recursal/SuperWikiNEXT-32B huggingface dataset:
**Ē-ham ni chiàⁿ-mn̂g-khí** chit ki chhùi-khí ê khí-koan tī seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē lāi-té 14 chiu ê sî khai-sí kài-hòa, chhut-sì āu 10 chiu kài-hòa oân-sêng. 6 kó·-goe̍h ê sî chhut-khí (*erupt*), 18 kó·-goe̍h ê sî khí-thâu oân-choân hêng-sêng. Chit ki chhùi-khí sī siāng sè ki ê ni-khí. I kah téng-ham chèng-tiong ni mn̂g-khí ū chha-put-to ê gōa-hêng, m̄-koh khí-koan ê chhiat-toan-khí-kún ê tn̂g-tō· pí kīn-oán-sim khah tn̂g. Khí-koan ê chhiat-toan-khí-kún ê tn̂g-tō· pí téng-ham khah té 1 mm.

### Tûn-chhek-bīn (Labial)

Tûn-chhek bīn kan-taⁿ chin-chió ê tó·-tó·. Kīn-sim kap oán-sim ê pian-iân siong-tong--ê ti̍t, koh tòe tio̍h tn̂g-tek tauh-tauh-á siu-sok. Chhiat-toan pian-iân chiok po̍h, ùi téng-koân khòaⁿ--lo̍h-khí kā khí-koan pêng-hun choh 2-pêng.

### Sia̍t-chhek-bīn

Kah tûn-chhek bīn beh-kāng beh-kāng, m̄-koh kīn-sim kap oán-sim ê pian-iân tī khí-kún só·-chāi ū hián-tio̍h ê siu-sok , só·-í tī khí-kún só·-chāi sán-seng 1-ê é kap chiam ê sia̍t-chhek piáu-bīn.

### Khí-kin

Chit ê khí-kin sī ti̍t--ê, ǹg khí-kin-chiam hong-hiòng chiām-chiām siu-sok.

### Khí-chhóe-khiuⁿ

Chit ê khí-chhóe-khiuⁿ ê hêng-chōng chham chhùi-khí ê gōa-hêng sio-siāng.
**Tân-kūn** (陳郡)，Tiong-kok ê kó͘ kūn miâ，iū koh kiò chò **Chhó͘-kūn** (楚郡), **Tân-kok** (陳國), **Hoâi-iông-kok** (淮陽國) ia̍h **Hoâi-iông-kūn** (淮陽郡), tiong-sim tē-khu tī chit-má ê Hô-lâm-séng Chiu-kháu-chhī hit chi̍t tah. Gūi Chìn Lâm-pa̍k-tiâu sî ū pún-tē chek-koàn ê sū-cho̍k Tân-kūn Siā-sī, siōng-kài ti-miâ.

Le̍k-sú
-------

### Chîn-tāi kūn ê chheng-ho͘

秦在前224年建立，但是郡一開始的名，姚鼐根據《史記·陳涉世家》記載「攻陳，陳守、令皆不在」，云「則知有陳郡矣」，認為「陳」是郡名。後來多數學者譬喻王國維、譚其驤都沿襲這種講法，而且認為秦設有陳郡。但是秦漢人講事，本來就有以郡治縣名代替郡名的習慣，譬喻南陽郡守稱呼宛守，會稽郡守稱呼吳守，東海郡守稱呼郯守。傳世秦封泥有「淮陽發弩」，雲夢秦墓四號墓出土的木牘家書記載「(黑夫)直佐淮陽，功反城久，〔死〕傷未可知也。」黃盛璋就對這家書作過詳細的考証，認為「是秦始皇的時陣，己經有淮陽之名，毋是在漢高帝時才有」。后曉榮考証認為初名叫做「楚郡」，後來才改叫淮陽郡，「傳統上認為是陳郡，實在是千古之誤」。領縣可証者有：陳縣、陽安、汝陽、南頓、汝陰、長平、新蔡、慎縣、柘縣、平輿、陽夏、新郪、新陽、陽城、榆縣、朗陵、陘山、西平、上蔡、成陽安陽、召陵、固陵、寢縣、項縣、安陵27縣。

### Hàn-tiâu í-āu

漢初，屬於韓信的楚國，後來才改叫做郡。高帝十一年（前196年）建立淮陽國。惠帝、呂后、文帝時廢除為郡。景帝三年（前154年）淮陽國改做淮陽郡。宣帝元康三年復置淮陽國。治陳縣（在這馬的河南省淮陽縣一帶），屬於**兗州刺史部**。成帝元延年間（大約是前8年）領有九縣：陳縣、苦縣（這馬的鹿邑縣一帶）、陽夏縣（這馬的太康縣一帶）、寧平縣（這馬的鄲城縣一帶）、扶溝縣、固始縣、圉縣（這馬的杞縣圉鎮）、新平縣、柘縣（這馬的柘城縣）。其管轄的所在大概在這馬的河南淮陽、太康、鹿邑、西華、柘城彼一帶。平帝元始二年（2年）有135544戶，981423人，王莽時淮陽改名叫做新平。

後漢，光武帝建武元年（25年）建置淮陽國，封更始帝劉玄做淮陽王，無偌久國就廢掉。建武十五年（39年）復置淮陽國。章帝章和二年（88年）改淮陽國叫陳國漢順帝永和五年（140年），陳國有112653戶，1547572人，領縣有陳、陽夏、寧平、苦、柘、新平、扶樂、武平、長平9縣。獻帝建安二年陳國廢做陳郡。

三國魏建置陳郡，領縣有陳、柘、武平、長平、項5縣。西晉時陳郡併入梁國，北魏時陳郡設治項縣（這馬的河南沈丘一帶）。隋朝開皇三年（583年）廢除。大業時年間建置淮陽郡，治宛丘縣（這馬的淮陽縣一帶）。唐朝建置陳州。

Kok-ông, thài-siú
-----------------

### Hioâi-iông-kok

淮陽國（前187年—前180年）

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 傳位 | 諡號 | 姓名 | 在位年數 | 在位時間 |
| 西漢淮陽國（前187年—前180年） |
| 第1代  | 淮陽懷王 |  劉強 | 4年 |  前187年—前183年 |
| 第2代  | 淮陽王 |  劉武 | 3年 |  前183年—前180年 |

淮陽國（前176年—前168年）

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 傳位 | 諡號 | 姓名 | 在位年數 | 在位時間 |
| 西漢淮陽國（前176年—前168年） |
| 第1代  | 梁孝王 |  劉武 | 8年 |  前176年—前168年 |

淮陽國（前155年－前153年）

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 傳位 | 諡號 | 姓名 | 在位年數 | 在位時間 |
| 西漢淮陽國（前155年－前153年） |
| 第1代  | 魯共王 |  劉餘  | 2年 |  前155年－前153年 |

淮陽國（前63年－9年）

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 傳位 | 諡號 | 姓名 | 在位年數 | 在位時間 |
| 西漢淮陽國（前63年－9年） |
| 第1代  | 淮陽宪王 |  劉欽  | 36年 |  前63年－前27年 |
| 第2代  | 淮陽文王 |  劉玄  | 26年 |  前27年－前1年 |
| 第3代  | 淮陽王 |  劉縯  | 9年 |  前1年－9年 |

陳國（88年－197年）

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 傳位 | 諡號 | 姓名 | 在位年數 | 在位時間 |
| 東漢陳國（88年－197年） |
| 第1代  | 陳敬王 |  劉羨  | 10年 |  88年－97年 |
| 第2代  | 陳思王 |  劉鈞  | 21年 |  97年－117年 |
| 第3代  | 陳懷王 |  劉竦  | 2年 |  118年－119年 |
| 第4代  | 陳頃王 |  劉崇  | 5年 |  120年－124年 |
| 第5代  | 陳孝王 |  劉承  | 不明 |  125年－？ |
| 第6代  | 陳愍王 |  劉寵  | 不明 |  ？－197年 |

陳國（232年）

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 傳位 | 諡號 | 姓名 | 在位年數 | 在位時間 |
| 曹魏陳國（232年） |
| 第1代  | 陳思王 |  曹植  | 10年 |  232年 |

### Le̍k-tāi thài-siú

Jîn-bu̍t
--------

* Tân-kūn Siā-sī

chù-kái kip bûn-hiān
--------------------

1. ↑  姚鼐《復談孝廉書》，《惜抱軒文集》卷六
2. ↑  黃盛璋《雲夢秦墓出土的兩封家信與歷史地理問題》，《歷史地理論集》
3. ↑  后曉榮《秦代政區地理》，254頁
4. ↑  后曉榮《秦代政區地理》，254-266頁
5. ↑  《漢書高帝紀》
6. ↑  後漢書光武帝紀
7. ↑  《後漢書光武帝紀》
8. ↑  《後漢書和帝紀》
9. ↑  《後漢書郡國志》二
10. ↑  《後漢書獻帝紀》
11. ↑  錢儀吉《三國會要》

### Chham-khó su-bo̍k

* 王先謙，《漢書補注》，中華書局影印虛受堂本
* 王先謙，《後漢書集解》，中華書局影印虛受堂本
* 譚其驤等，1974，《中國歷史地圖集》，北京：中國地圖出版社
* 周振鶴，1987，《西漢政區地理》，北京：人民出版社
* 李曉傑，1999，《東漢政區地理》，濟南：山東教育出版社
* 錢儀吉，2006，《三國會要》，上海，上海古籍出版社
* 后曉榮，2009，《秦代政區地理》，北京，社會科學文獻出版社
**Tsiat-ga̍k kui-kàm** (hàn-gú: 折獄龜鑑; koh kiò-tsò "Kuat-ga̍k kui-kàm" (決獄龜鑑)), sī Lâm Sòng jîn-sū Tīng Khik [zh] (鄭克) sóo tù-tsok ê àn-lē-tsi̍p. Siāu-hing 3-nî hā-tsiàu sut-hîng, Tīng Khik teh Ngóo-tāi sî-kî Hô Gîng [zh] pē-kiánn sóo tù-tsok ê "Gî-ga̍k tsi̍p" (疑獄集) ki-tshóo siōng tshòng-tsok uân-sîng "Tsiat-ga̍k kui-kàm".

Pian-tù kiat-kòo
----------------

Tsiat-ga̍k kui-kàm tsit-pún tsheh iōng "Gî-ga̍k tsi̍p"(疑獄集) uî té-pún, tsing-ka tsiânn-tsē tiâu-bo̍k. Kòo-sū teh tsiànn-sú lāi-té tiānn-tiānn khuànn-tio̍h, hi̍k-tsiá tshut-teh bōo-tsì [zh], koh-khah hù-ik Sòng-tiâu ê kòo-sū. Tsi̍p-lio̍k tsū Tshun-tshiu, Tsiàn-kok tsì Pak-Sòng tāi-kuan, tsìng-hô nî-kan iú-kuan tuàn-ga̍k liōng-hîng ê àn-lē 270 guā-tiâu, 390 guā-ê kòo-sū, ping ta̍k-tiâu ka-í pîng-su̍t. Tsiânn-tsē tiaubok ê āu-piah, hù-iú Tīng Khik ê àn-gú. Luē-iông hun-tsò "Sik Uan" (釋冤) (siōng, hā), "Pián Bû" (辨誣), "Kiok Tsîng" (鞫情), "Gī Tsuē" (議罪), "Iū Kò" (宥過), "Tîng Ok" (懲惡), "Tshat Kan" (察奸), "Hi̍k Kan" (核奸), "Ti̍k Kan" (擿奸), "Tshat Thik" (察慝), "Tsìng Thik" (證慝), "Kiou Thik" (鉤慝), "Tshat Tō" (察盜), "Tsik Tō" (跡盜), "Kiat Tō" (譎盜), "Tshat Tō" (察賊), "Tsik Tsi̍k" (跡賊), "Kiat Tsi̍k" (譎賊), "Giâm Bîng" (嚴明), "Kîn Kín" (矜謹) tíng-tíng 20 luī. Bîng-tāi Íng-lo̍k tāi-tián kì-tsài ū uân-tsíng ê tsit-pún tsheh, m̄-ku kok-kuán kài-suànn í-king bô-huat-tōo lâi khó-tsìng. Tshing-tāi Sì-khòo kuán [zh]-sîn pat lâi ka-í kàu-tìng, tiông-sin tsíng-lí, hun-tsò 8-kuán. Tshing-tiâu jîn-sū Hôo Bûn-píng [zh] teh tsit-pún tsheh ê ki-tshóo tíng-kuân siá-uân "Tsiat-ga̍k kui-kàm póo" tsit-pún tsheh, tsóng-kè àn-tsîng ū 719 tsik, tāi-iok ū 26 bān [en] jī.

Tsù-kái
-------

1. 1 2  刘壎《隐居通义》中有言："高宗绍兴三年，降诏恤刑，戒饬中外，俾务哀矜。时有承直郎郑克明，为湖南提刑幹官，因阅和凝疑狱集，嘉其用心，乃分类其事，自释冤、辩诬，至严明、矜谨，凡十二门，易旧名曰折狱龟鉴。" (Hàn-gí)
2. ↑  《折獄龜鑑補譯註》,北京大學出版社，2006年. (Hàn-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Ióng-ló lu̍t-lēng [zh] (İóng-ló lu̍t-līng/養老律令)
* Tāi-pó lu̍t-lēng [zh] (Tāi-pó lu̍t-līng/大宝令)
* Lu̍t-lēng hoat [zh] (Lu̍t-līng huat/律令法)
* Bú-tek lu̍t [zh] (Bú-tik lu̍t/武德律)
* Res judicata [en] (Kì-phuàñ-li̍k/即判力)
* Criminal procedure
* Peking University Press

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Wikisource ū koan-hē pún bûn-chiong ê goân-sú bûn-pún:
**Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm** |

* 折獄龜鑒 - 中國哲學書電子化計劃 (Hàn-gí)
* 折狱龟鉴原文及白话文阅读\_作者郑克 (Hàn-gí)
* 鄭克與《折獄龜鑑》 | NTU Scholars (Hàn-gí)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  Chu-chúPek-ka |
| --- |
|  |
| Jû-ka |
|  |
| Tō-ka |
|  |
| Hoat-ka |
|  |
| Be̍k-ka |
|  |
| Bêng-ka |
|  |
| Im-iông-ka |
|  |
| Chhiòng-hêng-ka |
|  |
| Cha̍p-ka |
|  |
| Lông-ka |
|  |
| Sió-soat-ka |
|  |
| Peng-ka |
|  |
| * hián
* lūn
* pian
 |

 |

**Kiú-liû Si̍p-ka** (九流十家) ê kóng-hoat chhut-chú Pan Kò͘ ê *Hàn Su* *Gē-bûn-chì*: "Chu-chú si̍p-ka, kî khó koan chiá, kiú-ka jî-í" (諸子十家，其可觀者，九家而已). I kóng ê **si̍p-ka** (十家) sī Jû-ka, Tō-ka, Im-iông-ka, Hoat-ka, Bêng-ka, Be̍k-ka, Chhiòng-hêng-ka, Cha̍p-ka, Lông-ka iáu-koh-ū Siáu-soat-ka; kî-tiong Siáu-soat-ka "put-ji̍p-liû" (不入流), chhun ê káu ê liû-phài chiū tàu-tīn hō-chò **kiú-liû** (九流).

Siong-koan
----------

* Chu-chú Pek-ka
"**Da Turdy Point Buck**" (ing-gí: Da Turdy Point Buck) sī Bí-kok Wisconsin-tsiu ê ga̍k-thuân [en] "Bananas At Large" teh 1989-nî ê tsi̍t-siú kua-khik. Tsit-siú kua teh phah-lo̍k kuì-tset tsiânn-siū huan-gîng, tsiap-siū tiān-tâi ê pó-sàng; koh kah kî-thañ ê kua-khik tâng-tsê tsò tsit-tiuñ tsuan-tsi̍p [en] huat-hîng. Tse tō-sī kuan-î lia̍p-sat tsi̍t-tsiah tuā lo̍k-á ê kòo-sū.

Tshòng-tsok ên-khí
------------------

"Bananas At Large" ga̍k-thuân sī iû Wisconsin tsiu Amherst Junction kau-kài-tshù ê Shane Totten, Gary Nilsen hām Mike Skurek sann-ê lâng sóo tsoo-sîng--ê. Tsit-siú kau teh 1989-nî tshòng-tsok, "Bananas At Large" tsoo-ha̍p ê miâ-tshing [en] lîng-kám lâi-tsū Nilsen i-ê toh-tíng ê kin-tsio. Nilsen i-kóng: "Tng-tong lí put-siū iok-sok ê sî-tsūn, lí ē-tsò jīm-hô sū-tsîng, jiân-āu tō khí-siáu". Totten teh Pacelli ko-tiong [en] kàu-siū kè-su̍t hām kho-ha̍k; Nilsen teh Wisconsin tāi-ha̍k [en] Stevens Point hāu-khu tiâu-tset kǹg-khîm, lî-tshiánn Nilsen sī tsit-ê ga̍k-thuân ê king-lí; Skurek sī tsi̍t-king tshoo-tiong ê lāu-su, pīng siá--lo̍h-lâi tsia--ê kua-khik. Tsit-siú kua-khik sī kuan-î beh án-tsuánn phah-la̍h tsi̍t-tsiah tuā lo̍k-á.

Hòng-sàng sî-kan
----------------

Muí tsi̍t-ê la̍h-lo̍k kuì-tset [en], Nilsen lóng-ē siu-tio̍h tāi-liōng ê siáu-iú iû-kiāñ hām tsuan-tsip ê iau-kiû. Tsiâñ-tsē lâng tiāñ-tiāñ teh kóng-pòo tēn-tâi tshíng-kiû tsit-siú kua, ga̍k-thuân ê tē-tsí sī siōng-tsē lâng iau-kiû--ê. Tsit-siú kua teh 1993-nî iû Dr. Demento [en] tsú-tshî ê kóng-pòo tsiat-bo̍k lāi-té pâi-miâ tē-1. Teh1994-nî, ga̍k-thuân ê tē-tsí sī teh Demento phok-sū ê kóng-pòo tsiat-bo̍k lāi-té hông iau-kiû siōng-tsē ê tē-tsí. Ga̍k-thuân teh tsiâñ-tsē tsiu lóng-ú tiān-tâi kóng-pòo sî-tuānn. KGNU [en] ê tsóng-tshâi kiam tsóng-king-lí Karl Rene De Rouen piáu-sī, kuí-kò-gue̍h lâi siōng-hó--ê huán-kuī lâi-tsū la̍h-ah hām la̍h-lo̍k ê lâng. Ga̍k-thuân siu-tio̍h Belgique kóng-pòo tēn-tâi Scorpio [en] kóng-pòo tēn-tâi ê lâi phue. Totten kā tsit-siú kua ê sîng-kong hām kua-khik "White Christmas (kua) [en]" tsìn-hîng pí-kàu.

Tsuan-tsip huat-hîng hām thui-kóng
----------------------------------

Tsù-kái
-------

1. 1 2  Maurer, Minda (November 19, 1993). "Get dat turdy pointer". *Stevens Point Journal* – via Newspapers.com.
2. 1 2  "Da Turdy Point Buck, hey". *Oshkosh Northwestern*. November 21, 1993 – via Newspapers.com.
3. ↑  Verhoff, Timothy (November 18, 1994). "Did ya see Da Turdy Pointer?". *Stevens Point Journal* – via Newspapers.com.
4. ↑  Verhoof, Timothy (November 18, 1994). "Did ya see Da Turdy Pointer? page 2". *Stevens Point Journal* – via Newspapers.com.

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* Martino Martini [en]
* Hêng-bō͘ iàu-lio̍k (Hîng-bōo iàu-lio̍k/刑幕要略)
* Chit-liōng liû [en] (Tsit-liōng liû/Mass concentration (astronomy))
* Pak-kiaⁿ tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-siā [en] (Pak-kiañ tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-siā/北京大学出版社)
* Hông Liōng-kit [zh] (洪亮吉/ ng Liāng-ket)

Guā-pōo lên-ket
---------------

* DA TURDY POINT BUCK - Bananas At Large (Eng-gí)
* Da Turdy Point Buck Lyrics - Bananas At Large - Only on JioSaavn (Eng-gí)
* Spotify – Da Turdy Point Buck - song by Bananas At Large (Eng-gí)
* YouTube YouTube téng ê **Da Turdy Point Buck** ê iáⁿ-phìⁿ
Sam-seng ê phiau-chì
**Sam-seng Tiān-chú** (三星電子 / 삼성전자 *Samseong Jeonja*) sī Sam-seng Chi̍p-thoân kî-hā ê chú-kong-si, sī Hân-kok siāng-tōa ê siau-hùi tiān-chú sán-phín kap tiān-chú goân-kiāⁿ ê chè-chō-siong; thong-sè-kài siāng-tōa ê tì-hūi-hêng chhiú-ki chham kong-lêng-hêng chhiú-ki ê chè-chō-siong; sè-kài siāng-tōa ê chu-sìn kho-ki kong-si. I mā sī choân-kiû êng-siu siāng-koân ê tiān-chú kang-gia̍p kong-si chi-it, choân-kiû jī-cha̍p-tōa poàⁿ-tō-thé chhiúⁿ-siong kap choân-kiû siāng-tōa ê cheng-oân tāi-kang chi-it. Bí-kok *Forbes* cha̍p-chì kong-pò͘ ê choân-kiû pah-tōa kong-si, Sam-seng Tiān-chú tī choân-kiû pâi-miâ tē-20. 2014 nî, Sam-seng tông-sî mā pī *Forbes* phêng-soán chò choân-kiû siāng-ū kè-ta̍t phín-pâi tē-7 kiông, sī À-chiu phín-pâi tiong siāng-koân pâi-miâ. Put-jî-kò, kīn-nî-lâi Tiong-kok ê tì-hūi-hêng chhiú-ki ngiauh-khí, tì-sú Sam-seng he̍k-lī tōa-kiám oá saⁿ-hun-chi-jī, só͘-í têng-thâu kiám-thó i-ê keng-êng bô͘-sek.
Tâi-oân ê thih-lō͘ bāng
**Tâi-oân ê thih-lō͘ ūn-su** sū-gia̍p ùi Chheng léng sî-tāi khai-sí, tī Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi tōa-heng, thih-lō͘ bāng chóng tn̂g-tō͘ bat óa 5,000 kong-lí chó-iū, pau-hâm kok-iú thih-lō͘ kap kok-chióng sán-gia̍p thih-lō͘ lóng chhim-ji̍p tōa-sè hiong-tìn. Jī-chhù Tāi-chiàn kiat-sok chìn-ji̍p Bîn-kok sî-tāi liáu-āu, í Tâi-thih ûi-chú ê kong-kiōng thih-lō͘ bāng-lō͘ sui-jiân ū khok-tiong, tān-sī in-ūi kong-lō͘ kiàn-siat tōa-heng, koh ka-siōng lîm-gia̍p kap khòng-gia̍p boa̍t-lo̍h, chē-chē sán-gia̍p thih-lō͘ kap ūn-su liōng khah kē ê kong-kiōng thih-lō͘ lō͘-sòaⁿ sio-sòa hòe-chí, tì-sú thih-lō͘ tn̂g-tō͘ tī 2003 nî ê sî kan-na chhun 1,496 kong-lí; m̄-koh, tòe khoân-pó ì-sek giâ-thâu kap kái-koat to͘-chhī kau-thong būn-tê ê su-kiû cheng-ka, ùi 1990 nî-tāi khai-sí lio̍k-sio̍k cheng-kiàn sin ê kúi-tō hē-thóng, chhin-chhiūⁿ lâm-pak ko-sok thih-lō͘ kap to͘-hōe-khu ê chia̍t-ūn hē-thóng. Tī jîn-kháu tiû-bi̍t ê se-pō͘ cháu-lông, thih-lō͘ ūn-su it-ti̍t lóng sī hui-siông tiōng-iàu ê kau-thong hong-sek, tòe tang-pō͘ ê liân-gōa kau-thong su-kiû cheng-ka, thih-lō͘ mā chiâⁿ-chò Tâi-oân tang-sai chi-kan ê chú-iàu kau-thong hong-sek.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| * hián
* lūn
* pian
Tâi-oân ê thih-lō͘ ūn-su |
| --- |
|  |
| To͘-chhī-kan | 
* Tâi-oân Ko-sok Thih-lō͘
* Tâi-oân Thih-lō͘

 |
|  |
| Chia̍t-ūn | 
* Ko-hiông Chia̍t-ūn
* Sin-pak Chia̍t-ūn
* Tâi-tiong Chia̍t-ūn
* Tâi-pak Chia̍t-ūn
* Thô-hn̂g Chia̍t-ūn

 |
|  |
| Choan-iōng kap koan-kong | 
* A-lí-san Lîm-gia̍p Thih-lō͘
* Thài-pêng-soaⁿ Sim-lîm Thih-lō͘
* Tâi-oân Thn̂g-gia̍p Thih-lō͘

 |

 |
**Tâi-oân pún-thó͘-hòa ūn-tōng** (台灣本土化運動) sī kiông-tiāu Tâi-oân chāi-tē le̍k-sú, tē-lí, bûn-hòa kap chú-thé ì-sek ê ūn-tōng, í hoat-iông Tâi-oân ê pún-thó͘ bûn-hòa, í-ki̍p bûn-hòa chân-bīn ê khì-si̍t-bîn-hòa ûi chú-iàu chong-chí. Tâi-oân pún-thó͘-hòa ūn-tōng pēng bô chi̍t e te̍k-tēng ê hoat-tián kî-kan, tī bô-kāng ê sî-tāi pōe-kéng hā ū bô-kāng ê ì-hâm, m̄-koh chū-chiông 1980 nî-tāi bóe-kî kái-giâm í-lâi ê it-liân-chhoàn hoat-tián iû-kî bêng-hián, ti̍t-kàu kin-á-ji̍t iáu-koh teh chìn-hêng-tiong.

Chit hāng ūn-tōng ê éng-hióng chân-bīn khok-ki̍p Tâi-oân ê bûn-hòa hoat-tián, chèng-tī, keng-chè, siā-hōe, kàu-io̍k téng to-hong-bīn ê piàn-chhian, koaⁿ-hong ia̍h-sī bîn-kan chū-tōng hoat-khí ê kok-chióng oa̍h-tāng lóng chhiok-sêng chit-chióng piàn-hòa khoài-sok lâi thui-kóng.

Lēng-gōa chi̍t hong-bīn, hoán-tùi-chiá kóng chit-ê ūn-tōng sū-si̍t-siōng sī chi̍t chióng "khì-Tiong-kok-hòa", jīn-ûi i-ê bo̍k-tek sī siūⁿ-beh chhiok-sú í kīn-tāi Tiong-kok î-bîn ûi siā-hōe chú-thé ê Tâi-oân, ùi ki-pún ê bûn-hòa siā-hōe kin-goân thoat-lī Tiong-kok ê éng-hióng, koh tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ chham Tâi-oân to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng lā chò-hóe kóng; tān-sī sū-si̍t-siōng, Tâi-oân pún-thó͘-hòa ūn-tōng sī kā Hàn bûn-hòa (he̍k-chiá Tiong-hôa bûn-hòa) khòaⁿ chò sī Tâi-oân bûn-hòa ê chi̍t pō͘-hūn, m̄-sī kui-ê the̍h-tiāu.
Ji̍t-pún-ōe tī Tâi-oân chú-iàu sī tùi 1895 nî liáu-āu Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi khai-sí liû-thong.

Le̍k-sú
-------

### Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi

Ji̍t-pún niá Tâi-oân chhe-kî, tī 1895 nî 7 goe̍h, Tâi-pak tē-hng í-keng ū Chi-soaⁿ-gâm O̍h-tn̂g ê siat-li̍p, lēng-gōa tī Gî-lân ū Bêng-tī Gú-ha̍k-hāu, Sin-tek ū Tek-siâⁿ O̍h-koán (竹城學館), Ke-lâng ū Ke-lâng Ha̍k-hāu, chia ê ha̍k-hāu chú-iàu sī siat beh hō͘ Tâi-oân-lâng o̍h Ji̍t-pún-ōe--ê.

Kàu 1896 nî 3 goe̍h 31 ji̍t, Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú pan-pò͘ *Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú ti̍t-ha̍t chu ha̍k-hāu koaⁿ-chè* (臺灣總督府直轄諸學校官制), ùi pak-pō͘ siat kok-gí ha̍k-hāu 1 keng, kok-tē siat kok-gí thoân-si̍p-só͘ 14 keng (āu-lâi chin-ka kàu 16 keng), chia ha̍k-hāu sī chá-kî ê kàu-io̍k Ji̍t-gí chú-iàu ki-koan. 

Kok-gí thoân-si̍p-só͘ tú siat ê sî, sī óa-khò tē-hng sin-sū, chóng-lí, ke-chng-tiúⁿ téng thâu-lâng lâi thui-kóng, jî-chhiá siat kong-hùi miâ-gia̍h kó͘-lē ji̍p ha̍k. Chóng--sī chi̍t khai-sí Tâi-oân siā-hōa oa-ná iáu koh î-chhî Hàn-bûn ûi chú ê ha̍k-si̍p thoân-thóng. 1897 nî 10 goe̍h ê sî, chèng-hú siu-tēng kok-gí thoân-si̍p-só͘ kui-chek, chin-ka Hàn-bûn ê kà-ha̍k, tùi thoân-thóng ê su-pang chhiáⁿ kàu-su lâi kà.

1898 nî 7 goe̍h, Chóng-tok-hú pan-pò͘ *Tâi-oân Kong-ha̍k-hāu Lēng* (臺灣公學校令), kui-tēng koah tē-hng keng-hùi khai-siat 6-nî chè ê kong-ha̍k-hāu thè-ōaⁿ kok-gí thoân-si̍p-só͘.

### Chiàn-āu

1946 nî, Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok siat tī Tâi-oân ê Tâi-oân-séng Hêng-chèng Tiúⁿ-koaⁿ Kong-sú iau-kiû ha̍k-hāu m̄-thang chài ēng Ji̍t-pún-ōe chò kà-ha̍k giân-gí. Tī 1951 nî ia̍h ū séng-chèng-hú kàu-io̍k-thiaⁿ chiam-tùi tiong-téng ha̍k-hāu kìm-chí Ji̍t-gí kap hong-giân chò kà-ha̍k giân-gí ê bēng-lēng.

1980 kàu 90 nî-tāi, ū *Tâi-oân Bān-ia̍p-chi̍p* ê chhut-pán, sī chiàn-chêng Ji̍t-gí sì-tāi ê toán-koa chhòng-chok.

Tī 2009 nî chó-iū, Tâi-oân o̍h Ji̍t-pún-ōe ê jîn-kháu ū 20 thóng bān, chiàu pí-lē sī Ji̍t-pún í-gōa pâi sè-kài tē-3--ê.

Chham-khó
---------

1. 1 2 3 4  吳文星 (1987-03-31). "日據時期台灣總督府推廣日語運動初探（上）". *臺灣風物*.
2. ↑  徐秀瑩 (2015). *戦後台湾における日本語政策（1845-1975）－政府公報を中心として* (phok-sū thesis). 金沢大学.
3. ↑  曾立維 (2013-03-31). "戰後台灣國小場域內的方言禁止之界限及擴張（1951-1987）". *臺灣風物*.
4. ↑  松永正義 (1998). "台湾の日本語文学と台湾語文学". *一橋論叢*. **119** (3).
5. ↑  *2009年度 台湾における 日本語教育事情調査 台灣日本語教育現況調查 報告書*. 財団法人交流協会. 2010.

Siong-koan chu-liāu
-------------------

* 簡月真 (2011). *台湾に渡った日本語の現在: －リンガフランカとしての姿－*. 明治書院. ISBN 978-4625434464.
* 安田敏朗 (2011). *かれらの日本語： 台湾「残留」日本語論*. 人文書院. ISBN 978-4409041024.
* 松田吉郎 (2004). *台湾原住民と日本語教育―日本統治時代台湾原住民教育史研究*. 晃洋書房. ISBN 978-4771015975.

Liân-kiat
---------

* Tâi-oân ê Ji̍t-pún-gí kàu-io̍k
* Tâi-oân ê Ji̍t-pún-gí bûn-ha̍k
* Tâi-oân ê Hôa-gí
**Thih-phiò** (鐵票), sī kóng bó͘ chi̍t-kóa soán-bîn, in-ê soán-kí tâu-phiò ì-hiáng, ka-kī chá ū koat-tēng, bōe siū gōa-kài bô-kāng ê kiàn-gī kap bîn-tiàu chó-iū, kan-na ē siū sio-siāng ê gōa-chāi in-sò͘ kiông-hòa, pí-lūn siū-tio̍h só͘-sio̍k siā-thoân, thoân-thé ê pió-iông, he̍k-chiá kûn-thé jīn-tông. Thih -phiò soán-bîn iā ē-sái khòaⁿ chòe sī bó͘ hāu-soán-jîn ê tiong-sêng ài-hó͘ⁿ-chiá, in ē in-ūi hit-ê hāu-soán-jîn ê sêng-kong lâi khoài-lo̍k. Thih-phiò iā ē-tàng kái-tho̍k chòe bó͘ chi̍t-kóa soán-bîn tn̂g-kî chi-chhî bó͘ chi̍t-ê chèng-tóng, m̄ kan-na sī tan-it ê hāu-soán-jîn. 

Siong-tùi soán-kí thih-phiò, koh ū lēng-lūi soán-bîn, hō-chòe iû-lī-phiò. 

Kiàn-li̍p "thih-phiò soán-bîn" ê tô͘-kèng, ài ùi pêng-siông-sî "sè-súi tiông-liû" chò khí, tian-tó goân-pún put-móa ê soán-bîn, iā khó-lêng ùi thih-phiò choán-hòa chòe "iû-lī-phiò".

Thih-phiò ê hó-chhú sī hō͘ chèng-thoân ē-sái tit-tio̍h ún-tēng ê chi-chhî ki-chhó͘, tō-sǹg lo̍h-pāi ia̍h ē-sái î-chhî it-tēng ê sè-le̍k. Lēng chi̍t hong-bīn, chèng-thoân su-iàu koan-sim chi-chhî-chiá ê ì-kiàn, pī-bián tit-sit.
Ing-gú piáu-im jī-bió ê jī-thé.
1845-nî kî-thann gú-giân ê hù-ka jī-bió jī-thé.
1855-nî ê bí-kok pán-pún ê jī-bió, 1871-nî teh i-ha̍k jī-tián lāi-té tiông-ìn.
Tī 1843-nî ê tsá-kî pán-pún ê jī-bió.
**Ing-gú piáu-im jī-bió** (ing-gú: English Phonotypic Alphabet (**EPA**)) sī-iû Isaac Pitman [en] hām Alexander John Ellis [en] tsiok-sū khai-huat ê tsi̍t-tsióng piáu-im [en] jī-bió; siōng-thâu-á sī tsò ing-gú phing-siá kái-kik [en] ê sán-bu̍t. Sui-jiân lóng m̄ pat tit-tio̍h kóng-huàn ê tsiap-siū; m̄-kuh EPA ê im-sòo í-king hông la̍p-ji̍p hiān-tāi kok-tsè im-piau (IPA).

EPA siōng-thâu-á huat-piáu tī 1845-nî 6-gue̍h. Suî-āu, EPA ê tshut-pán kā jī-bió khok-tián kàu Tik-gú, Alápik-gú, Sepangâ-gú, Tusca-gú [en], Huat-gú, Welsh-gú, Ítālì-gú, Hōlân-gú, Pholân-gú, Photôgâ-gú kah Huān-gú ê kái-pian pán.

Jī-bió
------

Jī-bió jû-hā (ū tsi̍t-kuá-á kīn-sū-ti̍t í-lâi sik-ìng Unicode)

### 1843 nî-bué (ing-gú)

Tsit-ê kai-tuānn tn̂g guân-im ū huâinn-kòng, té guân-im tō bô.

Tn̂g guân-im
Ɨ /iː/, E /eɪ/, A /ɑː/, Ɵ /ɔː/, Ʉ /oʊ/?, ꭐ-bar /uː/

Té guân-im
I /ɪ/, ⵎ /ɛ/, Ʌ /æ/, O /ɒ/, U /ʌ/, ꭐ /ʊ/

(tsi̍t-ê ha̍p-sik ê ⟨ꭐ⟩ koh-khah kuânlî-tshiánnbô tiám, tshin-tshiūnn ⟨Ɯ⟩ m̄-kuh tiong-ng ê sû-kàn bô kî-thann ê hiah-kuân, pīng-tshiánn tsiànn-pîng-ē--átshi bô tshìn-suànn)

Siang guân-im
Ɯ /juː/, ⅄ /aɪ/, ş /aʊ/?

Kiám-tsió ('bôo-hôo) guân-im
Ǝ /ə/, ⵎ /ᵊ/

Hú-im
P B, T D, Є J /tʃ dʒ/, K G

F V, Θ Δ /θ ð/, S Z, Σ Σ /ʃ ʒ/,

L R, M N, И /ŋ/, Y W H.

\_a /eɪ/
(Ā)ᶐ /ɑː/
Ɵɵ /ɔː/
\_ɷ /oʊ/
Ɯɯ /uː/
Ii /ɪ/
Ee /ɛ/
Aɑ /æ/
Oo /ɒ/
Uu /ʌ/
\_(ꭐ)
\_ᶙ /juː/
Yy /j/
Ww /w/
Hh /h/
Pp /p/
Bb /b/
Tt /t/
Dd /d/
Єꞔ /tʃ/
Jj /dʒ/
Cc /k/
Gg /ɡ/
Ff /f/
Vv /v/
Ꞁ(ⱦ) /θ/
Ƌ(đ) /ð/
Ss /s/
Zz /z/
Σʃ /ʃ/
(Ʒ)ʒ /ʒ/
Rr /r/
Ll /l/
Mm /m/
Nn /n/
(Ŋ)ŋ /ŋ/

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  Daniels, Peter T. (1996). *The World's Writing Systems* (ēng Eng-gí). Oxford University Press. p. 831. ISBN 9780195079937.
2. ↑  Coulmas, Florian (1999-03-12). "English Phonotypic Alphabet". *The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems* (ēng Eng-gí). Wiley. ISBN 9780631214816.  (Eng-gí)
3. ↑  *Completion of the Phonotypic Alphabet*, The Phonotypic Journal, 5 Nelson Place, Bath, Phonographic Institution, vol. 4, no 42, June 1845, p. 105-106. (Eng-gí)
4. ↑  *Extension of the Phonotypic Alphabet*, The Phonotypic Journal, 5 Nelson Place, Bath, Phonographic Institution, vol. 4, no 43, June 1845, p. 121–123 (Eng-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t
----------

* The Phonetic Journal
* Tuscan dialect
* English-language spelling reform
* Phonetics
* Alexander John Ellis
* Isaac Pitman

Guā-pōo liân-kiat
-----------------

* Third Revised Proposal to encode characters for the English Phonotypic Alphabet (EPA) in the UCS, October 18th 2011 (Eng-gí)
* Completion of the Phonotypic Alphabet (Eng-gí)
* Extension of the Phonotypic Alphabet (Eng-gí)
Montréal.
**Montréal** sī Canada Québec-séng ê chi̍t-ê siâⁿ-chhī, sī Canada chôan-kok tē-jī-toā, mā-sī Québec siāng-toā ê siâⁿ-chhī. Tī 1970 nî-tāi chìn-chêng, Montréal iā-bat sī Canada ê tē-it-toā siâⁿ-chhī. 

Montréal ê jîn-kháu ū 162 bān, to͘-hōe-khu jîn-kháu ū 363 bān. Montréal sī Hoat-kok Pa-lê chi-gōa siāng-toā ê Hoat-gí siâⁿ-chhī, koaⁿ-hong gí-giân tio̍h-sī Hoat-gí, sī 70.5% ê chhī-bîn ê ka-têng gí-giân.

Tē-lí
-----

Montréal tī Saint Lawrence Hô ê Montreal-tó téng-bīn.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Montréal sī 1976 nî Hā-kùi Olympic Ūn-tōng-hōe ê kí-pān siâⁿ-chhī.

Hun-khu
-------

O͘-sek chho͘ sòaⁿ ûi-khí-lâi ê hōan-ûi sī Montréal, kî-thaⁿ sī kui-ê Montréal-tó.
Montréal lóng-chóng ū 19 ê khu (arrondissement).

* Ahuntsic-Cartierville
* Anjou
* Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
* Lachine
* LaSalle
* Le Plateau-Mont-Royal
* Le Sud-Ouest
* L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève
* Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve
* Montréal-Nord
* Outremont
* Pierrefonds-Roxboro
* Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles
* Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie
* Saint-Laurent
* Saint-Léonard
* Verdun
* Ville-Marie
* Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  "Population by language spoken most often at home and age groups". 2007-12-05 khòaⁿ--ê.
Ì-guā [en] hām khá-ha̍p tsō-sîng ê thòng-khóo sún-sit sī sing-ua̽h ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn. Tse-sī tsi̍t-tâi tshiú-ki-á bô-tú-hó siak-pit--khui, án-ne lán kā tsit-khuán phì-siùñ [en] kiò-tsò "Shit happens".
**Shit happens** (tâi-gú: m̄-tsiâñ-iūñ ê tāi-tsì koh tsông-tshut--lâi; **sue-bué-tāi bô-liáu-sî**; káu-sái-tāi koh phia̽k-tshut--lâi) sī tsi̍t-ê sio̍k-gí, iōng-tsok kán-tan ê tsûn-tsāi tsú-gī lai kuan-tshat, tō-sī sing-ua̍h tshiong-buán put-khó ū-tshik ê sū-kiānn, luī-sū tshiūñ tsi̍t-kū huat-gú "c'est la vie [en]". Shit happens tsit-kù uē sìng-jīm ta-ke kan-na bô tik-pia̍t ê guan-in ē huat-sing bô-hó ê tāi-tsì. Shit happens tsit-ê té-gú tī 1964-nî siu-tshí hông kuan-tshat tio̍h, m̄-ku it-tit-kàu 1983-nî tsia̍h-teh ìn-suat tshut-pán-bu̍t lāi-té sú-iōng. Hi̍k-tsiá kóng, tō-sǹg-kóng bô hiah-nī tshoo-sio̍k, in-uī "Bô-huat-tōo tāi-tsì tō phû--khí-lâi".

Tsù-kái
-------

1. ↑  "Shit happens". *Psychology Today*. New York. May 1995. 2007-11-25 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  "Vic & Sade (pg 02) 1940–1941". *Sound Recording*. archive.org. 12 September 2011 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. ↑  "Jeb Bush Says 'Stuff Happens' In Response to Gun Violence". *ABC News*. 2 October 2015.

Tsham-ua̽t
----------

* Blekinge-kip chhàng-chúi-kàm [en] (Blekinge-kip tshàng-tsuí-kàm/Blekinge-class submarine)
* Ð ð: Ð [en] (Latin letter Eth)
* Đ đ: Đ [en] (D with stroke)
* Pik tiân-hû [en] (Pik tên-hû/Northern lapwing)
* Shehbaz Sharif [en]

Guā-pōo lên-ket
---------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Shit happens*** |

* Shit happens Definition & Meaning (Eng-gí)
* shit happens (Eng-gí)
1868 nî Bí-kok chóng-thóng Andrew Johnson ê tân-hāi sím-phoàⁿ
**Tân-hāi** (彈劾), he̍k-chiá **tân-he̍k**, tī sè-kài siōng ū chē-chē kok-ka ê hiàn-hoat ē-tàng chìn-hêng tân-hāi, pí-lūn Bí-kok, Pa-se, Lō͘-se-a, Hui-li̍p-pin, Ireland, Tâi-oân téng-téng. Chiàu chi̍t-koá kok-ka ê hiàn-hoat ê kui-tēng, li̍p-hoat ki-koan tī te̍k-sû ê chêng-hòng hā ē-sái bô keng-kòe hêng-chèng ki-koan ê tông-ì chiū chhú-siau chèng-hú ê hêng-chèng chit-lêng, tân-hāi sī chit khoán hêng-tōng ê tē-it ê kai-toāⁿ.

Tân-hāi ê Eng-gú *impeachment* lâi-chū Latin Gú, sī pī lia̍h-tiâu ê ì-sù. Chit-ê sû chham hiān-tāi Hoat-gú lāi ê tōng-sû *empêcher* iáu-koh-ū hiān-tāi Eng-gú lāi ê *impede* lūi-sū, ì-sù sī "chó͘-tòng". Tiong-sè í-lâi tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ jīn-ûi hit-ê sû goân-chū Latin Gú lāi ê *impetere* (kong-kek), tān-sī che sī chhò-gō͘ ê.

Tân-hāi chin hán-tit khoàⁿ, tân-hāi si̍t-chè-siōng kan-na sī hoat-lu̍t-siōng ê chí-khòng, siong-tong î hêng-hoat lāi ê khí-sò͘. Pī-tân-hāi ê chèng-hú koaⁿ-oân biān-lîm tio̍h li̍p-hoat ki-koan soah-lo̍h-lâi ê tâu-phiò piáu-koat, lâi koat-tēng kám ài tùi tân-hāi ê chí-khòng tēng-chōe. Tāi-to-sò͘ kok-ka ê hiàn-hoat iau-kiû tâu-phiò kiat-kó sī ap-tó-sèng to-sò͘ chiah ē-ēng tēng-chōe.
**Kè-ta̍t-koan** (價值觀) sī chi̍t chióng chhú-lí tāi-chì phoàⁿ-toàn tio̍h-m̄-tio̍h, chò soán-te̍k sî chhú-siá ê piau-chún. Ū hó-chhù ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ chiah ū hit-ê kè-ta̍t. Tùi iú-ek kap iú-hāi ê sū-bu̍t phêng-phoàⁿ ê piau-chún chiū sī chi̍t ê lâng ê kè-ta̍t-koan.

  

Kè-ta̍t-koan iā ē-sái kóng sī chi̍t chióng àm-khàm tī siim-lāi ê chún-chîn, teh bīn-tùi soán-te̍k sî ê chi̍t hāng i-kì.

Kè-ta̍t-koan ē chí-ín chi̍t ê lâng khì chò bó͘ chi̍t-koá hêng-ûi; pí-lūn kóng "sêng-si̍t" ê kè-ta̍t-koan ē hō͘ lâng thán-sêng bīn-tùi khùn-kéng kap tùi pat-lâng soat-bêng tāi-chì ê chin-siòng, thê-seng pat-lâng tùi i ê sìn-jīm-tō͘. "Kì-lu̍t" ê kè-ta̍t-koan ē hō͘ lâng chiàu kui-tēng hêng-sū, sán-seng chip-hêng-le̍k. "Koan-hoâi" ê kè-ta̍t-koan ē hō͘ lâng koan-sim pat-lâng, liáu-kái pat-lâng ê khùn-kéng, tùi pat-lâng ū tông-lí-sim. Bô-kāng ê kè-ta̍t-koan ē sán-seng bô-kāng ê hêng-ûi bô͘-sek, chìn-jî sán-seng bô-kāng ê siā-hōe bûn-hoà. "Chū-ngó͘" ê kè-ta̍t-koan ē hō͘ lâng chū-ngó͘ tiong-sim.
**Pô Siū-keng**(蒲壽庚; 1245 nî-1284 nî), hō **Hái-hûn**(海雲), sī Tiong-kok Sòng-tiâu bo̍at-kî kàu Gôan-tiâu chho͘-kî ê Bân-lâm Chôan-chiu seng-lí-lâng, kun-jîn kah chèng-tī-ka. I sī Sunni phài ê Muslim, mā sī tē-it ūi chhut-jīm Gôan-tiâu koaⁿ-ôan ê Sek-ba̍k-lâng.

Pô Siū-keng ka-cho̍k ê chó͘-sian tùi Arabia poaⁿ-sóa lâi-kàu Chôan-chiu tēng-ki, tī hái-káng keng-êng hái-ūn bō͘-e̍k. In ê ka-cho̍k chiām-chiām ián-piàn-sêng chāi-tē chin ū bêng-bōng ê léng-tō-chiá. Hit-tong-sî ê Sòng-tiâu chèng-hú ūi-tio̍h beh khòng-chè in tau ê sè-le̍k, khip-siu Pô Siū-keng lâi tam-jīm Hok-kiàn chúi-kun ê su-lēng-koaⁿ.

1276 nî, Lâm Sòng bo̍at-kî tōng-lōan ê sî-chūn, Tiuⁿ Sè-kia̍t hiòng Pô Siū-keng thê-chhut "chhiân-to͘ Chôan-chiu" ê iau-kiû. Tong-sî ê Pô Siū-keng í-keng sóan-te̍k khò-óa Bông-kó͘-lâng hit pêng, in-chhú tō hā-lēng tui-sat Sòng Sūi-chong kah kî-thaⁿ Sòng-tiâu ê hông-sek sêng-ôan. Gôan-tiâu kiàn-li̍p liáu-āu, Pô Siū-keng kah in ka-cho̍k siū-tio̍h chèng-hú ê tiōng-iōng, khai-sí ji̍t-āu Chôan-chiu-káng ê hoat-tián kah hôan-hôa.
**Itukusima Sîn-siā** (Ji̍t-gí: 厳島神社), tiàm-tī Ji̍t-pún Itukusima ê Sîn-tō sîn-siā, ū 1400 nî kú ê le̍k-sú. Itukusima sī Hirosima Koān Hatukaiti-chhī (廿日市市) ê 1 lia̍p tó. Sîn-siā pún-sin sī UNESCO Sè-kài Ûi-sán chi-it. I ê *torii* (鳥居) ê hêng-iáⁿ te̍k-pia̍t chhut-miâ, khoàⁿ--khí-lâi bē-su chhāi toà chúi-bīn-siōng.

Sîn-siā chū 6 sè-kí tī teh kàu taⁿ. Tī 1168 nî (Pêng-an Sî-tāi) Taira no Kiyomori (平清盛) chit ê chiong-kun chhut-chîⁿ khí bo̍k-chêng ê kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t. Itukusima í-chá ū sîn-sèng ê tē-ūi, it-poaⁿ lâng bē-tit ta̍h--khí-lih, kàu taⁿ iû-goân m̄-chún lâng tâi toà hia; sîn-siā chū án-ne khí tiàm hái-kháu, beh chham-koan ê lâng tio̍h chē chûn-á koè *torii* chiah ē-sái khì kàu sîn-tiān.

Sîn-siā chū 1168 nî tō ū chhāi *torii* tī hiān-chāi ê tē-tiám, m̄-koh hiān-chú-sî chit chō sī 1875 nî li̍p ê, chhâ-chit iōng chiuⁿ-chhiū, koân 16 kong-chhioh, siat-kè-siōng ū chò 4 ki kha, khah chāi. Chit ê kéng-tì lâng kóng sī Ji̍t-pún Sam-kéng (日本三景) chi-it.

Torii tīⁿ-lâu ê sî-chūn chhin-chhiūⁿ phû tī chúi-bīn; khó-lâu ê sî-chūn, kiâⁿ-lō͘ ē-tàng thàng hoāⁿ. Pài-hóng-chiá sî-kiâⁿ kā gîn-kak-á chiⁿ ji̍p khì mn̂g-thiāu pit-sûn ê só͘-chāi, siâng-sî hē goān. Mā ū lâng khó-lâu sî toà hia khioh hái-sán (shellfish). Àm-sî tó-siōng ū phah teng chhiō.

Sîn-siā pō͘-hūn ê kiàn-siat tī 2004 nî 9 goe̍h 5 khì hō͘ hong-thai phah sńg-tn̄g.

* Sîn-siā ê pâng-keng oân-ná khí tī chúi-siōng
* *Torii* ê bīn-māu
* Khó-lâu ê sî-chūn


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Itsukushima Shrine*** |
**Surströmming** ("sng hui-hî") sī 1 chióng Sverige tiám-sim/liāu-lí, ki-pún châi-liāu iōng Pe̍h-hái "hui-hî" (鯡魚, ha̍k-miâ *Clupea* sio̍k), hoat-kàⁿ liáu-āu chng tī koàn-thâu tī chhiau-kip-chhī-tiûⁿ bē. Chin chē lâng, te̍k-pia̍t sī goā-kok-lâng, chin kiaⁿ Surströmming ê bī. Che sī in-ūi koàn-thâu khui--khui ê sî-chūn ē phīⁿ tio̍h bē-su pha̍k koè ji̍t-thâu ê pùn-sò hit-khoán chháu-phú bī, tì-tio̍h ū lâng kóng Surströmming ki-pún-siōng sī hāi--khì ê hî-á. Lâng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ the̍h chhut-khì sek-goā chia̍h. Hèng chia̍h ê lâng jīn-ūi che sī 1 khoán tio̍h ta̍uh-ta̍uh o̍h chia̍h chiah chai-iáⁿ hó ê san-tin-hái-bī.

Chò surströmming iōng ê hî-á sī chhun-thiⁿ lia̍h ê hui-hî, hit-chūn ê châi-chit siōng chán. Hui-hî seng hē toà tháng-á lāi hoat-kàⁿ 1~2 kó͘ goe̍h, liáu-āu hē ji̍p-khì koàn-thâu lāi kè-sio̍k hoat-kàⁿ. Poàⁿ-nî chì 1 tang tiong-kan, chū-pún kóng-á hêng ê koàn-thâu ē in-ūi sè-khún pàng gá-suh chhut-lâi choâⁿ-á pìⁿ khah phòng hêng.

Kúi-ā-keng hâng-khong kong-si kìm-chí lâng chah surströmming koàn-thâu chiūⁿ-ki, kiaⁿ chhàu-phú kiam po̍k-chà.
**tsi̍t-kûn lâng TGOP（This Group Of People）**，sī iû tsi̍t-kûn lâi-tsù tâi-uân tsuan-gia̍p hì-kio̍k kho-pan pī-gia̍p ha̍k-sing sóo tsóo-sîng ê bāng-loo gôo-lo̍k tsì-muî-thé tuân-tuī, tsok-phín tsin-tsē sī iōng hì-kio̍k hong-sik thîng-hiān. 2011 nî 8 gue̍h 3 ji̍t tī YouTube kuan-hong hua̍t-piáu tē tsi̍t-ê tsū-tshòng tsok-phín. Tīng-tīng muí gue̍h 15 hō ka̍p 30 hō（2 gue̍h tō sī 28 ji̍t）kin-sin YouTube。ū-miânn ê tāi-piáu tsok-phín ū 《超瞎翻唱》、《經典語錄系列》，kî-tiong 《超瞎翻唱》í-king tshiau-kuè tsi̍t tshīng bān--ah. 《tsi̍t-kûn lâng TGOP》kuan-hong pîn-tō tī 2017 nî 9 gue̍h 15 ji̍t subscribe jîn-sòo tshiau-kuè 200 bān--aah, sîng-uî tâi-uân tē-tsi̍t-ê phuà 200 bān ê tsù-muî-thé lâng. kuan-hong pîn-tō tī 2019 nî 8 gue̍h 15 ji̍t tu̍t-phuà 300 bàn subscriptions. Kàu-tann tī YouTube siōng, tsi̍t-kûn lâng sī tâi-uân siōng kuân subscriptions jîn-sòo ê tsù-muî-thé thuân-tuī.

Kán-kài
-------

2008 nî "tsi̍t-kûn lâng" sī iōng kik-khue-hâi ê hì-tuân khai-sí tsòo--ê. Tsi̍t khai-sí sī tuí kuí-nà-ê ko-tiong, tai-ha̍k hì-kiők kho ê kâng pan tông-ha̍k tsòo-sîng. tsuan-bûn tsham-ka koh-tua hì-kio̍k pí-sài í-ki̍p kù-tiûnn ián-tshut tíng ua̍h-tāng, tī thuân-uân biān-līm ha̍k-gia̍p ka̍p king-tsè ê bûn-tê hā tsiām-sî kái-sàn.

2011 nî "tsi̍t-kûn lâng" tsuán-hîng tsòo bāng-lōo kik-khue-hâi té-pìnn phín-pâi, tuí guân-lâi hì-thuân tiōng ê siang-sinn-á a-hiannTián-îng (展榮)、sió-tī Tián-suī (展瑞)、In-sing (茵聲)、Tóng-á (董仔)、Bo̍k-sing(木星)、Nî-khik/ Nì-khuh (尼克) tām-jīm ián-uân, koh ka-siōng lia̍p-iánn su Tsio̍h-thâu (石頭)，iân-sio̍k kio̍k-thuân tsiànn-káng ê kik-khue-hâi tsing-sîn, ián-tshut guân-tshòng, kik-khue-hâi, tshiò-khue í-ki̍p KUSO ê kûn-lâng té-pìnn ua̍h-hiánn tī bāng-lōo.
 

1. ↑  自由娛樂. "（影音）這群人推「超瞎翻唱3」 集結各網紅吸睛度破表 - 自由娛樂". *ent.ltn.com.tw*. 2019-05-02 khòaⁿ--ê. Empty citation (help)
2. ↑  *台灣唯一！ 「這群人」晉升2百萬YouTuber*
Kńg-tang chian O͘-thn̂g tiⁿ-ké
Má-lâi-se-a kok-chióng chhái-sek tiⁿ-ké
Jakarta kok-chióng ké
Kiâm-tiⁿ-ké
Chhá chhài-thâu-ké
Chian chhài-thâu-ké
Ké/kóe(粿), sī tī Bân-lâm, Tiô-sòaⁿ, Tâi-oân kah Lâm-iûⁿ Hô-ló Bîn-cho̍k siā-khu ko-á ê chóng-chheng, ēng chut-bí a̍h-sī Ji̍t-pún-bí(Ji̍t-gí: 粳米（うるちまい）) chòe ê chia̍h-mi̍h. In-ūi ū kok-chióng bô-siâng-khoán chham--ê goân-châi-liāu, iā ū kok-chióng bô-siâng-khoán ê kiò-hoat.  Keng-siông tī choeh-ji̍t a̍h-sī chhiūⁿ kiat-hun/chè-chó͘ hit-khoán tiōng-iàu ê ji̍t-chí chòe.

Lūi-pia̍t
---------

Chham thn̂g ê kiò tiⁿ-ké, koh pun-chòe o͘-thn̂g tiⁿ-ké, pe̍h-thn̂g tiⁿ-ké. Chham iâm he̍k-chiá chham chhài ê kiò kiâm-ké, koh pun-chòe chhài-thâu-ké, kim-koe-ké téng.

Án-chóaⁿ-chòe
-------------

Chiong bí cheng chòe hún, chham chúi, liap chòe tè, lāi-bīn pau āⁿ, ēng ké-ìn ìn hoe-chháu, jiân-āu chhe hō͘ se̍k.

Siong-koan sû-tiâu
------------------

* Ké-ìn
* Âng-ku-ké
* Iû-chhang-ké

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  "臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典：粿". 中華民國教育部. 2008-12-17 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  《閩南方言大詞典》 P173.「粿」字條
3. ↑  《潮州音字典》「粿」字條：用米舂成粉末和水搓捏为柔塊，裹以甜餡或其他雜料，印以花紋，蒸熟而成的食品。旧俗潮人每于年、節、婚、丧、求神、拜佛时多制之。
**Koeh Tiong-iū** (1991 nî 5 goe̍h 10 li̍t chhut-sì), sī Tâi-oân cha-po͘ koa-chhiú, Tâi-lâm lâng. I chham-ka Bîn-sī ê chhiùⁿ-koa pí-sài chiat-bo̍k ***Bêng-ji̍t chi Chheⁿ Super Star***, tī 2015 nî 11 goe̍h 7 li̍t tī Bán-chheⁿ-sài pó-chhî iu-sèng 10 koan, piàn-sêng koan-chú; I mā ū chham-ka Má-lâi-se-a ***Choân-kiû Hoaⁿ-hí Lâi Khah-la 2016*** tāi-sài. I chit-má sī gē-lîn kah hoat-phìⁿ koa-chhiú. Tī Bîn-sī ***Chong-gē Tāi Chi̍p-ha̍p*** lāi-té chò kò͘-tēng pan-té, pēng tī 2021 nî 12 goe̍h seng-chò Chú-chhî-lîn. In-ūi tī chiat-bo̍k ê iû-hì lāi tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ pá-koan sêng-kong lî-chhiáⁿ sūn-lī kòe-koan, hō͘ lâng hong-chò "Kòe-koan Ki-hāi."

Tī 2021 nî 11 goe̍h 27 kah 28 li̍t, Pó-kiat-siông Chi̍p-thoân kí-pān "CHAMPIONS" ián-chhiùⁿ-hōe, chham Koeh Têng-ûn, Tân Î-têng, Chan Úi-tiòng, Tō͘ Him-tiām, Lōa Hōe-lû, Chhòa Ka-chin, Phêⁿ Chèng, Hong Ngá-hiân kah Gân Léng-an chò-hóe ián-chhut. 2022 nî 1 goe̍h 22 li̍t, tī Tâi-pak CORNER MAX kí-pān thâu-chi̍t-tiûⁿ ê hún-si kìⁿ-bīn-hōe. 2022 nî 3 goe̍h 11 kah 12 li̍t, Pó-kiat-siông Chi̍p-thoân kí-pān "Koa chi Hióng-iàn" ián-chhiùⁿ-hōe, chham Koeh Têng-ûn, Tō͘ Him-tiām, Hong Ngá-hiân kah Gân Léng-an chò-hóe ián-chhut.

1. ↑  "再奮起 郭忠祐晉級選秀賽第十關". 民視新聞on Yahoo. 2015-11-07. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2018-12-19. 2018-12-19 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  "郭忠祐剖白沒胡瓜：演藝之路混不下去". 中時電子報. 2019-08-01. Goân-pún bāng-ia̍h Pó-chûn tī 2019-08-02. 2019-12-13 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. ↑  吳孟倫 (2022-01-24). "老少通吃！5歲女孩喊「長大嫁給你」 郭忠祐暖心回應". *自由時報*. goân-loē-iông tī 2022-04-17 hőng khó͘-pih. 2022-01-24 khòaⁿ--ê.
**Kong-hái Kun**| Hàn-jī | 光海君 |
| Ko-lê-jī | 광해군 |
| Lô-má-jī | Gwanghae Gun |

**Kong-hái Kun** (光海君; 1575 nî~1641 nî), pún-miâ **Lí Kun**(李琿, 이혼), sī Tiâu-sián ông-tiâu ê tē-15 tāi kok-ông.

1608 nî kàu 1623 nî chāi-ūi.

Kong-hái Kun sī Tiâu-sián Soan-chó͘(朝鮮宣祖) ê tē-2 ê hāu-siⁿ.

Seng-pêng
---------

1575 nî, Kong-hái Kun chhut-sì. In lāu-bú Kiong-pîn Kim--sī(恭嬪金氏) tī 2 nî āu kòe-sin, i kah kâng-bú a-hiaⁿ Lîm-hái Kun(臨海君) tàu-tīn iû tek-bú Ì-jîn Ông-hīo(懿仁王后) hû-ióng tōa-hàn.

1592 nî, Jîm-sîn E-loān(壬辰倭亂) pho̍k-hoat. Toyotomi Hideyosi(豐臣 秀吉) niá-peng kong-táⁿ Hú-san, khai-sí toā-kui-bô͘ chhim-lio̍k Tiâu-sián. Soan-chó chheh-hong Kong-hái Kun ûi sè-chú.

1608 nî, Soan-chó eng, Kong-hái Kun chek-ūi. Put-kò, Bêng-tiâu in-ūi Lîm-hái Kun khah tōa-hàn ê goân-in, kī-choa̍t chheh-hong Kong-hái Kun "kok-ông" ê chiok-ūi.

1609 nî, Bêng-tiâu chiah chèng-sek chheh-hong Kong-hái Kun ûi Tiâu-sián-ông. Kong-hái Kun tùi Bêng-tiâu ê thài-tō͘ hui-siông put-boán, che chiū-sī chō-sêng i āu-lâi bô beh phòe-ha̍p Bêng-tiâu ê goân-in.

1609 nî, Lí Têng-piu(李廷彪) thâi-sí ông-hiaⁿ Lîm-hái Kun, tān-sī Kong-hái Kun pèng bô tui-kiù, hō lâng tah-siōng tō-tek o͘-tiám, mā sêng-uî āu-lâi tāi-sîn thui-hoan i ê chi̍t ê lí-iû.

1613 nî, Kong-hái Kun hā-lēng liû-hòng Éng-chhiong Tāi-kun(永昌大君); Keh-nî, koh hā-lēng tī Kang-hôa tó(江華島) pì-bi̍t chiong i sat-hāi. Le̍k-sú siōng hō-chòe Chhit-sù Ge̍k-su(七庶獄事).

1623 nî, Jîn-chó͘ niá-peng thui-hoan Kong-hái Kun, chiong i liû-hòng Kang-hôa tó. Le̍k-sú hō-chòe Jîn-chó͘ Hoán-chèng(仁祖反正).

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| * hián
* lūn
* pian
 Tiâu-sián kok-ông  |
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| Tiâu-sián kok-ông | Thài-chó͘  → Tēng-chong  → Thài-chong  → Sè-chong  → Bûn-chong  → Toan-chong  → Sè-chó͘  → Joē-chong  → Sêng-chong  → Ian-san Kun  → Tiong-chong  → Jîn-chong  → Bêng-chong  → Soan-chó͘  → Kong-hái Kun  → Jîn-chó͘  → Hàu-chong  → Hián-chong  → Siok-chong  → Kéng-chong  → Eng-chó͘  → Chèng-chó͘  → Sûn-chó͘  → Hiàn-chong  → Tiat-chong  → Ko-chong |  |
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| Tāi-hân Tè-kok hông-tè | Ko-chong  → Sûn-chong |

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**Chiūⁿ-chhī kong-si** (上市公司) sī chi̍t chióng kong-chiòng kong-si ê chi̍t chióng, 
sī chí ē-tàng tī chèng-koàn kau-e̍k-só͘ kong-khai kau-e̍k kong-si kó͘-phiò kap chè-koàn téng ê kó͘-hūn iú-hān kong-si. Kong-si kā i-ê chèng-koàn kap kó͘-hūn tī chèng-koàn kau-e̍k-só͘ chiūⁿ-chhī liáu-āu, kong-chiòng jîn-sū ē-tàng kin-kì kok kau-e̍k-só͘ ê kui-chek, lâi chū-iû bé-bē siong-koan chèng-koàn kap kó͘-hūn, bé-ji̍p kó͘-hūn ê kong-chiòng jîn-sū chiū chiâⁿ-chò kong-si ê kó͘-tong, hiáng-iú khoân-ek.

Kong-si kā chèng-koàn kap kó͘-hūn chiūⁿ-chhī ê goân-in chiâⁿ chē chióng. It-poaⁿ chêng-hóng hā, kong-si kā chèng-koàn kap kó͘-hūn tī hoat-hêng liáu-āu í chiau-kó͘ hêng-sek chiūⁿ-chhī, ē-tàng khip-ín kong-chiòng jîn-sū í tōa-liōng chu-kim tâu-ji̍p kong-si, hō͘ kong-si ē-sái ēng chhiong-chiok ê chu-kim lâi hoat-tián gia̍p-bū. Lēng-gōa, mā ū pō͘-hūn kong-si í hui-hoat-hêng sin kó͘-hūn ê hong-sek lâi chiūⁿ-chhī, i-ê bo̍k-tek ū-khó-lêng sī beh thê-ko kong-si ti-miâ-tō͘ ia̍h cheng-ka kong-si chiong-lâi tiû-chi̍p chu-kim ê hong-sek.

Ūi-tio̍h beh pó-hō͘ kó͘-tong lī-ek, àn chiūⁿ-chhī kui-chek, chiūⁿ-chhī kong-si ài tī ta̍k-nî 6 goe̍h tī kó͘-tong-hōe hiòng tâu-chu-chiá kap kong-chiòng kong-pò͘ kong-si ê châi-bū pò-pió téng chu-liāu, lâi chiap-siū kàm-chhat.
tī Hoán-sàng-tiong ūn-tiōng hō͘ lâng phùn chit kháu-hō--ê hō͘-nôa
**Kong-ho̍k Hiong-káng, sî-tāi kek-bēng** (Hàn-jī: 光復香港，時代革命), sī Hiong-káng Hoán-sàng-tiong Ūn-tōng--ê kháu-hō. Khí-thâu sī Hiong-káng pún-thó͘-phài jîn-sū, Pún-thó͘ Bîn-chú Chêng-soàⁿ (本土民主前線) chêng hoat-giân-jîn Liâng Thian-kî (梁天琦) tī 2016 nî chham-ka Hiong-káng Li̍p-hoat-hōe pó͘-soán the̍h-chhut--ê khâu-hō, āu-lâng iōng tī Hoán-sàng-tiong Ūn-tōng.

2020 nî 7 goe̍h 2 ji̍t, Hiong-káng Te̍k-khu Chèng-hú hoat-pò͘ seng-bêng, kóng chit-ê kháu-hō tī hiān-chú-sî ū Hiong-káng to̍k-li̍p iah-sī kā Hiong-káng Te̍k-khu tùi Tiong-hôa jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok hūn-khui, kái-piàn te̍k-khu--ê hoat-lu̍t tē-ūi, iah-sī tian-hok (顛覆) kok-ka chèng-koân--ê hâm-ì, ûi-hoán-tio̍h Hiong-káng Kok-ka An-choân-hoat.

Chham-khó
---------

* Hoán-sàng-tiong Ūn-tōng
* Gō͘ tōa sò͘-kiû, khoat-it put-khó

Chù-kha
-------

1. ↑  Sng Ú-chheng (孫宇青) (Pian-e̍k) (2019-08-07). "從反送中到光復香港 港人啟動革命". Chū-iû sî-pò Tiān-chú-pò (自由時報電子報). 2020-07-09 khòaⁿ--ê.
2. ↑  Lô Kok-ka (羅國嘉) (Chòng-ha̍p pò-tō) (2020-07-03). "喊「光復香港 時代革命」 港府劃紅線認定港獨". NewTalk. 2020-07-09 khòaⁿ--ê.
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| Sio̍k: | *Ipomoea* |
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| Chéng: | ***I. batatas*** |
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Tú ku̍t--khí-lâi ê han-chî (Ji̍t-pún)
**Han-chû** (Hàn-jī: 番薯,蕃薯, Eng-gí: *sweet potato*) sī 1 ê tiōng-iàu ê niû-si̍t. Chit sû ē-sái chí kui-châng ê si̍t-bu̍t a̍h sī kan-taⁿ kin ê pō·-ūi. Han-chî ê kin pûi, chē tiān-hún, chia̍h--khí-lâi tiⁿ-tiⁿ. Hio̍h-á kah iù-ki mā ū lâng chia̍h. Oân-ná ū lâng chèng tī sek-lāi.

Han-chî ê ha̍k-miâ sī *Ipomoea batatas* L. *Ipomoea* chit ê sio̍k iū-koh ū kúi-nā-khoán chèng tī hoe-hn̂g ê chéng (Eng-bûn: *morning glory*).

Han-chî ê goân-sán-tē it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi tī Lâm Bí-chiu. Āu--lâi chiah kòe hái khì kàu Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê Lâm-tó-gí-cho̍k sió-tó.

Tī Tâi-ôan
----------

Ū lâng kám-kak Tâi-oân-tó ê hêng sêng 1 lia̍p hân-chî, só·-í ū chheng-ho· Tâi-oân lâng chò "Hân-chî-á" ê kóng-hoat.

Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
----------------------

* Chhiū-chî
* Má-lêng-chî
* Ō·-á.
* Soaⁿ-io̍h

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

* 台灣番薯文化誌 (ISBN 986-7796-18-7)


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|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Ipomoea batatas*** |
**Middag Ông-kok** (Tōa-tō͘ Ông-kok, 大肚王國) sī koè-khì tī Tâi-oân tiong-pō͘ ê pō͘-lo̍k liân-bêng. Tī 17 sè-kí ê Hô-lân-lâng siá ê ji̍t-kì khai-sí ū kì-chài chit ê liân-bêng. M̄-kò bô siá chit ê liân-bêng tī-tang-sî to̍h ū. Kàu Tēⁿ Keng sî-tāi, Middag Ông-kok sit-sè.

Cho͘-sêng
---------

Cho͘-sêng Middag Ông-kok ê pō͘-cho̍k hâm Papora, Babuza, Hoanya kap Pazehhe; kun-kù 1638 nî Hô-lân-lâng ê chêng-pò, ū 18-ê chng. Ông-kok siāng kiông ê sî, koán-hat lóng-chóng 27-ê chng. 

Chú-iàu ê chng-siā pau-koat Sada, Boedor, Deredonesel, kap Goema téng-téng, nā Middag ông tòa ê só͘-chāi chio̍h sī Middag.

Le̍k-sú
-------

Middag Ông-kok kap Hô-lân-lâng ū chiap-chhiok, in-ê siú-léng Hô-lân-lâng chheng sī *Keizer van Middag* (ì-sù: Middag ê Ông), lēng-goā mā ū kì-lio̍k Hàn-jîn ê kóng-hoat *Quata Ong*, "Ong" tio̍h sī Hō-ló-oē ê "Ông". Hô-lân-lâng tī 1645 nî liáu-āu, sit-chè-siōng khòng-ché liáu Quata Ông ê kè-sêng.

Tēⁿ Sêng-kong chiàm Tâi-oân ê sî-chūn, kap Middag Ông-kok ū chhiong-tu̍t, chi̍t khai-sí chiàn-su. Kàu Tēⁿ Keng sî-tāi, Middag Ông-kok sit-sè. 

Tong-sî ê Hàn-jîn tùi chi̍t-ê chèng-khoân pēng bô "ông-kok" ê kóng-hoat, chú-iàu sī kì-chè Toā-tō͘ tē-khu ū "hoan-ông" (番王).

Chham-khó
---------

1. ↑  William Campbell (1903). *Formosa under the Dutch*.

* "大肚番王傳奇". *平埔文化資訊網*. 中央研究院民族學研究所.
* "大肚王". *台灣大百科全書*. 行政院文化建設委員會.
New York Kong-kiōng Tô͘-su-koán
**Kong-kiōng tô͘-su-koán** (公共圖書館) sī thè kong-chiòng ho̍k-bū ê tô͘-su-koán, it-poaⁿ iû chèng-hú ê sòe-siu lâi chi-chhî, pēng iû kong-bū-oân teh ūn-chok. Chham choan-gia̍p he̍k-chiá ha̍k-su̍t ê tô͘-su-koán bô-kāng, kong-kiōng tô͘-su-koán ê ho̍k-bū tùi-siòng ē-tàng sī gín-á kap tōa-lâng; thê-kiong hui-choan-gia̍p ê tô͘-su (pau-hâm thong-sio̍k tho̍k-bu̍t, kî-khan cha̍p-chì kap chham-khó-chheh), kong-kiōng sìn-sit, bāng-chè bāng-lō͘, iáⁿ-tia̍p cho͘-chioh kap tô͘-su-koán kàu-io̍k. Chit-khoán tô͘-su-koán mā ē siu-chi̍p chāi-tē te̍k-sek ê chheh kap chu-sìn, pēng thê-kiong siā-khu oa̍h-tāng ê tiûⁿ-só͘ kap khong-kan.

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|  | Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: ***Kong-kiōng tô͘-su-koán*** |

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* LCCN: sh85108703
* GND: 4043141-1
* NKC: ph116570
* BNE: XX525735

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Kok-chè Âng Si̍p-jī kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi Ūn-tōng ê kî-á
**Kok-chè Âng Si̍p-jī kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi Ūn-tōng** (Eng-gí: *International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement*) sī kok-chè-sèng ê jîn-tō-chú-gī ūn-tōng, tī thong-sè-kài kok-tē ū tāi-iok 9700-bān ūi chì-goān-chiá kap kang-chok jîn-oân. Che sī kok-chè jîn-tō ūn-tōng beh pó-hō͘ lâng ê sèⁿ-miā kap kiān-khong, pó-chiong lâng ê chun-giâm, kiám-kheng kok-che̍k, chéng-cho̍k, chong-kàu sìn-gióng, kai-kip kap chèng-tī koan-liām só͘ ín-khí ê jīm-hô kî-sī.

Kok-chè Âng Si̍p-jī kap Âng Sin-goe̍h Ūn-tōng ū 3 ê pō͘-hūn: Âng Si̍p-jī Kok-chè Úi-oân-hōe, Âng Si̍p-jī kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi Kok-chè Liân-ha̍p-hōe, kok-kok ê Âng Si̍p-jī Hōe kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi Hōe. Chit 3 ê chó͘-sêng pō͘-hūn siong-tùi to̍k-li̍p, m̄-koh ū kiōng-tông ê ki-pún goân-chek, bo̍k-piau, piau-chì kap chiong-thêng.

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| Sìn-kù khòng-chè | 
* WorldCat Identities
* VIAF: 145680594
* LCCN: n2001131185
* ISNI: 0000 0001 1941 4682
* GND: 138093-X
* SUDOC: 028180585
* BNF: cb118683491 (data)
* BIBSYS: 1465468306125
* HDS: 025812
* NLA: 35444802
* NKC: ko2009518538
* CiNii: DA11076977

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**Koeh Tek-hoâi** (郭德懷) chhut-seⁿ tī 1896 nî tī Se Jawa, Bogor-chhī, sī Ìn-nî-Hôa-jîn chok-ka, Sam-kàu soan-kàu-su. Lāu-pē sī seng-lí-lâng. Sè-hàn ê kàu-io̍k iû-goân bē chheng-chhó, ū-khó-lêng bat tha̍k Hô-lân su-li̍p-ha̍k-hāu kah thoân-tōng-ha̍k-hāu (ēng Hok-kiàn-ōe ê ha̍k-hāu). Chū-sè-hàn hē-pit, gâu kóng Hô-lân-gí, Eng-gí, kap Má-lâi-gī. Tē-it chheh tī 1919 chhut-pán—ê, miâ-chò "Siâ-sîn" ("Allah yang Palsu"), i leh gê-sé tham-sim siā-hōe ê tāi-chì.

Koeh Tek-hoâi tùi chong-kàu-ha̍k kah Tiong-kok-thiat-ha̍k ū koan-sim. M̄-nā siáu-soat, i mā chhòng-chok ū-ê Tang-iûⁿ thiat-ha̍k chheh.

Hit-tong-sî, Koeh tek-hoâi tâu-su Sin-pò, chi̍t-ê Ìn-nî Hôa-jîn pò-siā. Koeh Tek-hoâi iā chham-ka Tiong-hôa Hōe-koán （THHK）, Ìn-nî Hôa-jîn ha̍k-su̍t-thoân-thé. Tiong-hôa-Hōe-koán teh chi-chhî Jû-ha̍k. Koeh Tek-hoâi iā gián-kiú Jû-ha̍k.

Ēng i-ê Jû-ha̍k kiàn-sek, i beh thó-lūn siā-hōe kap chèng-tī ê sū. Jû-ha̍k ê éng-hióng tī i-ê khah-chá bûn-chiuⁿ (1930 í-chêng) ē-tàng chhōe—tio̍h. In-ūi i-sī leh gián-kiú chong-kàu-ha̍k, i hoán-tùi Kiōng-sán-chú-gī, chàn-sêng Ìn-nî kok-ka chú-gī. Koeh Tek-hoâi kap i-ê pêng-iú kiàn-li̍p *Sam-kàu-hōe* tī 1934 nî. Lēng-gōa, i iā tī *Pa-siâⁿ Hu̍t-kàu Siā-hōe* (Batavia Budhhist Association) chò hōe-tiúⁿ. Ūi-tio̍h hap-it sam-kàu, Koeh Tek-hoâi tùi kok chong-kàu chhōe-tio̍h kāng-khoán ê tāi-chì.
**Koeh Hoâi-it**(郭懷一; 1603 nî  – 1652 nî 9 goe̍h 7 ji̍t) sī Hô-lân sî-tāi ê Tâi-oân khai-khún kah kek-bēng ê léng-tō-chiá. I tī Hok-kiàn-séng Choân-chiu-hú Tâng-oaⁿ-koāiⁿ chhut-sì.

Koeh Hoâi-it tī hiān-kim Tâi-lâm-chhī ê Éng-khong-khu kak-sì chiông-sū khai-khún. Tong-sî Hàn-jîn tī Éng-khong só͘-chāi chèng-choh môa kah bí téng keng-chè chok-bu̍t, chiām-chiām piàn-sêng chi̍t ê kau-e̍k chhoan-lo̍k. Koeh Hoâi-it sī chāi-tē ê léng-tō-chiá, Hô-lân ê le̍k-sú kì-lio̍k tiong, i hō-chòe **Ngó͘-koaⁿ Hoâi-it** (五官懷一). Chū 1650 nî khai-sí, kam-chià ê seng-sán sò͘-liōng kiám-chió, Hàn-jîn khai-khún-chiá seng-oa̍h pháiⁿ kóe; lēng-gōa koh in-ūi put-boán Hô-lân kun-sū cheng-siu tāng-sòe, Koeh Hoâi-it pì-bi̍t kè-e̍k beh khí-gī hoán-khòng.

Put-kò, chāi-tē ê thâu-ke (頭家) kā chit ê poān-loān kè-e̍k tâu hō Hô-lân thóng-tī-chiá chai-iáⁿ, iáu-bē chún-pī oân-pī ê Koeh Hoâi-it chí e-sái thê-chá tī 1652 nî 9 goe̍h 7 ji̍t khí-sū. Koeh Hoâi-it kah Hàn-jîn bîn-peng kong-táⁿ Chhiah-khàm, chiàn-pāi thiat-thè. Koeh Hoâi-it tī tô-cháu ê kóe-thêng tiong, hō goân-chū-bîn siā-sí.
**Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng Tâi-oân-séng Tâi-pak-chhī Kang-chok Úi-oân-hōe** (中國共產黨台灣省台北市工作委員會), kán-chheng **Tiong-kiōng Tâi-pak Chhī-úi** (中共台北市委), sī Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng tī Tâi-oân-séng Tâi-pak-chhī ê tē-hng cho͘-chit, sī Tiong-kiōng Tâi-oân Séng-úi ê phài-chhut ki-koan.

Tiong-kiōng Tâi-pak Chhī-úi sī Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng siat-tì chāi Tâi-oân Tâi-pak-chhī ê gōa-ûi cho͘-chit, tī 1947 nî 10 goe̍h sêng-li̍p, í tha̍k-chheh-hōe ê hêng-sek chìn-hêng oa̍h-tāng, iû Koeh Siù-chong hū-chek. Tâi-pak-chhī Kang-chok Úi-oân-hōe ē-kha koh ū Tâi-oân Tāi-ha̍k Hù-sio̍k I-īⁿ Chi-pō͘, Chháu-soaⁿ Chi-pō͘, Hun-chiú Kong-bē-kio̍k Chi-pō͘, Tâi-pak Tiān-sìn-kio̍k Chi-pō͘, Sū-lîm Jia̍t-tài I-ha̍k Gián-kiù-só͘ Chi-pō͘, Siang-hn̂g Chi-pō͘, Hôe-siūⁿ-chiu Chi-pō͘ kap Tē-it chì Tē-gō͘ Tâi-pak Ke-thâu Chi-pō͘ téng-téng. 1950 nî. Mô͘ Jîn-hōng chú-tō ê Pó-bi̍t-kio̍k phò-he̍k chit-ê úi-oân-hōe, sûi tāi-pó͘ só͘-ū sêng-oân chóng-kiōng 51 lâng. Kî-tiong pau-hâm tam-jīm úi-oân-hōe su-kì ê Koeh Siù-chong chāi-lāi. Chit-ê "húi-tia̍p àn" ū 15 lâng pī chhèng-sat, 36 lâng pī phòaⁿ 1 chì 15 tang ê iú-kî tô͘-hêng.

Tâi-pak-chhī Kang-chok Úi-oân-hōe sī Tâi-oân-séng Kang-chok Úi-oân-hōe ê siōng-tōa ti̍t-sio̍k ki-koan, khan-liân ê chèng-tī-hoān iā chē. 1950 nî-tāi ê chit kiāⁿ "Pak-kang-úi àn" (北工委案) ê po̍k-hoat, khai-khé í Tâi-pak-chhī ûi-chú ê Tâi-oân Pe̍h-sek Khióng-pò͘ sî-kî, chit-ê sî-kî ē-tàng iân-sin kàu 1970 nî-tāi, sīm-chì kàu 1990 nî-tāi chit kiāⁿ tāi-chì chiah tit-tio̍h pêng-hoán.
Hân-kok cha-bó͘ eⁿ-á leh tō͘-chè
Tō͘-chè (度晬,tâi-lô "tōo-tsè"), sī Tang-a chi̍t-khoán eⁿ-á móa chi̍t-hòe sî-chūn chòe siⁿ-ji̍t ê hong-sio̍k.

Hong-sio̍k
----------

Tī hit-ji̍t, ka-têng tio̍h chún-pī seng-lé kah âng-ku-ké lâi chè-pài sîn-bêng kah chè-chó͘; mā-tio̍h pān-toh chhiáⁿ chhin-chiâⁿ pêng-iú. Eⁿ-á in a-bú gōa-ke tio̍h chún-pī "thâu-bé-lé" kah âng-ku-ké lâi khèng-chiok. Cha-bó͘ eⁿ-á it-poaⁿ kan-na siu "thâu-bé-lé", bô chòe tō͘-chè. Tī hit-ji̍t ka-têng mā ē chún-pī cha̍p-jī hāng kah chit-gia̍p siong-koan ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ, hē leh thai-á tiong hō͘ eⁿ-á soán-te̍k, lâi ū-chhek eⁿ-á bī-lâi ê chit-gia̍p.. Chit-khoán oa̍h-tāng, Hôa-gí kiò "抓周/試周/試兒/拿周", Hân-gí kiò "조주/돌잡이", Ji̍t-gí kiò "選び取り".

Eⁿ-á soán-te̍k kok-chióng mi̍h-kiāⁿ ê ì-gī
------------------------------------------

ChhehChiong-lâi ē-hiáu tha̍k-chheh, chòe ha̍k-chiá/choan-ka
Pit/ba̍kChok-chiá/Ōe-ka
Ìn-áĒ chòe koaⁿ
Sǹg-pôaⁿ/kè-sǹg-kiĒ chòe seng-lí, a̍h-sī kòe-kè
Chîⁿ/gûn-hâng-khahĒ chin ū-chîⁿ; Kim-iông hâng-gia̍p
Ke-thúiŪ hok-khì
ChhiohĒ chòe siat-kè-su/kiàn-tio̍k-su
ChhangChhong-bêng
SǹgĒ-hiáu kè-sǹg
Khûn-chhàiĒ khûn-lô kut-la̍t
To/kiàmĒ chòe kun-jîn/kéng-chhat
Thiaⁿ-tângI-seng/hō͘-sū
Ka-toChhâi-hông

Chham-khó chu-liāu
------------------

1. ↑  《閩南方言大詞典》 P97「度晬」字條：嬰兒年滿1後雖。本地習俗要大肆慶祝一番，宴請親友，昔時還有抓週活動，以此預卜孩子將來的職業前途：下月日即個囡仔~咯。
2. ↑  "臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典：度晬". 中華民國教育部. 2015-12-29 khòaⁿ--ê.
3. ↑  "臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典：度晬". 中華民國教育部. 2015-12-29 khòaⁿ--ê.
4. ↑  "寶寶成長禮俗--抓周". 張玉櫻. 2015-12-29 khòaⁿ--ê.