recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Kiú-liông-kang** (九龍江), Hok-kiàn-séng tē-jī tōa ê khe, sī iû **Sai-khe** kah **Pak-khe** chit 2-tiâu siāng-kài chú-iàu ê chi-liû chó·-sêng.

Kó·-tián
--------

Kūn-kù Liông-khe Kōan-chì ê kì-chài, Liông-khe-kōan (chit-chūn ê Liông-hái-chhī) kiān kōan tī **Lâm-tiâu Niû-bú tè Tāi-tông 6 nî** (kong-gôan 540 nî), thiaⁿ-í-kóng hit-chūn-á ū lâng khòaⁿ tio̍h **9 bóe liông tiàm khe-á lāi leh sńg-chúi**, in-ūi chit-ê kó·-tián ê koan-hē, lō·-bóe Chiang-chiu chit-ê só·-chāi soah chôan hō·-miâ kiò-chò **Liông-khe**. Hiān-chú-sî, lâi-kàu Pak-khe Liông-thâm chit-ê só·-chāi, (tī Hôa-an-kōan Hong-san-tīn) iáu-koh ē-tàng khòaⁿ tio̍h soaⁿ-khàm ê chio̍h-piah téng khek tio̍h "九龍戲江處" chit-5-ê tōa jī. Khó-kiàn, Liông-khe-kōan kah Kiú-liông-kang chit-2-ê tē-hō· miâ ê lâi-le̍k, sī kāng-khóan--ê.

Hiang-kang
----------

Le̍k-sú-siōng, chi̍t-kóa-á Chiang-chiu ê tha̍k-chheh-lâng kā Kiú-liông-kang kiò-chò "Hiang-kang" (薌江). **Bêng-tiâu Hông-bú 23 nî** ( 1630 nî ) ê tiong-kan, chāi-tē-lâng Iûⁿ Gàn-chiong (楊彥章) kah Âng Kan (洪干) hiàng Chiang-chiu tī-hú kah Liông-khe tī-kōan siāng-su, iau-kiû kiàn "Hiang-kang Su-īⁿ" (薌江書院), tit-tio̍h phoe-chùn. Hiang-kang Su-īⁿ chit-keng hàn-o̍h-á (o̍h-tn̂g) tī **Bêng, Chheng** 2 ê tiâu-tāi lâi kóng, ôan-á chiâⁿ chhut-miâ tī--leh. Āu--lâi, "Hiang-kang" chit-ê miâ soah piàn-chòe Kiú-liông-kang ê pia̍t-chheng, liáu-āu iu-koh ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á chiâⁿ-chòe Chiang-chiu chit-ê tē-hō· ê phiau-chì.
| ?N̂g-cheng-hoe |
| --- |
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|  |
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| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
| 

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|  |
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| Kài: | Plantae |
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| Mn̂g: | Magnoliophyta |
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| Kong: | Liliopsida |
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| Bo̍k: | Scrophulariales |
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| Kho: | Bignoniaceae |
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| Sio̍k: | *Tecoma* |
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| Chéng: | ***T. stans*** |
|

 |
| Ha̍k-miâ |
| ***Tecoma stans***(L.) Juss. ex Kunth |
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**N̂g-cheng-hoe** (Hàn-jī: 黃鐘花, Eng-gí: yellow bell, ha̍k-miâ: *Tecoma stans*) kui-sio̍k-tī Chí-ui-kho (紫葳科, Bignoniaceae), sī siông-le̍k koàn-bo̍k.

Hêng-thài
---------

Hio̍h-á sī khia-sò· ú-chōng ho̍k-hio̍h, sió-hio̍h 11 kàu 17 hio̍h, kì-á-khí pian-iân.

Hoe sī n̂g-sek, hoe-koan lāu-á-hêng, 5 li̍h; hoe-go̍k sī lêng-liang-hêng; ho̍k-îⁿ-chui hoe-sū, téng-seng; hoe-kî tn̂g.

Koé-chí sī sok-kó.

Hun-pò·
-------

Goân-pún seⁿ tī Lâm Bí-chiu.

Thoàⁿ-chéng ê hoat-tō·
----------------------

Chhian-chhah-hoat he̍k iā-chéng-chí-hoat. Chhun-thiⁿ kap chhiu-thiⁿ sī chhian-chhah siāng-tú-hó ê sî-chūn.

Iōng-tô·
--------

Phûn-chai he̍k hoe-hn̂g khoàⁿ-súi ê chhiū-á. 

* 
*
Yodŏk siu-iông-só͘Yodŏk siu-iông-só͘ ê ūi.
**Yodŏk chi̍p-tiong-iâⁿ** (耀德集中營) ia̍h-sī **Yodŏk chèng-tī-hoān siu-iông-só͘** (耀德政治犯收容所, Hân-gí: 요덕 정치범수용소 *Yodŏk Che Sibo-ho Kwalliso*), chiàⁿ-miâ **15 Hō Koán-lí-só͘** (15 號管理所), sī Pak Tiâu-sián kok-lāi ê chi̍t keng chèng-tī chi̍p-tiong-iâⁿ, tī Hamgyŏng Pak-tō (咸鏡北道) Yodŏk Kūn (耀德郡).

Kù Bí-kok Kok-bū-iⁿ (國務院) hōaⁿ-sǹg (扞算), koaiⁿ tī hia--ê chèng-tī-hoān ū 15 kàu 20 bān lâng. Tī 1990 nî-tāi, hit chō iâⁿ ū 30000 lâng ài koaiⁿ kui-sì-lâng, lēng-gōa ū 16500 lâng ū-tè bô-tēng-sî hō͘-lâng tháu-pàng. In tōa-pòaⁿ sī ùi Ji̍t-pún sàng-tńg--khì Pak-hân--ê kiâu-bîn.

Chi̍t keng iâⁿ ē bô-tèng-sî sek-hòng (釋放) kúi-ê--á hoān-jîn, tì-chhú (致此) sī Pak-tiâu-sián ê chi̍p-tiong-iâⁿ tiong, i sī koaiⁿ-kaⁿ-chiá (關監者) seng-chûn-lu̍t (生存率) khah koân--ê.

Chhut-miâ--ê tháu-pàng-chiá
---------------------------

* An Hyŏk (安赫)
* Kang Ch'ŏl-hwan (姜哲煥)

Chham-khó
---------

* Yodŏk kò͘-sū (耀德故事)
* P'yŏngyang Chúi-cho̍k-kóan (平壤水族館)
Khó͘ Oán-tong
**Khó͘ Oán-tong** (許遠東, 1927 nî 5 goe̍h 22 ji̍t – 1998 nî 2 goe̍h 16 ji̍t) sī Tâi-oân ê kim-hiông-ka, chêng Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok tiong-iong gîn-hâng ê chóng-chhâi.

I tī 1998 nî tī khong-lān tiong koè-sin.

Chhut-sin
---------

Khó͘ Oán-tong ê lāu-pē sī Khó͘ Kok-siông (國祥); Lāu-bú sī Ong Gio̍k-hio̍h (翁玉葉). Kok-siông sī Tek-lâm Iâm-koán-chiân (鹽館前) ê lâng. I chó͘-sian sī tùi Chiang-chiu Ke-hái (圭海) kòe Tâi-oân--ê. Ka-cho̍k goân-pún sī tī Tek-lâm tē-hng keng-êng thn̂g-gia̍p kap pò͘-liāu seng-lí ê tē-chú, m̄-koh tī Kok-siông ê lāu-pē A-mūi (阿昧) ê sî-kî tio̍h í-keng soe-jio̍k. Kok-siông 14-hòe sî pē-bú lóng kòe-sin, Tong Kok-siông 18-hòe tng teh thak Tâi-tiong Tiong-ha̍k-hāu ê sî, i-ê kong-má ia̍h Khó͘ Chheng-bûn (清文) kap Tân--sī ia̍h kòe-óng--khì. Kok-siông tio̍h lî-khui ha̍k-hāu tī chhù lāi chú-chhî ka-sán kap sū-bū. Kok-siôn chē pái keng-gêng sū-gia̍p lóng bô sáⁿ sêng-kong, liáu-āu kòe Tang-kiaⁿ. 

1927 nî 5 goe̍h 22, kū-le̍k 4 goe̍h 15, tong Kok-siông tī Tang-kiaⁿ ê sî-chūn, lâu ùi Tek-lâm ê Gio̍k-hio̍h seⁿ--lo̍h-lâi Oán-tong. I sī chhù-lāi tē-3-ê gín-á, ia̍h sī tióng-lâm, tī i chìn-chêng ū nn̄g-ê a-chí. 9 goe̍h sî, kui-ke tio̍h sóa kòe Tâi-pak Báng-kah. Kàu 1934 nî, Kó͘--sī ji̍p Liông-san-sī ê o̍h-tông tha̍k Hàn-bûn; 1935 nî 4 goe̍h, ji̍p Liông-san Kong-ha̍k-hāu. I kong-ha̍k-hāu chut-gia̍p liáu-āu, tī 1941 nî khó ji̍p Tâi-pak-chiu-li̍p Tē-jī Tiong-ha̍k. Tī Tē-jī Tiong-ha̍k ê sî-kî Khó͘--sī sek-sāi pêng-iú Tân Ho̍k-seng, tiāⁿ tòe Tân--sī kap kî-tha tông-o̍h tī Tiúⁿ-ló-kàu-hōe ê Báng-kah Kàu-hōe chhut-ji̍p, chóng-sī i m̄-bat siū-sé.

Tāi-ha̍k sî-kî
--------------

Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn tú kiat-sok ê sî-chūn, Khó͘--sī mā tng goân-sêng tiong-o̍h, khó ji̍p tong-sî tú tùi Tâi-pak Tè-kok Tāi-ha̍k kái-chè ê Tâi-oân Tāi-ha̍k (Tâi-tāi), m̄-koh kàu tāi-ha̍k jī-nî ê sî, chhù-lâi ê keng-chè bô-hoat-tō͘ chi-chhî, i chiō siu-ha̍k kòe Liông-san Kok-bîn Ha̍k-hāu kà-chheh, bô lōa-kú koh sin-chhéng kong-hùi têng ji̍p tāi-ha̍k. Tha̍k Tâi-tāi ê sî-kî, i lēng-gōa mā tī tong-sî Iân-pêng Tāi-ha̍k o̍h hoat-lu̍t. 1949 nî ê 9 goe̍h 2 ji̍t, Khó͘--sī in-ūi koan-sia̍p tio̍h Ke-lâng-chhī Kang-chok-úi-oân-hōe àn-kiāⁿ, hō͘ Pó-bi̍t-kio̍k lia̍h cháu, tāi-seng tī Kun-hoat-chhù koaiⁿ 2 kò gōa goe̍h, liáu-āu hông sóa kòe Sing-seng-tūi (新生隊), siū an-pâi siōng Sam-bîn-chú-gī téng khò-têng. Khó͘-sī tī 1951 nî 3 goe̍h hông sek-hòng. Liáu-āu i kè-sio̍k tī Tâi-tāi kàu 1952 nî 6 goe̍h the̍h tio̍h hoat-ha̍k-sū chut-gia̍p.

Ha̍p-chok Kim-khò͘ sî-kî
------------------------

Khó͘ Oán-tong siū chhù-piⁿ N̂g Kim-sūi ê kài-siāu kap N̂g Bián-bián (黃免浼) kau-óng tang-gōa liáu-āu, tī 1957 nî 1 goe̍h 20 ji̍t kiat-hun.

Chham-chiàu
-----------

* 許秋暘 & 盧世祥 (2010). *台灣紳士許遠東*. 允晨文化. ISBN 978-986-6274-23-7.

1. ↑  沈懷玉 (2005). "基隆市工委會案". *線上台灣歷史辭典*. 遠流出版事業/智慧藏學習科技.
Éng-kiú-khí, tùi chiàⁿ-pêng piⁿ-á khoàⁿ
Chiàⁿ-pêng ē-kha ê éng-kiú-khí, tùi koân-téng khoàⁿ
**Sió-āu-chan** sī ūi-tì tī kak-khí kap toā-āu-chan chi-kan chhùi-khí. Tī jîn-lūi, múi-chi̍t-ê quadrant ū 2 ki sió-āu-chan, kui-chhùi chóng-kiōng ū 8 ki. In siāng-bô ū 2 ê kā-lūn. Sió-āu-chan tī pō͘-mi̍h (*mastication*) kong-lêng hō͘-lâng jīm-ûi sī koè-tō͘ ê kha-siàu. Tī pō͘-mi̍h ê sî-chūn, chia̍h-mi̍h tùi kak-khí ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á î-soá kah sió-āu-chan, soa̍h-lo̍h-lâi koh soa̍h-khì toā-āu-chan géng-boa̍h. Sió-āu-chan kiam-khū thâu-chêng-khí kak-khí kap āu-piah-khí tōa-āu-chan ê kong-lêng. 

Jîn-lūi ê sió-āu-chan ū téng-ham tē-it éng-kiú sió-āu-chan, téng-ham tē-jī éng-kiú sió-āu-chan, ē-ham tē-it éng-kiú sió-āu-chan, kap ē-ham tē-jī éng-kiú sió-āu-chan. 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Gê-khí kái-phòa-ha̍k |
| --- |
|  |
| Beng-miâ-hoat | 
* Glossary of dentistry
* Universal Numbering System

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|  |
| Lâng ê chhùi-khí | 
* Éng-kiú-khí
	+ Mn̂g-khí
	+ Kak-khí
	+ Sió-āu-chan
	+ Āu-chan
* Ni-khí

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|  |
| Siōng-go̍k-kut ê chhùi-khí | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Mn̂g-khí | 
* Chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí
* Lateral incisor
* Canine

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|  |
| Sió-āu-chan | 
* First premolar
* Second premolar

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|  |
| Āu-chan | 
* First molar
* Second molar
* Tē-3 tōa-kiū-khí

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|  |
| Hā-go̍k-kut ê chhùi-khí | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Mn̂g-khí | 
* Central incisor
* Lateral incisor
* Canine

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|  |
| Sió-āu-chan | 
* First premolar
* Second premolar

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|  |
| Āu-chan | 
* First molar
* Second molar
* Tē-3 tōa-kiū-khí

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| Chhùi-khí ê kok-pō͘-hūn | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Crown | 
* Cusp
	+ Cusp of Carabelli
* Zuckerkandl's tubercle

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|  |
| 
* Khí-chhoé
* Kin-kńg tī-liâu
	+ Apical foramen

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* Cementoenamel junction
* Khí-iū-chit
* Dental-enamel junction
* Khí-pún-chit
* Dental papilla

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* Mamelon

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* Dental alveolus

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Tâi-oân soán-kí tâu-phiò ê choan-iōng ìn-á
**Tâi-oân ê soán-kí** sī ùi 1930 nî-tāi ê Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi khai-sí. Bo̍k-chiân ê soán-kí chè-tō͘ kap kè-kò͘ lâi-chū *Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Hiàn-hoat*, kî-tiong tē-jī chiuⁿ *Jîn-bîn chi Khoân-lī Gī-bū* tē-17 tiâu chài-bêng jîn-bîn ū soán-kí, pā-bián, chhòng-chè kap ho̍k-koat ê khoân-lī, lēng-gōa i iā tī *Kok-bîn Tāi-hōe*, *Li̍p-hoat*, *Kàm-chhat*, *Tē-hng Chū-tī Chè-tō͘*, *Séng-koān* kap *Soán-kí* téng siong-koan chiuⁿ-chat tiong, thê-kiong Tâi-oân soán-kí ê bó-hoat kin-goân. 1991 nî 4 goe̍h khí, Tâi-oân keng-le̍k 7 pái siu-hiàn, siu-hiàn liáu-āu ê *Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Hiàn-hoat Cheng-siu Tiâu-bûn* chiâⁿ-chòe Tâi-oân soán-kí ê lēng-gōa chi̍t ê hoat-lí ki-chhó͘. Lēng-gōa, Tâi-oân tī 2003 nî té chiâⁿ-chòe Tang A-sè-a tē-it ê li̍p-hoat pó-chiòng kong-bîn tâu-phiò-khoân ê tē-khu, chiàu *Kong-bîn Tâu-phiò Hoat* chìn-hêng ê kong-bîn tâu-phiò iā sio̍k tī kóng-gī soán-kí kap ti̍t-chiap bîn-khoân ê chi̍t khoân. Ti̍t-chiap bîn-soán ê chóng-thóng kap kok-hōe sī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok chú-khoân to̍k-li̍p chū-chú, chèng-tī chū-iû bîn-chú, siā-hōe khai-hòng chìn-pō͘, chèng-hú i-hoat hêng-chèng, choân-bîn kàm-tok chèng-hú si-chèng kap kong-po̍k piáu-hiān ê tiōng-iàu siōng-teng kap hong-sek.
Chá-kî Tâi-oân
--------------

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Tâi-oân sú-chêng sî-tāi
It-poaⁿ ê khòaⁿ-hoat sī tī 50,000 nî í-chêng Tâi-oân tio̍h ū lâng tòa. M̄-koh, chia-ê chá-kî ê chū-bîn lâu-lo̍h-lâi ê mi̍h bô chin-chōe. Hiān-chhú-sî lán kóng ê Tâi-ôan goân-chū-bîn àn jîn-lūi-ha̍k ê kak-tō͘ sī lâm-tó-gí-cho̍k ê.

Hô͘-lân kap Se-pan-gâ sî-tāi
----------------------------

: Hô-lân ê Formosa kap Se-pan-gâ ê Formosa

Teⁿ-sì chèng-koân sî-tāi
------------------------

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Tēⁿ-sī chèng-kôan

Chheng-kok sî-tāi
-----------------

Tâi-oân Chheng-kok sî-tāi

Jı̍t-pún sî-tāi
---------------

: Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok kap Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi
1894 nî, Tāi-chheng kah Ji̍t-pún in-ūi Tiâu-sián būn-tê hoat-seng Kah-ngó͘ chiàn-cheng. Tāi-chheng chiàn-pāi, 1895 nî Tâi-oân koah-hō͘ Ji̍t-pún.

Chiàn-āu
--------

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Chiàn-āu ê Tâi-oân

Siong-koan
----------

* Tâi-oân le̍k-sú nî-pió
* Ko-hiông le̍k-sú

Sòaⁿ-téng chu-gôan
------------------

* kū-pán
Hô-lân Tang-ìn-tō͘ Kong-si tī 1623 nî hoat-hêng ê kó͘-phiò.
**Tu-sek** (株式), mā hō chò **kó͘-hūn** (股份), sī chi̍t hāng sū-gia̍p (pau-koat kong-si kap ha̍p-chok-siā téng-téng) siū tâu-chu chóng-gia̍h ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn. 

Piáu-sī chiàm-iú tu-sek ê chèng-kǹg kiò **kó͘-phiò** (he̍k-chiá **tu-kǹg**), sī chi̍t chióng iú-kè chèng-kǹg, ē-tàng (m̄-koh bô it-tēng ài) tī kong-khai ê chhī-tiûⁿ téng kau-e̍k. Hoat-hêng kó͘-phiò sī kong-si bō͘-chi̍p chu-kim ê chi̍t chióng hong-hoat. Ū-sî, lâng kóng ê "kó͘-phiò" tio̍h-sī "kó͘-hūn" ê ì-sù. Jî-chhiá in-ùi chèng-kǹg tiān-chú-hòa ê hoat-tián, niá ū kó͘-phiò ê lâng bô it-tēng ài theh kó͘-phiò chóa.

Tu-sek ê só͘-iú-chiá hō-chòe tu-chú (株主, mā kiò kó͘-tong, kó͘-chú, kó͘-kha), ē-tàng hun-phòe tio̍h siu-ek, iā-chiū-sī phòe-tong (配當, mā kiò kó͘-lī). Tu-sek chiàm siōng chē ê toā tu-chú hō-choè kó͘-thâu.

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑
2. ↑
**Khó͘ Siah-khiam** (許錫謙) 1915 nî–1947 nî, Sam-bîn-chú-gī Chheng-liân-thoân Hoa-liân hun-thoân kó͘-tiúⁿ. I sī Tâi-oân 228 Sū-kiāⁿ siū-lān-chiá chi-it, tī 1947 nî hōng àn Tâi-pa̍k phiàn--tǹg-lâi, tī poàn-lō͘ thâi--sí.

Khó͘ Siah-khiam, Hoa-liân lâng, sī Hoa-liân ê toā hó-gia̍h-lâng Khó͘ Liú-ki (許柳枝) ê ko͘-kiáⁿ. 1931 nî kap Ông Bò͘-kheng, Tiuⁿ Chhun-bo̍k cho͘-chit Tâi-oân Keng-chè Goā-kau-hoē, sio̍k Tâi-oân Bîn-chiòng-tóng ê hē-thóng. Chiàn-āu chò Sam-bîn-chú-gī Chheng-liân-thoân Hoa-liân hun-thoân kó͘-tiúⁿ. Mā bat chò *Chheng-liân Chiu-khan*, *Chheng-liân-pò* kap *Thoân-hùn-chiu-khan* ê pian-chip.

Jī-jī-pat Sū-kiāⁿ ê sî, in cho͘-chit Jī-jī-pat Sū-kiāⁿ Chhú-lí Úi-oân-hoē, i chò chóng-chí-hui. Tī in ê koat-gī lâi-tè ū kóng tio̍h "bē-sái ū lâu-hoè sū-kiāⁿ, ài hô-pêng lâi kái-koat chèng-tī ê būn-tê"[*bô chhut-chhù*]. Kok-bîn-tóng ê kun-tūi lâi Tâi-oân liáu-āu, Khó͘ Siah-khiam bih tī teh Tâi-pak. Hoa-liân ê Koān-tiúⁿ kap Hiàn-peng-tūi-tiúⁿ kiò in a-chek kā kiò--tńg-lâi, kóng ē bô tāi-chì, soah tī poàn-lō͘ ê Lâm-hong-ò hōng thâi--sì.
**Khóo Kuan-kia̍t** (**許冠傑**; **Hui Koon-kit**; **Sam Hui**; 1948/09/06-), phian-miâ **A Sam** (阿Sam), sī khah-tsá Hiong-káng tsin tshut-miâ ê tshòng-tsok kua-tshiú.

Tī 1970 nî-tāi tsìn-tsîng, tuā-pōo-hūn ê Hiong-káng-lâng lóng kám-kak Ua̍t-gí liû-hîng kua-khik (粵語流行歌曲) tsin thóo-sông, tong-sî Hiong-káng sī Eng-gí kua kah Tâi-uân ê Huâ-gí kua khah sî-kiânn. 1971 nî, Khóo Kuan-kia̍t tuì Hiong-káng tāi-ha̍k (香港大學) pit-gia̍p, khai-sí iōng Ua̍t-gí (粵語) tshiùnn-tshut tsin tsē khau-sé tong-sî Hiong-káng siā-huē hiān-tsōng ê liû-hîng kua. Tsia--ê liû-hîng kua tsin tsē lóng sī i ka-kī siá ê kua-sû, tshin-tshiūnn *半斤八兩*, *賣身契*, *打雀英雄傳*, *搵嘢做*. Khóo Kuan-kia̍t khai-sí tshòng-tsok Ua̍t-gí kua liáu-āu, Ua̍t-gí liû-hîng kua mā khai-sí liû-hîng, i in-tshú hōo lâng hō-tsò **Hiong-káng kua-tuânn thian-ông kī-tshenn** (香港歌壇天王巨星), **Hiong-káng liû-hîng im-ga̍k tsóo-su** (香港流行音樂祖師) kah **Kua-sîn** (歌神). Tû-liáu tshiùnn-kua, i mā hām Khóo Kuan-bûn (許冠文) kah Khóo Kuan-ing (許冠英) tàu-tīn ián tiān-iánn, *賣身契*, *半斤八兩* kah *鬼馬雙星*, sann lâng hōo lâng hō-tsò **Khóo--sī sann hiann-tī** (許氏三兄弟).
Academic journalPang-bô͘:SHORTDESC:Academic journal
**Harvard huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn** (Harvard Law Review) sī-iû Harvard huat-lu̍t ha̍k-īñ [en] ê tsi̍t-ê to̍k-li̍p ha̍k-sing thuân-thé [en] tshut-pán ê huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn [en]. Kin-kù Kî-khan ín-tsìng pò-kò [en], Harvard huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn 2015-nî ê Íng-hióng in-tsí [en] uî 4.979, teh "huat-lu̍t" luī-pia̍t ê 143-tsióng kî-khan lāi-té pâi-miâ tē-1. Harvard huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn uì ta̍k-nî ê 11-gue̍h kàu huan-tńg-nî ê 6-gue̍h, ta̍k-kò gue̍h tshut-pán 1-kî, lóng-tsóng tshut-pán 8-kî; 11-gue̍h khan ū tsuan-bûn pò-tō Bí-kok tsuè-ko huat-īñ tíng tsi̍t-nî jīm-kî ê tiâu-tsa pò-tō [en]. Pún kî-khan koh tshut-pán kan-na tsāi-suàñ ê "Harvard huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn lūn-tuâñ" (Harvard Law Review Forum); lūn-tuâñ sī tsi̍t-hūn kún-tōng hîng-thài ê kî-khan, tui tsú-iàu kî-khan ê lāi-iông tsò-tshut ha̍k-su̍t huê-ìng. 

Huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn sī Harvard huat-ha̍k-īñ ê sañ-ê îng-ū [en] hia̍p-huē tsi-it, iah-koh-ū "Harvard huat-lu̍t uān-tsōo kio̍k [en]" hām "Ha̍k-sing kòo-būn uí-uân-huē". Nā hōo tsia sañ-ê tsoo-tsit lāi-té tsi̍t-ê suán-tiâu ê ha̍k-sing, i kan-na ē-tàng ka-ji̍p kî-tiong ê tsi̍t-ê tsoo-tsit.

Harvard huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn hia̍p-huē kah Columbia huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn [en], Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn [en] hām Yale huat-lu̍t kî-khan [en] lên-ha̍p tshut-pán lâm-phuê-su [en]: Thóng-it ê ín-bûn hē-thóng; tse-tō pèn-tsò Bí-kok huat-lu̍t ín-bûn kik-sik ê kóng-huàn tsun-sûn ê kuân-ui piau-tsún.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "Journals Ranked by Impact: Law". *2011 Journal Citation Reports*. Web of Science (Science pán.). Thomson Reuters. 2012.  {{en}]

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Harvard hoat-lu̍t kì-lio̍k [en] (Harvard huat-lu̍t kì-lio̍k/Harvard Law Record)
* I-ha̍k chú-tê-sû (eng-gí: Medical Subject Headings (MeSH); hàn-gí: 醫學主題詞)
* Si̍t-gê (Si̍t-khí, tsíng jîn-kang tshuì-khí; eng-gí: dental implant; hàn-gí: 植牙, 種人工牙齒)
* Kàu chit guân (kàu tsit guân; eng-gí: academic personnel, faculty; hàn-gí: 教職員)
* NYSE Chicago [en] (Chicago tsìng-kuàn kau-i̍k-sóo)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām

template:Harvard [en]
Tī Giat-á-chō ê M80, lī Thài-iông 30,000 kng-nî, ū kúi cha̍p-bān lia̍p hêng-chheⁿ.
**Kiû-chōng chheⁿ-thoân** (球狀星團) sī gōa-koan thêng-hiān kiû-chōng, tī kúi-tō téng se̍h gîn-hô he̍k-sim ūn-hêng, seⁿ chhiūⁿ he̍k-chheⁿ ê hêng-chheⁿ chi̍p-thoân. Kiû-chōng chheⁿ-thoân in-ūi pī tiōng-le̍k ân-ân sok-pa̍k, tì-sú hêng-chheⁿ lóng hiòng tiong-sim chi̍p-tiong, in-chhú gōa-koan sī kiû-hêng ê. Kiû-chōng chheⁿ-thoân pí sòaⁿ-khui chheⁿ-thoân ū koh-khah chē lia̍p he̍k-chheⁿ, m̄-koh kiû-chōng chheⁿ-thoân ê sò͘-liōng pí sòaⁿ-khui chheⁿ-thoân ke khah chió, tī Gîn-hô-hē tiong kàu-taⁿ chí-ū hoat-hiān 150 chì 158 ê.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Hêng-chheⁿ-hē |
| --- |
|  |
| Ū pian-kài | 
* Gîn-hô
* É-sió gîn-hô
* Chheⁿ-thoân
	+ Kiû-chōng
	+ Sòaⁿ-khui
* Liân-chheⁿ
* To-chheⁿ
* He̍k-chheⁿ-hē

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|  |
| Bô pian-kài | 
* Chheⁿ-liû
* Chheⁿ-hia̍p
* Ūn-tōng chheⁿ-thoân

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|  |
| Ba̍k-sī chi̍p-thoân | 
* Jī-têng-chheⁿ
* To-têng-chheⁿ
* Seng-chō
* Hêng-chheⁿ-hûn
* Chheⁿ-kûn

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|  |
| 
* Category Lūi-pia̍t

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| --- | --- | --- |
| 

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| --- | --- |
| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* LCCN: sh85127432
* GND: 4298254-6
* BNF: cb12393896m (data)

 |

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**Lí-tiúⁿ** ia̍h-sī **Chhoan-tiúⁿ** (lē-sio̍k î khu, koān-hat-chhī, he̍k-chiá-sī tìn--ê hō-chò *Lí*; lē-sio̍k î hiongg--ê hō-chò *Chhoan*) sī Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok ê siōng kē chân-kip tē-hng-koaⁿ. Sī thàu-kòe sì-tang chi̍t-tàu ê tēng-kî soán-kí soán--chhut-lâi-ê, bô liân-jīm ê hān-chè. Chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ sī bû-kip-chit, m̄-koh ū hiong-tìn-chhī-khu-kong-só͘ só͘ pian-lia̍t ê sū-bū pó͘-chō͘-hùi thang-hó ūn-iōng.

Chit-lêng
---------

Chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ hat-hā ū 100 chì 4,000 hō͘ put-téng. Chú-iàu ê khang-khòe pau-koat hoán-èng tē-hng su-kiû, hia̍p-chō͘ soan-tō chèng-lēng, kah kí-pān lí-bîn oa̍h-tāng. I-chiàu Tē-hng Chè-tō͘ Hoat, chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ siū-tio̍h hiong-tìn-chhī-khu-tiúⁿ ê chí-hui chham kàm-tok, hū-chek pān-lí chhoan-lí ê kong-bū kah kau-pān sū-hāng. Tān-sī, si̍t-bū siōng in-ūi chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ sī ti̍t-chiap bîn-soán--chhut-lâi-ê, to̍k-li̍p-sèng kiông, ka-siōng kong-só͘ kah chèng-hú bô-hoat-tō͘ chiam-tùi bîn-soán ê chhoan-lí-tiúⁿ chò-chhut si̍t-chè tiàu-chit he̍k-chiá-sī chhú-hoa̍t. In-chhú hiong-tìn-chhī-khu-tiúⁿ it-poaⁿ bē ùi téng-thâu chí-hui, sī ē chhiáⁿ lâng hia̍p-chō͘, iû-kî khu-tiúⁿ sī chhī-tiúⁿ chí-phài--ê, i ê bîn-ì ki-chhó͘ pí lí-tiúⁿ khah kē.

Chham-kiàn
----------

* Chhun-lí
**Gruzia-gí** (ქართული ენა, *kartuli ena*) sī Sakartvelo ê koaⁿ-hong gí-giân, sī tāi-iok 390 bān Gruzia jîn-bîn ê tē-it gí-giân, mā-sī Gruzia bîn-cho̍k ê bûn-ha̍k gí-giân, Lâm Kaukasus gí-giân ê chi̍t-ê hun-ki.

Jī-bó
-----

Hiān-tāi ê Kartuli jī-bó hō-chòe "*mkhedruli*" (მხედრული):

| *mkhedruli* |
| --- |
| ა | ბ | გ | დ | ე | ვ | ზ | ჱ | თ | ი | კ | ლ | მ | ნ |
| ჲ | ო | პ | ჟ | რ | ს | ტ | ჳ | უ | ფ | ქ | ღ | ყ | შ |
| ჩ | ც | ძ | წ | ჭ | ხ | ჴ | ჯ | ჰ | ჵ | ჶ | ჷ | ჸ |   |

Sû-lūi hē-thóng
---------------

Kartuli-gí chham Eng-gí kāng-khóan ū ián-seng ê hē-thóng, chhin-chhiūⁿ tī Kartuli-gí lāi-bīn, "*-Kart-*" chit-ê jī-kin ē-tàng ián-seng chhut:

* "***Kart**veli*" (ქართველი): Sakartvelo-lâng (jîn-bîn)
* "**Kar**tuli" (ქართული): Sakartvelo-gí (gí-giân)
* "*Sa**kart**velo*" (საქართველო): Sakartvelo (kok-ka)

Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

Wikipedia
Wikipedia ū  ***Gruzia-gí*** ê pán-pún.

* Eng-gí - kartuli-gí jī-tián
Khó͘ Hûn-ki (1948)
**Khó͘ Hûn-ki** (許雲基; 1924 nî 7 goe̍h 16 ji̍t chhut-sì ) sī chi̍t-ūi Tâi-oân Tâi-tiong chhut-sin ê goân-chú-hu̍t bu̍t-lí-ha̍k ha̍k-ka. Ùi Tâi-tiong It-tiong pit-gia̍p liáu-āu, Khó͘ Hûn-ki bat chiân-óng Ji̍t-pún lōe-tē ê Kiaⁿ-to͘ Tè-kok Tāi-ha̍k kang-ha̍k-pō͘ chiū-tho̍k, pēng tī chiàn-āu choán-hôe Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Tāi-ha̍k Tiān-ki-hē, jiân-āu ùi hia pit-gia̍p.

1947 nî, Khó͘ Hûn-ki chiâⁿ-chò Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Tāi-ha̍k Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-hē ê chō͘-kàu, hām Tè Ūn-kúi kap Thài-tiân Nāi-siông téng-lâng tâng-chê tī Tâi-tāi tiông-kiàn Hong-sèng Bûn-chhek thoân-tūi tong-nî tī Tâi-tāi chè-chok, bat oân-sêng sè-kài tē-jī pái jîn-kang cheng-lòng goân-chú-hu̍t si̍t-giām ê Cockcroft–Walton ka-sok-khì. Pēng sêng-kong tī 1948 nî oân-sêng liáu Tâi-oân kap chiàn-āu choân À-chiu tē-it pái jîn-kang cheng-lòng goân-chú-hu̍t ê si̍t-giām. Lo̍h-bóe, Khó͘ Hûn-ki thè-chhiú iû Thià-tiân Nāi-siông chú-chhî ê goân-chú-hu̍t si̍t-giām-sek, pēng léng-tō Tâi-oân chē-chē ki-su kái-liông si̍t-giām-sek ê siat-pī, hō͘ i chiâⁿ-chò 1960 nî-tāi À-chiu siōng-sian-chìn ê goân-chú-hu̍t si̍t-giām-sek. Lo̍h-bóe, Khó͘ Hûn-ki iû chō͘-kàu ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á seng-keh chò káng-su, hù-kàu-siū, kàu-siū, chìn-jî tī 1962 nî chiâⁿ-chò Tâi-tāi Bu̍t-lí-hē ê hē-chú-jīm. 1985 nî, Khó͘ Hûn-ki ùi Tâi-tāi Bu̍t-lí-hē thè-hiu, tī 1989 nî chiâⁿ-chò in-ê bêng-ū kàu-siū, pēng tī 2005 nî khí sut-niá tiông-kiàn goân-chú-hu̍t si̍t-giām-sek chiâⁿ-chò Tâi-tāi Bu̍t-lí Bûn-bu̍t-thiaⁿ.
Ko-hiông Sîn-siā
**Ko-hiông Sîn-siā** (Hàn-jī: 高雄神社; Lô-má-jī: *Takao-zinzya*) sī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi Tâi-oân ê 1-chō sîn-siā, siat tī Ko-hiông-chiu Ko-hiông-chhī Kotobuki-tyo, Siū-san poàⁿ soaⁿ-io.

Chè-sîn
-------

Ko-hiông Sîn-siā ê siā-kè (社格) sī koān-siā (県社); chè-sîn (祭神) sī Yosihisa Chhin-ông (能久親王), Tāi-bu̍t-chú miā (大物主命), kap Sutoku Thian-hông (崇徳天皇).

Le̍k-sú
-------

1912 nî 2 goe̍h 5 ji̍t, Ji̍t-pún-lâng tī Siū-san soaⁿ-kha kiàn-li̍p Táⁿ-káu Kotohira (金刀比羅) Sîn-siā. 1920 nî, chin-ka chè-sîn Yosihisa Chhin-ông, kái miâ Táⁿ-káu Sîn-siā. Hit nî ê 12 goe̍h, koh kái miâ chò Ko-hiông Sîn-siā. 1928 nî 11 goe̍h 8 ji̍t, sîn-siā poaⁿ khí Siū-san soaⁿ-io. 1932 nî 4 goe̍h 22 ji̍t, tit tio̍h koān-siā siā-kè.

Chiàn-āu, Ko-hiông Sîn-siā hō͘ Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chèng-hú kái chò "tiong-lia̍t-sû". Tī 1970 nî-tāi, chèng-hú kā sîn-siā chú-thé thiah-tû kái chò Tiong-kok-sek kiàn-tio̍k.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Ko-hiông Sîn-siā*** |
Chiat-siā ê Snell hoat-chek.
Sok-tō͘ bô-kāng, chiat-siā ê kak-tō͘ mā bô-kāng. Chhái-khēng tio̍h-sī kúi-ā-khóan ê kng-sòaⁿ chò-hóe chiat-siā sán-seng.
**Chiat-siā** mā-kiò **khut-chiat**, sī pho-tōng, chhin-chhiūⁿ kng-sòaⁿ ia̍h siaⁿ-im, in-ūi chìn-hêng ê sok-tō͘ kái-piàn, chō-sêng ê lō͘-soàⁿ piàn-hoà. Chit chióng hiān-siōng tī pho-tōng keng-kòe bô-kāng ê kài-chit ê sî-chūn khah hó koan-chhat, m̄-palomino tiene una verdolagota EL DIDI LA TIENE BIEN CHIQUITA
-it ê kài-chit lāi-bīn mā-sī ū pene gordo
Chiat-siā ê hiān-siōng ē-sái sú-iōng Snell hoat-chek lâi biâu-su̍t:

{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \theta \_{1}}{\sin \theta \_{2}}}={\frac {v\_{1}}{v\_{2}}}={\frac {n\_{2}}{n\_{1}}}}
ia̍h-sī

{\displaystyle n\_{1}\sin \theta \_{1}=n\_{2}\sin \theta \_{2}\ }
kái-sek

{\displaystyle v\_{1}} kap {\displaystyle v\_{2}} sī pho-tōng tī te̍k-tēng kài-chit lāi-bīn ê sok-tō͘ .
{\displaystyle \theta \_{1}} kap {\displaystyle \theta \_{2}} sī pho-tōng chham kài-chit kap kài-chit sio-chiap kài-bīn ê sûi-ti̍t-sòaⁿ (hoat-sòaⁿ) ê kak-tō͘ .
{\displaystyle n\_{1}} kap {\displaystyle n\_{2}} sī chiat-siā-lu̍t.

Siong-koan ê bûn-chiong
-----------------------

* Hoán-siā
* Hoê-chiat
|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tsit phian bûn-tsiunn pau-kuat **kok-tsè im-piau (IPA) lāi-té ê gú-im tsuân-siá im-piau**.  Iú-kuan IPA hû-hō ê kài-siāu-sìng tsí-lâm, tshiánn tsham-ua̽t Pang-tsān: [ ], / / hām ⟨ ⟩  tsi-kan ê khu-piat, tshiánn tsham-ua̽t IPA § kuà-hō hām tsuân-lio̽k hun-keh-hû. |

Thoân-thóng gí-giân-ha̍k jīn-ûi **im-sò·** sī 1-ê gí-giân ê siaⁿ-im hē-thóng ê ki-pún tan-ūi.

Chá-kî ê gián-kiù-chiá hoat-kak tan-sûn biô-siá gí-giân ê siaⁿ-im (gí-im) ū i ê hān-chè. Gí-im chi-kan ê chha-pia̍t pēng bô tāi-piáu "ū ì-gī ê chha-pia̍t". In kā 1 ê gí-giân lāi-té siong-koan ê gí-im chéng-lí chò 1 ê lí-lūn siōng ê im-sò· tan-ūi. Im-sò· piáu-hiān chhut-lâi ê piàn-hòa tō-sī hia ê gí-im.

Āu--lâi ū gían-kiù-chiá jīn-ûi im-sò· sī 1 khóan sím-lí tan-ūi.

Ū-ê gí-giân bûn-jī ê chiàⁿ-jī-hoat óa-kīn im-sò· hun-sek.

Chá-kî ê Hō-ló-oē Pe̍h-oē-jī khu-pia̍t *ts* kap *ch*. Chóng--sī chit 2 ê jī-bó ē-sái kóng tāi-piáu kāng-ê im-sò· ê bô kāng piáu-hiān (allophone). Āu--lâi ê chiàⁿ-jī-hoat tō kan-na iōng *ch*.
**N̂g-bôe-hì** (N̂g-mûi-hì / 黄梅戏), Tiong-kok 6 tōa hì-khek chit-it, pún-jiân chí-sī An-hui-séng An-khèng chit-ê só·-chāi ê tōe-hng hì-khiok. 1949 nî liáu-āu, soah hiông-hiông chhéng--khí-lâi, chiâⁿ-chòe chôan Tiong-kok kài ū miâ-siaⁿ ê khiok-chéng. N̂g-bôe-hì ê gē-su̍t bī-le̍k si̍t-chāi ta̍t-tek chheng-chán，taⁿ í-keng sī chi̍t-sì-kòe thong-lâng-chai, ē-táng kóng hō·-chòe "miâ-siaⁿ tháng pak-kiaⁿ "lah.

### Le̍k-sú

N̂g-bôe-hì siōng chá ê gôan-thâu sī Ô·-pak-séng N̂g-mûi (黄梅), Kóng-chè (广济) tē-khu kah An-hui siok-siông (宿松) chit-tah ê bán-tê-tiāu (采茶调), āu--lâi koh khip-siu Óan-hô (皖河) hit-tah chin sî-kiâⁿ ê "tek-ki-á khiuⁿ" (竹枝腔) kah "chio̍h-pi khiuⁿ" ê khiok-tiāu hām bú-tō piáu-ián, kàu 19 sè-kí tiong-tn̂g ê sî-chūn, iu-koh siū-tio̍h "Chheng-iông-khiuⁿ" (青阳腔) kah "Hui-tiāu" (徽调) ê éng-hiáng, chiah chèng-sek hoat-tián chòe chiàⁿ-káng ê hì-khek.

### Lūi-pia̍t

* Hoa-khiuⁿ (花腔), it-poaⁿ sī poaⁿ sió hì ê sî khah chia̍p teh chhiúⁿ, te̍k-tiàm sī chiap-kūn seng-o̍ah hiān-si̍t, kài hiong-thó·, jî-chhiáⁿ kài sêng bîn-iâu ê khúi-kháu.
* Pêng-sû (平词), tōa-hì chú-iàu ê chhiùⁿ-khiuⁿ, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ chhái-iōng káng-su̍t (Hàn-jī:讲述) khah tn̂g ê kó·-sū chêng-chiat a̍h-sī piáu-hiān su-hoat kám-chêng ê hong-keh, hō· lâng thiaⁿ tio̍h chiâⁿ sóng-sîn, chiâⁿ chhù-bī, ū-iáⁿ ná thiaⁿ ná ài kah-ì.

### Iu-siù ê hì-bûn

N̂g-bôe-hì thôan-thóng ê hì-bûn chiâⁿ chōe, kài sî-kiâⁿ ê ū:

* Thian-sian-phòe (天仙配)
* Gû-nn̂g chek-lú (牛郎织女)
* Khôai-im-kì (槐荫记)
* Cha-bó hū-má (女驸马)
* Hu-chhe koan-teng (夫妻观灯)
* Táⁿ-ti-chháu (打猪草)
* Liú-chhiūⁿ-chíⁿ (柳树井)
* Nâ-kiô-hōe (蓝桥会)
* Lō·-gū (路遇)
* Liông-lú-chêng (龙女情)
* Thô-hoa-sìⁿ (桃花扇)
* Bēng-lē-kun (孟丽君)
* Thian-lú sàn-hoa (天女散花)

### Iu-siù ê ián-ôan

* Giân Hōng-eng (严凤英)
* Ông Siàu-hóng (王少舫)
* Chiu San (周珊)
* N̂g Sin-tek (黄新德)
* Tiuⁿ Hui (张辉)
* Má Lân (马兰)
* Hân Chài-hun (韩再芬)
* Koan Chùn-hoa (关俊华)
* Lâu Chhiu-pêng (刘秋平)
|  |
| --- |
| **Tâi-oân** |
| Gio̍k-san |
| 
Khài-hóng

|  |
| --- |
| Jîn-bîn－Jîn-kháu |
| Keng-chè－Kau-thong |
| Chèng-khu－Siâⁿ-chhī |
| Chèng-tī－Chèng-hú |
| Chèng-tóng－Soán-kí |
| Hoat-lu̍t－Chóng-thóng |
| Gōa-kau－Kun-sū |
| Cho̍k-kûn－Goân-chū-bîn |
| jîn-koân－LGBT koân-ek |
| Tâi-hái hiān-chōng－Tâi-oân būn-tê |
| Tâi-oân kî-chek－Tâi-oân chi chòe |
| sè-kài kì-lio̍k |
| Tâi-oân tē-it lia̍t-toaⁿ |

 |
| 
Bûn-hòa

|  |
| --- |
| gí-giân－bûn-ha̍k |
| chong-kàu－song-chòng |
| kó͘-chek－ûi-chí |
| kok-pó－bîn-sio̍k bûn-bu̍t |
| chiat-ji̍t－bîn-sio̍k tīn-thâu |
| kàu-io̍k－thé-io̍k |
| mûi-thé－iû-phiò |
| ím-sit－tê gē |
| sió-tiám－iā-chhī-á |
| kiàn-tio̍k－koàn-chhun |
| bûn-hòa oa̍h-tāng－koan-kong kéng-tiám |
| kò͘-bu̍t tiong-sim－pah-hòe kong-si |
| sè-kài ûi-sán chiâm-le̍k tiám |
| le̍k-sú kiàn-tio̍k pah kéng |

 |
| 
Gē-su̍t

|  |
| --- |
| im-ga̍k－bú-tō |
| hì-kio̍k－tiān-sī-kio̍k |
| tiān-iáⁿ－liap-iánn |
| bān-ōe－tōng-ōe |

 |
| 
Tē-lí

|  |
| --- |
| thian-bûn－khì-hāu |
| tē-chit－tē-tāng |
| toān-chân－hóe-soaⁿ |
| Tâi-oân ê seng-thài－làm-á-tē |
| soaⁿ-hong－soaⁿ-me̍h |
| ô͘－chúi-khò͘ |
| hô－un-chôaⁿ |
| tó-sū－hái-hōaⁿ |
| te̍k-iú seng-bu̍t－pó-io̍k bu̍t-chéng |
| kok-ka kong-hn̂g kah pó-hō͘ khu |

 |
| 
Le̍k-sú

|  |
| --- |
| sú chêng sî-kî－Tōa-tō͘ Ông-kok |
| Hô Se Sî-tāi－Bêng-tēⁿ Sî-kî |
| Chheng léng Sî-tāi－Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi |
| Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok sî-tāi |
| kok hun-lūi le̍k-sú |

 |
| **Tâi-oân chú-tê** |

**Tâi-oân ê khì-hāu**, Pak-hôe-kui-soàⁿ í-pak sī hù-jia̍t-tài kùi-hong khì-hāu, í-lâm sī jia̍t-tài kùi-hong khì-hāu.

Chóng-lūn
---------

Tâi-oân ūi-tī kùi-hong khì-hāu ê hoān-ûi lāi, kùi-hong ê éng-hióng pí sìn-hong ê éng-hióng toā. 5 goe̍h kàu 9 goe̍h sī Tâi-oân ê hā-thiⁿ. Hā-thiⁿ chiân-kî siū-tio̍h se-lâm kùi-hong chhoā-lâi ê sip-tâm koh un-loán ê khì-hāu éng-hióng, lo̍h-bóe chiah siū-tio̍h hù-jia̍t-tài ko-ap ê éng-hióng; che sī iû jia̍t-tài hái-iûⁿ khì-thoân só͘ khòng-chè, ta̍k-kang khì-un tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ta̍t-tiò 27 chì 35-tō͘, jî-chhiáⁿ sip-tō͘ mā koân. 7 goe̍h ê pêng-kin khì-un ta̍t-tiò 28-tō͘. Hā-thiⁿ tn̂g, tang-thiⁿ siong-tùi khah-té, tang-thiⁿ siū léng khong-khì ê éng-hióng, í Tâi-pak koan-chhek-chām ê un-tō͘ e-tàng hun-chò: tāi-lio̍k léng-khì-thoân, kiông-lia̍t tāi-lio̍k léng-khì-thoân, hân-tiâu ê éng-hióng; ka-siōng Tâi-oân sì-bīn khoân-hái, it-tàn cho-gū lâi-chū kīn-oá Baygal Ô͘ kap Tiong-kok tāi-lio̍k pak-hong hân-liû lâm-hā, mā in-ūi siū-tio̍h hái-iûⁿ loán-liû tiong-hô liáu hân-léng ê khì-un; ka-siōng chúi-khì chó͘-tòng, tì-sú khì-hāu mā pí-kàu un-loán; hām Hoâ-lâm iân-hái tē-khu, sīm-chí sī Hái-lâm-tó pak-pō͘ koh-khah un-loán. Che sī iû tāi-lio̍k khì-thoân só͘ khòng-chè. 1 goe̍h pêng-kin khì-un kài tī 15 chì 21-tō͘ chi-kan, tān-sī tī Ha̍p-hoan-soaⁿ, Gio̍k-san, Soat-san téng-téng soaⁿ-khu tē-tài iu-goân ū kàng-soat ê ki-hōe. In-chhú Tâi-oân hā-thiaⁿ sī se-lâm kùi-hong, tang-thiⁿ sī tang-pak kùi-hong, ū-sî mā ē siū-tio̍h khì-thoân ūi-tì lâi kái-piàn hong-hiòng; pí-lūn hā-thiⁿ 8 goa̍h Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ko-khì-ap só͘ chhoe ê tang-lâm hong; chhiu-thiⁿ ta-sò koh liâng-sóng ê tang-pak hong tī 10 goe̍h chin chia̍p-khoàⁿ.

參考文獻
----
**Tâi-oân ê bûn-hòa**, in-ūi Tâi-oân tē-lí ūi-tì ê te̍k-sû-sèng, ka-siōng kòe-khì 2000 tang ê î-bîn siā-hōe, iû to-iūⁿ-hòa ê jîn-chéng kap cho̍k-kûn lâi cho͘-sêng, jî-chhiáⁿ bô-kāng sî-tāi pōe-kéng ū to-bīn-hiòng ê thêng-hiān. Ùi siāng chá-kî ê Lâm-tó bûn-hòa, Bân-oa̍t bûn-hòa; tē-lí tōa hoat-hiān āu ê Hô-lân, Phû-tô-gâ, Se-pan-gâ si̍t-bîn-chiá tòa-lâi ê chá-kî Se-iûⁿ bûn-bêng; Tang-lêng-kok í-āu Tiong-kok tang-lâm iân-hái Hàn-jîn khai-sí tōa kui-bô͘ khai-khún só͘ tòa-lâi ê Bân-lâm bûn-hòa kap Kheh-ka bûn-hòa; Jû-ka, Tō-ka kap Hu̍t-kàu téng chong-kàu khai-sí tùi pún-tē hoat-seng éng-hióng; āu-lâi koh hūn-ha̍p Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê Ji̍t-pún bûn-hòa éng-hióng; 20 sè-kí tiong-ia̍p khí siū chiàn-āu Bí-kok bûn-hòa éng-hióng, í-ki̍p pún-thó͘ kap Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn ê bûn-hòa ho̍k-heng; 20 sè-kí tiong-āu-kî, Ìn-nî, Oa̍t-lâm téng Tang-hia̍p kok-ka tōa-liōng î-bîn Tâi-oân, lóng í-keng chhiau-kòe 10 bān jîn-kháu, tùi Tâi-oân to-gí-giân, bûn-hòa chō-sêng hong-hù ê kau-liû. Tâi-oân ê bûn-hòa mā in-ūi án-ne ū thoân-thóng kap hiān-tāi ê biān-hiòng, í Tâi-oân ûi chú-thé ê bûn-hòa hoān-tiû chiām-chiām khak-li̍p.
**Im-sok** (音速), iū hō-chò **siaⁿ-sok** (聲速), chiū sī siaⁿ-im ê sok-tō͘, tēng-gī chò tan-ūi sî-kan lāi chín-tōng pho thoân-tē ê kī-lī. Im-sok hām thoân-tē kài-chit ê châi-chit chōng-hóng, chhin-chhiūⁿ bi̍t-tō͘, un-tō͘ kap ap-le̍k téng-téng, ū choa̍t-tùi ê koan-hē; tian-tó hām hoat-siaⁿ pho-goân pún-sin ê sok-tō͘ bô-koan. Nā-sī hoat-siaⁿ kap thiaⁿ-siaⁿ ê lâng chi-kan ū siong-tùi ūn-tōng ê koan-hē, chiū ē hêng-sêng Doppler hāu-èng. Ùi chit-ê koan-tiám chhut-hoat, lán ē-tàng chai-iáⁿ, chhiau-im-sok sî ê chē-chē bu̍t-lí hiān-siōng, chhin-chhiūⁿ chhiong-kek-pho kap im-po̍k, kî-si̍t hām siaⁿ-im bô-koan, sī hām ap-sok-pho bi̍t-chi̍p lúi-chek só͘ sán-seng ê bu̍t-lí hiān-siōng. Siaⁿ-im ê thoân-pò͘ sok-tō͘ tī kò͘-thé siōng-kín, tē-jī sī e̍k-thé, ah khì-thé ê im-sok siōng-kài bān. Thong-siông ê "im-sok" sī teh kóng khong-khì tiong ê im-sok, sī 343.2 m/s (1,236 km/hr). Im-sok ê kín-bān koh ē chiàu khong-khì ê chōng-thài, chhin-chhiūⁿ sip-tō͘, un-tō͘, bi̍t-tō͘ téng-téng, ê bô-kāng ū bô-kāng ê sò͘-ti̍t.
**Liāu Hàn-sîn** (Hàn-jī: 廖漢臣; 1912 nî 4 goe̍h 10 ji̍t – 1980 nî 10 goe̍h 11 ji̍t) sī chi̍t ūi Tâi-oân chok-ka, tī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi Tâi-pak-thiaⁿ ê Báng-kah chhut-sì. I-ê pit-miâ hō-chò **Bûn-lān** (文爛) kap **Io̍k-bûn** (毓文). Liāu Hàn-sîn tī 1920 nî chìn-ji̍p Lāu-siông Kong-ha̍k-hāu chiū-tho̍k, 1926 nî pit-gia̍p. Sui-jiân i-ê kàu-io̍k thêng-tō͘ kan-nā ki-chhó͘ kàu-io̍k, m̄-koh keng-kòe chū-ha̍k liáu-āu, i-ê Hàn-bûn thêng-tō͘ kap bûn-pit lóng hui-siông ê lián-tńg. 1933 nî, Liāu Hàn-sîn chhut-jīm *Sin-ko Sin-pò* (新高新報) ê Hàn-bûn kì-chiá kiam Ji̍t-pún *Tang-a Sin-pò* (東亞新報) Tâi-pak chi-kio̍k ê kì-chiá. Tâng-nî, i hām Koeh Chhiu-seng tàu-tīn chhòng-li̍p Tâi-oân Bûn-gē Hia̍p-hōe (台灣文藝協會), hoat-hêng bûn-ha̍k cha̍p-chì *Sian-hoat Pō͘-tūi* (先發部隊). Liāu Hàn-sîn āu-lâi poaⁿ-chhian Tâi-lâm, hām Chng Siông-lîm kap Chio̍h Iông-sui chò-hóe so͘-chi̍p le̍k-sú bûn-hòa kap bîn-kan bûn-ha̍k.
**Kiú-liông chē-siâⁿ** (九龍寨城), ia̍h sī kiò chò **Kiú-liông siâⁿ-chē** (九龍城砦), sī Hiong-káng Kiú-liông-siâⁿ-khu ê chi̍t ê ûi-siâⁿ (圍城), tī 1993 nî hō͘ thiah--tiāu. Kiú-liông chē-siâⁿ í-chêng sī sè-kài jîn-kháu bi̍t-tō͘ choè ko ê tē-khu.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Kiú-liông chē-siâⁿ kó͘-chá sī Kńg-tang-séng Sin-an-koān (新安縣) tī Kiú-liông ê chi̍t ê phiaⁿ-êng, tùi 1899 nî 12 goe̍h khai-sí sêng-ûi Eng-kok léng Hiong-káng ê chi̍t ê bû-chèng-hú chōng-thài ê ûi-siâⁿ (圍城).

1941 nî 12 goe̍h kàu 1945 nî 8 goe̍h, Hiong-káng hō͘ Ji̍t-pún chiàm-niá. Ji̍t-pún chiong Kiú-liông chē-siâⁿ ê siâⁿ-chhiûⁿ thiah--tiāu, chiong i ê chio̍h-thâu iōng-lâi khí Khé-tek Ki-tiûⁿ (啟德機場). Khit-chia̍h kap bô chhù toà ê lâng lâi kàu chia. In-ūi chit-tah ê chú-khoân ū cheng-gī, Hiong-káng kéng-chhat kap Hiong-káng chèng-hú bô-hoat-tō͘ chìn-ji̍p, Kiú-liông chē-siâⁿ piàn-sêng "sam-put-koán" (三不管) ê tē-khu: Hiong-káng chèng-hú m̄ kám koán, Eng-kok chèng-hú m̄ ài koán, Tiong-kok chèng-hú bô-hoat-tō͘ koán, chit-tah tī-an loān-chhau-chhau.

1984 nî, Tiong-kok kap Eng-kok chèng-hú chhiam-tēng *Tiong-Eng Liân-ha̍p Seng-bêng*, iok-tēng Eng-kok tī 1997 nî 7 goe̍h 1 ji̍t chiong Hiong-káng ê chú-khoân kau tńg Tiong-kok. 1987 nî kàu 1993 nî, Eng-kok kap Tiong-kok chiàu *Tiong-Eng Liân-ha̍p Seng-bêng* ê iok-tēng, saⁿ-kap chiong Kiú-liông chē-siâⁿ thiah--tiāu, kái choè Kiú-liông chē-siâⁿ Kong-hn̂g (九龍寨城公園).
**Seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē** (生囝袋, **chú-kiong**, 子宮, *uterus*, *womb*) sī bó-ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t (*mammal*) ê chú-iàu seng-si̍t khì-koan, i sī an-tah koh êng-ióng phoe-thai he̍k thai-jî ê pōng-sim kin-bah khì-koan. Tī jîn-lūi i sī se-iûⁿ-lî hêng-chōng (*pear-shaped*) ê kiat-kò·, tn̂g tāi-iok 3 eng-chhùn, pau-koah chú-kiong pún-thé (*the body of uterus*), chú-kiong té (子宮底), chú-kiong kiap (子宮峽), chú-kiong kún (子宮頸, *cervix*). Seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē ē-kha chiap im-tō (*vagina*), téng-koân siang-pêng liân-chiap seⁿ-kńg (su-nn̄g-koân, *fallopian tube*). Seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē ti̍t-chiap iû im-tō chi-chhî, kàn-chiap iû kut-phûn (骨盆, *pelvis*) lāi-té ê kok cho·-chit lâi kò·-tēng.

Kái-phòa-ha̍k
-------------

Chit-ê seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē ūi-tì kut-phûn-khiuⁿ lāi, phōng-kong ê pōe-chhek (dorsal) kap thâu-chhek (*rostral*), ti̍t-tn̂g (*rectum*) ê bak-chhek (*ventral*). I hō· kúi-nā tiâu jū-tòa (*ligament*) lâi pa̍k-sok kò·-tēng. Ū-sin í-gōa, i ê tōa-sè kan-tāⁿ kúi kong-hun na-tiāⁿ.

Seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē tōa-pō·-hūn sī ki-bah só· chó·-sêng, siāng lāi-té hit têng cho·-chit kiò-chò chú-kiong-lāi-mo̍h (*endometrium*). Tī tōa-pō·-hūn ê chhī-ni tōng-bu̍t, nā-bô ū-sin chú-kiong-lāi-mo̍h ē chiu-kî-sèng thoat-lo̍k he̍k khip-siu. Tī jîn-lūi lâi-kóng chit ê chú-kiong-lāi-mo̍h thoat-lo̍k ê chêng-hêng tio̍h-sī go̍eh-sìn (*menstrual bleeding*), it-ti̍t kàu bô seⁿ-io̍k lêng-le̍k ê sî chiah thêng-chí--khí-lâi.

Kong-lêng
---------

Seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē chú-iàu ê kong-lêng sī chiap-siū nn̄g-ū-hêng (*fertilized ovum*) lâi chèng-si̍t (*implant*) tī chú-kiong-lāi-mo̍h, nn̄g-ū-hêng jiân-āu ùi hoeh-kńg tit-tio̍h êng-ióng. Chit-ê nn̄g-ū-hêng tī hoâi-thāi kòe-têng ē hoat-io̍k tāi-seng choh phoe-thai (*embryo*), āu--lâi koh hoat-io̍k sêng thai-jî (*foetus*), jiân-āu chiok-goe̍h chhut-sì.

Pēⁿ-lí
------

1-kóa seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē ê pēⁿ:

* seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē thoat-sûi (*prolapse of uterus*)
* chú-kiong-kún-gâm
* chú-kiong-gâm
* ī-ūi hoâi-thāi (*ectopic pregnancy*)
* chú-kiong-ki-liû (*fibroid*)
GAN deepfake seⁿ-sêng ê lâng-bīn.
**Seⁿ-sêng tùi-khòng bāng-lō͘** (生成對抗網絡), Eng-gí hō-chò **generative adversarial network** (**GAN**), sī bô-kàm-tok ha̍k-si̍p ê chi̍t khoán hong-hoat. Seⁿ-sêng tùi-khòng bāng-lō͘ thàu-kòe nn̄g ê sîn-keng bāng-lō͘ hō͘-siong chhit-thô ê hong-sek lâi chìn-hêng ha̍k-si̍p. Chit khoán bāng-lō͘ iû Ian Goodfellow téng lâng tī 2014 nî thê-chhut. Goân-sí ê seⁿ-sêng tùi-khòng bāng-lō͘ iû chi̍t ê seⁿ-sêng bāng-lō͘ (*generator*) kap chi̍t ê piān-pia̍t bāng-lō͘ (*discriminator*) chó͘-sêng. Kî-tiong, seⁿ-sêng bāng-lō͘ tùi chiâm-chāi khong-kan (*latent space*) tiong sûi-ki chhú-iūⁿ chò-ûi su-ji̍p, i-ê su-chhut kiat-kó ài chīn-liōng bô͘-hóng hùn-liān-chi̍p tiong ê chin-si̍t iūⁿ-pún. Piān-pia̍t bāng-lō͘ ê su-ji̍p sī chin-si̍t iūⁿ-pún ia̍h seⁿ-sêng bāng-lō͘ ê su-chhut, i-ê bo̍k-tek sī beh kā seⁿ-sêng bāng-lō͘ ê su-chhut tùi chin-si̍t iūⁿ-pún tiong siūⁿ pān-hoat piān-pia̍t chhut-lâi, ah seⁿ-sêng bāng-lō͘ ài siūⁿ pān-hoat khi-phiàn piān-pia̍t bāng-lō͘. Nn̄g ê bāng-lō͘ hō͘-siong tùi-khòng kap put-toàn tiâu-chéng chham-sò͘, chòe-āu ài hō͘ piān-pia̍t bāng-lō͘ bô-hoat-tō͘ piān-pia̍t seⁿ-sêng bāng-lō͘ ê su-chhut kiat-kó sī chin ia̍h-sī ké.
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson kap in sun
**Sun** (孫; *grandchild*) sī hāu-seⁿ kap cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ ê kiáⁿ-jî. Tī hū-hē-chè ê siā-hōe tiong, hāu-seⁿ ê kiáⁿ kiò **lāi-sun** (內孫), ah cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ ê kiáⁿ kiò **gōa-sun** (外孫). Tùi ka-kī ê sun lâi kóng, ka-kī chiū sī a-kong kap a-má. Sun ê kiáⁿ kiò **kan-á-sun** (乾仔孫).

Iōng-gí
-------

Tī Bân-lâm-gí, *sun* chit jī ia̍h ū hiaⁿ-tī chí-moāi ê kiáⁿ-jî ê ì-sù. Nā choan-bûn ê kóng-hoat, sī seng kap ti̍t. Tī sè-kài siōng chi̍t kóa giân-gí, ia̍h pō͘-hūn têng-kiàn--chhut-lâi ê kó͘-gí, "kiáⁿ-jî ê kiáⁿ-jî" kap "hiaⁿ-tī chí-moāi ê kiáⁿ-jî" chheng-ho͘ sī siô-siâng--ê. Chóng-sī ha̍k-kài tùi Bân-lâm-gí *sun* ì-sù ê khí-in iáu bô goân-choân khak-tēng ê lí-lūn.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Kinship Terms, *Taiwanese-English Dictionary*

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* LCCN: sh93000909
* GND: 4014810-5
* NKC: ph139154

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Latin-bûn ê jī-tián, jī-tián mā-sī chheh ê 1-chióng.
**Chheh** (冊) mā kóng-chò **chu** (書), sī 1-tiuⁿ 1-tiuⁿ choá kap-chò kui-pún, chi̍t-pêng ê kîⁿ he̍k-sī tèng he̍k-sī liâm tiâu--leh, thang hō͘ lâng hian lâi tha̍k, siōng goā-kháu koh ka chu-phoê pó-hō͘ lâi chò-chiâⁿ--ê. Ta̍k-tiuⁿ choá ê ta̍k-bīn, lóng kiò-chò 1-ia̍h.

Ū ê chheh-ia̍h m̄-sī ēng choá chò--ê, koh-khah-sī kó͘-chá iáu bô choá ê sî, mā ēng iûⁿ-phoê-choá ia̍h-sī pò͘ chò chheh, koh pí-lūn Tiong-kok kó͘-chá ê sî, tō-sī ēng tek-á chhiat-chò 1-phìⁿ 1-phìⁿ, kǹg-chò-hoé chò chheh.

Chheh-ia̍h ê téng-koân ū bûn-jī, ū-sî-chūn koh ū tô͘, tī ìn-pán ê ki-su̍t hoat-tián chìn-chêng, chheh tio̍h ēng chhiú 1-jī 1-jī siá ia̍h chhau--khí-lih, nā hiān-chhú-sî ê chheh lóng ìn-jī--ê khah chē. Koh nā bô si̍t-chè kā ìn--chhut-lâi, kan-taⁿ chò tiān-chú tóng-àn ê chheh, tō-sī tiān-chú-chheh.

Ài tha̍k chheh ê lâng tiāⁿ ē hō͘ lâng kóng-chò sī nn̄g-kha chheh-tû, ia̍h-sī chheh-ku-á.

Chheh ū khó-lêng hō͘ ha̍k-seng tha̍k liáu siá tha̍k-chheh pò-kò, mā hoān-sè ē ū choan-gia̍p ê chok-chiá siá chu-phêng lâi siāu-kài, ū-sî-chūn chi̍t-tīn lâng mā ē in-ūi hèng-chhù, cho͘ 1-ê tha̍k-chheh-hoē.

Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Information on Old Books, Smithsonian Libraries
* "Manuscripts, Books, and Maps: The Printing Press and a Changing World"

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* LCCN: sh85015738
* GND: 4008570-3
* BNF: cb119322951 (data)
* HDS: 010461
* NDL: 00573378
* NKC: ph114930
* BNE: XX4576243

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| ?Hû-song-hoe |
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| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
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| Kài: | Plantae |
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| Mn̂g: | Magnoliophyta |
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| Kong: | Magnoliopsida |
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| Bo̍k: | Malvales |
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| Kho: | Malvaceae |
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| Sio̍k: | *Hibiscus* |
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| Chéng: | ***H. rosa-sinensis*** |
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| Ha̍k-miâ |
| ***Hibiscus rosa-sinensis***L. |
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**Hû-song-hoe** (hàn-jī: 扶桑花), he̍k **chiò-tiān-âng**, **âng-hu̍t-song**, **chu-gím-hoe**, **hu̍t-song-hoe**, **toā-âng-hoe**,**teng-á-hoe**, (ha̍k-miâ: *Hibiscus rosa-sinensis* L.) kui-sio̍k-tī Kím-khôe-kho (錦葵科, Malvaceae), sī siông-le̍k koàn-bo̍k. Seⁿ-sèng chiok ióng-kiāⁿ, sek-ha̍p tī pâi-chúi liông-hó, kui-kang ū-ji̍t ê khoân-kéng seng-tióng. Pēⁿ-thâng-hāi chió. Tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hō·-lâng chèng lâi chò chhiū-lî-á he̍k hoe-hn̂g khoàⁿ-súi iōng.

Hêng-thài
---------

Chiò-tiān-âng ê keng ti̍t-ti̍t khia-khí, chē hun-ki.

Hió-á hō·-seng, ke-nn̄g-hêng, phi-chiam-hêng, he̍k khoah ke-nn̄g-hêng, chiam-thâu koh ū kì-á-khí-hêng ê pian-iân, soàⁿ-hêng thok-hio̍h (線形托葉), hio̍h-á piáu-bīn chhián-chhián ê chheⁿ-sek kim-ku̍t-kim-ku̍t. 

Hoe âng-sek, ùi hio̍h-pèⁿ ê koh-ē-lang hoat-chhut (e̍k-seng), ū tn̂g-tn̂g ê hoe-pèⁿ; hoe-pān 5 phìⁿ kńg-lê-hêng pâi-lia̍t; hoe-lúi thut-chhut tī hoe-pān goā-kháu-bīn, hiông-lúi seⁿ tī chū-thâu ē-kha. 

Kóe-chí sī sok-kó, ke-nn̄g-hêng.

Thoàⁿ-chéng ê hoat-tō·
----------------------

Chhian-chhah-hoat lâi thoàⁿ-chéng, 7 goe̍h kàu 9 goe̍h sī siāng-sek-tóng ê kùi-chiat. 

* 
* 
* 
* 
*

Goā-pō· liân-kiat
-----------------

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|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Hibiscus rosa-sinensis*** |

* Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(India)(
* Pang-bô͘:Aut (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] *Revista Brasileira de Zoologia* **22**(1): 51–59. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752005000100007 PDF fulltext
* "*Hibiscus rosa-sinensis*". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
* The International Hibiscus Society ()
* The American Hibiscus Society (),()
* The Australian Hibiscus Society Inc. ()
1605 nî, tē 1 pán
***Don Quijote de la Mancha*** (kán-chheng ***Don Quijote***) sī Se-pan-gâ chok-ka Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) ê tn̂g-phiⁿ siáu-soat. Chheh miâ mā ū hō chò ***El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha*** (La Mancha lâi ê khiàng-kha *hidalgo* Don Quijote). "Don Quijote" oân-nā sī chit-pún siáu-soat lāi-té chú-jîn-ong ê miâ.

Siáu-soat
---------

Chit-pún siáu-soat, kán-séng lâi kóng, tō-sī 1-ê toà tī chng-kha ê kē-chân hoâ-cho̍k in-ūi tha̍k khiâ-sū kò·-sū (hit-tang-chūn Au-chiu sî-kiâⁿ ê bûn-ha̍k chú-tê) tha̍k liáu bê--khì, soah kā ka-tī tòng-chò thoân-soat lāi-té ê 1-ê khiâ-sū, i kā ka-tī hō-miâ kiò-chò **Don Quijote de la Mancha**, khì kā lâng chioh 1-chiah sán koh lám ê bé **Rocinante** lâi khiâ, hām 1-ê hō-chò **Sancho Panza** ê kin-sûi, sì-koè lú-hêng ê kò·-sū.

"Don Quijote de la Mancha" chit-ê miâ-hō, "Don" sī hit-tang-chūn koân-chân hoâ-cho̍k ê miâ thaû-chêng ē ka ê jī, nā "de la Mancha" sī chí i pún-té khiā-ke ê Mancha-chhun.

Chit-pō· chok-phín khêng-si̍t sī siá lâi phoe-phêng hit-sî-chūn í-keng kū-siùⁿ kū-siùⁿ ê Se-pan-gâ, lāi-té siōng-chhut-miâ--ê tō-sī Don Quijote kong-táⁿ hong-chhoe-lián ê hit-kéng. In-ūi khiâ-sū thang khoàⁿ-chò siōng-teng Se-pan-gâ, hong-chhoe-lián ū siōng-teng Hô-lân ê ì-sù, khiâ-sū Don Quijote chiàn-su hong-chhia-lián ê chit-kéng, hō· chi̍t-koá ha̍k-chiá jīn-ûi, chok-chiá ū àm-chí Kē-tē-kok aū--lâi tùi Se-pan-gâ to̍k-li̍p ê ì-sù.

Chok-chiá tī chit-pō· siáu-soat--ni̍h, ka-ji̍p chē-chē chú-jîn-ong ê chū-ngó· ì-sek kap sêng-tióng ê biô-siá, hām hit-sî-tāi ê siáu-soat chok-phín chiâⁿ koh-iūⁿ, mā éng-hióng aū--lâi ê siáu-soat chhòng-chok, nā siáu-soat lāi-té ê hit-khoán m̄-jīn lāu, tui-kiû bāng-sióng kap hi-bāng, tī sim--ni̍h tài chèng-gī sì-koè chaú-chông ê loē-iông, mā kám-tōng chē-chē lâng.

*Don Quijote* mā sī Sèng-keng lia̍h-goā, sè-kài-siōng chhut-pán siōng-chē ê chheh, sī chin ū-siau-thaú ê siáu-soat, 2002-nî 5 goe̍h chhoe 8 Nobel Gián-kiù-só· kap ài-chheh thoân-thé hoat-piáu 1-hūn tiau-cha kiat-kó, keng-koè 54-kok lóng-chóng 100-ê chhut-miâ bûn-ha̍k-ka ê taû-phiò, *Don Quijote* tòng-soán "le̍k-sú-siōng siōng-hó ê 100-pō· bûn-ha̍k chok-phín" ê thâu-miâ.

### Kiat-kò͘

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

### Ké-paû ê Don Quijote

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

### Chú-kak

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

Im-ga̍k
-------

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

Tiān-iáⁿ kap hì-kio̍k
---------------------

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*

Pa-lé
-----

 *Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.*
Iran ê tē-it kip hêng-chèng-khu sī *ostan* (Pho-su-gí: استان‌ها‎‎‎, ostānhā; it-poaⁿ hoan-e̍k chò séng).

Múi-chi̍t ê séng koh pun chò *shahrestan* (Pho-su-gí: شهرستان‎‎‎, *shahrestān*; it-poaⁿ hoan-e̍k chò kūn); ah múi-chi̍t ê *shahrestan* koh pun chò *bakhsh* (Pho-su-gí: بخش‎‎‎; it-poaⁿ hoan-e̍k chò koān). Múi-chi̍t ê kūn lāi-té it-poaⁿ lóng ū kúi-nā ê *shahr* (Pho-su-gí: شهر‎‎‎; it-poaⁿ hoan-e̍k chò siâⁿ-chhī) kap *dehestan* (Pho-su-gí: دهستان‎‎‎, *dehestān*; it-poaⁿ hoan-e̍k chò *hiong*). Múi-chi̍t ê hiong ē-kha koh pun chò kúi-nā ê chng-thâu. Kūn lāi-té ê kî-tiong chi̍t ê chhī/tìn tio̍h sī hit kūn ê siú-hú.

Kin-kì Iran chèng-hú tī 2016 nî 3 goe̍h sî ê thóng-kè:

| Bân-lâm-gí | Pho-su-gí | Pho-su-gí hù-sò͘ | sò͘-liōng |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Séng | استان *ostān* | استان‌ها *ostānhā* | 31 |
| Kūn | شهرستان *shahrestān* |  | 429 |
| Koān | بخش *bakhsh* |  | 1057 |
| Siâⁿ-tìn | شهر *shahr* |  | 1245 |
| Hiong | دهستان *dehestān* |  | 2589 |

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Iran ê hêng-chèng-khu |
| --- |
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* Alborz
* Ardabil
* Bushehr
* Chaharmahal kap Bakhtiari
* Tang Azerbaijan
* Isfahan
* Fars
* Gilan
* Golestan
* Hamadan
* Hormozgan
* Ilam
* Kerman
* Kermanshah
* Khuzestan
* Kohgiluyeh kap Boyer-Ahmad
* Kurdistan
* Lorestan
* Markazi
* Mazandaran
* Pak Khorasan
* Qazvin
* Qom
* Razavi Khorasan
* Semnan
* Sistan kap Baluchestan
* Lâm Khorasan
* Tehran
* Sai Azerbaijan
* Yazd
* Zanjan

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**Tâi-oân ê keng-chè** tī tē-jī-chhù sè-kài tāi-chiàn kiat-sok liáu-āu, í Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê lông-gia̍p kap kheng-kang-gia̍p chò ki-chhó͘, ta̍uh-ta̍uh hoat-tián khí-lâi í tiong-sió khì-gia̍p léng-tō tâu-chu ê sió-hêng chu-pún-chú-gī keng-chè-thé, Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chèng-hú chú-koán tâu-chu toā-pō͘-hūn ê kong-êng su-gia̍p-thé í-ki̍p chē-chē kok-goā tâu-chu só͘ ín-tō ê chu-pún-chú-gī keng-chè-thé.

Tī 1951 nî chì 1988 nî, Tâi-oân ta̍k-nî ê pêng-kin keng-chè cheng-tióng-lu̍t ta̍t-tiò 9.57%, 1988 nî chì 2008 nî sī 6.1%, 2008 nî chì 2015 nî sī 2.8%.Lông-gia̍p GDP tiong ê pí-tiōng ùi 1952 nî ê 35% hā-kàng chì 5%. Thoân-thóng lô-tōng bi̍t-chi̍p-hêng kang-gia̍p í-keng ta̍uh-ta̍uh iû tiān-chú sán-gia̍p thè-tāi. Tâi-oân ê tiān-chú kang-gia̍p tùi sè-kài keng-chè hoah-chúi-ē-kian-tàng, it-tēng sò͘-liōng ê tiān-náu ia̍h tiān-chú lêng-pō͘-kiāⁿ lóng sī tī Tâi-oân seng-sán ê. Tùi-goā ê bō͘-e̍k sī Tâi-oân tiōng-iàu ê keng-chè miā-me̍h, tī kòe-khì Bí-kok hām Ji̍t-pún tn̂g-kî í-lâi it-ti̍t lóng sī Tâi-oân ê chiân nn̄g-toā bō͘-e̍k hóe-phoāⁿ, hiān-chāi sī kā chhī-tiûⁿ kap jîn-châi ê tiōng-sim choán-î chì Tiong-kok, tī Tiong-kok ū gô͘-bān-goā ê Tâi-chu khì-gia̍p, tn̂g-kî ki-lâu ê Tâi-siong kap koàn-sio̍k ū chiūⁿ pah-bān lâng hiah chē. Lēng-goā ū pō͘-hūn choán-hiòng Au-lô-pa hām Tang-lâm-a ê chhī-tiûⁿ, kî-tiong Thài-kok, Ìn-nî, Hui-lu̍t-pin, Má-lâi-se-a kap Oa̍t-lâm ê chú-iàu tâu-chu-tē ê kok-ka.

Tī 2008 nî, tòe Tâi-oân tē-2 pái chèng-tóng lûn-thè, tiông-sin chip-chèng ê Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng tī chèng-chhek siōng tńg-hô lióng-hoāⁿ koan-hē pēng ka-kiông hām Tiong-kok ê keng-bō͘ kau-liû koan-hē, chhiam-tēng Hái-kiap Lióng-gān Keng-chè Ha̍p-chok Kè-kò͘ Hia̍p-gī, kin-kì Tâi-oân châi-chèng-pō͘ thóng-kè ùi 2000 nî í-lâi tùi Tiong-kok tāi-lio̍k bō͘-e̍k chhut-kháu chóng-gia̍h cheng-ka liáu tāi-iok 25%, ah tùi Bí-kok kap Ji̍t-pún ê chhut-kháu chóng-gia̍h kiám-chió liáu tāi-iok 18%, hiān-kim Tiong-kok tāi-lio̍k kap Hiong-káng lóng-chóng chiàm Tâi-oân bō͘-e̍k chhut-kháu chóng-gia̍h ê 40%, tī 2013 nî sî khé-tōng Lióng-hoāⁿ hòe-pè chheng-soàn ki-chè, kim-iông-gia̍p tī Sin-tâi-phiò kap Jîn-bîn-pè ê hōe-tōe siōng, put-chài thàu-kòe Bí-kim chò-ûi tiong-kan hoè-pè, Tâi-oân tùi Tiong-kok hòng-tāi chóng-gia̍h ta̍t 2.7-tiāu Sin-tâi-phiò, sī ko-hong-hiám tāi-khoán, che hián-sī Tâi-oân ê keng-bō͘ í-keng siong-tong oá-khò Tiong-kok.
**Alfred Russel Wallace** (1823 nî 1 goe̍h 8 ji̍t – 1913 nî 11 goe̍h 7 ji̍t) sī chi̍t ūi tī Eng-kok Ui-le̍k-sū chhut-sì ê seng-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka, thàm-hiám-ka kiam tē-lí-ha̍k-ka. Wallace siōng chhut-miâ ê sêng-chiū kap kòng-hiàn sī i to̍k-chū iōng chū-jiân soán-te̍k lâi kiàn-li̍p-khí ián-hoà ê lí-lūn; i tī chit hong-bīn ê lūn-bûn āu-lâi hām Charles Darwin ê tù-chok chò-hóe tī 1858 nî ê sî-chūn hoat-hêng būn-sè. Wallace ê ián-hoà lí-lūn mā chhiok-chìn Darwin lâi chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ thê-chhut *Chéng ê Khí-goân*. Tû-liáu tī ián-hoà lí-lūn hong-bīn ê kòng-hiàn, Wallace lēng-gōa koh ū chin kóng-hoat ê gián-kiù; i chêng-āu kiâⁿ-iû kòe Amazon phûn-tē kap Má-lâi Kûn-tó. I hoat-hiān tio̍h chāi-tē ê tōng-bu̍t kûn-thé hun-pò͘ ê hun-kài, che chiū sī hiān-sî só͘-kóng-ê Wallace Sòaⁿ.

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 19767134
* LCCN: n79089631
* ISNI: 0000 0001 1022 1630
* GND: 118806009
* SELIBR: 234980
* SUDOC: 067033865
* BNF: cb12419995h (data)
* BIBSYS: 90514513
* NLA: 35588258
* NDL: 00460082
* NKC: skuk0001457
* ICCU: UFIV041825
* Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k-ka: Wallace
* BNE: XX964696
* CiNii: DA00939914

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