**Teropodlar**, yoki **yirtqich dinozavrlar** (qadimgi yunon tilidan: θήρ „hayvon" + πoss „oyoq") — sudralib yuruvchilar sinfiga mansub dinozavrlarning bir turi. Barcha teropodlar ikki oyoq bilan harakatlanadilar, ularning aksariyati yirtqichlar, kam qismi esa oʻtxoʻrlardir (terizinozavrlar, ornitomimidlar). Koʻpchilik olimlar zamonaviy qushlarni teropodlar bilan bogʻliqlik bor deya taʼkidlaydi; shunday qilib, qushlar dinozavrlarning avlodlari emas, balki ularning guruhlaridan birining vakillari deb hisoblay boshladilar. Teropodlarning old oyogʻi odatda uch barmoqli, orqa oyogʻi esa toʻrt barmoqdan iborat. Teropodlar qush boʻlmagan dinozavrlarning barcha maʼlum turlarining 37 % ni tashkil qiladi.

Teropodlarning harakatlanishi
-----------------------------

Teropodlar, dinozavrlarning boshqa guruhlaridan farqli oʻlaroq, ikki oyoqda yurishgan. Ikki oyoqli dinozavrlarning uchta afzalligi bor edi:

1. Ular tezroq yugurishgan;
2. Uzoqni yahshi koʻrishgan;
3. Harakatda ishtirok etmaydigan oldingi panjalar erkin boʻlgan va boshqa funktsiyalarni bajargan.

Tirannozavr kabi yirik teropodlarning biomexanikasida sezilarli kamchilik mavjud boʻlgan — yuqori tezlikdagi kichik notoʻgʻri qadam yiqilishga, koʻpincha jarohatlarga olib kelgan. Teropodlarning old oyoqlarida uzun tirnoqli barmoqlari bor boʻlgan, ular yordamida oziq-ovqat yigʻishgan yoki oʻlja ovlashgan. Tirannozavrlarlarning orqa oyoqlari odam oʻlchamidan ikki baravar katta, oldingi oyoqlari esa juda kichik oʻlchamlarda boʻlgan. Tirannozavr harakatlanayotganda ham, ovqatlanish jarayonida ham old oyoqlarisiz osongina harakatlangan. Old oyoqlarning vazifasi haligacha sir boʻlib qolsa-da, baʼzi olimlarning tahminiga koʻra, tiranozavrlar yotganda yoki juftlashganda old oyoqlari ularga tayanch boʻlib xizmat qilgan.

Evolyutsiyasi va tarqalishi
---------------------------

Taxminan 230 million yil oldin, barcha qitʼalar superkontinent Pangeyaga birlashganda, qadimgi kaltakesaklar sayyoraning turli mintaqalarida yashay boshlagan deb ishoniladi. Teropodlar Gondvana superkontinentida paydo boʻlgan va keyinchalik uning deyarli butun hududiga tarqalgan. Yevropa va AQShdan Trias davri dinozavrlari topilmalari ham maʼlum.

Maʼlumki, Trias davrining oxiriga kelib (taxminan 228-216,5 million yil oldin) dinozavrlarning uchta asosiy nasli, yaʼni teropodlar, sauropodomorflar va ornitiskilar yaxshi farqlangan. Janubiy Amerikada eodromeus kabi ilk teropodlarning qoldiqlari topilgan. Bu ibtidoiy teropodning old va orqa oyoqlarida beshta barmoq boʻlgan (garchi beshinchi barmoq juda kalta boʻlsa ham), keyingi teropodlar guruhining aʼzolari Neoteropodaning old oyoqlarida atigi uchta barmoq boʻlgan (baʼzilarida uchinchi barmoq boʻlmagan) va orqa oyogʻida toʻrt barmoq boʻlgan.

Sistematikasi
-------------

### Tasniflash tarixi

1980-yillarga qadar barcha teropodlar kattaligiga qarab ikki guruhga boʻlingan:

* Coelurosaurs (Coelurosauria — dumsiz) — kichik, tez harakatlanuvchi, qushga oʻxshash (ornitomim, velociraptor);
* Karnozavrlar (Carnosauria — yirtqich) — bahaybat boʻlgan, boshi katta (tirannozavr, allozavr) yirtqichlar.

Teropodlarni tasniflashning yana bir usuli — ularni eng qadimgi selofizoidlarga, ibtidoiy shakllarni oʻz ichiga olgan seratozavrlarga va qushlarga oʻxshash yanada rivojlangan tetanurlarga boʻlish.

*Darren* *Naish* va boshqalar tomonidan taʼriflanganidek, teropodlar *Allosaurus fragilis* (Theropoda) ni oʻz ichiga olgan eng katta sinfdir, lekin *Plateosaurus engelhardti* (Sauropodomorpha) va *Heterodontosaurus tucki* (Ornithischia) bu sinfga kiritilmagan.

### Tasniflash

* Teropodlar sinfi
	+ *Daemonosaurus*
	+ *Eodromaeus*
	+ Eoraptor
	+ *Tawa*
	+ Neotropodlar guruhi
		- Yuqori oila Coelophysoidea (Coelophysoidea)
			* Coelophysidae oilasi
		- Averostra guruhi
			* Clade Ceratosaurus (Ceratosauria)
				+ Ceratosauridlar oilasi (Ceratosauridae)
				+ Noasauridae oilasi
				+ Abelisauridlar oilasi (Abelisauridae)
			* Tetanura guruhi (Tetanurae)
				+ Megalosauroidea superoilasi
				+ Aveteropodlar guruhi
					- Carnosaurus guruhi (Carnosauria)
					- Coelurosaur guruhi (Coelurosauria)
						* Compsognathidae oilasi (Compsognathidae)
						* Yuqori oila Tyrannosauroidea (Tyrannosauroidea)
						* Clade Maniraptoriformes
							+ Ornitomimozavrlar toʻdasi (Ornitomimozavrlar)
							+ Clade Maniraptors (Maniraptora)
								- Alvaressauriya xazinasi (Alvaressauriya)
								- Klad Terizinosaurlar (Therizinosauria)
								- Clade Oviraptorosaurs (Oviraptorosauria)
								- Deinonychosaurus clade (Deinonychosauria)
								- (Infra-)sinf qushlar (Aves)

### Filogeniya

Zamonaviy qushlarning teropodlardan paydo boʻlgan evolyutsion jarayonlarini quyidagi kladogrammalarda kuzatish mumkin:


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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Prosauropoda |
|   |
| Neotheropoda | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Coelophysidae |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *Zupaysaurus* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Dilophosauridae |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Ceratosauridae+Abelisauridae |
|   |
| Tetanurae | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *Piatnitzkysaurus* |
|   |
|   | *Condorraptor* |
|   |

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|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Spinosauroidea |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *Monolophosaurus* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Allosauroidea |
|   |
| Coelurosauria | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Tyrannosauroidea |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Coeluridae + Compsognathidae |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Ornithomimidae |
|   |
| Maniraptora | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *Ornitholestes* |
|   |
|   | Paraves |
|   |

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Christoph Hendrix va uning hamkasblari tomonidan teropodlarning soddalashtirilgan kladogrammasi 2015-yil:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | † Coelophysoidea |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | † Dilophosauridae |
|   |
|   | 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Averostra | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | † Ceratosauria |
|   |
| Tetanurae | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | † Megalosauroidea |
|   |
| Avetheropoda | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | † Allosauroidea |
|   |
| Coelurosauria | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | † Tyrannosauroidea |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | † Compsognathidae |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Maniraptoriformes | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | † Ornithomimosauria |
|   |
| Maniraptora | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | † Alvarezsauroidea |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | † Therizinosauria |
|   |
| Pennaraptora | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | † Oviraptorosauria |
|   |
|   | Paraves |
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Manbalar
--------

1. ↑  „Источник". 3-fevral 2010-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 5-iyun 2009-yil.
2. ↑  *Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode*. ISBN 978-1-138-33293-5.
3. ↑  Averianov A. O. Krasnolutskii S. A. and Ivantsov S. V. (2010). A new basal coelurosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Siberia Wayback Machine saytida arxivlandi (2022-10-07).. *Proceedings of the Zoological Institute* **314**(1): 42−57.