Phô-lân-gí jī-bó-hē. Phú-sek tāi-piáu chāi-lâi tan-jī bô ēng--ê.
**Pho-lân-gí jī-bó-hē** sī Pho-lân-gí ê bûn-jī. sī Pho-lân-gí chiàⁿ-jī-hoat ê ki-chhó͘. In-ê ki-pún sī Latin jī-bó-hē (Lô-má-jī), lēng-gōa koh ka chiūⁿ chi̍t kóa jī-bó sī tàu phiat-im hû-hō, chhiūⁿ tàu *kreska* ia̍h chiam-tiám (eng. *acute accent*) ê *ć*, *ń*, *ó*, *ś*, *ź*; tàu téng-tiám (*overdot*) ia̍h *kropka* ê *ż*; tàu bóe-tiám (*tail*) ia̍h *ogonek* ê *ą*, *ę*; koh ū tàu chi̍t phiat ê *ł*. Jī-bó *q*, *v* kap *x*, ka-ta ēng tī gōa-gí tan-jī, tiāⁿ bô sǹg tī Pho-lân-gí jī-bó-hē lāi-bīn. Chóng-sī ùi Pho-lân-gí ê phiau-chú-hòa chìn-chêng, "x" jī-bó ū-sî hông ēng tī "ks" ê tiûⁿ-ha̍p.

Tī Silesia-gí kap Kashubia-gí, mā sú-ēng keng-kòe siu-kái ê Pho-lân-gí jī-bó-hē piàn-khoán, nā Sorbia-gí sī ēng Pho-lân-gí kap Chesko-gí chiàⁿ-jī-hoat ê saⁿ-lām.

Jī-bó
-----

Nā bô hâm Q, V kap X are excluded, Pho-lân-gí jī-bó-hē lóng-chóng ū 32 ê jī-bó: 9-ê bó-im kap 23-ê chú-im.

Ē-té ê piáu khai-liat chia ê jī-bó, in-ê Pho-lân-gí hō-miâ, it-poaⁿ tī Pho-lân-gí ê ho͘-im, tī pa̍t khoán giân-gí (chia chú-iàu ēng Eng-gí) ê tùi-tâng, kap kî-tha ê khó-lêng ho͘-im. Ūi chheng-chhó mā piau phiat-im hû-hô.

| Tōa-jī | Sió-jī | Pho-lân-gí hō-miâ | It-poaⁿ ho͘-im | Gōa-gí tùi-tâng | Kî-tha ho͘-im |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **A** | **a** | *a* | /ä/ | Eng-gí ê l**a**rge | tī kháu-kòa chú-im (*palatal consonant*) tiong-ng sī khah thâu-chêng ê [a] |
| **Ą** | **ą** | *ą* | /ɔ̃/ | phiⁿ-im *o* ná Eng-gí ê **ow**n | [ɔn], [ɔŋ], [ɔm]; tī /w/ chìn-chêng chham /ɔ/ sio-ha̍p |
| **B** | **b** | *be* | /b/ | Óa Tâi-gí ê **b**ô | bô-siaⁿ-hòa (*devoiced*) ê sî sī [p] |
| **C** | **c** | *ce* | /t̪͡s̪/ | Eng-gí ê pi**ts** | ū-siaⁿ-hòa (*voiced*) ê sî sī [d̪͡z̪]. |
| **Ć** | **ć** | *cie* | /t͡ɕ/ | Eng-gí ê **ch**eap | ū-siaⁿ-hòa sī [d͡ʑ] |
| **D** | **d** | *de* | /d̪/ | Eng-gí ê **d**og | /d͡ʐ/ chìn-chêng sī [d̺]; bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [t̪]; /t͡ʂ/ chìn-chêng sī [t̺]. |
| **E** | **e** | *e* | /ɛ/ | Eng-gí ê b**e**d | tī kháu-kòa chú-im tiong-ng sī [e] |
| **Ę** | **ę** | *ę* | /ɛ̃/ | phiⁿ-im *e* | [ɛn], [ɛŋ], [ɛm]; tī /w/ chìn-chêng kap /ɛ/ sio-ha̍p |
| **F** | **f** | *ef* | /f/ | Eng-gí ê **f**ingers | ū-siaⁿ-hòa sī [v] |
| **G** | **g** | *gie* | /ɡ/ | Tâi-gí ê **g**ô | bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [k] |
| **H** | **h** | *ha* | /x/ | So͘-kat-lân-gí ê *lo**ch*** | [ɣ] if voiced, may be glottal [ɦ] in a small number of dialects. For *ch* and *(c)hi* see Digraphs |
| **I** | **i** | *i* | /i/ | Tâi-gí ê t**i** | tī chú-im tiong-ng sī [j]; piáu-hiān chêng chi̍t chú-im ê kháu-kòa-hòa (*palatization*) |
| **J** | **j** | *jot* | /j/ | Eng-gí ê **y**es |  |
| **K** | **k** | *ka* | /k/ | Tâi-gí ê **k**o | ū-siaⁿ-hòa sī [ɡ] |
| **L** | **l** | *el* | /l/ | Tâi-gí ê **l**ô | Tang-po͘ hong-giân khó-lêng ho͘ [lʲ] |
| **Ł** | **ł** | *eł* | /w/ | Eng-gí ê **w**ill | Tang-po͘ hong-giân khó-lêng ho͘ [ɫ̪] |
| **M** | **m** | *em* | /m/ | Tâi-gí ê **m**ī | tī chûn-khí chú-im (*labiodental consonant*) chìn-chêng sī [ɱ] |
| **N** | **n** | *en* | /n̪/ | Tâi-gí ê **n**â | /t͡ʂ d͡ʐ/ chìn-chêng sī [n̺]; tī /k ɡ/ chìn-chêng thang sī [ŋ]. |
| **Ń** | **ń** | *eń* | /ɲ̟/ | Eng-gí ê ca**ny**on | Can be [j̃] in syllable coda |
| **O** | **o** | *o* | /ɔ/ | Tâi-gí ê s**o͘** | tī kháu-kòa chú-im tiong-ng sī [o] |
| **Ó** | **ó** | *ó*, *o z kreską* or *u zamknięte* | /u/ | Tâi-gí ê s**u** | tī kháu-kòa chú-im tiong-ng sī [ʉ] |
| **P** | **p** | *pe* | /p/ | Eng-gí ê s**p**ot | ū-siaⁿ-hòa sī [b] |
| **R** | **r** | *er* | /r/ | chūn-im ***r*** | kóng-ōe kín ê sî tiāⁿ sī [ɾ] |
| **S** | **s** | *es* | /s̪/ | Eng-gí ê **s**ea |  |
| **Ś** | **ś** | *eś* | /ɕ/ | Eng-gí ê **sh**eep | ū-siaⁿ-hòa sī [ʑ] (cf. Ź) |
| **T** | **t** | *te* | /t̪/ | Eng-gí ê s**t**art | [t̺] before /t͡ʂ/; [d̪] if voiced; [d̺] before /d͡ʐ/. |
| **U** | **u** | *u*, *u zwykłe* or *u otwarte* | /u/ | Tâi-gí ê s**u** | tī kháu-kòa chú-im tiong-ng sī [ʉ] |
| **W** | **w** | *wu* | /v/ | Eng-gí ê **v**ow | bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [f] |
| **Y** | **y** | *y* ia̍h *igrek* | /ɘ̟/ | Eng-gí ê té *i*, ná b**i**t |  |
| **Z** | **z** | *zet* | /z̪/ | Eng-gí ê **z**oo | bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [s̪]. |
| **Ź** | **ź** | *ziet* | /ʑ/ | Eng-gí ê vi**si**on | bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [ɕ] |
| **Ż** | **ż** | *żet* or *zet z kropką* | /ʐ/ | Eng-gí ê vi**si**on | bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [ʂ] |

**^**  /t.t͡ʂ d.d͡ʐ/ khó-lêng ho͘ chiūⁿ [t͡ʂː d͡ʐː].
**^**  /ɘ/ khah chia̍p kì chò /ɨ/, ū-sî /ɪ/.
Jī-bó *q* (hō-miâ *ku*), *v* (hō-miâ *fau*), kap *x* (hō-miâ *iks*) bô sǹg Pho-lân-gí jī-bó-hē chi̍t hūn, m̄-koh ū ēng lâi piáu-sī gōa-gí tan-jī kap siong-phiau téng-bīn. Tī chioh-jī (ia̍h sī kóng gōa-lâi-gí), in tiāⁿ hông hun-pia̍t thè-ōaⁿ chò ''*kw*, *w*, kap *ks*, pí-lūn *kwarc* "quartz", *weranda* "veranda", *ekstra* "extra" téng tan-jī.

Jī-bó ê hō-miâ
--------------

Téng-bīn kì ê jī-bó hō-miâ, sī hán tit hông siá--chhut-lâi, tû-liáu tī te̍k-pia̍t ê gí-lūi-hòa sio̍k-siá, pí-lūn ū chi̍t keng gîn-hâng hō Pekao chit-ê miâ, sī piáu-hiān tùi P.K.O. ê kán-lio̍k.

Ū-ê jī-bó khó-lêng ē ēng lēng-gōa ê hong-hoat chí-miâ, kî-tiong tiāⁿ sī ti̍t-chiap ēng in-ê ho͘-im lâi kiò, chhiūⁿ Y khó-lêng hông kiò chò *y*, m̄-sī ēng *igrek*.

Teh ké-soeh tàu-jī ê sî-chūn, te̍k-pia̍t ê jī-bó ū khó-lêng ēng te̍k-sû hong-sek piáu-ta̍t lâi chò khu-pia̍t. Pí-lūn H thang chí-miâ chò *samo h* ("tan-to̍k h") lâi kap CH *(ce ha)* khu-pia̍t. Jī-bó Ż thang kiò chò *żet* (ia̍h *zet*) *z kropką* ("ū tiám ê Ż") lâi kap RZ *(er zet)* khu-pia̍t. Jī-bó U thang kiò *u otwarte* ("khui-kháu ê u", piáu-hiān siá-hoat), lâi kap Ó khu-pia̍t, nā chit-ê Ó thang hō *u zamknięte* ("ha̍p-kháu ê u") ia̍h *o kreskowane* ("tòa phiat ê o").

Jī-bó-sūn
---------

Pho-lân-gí ê jī-bó-sūn chiàu téng-bīn ê piáu pâi-lia̍t. Q, V kap X, nā ū ēng ê sî, chiàu in tī phó͘-thong Lô-má-jī ê chē-ūi pâi-lia̍t.

Pho-lân-gí tàu phiat-im hû-hô ê jī-bó, tī pâi sūn-sī ê sî-chūn sī sǹg chò goân-choân to̍k-li̍p--ê. Pí-lūn *być* ài pâi tī *bycie* āu-piah. Phiat-im jī-bó tī jī-tián lāi-bīn oa-ná ū in choan-bûn ê chiuⁿ-chat, chhiūⁿ *ć* jī-thâu ê jī, sī bô khai-lia̍t tī *c* ê pō͘-hūn.

Siang-jī-bó tī jī-bó-sūn bô te̍k-pia̍t ê chhù-lí. Pí-lūn *ch* to̍h kán-tan sǹg chò *c* ê āu-piah ū *h*, bô chhiūⁿ Chesko-gí án-ne tòng chò chi̍t-ê jī-bó.

Kî-tha chu-liāu
---------------

* Sadowska, Iwona (2012). *Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar*. Oxford; New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47541-9.

Chham-chiàu
-----------

1. ↑  "GDL Statute". *Wikimedia Commons*. 4 November 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.

Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
-----------------

* Polish Pronunciation Audio and Grammar Charts
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