**Banu Qurayza** **qamali** milodiy 627-yil yanvar oyida (hijriy 5-yilning zulqaʼda oyi) bo'lib o'tgan va Xandaq jangidan keyin ham davom etgan. 

Bir paytlar Madinada yashagan yahudiy qabilasi Banu Qurayza musulmonlar bilan ittifoq tuzgan va hatto Xandaq jangida ularga xandaq qazish uchun asbob-uskunalar yetkazib berishda yordam bergan bo‘lsa-da, Muhammadning yahudiylarga qilgan hujumlaridan ranjiganliklari sababli jangda qatnashishdan bosh tortishgan. Norman Stillman va William Montgomery Wattning fikricha, bunday shartnomaning mavjudligi shubhali bo'lgan, Watt Banu Qurayza Muhammadning dushmanlariga unga qarshi yordam bermaslikka rozi bo'lganligini ham aytib o'tgan. Safiur Rahmon Muborakpuriy bergan ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Peters, Stillman, Guillaume, Inamdor va Ibn Kasir, makkaliklar chekinish kuni Muhammad o'z qo'shinlarini Banu Qurayzaga qarshi boshqargan.

Banu Qurayza qabilasi taslim bo'lgunga qadar 25 kun qamalda edi. Madinadagi ikki arab qabilasidan biri hamda Muhammadga ergashgan ansorlarning bir qismi bo'lgan Banu Avs qabilasidagilar Muhammaddan Banu Qurayzaga yumshoq munosabatda bo'lishni iltimos qilishgan. Keyin Muhammad Banu Avs qabilasidan bir kishi ushbu masalada hukm chiqarishini taklif qilgan va ular ham rozi bo'lishgan. Keyinchalik qaror qabul qilish Sa'd ibn Muozga topshirilgan. Shunda Sa'd: «Erkaklar o'ldirilsin, mol-mulki bo'linsin, ayollar va bolalar qul qilib olinsin», deya qaror qilishini aytgan. Payg'ambar Muhammad ushbu hukmni ma'qullagan. Shundan so'ng, qabilaning balog'atga yetgan deyarli barcha erkak a'zolarining boshi kesilgan. Musulmon huquqshunosi Tabariy ushbu qarordan keyin 600-900 kishining o'ldirilganini haqida ma'lumot bergan. Sunniy hadislarda o'ldirilganlar soni aniq ko'rsatilmagan, lekin bir nafar ayol va barcha balog'atga yetgan erkaklar o'ldirilgani aytilgan.

Banu Qurayza
------------

**Banu Qurayza** (arabcha: , shuningdek, **Quraiza**, **Qurayzah**, **Qurayza** va **Koreiza)** - Arabistonning shimolida, Yasrib vohasida (hozirgi kunda Madina) yashagan yahudiy qabilasi.

Manbalarga ko'ra, yahudiy qabilalari Hijozga yahudiy-rim urushlari ortidan kelgan va qishloq xo'jaligini joriy qilgan bo'lishi mumkin, bu esa ularga madaniy, iqtisodiy va siyosiy jihatdan ustunlik bergan bo'lishi mumkin. Banu Qurayza qabilasi vakillari hech qanday yerga egalik qilmagan.

Tavsifi
-------

### Muhammad bilan kelishuv

Manbalarga ko'ra, Banu Qurayza Muhammad bilan shartnoma imzolagan. Bu haqida Watt keltirib o'tgan ma'lumotlar qabilaning Muhammad bilan tuzgan bitimi Banu Qurayzani Madinani himoya qilishga yordam berishga majbur qilgan yoki shunchaki betaraflikni saqlab qolganligi aniq emas. Yana bir olim Ramazon, qabilaning Muhammad bilan o'zaro yordam shartnomasi imzolaganini aytib o'tgan. Ushbu ma'lumot, shuningdek, Ibn Is'hoq, Ibn Hishom va al-Voqidiy kabi olimlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi. Watt ham, Stillman ham Muhammad va Qurayza o'rtasida hech qanday maxsus kelishuv mavjud bo'lmaganligiga ishonishadi.

627-yilda Abu Sufyon Xandaq jangida Madinaga hujum qilgan. David Norcliffening so'zlariga ko'ra, Banu Qurayza janglarda ishtirok etmagan, ammo ular Madinada o'zlarini himoya qilish uchun musulmonlarga qurol-yarog' berishgan. Al-Voqidiyning yozishicha, Banu Qurayza vakillari Madina himoyachilari tayyorlanayotgan mudofaa xandaqini qazish uchun belkurak, nayza va savat yetkazib berish orqali Madinaning mudofaa harakatlariga yordam bergan. 

Shibli No'moniyning yozishicha, Ibn Is'hoq qamal paytida Muhammad surgun qilgan Banu Nodir qabilasi boshlig'i Huyay ibn Axtab (Banu Nodir bosqinida) Banu Qurayzani qayta qabul qilgan.

### Ittifoqni tugatish to'g'risidagi da'vo qilingan qaror

Al-Voqidiy bergan ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Huyay ibn Axtab Ka'b bilan payg'ambar Muhammad o'rtasidagi kelishuvning buzilishiga sabab bo'lgan. Qurayzaliklar Muhammad bilan tuzilgan shartnomani bekor qilishga qaror qilishgan degan mish-mishlar tarqata boshlagan. Ushbu ma'lumotni tasdiqlash uchun Muhammad o'zining bir necha odamlarini u yerga yuborgan. William Muirning so'zlariga ko'ra, Banu Qurayza odamlarga: "Muhammad kim va biz itoat qilishimiz kerak bo'lgan Allohning Rasuli kim? Biz bilan uning o'rtasida hech qanday rishta yoki kelishuv yo'q", deb aytggan. Norman Stillman al-Voqidiy tomonidan berilgan ko'rsatmalarni inkor etgan holda qabila va Muhammad o'rtasida hech qachon kelishuv bo'lmaganini aytgan. Shuningdek, Watt ham bunday maxsus kelishuvning mavjudligini rad etgan, lekin Banu Qurayza 2 musulmon qabilasiga (Banu Avs va Banu Xazraj) ittifoq bo'lganligi sababli Muhammad bilan umumiy kelishuvga ega bo'lganligini qayd etgan.

### Hujum sababi

Peters va Stillmanning so‘zlariga ko‘ra, makkaliklar chekinadigan kun Muhammad o‘z qo‘shinlarini Banu Qurayza mahallasiga qarshi olib borgan. Islomiy manbalarda qayd etilishicha, payg'ambarga Jabroil farishta tomonidan shunday xabar berilgan.

  

Shundan so'ng Muhammad Banu Qurayza tomon borgan va Ibn Ummu Maktumni Madinaga hokim qilib tayinlagan. Urush bayrog‘ini esa Ali ibn Abu Tolibga topshirgan. Ansor va muhojirlardan iborat 3000 nafar piyoda va 30 otliq askar bilan Banu Qurayza tomon yo'lga otlangan.

Banu Qurayza qamali
-------------------

Musulmonlar Banu Qurayza qo‘rg‘onini 25 kun qamal qilgan. Qamalda qolgan qabila a'zolarining ruhiy holati pasayib ketgach, qabila boshlig'i Ka'b ibn Asad bunday og'ir ahvoldan chiqishning 3 ta muqobil yo'lini taklif qildi: Islomni qabul qilish, dushmanning hujumini kutish va ularga qarshi jangga kirish yoki Shabbat kuni kutilmaganda hujum boshlash. Banu Qurayza vakillari bu muqobillarning hech birini qabul qilmaydi va uning o'rniga Banu Avs qabilasidan bo'lgan ittifoqchilaridan biri Abu Luboba ibn Abdulmunzir bilan maslahatlashishni so'raydilar. Ibn Is'hoqning yozishicha, Abu Luboba yig‘lab, faryod chekayotgan yotgan qabila ayollari va bolalariga rahmi kelib, qabilaning Muhammadga taslim bo‘lishini maslahat beradi. Muborakpuriyning so‘zlariga ko‘ra, Abu Luboba Muhammaddan Qurayza nomidan kechirim so‘ragan. Ertasi kuni ertalab Banu Qurayza Muhammadga taslim bo'lgan. 400 dan 900 nafargacha erkaklar Ka'b ibn al-Ashrafni oʻldirgan Muhammad ibn Maslamaning, 1000 ga yaqin ayollar va bolalar esa - Islomni qabul qilgan sobiq ravvin Abdulloh ibn Sallamga topshirilgan.

Banu Qurayza a'zolarining qatl etilishi
---------------------------------------

### Taslim bo'lish va qatlni ijro etish

 *"Payg'ambar, Ali va sahobalar Banu Qurayza yahudiy qabilasining asirlarini qirg'in qilishda"* miniatyurasi. Muhammad Rofiy Bazilning XIX asr tasviri. 

Tabariy va Ibn Hishom Banu Qurayzadan 600-900 kishining boshi judo qilinganligini aytgan. 
Banu Qurayza qal'alari Ali tomonidan bosib olinganidan keyin ularning Muhammadning hukmiga amal qilishdan boshqa iloji qolmaydi. Erkaklarning qo'llariga kishan solingan. Banu Avs qabilasi shafoat qilib, Muhammaddan o'zlariga yengilroq jazo berishini iltimos qilganlar. Muhammad ularning taqdirini hal qilishni qabilaning sobiq ittifoqchisi bo'lgan musulmon Sa'd ibn Mu'ozga topshirgan.

### Ijrochilar

Bir qancha rivoyatlarda Muhammadning sahobalari, xususan, Ali va Zubayr ibn Avvomga Banu Qurazya erkaklarini o'ldirish buyurilgan, shuningdek, Avs qabilasining har bir urugʻi ham bir guruh Qurayza erkaklarini oʻldirgani aytilgan.

Islomning asosiy manbalari
--------------------------

Yana qarang
-----------

* Muhammadning janglari ro'yxati
* Muhammadning harbiy faoliyati

Manbalar
--------

Adabiyotlar
-----------

* Rodgers, Russ*. The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah* (en). University Press of Florida, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8130-3766-0.
* Peters, Francis E. *Muhammad and the Origins of Islam*. State University of New York Press, 1994. ISBN 0-7914-1875-8ISBN 0-7914-1875-8.
* Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), *The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)*, Darussalam Publications, ISBN 9798694145923 . Note: This is the free version available on Google Books
* *Encyclopaedia of Islam*. Ed. P. Bearman et al. Leiden: Brill, 1960-2005.
* *Encyclopedia Judaica* (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. Cecil Roth. Keter Publishing House, 1997. ISBN 965-07-0665-8ISBN 965-07-0665-8
* Kister, Meir J. "The Massacre of the Banu Quraiza. A re-examination of a tradition", in: *Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam* 8 (1986). [*<span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2011)">clarification needed</span>*]
* Stillman, Norman. *The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book*. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979. ISBN 0-8276-0198-0ISBN 0-8276-0198-0
* William Montgomery Watt (1961), *Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman*, Oxford University Press, 166-bet, ISBN 0198810784
* Nomani, Shibli, *Sirat al-Nabi*. Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society, 1970.
* Norcliffe, David, *Islam: Faith and Practice*. Sussex Academic Press, 1999.
* Subhash C. Inamdar (2001), *Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity*, Psychosocial Press, ISBN 1887841288
* William Muir (1861), *The life of Mahomet (volume 3)*, Smith, Elder and Co.


1. ↑  Rodgers 2012. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRodgers2012 (help)
2. 1 2  David Norcliffe (1999), *Islam: faith and practice*, Sussex Academic Press, 21-bet, ISBN 1898723869
3. 1 2 3 4 5  Watt, *Encyclopaedia of Islam*, Section on "Kurayza, Banu".
4. 1 2 3 4  Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.
5. 1 2 3 4 5 6  Ibn Ishaq (1955), *The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah)*, A. Guillaume tomonidan tarjima qilingan, Oxford University Press, 461–464-bet, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1
6. 1 2 3 4 5  Peters, *Muhammad and the Origins of Islam*, p. 222-224.
7. 1 2 3 4 5  Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, p. 140.
8. 1 2 3 4  Subhash C. Inamdar (2001), *Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity*, Psychosocial Press, 166 (footnotes)-bet, ISBN 1887841288
9. 1 2  Adil, *Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam*, p. 395f.
10. ↑  Watt, W. Montgomery (1 July 1952). "The Condemnation of the Jews of Banu Qurayzah". *The Muslim World* **42** (3): 160–171. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1952.tb02149.x. ISSN 1478-1913.
11. ↑  Kister (1990), Society and religion from Jāhiliyya to Islam, p. 54.
12. ↑  Sunan Abu Dawud 14:2665, "No woman of Banu Qurayzah was killed except one. She was with me, talking and laughing on her back and belly (extremely), while the Apostle of Allah (peace\_be\_upon\_him) was killing her people with the swords. Suddenly a man called her name: Where is so-and-so? She said: I I asked: What is the matter with you? She said: I did a new act. She said: The man took her and beheaded her. She said: I will not forget that she was laughing extremely although she knew that she would be killed. "
13. ↑  Francis Edward Peters (1994), *Muhammad and the origins of Islam*, SUNY Press, 192(footnote 8–10)-bet, ISBN 0791418758
14. ↑  Watt (1961), p.98
15. 1 2 3 4  William Montgomery Watt (1961), *Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman*, Oxford University Press, 166-bet, ISBN 0198810784
16. ↑  Tariq Ramadan (2007), *In the Footsteps of the Prophet*, Oxford University Press, 140(footnotes)-bet, ISBN 978-0195308808
17. ↑  Nomani, Sirat al-Nabi, p. 382.
18. ↑  William Muir (2003), *The life of Mahomet*, Kessinger Publishing, 327-bet, ISBN 9780766177413[*sayt ishlamaydi*]
19. ↑  Kister, Meir J. "The Massacre of the Banu Quraiza. A re-examination of a tradition", in: *Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam* 8 (1986), p. 94 ,"These included weapons, household goods, utensils, camels and cattle. The stored wine was spilled".
20. 1 2 3  Kister, Meir J. "The Massacre of the Banu Quraiza. A re-examination of a tradition", in: *Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam* 8 (1986), p. 93 (footnotes).
21. ↑  Tariq Ramadan (2007), *In the Footsteps of the Prophet*, Oxford University Press, 145-bet, ISBN 978-0195308808
22. ↑  Ibn Ishaq (1955), *The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah)*, A. Guillaume tomonidan tarjima qilingan, Oxford University Press, 464-bet, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1