng-hô-koān
6. Chiuⁿ-phó͘-koān (漳浦縣): taⁿ ê Chiuⁿ-phó͘-koān
7. Chiàu-an-koān (詔安縣): taⁿ ê Chiàu-an-koān
8. Ûn-sio-thiaⁿ (雲霄廳): taⁿ ê Ûn-sio-koān
9. Lâm-ò-thiaⁿ (南澳廳), hām Tiô-chiu-hú kiōng-koán: Sòaⁿ-thâu-chhī Lâm-ò-koān tang-pòaⁿ-po͘
**Thé** sī sò͘-ha̍k lāi-tóe hō͘-chò thiu-siōng tāi-sò͘ ê chi̍t-ki teh gián-kiù ê mi̍h-kiaⁿ, chi̍t-ê chi̍p-ha̍p lāi-tóe ê sêng-ôan nā-sī ū ka-hoat, kiám-hoat, sêng-hoat kap tû-hoat, chia-ê ūn-sǹg koh kap sǹg-sò͘ ê ūn-sǹg sio-siâng-á sio-siâng, án-ne chit-ê chi̍p-ha̍p tio̍h sī thé.

Sò͘-ha̍k ê lē sī ēng {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} } lâi piáu-sī thé, che sī tùi Tek-gí ê Körper lâi-·ê, ì-sù sī 'sin-khu'.

Chèng-sek ê tēng-gī
-------------------

Thé sī chi̍t-ê ū sêng-hoat tan-ūi-ôan ê kau-ōaⁿ-khôan (*F*, +, ×), jî-chhiáⁿ

* sêng-hoat tan-ūi-ôan *1* kap ka-hoat tan-ūi-ôan *0* sī bô-kâng ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ,
* chún-kóng *a*∈*F*, *a* m̄-sī ka-hoat-tan-ūi-ôan, lán tiāⁿ-tio̍h ōe-tàng tī *F* nih chhōe-tio̍h chi̍t-ê *b*, hō͘ *a*×*b*=1, ia̍h-tio̍h-sī kóng *a* ū sêng-hoat ge̍k-ôan.

Thé ê tû-hoat
-------------

Chiàu thé ê tēng-gī, *F* ê jīm-hô 1-ê seng-oân *a* kap m̄-sī ka-hoat tan-ūi-oân ê *b* ōe-tàng the̍h-lâi tû, tû liáu-āu ōe tit-tio̍h 1-ê siong. Siong ê tēng-gī sī 

{\displaystyle {\frac {a}{b}}=}b-1×a
Chit-ê *b*-1 sī *b* ê sêng-hoat ge̍k-oân.

Tû-hoat bô kau-oāⁿ hoat-chek mā bô kiat-ha̍p hoat-chek. I tùi ka-hoat ū hiòng chiàⁿ-chhiú-pêng ê hun-phòe hoat-chek, tio̍h-sī

{\displaystyle {\frac {(a+b)}{c}}={\frac {a}{c}}+{\frac {b}{c}}}

Lē
--

1. Ho̍k-cha̍p-sò͘ {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } kap it-poaⁿ teh ēng ê ka-hoat kap sêng-hoat. I koh ū kúi-nā-ê pō͘-hūn-thé, chhin-chhiūⁿ iú-lí-sò͘ {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } kap sı̍t-sò͘ {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }.
2. Galois thé sī ū chīn-pōng ê thé, tī sò͘-lūn, tiān-naú-kho-ha̍k kap chu-sìn kang-thêng sī chin tiōng-iàu ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

Sèng-chit
---------

* Chi̍t-ê thé *F* lāi-tóe m̄-sī 0 ê sêng-ôan chiâⁿ-sêng ê chi̍p-ha̍p ( it-poaⁿ sī kì-chò *F*×), kap *F* ê sêng-hoat chiâⁿ-chò chi̍t-ê abelian kûn. *F*× ê pō͘-hūn-kûn sī sûn-khôan-kûn.
* Thé ê piau-sò͘ nā m̄-sī 0 tio̍h-sī sò͘-sò͘.
* Iú-hān-thé ê seng-ôan sò͘-ba̍k it-tēng sī sò͘-sò͘ ê chéng-sò͘ chhù-hong.
* Kā thé tòng-chò khôan, i kan-taⁿ u 2-ê lí-sióng, {0} kap i ka-tī.
**Fasci-chú-gī** ê sû-goân sī *fasces* chit-ê jī, Lô-má Tè-kok ê sî bat ēng chit-ê sû lâi chí pa̍k-chò kui-kún ê chhâ-ki, ē chioh chit-ê sû lâi ēng, sī beh chhú hit āu-piah: 1 ki chhâ-ki beh áu hō͘ tn̄g chin khoài, m̄-koh pa̍k-chò kui-khún beh áu tō chin oh ê ì-sù. Fasci-chú-gī-chiá jīn-ûi, nā ta̍k-ê lâng lóng kian-sim kin-toè 1 ê thâu-lâng, án-ne chit-ê kok-ka chiū ē chhin-chhiūⁿ chiâⁿ khún ê chhâ-ki hiah-ni̍h-á ióng-kò͘.

Iā Fasci-chú-gī khêng-si̍t sī kóng 1 chióng chèng-hú ê khoán-sek, tī thàn Fasci-chú-gī ê kok-ka--ni̍h, kok-ka sī khoàⁿ-chò pí jīn-hô kò-jîn koh khah tiōng-iàu--ê, ū chit-khoán chèng-hú ê kok-ka sù-siông ū 1 ê to̍k-chhâi-chiá leh chò chú-chhâi, i ū la̍k tùi chèng-hú kap jîn-bîn oân-choân khòng-chè ê koân, sui-bóng toā-to-sò͘ ê fasci-chú-gī-chiá ē tông-ì kok-ka sī siōng-tiōng-iàu ê mi̍h, chóng--sī hiān-si̍t-tek in ê kiâⁿ-pàng khah sêng sī in beh hō͘ to̍k-chhâi-chiá khah iâⁿ koè kok-ka lāi-té ê sū-sū hāng-hāng, sīm-chì poâⁿ-koè tī jîn-lūi kap oa̍h-miā pún-sin.

Fasci-chú-gī sī tī tē-jī chhù sè-kài tāi-chiàn hit-tah-á tī Au-chiu chhut-hiān--ê, khí-tì sī ū chiâⁿ chē lâng kiaⁿ kiōng-sán-chú-gī, chū-án-ne in siūⁿ-kóng bîn-chú bô kàu-gia̍h thang pó-hō͘--in, iā Fasci-chú-gī tō sī beh kái-koat hit-tang-chūn ê lâng tùi kiōng-sán-tóng ê kiaⁿ-hiâⁿ.

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Chèng-tī ì-sek-hêng-thài |
| --- |
|  |
| 
* Bîn-cho̍k-chú-gī
* Bîn-cho̍k pó-siú-chú-gī
* Bîn-chú siā-hōe-chú-gī
* Chéng-cho̍k-chú-gī
* Chìn-pō͘-chú-gī
* Chheⁿ-sek bû-chèng-hú-chú-gī
* Chheⁿ-sek kang-hōe-chú-gī
* Chū-iû-chú-gī
* Chū-iû-lâng-chú-gī
* Chū-iû-lâng siā-hōe-chú-gī
* Chū-iû pó-siú-chú-gī
* Fasci-chú-gī
* Goân-lí-chú-gī
* Hui-thóng-tī-chú-gī
* Hui-thóng-tī kang-hōe-chú-gī
* Hui-thóng-tī kiōng-sán-chú-gī
* Hui-thóng-tī siā-hōe-chú-gī
* Hu̍t-kàu siā-hōe-chú-gī
* Islam-chú-gī
* Islam goân-lí-chú-gī
* Islam siā-hōe-chú-gī
* Jîn-bûn pó-siú-chú-gī
* Kái-hòng sîn-ha̍k
* Kang-hōe-chú-gī
* Khoân-kéng-chú-gī
* Kiōng-sán-chú-gī
* Kiōng-tông-thé-chú-gī
* Ki-tok-kàu bîn-chú-chú-gī
* Ki-tok-kàu kiōng-sán-chú-gī
* Ki-tok-kàu siā-hōe-chú-gī
* Kun-kok-chú-gī
* Sè-kài-chú-gī
* Seng-thài siā-hōe-chú-gī
* Siā-hōe bîn-chú-chú-gī
* Siā-hōe-chú-gī
* Siā-hōe chū-iû-chú-gī
* Pó-siú-chú-gī
* Pó-siú chū-iû-chú-gī

 |
|  |
| **Chèng-tī chú-tê** |

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Ibn Khaldun ê tiau-siōng
**Ibn Khaldun** (A-la-pek-gí: أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي‎, *Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī*; 1332 nî 5 goe̍h 27 ji̍t – 1406 nî 3 goe̍h 17 ji̍t) sī chi̍t ūi 14 sè-kí ê A-la-pek sú-ha̍k-sú kiam le̍k-sú-ha̍k-chiá. I pī kóng-hoàn jīn-tēng sī hiān-tāi sú-ha̍k-sú, siā-hōe-ha̍k, keng-chè-ha̍k kap jîn-kháu-ha̍k ê sian-hêng-chiá. I siāng chhut-miâ ê chheh sī *Muqaddimah*. Chit pún chheh éng-hióng tio̍h 17 sè-kí ê Ottoman le̍k-sú-ha̍k-chiá, chhin-chhiūⁿ Kâtip Çelebi, Ahmed Cevdet Pasha kap Mustafa Naima téng; in iōng chit pún chheh ê lí-lūn lâi hun-sek Ottoman Tè-kok ê sêng-tióng kap soe-bông. 19 sè-kí ê Au-chiu ha̍k-chiá mā jīn-ti tio̍h chit pún chheh ê tiōng-iàu-sèng, jīn-ûi Khaldun sī Tiong-sè-kí siāng úi-tāi ê tiat-ha̍k-ka.

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| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 41841661
* LCCN: n50052785
* ISNI: 0000 0001 2129 6275
* GND: 118639773
* SELIBR: 63193
* SUDOC: 027317250
* BNF: cb119081451 (data)
* BIBSYS: 90054920
* NLA: 35217597
* NDL: 00444184
* NKC: jn20011211046
* RLS: 000003721
* BNE: XX1059103
* CiNii: DA00435171

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***Gay*** ("Géi", "Kéi") sī tùi Eng-gí khí-goân ê tan-jī, chí tông-sèng-loân-chiá he̍k-chiá sī ū tông-sèng-loân sèng-chit ê lâng. Chit jī goân-lâi sī "chheng-sim", "ia̍t-lo̍k" ê ì-sù. Āu--lâi chí tông-sèng-loân ê ì-sù, chá-kî chhut-hiān tī 19 sè-kí, chóng-sī kàu 20 sè-kí chiah chiām-chhù liû-hêng--khí-lâi. *Gay* ia̍h thang te̍k-pia̍t chí lâm-sèng tông-sèng-loân-chiá. 

*Gay* chit jī sī tông-sèng-loân bûn-hòa ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn, sī LGBT thoân-thé chū-sin chhui-chiàn ê ēng-gí, ùi chi̍t kóa kài-siāu chu-liāu, in ēng chit jī chí siū kâng sèng-pia̍t khip-ín ê lâng.

Koan-liân iōng-gí
-----------------

Pau-koat Bân-lâm-gí chāi-lāi, koh khoán giân-gí ū chē chióng chí tông-sèng-loân ia̍h lâm-sèng tông-sèng-loân, he̍k-chiá sī kî-tha ì-sù beh-óa (koh bûn-hòa bô it-tēng ū hiān-tāi ê "tông-sèng-loân" koan-liām) ê iōng-gí, pí-lūn Tâi-gí ê khaⁿ-á-sian ia̍h Tang-lâm-a Hok-kiàn-ōe ê a-koaⁿ, chóng-sī chia ê iōng-gí sú-iōng ê lí-lō͘, le̍k-sú kap in tī siā-hōe-siōng ê ì-bī lóng kap Eng-gí ê *gay* sī ke-kiám bô-kâng--ê.

Chham-chiàu
-----------

1. ↑  John Macgowan (1883). "Gay". *English and Chinese dictionary of the Amoy dialect*.
2. ↑  "GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Offensive Terms To Avoid". 21 April 2012.
3. ↑  "Avoiding Heterosexual Bias in Language". *American Psychologist*. Committee on Lesbian and Gay Concerns (American Psychological Association, Inc). **46** (9): 973–974. September 1991. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.9.973. 14 March 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.
**Tâi-oân Pit-hōe** (台灣筆會) sī Tâi-oân ê bûn-ha̍k cho͘-chit. 1987 nî 1 goe̍h 18 hō, iû Tâi-oân bûn-gē chok-ka hoat-khí sêng-li̍p, kāng chi̍t nî ê 2 goe̍h 15 hō chèng-sek sêng-li̍p. Tâi-oân Pit-hōe sêng-li̍p ê chong-chí sī: "pó-chiòng chok-ka jîn-khoân, tè-chō Tâi-oân sin bûn-hòa". Sêng-li̍p ê sî-chūn, hōe-oân tāi-khài ū 160 lâng, in bat hióng Kok-chè Pit-hōe sin-chhéng ji̍p-hōe, tān-sī in-ūi Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Pit-hōe í-keng sī hōe-oân, só͘-í pī kī-choa̍t. Tâi-oân Pit-hōe ê khan-bu̍t pau-hâm *Pit-hōe Goe̍h-pò* (筆會月報) kap *Tâi-oân Pit-hōe Choan-lân* (台灣筆會專欄); lēng-gōa koh ē kí-pān thui-chiàn pún-thó͘ chheh kap pian-chip *Tâi-oân Bûn-ha̍k Liân-soán-chi̍p* (台灣文學年選集) téng-téng. I-ê le̍k-jīm hōe-tiúⁿ ū Iûⁿ Chheng-chhiok, Tân Chhian-bú, Cheng Tiāu-chèng, Lí Bín-ióng, Lí Khoe-hiân, Tēⁿ Chheng-bûn, Lí Kiâu kap Chan Kùi-hái.

Chham-khó
---------

1. 1 2  "Bûn-sú siā-thoân sûn-lé -- Tâi-oân Pit-hōe "ùi pún-thó͘ chhut-hoat kap kok-chè chiap-kúi"". 2011-08-25 khòaⁿ--ê.
Bae Suzy (2017).
**Bae Su-ji** (Hân-kok-gí: 배수지, 1994 nî 10 goe̍h 10 ji̍t chhut-sì ), gē-miâ **Suzy**, sī Hân-kok ê koa-chhiú, bú-chiá, ián-goân, model kah MC. Suzy siōng ū miâ-siaⁿ ê chok-phín sī *Dream High*, *Big*, *Gu Family Book* kah tiān-iáⁿ *Architecture 101*; i tī lāi-té hun-pia̍t ián-chhut Go Hye-mi, Jang Ma-ri, Dam Yeo-wool kah Yang Seo-yeon. Suzy tông-sî mā sī lú-chú thoân-thé miss A ê sîng-oân. Suzy tī *The 2013 Independent Critics List of the 100 Most Beautiful Faces* pâi-miâ 14.

Sing-pîng
---------

### Chá-nî

Suzy tī Gwangju chhut-sì. I tha̍k Seoul Performing Arts High School pit-gia̍p. Chhut-tō chìn-chîng, i sī internet bé-bē ê model. 2009 nî, i chham-ka Mnet Superstar K ê chiat-bo̍k, tān-sī tiong-tô͘ tô-thài. Iáu-m̄-koh, i koh chham-ka JYP Entertainment ê hùn-liān. Keh-tńg-nî, i kah Wang Feifei, Meng Jia iáu-ū Min tàu-tīn cho͘-ha̍p miss A chhut-tō.

### miss A

miss A (2013), Suzy tshīng âng sann.
Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: miss A
2010 nî, Suzy kah thoân-oân kiōng-tông sîng-li̍p lú-chú thoân-thé miss A. Chit ê thoân-thé chi̍t khai-sí chú-iàu tī Tiong-kok hoat-tián. Miss A hoat-piáu koa-khik *Love Again* lâi hō͘ Samsung Beat Festival tī kóng-kò lāi-té sú-iōng; chit tiâu koa-khik iû Super Changddai chhòng-chok, MV iû Hong Won Ki tō-ián. miss A āu-lâi koh ka-ji̍p tē-sì uī sîng-oân, Min. 2010 nî 7 gue̍h, miss A chóng sǹg thàu-koè JYP Entertainment hoat-piáu tē-it tiuⁿ toaⁿ-khik *Bad Girl Good Girl*.

Sîng-kong hoat-piáu toaⁿ-khik liáu-āu, in tī 7 lé-pài āu koh thui-chhut tē-jī tiuⁿ toaⁿ-khik *Step Up*. 2011 nî 7 goe̍h, miss A hoat-piáu tē-it tiuⁿ choan-chi̍p *A Class*; chit tiuⁿ choan-chi̍p siau-lō͘ chin hó. In-chhú, in liâm-mi thui-chhut Hoâ-gí ê chok-phín. 2012 nî 2 goe̍h, miss A hoat-piáu bô-kāng hong-keh ê choan-chi̍p chok-phín *Touch*; 2012 nî 12 goe̍h, koh thui-chhut chi̍t tiuⁿ mini choan-chi̍p *Independent Women Part III*. 2013 nî 11 goe̍h, miss A tī chi̍t nî āu koh-chài hoat-piáu in tē-jī tiuⁿ choan-chi̍p *Hush*; chú-tê koa-khik sī Hân-kok chin chhut-miâ ê chok-khik-chiá E-Tribe ê chhòng-chok.

### 2010 nî í-āu

Pī-chù
------

1. ↑  (Eng-gí) "Nana, Taeyeon, Suzy and 11 Others in "100 Most Beautiful Faces of 2013″ List". Soompi. December 24, 2013.
2. ↑  (Eng-gí) "More pre-debut footage of miss A uncovered". 6Theory Media, LLC. July 2, 2010.
3. ↑  (Hân-kok-gí) Lee, Jeong-Ah (June 29, 2010). "미쓰에이, 홈페이지-유튜브 공식채널 오픈" (ēng Hân-kok-gí). OSEN. November 6, 2013 khòaⁿ--ê.
4. ↑  (Eng-gí) miss A unleashes debut mini album bad but good. allkpop. June 30, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
**Pian-bé** sī jī ê chi̍p-ha̍p kap lēng-gōa 1-ê chi̍p-ha̍p ê tùi-èng. Lēng-gōa chit-ê chi̍p-ha̍p tiāⁿ-tīaⁿ sī sò·-jī, mā ū khó-lêng sī tiān-chú sìn-hō. Pí-lūn kóng, Morse bé sī 1-chióng Latin-jī kap telegraph key ê tùi-èng; ASCII kā Eng-gí iōng ê Latin-jī, sò·-jī, kap 1-kóa hû-hō tùi-èng kàu chéng-sò· kap chit-ê chéng-sò· ê 7-bit 2-chìn-ūi piáu-sī.

Tiān-náu
--------

Beh iōng tiān-náu lâi chhú-lí bûn-jī, su-iàu tùi chit-ê bûn-jī chòe pian-bé. Pian-bé ê kòe-têng tī kài-liām téng ē-sái thià-chòe 2 pō-hūn. Tē 1-pō-hūn sī kā chit-ê bûn-jī hē-thóng ê ki-pún tan-ūi (ē-sái sī jī, jī-tô·, kap Grapheme) tùi-èng kàu 1-ê chéng-sò·.

* jī --> chéng-sò·
* jī-tô· --> chéng-sò·
* Grapheme --> chéng-sò·

Tē 2-pō-hūn sī kā chit-ê chéng-sò· tùi-èng kàu 1-ê sek-hap tiān-náu chhú-lí ê 2-chìn-ūi sò·-jī. Siōng kán-tan ê sī iōng chit-ê chéng-sò· ê 2-chìn-ūi piáu-sī. Khah ho̍k-cha̍p ê sī kā chit-ê chéng-sò· tùi-èng kàu 1-ê í-siōng (bô it-teng ài kò·-tēng kùi-ê) ê 2-chìn-ūi sò·-jī.

* chéng-sò· --> chéng-sò· ê 2-chìn-ūi piáu-sī.
* chéng-sò· --> 1-ê í-siōng ê 2-chìn-ūi sò·-jī.

Pian-bé lia̍t-toaⁿ
------------------

* ASCII
* EBCDIC
* ISO 8859:
	+ ISO 8859-1, ISO 8859-2, ISO 8859-3, ISO 8859-4, ISO 8859-5, ISO 8859-6, ISO 8859-7, ISO 8859-8, ISO 8859-9, ISO 8859-10, ISO 8859-11, ISO 8859-13, ISO 8859-14, ISO 8859-15, ISO 8859-16
* Windows character sets:
	+ Windows-1251, Windows-1252, Windows-1258
* KOI8-R, KOI8-U
* ISCII
* VISCII
* Big-5
* GB:
	+ GB2312
	+ GB18030
* ISO 2022
* Unicode (And subsets thereof, such as the 16-bit 'Basic Multilingual Plane'). See UTF-8
* Taiwanese Package
**Hasimoto Ai** (橋本 愛; 1996 nî 1 goe̍h 12 ji̍t chhut-sì ) sī chi̍t ūi Ji̍t-pún ê cha-bó͘ ián-goân kiam sî-kiâⁿ model.

Bân-lâm-gí ê tha̍k-chheh-im ti̍t-chiap tha̍k chò **Kiô-pún Ài**.

Keng-le̍k
---------

2008 nî, Hasimoto chham-ka Sony kí-hêng ê "HUAHUA" chin-soán-hōe, tit-tio̍h tāi-chióng; tong-sî chiah 12 hòe ê Hasimoto tī ián-gē-kài chhut-tō. Keh-tńg-nî, Hasimoto koh chham-ka lú-sèng sî-kiâⁿ cha̍p-chì *Seventeen* kí-pān ê "Miss Seventeen" model chin-soán-hōe, tùi 5,267 ūi kèng-cheng-chiá tang-tiong sèng-chhut. Hasimoto sī tong-sî *Seventeen* cha̍p-chì hōe-siā lāi-té siōng siàu-liân ê model. 2010 nî, Hasimoto chham-ú tiān-iáⁿ *Give and Go* ê ián-chhut.

2010 nî, Hasimoto ián-chhut tiān-iáⁿ *Confessions* tang-tiong ê pan-tiúⁿ. *Confessions* āu-lâi siau-lō͘ hui-siông hó, tit-tio̍h chin chē chióng-hāng ê khéng-tēng, Hasimoto in-chhú siū-tio̍h koan-chù. 2012 nî 5 goe̍h, Hasimoto ián-chhut tiān-iáⁿ Sadako 3D tiong ê sadako, koh-chài ín-khí tāi-chiòng ê thó-lūn. Ē pòaⁿ-nî, Hasimoto tam-jīm *The Kirishima Thing* ê chú-kak. Koh ka-siōng nî-bóe ê *Tsunagu*, Hasimoto tī 2012 nî lóng-chóng chiū ián-chhut 8 chhut tiān-iáⁿ.

2013 nî, Hasimoto ián-chhut NHK sîn-kàiⁿ hì-kio̍k *Amachan* ê *Adachi Yui* (足立 結衣).
**Kok-koa** (國歌) sī hō͘ chi̍t-ê kok-ka ê chèng-hú chèng-sek sêng-jīn ia̍h-sī tī thoân-thóng-siōng hō͘ kok-bîn sú-iōng, ē-sái tāi-piáu hit-ê kok-ka ê ga̍k-khek. Kok-ka it-poaⁿ lóng tài-iú ài-kok-chú-gī ê sek-chhái. Sè-kài siōng-lāu-kó͘-chá ê kok-koa tī 1568 nî chè-tèng, sī Hô-lân ê *Wilhelmus*; put-kò, tōa-pō͘-hūn ê kok-koa lóng sī tī 19 sè-kí kap 20 sè-kí chiah chè-tèng ê.

Kok-koa tī chiâⁿ chē tiûⁿ-ha̍p pī sú-iōng, thong-siông tī kok-tēng kà-ji̍t ián-chàu, mā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tī thé-io̍k kēng-sài tiong sú-iōng, iōng-lâi hoàn-khí ia̍h-sī piáu-ta̍t kok-bîn ê ài-kok sim-chêng. Tī seng-kàng-kî ê gî-sek tiong, kok-koa thong-siông chok-ûi seng-kàng kok-kî sî só͘ ián-chàu ê ga̍k-khek. Tōa-pō͘-hūn ê kok-ka, chok-ûi ài-kok kàu-io̍k ê chit-pō͘-hūn, ha̍k-hāu tùi ha̍k-seng ián-chàu kok-koa. Thài-kok kap Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok bat kui-tēng tī kio̍k-īⁿ ia̍h-sī tiān-iáⁿ-iⁿ chèng-sek hòng-iáⁿ chêng ài ián-chàu kok-koa ia̍h-sī ông-sek siōng-ko. Tī tōa-hêng kok-chè pí-sài chhiūⁿ kha-kiû, kan-ná-kiû sài-sū sî, thong-siông ē ián-chàu siang-hong ê kok-koa. Bí-kok kap Ka-ná-tāi téng chi̍t-kóa kok-ka tī pún-kok ê thé-io̍k sài-sū khai-sài chêng mā tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē ián-chhiùⁿ kok-koa. Tī Ò-lîm-phit-khek Ūn-tōng-hōe, Sè-kài Kím-phiau-sài pan-hoat chióng-pâi sî, mā ē ián-chàu kim-pâi tit-chú ê kok-koa.
3 khoán kó͘-chhoe
Kó͘-chhoe sī 1 chióng chú-iàu ēng tī Se-kok kó͘-tián im-ga̍k kap jazz--ni̍h ê kim-sio̍k koán-ga̍k-khì. Chit-khoán ga̍k-khì lāi-té siōng sù-siông khoàⁿ--ê sī B*b* kó͘-chhoe, chit-khoán kó͘-chhoe nā pûn C chit-ê im, ē tú-hó sī piau-chún im-kuân ê B*b*, só͘-í ū chit-ê miâ.

Kó͘-chhoe ê siaⁿ, sī khò pûn ê lâng tùi kó͘-chhoe-chhùi pûn-hong hoat "pu" ê siaⁿ, thàu-koè ga̍k-khì pún-sin ê kiōng-bêng thoân tò--chhut-lâi lâi ū--ê. Bô-kāng khoán-sek ê kó͘-chhoe kò͘-chō mā koh-iūⁿ, ū jí bô jí, toā ki sè ki, ū chhun-kiu siat-kè bô chhun-kiu siat-kè téng-téng, lán kí B*b* kó͘-chhoe chò-lē, i ê téng-koân tō ū 3 ê jí, hō͘ pûn ê lâng thang chhi̍h, chò khòng-chè im-koân ê lō͘-iōng.

Le̍k-sú
-------

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

Kó͘-chhoe ê ga̍k-khek
---------------------

Tī Se-kok kó͘-tián im-ga̍k--ni̍h, ū ūi kó͘-chhoe siá ê to̍k-chàu-khek, kau-hiáng-khek mā tiāⁿ ēng kó͘-chhoe phoāⁿ-chàu. Kó͘-chhoe tī jazz im-ga̍k iû-kî tiōng-iàu, liû-hêng-koa lāi-té mā tiāⁿ thiaⁿ ē-tio̍h kó͘-chhoe ê siaⁿ.

Kó͘-chhoe-chhiú
---------------

Chhut-miâ ê kó͘-chhoe-chhiú pau-koat:

* Maurice Andre
* Rolf Smedvig
* Sergei Nakariakov
* Veselin Bozhilov

Nā kā jazz to̍k-to̍k kéng chhut-lâi khoàⁿ, jazz chhut-miâ ê kó͘-chhoe-chhiú ū:

* Miles Davis
* Louis Armstrong
* Arturo Sandoval
* Ian McGilp
* Winston Marsalis
* Dizzy Gillepsie
* Maynard Ferguson
Kó͘-chek
**Kó͘-chek** sī sian-bîn tī le̍k-sú, bûn-hoà, kiàn-tio̍k, gē-su̍t siōng ê kū-thé ûi-sán ia̍h ûi-chí. pau-hâm kó͘-chá kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t, thoân-thóng chū-lo̍h, kó͘-chá chhī-ke, khó-kó͘ ûi-chí í-ki̍p kî-thaⁿ le̍k-sú bûn-hoà ûi-chek; hâm-kài chèng-tī, kun-sū, chong-kàu, chè-sū, khiā-ke, seng-oa̍h, gû-lo̍k, lô-tōng, siā-hōe, keng-chè, kàu-io̍k téng-téng hong-bīn léng-he̍k, mí-pó͘ bûn-jī kap le̍k-sú kì-lo̍k put-chiok ê só͘-chāi.

It-tàn chi̍t ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t ia̍h ûi-chí pī lia̍t chò kó͘-chek, ia̍h chiām-tēng kó͘-chek sî, thong-siông chiū ē siū-tio̍h chú-koán ki-koan ê pó-hō͘, bô keng-kòe hí-khó, pau-koat só͘-iú-chiá chāi-lāi ê jīm-hô-lâng, lóng bē-tàng jīm-ì piàn-tōng kap siu-kái. Jû-kó in-ūi kiàn-tio̍k kang-têng khai-oé só͘ hoat-hiān ê kó͘-chek ia̍h khó-kó͘ ûi-chek, ūi-tio̍h pó-hō͘ le̍k-sú bûn-bu̍t, kang-têng thong-siông su-iàu má-siōng chiām-tēng.
Ibn Battuta
**Ibn Battuta**, ia̍h ***Ibn Baṭūṭah*** (A-la-pek-bûn: محمد ابن بطوطة), choân-miâ ***ʾAbū ʿAbd al-Lāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Lāh l-Lawātī ṭ-Ṭanǧī ibn Baṭūṭah*** (1304 nî 2 goe̍h 25 ji̍t – 1369 nî  ia̍h 1368 nî; A-la-pek-bûn: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة), Hàn-bûn hoan-e̍k chò **Pa-tô͘-thah** (巴圖塔) ia̍h **Pe̍k-tô͘-thài** (白圖泰), sī chi̍t ūi Morocco Muslim ha̍k-chiá kiam tiong-sè-kí sè-kài lí-hêng-ka. Tī 30 tang lāi, Battuta khì kòe kui-ê Muslim sè-kài kap chē-chē kî-thaⁿ só͘-chāi, pau-hâm Pak Hui, Hui-chiu Kak, Se Hui, Tiong Tang, Tiong A, Tang-lâm A, Lâm A kap Tiong-kok. I-ê iû-kì *Rihla* thê-kiong tiong-sè-kí sî-tāi sè-kài ê chē-chē kì-lio̍k.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 90635782
* LCCN: n50082288
* ISNI: 0000 0001 2143 2476
* GND: 118639765
* SELIBR: 191293
* SUDOC: 027719154
* BNF: cb11908143b (data)
* BIBSYS: 90533569
* NLA: 35217547
* NDL: 00444181
* NKC: jn20011210248
* BNE: XX1076718
* CiNii: DA00926468

 |

 |
Montenegro-lâng|  |
|  |
| Montenegro-lâng |
| Chóng Jîn-kháu |
| 500,000+ |
| Hun-pò͘ Tē-khu |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  Montenegro | 267,669 (2003-nî) |  |
|  Serbia | 69,049 (2002-nî) |  |
|  Í-tāi-lī | 50,000 (200?-nî) |  |
|  Bí-kok | 30,000 (2001-nî) |  |
|  Croatia | 4,926 (2001-nî) |  |
|  Pak Macedonia | 2,686 (2002-nî) |  |
|  Slovenia | 2,667 (2002-nî) |  |
|  Albania | 2,000-2,500 (2000-nî) |  |

 |
| Gí-giân |
| O͘-soaⁿ-gí |
| Chong-kàu Sìn-gióng |
| Tang-chèng-kàu, Ki-tok-kàu |

**Montenegro-lâng** (Crnogorci) sī Au-chiu bîn-cho̍k chi-it. Lâng-sò͘ iok gō͘-cha̍p-pueh bān-lâng (1981-nî thóng-kè sò͘-jī), chú-iàu hun-pò͘ tī Montenegro kah Serbia. Jîn-chióng sio̍k "Au-chiu-Balkan" hîng, to-sò͘ sìn-hōng Tang-chèng-kàu. Montenegro-lâng ê gí-giân kah Serbia-gí sio-kāng, Bûn-hoà hong-sio̍k iā-sī chhin-kīn. In sī kó͘-chá Slav-lâng ê āu-tāi.

Jîn-kháu
--------

Li̍k-sú
-------

Gí-giân
-------

Bûn-hoà
-------

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

* O͘-soaⁿ-lâng
**Tu̍t-piàn** (突變; Eng: *mutation*), he̍k-chiá **hoán-chéng**, tī seng-bu̍t-ha̍k siōng ê hâm-gī sī sè-pau lāi ê ûi-thoân ki-in hoat-seng ê kái-piàn. Hoat-seng seng-bu̍t tu̍t-piàn ê goân-in ū-khó-lêng sī sè-pau hun-lia̍t sî, ûi-thoân ki-in ê ho̍k-chè hoat-seng chhò-gō͘, ia̍h-sī siū-tio̍h hoà-ha̍k bu̍t-chit, ki-in to̍k-sèng, hok-siā ia̍h pēⁿ-to̍k téng-téng goā-chāi ê éng-hióng.

Tu̍t-piàn thong-siông ē tì-sú sè-pau ūn-chok bô-chèng-siông ia̍h sí-bông, sīm-chì tī khah ko-téng ê seng-bu̍t-thé thé-lāi ín-hoat gâm-chèng. Put-kò, tu̍t-piàn mā pī khoàⁿ-chò sī chìn-hoà ê thui-sak-la̍t, bô-lí-sióng ê tu̍t-piàn ē keng-iû chū-jiân soán-te̍k ê kòe-têng pī thai-tiāu, iú-lī ê tu̍t-piàn ē kè-sio̍k liû-thoân lo̍h-khì.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Petit, Jean-Michel; adapté par Arico, Sébastien (2013). *Mini Manuel de Génétique 3ème édition*. Paris: Dunod. ISBN 2-1007-0027-8. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)