recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Tak-chhùi-kó·** (觸嘴古), sī 1-chióng **ná kóng-kó· liān-sian ná liām-koa** ê kháu-thôan gē-su̍t, liû-hêng tī Chiang-chiu, Chôan-chiu, Ē-mn̂g kah Tâi-ôan chià-ê thong-hêng Bân-lâm-gí ê só·-chāi. Tak-chhùi-kó·, ū-ê só·-chāi mā kiò-chòe **phah-chhùi-kó·** (拍嘴鼓), a̍h-sī **tap-chhùi-kó·** (答嘴鼓). 

Tak-chhùi-kó·, to̍h-sī **tak-chhùi**, **tú-tak**, **pho̍ah chhùi-tûn-phôe-á** ê ì-sù, tak-chhùi koh-kiam kóng-kó· phong-hong. piáu-ián ê siang-hong chóng-sī án-ne "**lí kóng gōa ìn, gōa kong lí tú** ", gí-giân chhiò-khoe chhù-bī. Ū-sî-á mā ū 1-ê lâng tan-to̍k piáu-ián. 
Tak-chhùi-kó· siāng kin-pún ê te̍k-tiám to̍h-sī kóng-ōe ài chhiò-khe, kek-kut, koh ài tàu-kù, chiat-chàu ài kín. 

Tak-chhùi-kó· tàu-té sī hêng-sêng tī sím-mi̍h sî-chūn, kū-thé mā bô chin chheng-chhó ê kì-chài, m̄-koh tī lê-hn̂g-hì, ka-lé-hì kah ko-kah-hì chià-ê kó·-ló ê hì-bûn lāi-tē khiok-sī tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē-tàng thiaⁿ-tio̍h tak-chhùi-kó· ê tùi-pe̍h, khó-kiàn tī bîn-kan chin chá to̍h ū teh liû-thôan. 

Éng-kòe, tī Bân-lâm ê chng-kha só·-chāi, kiàn-nā ū lâng teh **phah-kûn bē ko·-io̍k** a̍h-sī tú-tio̍h hit-lō **khit-chia̍h beh lâi pun**, to̍h ē-tàng ke-chió thiaⁿ-tio̍h 1-kóa-á tak-chhùi-koa ê piáu-ián. Lēng-gōa, ka sì--khì ê lâng kiâⁿ-hā (居喪), chhiàⁿ hôe-siū a̍h-sī sai-kong lâi chò-kong-tek, mā ē-tàng thiaⁿ-tio̍h tak-chhùi-kó·. Piáu-ian tak-chhùi-kó· ê sî, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē thiaⁿ-tio̍h **liān-4-kù** ( 4-kù-liân-á ), te̍k-pia̍t sī kè-chhōa a̍i-sī khiā-hà (守喪) ê sî-chūn siōng chia̍p thiaⁿ--tio̍h. Pí-lūn-kóng, sin-niû ji̍p pâng ê sī, hm̂-lâng-pô ( môe-lâng-pô ) keng-siōng ài liān 4-kù : *siang-kha ta̍h-ji̍p lâi, kau-í lióng-pêng pâi; sin-niû sī thian-sài, kiáⁿ-sài chiōng-gôan-châi*. Tī Tâi-ôan ôan-á ū 1-tōaⁿ thôan-thóng ê tap-chhùi-kó·, sī án-ne liām--ê : *a-niû iok tī āu-piah-kau, ke-khang poaⁿ í khì se-thâu, tah-sim nā lâi to̍h khām-sàu, a-ko ia̍t-chhiú niû tìm-thâu*. 

Tak-chhùi-kó· siāng thôan-thóng ê kio̍k-bo̍k ū *O·-niau O·-káu*, *Chheⁿ-mê hām é-kháu oan-ke*, *A-phiàn koa*. Ah kīn-nî-lâi sin-pián ê chiat-bo̍k mā-ū *Khèng sin-chhun*, *Tiong-chhiu go̍eh-îⁿ*, *Pih chip hui-ki* (鼈追飛機) téng-téng. Tī Tâi-ôan bîn-kan kài sî-kiâⁿ ê 1-chhut, hō·-chòe *Hu-chhe sio-mē*, put-chí-á ū te̍k-sek. Tâi-ôan ê ián-gē hâng-gia̍p hoat-ta̍t, tak-chhùi-kó· chit-chióng soat-chhiùⁿ ê khiok-gē mā chia̍p-chia̍p hō· choan-gia̍p ián-ôan the̍h-lâi piáu-ián. Tī Tâi-ôan, khah chhut-miâ ê tak-chhùi-kó· gē-jîn ài- sǹg *A-kiau kah A-phàu* chit-tùi chó·-ha̍p, in 2-lâng chú-ián ê chok-phín *Sè-sio̍k jîn-seng* kài chhut-miâ.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Tap-chhùi-kó͘
Gô͘ Chok-tòng  
吴作栋| Gô͘ Chok-tòng |
| Sin-ka-pho kok-bū chu-chèng |
| Chiū-jīm | 2004 nî 8 goe̍h 12 ji̍t |
| Sià-jīm | iáu chāi-jīm |
| Chêng-jīm | Lí Kong-iāu |
| Chóng-lí | Lí Hián-liông |
| Sin-ka-pho chóng-lí |
| Jīm sò͘ | Tē 2 jīm |
| Chiū-jīm | 1990 nî 11 goe̍h 28 ji̍t |
| Sià-jīm | 2004 nî 8 goe̍h 12 ji̍t |
| Chêng-jīm | Lí Kong-iāu |
| Āu-jīm | Lí Hián-liông |
| Ki-pún chu-liāu |
| Chhut-sì | 1941 nî 5 goe̍h 20 ji̍t |
| Chhut-sì-tē | Sin-ka-pho |
| Chèng-tóng | Jîn-bîn Hêng-tōng-tóng |

**Gô͘ Chok-tòng** (**吴作棟/Goh Chok Tong**, 1941 nî 5 goe̍h 20 ji̍t chhut-sì ), 1990 nî Lí Kong-iāu thè-ūi liáu-āu, chiap-jīm Sin-ka-pho tē-jī jīm chóng-lí, 1992 nî khai-sí chò Jîn-bîn Hêng-tōng-tóng ê pì-su-tiúⁿ ti̍t-kàu 2004 nî 12 goe̍h. 2004 nî 8 goe̍h chóng-lí sià-jīm āu, chiâⁿ-chò Sin-ka-pho kok-bū chu-chèng.

Gô͘ Chok-tòng chhut-sì tī Sin-ka-pho, 1961 nî ji̍p-khì Sin-ka-pho Kok-li̍p Tāi-ha̍k tha̍k-chheh, 1964 nî tit-tio̍h keng-chè-ha̍k It-téng Êng-ū Ha̍k-ūi, sio-kāng tī chit-nî, i khai-sí tiàm chèng-hú pō͘-bûn jīm-chit. 1966 nî, Gô͘ Chok-tòng khì Bí-kok Ui-liâm-sū Ha̍k-īⁿ (Williams institute) liû-ha̍k chhim-chō, tit-tio̍h hoat-tián keng-chè-ha̍k sek-sū ê ha̍k-ūi. Tò-tńg kàu Sin-ka-pho liáu-āu, i bat tī Sin-ka-pho Hái-hông Lûn-chûn Kong-si chò kang, pēng-chhiáⁿ tī 1973 nî chiâⁿ-chòe chit-keng kong-si ê táng-sū keng-lí. 1976 nî, Gô͘ Chok-tòng tit-tio̍h Jîn-bîn Hêng-tōng-tóng ê thê-po̍at, chham-sóan kok-hōe gī-ôan, jî-chhiáⁿ sūn-lī tòng-sóan. 1977 nî, i chìn-ji̍p chèng-hú lōe-koh, chhut-jīm Châi-chèng-pō͘ pō͘-tiúⁿ, 1979 nî iū-koh chiâⁿ-chòe Jîn-bîn Hêng-tōng-tóng Tiong-iong Chip-hêng Úi-ôan-hōe úi-ôan, āu--lâi iū-koh chêng-āu chò kòe kok-ka Bō͘-kang pō͘-tiúⁿ, Ōe-seng pō͘-tiúⁿ kah Kok-hông pō͘-tiúⁿ. 1990 nî, Lí Kong-iāu koat-tēng beh thè-ūi ê sî, chôan-thé lōe-koh sêng-ôan thong-kòe tâu-phiò, koat-tēng iû Gô͘ Chok-tòng chhut-lâi chiap-jīm kok-ka ê chóng-lí. Lí Kong-iāu iu-gôan chò lōe-koh chu-chèng. 1992 nî 12 ge̍h, Gô͘ Chok-tòng chiap-jīm Jîn-bîn Hêng-tōng-tóng ê pì-su-tiúⁿ. Chāi i ê léng-tō hā, Jîn-bîn Hêng-tōng-tóng tī 1997 nî kah 2001 nî ê sóan-kí tang-tiong, lóng iâⁿ-tit liáu chin tōa ê sèng-lī. 

2003 nî bóe, Gô͘ Chok-tòng soan-pò͘ chiong-beh tī 2-nî āu sî-chit, iû hù-chóng-lí Lí Hián-liông chiap-pan. Mā-sī in-ūi Lí Hián-liông sī Lí Kong-iāu ê hāu-siⁿ, só͘-í, chit-hāng jīm-bēng siū-tio̍h gōa-kài chin-chōe lâng ê giâu-gî kah iu-lū. 

Gô͘ Chok-tòng ê ke-āu sī 1-ê lu̍t-su, in ang-á-bó͘ chit-sì-lâng lóng-chóng seⁿ-io̍k 1-tùi siang-siⁿ-kiáⁿ (Liông-hōng-thai).

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Sin-ka-pho chóng-lí |
| --- |
|  |
| 
1. Lí Kong-iāu (1959–1990)
2. Gô͘ Chok-tòng (1990–2004)
3. Lí Hián-liông (2004– )

 | Sin-ka-pho Kok-hui |

 |
Tâi-tāi Pēⁿ-īⁿ
**Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Tāi-ha̍k I-ha̍k-īⁿ Hù-siat Pēⁿ-īⁿ** (國立臺灣大學附設醫院), kán-chheng **Tâi-tāi Pēⁿ-īⁿ** (臺大醫院), sī Tâi-oân ê chi̍t keng kong-li̍p pēⁿ-īⁿ, mā sī Tâi-oân tē-it keng thê-kiong se-iûⁿ-sek i-liâu ho̍k-bū ê chèng-hú i-liâu ki-koan, chóng īⁿ-khu tī Tâi-pak-chhī Tiong-san-lâm-lō͘, lēng-gōa tī choân Tâi-oân kok-tē mā ū hun-chi īⁿ-khu. Tī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi chho͘-kî 1895 nî chhòng-kiàn, hit-tang-chūn ti̍t-sio̍k tī Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú, lo̍h-bóe chiâⁿ-chò Tâi-pak Tè-kok Tāi-ha̍k Hù-sio̍k Pēⁿ-īⁿ; āu-lâi keng-kòe chē pái piàn-hòa, chiâⁿ-chò hiān-chhú-sî ê Kok-li̍p Tâi-oân Tāi-ha̍k I-ha̍k-īⁿ ê kàu-ha̍k pēⁿ-īⁿ. Tâi-tāi Pēⁿ-īⁿ sī Ōe-hok-pō͘ siāng koân phêng-kip ê i-ha̍k tiong-sim, mā sī Tâi-oân i-liâu thé-hē tiōng-iàu ê hông-ia̍h ki-kò͘. Tī koaⁿ-gâm, khì-koan î-si̍t, phīⁿ-ian-gâm, gâm-chèng chín-toàn tī-liâu kap seng-i kng-tiān siōng ê sian-hong gián-kiù sêng-chiū, mā tit-tio̍h kok-chè ê khéng-tēng.
**Choân-bîn Tâi-gí Jīn-chèng** (iā kán chheng chò "Tâi-gí Jīn-chèng") sī iû Tâi-oân Sêng-kong Tāi-ha̍k ê Tâi-oân Gí-bûn Chhek-giām Tiong-sim só͘ gián-hoat ê Choân-bîn Tâi-gí Lêng-le̍k Hun-kip Jīn-chèng Chhek-giām. Siāng chá sī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ úi-thok Sêng-tāi ê thoân-tūi lâi gián-hoat, āu-lâi chiū iû Sêng-tāi ê Tâi-oân Gí-bûn Chhek-giām Tiong-sim ka-tī hū-chek pān-lí. Tong-chhoe-sî, ē gián-hoat che Tâi-gí Jīn-chèng sī ūi-tio̍h beh ài ū chi̍t-thò phiau-chún lâi chhek-giām tiong-ha̍k kap kok-hāu ê lāu-su a̍h-sī chi-oân ê kàu-io̍k jîn-oân in ê Tâi-gí lêng-le̍k. Chit thò jīn-chèng ê lêng-le̍k hun-kip sī pí-chiàu Au-chiu Kiōng-tông Giân-gí Chham-khó Phiau-chún, chiong khó-seng tùi Tâi-gí ê se̍k-chhiú thêng-tō͘ pun chò 6 ê kai-kip.

Chham-khó Lâi-goân
------------------

* 國立成功大學台灣語文測驗中心
* 全民台語認證專業版及體驗版專網
* 中小學生台語認證專網
* 海翁台語文教學季刊2010第七期 台語認證專刊報導
* 何信翰2009〈台灣需要台語認證－台語認證簡介kap預算hōo立法院總thâi記事〉《海翁台語文學教學季刊》6期，頁12-18。
* Chiung, Wi-vun. 2010. The Development of the Taiwanese Proficiency Test. Journal of Taiwanese Vernacular. 2(2),pp82-103.
Su-má Chhian, Se-hàn le̍k-sú-ha̍k-ka kap bûn-ha̍k-ka
**Hàn-tiâu** (Hàn-jī: 漢朝; chêng-202 nî－220 nî) sī Tiong-kok le̍k-sú siāng-kè Chîn-tiâu liáu-āu chhut-hiān ê tiâu-tē, pun-choè Sai-hàn (chêng-202 nî -9 nî) kap Tong-hàn (25 nî －220 nî) nn̄g ê le̍k-sú sî-kî. 

Hàn Ko-chó͘ Lâu Pang (劉邦) teng-ki liáu-āu, siat sam-kong kap káu-kheng, chhái-chhú hō͘ bîn-chiòng hioh-khùn, chheng-chēng bô ūi ê n̂g-lāu chèng-chhek. kó͘-lē seng-sán, khin-iàu po̍h hù. Lâu Pang óng-seng liáu-āu, Lū-hō͘ (呂后) chiáng-koân. Lū-hō͘ chô saⁿ-ûi-sêng-siòng, iân ēng Lâu Pang ê n̂g-lāu chèng-tī ê chèng-chhek. Āu-pái chiu pu̍t, Tîn Pêng (陳平) i lāu sîn hoat-tōng chèng-piàn, chàm sat chu Lū, hoè-tiāu Lâu Hông (劉弘), ngiâ li̍p Hàn Thài-chó͘ Lâu Pang sì chí Tāi-ông Lâu Hêng (代王劉恆) ûi tè, chit chiū-sī Hàn Bûn-tè. Tho-hô Hàn Kéng-tè chāi-ūi kî-kan, kè-sio̍k chhái-chhú n̂g-lāu su-sióng. Bú-tè thóng-tī sî-kî (chêng-141 nî —-chêng-87 nî) , chhái-chhú liáu chi̍t hē-lia̍t kái-kek chhò͘-si, chèng-tī siōng ka-kiông hông koân, siah-jio̍k chu hâu sè-le̍k, bûn-hoà-siōng pā-lut pah ka, ta̍k chun jû su̍t. Bú-tè sí-khì liáu-āu Hàn-tiâu chiū soe-jio̍k lo̍h-khì.

Tè-ông
------

### Se Hàn

### Tang Hàn

Siong-koan
----------
tóng-àn:HamasLogo.jpgHamas ê kì-jīn, téng-koân ū 2-ki sio-ché ê to, Sèng-chi̍oh îⁿ-chhú-koà Bīo-sī ê tô· hām in sim-lāi ê Filastiniyya léng-thó·.
**Hamas** (حماس) sī Palestine sīong-toā ê Islam-kàu cho·-chit, 1987-nî khí-ki, in chi̍t-bīn chò siā-hoē hok-lī ê khang-khoè, chi̍t-bīn ēng po̍k-le̍k chhui-sak in ê chèng-tī chú-tiuⁿ.

Hamas sī **Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya** ê kán-siá (A-la-pek-gí: حركة المقاومة الاسلامية), ì-sù sī "Islam-kàu tú-te̍k ūn-tōng", hamas chit-ê jī tī A-la-pek-gí mā-sī 'jia̍t-sim' ia̍h-sī 'jia̍t-sèng' ê ì-sù.

Hamas chit-má hō· Europa Liân-bêng, Canada, Bí-kok, Australia kap Í-sek-lia̍t-kok soan-pò chò khióng-pò· cho·-chit. Chóng--sī in tī 2006-nî Filastiniyya kok-hoē tāi-soán toā-iâⁿ liáu-āu, pān-phoe in tùi Sai-lâm-a ê kok-chè koan-hē hām chèng-tī hoat-tián, lóng ē ū chiâⁿ toā ê éng-híong.

Chèng-tī chú-tiuⁿ
-----------------

Hamas ê bo̍k-phiau sī beh khí-chō 1-ê Islam-kàu kok-ka, chit-ê kok-ka ê léng-thó·, ti̍oh pau-koah hiān-chhú-sî ê Í-sek-lia̍t-kok, Cisjordan ("Sai-hōaⁿ") kap Gaza tē-khu.

Hamas ê hiàn-chiuⁿ tû-khì ū siá beh kā Í-sek-lia̍t-kok bia̍t-bô, mā beh kā jīn-hô sè-sio̍k ê Filastiniyya chèng-hú bia̍t-bô, koh beh kā hui-Islam-kàu ê lâng koáⁿ lī-khui in kok, beh khí-chō 1-ê Filastiniyya ê Islam-kàu kīong-hô-kok.

Uī-ti̍oh beh ta̍k-sêng téng-thâu chit-ê bo̍k-phiau, in kian-chhî ēng bú-le̍k lâi tú-te̍k, ū pò-tō kóng Hamas kî-tiong 1-ê khai-ki-chó· Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, bat soan-pò Hamas ūn-tōng ê bo̍k-phiau, sī beh "kā Í-sek-lia̍t-kok tùi tē-tô· téng-koân phah-chhat-siau ".

Hamas tī 2006-nî 1-goe̍h Filastiniyya ê kok-hoē soán-kí toā-iâⁿ, the̍h-ti̍oh 42.9 % ê soán-phìo, khah-chē-koè chìn-chêng chip-chèng ê Fatah, kok-hoē lóng-chóng 132-sek lāi-té, in chiàm 74-sek.

Tī kēng-soán ê sî-chūn, Hamas ê soan-giân bô kóng beh "kā Í-sek-lia̍t-kok bia̍t-bô ", m̄-koh îu-goân ū kúi-ā-ê in ê hāu-soán-jîn kian-chhî chit-ê chú-tiuⁿ.

Khíong-pò· oa̍h-tōng
--------------------

Hamas tī 1993-nî 4-goe̍h 16 thâu-chi̍t-pái ēng chū-sat chà-toâⁿ kong-ke̍k, in ēng 1-tâi chài chà-i̍oh ê pà-suh tī 2-tâi chhah tī chhan-tiaⁿ ê pà-suh tiong-kan po̍k-chà, āu--lâi in kóng he sī beh thè 29-ê tī Hebron Chheng-chin-sī kòe-sin ê Filastiniyya-lâng pò-sîu, Hebron Chheng-chin-sī chìn-chêng chiah hō· 1-ê Îu-thài-lâng kong-ke̍k.

Chóng--sī téng-bīn chit-kiāⁿ tāi-chì í-keng sī Hamas chū 1989-nî í-lâi ê tē-19 kiāⁿ po̍k-le̍k oa̍h-tōng--ah, in khah-chá sī ēng chhèng, lia̍h-hāu-á hām ēng to lâi chò po̍k-le̍k kong-ke̍k.

Hamas soà--lo̍h-lâi koh tuì Í-sek-lia̍t-kok chìn-hêng chē-chē pái ê kong-ke̍k, toā-pō·-hūn sī thàu-koè in ê kun-sū cho·-chit Ezzedeen-al-qassam (كتائب الشهيد عز الدين القسام) Kun-thoân chò--ê.

Sīong-kái siong-tīong ê kong-ke̍k, sī 2002-nî 3-goe̍h 27 tī Netanya 1-keng pn̄g-tiàm ê po̍k-chà, ū 30-ê lâng koè-sin, 140-ê lâng ti̍oh-siong. Kin-kì thóng-kè, 2002-nî 11-goe̍h kàu 2004-nî 4-goe̍h, Í-sek-lia̍t-kok ê peh-sèⁿ-lâng hām kun-jîn, í-kéng ū 377-ê in-ūi Hamas ê kong-ke̍k sí--khì, 2,076-ê lâng ti̍oh-siong.
Academic journalPang-bô͘:SHORTDESC:Academic journal
**Pediatrics (kî-khan)** (Sió-jî-kho (kî-khan); ing-gú: Pediatrics (journal)) sī-iû Bí-kok sió-jî-kho ha̍k-huē [en] tshut-pán ê tông-hâng phîng-sím [en] i-ha̍k kî-khan [en]. Tī 1948-nî 1-gue̍h tshòng-khan-hō tang-tiong, tsit-ê kî-khan ê tē-1 jīm tsóng pian-tsi̍p [en] Hugh McCulloch tshián-su̍t tsit-ê kî-khan ê guān-kíng: "Tsit-ê kî-khan ê luē-iông......tsong-tsí teh hâm-kài kui-ê gín-á teh sing-lí, sim-lí, tsîng-kám hong-bīn ê su-kiû hām siā-huē kiat-kòo [en]. Suán-ti̍k "Pediatrics" (sió-jî-kho) tsit-ê sû lâi piáu-sī tsit-tsióng phóo-phiàn khuan-hông ê ì-tôo.

Tsū 1948-nî 1-gue̍h í-lâi, Bí-kok sió-jî-kho ha̍k-huē [en] liân-suà tshut-pán "Sió-jî-kho ha̍k". Kin-kì "Kî-khan ín-bûn pò-kò [en]" (Journal Citation Report), tsit-ê kî-khan 2020-nî ê íng-hióng tsí-sòo [en] uî 7.124, teh "Sió-jî-kho ha̍k" luī-pia̍t ê 119-tsióng kî-khan tang-tiong pâi-miâ tē-4 miâ.

Li̍k-jīm tsóng-pian-tsi̍p
-------------------------

*Pediatrics* li̍k-jîm tsóng pian-tsi̍p [en] ju-hā sóo-sī:

* 1948–1954 Hugh McCulloch
* 1954–1961 Charles D. May
* 1962–1974 Clement A. Smith
* 1974–2009 Jerold F. Lucey
* 2009 – bo̍k-tsiân Lewis First

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "Journals Ranked by Impact: Pediatrics". *2020 Journal Citation Reports*. Web of Science (Science pán.). Thomson Reuters. 2021.  (Eng-gí)
2. ↑  "Pediatrics Editorial Board". American Academy of Pediatrics. 12 July 2021 khòaⁿ--ê.  (Eng-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* tsóng pian-tsi̍p [en]
* Sin-thé-lí ê chóng-lūn
* Kong-iōng ê io̍h-hng
* i-io̍h ê chhiú-chheh

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām  (Eng-gí)
**Tâi-Ji̍t Hî-gia̍p Hia̍p-tēng** (臺日漁業協議), chèng-sek miâ-chheng hō-chò **A-tong Koan-hē Hia̍p-hōe ú Kong-ek Châi-thoân Hoat-jîn Kau-liû Hia̍p-hōe Hî-gia̍p Hia̍p-gī** (亞東關係協會與公益財團法人交流協會漁業協議), sī Tâi-oân hām Ji̍t-pún tī 2013 nî 4 goe̍h 10 hō tī Tâi-pak-chhī ê Tâi-pak Pin-koán tiàu-khai tē-17 chhù Tâi-Ji̍t hî-gia̍p hōe-tâm liáu-āu só͘ chhiam-sú ê bûn-kiāⁿ, chiam-tùi siang-hong tī Tiò-hî-tâi lia̍t-sū chiu-ûi têng-thia̍p choan-sio̍k keng-chè hái-he̍k ê hî-gia̍p chok-gia̍p an-pâi ta̍t-sêng hia̍p-gī, pēng bô sia̍p-ki̍p siang-hong tùi chú-khoân ê chú-tiuⁿ. Chit hāng hia̍p-gī tī 5 goe̍h 10 hō seng-hāu. Tâi-oân hong-bīn, iû Gōa-kau-pō͘ só͘-sio̍k A-tong Koan-hē Hia̍p-hōe hōe-tiúⁿ Liāu Liáu-í tam-jīm thoân-tiúⁿ, Gōa-kau-pō͘, Hêng-chèng-īⁿ Hái-gān Sûn-hông-sú, Hêng-chèng-īⁿ Lông-gia̍p Úi-oân-hōe Hî-gia̍p-sú siong-koan jîn-oân chham-ka; Ji̍t-pún hong-bīn, iû Kong-ek Châi-thoân Hoat-jîn Kau-liû Hia̍p-hōe hōe-tiúⁿ Oohashi Mitsuo tam-jīm thoân-tiúⁿ, Ji̍t-pún Gōa-bū Séng, Lông-lîm Chúi-sán Séng só͘-sio̍k Chúi-sán Thiaⁿ, Hái-siōng Pó-an Thiaⁿ siong-koan jîn-oân chhut-se̍k.
**Songhai Tè-kok**, sī Sai-hui kó͘-kok, 15 sè-kí tio̍h 16 sè-kí siōng sēng, sī Sat-hek-le̍k tē-khu choè-āu chi̍t-ê o͘-hō͘ thó͘-tù ê toā tè-kok. 

7 sè-kí ê sî-chūn Songhai-lâng tī tan-tiō kiàn-li̍p sió ông-kok, liáu-āu chhiân-tio̍h Ka-ò, chêng-āu sîn-sio̍k Ghana Tè-kok kap Mali Tè-kok, chiām-chiām kui sio̍k I-su-lân-kàu. 15 sè-kí liáu hō͘-kî, Sonni Ali to̍h sī-ūi liáu-āu iân Nî-ji̍t-hô tāi-le̍k khok-tiong, chiàm-niá Mali Tè-kok ê tiong-sim siâⁿ-chhī Têng-pa-khek-tô͘, chèng-sek kiàn-li̍p Songhai Tè-kok. Songhai siōng-sēng sî-kî ê léng-thó͘ sai kàu tāi-se-iûⁿ, tong kàu hô-sat-lâng khu-he̍k, pak kàu Mô͘-lo̍k-ko lâm-kéng. 

Sonni Ali sí liáu-āu kok-ka hām-ji̍p lāi-loān, 1549-nî teng-ūi ê Askia bat-chi̍t-thō͘ tiông-chìn tè-kok, nā i tī 1582-nî óng-seng liáu-āu, tè-ūi kè-sêng būn-tê lēng tè-kok koh hām-ji̍p chi̍t-pái lāi-loān. 1590-nî, Mô͘-lo̍k-ko phài-khián sì-chheng-lâng ê kun-tūi ji̍p-chhim, 1591-nî 3-goe̍h kek-pāi ūi-sò͘ iok sì-bān lāng nā bú-khì tì-cham ê Songhai-kun, chiàm-niá Ka-ò, Têng-pa-khek-tô͘ tán pak, Songhai Tè-kok sòaⁿ-liáu-liáu.

1. ↑  Bethwell A. Ogot, *Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century*, (UNESCO Publishing, 2000), 303.
2. ↑  Taagepera 1979, pp. 497.
**Sî-sek** (hàn. 時式; eng. *fashion* "Óa-im: "*hóe-siohn*""; hoat. *mode*) ia̍h **sî-iūⁿ** (-樣), **sî-khoán** (-款); he̍k-chiá **sî-mo͘** (-髦), **sî-siōng** (-尚) sī sî-sio̍k liû-hêng ê chhēng-chhah kap sú-iōng mi̍h-kiāⁿ ê khoán-sek. Sî-sek tī siā-hōe siōng piáu-hiān lâng ê sèng-chit, seng-oa̍h ê hong-sek koh ū siā-hōe, keng-chè kap bûn-hòa pōe-kéng.

Sî-sek, nā chiàu *fashion* tī Eng-kok ha̍k-su̍t khan-bu̍t *Fashion Theory* só͘ tēng ê chi̍t khoán ì-sù, ē-tàng kóng sī "kū-thé-hòa ê sin-hūn ê bûn-hòa kiàn-chō" (*the cultural construction of the embodied identity*).

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Ogawa Naoyosi, pian. (1931). "時式". *Tai-Nichi Dai Jiten* 臺日大辭典 [*Tâi-Ji̍t Tōa Sû-tián*] (ēng Ji̍t-pún-gí).
2. ↑  John Macgowan (1883). "Mode (fashion)". *English and Chinese dictionary of the Amoy dialect*.
3. ↑  Valerie Steele (2004). "Fashion". Chū Valerie Steele. *Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion*. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-31394-4.
Pieter Bruegel de Oude ê chok-phín *Pa-pia̍t Thah*.
**Pa-pia̍t Thah** (Hi-pek-lâi-gí: מגדל בבל‎ *Migdal Bavel* A-la-pek-gí: برج بابل‎ *Burj Babil*) sī Sèng-keng ê Chhòng-sè-kì lāi-bīn kì-chài ê chi̍t chō thah, khí tī teh Babylon. 

Kun-kù Sèng-keng, Pa-pia̍t Thah sī hit-tong-sî ê jîn-lūi ūi-tio̍h beh thàng-óng thiⁿ-téng lâi liân-ha̍p khí-chō ê. Āu-bóe Sîn kā in ê gí-giân piàn lōan, chó͘-tòng in-ê kè-ōe.

Gián-kiù
--------

Khó-lêng sī Pa-pia̍t Thah khài-liām lâi-goân ê Etemenanki, chi̍t chō *ziggurat*.
Sèng-keng lāi-bīn ê kì-lio̍k, chiàu chi̍t khoán hiān-tāi ha̍k-chiá ê khoàⁿ-hoat, sī kun-kù lâng tùi Sin Pa-pí-lûn ông-tiâu só͘ khí ê chi̍t chō ziggurat kiàn-tio̍k ê ìn-siōng. Ha̍k-chiá mā jīn-ûi Pa-pia̍t Thah ê kì-sū sī saⁿ-lām liáu sîn-ōe kap chi̍t kóa Mesopotamia bûn-hòa tng kap Hi-pek-lâi chiap-chhiok ê sî-tāi ê si̍t-chāi chêng-hêng. Sèng-keng gián-kiù-chiá chí chhut Chhòng-sè-kì sī chē hāng lâi-goân ê cho͘-ha̍p, tāi-khāi sī Iû-tāi Ông-kok hō͘ Pa-pí-lûn cheng-ho̍k ê sî-chūn, tong-sî chin chē Hi-pe̍k-lâi lâng hông sàng kòe Pa-pí-lûn, chiap-chhiok hia chāi-tē ê sîn-ōe. Lēng-gōa, tī Sumer sîn-ōe lāi-bīn, ia̍h ū koan-hē pún-lâi lâng tan-it ê giân-gí siū sîn-bêng Enki kap Enlil piàn chē khoán ê kò͘-sū.

Chham-khó bo̍k-lio̍k
--------------------

* Nardo, Don (2007). *The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Ancient Mesopotamia*. Greenhaven Press. ISBN 978-0-7377-3441-6.

Chù-kha
-------

1. ↑  Nardo 2007, Babylon
2. ↑  Nardo 2007, Tower of Babel
**Ngô͘ Kim-liān** (吳金鍊; 1913 nî–1947 nî), *Tâi-oân Sin-seng-pò* chóng-piān-chip, bû-kò͘ hōng lia̍h khì siū-hāi.

Ngô͘ Kim-liān, Tâi-pak-chhī lâng, Tang-kiaⁿ Bûn-hoà-ha̍k-īⁿ Bûn-ha̍k-pō͘ chhut-giap. Tī *Tâi-oân Sin-mîn-pò* chèng-tī-pō͘ ho̍k-bū. Tāi-chiān bé kî, choân Tâi-oân ê pò-choá lóng piān chò chi̍t kin Tâi-oân-sin-pò. Chiàn-āu koh kái chò *Tâi-oân Sin-seng-pò*. Chiàn-āu chho͘-kî ū Ji̍t-bûn-pán; Ngô͘ Kim-liān chiū tam-jīm Ji̍t-bûn-pán ê chóng-piān-chip. Ji̍t-bûn-pán tuì sî-chèng kap siā-hoē ê put-kong-put-gī lóng chin chù-ì, 1946 nî 10 goe̍h 25 ji̍t Ji̍t-bûn-pán pī hoè-chí. 

Jī-jī-pat Sū-kiāⁿ hoat-seng liáu-āu, goân-pún Tâi-oân Hêng-chèng-tiúⁿ-koaⁿ Kong-sú kìm-chí pò-choá pò-tō. Put-kò siū tio̍h bîn-chiòng ê ap-le̍k, Tâi-oân Sin-seng-pò tuì Sū-kiāⁿ ū chin chheng-chhó ê pò-tō mā hui-hok Ji̍t-bûn-pán. 3 goe̍h 12 ji̍t Ngô͘ Kim-liān chiū bû-kò͘ hōng lia̍h khì lâi siū-hāi. I khì hōng lia̍h--khì ê sî, in bó͘ tú-hó ū-sin.
**Sim**, sī lâng ū--ê, ba̍k-chiu khoàⁿ-bē-tio̍h--ê, lán lâng ê lí-sèng ia̍h kám-chêng, sim-chêng kap ì-hiòng só· tī-leh ê 1-ê thiu-siōng ê só·-chāi. Jîn-lūi lia̍h-goā ê tōng-bu̍t kap si̍t-bu̍t sī m̄-sī ū sim, che hām sim ê tēng-gī kāng-khoán, lóng sī chin oh kóng ê būn-tê.

Kan-taⁿ lia̍h Sim pún-sin chò tēng-gī sī bô-hoat-tō· ū--ê, sim sī oa̍h-mi̍h siōng-kài bî-biáu ê 1-hāng tāi-chì iā-kú-káⁿ. In-ūi sim bô it-tēng ê chōng-thài, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ teh piàn-hoà, sim ê tāi-chì tio̍h thàu-koè jio̍k-thé téng-téng goā-khaú ê piáu-hiān chiah ē-tàng chiáng-ak.

Tng lâng(he̍k-chiá-sī pa̍t-hāng ū sim ê oa̍h-mi̍h) teh su-khó kap chò koat-tēng ê sî, sim tō ū oa̍h-tōng, m̄-koh tō-chún sím-mi̍h lóng m̄-chò, sim kiám-chhái oan-nā ē oa̍h-tōng, tì-sú tùi chit-ê ū sim ê chú-thé lâi kóng, soah bē-tàng chin giâm-gâi chiáng-ak ta̍k-sî-chūn sim ê chōng-thài.

Chóng--sī, lâng nā kap pa̍t-lâng kau-thong ê sî, tùi-hong hām ka-tī ê sim tiong-kan, lóng ū siūⁿ-tio̍h ia̍h-sī kám-kak-tio̍h hō·-siōng ê lâi-khì, tuì chit-tiám lâi kóng, lâng sī ē-tàng keng-giām-tio̍h ka-tī kap pa̍t-lâng lāi-té hit-hō sim ê chûn-chāi--ê.

Gián-kiù lâng sim ê oa̍h-tōng ê ha̍k-kho sī sim-lí-ha̍k, sim-lí-ha̍k thàu-koè tùi lâng ê hoán-èng chò thóng-kè hun-sek, liáu-kái lâng kap lâng ê ti̍t-chiap koan-hē, lâi tùi sim chò gián-kiù. M̄-koh tō chhin-chhiūⁿ thâu-chêng kóng--ê, sim chin ho̍k-cha̍p, tùi-hong nā ū sím-mi̍h piàn-hoá, lán ê sim mā ē toè leh kái-piàn, mā in-ūi án-ne kā sim tòng-chò ha̍k-būn lâi gián-kiù si̍t-chāi chin khùn-lân.

Hiān-chhú-sî sîn-keng kho-ha̍k ū khah hoat-tián, kho-ha̍k-ka í-keng ē-tàng poé-hoē, sim ê chōng-thài kap naú ê bu̍t-lí chōng-thài khêng-si̍t sī sio-liâm-tì-toà--ê, pí-lūn lán ū khah chai-iáⁿ sim kap lán ê naú--ni̍h ta̍k-pō·-hūn ê lō·-iōng ê koan-hē--ah, sîn-keng thoân-ta̍t bu̍t-chit (dopamine, endorphin téng-téng) kap sim-chêng ê koan-hē mā tau̍h-tau̍h-á ū sin ê gián-kiù hoat-piáu, m̄-koh sim ê chōng-thài kap bu̍t-chit ê naú tiong-kan, hit-ê kiù-chin pún-té ê koan-hē, iû-goân iáu bô-hoat-tō· chiâu thiah-bêng, hām sim ū tī-tāi ê tiat-ha̍k kap sim-lí-ha̍k tiong-kan ê kài-soàⁿ tī toh, mā iáu kè-sio̍k teh thó-lūn.

Éng-chá ê lâng lia̍h-kóng sim sī tī sim-chōng lāi-té, só·-í chiah ē kā chit-hō thiu-siōng ê "mi̍h" kiò-chò "sim", lán chit-má iû-goân ē kóng "sim-lāi", "hó-sim" téng-téng ê gí-sû, lóng sī in-ūi án-ne lâu--lo̍h-lâi ê kóng-hoat.
**Ruth Pfau** (1929-nî - ) sī chi̍t-ê Tek-kok Thian-chú-kàu siu-lí kah i-seng, i it-seng tī Pa-ki-su-thàn pang-chō͘ môa-á pēⁿ-hōan-chiá. 1929-nî chhut-seⁿ tī Tek-kok Mainz, i ū gō͘ ê chí-mōe kah chi̍t-ê hiaⁿ-tî-á. Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài-tāi-chiàn kiat-sok āu, i tô-cháu kàu Sai Tek-kok. 1949-nî sî-chūn tī Mainz tha̍k I-ha̍k. 1962-nî i ka-ji̍p chi̍t-keng Thian-chú-kàu Thian-chú-kàu kàu Ìn-tō͘, tān-sī in-ūi chhiam-chè būn-tê, i khì Pa-ki-su-thàn, tī Karachi hóe-chhia-chām ê môa-á pēⁿ-hōan-chiá chū-ki-tē khòaⁿ-kò͘ pēⁿ-lâng, chhòng-kiàn "Marie Adelaide Môa-á-pēⁿ Tiong-sim" , 1963-nî sì-go̍eh i tī-liâu Karachi, Pa-ki-su-thàn ki̍p Afghanistan ê hōan-chiá.

Chióng-chiong
-------------

* 1969-nî - Tek-kok êng-ū Hun-chiong
* 1969-nî - Pa-ki-su-thàn Hun-chiong "Sitara i Quaid i Azam".
* 2002-nî "Ramon Magsaysay Chióng"
* 2003-nî sì-go̍eh - "Janna Chióng".

Chham-khó Chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  "Marie Adelaide Leprosy Centre".
2. ↑  "Leprosy in Pakistan contained, says Dr Ruth Pfau".
3. ↑  "The 2002 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service".
4. ↑  "Ruth Pfau to be honoured today".

---
Lead II
**Sim-tiān-tô͘** (**EKG**, Tek-gí *Elektrokardiogramm* ê sok-siá) sī liân-soà kì-lio̍k sim-chōng tiān-ap oa̍h-tōng ê tn̂g-tiâu-tô͘ (strip graph). I sī sim-chōng tiān-seng-lí-ha̍k (cardiac electrophysiology) ê chú-iàu ke-si, ū chín-toān sim-chong-hoeh-kin pēⁿ ê lō͘-iōng. Sim-tiān-tô͘ bô chhek sim-chōng ê siu-sok-sèng (contractility).

Lō͘-iōng
--------

12 tō-thêng ê EKG, khoàⁿ ē tio̍h II, III, aVF ū ST-chat seng koân ê chêng-hêng, piáu-sī tāi-khài sim-chōng ē-pêng hoat-seng kip-sèng sim-ki-kēng-sek.
EKG ū chē chē iōng-hoat:

* Phoàⁿ-toān sim-chōng ê kong-lêng sī chèng-siông ia̍h hoán-siông (pí-lūn ke--chhut-lâi ia̍h làng--koè ê sim-thiàu, hō chò sim-lut-put-chéng, *cardiac arrhythmia/dysrhythmia*).
* Hoat-hiān sim-chōng ki-jio̍k kio̍k-pō͘ khoeh-hoeh (ischemia, chhiūⁿ kóng chò ūn-tōng nāi-sèng chhek-giām (exercise tolerance test) ê sî-chūn) ia̍h tio̍h-siong ("sim-chōng-pēⁿ hoat-chok").
* Chhek tiān-kái-chit (electrolyte) koh-iūⁿ, te̍k-pia̍t sī K, Ca, Mg.
* Hoat-hiān tiān thoân-tō bô chèng-siông (chhiūⁿ sim-chōng thoân-tō chó͘-tn̄g/heart block).
* Thê-kiong koan-hē sim-chōng bu̍t-lí chōng-hóng ê chu-liāu (chó-sim-sek pûi-tut/left ventricular hypertrophy)
* Sim-chōng í-goā ê pēⁿ (hì-chhoan-that/pulmonary embolism).

Goân-lí
-------

Sim-tiān-tô͘ ê ki-khì (sim-tiān biô-kì-khì) iōng tiān-liû-kè (galvanometre) chhek sin-khu kúi-ā-ūi tiong-kan ê tiān-ūi (electrical potential). Ta̍k ê chhek ê chó͘-ha̍p hō chò tō-thêng (lead). Siōng phó͘-phiàn ê sim-tiān-tô͘ chhek 12 ê tō-thêng, hō chò 12 tō-thêng sim-tiān-tô͘ (12-lead EKG). Tō-thêng I, II, III (limb leads) ùi kha-chhiú niû tiān-ūi:

* I: chiàⁿ-chhiú kap tò-chhiú tiong-kan ê tiān-ūi.
* II: chiàⁿ-chhiú kap tò-kha tiong-kan ê tiān-ūi.
* III: tò-chhiú kap tò-kha tiong-kan ê tiān-ūi.

Kî-thaⁿ ê 9 ê tō-thêng ùi kha-chhiú tō-thêng ê tiong-sim-tiám sǹg--chhut-lâi, tō sī tiong-sim-tiám hām I, II, III ê tiān-ūi (hō chò aVR, aVL, aVF) kap tiong-sim-tiám hām 6 ê sim-chōng-chêng (precordial) tō-thêng (V1-6) ê tiān-ūi.

Chit 12 ê tō-thêng sûi-ê te̍k-pia̍t sek-ha̍p kì-lio̍k sim-chōng bô kāng pō͘-ūi:

* Ē tō-thêng (inferior leads): II, III and aVF; ùi sim-chōng ê ē-té piah (chó-sim-sek ê sim-chiam/apex) chhek tiān oa̍h-tōng.
* Kiⁿ tō-thêng (lateral leads): I, aVL, V5 and V6; ùi sim-chōng ê kiⁿ-á piah chhek tiān oa̍h-tōng.
* Thâu-chêng tō-thêng (anterior leads): V1 chì V6; ùi sim-chōng ê thâu-chêng piah chhek tiān oa̍h-tōng.
* aVR hán-tit iōng lâi chò chín-toān, chú-iàu ê lō͘-iōng sī hián-sī EKG tō-thêng ū chèng-khak ia̍h bô.

Liáu-kái sim-chōng chèng-siông kap bô chèng-siông ê tiān-la̍t hiòng-liōng, tùi lîm-chhn̂g ê lí-kái ū toā lō͘-iōng.

Chèng-siông ê EKG
-----------------

Chèng-siông ê EKG ê ang-á.
Chèng-siông ê sim-thiàu oē--chhut-lâi ê EKG it-poaⁿ ū 1 ê P pho, 1 ê QRS complex, 1 ê T pho. Ū sî-chūn oan-ná ē chhut-hiān U pho.
**Sóa-ūi kán-hòa kái-phoà-khì** (shift-reduce parser) iōng-tio̍h khǹg gú-hoat hû-hō ê kái-phòa tui-tia̍p (stack), kái-phòa-khì tih ūn-chok ê sî, su-ji̍p ê hû-hō sóa khì tui-tia̍p. Nā-sī tui-tia̍p téng-thâu ê hû-hō tùi-èng tio̍h kî-tiong chi̍t-tiâu gú-hoat kui-chek ê chiàⁿ-chhiú-pêng (RHS), jî-chhiáⁿ tī bo̍k-chôan ê gú-kèng (context) tō èng-kai iōng chit tiâu kui-chek, an-nē kái-phòa-khì ē kā kui-chek ê chiàⁿ-chhiú-pêng kán-hòa chòe kui-chek ê tò-chhiú-pêng (LHS).

Sóa-ūi kán-hòa ê kè-thêng ē kè-sio̍k, it-ti̍t kàu kái-phòa-khì thêng--lo̍h-lâi, kā lán kóng sêng-kong iah-sī sit-pāi. Ká-sú su-ji̍p sī ha̍p-hoat--ê, jî-chhiáⁿ kái-phòa-khì chiap-siū chit-ê su-ji̍p, kái-phòa-khì ē thêng tī sêng-kong e chōng-thài. Nā-sī hoat-hiān-tio̍h chhò-ngō͘, tō thêng tī sit-pāi ê chōng-thài.

Kái-phòa-khì kan-na sī chi̍t-ê tui-tia̍p chū-tōng-ki (automaton), chit-ê chū-tōng-ki khó-lêng ū kúi-lō-ê bô kâng ê chōng-thài, chōng-thài it-poaⁿ lóng iōng chi̍t-ê chéng-sò͘ lâi piáu-sī. Si̍t-chè siōng, kái-phòa-khì tui-tia̍p lāi-tóe pau-hâm chōng-thài, m̄-sī pau-hâm gú-hoat kui-chek. M̄-koh, kì-jiân múi chi̍t-ê chōng-thài tùi-èng chi̍t-ê gú-hoat kui-chek. chōng-thài tui-tia̍p ē-tàng tùi-èng chi̍t-ê gú-hoat kui-chek, chōng-thài ē-tàng tùi-èng tio̍h gú-hoat hû-hō tui-tia̍p.

Kái-phòa-khì ê ūn-chok sī ē-bīn chit n-ê pió, pau-koah tōng-chok-pió (action table) kah thiàu-khì-pió (goto table).
**1947 nî Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-bîn Tāi-hōe Tāi-piáu soán-kí** sī Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok ê kok-hōe gī-oân soán-kí, kok-séng hun-pia̍t tī 1947 nî 11 goe̍h 21 hō kàu 23 hō kí-hêng. Hit pái soán-kí goân-tēng hām tē-it kài li̍p-hoat úi-oân soán-kí kāng sî-kan tī 10 goe̍h chìn-hêng, m̄-koh Kok-Kiōng Lāi-chiàn tì-sú thih-lō͘ phò-hoāi, kau-thong put-piān, chō-sêng soán-kí iân-tî, chòe-āu kok-bîn tāi-hōe tāi-piáu phó͘-soán thê-chá tī li̍p-hoat úi-oân phó͘-soán thâu-chêng tī 11 goe̍h kí-hêng. Chit pái ti̍t-soán hām li̍p-hoat úi-oân ti̍t-soán hō͘ Tiong-kok thâu chi̍t pái chhut-hiān liáu 4.61 ek jîn-bîn ti̍t-chiap siū-khoân sán-seng ê tāi-gī ki-koan, hō͘ Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok chiâⁿ-chò hit-tang-chūn sè-kài siōng siāng tōa ê bîn-chú kok-ka.

In-ūi Kok-Kiōng Lāi-chiàn téng in-sò͘, chit pái kok-tāi tāi-piáu kap li̍p-hoat úi-oân soán-kí mā sī hit-tang-sî chèng-khoân iu-goân thóng-tī choân Tiong-kok choa̍t tōa pō͘-hūn léng-thó͘ ê Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Chèng-hú ûi-it chi̍t pái ê kok-hōe ti̍t-soán.
Ē-ham chiàⁿ-pêng éng-kiú-khí, ùi koân-téng khoàⁿ--lo̍h-khì
**Toā-āu-chan** sī chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t chhùi--nih ūi-tì siāng-āu-piah kap hêng-thāi siāng-ho̍k-cha̍p ê chhùi-khí. Tī chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t, i tiāⁿ pī ēng lâi géng-boâ chia̍h-mi̍h.

Jîn-lūi ê toā-āu-chan
---------------------

Toā-lâng chóng-kiōng ū 12 khí toā-au-chan, hun-chò 4 cho͘, téng-chiáⁿ, téng-toh, ē-chiáⁿ, kap ē-toh, múi-chi̍t-cho͘ ū 3 khí, hun-pò͘ tī chhùi-khiuⁿ ê siāng-āu-piah. Múi-chi̍t-cho͘ pâi tē-saⁿ--ê (siāng-āu-piah) hit-ki koh hō-chò tì-hūi-khí. I siāng-bān hoat, beh oah 20 hoè hit-tang-chūn--á chiah tùi khí-hoāⁿ puh--chhut-lâi. Jîn-chéng bô-kâng, hoat-gê ê sî-kan ū cheng-chha. 

Jîn-lūi ê toā-āu-chan ū ē-kha chit kúi-chióng:

* téng-ham tē-it éng-kiú toā-āu-chan, téng-ham tē-jī éng-kiú toā-āu-chan, and téng-ham tē-saⁿ éng-kiú toā-āu-chan
* ē-ham tē-it éng-kiú toā-āu-chan, ē-ham tē-jī éng-kiú toā-āu-chan, and ē-ham tē-saⁿ éng-kiú toā-āu-chan
Wikipedia bô hū-chek i-ha̍k loē-iông ê chèng-khak-sèng. Nā-sī su-iàu choan-gia̍p ê ì-kiàn, chhiáⁿ lí khì mn̄g choan-gia̍p ê jîn-sū.
SSRI ê chok-iōng ki-chè tô·
**Sóan-te̍k-sèng huih-chheng-sò͘ chài-liap-chhú ek-chè-chè**(選擇性血清素再攝取抑制劑, Eng. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, **SSRI**) mā kiò chō **Sóan-te̍k-sèng huih-chheng-sò͘ serotonin ek-chè-chè**, sī chi̍t chióng siông-ēng ê khòng ek-ut io̍h-bu̍t.

Le̍k-sú
-------

SSRI tī siōng sè-kì 80 nî-tāi khai-sí ēng tī i-tī ek-ut-chèng, chiau-lī-chèng, kiông-pek-chèng kah sîn-keng sèng iām-si̍t-chèng.

Hù-chok-iōng
------------

Koan-liân sū-kiāⁿ
-----------------

1999 nî tī Bí-kok hoat-seng ê Columbine hāu-hn̂g chhèng-kek sū-kiāⁿ ê nn̄g ūi siú-bô͘ , kî-it keng-iû hiat-e̍k kiám-cha hō· khak-jīm ho̍k-iōng--ah tāi-liōng ê Fluvoxamine.

Siông-kiàn ê SSRI
-----------------

Thâu-chêng 5 chióng ū ''5 lúi kim hoa'' ê chheng-ho͘.

* **Fluoxetine** (氟西汀)
* **Paroxetine** (帕羅西汀)
* **Sertraline** (舍曲林)
* **Fluvoxamine** (氟伏沙明)
* **Citalopram** (西酞普蘭)
* **Escitalopram** (艾司西酞普蘭)

| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
| --- |
| 
Citalopram | 
Dapoxetine | 
Escitalopram | 
Fluoxetine | 
Fluvoxamine |
|  |
| 
Indalpine | 
Paroxetine | 
Sertraline | 
Zimelidine |  |
Chit-ê captcha thiau-kò·-ì hō· "smwm" 4-jī pháiⁿ tha̍k.
**Captcha** sī tiān-náu kho-ha̍k 1 khoán thiau-chiàn/hoán-èng chhì-giām (*challenge-response test*), iōng lâi khu-hun jîn-lūi/hui-jîn-lūi ê hêng-ûi. Chit sû kin-té kui-kù sī "completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart"; lia̍h thâu-chêng jī tàu--khí-lâi pìⁿ *captcha*. Bí-kok Carnegie Mellon Tāi-ha̍k ê Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, kap Nicholas J. Hopper 3 lâng, í-ki̍p IBM ê John Langford, tī 2000 nî hoat-bêng chit sû. 1-khoán phó·-phiàn ê captcha iau-kiû iōng-chiá su-ji̍p gîn-bō· bīn-téng chhut-hiān ê 1 choā jī-bó a̍h-sī sò·-jī. Hiah-ê jī it-poaⁿ ū keng-kòe piàn-hêng he̍k-chiá sī te̍k-sû hāu-kó ê chhú-lí, ū sî-chūn jī ê pōe-kéng oân-ná ē te̍k-pia̍t chhú-lí. Captcha ū sî-chūn hông hêng-iông sī 1 khoán tò-péng ê Turing chhì-giām (*reverse Turing test*), in-ūi bô chhiūⁿ Turing chhì-giām sī lâng teh chú-koat--ê.

Lō·-iōng
--------

Captcha chhiâng-chāi iōng lâi ī-hông bot lī-iōng bāng-lō· tiān-náu ho̍k-bū. Che pau-koah ī-hông bot chham-ka bāng-lō· tâu-phiò, chù-chheh bián-chîⁿ ê email kháu-chō, tah kóng-kò tiàm blog bīn-téng.

Chih-chiap chu-goân ê būn-tê
----------------------------

Iau-kiû kái-tha̍k bûn-jī/ang-á ê captcha tùi sī-le̍k bô chèng-siông ê lâng (khó-pí kóng chheⁿ-mê lâng) sī 1-ê thiau-chiàn, ū khó-lêng chō-chiâⁿ in bô hoat-tō· hām tiong-iàu ê chu-goân chih-chiap. Koh, in-ūi kái-tha̍k captcha ang-á ê tiān-náu nńg-thé ná lâi ná khiáu, sin siat-kè ê captcha tòe teh jú lâi jú ho̍k-cha̍p. In-ūi captcha thiau-kang siat-kè hō· ke-khì bē-tàng kái-tha̍k, hit-kóa pāng-chān bông-jîn ê ke-si kāng-khoán sit-khì in ê lō·-iōng. Tī chi̍t-kóa-á só·-chāi, chit khoán captcha ū khó-lêng ē hoān tio̍h chāi-tē kìm-chí khî-sī chân-chiòng-chiá ê hoat-lu̍t. Chió-sò· ê bāng-chām lēng-gōa ū thê-kiong chhek thiaⁿ siaⁿ-im ê captcha hō· lâng sú-iōng.

Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
-----------------

* The Captcha Project (Eng-bûn)
* Inaccessibility of Visually-Oriented Anti-Robot Tests: Problems and Alternatives, W3C koan-hē chih-chiap būn-tê ê hun-sek kap kiàn-gī (Eng-bûn).
*Majulah Singapura* ê ga̍k-phó͘
***Majulah Singapura*** (*Chiân-chìn--pa, Sin-ka-pho!*) sī Sin-ka-pho ê kok-koa.

Chit-siú koa tī 1958 nî iû Zubir Said thè Sin-ka-pho Gī-hōe ê chèng-sek chi̍p-hōe chok-khek. Tī 1959 nî Sin-ka-pho chiâⁿ-chò chū-tī-pang ê sî he̍k-soán chò Sin-ka-pho Chū-tī-pang Pang-koa. Lo̍h-bóe tī 1965 nî he̍k-tit oân-choân to̍k-li̍p ê sî, chèng-sek chiâⁿ-chò Sin-ka-pho ê kok-koa.

Kin-kì hoat-lu̍t ê kui-tēng, Sin-ka-pho ê jîn-bîn kan-nā ē-sái iōng kok-koa ê Má-lâi-bûn koa-sû lâi chhiùⁿ. Put-jî-kò, Sin-ka-pho kî-thaⁿ 3-chióng koaⁿ-hong gí-giân ê koaⁿ-hong hoan-e̍k mā tit-tio̍h tong-kio̍k ê jīn-khó; in hun-pia̍t sī Eng-bûn, Hôa-bûn kap Tamil-bûn.

Koa-sû
------

### Má-lâi-bûn koa-sû

### Hôa-bûn koa-sû

Lâi--pah Sin-ka-pho jîn-bîn (來吧 新加坡人民)  

Jiōng ngó͘--bûn kiōng-tông hiòng hēng-hok māi-chìn (讓我們共同向幸福邁進)  

Ngó͘--bûn chông-ko--tek lí-sióng (我們崇高的理想)  

Iàu sú Sin-ka-pho sêng-kong (要使新加坡成功)  

  

Lâi--pah jiōng ngó͘--bûn í sin tek cheng-sîn (來吧 讓我們以新的精神)  

Thoân-kiat chāi it-khí (團結在一起)  

Ngó͘--bûn chê-seng hoan-ho͘ (我們齊聲歡呼)  

Chiân-chìn--pah Sin-ka-pho (前進吧 新加坡)  

Chiân-chìn--pah Sin-ka-pho (前進吧 新加坡)
Sòng Kàu-jîn
**Sòng Kàu-jîn** (宋教仁; 1882 nî 4 goe̍h 5 ji̍t – 1913 nî 3 goe̍h 22 ji̍t), piáu-jī **Tūn-chho͘** (鈍初), hō **Gû-hū** (漁父). Tī Tiong-kok Ô͘-lâm-séng Thô-goân-koān chhut-sì. I sī Tiong-kok kīn-tāi bîn-chú kek-bēng-ka, Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chho͘-kî tē-it ūi chhiòng-tō chek-jīm lōe-koh-chè ê chèng-tī-ka. Sòng Kàu-jîn bat tam-jīm kòe Hôa-heng-hōe kap Tông-bêng-hōe ê chú-iàu léng-tō, Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok lîm-sî chèng-hú Tn̂g Siāu-gî lōe-koh ê Lông-lîm-pō͘ chóng-tiúⁿ, mā-sī Kok-bîn-tóng ê chú-iàu tiû-kiàn-jîn. I sī Ji̍t-pún Hoat-chèng Tāi-ha̍k kap Waseda Tāi-ha̍k ê liû-ha̍k-seng. 1913 nî 3 goe̍h 20 hō, sî-jīm Kok-bîn-tóng tāi-lí lí-sū-tiúⁿ ê Sòng Kàu-jîn tī Siōng-hái Hóe-chhia-chām cho-gū chhèng-kek, 2-kang āu bô-i sin-bông, kòe-sin ê sî-chūn chiah 31 hòe.

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng chú-se̍k |
| --- |
|  |
| 
* Sòng Kàu-jîn
* Sun Tiong-san
* Tiuⁿ Jîn-kiat
* Ô͘ Hàn-bîn
* Ong Cheng-oē
* Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k
* Chiúⁿ Keng-kok
* Lí Teng-hui
* Liân Chiàn
* Má Eng-kiú
* *Ngô͘ Pek-hiông* (tāi-lí)
* *Kang Péng-khun* (tāi-lí)
* Ngô͘ Pek-hiông
* Má Eng-kiú
* *Ngô͘ Tun-gī* (tāi-lí)
* Chu Li̍p-lûn
* *N̂g Bín-hūi* (tāi-lí)
* Âng Siù-thiāu
* *Lîm Chèng-chek* (tāi-lí)
* Ngô͘ Tun-gī
* *Lîm Êng-tek* (tāi-lí)
* Kang Khé-sîn
* Chu Li̍p-lûn

 | Kok-bîn Tóng tóng-hui |

 |
**Chu-sán koán-lí** (Hàn-jī: 資產管理; Eng-gí: *asset management*), mā kiò **tâu-chu koán-lí** (Hàn-jī: 投資管理; Eng-gí: *investment management*), sī chi̍t hāng chiam-tùi chèng-koàn kap chu-sán ê kim-iông ho̍k-bū, í tâu-chu-chiá ê lī-sûn chhut-hoat pēng ta̍t tâu-chu bo̍k-piau. Tâu-chu-chiá ê hoān-ûi hui-siông khoah, ē-tàng sī ki-kò͘, chhin-chhiūⁿ pó-hiám kong-si, thè-hiu ki-kim, kong-si ia̍h-sī su-jîn tâu-chu-chiá.

Chu-sán koán-lí kong-si sī tâu-chu-chiá, i-ê he̍k-sim gia̍p-bū sī tâu-chu, he̍k-sim jîn-oân sī tâu-chu keng-lí. In ē hām kheh-hō͘ chhiam-tēng ha̍p-iok, kin-kì ha̍p-iok iok-tēng hong-sek, tiâu-kiāⁿ, iau-kiû kap hān-chè tùi kheh-hō͘ chu-sán keng-êng ūn-chok. Tâu-chu koán-lí pau-hâm tio̍h kúi-nā ê goân-sò͘, chhin-chhiūⁿ kim-iông hun-sek, chu-sán thai-soán, kè-ōe si̍t-hiān kap tn̂g-oán tâu-chu kàm-khòng. Tâu-chu koán-lí tī choân-kiû hâng-gia̍p tiong ū hui-siông tiōng-iàu ê chek-jīm khan-koán chiūⁿ ek ê chu-sán.
**La̍k-goe̍h Khòng-cheng** (六月抗爭) sī 1987 nî 6 goe̍h 10 hō chì 29 hō tī Hân-kok po̍k-hoat ê toā kui-bô͘ choân-kok hoān-ûi ê bîn-chú ūn-tōng. Tī 1960 nî ê Sì-goe̍h kek-bēng kap 1980 nî ê Kong-chiu bîn-chú-hoà ūn-tōng nn̄g pái lâu-hoeh khòng-cheng liáu-āu, chiūⁿ pah-bān Hân-kok bîn-chiòng tī 1987 nî 6 goe̍h tī choân-kok kok-tē sī-ui khòng-gī.

Sū-āu sî-jīm chóng-thóng Choân Tó͘-hoàn khim-tiám ê chiap-pan-jîn kiam chóng-thóng hāu-soán-jîn Lô͘ Thài-gû chāi kāng-nî 6 goe̍h 29 hō soan-pò͘ 6·29 Soan-giân, sek-hòng só͘-ū chèng-tī ī-kiàn jîn-sū, pēng kí-hêng kong-bîn tâu-phiò siu-kái hiàn-hoat, khoe-ho̍k chóng-thóng hām kok-hōe ê ti̍t-chiap soán-kí, khak-li̍p liáu iân-iōng kàu-taⁿ ê kong-bîn ti̍t-chiap soán-kí chóng-thóng-chè, ta̍k-ê chèng-tóng lóng ē-tàng thui-chiàn chi̍t ūi hāu-soán-jîn, bû-tóng-phài jîn-sū chí-iàu siū-tio̍h 5000 chì 7000 ūi soán-bîn ê thui-chiàn chiū ē-tàng chham-soán. 10 goe̍h 27 hō, Hân-kok Kok-hōe thong-kòe sin hiàn-hoat, kiàn-li̍p Tē-la̍k Kiōng-hô-kok. 12goe̍h 19 hō, Lô͘ Thài-gû chiâⁿ-chò Hân-kok chin-chiàⁿ ì-gī-siōng ê tē-it ūi bîn-soán hóng-thóng. La̍k-goe̍h Khòng-cheng pī khoàⁿ-chò sī Hân-kok bîn-chú hoat-tián ê tiōng-iàu lō͘-chām-pi.
**Chong-kàu** sī in-ūi tùi sîn, Siōng-tè, chhiau-thoat ê chûn-chāi, sîn-sèng ê mi̍h téng-téng ê sìn-gióng, hō·-siōng kiat-ha̍p (hām chhiau-thoat ê tùi-siōng ê koan-hē), saⁿ-kap oa̍h-tōng (pí-lūn lé-pài téng-téng), sán-seng chè-tō· kap cho·-chit (biō-sī, kàu-hoē téng-téng), che kui-ê thāi-tō·, koan-hē, cho·-chit ê chóng-chheng.

Chong-kàu chit-ê sû, sī tùi Ji̍t-gí Hàn-jī-sû khip-siu--lâi-ê, nā goân-té ê Ji̍t-gí-sû, sī Ji̍t-pún tī bō·-hú boé-kî, hām Bí-kok chhiam thong-siong tiâu-iok ê sî-chūn, ūi-tio̍h si̍t-chè ê su-iàu, tùi Eng-gí *religion* só· chò ê hoan-e̍k.

Chong-kàu ê tēng-gī
-------------------

Khêng-si̍t nā beh kóng sím-mi̍h sī chong-kàu, lán ē hoat-kak-kóng sûi-lâng, chin chē ha̍k-chiá chi-kan ê khoàⁿ-hoat lóng koh-iūⁿ, ta̍k-ê lóng bô-ài kóng-liáu siuⁿ chīn-kak, m̄-koh mā bô-ài kóng-tio̍h bū-bū bô-bêng.

Ū lâng sī ēng thé-sek, kàu-gī ê tēng-gī lâi khoàⁿ, mā ū lâng sī the̍h keng-giām, kám-chêng, ti̍t-kak, kè-ta̍t-koan kap lûn-lí ê sèng-chit lâi chò tēng-gī.

Kho-ha̍k-ka kap jîn-lūi-ha̍k-ka kā chong-kàu tòng-chò sī tī bûn-hoà loē-iông lāi-té hoat-tián--khí-lâi-ê, 1-cho· thiu-siōng ê koan-liām, kè-ta̍t kap keng-giām. Goân-chho· ê chong-kàu chin oh tùi siā-hoē kap bûn-hoà oa̍h-tōng lāi-té thiah-hun, tī hiah-ê oa̍h-tōng--ni̍h, hong-sio̍k kap tián-lé lóng hông khoàⁿ-chò sī si̍t-chè--ê, hām chū-jiân ê pún-chit sio-kâng--ê.

Nā kî-thaⁿ ê chong-kàu ha̍k-chiá in teh kā chong-kàu tēng-gī ê sî-chūn, ē khì phiah-bián kā chong-kàu tòng-chò sī siā-hoē kap sim-lí-siōng bô-kâng ê tiâu-kui, ia̍h-chiū-sī in khah bô-ài kā chong-kàu siūⁿ-chò sī siā-hoē kap sim-lí tiâu-kui ê chi̍t-pō·-hūn.

Lán ē-ēng-tit kā chong-kàu tēng-gī chò tùi sèng ê tùi-siōng, chhiau-thoat ê tùi-siōng ê sìn-gióng. Rudolf Otto tī 1917-nî chhut-pán ê chheh "Sèng ê koan-liām" (*The Idea of the Holy*) lāi-té, kā chong-kàu ì-sek ê pún-chit tēng-gī chò kèng-ùi, kèng-ùi sī tùi sîn (sèng--ê, Siōng-tè) ê kiaⁿ-hiâⁿ kap ài-loân ê thàu-lām. Nā Friedrich Schleiermacher tī 18-sè-kí boé-kî, sī kā chong-kàu tēng-gī chò 1-khoán "choa̍t-tùi oá-khò ê kám-kak"(*feeling of absolute dependence*).

Chú-iàu ê chong-kàu
-------------------

Hiān-chhú-sî sè-kài chú-iàu ê chong-kàu, ū ki-tok-kàu (20-ek lâng, chiàm 33%), Islam (Islam-kàu, 13-ek lâng, chiàm 22%), Ìn-tō·-kàu (9-ek lâng, chiàm 15%), hu̍t-kàu (3-ek 6-chheng-bān lâng, chiàm 6%), Jû-kàu / Tō-kàu (2-ek 3-chheng-bān lâng, chiàm 4%).

Thâu-chêng chit-khoán lâng-gia̍h ê thóng-kè, bô-hoat-tō· kóng chò kah kài chiâu-chn̂g, in-ūi 1-ê lâng ê sìn-gióng, si̍t-chāi chin oh poé-hoē, koh chin pháiⁿ kā phoàⁿ-toàn.

Koh tō chún kā chin chē kî-thaⁿ ê chong-kàu lia̍h-goā, toā chong-kàu lāi-té, pún-sin tō ū hun-chò chin chē kàu-phài, chiah-ê kāng chong-kàu bô-kâng kàu-phài chi-kan, ì-kiàn ū khó-lêng chin koh-iūⁿ, thiⁿ chha leh tē--ê tō ū, nā hō·-siōng bô sêng-jīn tùi-hong, mā-sī sù-siông ū ê tāi-chì.
*Koan-hē chi̍t khoán tì thâu-khak téng ê sió bō-á khoán chong-sek, khòaⁿ hatinator.*
Sió-lé-bō
**Sió-lé-bō** sī chi̍t khoán Se-iûⁿ-sek ê bō-á, Eng-gí hō *bowler hat*, sī îⁿ téng ngē chit--ê, tāi-khài 19 sè-kí tiong-āu-kî tng sî-kiâⁿ. Tī Bí-kok Eng-gí lāi-bīn pún khoán bō-á mā kiò *derby*.

Khí-goân
--------

Sió-lé-bō it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi sī ùi 1849 nî kang-gia̍p-hòa heng-thong sî-kî ê Eng-kok hông siat-kè chhut--lâi-ê, i mā piàn chò sī Eng-kok-lâng ê chi̍t khoán tāi-piáu ho̍k-chong. "Bowler" chi̍t-ê miâ sī tùi Eng-lân pak-pō͘ Stockport ê chè-bō-sai John kap William Bowler hō--lâi, tāi-seng sī chi̍t ūi hôa-cho̍k chí-tēng ê phah-la̍h ēng bō siat-kè. Hit tang-chūn seng-sán ê kong-si sī Lûn-tun ê James Lock and Company.

Tāi-chiòng bûn-hòa
------------------

Sió-lé-bō tī kīn-lâi pah-gōa tang sī hiáⁿ-ba̍k ê bō-á khoán-sek. Tiāⁿ chhut-hiān tī gē-su̍t, bûn-ha̍k, kàu kin-sè oa-án koh tī kóng-kò téng-téng lōe-iông hông chhái-ēng. Chhiò-khoe ián-goân Charlie Chaplin chhut-miâ ê hêng-bô͘ chi it, tiō sī tì chi̍t téng sió-lé-bō, che un-á sī āu--lâi Laurel and Hardy ê chheng-chhah. Í-gōa, chit khoán bō-á mā kì-su̍t tī Samuel Beckett ê *Waiting for Godot*, Bertolt Brecht ê *Threepenny Opera*, kap Stanley Kubrick ê *Clockwork Orange* téng-téng bûn-ha̍k kiam hì-chhut chok-phín lāi-bīn. Ōe-ka René Magritte ia̍h ōe chiūⁿ i-ê chhiau-hiān-si̍t ōe-chok téng-bīn.

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  Thomas Barclay (1923). "帽". *Supplement to Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy*. sió-lé bō, a bowler hat
2. 1 2 3  Susie Hopkins (2004). "Hats, Men's". Chū Valerie Steele. *Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion*. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-31394-4.

Khok-chhiong tha̍k-bu̍t
-----------------------

* Fred Miller Robinson (2011). *The Man in the Bowler Hat: His History and Iconography*. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-6585-9.

Liân-kiat
---------

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|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Sió-lé-bō*** |
"Thài-iông" choán koè chia. Chhōe kî-thaⁿ ēng-hoat, khòaⁿ Thài-iông (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h).

**Ji̍t-thâu** (日頭), ia̍h kiò **Thài-iông** (太陽), sī lán thài-iông-hē î-it ê 1 lia̍p chheⁿ. Tē-kiû kap só·-ū kî-thaⁿ ê hêng-seng lóng lia̍h ji̍t-thâu chò chiu-choán ê tiong-sim. Ji̍t-thâu mā-sī thian-bûn-ha̍k lāi-té lán khiā ê thian-hô-hē chē-chē chheⁿ ê kî-tiong 1 lia̍p. 

In-ūi thài-iông-hē ê hêng-seng lóng àn ji̍t-thâu teh se̍h, só͘-í tī thian-bûn-ha̍k kap thài-khong lú-hêng ê kè-e̍k lāi-té, ji̍t-thâu oan-nā chin tiōng-iàu, it-poaⁿ lóng hō͘ lâng the̍h lâi ēng chòe kí-hô ê tiong-sim-tiám. Lēng-gōa thài-khong-chûn mā ē-tàng sūn thài-iông-hong lâi sái, thài-iông-hong sī ji̍t-thâu siā--chhut-lâi ê lia̍p-chí.

Thài-iông-lêng kap kong-ha̍p-chok-iōng hō͘ o̍ah-miā kā en-thu-lo͘-phi (entropy) ge̍k-choán, mā thàu-kòe chhòng-chō koh khah ho̍k-cha̍p ê hun-chú, chhin-chhiūⁿ nn̄g-pe̍h-chit kap kàⁿ-sò͘ (enzyme), lâi kā khah-bô ti̍t-sū ê hun-chú hôe-ho̍k ti̍t-sū.

Lán chòe-kīn chai-iáⁿ ū chi̍t-kóa khiā tī hái-té ê o̍ah-mi̍h, in sui-bóng chiò bē-tio̍h ji̍t-thâu, m̄-koh sī khò hòa-ha̍k-ha̍p-sêng (chemosynthesis) lâi seng-chûn--ê. In só͘ ēng--ê sī tē-kiû chiâⁿ-hêng ê sî lâu--lo̍h-lâi ê lêng-liōng. Chit-ê lia̍h-chāi-gōa, jîn-lūi mā ē-hiáu lī-iōng he̍k-iông-ha̍p kap he̍k-hun-lia̍t lâi tit-tio̍h lêng-liōng. Tî-liáu téng-bīn chiah-ê hong-sek í-gōa, lóng-chóng ê o̍ah-miā lóng tio̍h óa-khò Ji̍t-thâu téng-kôan só͘ hoat-seng ê he̍k-iông-ha̍p lâi tit-tio̍h seng-chûn su-iàu ê lêng-liōng.

Tī ji̍t-thâu téng-kôan, kheng (H, chúi-sò͘, hydrogen) hām hāi (He, helium) kap chò-hóe lâi sán-seng lêng-liōng, tī khah-óa ji̍t-thâu tiong-sim ê só͘-chāi mā ū kî-thaⁿ khah tāng ê gôan-sò͘ teh iông-ha̍p.

Ji̍t-thâu-o͘-chí ē kái-piàn tē-kiû-téng ê thiⁿ-khì, mā-ē éng-hióng tio̍h tiān-chú-khì-châi.

| Thài-iông-hē |
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| **Chheⁿ:** Ji̍t-thâu |
| **He̍k-chheⁿ:** Chúi-chheⁿ | Kim-chheⁿ | Tē-kiû | Hóe-chheⁿ | Bo̍k-chheⁿ | Thó͘-chheⁿ | Thian-ông-chheⁿ | Hái-ông-chheⁿ |
| **É-he̍k-chheⁿ:** Ceres | Mê-ông-chheⁿ | Haumea | Makemake | Eris |
| **Sió-bu̍t-thé:** Sió-he̍k-chheⁿ | Hái-ông-chheⁿ goā chheⁿ-thé | Tn̂g-boé-chheⁿ |
| **Oē-chheⁿ:** Goe̍h-niû | Hoé-chheⁿ ê | Bo̍k-chheⁿ ê | Thó͘-chheⁿ ê | Thian-ông-chheⁿ ê | Hái-ông-chheⁿ ê |
| **Tīn:** Sió-he̍k-chheⁿ-toà | Kuiper-toà | Sàn-loān îⁿ-poâⁿ | Oort-hûn |
| Chhiáⁿ chham-khó thian-bûn bu̍t-thé, thài-iông-hē ê chheⁿ-thé lia̍t-toaⁿ, chiàu poàⁿ-kèng pâi iah sī chiàu chit-liōng pâi |

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* LCCN: sh85130462
* GND: 4055562-8
* BNF: cb11976333j (data)
* NDL: 00616878
* NKC: ph118090

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**Chu-pún-chú-gī** (资本主义) sī keng-chè ê 1 khoán kiat-kò͘ iah-sī kóng hē-thóng, chit-khoán kiat-kò͘ sī 1 chióng chhú chu-pún ê liû-tōng chò ki-pún goân-lí ê chè-tō͘. Thâu-chêng kóng ê chu-pún, sī chí tī siā-hoē tâu-ji̍p hoè-pè, chia-ê hoè-pè keng-koè tī siā-hoē--ni̍h liû-tōng liáu-āu, tâu-chu-chiá thang siu-tio̍h pí tâu-ji̍p koh-khah chē ê hoè-pè, nā chiah-ê hoè-pè (chîⁿ), tō-sī it-poaⁿ só͘ kóng ê chu-pún.

Hoat-kok Kek-bēng hit-chām-á, chē-chē lâng tùi siā-hoē keng-chè ê toā-hoat-tián khai-sí ū jú lâi jú chhim-tîm ê su-khó, khan-sia̍p-tio̍h sán-gia̍p kek-bēng ê chhui-tián, keng-koè 18~19 sè-kí liáu-āu khak-tēng--lo̍h-lâi ê toā-liōng seng-sán ê khoán-sek, kap seng-sán hām keng-chè thé-hē kái-î, chō-sêng ê sin ê sòng-hiong (kap khó͘-oāⁿ, ki-hng kap e̍k-pēⁿ téng-téng thian-chai bô-tī-tāi--ê, siā-hoē kiat-kò͘ só͘-tì ê chhám-chheh), chin chē lâng ū chò gián-kiù, pēng-chhiáⁿ tùi siā-hoē hoa̍t-tōng ê si̍t-chè hiān-siōng thê-chhut soat-bêng, chit lāi-té Karl Marx tī 19 sè-kí tiong-kî, tiàm i ê tù-chok Chu-pún-lūn--ni̍h, sī kā chu-pún-chú-gī tēng-gī chò "seng-sán chhiú-lō͘ chi̍p-tiong tī chió-sò͘ ê chu-pún-ka chhiú--ni̍h, lēng-goā ū toā-to-sò͘ ê lô͘-tōng-chiá, tû-khì chhut-bē ka-tī ê lô͘-tōng-le̍k, bô pa̍t-hāng seng-oa̍h hong-sek ê séng-sán khoán-sek."

Chu-pún-chú-gī pún-sin, tī bô-kâng ê ha̍k-kho, ha̍k-chiá kap ha̍k-phài lāi-té, sīm-chì tī phó-thong bîn-chiòng ê oē-gí tiong-kan, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ū tēng-gī téng-koân kài toā ê cheng-chha tī-leh, che sī lán leh sú-iōng chit-ê sû ê sî-chūn, tiāⁿ-tio̍h ài sè-jī ê só͘-chāi.
**Chu-pún** tī keng-chè-ha̍k, châi-bū kap koè-kè ū kúi-ā-ê sio-liâm-tì-toà ê ì-sù.

Tī châi-bū, kim-iông kap koè-kè lâi kóng, chu-pún phó͘-thong-tek sī chí chu-kim, te̍k-pia̍t sī ēng lâi khí-chō kap î-chhî khì-gia̍p ê chu-kim.

Tī kó͘-tián keng-chè-ha̍k--ni̍h, **chu-pún** sī 3 ê seng-sán iàu-sò͘ lāi-té ê 1 ê, lēng-goā 2 ê tō sī thó͘-tē kap lô͘-tōng-le̍k. Hoān-nā ū ē-kha chit 3 ê te̍k-teng--ê tō sī chu-pún:

* Ē-thang ēng tī seng-sán pa̍t-ê ê hoè-mi̍h. (Chit tiám sī i chiâⁿ-chò seng-sán iàu-sò͘ chi-it ê in-toaⁿ).
* Sī jîn-chō--ê, siong-tùi "thó͘-tē" lâi kóng, sī chí seⁿ-sêng ū ê chu-goân, chhin-chhiūⁿ tē-lí ê ūi-tì kap khòng-bu̍t.
* Tī seng-sán ê koè-têng-tiong bē sûi tō ēng liáu-chīn--ê, iā-tō-sī kóng kap goân-liāu chham tiong-kan huè-mi̍h bô-kâng.

Téng-koân ê tē-saⁿ ê tēng-gī tī kó͘-tián keng-chè-ha̍k--ni̍h bô hō͘ lâng lóng-chóng chhái-iōng, pí-lūn, keng-chè-ha̍k-ka David Ricardo sī kā hû-ha̍p tsiah-ê tēng-gī ê hō-chò **kò͘-tēng chu-pún**, nā koh ka-siōng goân-liāu kap tiong-kan sán-phín, tō kò͘-sêng Ricardo kóng ê **liû-thong chu-pún**. Tùi i lâi kóng, chit 2 ê hāng-mi̍h kan-taⁿ sī chu-pún ê 2 ê sè-lūi.
| ?La̍k-tiâu phiâu-thâng |
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| Kài: | Animalia |
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| Mn̂g: | Arthropoda |
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| Kong: | Insecta |
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| Bo̍k: | Coleoptera |
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| Kho: | Coccinellidae |
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| Sio̍k: | *Menochilus* |
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| Chéng: | ***M. sexmaculatus*** |
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| Ha̍k-miâ |
| *Menochilus sexmaculatus* |
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**La̍k-tiâu phiâu-thâng** (六條瓢蟲, *Menochilus sexmaculatus*) sī chi̍t-chióng ku-á, khui-sio̍k-tī Phiâu-thiông-kho (Coccinellidae), sin-khu tn̂g 4.5 kàu 5.5 mm. I ê goā-koan piàn-ī chiâⁿ-toā, phiau-chún-sêng kah pho-bûn phiâu-thâng beh-kâng-beh-kâng, m̄-koh thâu-chêng heng-khám poē-pán (背板) hoe-bûn te̍k-sû koh-bô kam-á-âng-sek ê hoe-pan. Kî-thaⁿ koh-iūⁿ piàn-ī-hêng iáu-ū khoah si̍p-jī o·-bûn he̍k sè si̍p-jī o·-bûn téng-téng bô-kâng ê pan-bûn piàn-hoà. 

La̍k-tiâu phiâu-thâng ji̍t---sî chhut-lâi oa̍h-tāng chhoē-chia̍h, bah-si̍t-sèng (chia̍h chho--ê), ài chia̍h ku-sîn (gâ-thâng, 蚜蟲). Tû-liáu tang-thiⁿ, i hun-pò· tī pêⁿ-tē kàu kē-hái-poa̍t ê soaⁿ-khu, tiāⁿ ē khoàiⁿ.
1921 nî ê Tāi-eng Tè-kok
**Tāi-eng Tè-kok** (大英帝國; *British Empire*) sī chi̍t ê iû Eng-kok ûi tiong-sim lâi thóng-tī ê choân-kiû tè-kok, sī jîn-lūi le̍k-sú-siōng kok-thó͘ bīn-chek siōng-tōa ê tè-kok, kok-thó͘ bīn-chek siōng-tōa ê sî-chūn ū 3400-bān pêng-hong kong-lí. It-poaⁿ jīm-ûi, Eng-kok kek-pāi Se-pan-gâ Lām-tūi tāi-piáu tio̍h Eng-kok ê ku̍t-khí. Kong-êng Kek-bēng liáu-āu, Eng-kok kap Hoat-kok khai-sí hông chheng chò sī Tē-jī-chhù Pah-nî Chiàn-cheng ê tn̂g-kî chhiong-tu̍t. 1763 nî, Chhit-nî Chiàn-cheng kiat-sok, Eng-kok ùi Hoat-kok chhú-tit kui-ê Ka-ná-tāi, tāi-piáu tio̍h Eng-kok chiâⁿ-chò chin-chiàⁿ ê hái-iûⁿ pà-chú. 1815 nî, tī kek-pāi Napoléon ê Hoat-lân-se Tē-it Tè-kok liáu-āu, Eng-kok chiâⁿ-chò chin-chiàⁿ ê sè-kài tē-it kiông-koân. In-ūi Tāi-eng Tè-kok ê léng-thó͘ hâm-kài Lâm-ke̍k Tāi-lio̍k, Gō͘-tōa-chiu kap Chhit-tōa-iûⁿ, sī kè Se-pan-gâ Tè-kok liáu-āu ê tē-jī ê Ji̍t-put-lo̍h Tè-kok.
**Sió-khí-chèng** (Hàn-jī, 小齒症, Eng-gí, *microdontia*) sī chhùi-khí ê tōa-sió pí chèng-siông khah-sió, it-poaⁿ kan-tāⁿ hoat-seng tī éng-kiú-khí khí-lia̍t, siāng-chiap khòaⁿ--tio̍h-ê sī ko·-khí ê chêng-hêng, chhin-chhiūⁿ kóng hoat-seng tī téng-ham (頂頷, *maxilla*) ê éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí (永久側門齒, *permanent lateral incisor*) kap tē-3 éng-kiú tōa-kiū-khí. Hoat-seng tī éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí to̍h kiò-chò teng-á-hêng (peg-shaped) chhek-mn̂g-khí. Nā só·-ū ê chhùi-khí lóng hoat-seng siong-tùi-sèng chhùi-khí khah-sió ê chêng-hêng, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī khí-chô-kut kòe-tōa ê iân-kò·. Chin-chiàⁿ ê kóng-hoān-sèng chhùi-khí kòe-sió sī khí-chô-kut hoat-io̍k chèng-siông, ah só·-ū ê chhùi-khí khak-si̍t thài-sió, chit-chióng chêng-hêng chiâⁿ hán-kìⁿ, kan-kāⁿ hoat-seng tī *pituitary dwarfism* kap tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k sî-kî chiap-siū liáu hòng-siā-sòaⁿ (放射線) he̍k hòa-ha̍k tī-liâu (化學治療) ê chêng-hêng.