Một hội nghị trực tuyến
**Hội nghị trực tuyến** là thuật ngữ dùng để chỉ các dịch vụ hội nghị và hợp tác trực tuyến khác nhau bao gồm các **webinar** (buổi hội thảo trực tuyến), các buổi phát trực tuyến (webcasts) và các cuộc họp trực tuyến. Đôi khi thuật ngữ này cũng được sử dụng trong một khái niệm hẹp hơn của bối cảnh cuộc họp web cùng cấp để phân biệt với các loại khác được biết đến như các phiên hợp tác. Thuật ngữ liên quan đến các công nghệ này là chính xác và được thống nhất dựa trên các tiêu chuẩn cho hội nghị trực tuyến, nhưng các tổ chức cụ thể vẫn tồn tại để cung cấp cả tham chiếu sử dụng thuật ngữ.

Nói chung, hội nghị trực tuyến được thực hiện nhờ vào các công nghệ Internet, đặc biệt là các kết nối TCP/IP. Dịch vụ có thể cho phép các cuộc trò chuyện trực tiếp từ người này sang người khác cũng như các cuộc trò chuyện đa điểm từ một người gửi đến nhiều người nhận. Nó cung cấp các luồng dữ liệu của các tin nhắn dựa trên văn bản, thoại và trò chuyện video để được chia sẻ đồng thời, trên các địa điểm được phân tán địa lý. Các ứng dụng cho hội nghị trực tuyến bao gồm các cuộc họp, các sự kiện đào tạo, các bài giảng hoặc các bài thuyết trình từ một máy tính kết nối web đến các máy tính kết nối web khác.

Lịch sử
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Real-time text chat facilities such as IRC appeared in the late 1980s. Web-based chat and instant messaging software appeared in the mid-1990s. The PLATO computer learning system allowed students to collaborate on networked computers to accomplish learning tasks as early as the 1960s, but the early networking was not accomplished via the World Wide Web and PLATO's collaborative goals were not consistent with the presenter-audience dynamic typical of web conferencing systems. PLATO II, in 1961, featured two users at once.

In 1992, InSoft Inc. launched Communique, a software-based Unix teleconferencing product for workstations that enabled video/audio/data conferencing. Communique supported as many as 10 users, and included revolutionary features such as application sharing, audio controls, text, graphics, and whiteboarding which allowed networked users to share and manipulate graphic objects and files using simple paint tools.

Several point-to-point and private-network video conferencing products were introduced in the 1990s, such as CU-SeeMe, which was used to link selected schools around the United States of America in real-time collaborative communications as part of the Global Schoolhouse project from Global SchoolNet.

In May 1995, PictureTel announced LiveShare Plus as a general-use data collaboration product for Windows-based personal computers. The software allowed application sharing, user-granted control of a remote PC, shared whiteboard markup, file transfer, and text messaging. List price was given as $249 per computer. PictureTel referenced an agreement with Microsoft in its announcement press release, and a May 26, 1995 memo from Bill Gates to Microsoft executive staff and direct reports said "Our PictureTel screen sharing client allowing Window sharing should work easily across the Internet."

In May 1996, Microsoft announced NetMeeting as an included component in Internet Explorer 3.0. At the time, Microsoft called NetMeeting "the Internet's first real-time communications client that includes support for international conferencing standards and provides true multiuser application-sharing and data-conferencing capabilities."

In 1996, PlaceWare was founded as a spinoff from Xerox PARC. In November of that year, PlaceWare Auditorium was described in a public talk at Stanford University as allowing "one or more people to give an interactive, online, multimedia presentation via the Web to hundreds or thousands of simultaneous attendees; the presentation can include slides (made in PowerPoint or any GIF-image editor), live annotation on the slide images, real-time polls of the audience, live audio from the presenter and those asking questions, private text and audio conversations in the auditorium's "rows", and other features." PlaceWare Auditorium was formally announced in March 1997 at a price of $150 per simultaneous user.

Unveiled in 1996 by InSoft Inc. CoolTalk was a multimedia software tool that let PC users view data displayed on a shared whiteboard, exchange real-time messages via a chat tool or speak with each other via a TCP/IP voice connection. The product worked with Microsoft Sound System-compatible audio boards and was available in a 14.4-kbit/s version or 28.8-kbit/s version. CoolTalk was later packaged with popular Web browsers of the time. CoolTalk 14.4 and 28.8 sold for $49.95 and $69.95, respectively, in 1996.

In February 1998, Starlight Networks released StarLive! (the exclamation point being part of the product name). The press release said "customers can access familiar Web browser interfaces to view live and pre-recorded corporate presentations, along with synchronized slides. End users can communicate directly with the presenter using real-time chat technology and other Web-based collaboration tools."

In June 1998, PlaceWare 2.0 Conference Center was released, allowing up to 1000 live attendees in a meeting session.

In February 1999, ActiveTouch announced WebEx Meeting Center and the webex.com website. In July 1999 WebEx Meeting Center was formally released with a 1000-person meeting capacity demonstrated. In September of the same year, ActiveTouch changed its company name to WebEx.

In April 1999, Vstream introduced the Netcall product for web conferencing as "a fee-based Internet software utility that lets you send business presentations and other graphic information via e-mail to a Vstream server. Vstream converts the content, again using streaming technology, and makes the presentation available for viewing by up to 1,200 people at a time." Vstream changed the company name to Evoke Communications in 2000, with a further change to Raindance Communications in 2002. In February 2006, Raindance was acquired by the InterCall division of West Corporation.

In December 2003, Citrix Systems acquired Expertcity, giving it the GoToMyPC and GoToAssist products. The acquired company was renamed as the Citrix Online division of Citrix Systems. In July 2004, Citrix Online released GoToMeeting as its first generic web conferencing product. In June 2006, GoToWebinar was added, allowing additional registration and reporting functionality along with larger capacity in sessions.

In January 2003, Macromedia acquired Presedia, including the Breeze Presentation product. Breeze Live was added with the 4.0 release of Macromedia Breeze to support web conferencing. In April 2005, Adobe Systems announced acquisition of Macromedia (completed in December 2005) and changed the Breeze product name to Adobe Connect.

A trademark for the term *WEBinar* (first three letters capitalized) was registered in 1998 by Eric R. Korb (Serial Number 75478683, USPTO) and was reassigned to InterCall. The trademark registration was cancelled in 2007. Learn.com filed a claim for the term "webinar" without regard to font or style in 2006 (Serial Number 78952304, USPTO). That trademark claim was abandoned in 2007 and no subsequent filing has been made.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, webinars became the norm of teaching and instruction in numerous schools, universities and workplaces around the world. This new form of transferring knowledge challenged institutions and instructors, and it fostered new practices of teaching. At the same time this new form of teaching also demonstrated the advantages of moving these events online, as virtual conferences were found to be more inclusive, more affordable, less time-consuming and more accessible worldwide, especially for early-career researchers. Providing a great opportunity to identify best practices for designing intentionally inclusive online events, so the positive advantages of these can continue when in-person conferences resume.

Xem thêm
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* Comparison of web conferencing software
* Collaborative software
* Electronic meeting system
* Hybrid event
* Videoconferencing
* Web television
* Webcast

Chú thích
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1. ↑  "Webinar Or Webcast - What's The Difference?". *The Webinar Blog*.
2. ↑  Byrd, N. (2020). Online Conferences: Some History, Methods, and Benefits. In Right Research: Modelling Sustainable Research Practices in the Anthropocene. Open Book Publishers.
3. ↑  "Computers, Teaching Machines, and Programmed Learning - Computer Teaching Machine Project: PLATO on ILLIAC" (PDF). *Computers and Automation*. **XI** (2): 16, 18. tháng 2 năm 1962.
4. ↑  Two users limit was caused by ILLIAC memory limitation, program could handle more users (pp. 19, 23).

	* "MISCELLANEOUS: 2. University of Illinois, Plato II, Urbana, Illinois". *Digital Computer Newsletter* (bằng tiếng Anh). **14** (2): 18–24. tháng 4 năm 1962. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 3 tháng 6 năm 2018.
5. ↑  IDG Network World Inc (31 tháng 10 năm 1994). *Network World*. IDG Network World Inc. tr. 53–. ISSN 0887-7661. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 2 năm 2012.
6. 1 2  Copeland, Ron. "INSOFT SHIPS INTERNET APPS FOR WORK GROUPS. (THE INTERACTIVE COLLABORATIVE ENVIRONMENT INTERNET MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS AND TOOLS)". *1996-01-08*. The Data & Analysis Center For Software. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 2 năm 2012.
7. ↑  "Nefsis: Video Conferencing History".
8. ↑  "Global SchoolNet: GSN's History". *www.globalschoolnet.org*.
9. ↑  "Global SchoolNet - It's Not About the Technology - YouTube". *www.youtube.com*. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 12 tháng 12 năm 2021.
10. ↑  "PICTURETEL INTRODUCES LIVESHARE PLUS; DATA CONFERENCING SOFTWARE FOR COLLABORATIVE COMPUTING".
11. ↑  "The Internet Tidal Wave". *Letters of Note*. 22 tháng 7 năm 2011.
12. ↑  "Microsoft NetMeeting Conferencing Software Provides Easy Voice, Data Internet Communications; Available on the Web Now". *Stories*. 29 tháng 5 năm 1996.
13. ↑  "The PlaceWare Platform: Web-based Collaborative Apps Made Simple".
14. ↑  "InfoWorld: March 31, 1997". 31 tháng 3 năm 1997.
15. ↑  Sliwa, Carol. "INSOFT UNVEILS TOOLS FOR 'NET. (COOLTALK MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE)". *1996-01-15*. Data & Analysis Center for Software. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 2 năm 2012.
16. ↑  Jiang, Daniel. "CoolTalk: More Than an Internet Telephone". *Berkeley School of Information*. UC Regents. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 12 năm 2018.
17. ↑  "Online broadcasting". *Forbes*.
18. ↑  "Starlight Networks Introduces StarLive! -- Intranet Streaming Media Application for Enterprise Communications".
19. ↑  "PlaceWare 2.0 Conference Center Keeps Remote Employees, Partners and Customers Up-To-Date With 'Live' Web-Based Presentations".
20. ↑  "ActiveTouch Launches WebEx Meeting Center: The First Application Service for Web-Based Multimedia Collaborative Meetings".
21. ↑  "ActiveTouch, the Creator of WebEx, Hosts World's Largest Interactive Web Meeting".
22. ↑  "Turn Up the Volume for E-Mail". *archive.nytimes.com*.
23. ↑  Burke, Steven (19 tháng 12 năm 2003). "Citrix Acquires Expertcity". *CRN*.
24. ↑  "Citrix GoToMeeting Corporate Cuts Unpredictable and Expensive Online Meeting Fees for Businesses". *www.businesswire.com*. 24 tháng 6 năm 2004.
25. ↑  "New Citrix GoToWebinar: The First Do-It-Yourself Affordable Way for Anyone to Conduct Online Events". *www.businesswire.com*. 15 tháng 6 năm 2006.
26. ↑  "Macromedia Breeze Product Line Delivers Rapid Presentation and Training Solutions for the Enterprise".
27. ↑  "Macromedia Breeze 4.0 Release Notes".
28. ↑  "Adobe - News". *news.adobe.com*.
29. ↑  "Trademark Assignment for Webinar". United States Patent and Trademark Office. 6 tháng 2 năm 2003. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 6 năm 2008.
30. ↑  "Trademark Status for Webinar". United States Patent and Trademark Office. 10 tháng 7 năm 2007.
31. ↑  Martinolli, Pascal (20 tháng 5 năm 2021). "Library Instruction in Pandemic Times: Early Morning Webinars". *Partnership: The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research*. **16** (1): 1–11. doi:10.21083/partnership.v16i1.6392. ISSN 1911-9593. Truy cập ngày 21 tháng 5 năm 2021.
32. ↑  Sarabipour, Sarvenaz (4 tháng 11 năm 2020). "Virtual conferences raise standards for accessibility and interactions". *eLife*. **9**: e62668. doi:10.7554/eLife.62668. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 7641586. PMID 33143847.
33. ↑  Levitis, Elizabeth; van Praag, Cassandra D Gould; Gau, Rémi; Heunis, Stephan; DuPre, Elizabeth; Kiar, Gregory; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Glatard, Tristan; Nikolaidis, Aki; Whitaker, Kirstie Jane; Mancini, Matteo (tháng 8 năm 2021). "Centering inclusivity in the design of online conferences—An OHBM–Open Science perspective". *GigaScience*. **10** (8). doi:10.1093/gigascience/giab051. ISSN 2047-217X. PMC 8377301. PMID 34414422.