**Chhùi-khí ê piàn-sek** (*dental discoloration*) ē-sái hun-chò gōa-pō·-sèng kap lāi-pō·-sèng 2-ê hong-bīn lâi-khòaⁿ.

Gōa-pō·-sèng piàn-sek
---------------------

Gōa-pō·-sèng piàn-sek tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī kio̍k-pō·-sèng--ê, hoat-seng tī chhùi-khí gōa-khàu têng khí-iū-chit ê piáu-bīn. Khí-iū-chit piáu-bīn kim-ku̍t kim-ku̍t, chiok-chió mô·-kńg-khang, m̄-koh kú--á iah-sī ē ū 1-têng po̍h-po̍h--á ê sek-sò· tîm-chek tī piáu-bīn. Gōa-pō·-sèng piàn-sek ê lâi-goân ū ē-kha chit kúi-hāng.

* Chia̍h-hun
* Lim tê-bí-tê
* Lim ka-pi
* Pō· png-nn̂g
* Lo̍k-chhùi-chúi (hâm-iú *chlorohexidine*)
* Sè-khún sán-sek (*chromophilic bacteria*)
* Khí-hoāⁿ lâu-hoeh
* Kî-thaⁿ ū sek-sò· ê chia̍h-mi̍h

Lāi-pō·-sèng piàn-sek
---------------------

Lāi-pō·-sèng piàn-sek hoat-seng tī khí-iū-chit he̍k khí-pún-chit lāi-té, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī choân-bīn-sèng--ê, éng-hióng tio̍h kui-ê khí-lia̍t. Lāi-pō·-sèng piàn-sek sī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k kòe-têng siū-tio̍h éng-hióng sò· ín-khí. I-ê goân-in ū :

### Fluoride

Fluoride : chho·-kî sī pe̍h-sek ê pan-tiám he̍k tiâu-hûn, āu--lâi in-ūi gōa-lâi ní-sek pìⁿ-chiâⁿ chhián ka-pi-sek.

### Tetracycline

Tetracycline: Tetracycline chū 1948 nî khai-sí sú-iōng, tāi-iok tī 1950 nî-tāi āu-kî tio̍h hoat-hiān tùi chhùi-khí ū ní-sek ê chok-iōng, só·-í FDA chá--tio̍h kéng-kò, tû-hui cho̍ah-tùi pit-iàu, mài sú-iōng tī ū-sin ê hū-jîn-lâng kiau 8 hòe í-hā ê gín-á. Tetracycline ē kah kut-thâu kiau chhùi-khí ê calcium sêng-hūn kiat-ha̍p, tui-chek tī tng-teh kài-hòa ê só·-chāi, chō-sêng kut-thâu kiau chhùi-khí ê pìⁿ-sek. In-ūi chhùi-khí bô-siūⁿ kut-thâu ē tô-thoah kū--ê, ōaⁿ-chò sin--ê, chit-chióng ní-sek ē éng-oán lâu-tī chhùi-khí.
Tetracycline ní-sek chú-iàu hoat-seng tī chhùi-khí ê khí-pún-chit sêng-tióng-sòaⁿ (*incremental line*) só·-chāi, koh thàu-kòe sió-kóa-á thàu-bêng ê khí-iū-chit têng-hiān--chhut-lâi. In-ūi khí-iū-chit kap khí-pún-chit kâng-sî hoat-io̍k, kâng 1-pái ê tetracycline che-liōng ē tī chit 2 chióng cho·-chit lāi-té tîm-chek, ah m̄-koh khí-pun-chit ê tîm-chek pí khí-iū-chit khah-kôan 4 pōe, che-sī in-ūi khí-pún-chit ê hydroxyapatite chiⁿ-thé khah-sè, chóng-bīn-chek tio̍h pí khí-iū-chit ê hydroxyapatite chiⁿ-thé khah-tōa, só·-í khí-pún-chit khip-siu ê tetracycline tio̍h pí khí-iū-chit khah-chē. 
Tetracycline m̄-nā ē tī gín-á mā-ē tī tn̂g-kî sú-iōng ê tōa-lâng ê chhùi-khí chō-sêng pìⁿ-sek. Ū 1-ê case pò-kò sī, tn̂g-kî sú-iōng tetracycline tī-liâu thiâu-á-chí, chō-sêng chhùi-khí pìⁿ-sek ê lē. Che khó-lêng sī in-ūi khí-pún-chit ē it-ti̍t hêng-sêng (*secondary dentin*), tetracycline kah i kiat-ha̍p ê koan-hē.
Tetracycline ní-sek ê têng-tō· kap mô·-iūⁿ kiau chia̍h io̍h-á ê kî-kan tn̂g-té kap chhùi-khí ê hêng-sêng kai-tōaⁿ iú-koan, kiau ta̍k-pái ho̍k-iōng-liōng, ho̍k-iōng làng-phāng he̍k chóng ho̍k-iōng-liōng mā-ū koan-hē. Àn-chiàu ho̍k-iōng io̍h-bu̍t ê chióng-lūi, piàn-sek ki-pún-siōng ē-sái hun-chò ka-pi-sek hē-lia̍t kap phú-á-sek hē-lia̍t. Ah in-ūi gín-á sî-chūn, io̍h-bu̍t ho̍k-iōng sî-kan kap éng-kiú-khí khí-koan hêng-sêng ê só·-chāi ū koan-liân, ē-tit ùi éng-kiú-khí ê piǹ-sek hoān-ûi lâi thui-chhek sī tī kúi-hōe ho̍k-iōng só·-tì. Siù tetracycline ní-sek ê chhùi-khí khí-chho· sī n̂g-sek--ê, āu--lāi khì-hō· ji̍t-thâu-kng chiò--tio̍h chiah pìⁿ-chiâⁿ ka-pi-sek he̍k phú-á-sek, só·-í kiū-khí só·-chāi ê ní-sek tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tn̂g-kî î-chhî n̂g-sek, ah thâu-chêng-khí ê ní-sek tio̍h chiâⁿ-chá pìⁿ-chiâⁿ ka-pi-sek he̍k phú-á-sek. 

**Tetracycline piàn-sek**| Io̍h-miâ | Piàn-sek |
| --- | --- |
| oxytetracycline(Terramycin) | chhián-n̂g (*light yellow*) |
| tetracycline(Achromycin) | n̂g (*yellow*) |
| minocycline | chheⁿ kàu chhim-phú-á-sek (*green to dark gray*) |
| chlortetracycline(Aureomycin) | phú-á kàu ka-pi (*gray-brown*) |
| doxycycline | siang-bē pìⁿ-sek (*least discoloring*) |

### Kî-thaⁿ goân-in

* Amelogenesis imperfecta
* Ricketts
* Malnutrition
* Metabolism disorders
* Khí-pún-chit-hêng-sêng put-liông (dentinogenesis imperfecta)
* Osteogenesis imperfecta
* Hyperbilirubinemia
* Porphyria: âng-sek
* Secondary dentin formation
* Thinning of enamel
* Chippings or microfractures of enamel

Chhùi-khí piàn-sek ê chhú-lí hoat-tō·
-------------------------------------

**Chhùi-khí piàn-sek ê chhú-lí hoat-tō·**| Sek-chúi | Goân-in | Chhú-lí ê hoat-tō· |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pe̍h-sek | Fluorosis | Gián-boâ (*micro abrasion*), hûi-á-têng (*porcelain veneer*) |
| Phú-á-sek thàu-lām khóng-sek | Khí-pún-chit-hêng-sêng put-liông, tetracycline, kin-kńg thiâm-that-bu̍t ê ióng-hòa-gîn (*silver oxide*) | Hûi-á-têng |
| Phú-á-sek | Fluorosis, nó·-hoà pìⁿ-sek (*age-related discoloration*), tetracycline | Hûi-á-têng |
| Chhián n̂g-sek | Nó·-hoà pìⁿ-sek, tetracycline, khí-chhóe hāi-sí (*pulp necrosis*) | Phioh-pe̍h |
| Ka-pi-sek | Fluorosis, tetracycline, chiù-khí | Phioh-pe̍h, hûi-á-têng, ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (*composite resin*) |
| O·-sek | Chiù-khí, fluorosis, gîn-hún só·-tì ê pìⁿ-sek | Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí, hûi-á-têng, hûi-á-khí (*porcelain crown*) |