**Puma** (***Puma concolor***) Amerika qit'asida yashaydigan katta mushukdir. Uning diapazoni Kanada Yukonidan Janubiy Amerikaning janubiy And togʻlarigacha boʻlgan hududni qamrab oladi va Gʻarbiy yarimshardagi har qanday yirik yovvoyi quruqlikdagi sutemizuvchilar orasida eng keng tarqalgani hisoblanadi. Bu Amerika yashash joylarining ko'p turlarida uchraydigan moslashuvchan, umumiy tur. Ushbu keng assortiment unga **puma**, **tog '** sheri, **katamont** va **pantera** (Florida sub-aholisi uchun) kabi ko'plab umumiy nomlarni keltirdi. Bu yaguardan (*Panthera onca*) keyin Yangi Dunyodagi ikkinchi eng katta mushukdir. Tabiatan yashirin va asosan yolg'iz, puma ham tungi, ham krepuskulyar deb hisoblanadi, ammo kunduzi kuzatuvlar sodir bo'ladi. O'zining kattaligiga qaramay, puma Pantherinae subfamiliyasining har qanday turlariga qaraganda kichikroq mushuklar, shu jumladan uy mushuki (*Felis catus*) bilan yaqinroq bog'liq.

Puma turli xil o'ljalarni ta'qib qiladigan pistirma yirtqichidir. Birlamchi oziq-ovqat manbalari tuyoqli hayvonlar, ayniqsa kiyiklardir, lekin u kemiruvchilar kabi kichikroq o'ljalarni ham ovlaydi. Ta'qib qilish uchun zich cho'tkasi va toshloq joylari bo'lgan yashash joylarini afzal ko'radi, lekin ayni paytda ochiq joylarda yashaydi. Pumalar hududiy bo'lib, aholi zichligi past bo'lgan joylarda yashaydi. Alohida uy diapazonlari er, o'simliklar va o'ljalarning ko'pligiga bog'liq. Katta bo'lishiga qaramay, u har doim ham o'z oralig'ida eng yuqori yirtqich bo'lavermaydi, u Amerika qora ayiqlari, grizli ayiqlar va bo'rilar to'dalariga o'lja beradi. Bu yolg'iz va asosan odamlardan qochadi. Odamlarga o'limga olib keladigan hujumlar kamdan-kam uchraydi, ammo Shimoliy Amerikada ko'proq odamlar puma yashash joyiga kirib, fermer xo'jaliklari qurishgan.

Amerika qit'asining Yevropa mustamlakasidan keyin intensiv ov qilish va insoniyatning pumalar yashash joyiga aylanishi uning tarixiy diapazonining aksariyat qismida puma populyatsiyasining kamayishiga olib keldi. Xususan, sharqiy puma populyatsiyasi asosan Shimoliy Amerikaning sharqiy qismida XX asr boshlarida yoʻq qilingan deb hisoblanadi, Florida panterasining izolyatsiya qilingan subpopulyatsiyasi bundan mustasno.

*Cougar* so'zi fransuz tili orqali portugalcha *çuçuaranadan* olingan; u dastlab tupi tilidan olingan. Braziliyadagi hozirgi shakl bu *suçuarana*.  XVII asrda George Markgrave uni *cuguacu ara* deb nomladi. Markgravening renderini 1648-yilda uning hamkori Villem Piso ko'paytirdi. *Keyin Cuguacu ara* 1693-yilda Jon Rey tomonidan asrab olingan. 1774-yilda Georges-Luis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon *cuguacu arani cuguarga* *aylantirdi*, keyinchalik u ingliz tilida "cougar" ga o'zgartirildi.

Puma eng ko'p nomga ega bo'lgan hayvon bo'yicha Ginnes rekordini o'z ichiga oladi, faqat ingliz tilida 40 dan ortiq. "Puma" - Lotin Amerikasi va Evropaning aksariyat qismlarida qo'llaniladigan umumiy nom. *Puma* atamasi ba'zan Qo'shma Shtatlarda ham qo'llaniladi. *Puma so'zining* ingliz tilida birinchi qo'llanilishi 1777-yilga to'g'ri keladi, u ispan tilidan Kechua tilidan kiritilgan.  Gʻarbiy Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari va Kanadada uni "togʻ sherlari" deb ham atashadi, bu nom birinchi marta 1858-yilda yozma ravishda ishlatilgan Boshqa ismlar orasida "pantera" va "katamount" ("tog'lar mushuki" degan ma'noni anglatadi).

Taksonomiya va evolyutsiya
--------------------------

*Felis concolor* 1771 yilda Karl Linney tomonidan Braziliyadan uzun dumli mushuk uchun taklif qilingan ilmiy nom edi.  Ismning ikkinchi yarmi, „concolor" lotincha „bir xil rang" degan maʼnoni anglatadi. U 1834 yilda Uilyam Jardin tomonidan *Puma* jinsiga joylashtirilgan  Bu jins Felinae tarkibiga kiradi. Puma yaguarundi va gepard bilan chambarchas bogʻliq.

### Kichik turlar

 Patagoniyaning Chili qismidagi Torres del Peyn milliy bogʻidagi Janubiy Amerika puma
Linney pumaning birinchi ilmiy tavsifidan soʻng, 32 ta puma zoologik namunalari tasvirlangan va 1980-yillarning oxirigacha kichik turlar sifatida taklif qilingan. Puma mitoxondriyal DNKning genetik tahlili shuni koʻrsatadiki, ularning koʻpchiligi molekulyar darajada farq qilish uchun juda oʻxshash, ammo faqat oltita filogeografik guruh mavjud. Florida panterasi namunalari mikrosatellitning past oʻzgarishini koʻrsatdi, bu ehtimol qarindoshlik tufayli.  Ushbu tadqiqotdan soʻng, *"Dunyodagi sutemizuvchilar turlari* "mualliflari 2005 yilda quyidagi oltita kichik turni tan oldilar:

* *P. c. concolor* (Linnaeus, 1771) sinonimlarni oʻz ichiga oladi *bangsi*, *incarum*, *osgoodi*, *soasoaranna*, *sussuarana*, *soderstromii*, *suçuaçuara* va *wavula*
* *P. c. puma* (Molina, 1782) sinonimlarini oʻz ichiga oladi *araucanus*, *concolor*, *patagonica*, *pearsoni* va *puma* (Trouessart, 1904)
* *P. c. couguar* (Kerr, 1792) *arundivaga*, *azteks*, *browni*, *kalifornika*, *floridana*, *gippolestes*, *improcera*, *kaibababensis*, *mayensis*, *missoulensis*, *olympus*, *oregonensis*, *schorgeri*, *vancouensis*, *vancouliensisni* oʻz ichiga *oladi* .
* *P. c. costaricensis* (Merriam, 1901)
* *P. c. anthonyi* (Nelson and Goldman, 1931) tarkibiga *akrokodiya*, *borbensis*, *capricornensis*, *concolor*, *greeni* va *nigra* kiradi.
* *P. c. cabrerae* Pocock, 1940 *hudsonii* va *puma* oʻz ichiga 1922 yilda Marcelli tomonidan taklif qilingan

2006 yilda Florida panterasi hali ham *P. c.ning alohida kenja turi deb atalgan.* tadqiqot ishlarida *coryi*. 

-Missing required parameter 1=*month*!, 2017-yil(2017-Missing required parameter 1=*month*!-00) holatiga koʻra, the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group recognizes only two subspecies as valid:

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| *Lynx* lineage | *Lynx* |
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| *Puma* lineage | 

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| *Acinonyx* | Cheetah *A. jubatus* Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) |
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| *Puma* | **Cougar** Cougar (Puma concolor) |
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| *Herpailurus*  | Jaguarundi *H. yagouaroundi* Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) |
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| Domestic cat lineage | *Felis* |
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| The *Puma* lineage of the family Felidae, depicted along with closely related genera |

Felidae oilasi Osiyoda taxminan 11 million yil oldin paydo boʻlgan deb ishoniladi. Felidlar boʻyicha taksonomik tadqiqotlar qisman boʻlib qolmoqda va ularning evolyutsion tarixi haqida maʼlum boʻlgan narsalarning aksariyati mitoxondrial DNK tahliliga asoslangan.  Tavsiya etilgan sanalar bilan muhim ishonch oraliqlari mavjud. Felidaelarning soʻnggi genomik tadqiqotida bugungi *Leopard*, *Lynx*, *Puma*, *Prionailurus* va *Felis* nasllarining umumiy ajdodi Bering quruqlik koʻprigi orqali Amerikaga 8,0 dan 8,5 gacha koʻchib oʻtgan. million yil oldin (Mya). Keyinchalik nasllar shu tartibda ajralib chiqdi.  Keyin Shimoliy Amerika felidalari Janubiy Amerikaga 2-4 bostirib kirishdi Mya Buyuk Amerika almashinuvining bir qismi sifatida , Panama Kıstağı shakllanishidan keyin. 

Baʼzi tadqiqotlarda gepard nasli Amerikadagi *Puma* nasl-nasabidan ajralib, Osiyo va Afrikaga koʻchib oʻtgan,  , boshqa tadqiqotlar esa gepardning Eski Dunyoning oʻzida ajralib chiqqanligini koʻrsatmoqda.  Shimoliy Amerika puma populyatsiyalari orasida yuqori darajadagi genetik oʻxshashlik aniqlangan, bu ularning barchasi kichik ajdodlar guruhining yaqinda paydo boʻlgan avlodlari ekanligini koʻrsatadi. Culver *va boshqalar.* Shimoliy Amerika pumalarining asl populyatsiyasi taxminan 10 000 yil oldin, *Smilodon* kabi boshqa yirik sutemizuvchilar ham yoʻq boʻlib ketganida, Pleystotsenda yoʻq boʻlib ketish paytida yoʻq qilingan. Shimoliy Amerika keyinchalik Janubiy Amerika pumalari tomonidan koʻpaytirildi. 
 

Pumaning inoyati va kuchi Amerikaning tub xalqlari madaniyatida keng hayratga tushgan. Xabarlarga koʻra, Kusko Inka shahri puma shaklida yaratilgan va hayvon ham Inka mintaqalari va odamlariga oʻz nomini bergan. Moche xalqi koʻpincha oʻzlarining keramikalarida pumani ifodalagan.  Inkalarning osmon va momaqaldiroq xudosi Virakocha hayvon bilan bogʻlangan.

Havolalar
---------

* „Cougar *Puma concolor*". *IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group*.



* Cougar Tracks: How to identify cougar tracks in the wild
* „Puma sounds". *National Geographic Society* (10-sentyabr 2010-yil).



* Santa Cruz Puma Project
* Eastern Puma Research Network
* Felidae Conservation Fund
* Cougar Rewilding Foundation, formerly „Eastern Cougar Foundation"
* The Cougar Network --Using Science to Understand Cougar Ecology (Wayback Machine saytida 2018-07-31 sanasida arxivlangan)
* „Saving America's Lion". *Mountain Lion Foundation*. 31-iyul 2018-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 11-dekabr 2010-yil.



* SaveTheCougar.org: Sightings of cougars in Michigan
* The Cougar Fund — Protecting Americaʼs Greatest Cat. A Definitive Resource About Cougars: Comprehensive, non-profit 501(c)(3) site with extensive information about cougars, from how to live safely in cougar country, to science abstracts, hunting regulations, state-by-state cougar management/policy info, and rare photos and videos of wild cougars.
* Living with California Mountain Lions
* Oregonʼs first fatal cougar attack in the wild claims hiker near Mount Hood

Manbalar
--------

1. ↑  „Online Etymology Dictionary".  Douglas Harper (2001). Qaraldi: 12-avgust 2006-yil.
2. ↑  "Words to the Wise". *Take Our Word for It* (205): 2. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.. Qaraldi: July 31, 2012. Puma (mushuksimonlar)]]
3. ↑  „cougar". *Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press* (1989). 1-iyun 2013-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi.
4. ↑  Folkard, C.*. The Guinness Book of World Records*. Bt Bound, 2004 — 49 bet.
5. ↑  Rau, J. R.; Jiménez, J. E. (2002). "Diet of puma (*Puma concolor*, Carnivora: Felidae) in coastal and Andean ranges of southern Chile". *Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment* **37** (3): 201–205. doi:10.1076/snfe.37.3.201.8567.
6. ↑  Scognamillo, D.; Maxit, I. E.; Sunquist, M.; Polisar, J. (2003). "Coexistence of jaguar (*Panthera onca*) and puma (*Puma concolor*) in a mosaic landscape in the Venezuelan llanos". *Journal of Zoology* **259** (3): 269–279. doi:10.1017/S0952836902003230.
7. ↑  Holmes, B. R.; Laundré, J. W. (2006). "Use of open, edge and forest areas by pumas Puma concolor in winter: are pumas foraging optimally?". *Wildlife Biology* **12** (2): 201–210. doi:10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[201:UOOEAF]2.0.CO;2.
8. ↑  Dickson, B. G.; Roemer, G. W.; McRae, B. H.; Rundall, J. M. (2013). "Models of regional habitat quality and connectivity for Pumas (*Puma concolor*) in the southwestern United States". *PLOS ONE* **8** (12): e81898. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081898. PMID 24367495. PMC 3867332. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3867332.
9. ↑  „Puma". *Online Etymology Dictionary*. Qaraldi: 16-aprel 2022-yil.
10. ↑  Wild, Paula*. The Cougar: Beautiful, Wild and Dangerous*. Douglas and McIntyre Limited, 2013 — 25 bet. ISBN 9781771620031.
11. ↑  Linnaeus, C. „*Felis concolor*",*. Mantissa plantarum altera* (la). Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1771 — 522 bet.
12. ↑  Jardine, W. „Genus II. *Puma*",*. Naturalists' library, Mammalia, volume 2*. Edinburgh: Lizars, Stirling and Kenney, 1834 — 266–267 bet.
13. ↑  Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". *Science* **311** (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. .
14. ↑  Culver, M.; Johnson, W. E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; O'Brien, S. J. (2000). "Genomic Ancestry of the American Puma". *Journal of Heredity* **91** (3): 186–97. doi:10.1093/jhered/91.3.186. PMID 10833043.
15. 1 2 3 4  Culver, M.; Johnson, W. E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; O'Brien, S. J. (2000). "Genomic Ancestry of the American Puma". *Journal of Heredity* **91** (3): 186–97. doi:10.1093/jhered/91.3.186. PMID 10833043. Culver, M.; Johnson, W. E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; OʻBrien, S. J. (2000).
16. ↑  Conroy, M. J.; Beier, P.; Quigley, H.; Vaughan, M. R. (2006). "Improving The Use Of Science In Conservation: Lessons From The Florida Panther". *Journal of Wildlife Management* **70** (1): 1–7. doi:10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1:ITUOSI]2.0.CO;2. .
17. ↑  Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V. *et al*. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group". *Cat News* (Special Issue 11): 33–34. .
18. ↑  Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. „Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)",*. Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids*. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010 — 59–82 bet. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
19. 1 2 3  Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". *Science* **311** (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. . Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & OʻBrien, S. J. (2006).
20. ↑  Ross, B.; Barnes, I.; Phillips, M. J.; Martin, L D.; Harington, C. R.; Leonard, J. A.; Cooper, A. (2005). "Evolution of the extinct Sabretooths and the American cheetah-like cat". *Current Biology* **15** (15): R589–R590. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.052. PMID 16085477.
21. ↑  Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum.
22. ↑  *Tarmo.* „On the role of Creation and Origin Myths in the Development of Inca State and Religion". *Electronic Journal of Folklore*.  Estonian Folklore Institute. 30-iyun 2007-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 22-may 2007-yil.