**Bân-lâm-gú**/**Bân-lâm-gí** (Hàn-jī: 閩南語) sī Hàn-gí-cho̍k Bân-gí-chi ê chit-châng tōa chhiū-châng ê chi̍t ki chhiū-oe, sī siōng-kài ū éng-hiáng-la̍t ê Bân-gí gí-giân. Kóng-gī ê Bân-lâm-gú hun-pò͘ hōan-ûi chiâⁿ-khoah, chú-iàu thong-hêng tī Hok-kiàn lâm-pō͘ ê Chiang-chiu, Chôan-chiu, Ē-mn̂g; Tâi-ôan; Kńg-tang Tiô-chiu, Sòaⁿ-thâu tē-khu, Lûi-chiu pòan-tó; Hái-lâm-tó; Chiat-kang-séng lâm-pō͘ ê Chhong-lâm-kōan, Pêng-iông-kōan, Tōng-thâu-kōan; Hok-kiàn sai-pō͘ Lêng-nâ (龍巖) ê chhī-khu kah Chiang-pêng-kōan; Hok-kiàn tang-pak-pō͘ ê Hok-tiáⁿ-chhī; Tang-lâm-a chi̍t-kóa-á kok-ka kah tē-khu.

Nā phó͘-thong-sî lâng kóng *Bân-lâm-gú*, he thàu-té sī leh kóng Hok-kiàn lâm-pō͘ Chôan-Chiang-Hā tē-khu kah Tâi-ôan chit-tah ê gí-giân. 

Kè-khì tī Tiong-kok Chheng-tiâu ê sî-tāi, Se-iûⁿ lâng kā Bân-lâm-gú kiò-chòe *Amoy* (che sī Eng-gú, sī *Ē-mûi* ê piàn-im). Tī tang-lâm-a, Bân-lâm-gú hō͘-lâng kiò-chòe "Hokkien" (Hok-kiàn-oē ê ì-sù), tī Tâi-ôan kiò-chò *Ho̍h-ló-ōe*, Tâi-oân-oē, Tâi-gú. Tī Hiong-káng mā kiò Ē-gú (Ē-mn̂g-oē ê ì-sù).

Bân-lâm-gú hoat-gôan-toē (siāng gôan-thâu ê só͘-chāi) si Hok-kiàn lâm-pō͘ ê Ē-mn̂g, Chiang-chiu kah Chôan-chiu chit saⁿ ê só͘-chāi. 

Ē-mn̂g-ōe kah Tâi-ôan-ōe hō͘ lâng kong-jīn sī Bân-lâm-gú ê phiau-chún. Tī Hái-lâm, iōng Bûn-chhiong-oē chòe tāi-piáu.

Hō-miâ
------

Kóng--khí-lâi sī kāng chi̍t chióng gú-giân, put-jî-kò tī bô-kâng ê hiuⁿ-lí, hōan-sè to̍h ū bô-kâng ê miâ-chheng. Hiān-chú-sî, tī Hok-kiàn, lâng thàu-té kā kiò-chòe "Bân-lâm-gú / Bân-lâm-ōe", ū-tang-sî-á ka-kī lâng tùi ka-kī lâng mā kóng "Lán-lâng-ōe". Tī Tang-lâm-a, thàu-té kā kiò-chòe Hok-kiàn-ōe, m̄-koh tiàm Hui-lu̍t-pin mā chhêng-chāi ū leh kóng "Lán-chhù-ōe". Tâi-ôan ê kóng-hoat siōng-kài chōe, ū "Tâi-gí", "Ho̍h-ló-ōe", "Bân-lâm-gí" chōe-chōe chióng. Tong-jiân, kāng-khóan mā-sī ū lâng kóng "Lán-chhù-ōe".

Tâi-oân ū chē-chē lâng jīn-ûi Tâi-gí m̄-sī Bân-lâm-gí. In jīn-ûi hiān-chú-sî ê Tâi-gí hām Hok-kiàn Bân-lâm-gí sī nn̄g chióng bô siô-siâng ê gí-giân. Chú-tiuⁿ chit-hāng koan-tiám ê lí-iû sī:

1. Tâi-gí í-keng lām-chham tio̍h chiâⁿ chōe gōa-lâi gí-giân, te̍k-pia̍t sī Ji̍t-pún-oē ê gí-sû.
2. Hok-kiàn-oē kòe Tâi-oân saⁿ-sì-pah tang--ah. Tâi-oân-oē ti̍t-thàu leh piàn-hòa, piàn kah chham Hok-kiàn bô siô-siâng.
3. Bōe-chió chú-tiuⁿ Tâi-oân to̍k-li̍p kiàn-kok ê lâng àn chèng-tī ê kak-tō͘ leh khó-lū. In kiông-tiāu Tâi-oân hôan Tâi-oân, Tiong-kok hôan Tiong-kok; hî hôan hî, hê hôan hê, ài pun chheng-chhó.

Kó͘ Hàn-gú ê sêng-hun
---------------------

### Chú-im

Bân-lâm-gú ê chú-im (siaⁿ-bó) ti̍t-chiap kè-sêng Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gú (上古漢語) ê siaⁿ-bó hē-thóng, tī chit hong-bīn lâi kóng, Bân-lâm-gú pēng bô siū-tio̍h Tiong-kó͘ sî-kî Hàn-gú-hē gú-im ián-piàn ê éng-hiáng. Hiān-chú-sî, lâng phó͘-piàn jīn-ûi Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gú ū 19 ê siaⁿ-bó. Àn-chiàu thôan-thóng ê Bân-lâm-gú si̍p-ngó͘-im (十五音) lâi hun-sek, hoat-hiān Bân-lâm-gú ê siaⁿ-bó ū 15 ê, iā-to̍h-sī kóng Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gú 19 ê, Bân-lâm-gú kā pó-liû 15 ê.

Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gú ū chi̍t-kóa-á te̍k-tiám:

① Bô khin-tûn-im ("Kó͘ bû khin-tûn");

② Bô chi̍h-téng-im ("Kó͘ bû sia̍t-siōng-im");

③ Kāu chi̍h-á-im ("Kó͘ to sia̍t-im").

Chiah-ê tiōng-iàu ê kó͘-tāi Hàn-gú gú-im hiān-siōng, Bân-lâm-gú kā pó-chûn kah chiâⁿ hó-sè, taⁿ lâi tùi-èng téng-kôan Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gú ê te̍k-tiám, chi̍t-tiâu chi̍t-tiâu lâi hun-sek:

① Bân-lâm-gú kā hui-chó͘ (非組) kah pang-chó͘ (幫組) tha̍k kāng im (to̍h-sī siaⁿ-bó tha̍k kāng im), pí-lūn kóng "飛" tha̍k [pue˦˦] / [pe˦˦], "蓬" tha̍k [pʰaŋ˨˦], "吠" tha̍k [pui˨˨], "微" tha̍k [bi˨˦];

② Ti-chó͘ (知組) Bân-lâm-gú ê tha̍k-hoat hām toan-chó͘ (端組) sio-siâng, pí-lūn "豬" tha̍k [ti˦˦] / [tu˦˦] / [tɯ˦˦], "醜" tha̍k [tʰiu˥˧], "程" tha̍k [tʰiŋ˨˦];

③ Bân-lâm-gú kā chiâⁿ chōe chiong-chó͘ (章组) ê jī tha̍k chòe kah toan-chó͘ kāng-khóan, chhan-chhiūⁿ "唇" tha̍k [tun˨˦], "振" tha̍k [tin˥˧], "召" tha̍k [tiau˨˨], "注" tha̍k [tu˨˩].

### Bó-im kah siaⁿ-tiāu

Bân-lâm-gú ê bó-im kah siaⁿ-tiāu thé-hiān Tiong-kó͘-im (中古音) ê te̍k-tiám. Bó-im lâi kóng, Bân-lâm-gú ôan-chéng pó-chûn Tiong-kó͘-im 6 ê hú-im-ūn ūn-bóe, kî-tiong [-p̚], [-t̚], [-k̚] sī sat-im (塞音), [-m], [-n], [-ŋ] sī phīⁿ-im.

Siaⁿ-tiāu hong-bīn, Tiong-kó͘-im "piâⁿ, sióng, khì, ji̍p" pun im-iông ê te̍k-tiám chôan-pō͘ tī Bân-lâm-gú lāi-té tit-tio̍h thé-hiān. Chiang-chiu-khiuⁿ ū "im-piâⁿ, im-sióng, im-khì, im-ji̍p, iông-piáⁿ, iông-khì, iông-ji̍p" 7 ê tiāu; Chôan-chiu-khiuⁿ ū iông-sióng-tiāu.

### Sû-gú

Chit-chūn Bân-lâm-gú ê sû-gí ū chiâⁿ chōe sio̍k-î Kó͘-Hàn-gú ê sêng-hūn, siōng kó͘-chá ē-tàng khan khì kàu Chhun-Chhiu, Chiàn-kok ê nî-tāi, pí-lūn kóng Bân-lâm sio̍k-gú "Ji̍t--sî cháu-phā-phā, àm--sî tiám teng-la̍h." Chit lāi-tóe ê "la̍h" to̍h-sī hit-ê sî-tāi ê giân-gí. *Si-keng (詩經) Siáu-ngá (小雅) Sìn-lâm-san (信南山)*: "Chip kî loân to, í khé kî mô͘, chhú kî hiat liâu. (執其鸞刀, 以啟其毛, 取其血膋.)" Koh pí-lūn kóng "saⁿ-khò͘", "lâng-kheh", "thàn-chîⁿ", "bîn-chhn̂g", "chiaⁿ-bah", "kún-chúi" téng-téng lóng-sī Tông, Sòng í-lâi Kó͘-Hàn-gú ê iōng-sû. 

Bân-lâm-gú chi̍t-kóa-á kò͘-sû ê hong-sek hām hiān-tāi Hôa-gú tú-hó tian-tò-péng, put-jî-kò soah hām Kó͘-Hàn-gú sio-siâng, chhan-chhiūⁿ "ah-bó", "hong-thai", "lâng-kheh", "chhin-tông", "kha-chhiú".

Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t-kóa-á kò͘-sû ê hong-sek hām hiān-tāi Hôa-gí tú-hó tian-tò-péng, put-jî-koh soah hām kó͘-hàn-gí sio-siâng, chhin-chhiūⁿ "ah-bú", "hong-thai", "lâng-kheh", "chhin-tông", "kha-chhiú"...

### Hàn-jī ê bûn-pe̍h ī-tho̍k

Tī Hàn-gú-hē kok gú-giân tong-tiong, beh kóng "bûn-pe̍h ī-tho̍k" ê hiān-siōng, Bân-lâm-gú iāng ho̍k-cha̍p. "Bûn" to̍h-sī "bûn-tho̍k-im", a̍h-sī kóng "tha̍k-chheh-im". "Pe̍h" tāi-piáu "kháu-gí-im" a̍h-sī "pe̍h-ōe-im". Bân-lâm-gú ê "tha̍k-chheh-im" kah "kháu-gí-im" ē-sái kóng sī nn̄g ê hō͘-siong tùi-èng ê hē-thóng. Bûn-pe̍h hē-thóng ê hêng-sêng sī chi̍t-tōaⁿ chin-chiàⁿ ho̍k-cha̍p ê le̍k-sú kòe-thêng. Bân-lâm-gú ê bûn-pe̍h ī-tho̍k, kú-lē jû-hā:

| Hàn-jī | bûn-tho̍k-im | pe̍h-ōe-im |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 成 | sêng | siâⁿ, chiâⁿ, chhiâⁿ |
| 上 | siōng / siāng | chiūⁿ, chhiūⁿ |
| 漳 | chiang | chiuⁿ, cheng |

Kó͘-tāi Bân-oa̍t-gú ê sêng-hun
------------------------------

Bân-lâm-gú ê hêng-sêng sī kó͘-tāi Tiong-gôan Hàn-gú hām kó͘-tāi Bân-oa̍t-cho̍k gú-giân sio-thàu-lām ê kòe-thêng. Hiān-chú-sî, Bân-lâm-gú lāi-té iu-gôan koh pó-liû tio̍h chōe-chōe kó͘-tāi Bân-oa̍t-gú ê sêng-hūn, pí-lūn kóng "ka-cháu", "ka-cho̍ah", "ka-lēng", "tō͘-kâu", "tō͘-ún", "káu-hiā", "ka-lún-sún", "phah-kha-chhiùⁿ", "tio̍h-ka-cha̍k".

Gōa-lâi-gú ê chioh-sû
---------------------

Ùi Tông-tiâu ê sî-tāi khai-sí, Chôan-chiu to̍h hoat-tián chiâⁿ-chòe "tang-hong tē-it tōa-káng", kó͘-tāi Hái-siōng Si-tiû chi Lō͘ ê khí-tiám tī Chôan-chiu. Chhú-khì, Bân-lâm chit-tah hām Tiong-tang, Tang-lâm-a ê lâi-óng ke-chiâⁿ chia̍p. Kòe-hoan ê hoan-kheh chiong gōa-hiuⁿ ê gí-giân chah tńg-lâi Hok-kiàn, nî-kú-go̍eh-chhim, ū ê gōa-lâi-gú ê gí-sû soah lām-lo̍h Bân-lâm-gú, chiâⁿ-chòe Bân-lâm-gú ê chi̍t-pō͘-hūn. Chit-khóan--ê, pí-lūn "sat-bûn", "pa-sat", "chi-ku-la̍t", "chu-lu̍t", "phia̍t-á", "tōng-kak", "si̍p-pán-á", "ba̍k-thâu", "àu-sài", "te̍k-sî", "pa-sū", "má-tih", "gō͘-kha-kī", "ka-po̍k / ka-pò͘-mî", "ko-pi" téng-téng.

Tâi-ôan Bân-lâm-gú ū koh-khah chē ê gōa-lâi-gí chioh-sû, kî-tiong siōng chē--ê sī Ji̍t-gí chioh-sû, pí-lūn kóng: "o͘-tó͘-bái", "khí-mo͘-chih", "chu-ná-mih", "tò-sàng", "sa-sí-mih". Che í-gōa, ôan-á ū khip-siu chi̍t-kóa Pêⁿ-po͘-cho̍k-gí kah kî-thaⁿ gōa-gí ê sêng-hūn.

Phèng-im ê hē-thóng
-------------------

Múi chi̍t-chióng jîn-lūi gú-giân lóng ū ka-tī ê im-phiau hē-thóng. Bo̍k-chiân, múi chi̍t-chióng gú-giân ê im-phiau hē-thóng lóng sú-iōng hû-hō lâi kì-lio̍k. Ū-ê gú-giân ê im-phiau hē-thóng siâng-sî chûn-chāi kúi-nā-chióng phèng-im hû-hō, pí-lūn kóng Bân-lâm-gú.

Sè-kài kok-tē ê ha̍k-chiá tùi "phèng-im hû-hō" ê lōe-hâm ū bô kāng-khóan ê lí-kái. Ū-ê lâng chú-tiuⁿ kā phèng-im hû-hō tòng-chòe bûn-jī lâi khòaⁿ-thāi, put-jî-kò mā ū lâng hóan-tùi. 

Tâi-ôan ū chiâⁿ chē gú-giân ha̍k-chiá chú-tiuⁿ Bân-lâm-gí phèng-im hû-hō mā sī bûn-jī, pí-lūn kóng Pe̍h-oē-jī to̍h-sī tang-tiong ê chi̍t-chióng. 

### Ēng Pe̍h-ōe-jī chò im-phiau

Àn-chiàu le̍k-sú ê kak-tō͘ lâi khòaⁿ, Pe̍h-oē-jī chêng-kàu-taⁿ lóng sī hō͘-lâng tòng-chò bûn-jī teh sú-iōng. Chí-put-kò, Pe̍h-oē-jī oân-á kū-pī phèng-im ê kong-lêng, só͘-í ū-sî Pe̍h-oē-jī iū-koh pān-ián tio̍h im-phiau ê kak-sek. Koan-hē Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê im-phiau hē-thóng chhiáⁿ chham-khòaⁿ Ē-mn̂g-ōe gú-im hē-thóng chit-phiⁿ.

### Tâi-ôan ê Bân-lâm-gú im-phiau

Taⁿ Bân-lâm-gú ê im-phiau siāng-chió chhiau-kòe 64 chióng (Iûⁿ Ún-giân, Tiuⁿ Ha̍k-khiam, 1999 nî), ē-sái kóng sī pah-pah-khóan. Ū-ê iōng chù-im hû-hō, ū-ê iōng Khá-nah, ū-ê iōng Hangeul. Ah siāng-kài chē--ê sī sú-iōng Lô-má-jī. Chóng--sī, bo̍k-chiân lóng iáu-bōe thóng-it. Chōe-chōe chióng phèng-im tang-tiong, siāng-kài sî-kiâⁿ, sú-iōng jîn-kháu siāng-kài chē--ê sī Tâi-lô, Pe̍h-ōe-jī (Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī), TLPA kah Tong-iōng Phèng-im.

#### Pí-kàu

* Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiáⁿ chham-khó Pe̍h-ōe-jī chit-phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ.
* TLPA (Tâi-gú Im-phiau Hong-àn, tha̍k-chòe "Tho͘-lú-pà")

1991 nî 8 go̍eh 17 hō, ha̍k-chiá Âng Ûi-jîn, Tiuⁿ Jū-hông, Táng Tiong-su saⁿ lâng chhōa-thâu sêng-li̍p Tâi-ôan Gú-bûn Ha̍k-hōe. Bô lōa kú liáu-āu, Tâi-ôan Gú-bûn Ha̍k-hōe tī Pe̍h-ōe-jī im-phiau hē-thóng ê ki-chhó͘ siōng chè-tēng chhut chi̍t-thò sin ê Tâi-gí Im-phiau, hō-miâ "Tâi-gú Im-phiau Hong-àn" (Taiwan Language Phonetic Alphabet, kán-chheng TLPA). 

Beh chè-tēng TLPA ê gôan-in sī:

(1) Tâi-gí im-phiau ū chin chōe thò, chó͘-gāi Tâi-ôan gú-giân ê ha̍k-si̍p kah hoat-tián;

(2) Pe̍h-ōe-jī bô ôan-chôan sek-ha̍p tiān-náu.

TLPA hām POJ siōng chú-iàu ê chha-pia̍t sī:

 TLPA hām POJ chú-iàu ê chha-pia̍t| Hong-àn | TLPA | POJ | soeh-bêng |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| chú-im | c, ch | ch, chh | chho͘-kî TLPA sī *ts, tsh* |
| bó-im | ue, ua | oe, oa |   |
| bó-im | oo | o͘ |   |
| bó-im | ing | eng |   |
| phīⁿ-hòa-im | nn | ⁿ |   |
| tiāu-hû | a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a7, a8 | a, á, à, ah, â, ā, a̍h | iōng "a" chòe pí-lūn |

TLPA kong-pò͘ liáu-āu, tī Tâi-ôan Bân-lâm-gí-kài ín-khì chin tōa ê hong-pho, chō-chiâⁿ TLPA ê chi-chhî-chiá hām POJ chi-chhî-chiá nn̄g phài chi-kan tn̂g-kî lâi leh tùi-khòng.

* Thong-iōng Phèng-im

### Hok-kiàn ê Bân-lâm-gú phèng-im hong-àn

* Hok-kiàn Bân-lâm, oân-á sī siāng chá sî-kiâⁿ Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê só͘-chāi chi-it. Chit hong-bīn ê sìn-sit chhiáⁿ chham-khòaⁿ Bân-lâm-gí Pe̍h-ōe-jī ê le̍k-sú. Kàu kah hiān-chú-sî ûi chí, tī Bân-lâm bîn-kan ê kàu-tn̂g, ôan-á iáu-koh ū lâng teh sú-iōng Pe̍h-ōe-jī (Khó͘ Tiông-an, Ē-mn̂g Tāi-ha̍k), put-jî-kò lâng-sò͘ í-keng bô chōe--ah.

* **Phó͘-Bân-sek**: Ē-mn̂g Tāi-ha̍k Tiong-kok Gú-giân-bûn-ha̍k Gián-kiù-só͘ Hàn-gú-hong-giân Sek tī 1982 nî pian-siá chi̍t-pún miâ hō͘-chòe "Phó͘-thong-ōe Bân-lâm Hong-giân Sû-tián" ê tù-chiok (chu-pian-jîn: N̂g Tián-sêng, Chiu Tiông-chi̍p). Chit-pún sû-tián só͘ chhái-iōng ê lô-má phèng-im hong-àn, kán-chheng "Phó͘-Bân-sek". Lō͘-bé it-ti̍t hō͘ Tiong-kok Tāi-lio̍k ê chit-pō͘-hūn ha̍k-chiá the̍h-lâi sú-iōng.

* Put-jî-kò, Tī Tiong-kok Tāi-lio̍k, tùi Bân-lâm-gí lâi kóng, siāng-kài chē lâng sú-iōng ê im-phiau, sī Kok-chè Im-piau.

Bûn-jī kap su-siá
-----------------

### Chá-kî ê Bân-lâm-gú bûn-ha̍k

Tiong-kok kó͘-tāi Hàn-gú bûn-ha̍k, thàu-té sī Khóng-chú-jī ê bûn-hiàn chiàm cho̍at-tùi ê iâⁿ-bīn, iah nā sio̍k-î pe̍h-ōe-bûn ê Tn̂g-lâng-jī, to̍h chiâⁿ hán-tit the̍h lâi chòe bûn-ha̍k chhòng-chok. It-ti̍t kàu kah Bêng, Chheng ê sî-tāi, chiah khah chia̍p ū leh khòaⁿ tio̍h thong-sio̍k ê kháu-gú siáu-soat, pí-lūn Tiong-kok ê kó͘-tián sù tāi bêng-chok to̍h-sī chit-ê sî-kî ê chok-phín. Tī chit-chióng khôan-kéng kah pōe-kéng chi-hā, siōng chá ê Bân-lâm-gú bûn-ha̍k chok-phín *Lē-kiàⁿ-kì* chhut-pán, pēng-chhiáⁿ tī Chôan-chiu kah Tiô-chiu chit-tah chiâⁿ-chòe kài sî-kiâⁿ ê hì-bûn. Put-jî-kò si̍t-chāi kóng, *Lē-kiàⁿ-kì* iáu-koh m̄-sī chin-chin-chiàⁿ-chiàⁿ ê Bân-lâm-gú bûn.

Siōng-kài ē-tàng tāi-piáu chá-kî Bân-lâm-gú bûn-jī--ê sī kì-chài Chôan-chiu lâm-kóan gē-su̍t (pau-koat lâm-kóan-ga̍k hâm lâm-kóan-hì) ê ga̍k-phó͘ kah lō͘-bóe kì-chài koa-á-hì hì-bûn ê koa-á-chheh.

### 20 sè-kì téng-pòaⁿ-tōaⁿ ê Bân-lâm-gú-bûn ūn-tōng

Se-gôan 20 sè-kì ê chá-kî kah tiong-kî, Tâi-ôan khì hō͘ Ji̍t-pún si̍t-bîn thóng-tī. Hit-tong-sî, chi̍t-kóa-á Tâi-ôan chāi-tōe ê bûn-ha̍k jîn-sū hoat-kak tio̍h pún-thó͘ gú-giân ê tiōng-iàu. In ho͘-iok Tâi-ôan chāi-tōe-lâng to̍h-ài iōng "siōng-kài chhin-chhiat ê Tâi-ôan-ōe lâi chhòng-chok Tâi-ôan ê bûn-ha̍k". Put-jî-kò in-ūi Ji̍t-pún si̍t-bîn chèng-hú ūi-tio̍h thui-hêng hông-bîn-hòa ūn-tōng, soah chôan-bīn kìm-chí tī Tâi-ôan sú-iōng Hàn-bûn, tì-sú tú leh puh-íⁿ ê hiong-thó͘ bó-gú bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng soah chôaⁿ chhàu-ta o͘-áu khì. Chit-ê sî-kî, thui-sak hiong-thó͘ bó-gú bûn-ha̍k ūn-tōng ê tāi-piáu jîn-bu̍t, chú-iàu pau-koat: Liân Un-kheng (連溫卿), Liân Ngá-tông (連雅堂), N̂g Se̍k-hui (黃石輝), Keh Chhiu-seng (郭秋生).

### 1970 nî-tāi ê Bân-lâm-gú-bûn ūn-tōng

Tū Kok-bîn-tóng chèng-hú soan-pò͘ kái-giâm liáu-āu, Tâi-ôan ê Bân-lâm-gú-bûn chhòng-chok chôaⁿ hiông-hiông sî-kiâⁿ--khí-lâi, chiâⁿ-chōe chok-ka kah ha̍k-chiá mā lóng ka-ji̍p "Bân-lâm-gú-bûn chhòng-chok" chit-ki tūi-ngó͘. Iú-koan chu-liāu ê kì-chài hián-sī, chit-tīn lâng tang-tiong khah chú-iàu--ê sī: Lîm Gím-hiân (林錦賢), Lîm Chong-gôan (林宗源), N̂g Kèng-liân (黃勁連), Lîm Iong-bín (林央敏), Âng Ûi-jîn (洪惟仁), Tēⁿ Liông-úi (鄭良偉), Tân Bêng-jîn (陳明仁), Tō͘-Phoaⁿ Hong-keh, (杜潘芳格), Ngô͘ Siù-lē (吳秀麗), Lí Khîn-hōaⁿ (李勤岸) téng-téng.

### Bân-lâm-gú-bûn ê su-siá hē-thóng

Bân-lâm-gú sī Hàn-cho̍k gí-giân ê chi̍t-chió̍ng. I ê su-siá hē-thóng hām Hiān-tāi Hàn-gú Pe̍h-ōe-bûn (iā-to̍h-sī Hôa-gí su-bīn-gú) ôan-chôan bô sio-siâng. Bân-lâm-gú ê su-siá hē-thóng siá--ê sī Bân-lâm-gú pe̍h-ōe-bûn, mā-sī kháu-gú. Bân-lâm-gú pe̍h-ōe-bûn ū-tang-sî-á kán-chheng hō͘-chòe "Bân-lâm-gú-bûn". Tâi-ôan khah chia̍p kóng chòe "Tâi-gí-bûn".

Siá Bân-lâm-gú-bûn, chhái-iōng tó-chi̍t-chióng bûn-jī--leh? Si̍t-chāi kóng, chit-ê būn-tôe tī bú-gú-kài kàu taⁿ pēng bô kiōng-sek, jî-chhiáⁿ chit hong-bīn ê khang-khè chú-iàu mā kan-na sī Tâi-ôan-lâng teh chòe. Tī Tâi-ôan, Bân-lâm-gú ê su-siá, chú-iàu ū:

* Chôan-pō͘ iōng Hàn-jī, kán-chheng "chôan-Hàn".
* Chôan-pō͘ iōng Lô-má-jī, kán-chheng "chôan-Lô".
* Hán-jī kah Lô-mā-jī tâng-chê iōng, thàu-lām chòe-chi̍t-ē. Kūn-kù kok lâng siá-jī ê hong-keh kah si̍p-kòan bô kāng-khóan, ē-sái pun-chò "phian-Hàn" kah "phian-Lô".
* Kî-thaⁿ ê hong-sek, pí-lūn: Chù-im, Khá-nah, Hangeul téng-éng.

Chóng--sī, hiān-chú-sî, Tâi-ôan Bân-lâm-gú ê su-siá ôan-á iáu-bē ta̍t-sêng thóng-it ê ì-kiàn, phài-hē chiâⁿ chōe, khó-pí chi̍t-iūⁿ bí chhī phah-iūⁿ lâng, hō͘ lâng khòaⁿ kah bū-sahⁿ-sahⁿ koh hoe-kô-kô. Put-jî-kò, chêng 1990 nî-lâi í-lâi, chú-tiuⁿ kiâⁿ chôan-Lô lō͘-sòaⁿ ê siaⁿ-soeh kài tōa, tang-tiong siāng hiáⁿ-ba̍k--ê sī Pe̍h-ōe-jī-bûn. Chi-chhî-chiá kái-soeh kóng chôan-Lô khí-bé ū ē-kha ê iu-tiám, sī Hán-jī a̍h-sī kî-thaⁿ hêng-sek ê bûn-jī hû-hō bô hoat-tō͘ thang pí-phēng--ê: 

1. Siāng hong-piān kah pa̍t-chióng kāng-khóan sú-iōng Lô-má-jī ê gú-bûn chìn-hêng ko͘-thong;
2. Lô-má-jī sī piáu-im bûn-jī, ē-tàng chún-khak lâi phiau-sī kah kì-lio̍h gú-im;
3. Ū tiān-niáu chhù-lí hong-bīn ê iu-sè; put-jî-kò hiān-chú-sî tùi Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī lâi kóng, chit khoán ê "iu-sè" put chhûn-chāi, in-ūi Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī tī chit hong-bīn tú-chiah leh khí-pō͘ niâ, iáu koh m̄-sī chin sêng-se̍k, iáu goân ū bē-chió khiàm-tiám tī-leh.
4. Sú-iōng chôan-Lô ē-tàng thiat-tóe thoat-lī Hàn-jī ê sok-pa̍k.

Chi-chhî thoat-Hàn--ê koh ū nn̄g chióng bô kâng koan-tiám ê lâng. Chi̍t chióng jīn-ûi beh thoat-Hàn sī in-ūi Hàn-jī bô-kàu iōng, hāu-ek kē, chiâⁿ lióng-kong. Lēng-gōa chi̍t chióng chú-tioⁿ chí-ū thoat-Hàn chiah ē-tàng hō͘ Tâi-ôan tī bûn-hòa siōng ôan-chôan lâi kah Tiong-kok chhé hō͘-i lī-lī-lī.

Bo̍k-chiân, Tâi-ôan Bân-lâm-gú-bûn ê su-siá, khah sêng-kong--ê pau-koat:

(1) Chit-kòa-á chhái-iōng chôan-Lô a̍h-sī Hàn-Lô ê khan-bu̍t, pí-lūn kóng *Tâi-bûn Thong-sìn*, *Tâi-bûn Bóng-pò* téng-téng;

(2) Bāng-chām, chhan-chhiūⁿ ôan-chôan chhái-iōng POJ (mā-ū Hàn-jī ia̍h-bīn) ê Bân-lâm-gí Wikipedia kah i ê chí-bē sū-kang téng-téng.

Tān-sī iōng choân-Lô iah-sī phian-Lô ê bûn-jī su-siá, e̍k chō-sêng kóng Bân-lâm-gí ê bîn-chiòng khòaⁿ-bô, piàn-sêng chi̍t-chióng chū-ngô͘ ê hong-hoat, hō͘ ta̍k-ke khòaⁿ-bô ê bûn-thé ê hoat-tián sī khah khùn-lân ê.

Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Archived 2016-01-02 at the Wayback Machine.
* 臺灣閩南語推薦用字（第1批）(*pdf*) (Hàn-gí)
* 台語符號ê競爭─以TLPA kah白話字做例. Iûⁿ Ún-giân (Hàn-gí)

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* Chêng-lō͘-oē [zh]
* Āu-lō͘-oē [zh]

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| Ho̍h-ló-oē | 

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| Tang A | 
* Choân-chiu-oē
	+ An-khoe-oē
	+ Hūi-oaⁿ-oē [en]
	+ Chìn-kang-oē [zh]
	+ Lâm-oaⁿ-oē
	+ Tâng-oaⁿ-oē
	+ Éng-chhun-oē [en]
* Ē-mn̂g-oē
* Chiang-chiu-oē
	+ Liông-hái-oē
* Tâi-oân-oē
* Lêng-nâ-oē
	+ Chiuⁿ-phîng-oē
* Thâu-pak-oē [zh]
* Hái-hong-oē [zh]
* Lio̍k-hong-oē [zh]

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| Tang-lâm A | 
* Hui-li̍p-pin Lán-lâng-oē
* Pak Má-lâi-se-a Hok-kiàn-oē
	+ Penang Hok-kiàn-oē [zh]
	+ Medan Hok-kiàn-oē

* Lâm Má-lâi-se-a Hok-kiàn-oē [zh]
	+ Riau Hok-kiàn-oē
	+ Sin-ka-pho Hok-kiàn-oē

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| Tiô-soàⁿ-oē | 

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| Tang A | 
* Tiô-chiu-oē
	+ Jiâu-pêng-oē
* Soàⁿ-thâu-oē
	+ Têng-hái-oē
	+ Lâm-ò-oē
* Kiat-iông-oē
* Tiô-iông-oē [zh]
	+ Phó͘-lêng-oē
	+ Hūi-lâi-oē

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| Tang-lâm A | 
* Bangkok Tiô-chiu-oē
* Kampuchea Tiô-chiu-oē
* Kalimantan Tiô-chiu-oē

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| Chiat-lâm Bân-gí | 
* Chhong-lâm-oē [zh]
* Pêng-iông-oē
* Tōng-thâu-oē
* Gio̍k-khoân-oē

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| Tiong-san Bân-gí [zh] | 
* Liông-to͘-oē [en]
* Lâm-lóng-oē [en]
* Sam-hiong-oē [en]
* Tiuⁿ-ka-pian-oē

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| boē hun-lūi | 
* Gî-heng-oē
* Tiong-san-oē

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| Hái-kîⁿ Bân-gí | 

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| Bân-tang-gí | 

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| Hâu-koan-phiàn [zh](Lâm-phiàn) | Hok-chiu-oē **·** Bân-hâu-oē **·** Liân-kang-oē [zh] **·** Hok-chheng-oē **·** Tiông-lo̍k-oē [zh] **·** Ko͘-chhân-oē **·** Pêng-thâm-oē **·** Lô-goân-oē **·** Éng-thài-oē **·** Iû-khe-oē **·** Lêng-tek-oē [zh] **·** Ian-oē [zh] **·** Má-chó͘-oē [zh] |
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| Hok-lêng-phiàn [zh](Pak-phiàn) | Hâ-phó͘-oē **·** Hok-an-oē **·** Chià-êng-oē [zh] **·** Hok-téng-oē [zh] **·** Siū-lêng-oē [zh] **·** Chiu-lêng-oē [zh] |
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| Bân-kóng [zh] | Thài-sūn Bân-kóng **·** Chhong-lâm Bân-oē |

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| Bân-lâm-gí | Tōa-chhân-oē **·** Ho̍h-ló-oē **·** Tiô-chiu-oē **·** Chiat-lâm Bân-gí **·** Tiong-san Bân-gí [zh] **·**  ... *(kū-thé)* |
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| Phô͘-sian-gí | Phô͘-chhân-oē **·** Sian-iû-oē **·** O͘-khiu-oē [zh] |
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| Hái-lâm-oē | 

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| Hú-siâⁿ-phiàn | Hái-kháu-oē **·** Tēng-an-oē [zh] **·** Têng-māi-oē **·** Tūn-chhiong-oē |
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| Bûn-chhiong-phiàn | Bûn-chhiong-oē **·** Khêng-hái-oē |
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| Bān-lêng-phiàn | Bān-lêng-oē **·** Lêng-súi-oē |
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| Gâi-koān-phiàn | Gâi-koān-oē |
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| Chhiong-kám-phiàn | Chhiong-kang-oē |

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| Lûi-chiu-oē | Lûi-siâⁿ-oē **·** Chhî-bûn-oē **·** Sūi-khe-oē **·** Tiān-pe̍k-oē |

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| Soaⁿ-khu Bân-gí | 

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| Bân-pak-gí | 

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| Tang-khe-phiàn | Kiàn-au-oē **·** Siông-khe-oē [zh] **·** Chèng-hô-oē [zh] |
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| Sai-khe-phiàn | Kiàn-iông-oē **·** Chiông-an-oē [zh] |

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| Siō-chiong-gí [zh] | Bân--Kàm Kòe-tō͘ Hong-giân (Siō-bú-oē [zh] **·** Kong-te̍k-oē **·** *Kiàn-lêng-oē* **·** *Thài-lêng-oē*) **·** Bân--Kheh--Kàm Kòe-tō͘ Hong-giân (Chiong-lo̍k-oē [zh] **·** Sūn-chhiong-oē) |
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| Bân-tiong-gí | Sam-bêng-oē **·** Soa-koān-oē [zh] **·** Éng-an-oē [zh] |

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| Lūi-hêng | 

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| Piáu-gí bûn-jī | Hong-giân-jī [zh] **·** Bân-lâm hàn-jī (Tâi-ôan Bân-lâm-gí Thui-chiàn Iōng-jī **·** Tâi-bân-jī lia̍t-pió) |
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| Piáu-im bûn-jī | Bân-lâm-gí Pe̍h-oē-jī **·** Tiô-chiu-oē Pe̍h-oē-jī **·** Hái-lâm Pe̍h-ōe-jī **·** Hok-chiu-oē Pêng-oē-jī **·** Hok-an-oē Lô-má-jī **·** Hing-hoà Pêng-oē-jī **·** Kiàn-lêng-hú Thó͘-khiuⁿ Lô-má-jī **·** Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Pheng-im Hong-àn **·** Tâi-oân Gí-giân Im-piau Hong-àn [zh] **·** Tâi-gí Thong-iōng Pheng-im [zh] **·** Bân-lâm Hong-giân Pheng-im Hong-àn **·** Tiô-chiu-oē Pheng-im Hong-àn [zh] **·** Hái-lâm-oē Pheng-im Hong-àn [zh] **·** Hok-chiu-oē Pheng-im Hong-àn [zh] **·** Kiàn-au-oē Pheng-im Hong-àn |
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| Hūn-iōng | Hàn-lô [zh] |

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| Siong-koan giân-gí | Bân-oa̍t-gí **·** Goân-sí Bân-gí **·** Hái-kîⁿ Bân-gí **·** Soaⁿ-khu Bân-gí |
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| Ūn-su [zh] | *Chhek-lîm Peh-im [zh]* **·** *An-kiuⁿ Peh-im [zh]* **·** *Chhit-im Jī-hoē*  **·** *Peh-im Tēng-koat [zh]* **·** *Pheh-chiúⁿ Ti-im [zh]* **·** *Tō͘-kang-su Cha̍p-gō͘-im [zh]* **·** *Hoē-im Miāu-gō͘ [zh]* **·** *Cheng-pó͘ Hoē-im [zh]* **·** *Tiô-siaⁿ Cha̍p-gō͘-im*  **·** *Kek-bo̍k Ti-im*  **·** *Tiô-gí Cha̍p-gō͘-im*  **·** *Kiàn-chiu Peh-im [zh]* |

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| Hàn-gí-cho̍k | 
* Bân-gí
	+ Bân-lâm-gí
	+ Bân-tiong-gí
	+ Bân-tang-gí
	+ Bân-pak-gí
	+ Khêng-lûi-oē
	+ Phô͘-sian-gí
	+ Siō-chiong-gí [zh]
* Chìn-gí
* Hui-gí [zh]
* Kàm-gí
* Kheh-ka-gí
* Koaⁿ-ōe
	+ Hiān-tāi Piau-chún Hàn-gí
		- Phó͘-thong-oē
		- Kok-gí
* Ngô͘-gí
* Oa̍t-gí
* Siong-gí
* Tong-kan-gí [zh]
* Siong-lâm Thó͘-oē [zh]
* Oa̍t-pak Thó͘-oē [zh]
* Kńg-sai Pêng-oē [zh]
* Oá-hiong-oē [zh]
* Kun-ka-oē [zh]

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| Bûn-jī | 
* Hàn-jī
	+ Hoân-thé-jī
	+ Kán-thé-jī
* Hàn-gí Pheng-im
* Kàu-hoē Lô-má-jī
* Chù-im hû-hō
* Sió-jî-keng [zh]
* Lú-su [zh]
* Tiong-kok Chhiat-im Sin-jī

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|  |
| Le̍k-sú | 
* Goân-sí Hàn-Chōng-gí [zh]
* Siōng-kó͘ Hàn-gí
* Tiong-kó͘ Hàn-gí [zh]
* Hàn-jî giân-gí [zh]
* Kūn-tāi Hàn-gí [zh]
* Ló-kok-im [zh]
* Sin-kok-im

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|  |
| Koán-lí ki-kò͘ | 
* Kok-ka Gí-giân Bûn-jī Kang-chok Úi-oân-hoē [zh]
* Kàu-iok-pō͘ Kok-gí Thui-hêng Úi-oân-hoē
* Sin-ka-pho Thui-kóng Hoâ-gí Lí-sū-hoē [zh]
* Má-lâi-se-a Hoâ-gí Kui-hoān Lí-sū-hoē [zh]

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|  |
| Kî-thaⁿ | 
* Hàn-bûn
* Pe̍h-oē-bûn [zh]
* Tha̍k-chheh-im kap Pe̍h-oē-im
* Hoán-chhiat [zh]
* Ūn-su [zh]
* Thui-kóng Phó͘-thong-oē
* Kok-gí chèng-chhek [zh]

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* NDL: 001117818

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