**Abjad raqamlari**, shuningdek, **Hisob al-Jummal** (arabcha:  ٱl̊ ḥisāb al-jummal deb ham ataladi) arab alifbosining 28 ta harfiga raqamli qiymatlar berilgan oʻnlik alifboli sanoq tizimi yoki alfanumerik koddir. Abjad raqamlari arab tilida soʻzlashuvchi mamlakatlarda VIII asrdan oldin (pozitsion arab raqamlari qabul qilingandan beri) qoʻllanila boshlagan. Hozirgi arab tilida *ʾabjadīyah* (arabcha: أَبْجَدِيَّة) so‘zi umumiy holda „alifbo" degan maʼnoni anglatadi.

Abjad tizimida arab alifbosining birinchi harfi „alif" 1 ni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi. Ikkinchi harf, bāʾ 2 ni … ketma-ketlikda ta harfi 9 ni ifodalaydi. Undan keyingi harflar 10 va 100 larning dastlabki toʻqqizta oraligʻini ifodalaydi: 10 uchun yāʾ, 20 uchun kāf, 100 uchun qof… 1000 bilan tugaydi.

*ʾabjad* soʻzi (أبجد) oʻzi semit alifbosining (jumladan, oromiy alifbosi, ibroniy alifbosi, finikiya alifbosi va semit tillari uchun boshqa yozuvlari kelib chiqqan) birinchi toʻrtta harfidan (ABJD) kelib chiqadi, Bu semit alifbosiga asoslangan eski alifbolar atigi 22 ta harfdan iborat boʻlib, ularning soni qiymati 400 ga teng. Arab Abjad tizimi shu nuqtada boshqa alifbolarda uchramaydigan harflar bilan davom etadi: thāʾ = 500 va hokazo. Arab tilidagi Abjad raqamlari ibroniy gematriya va yunon izopsefiyasining oldingi alfanumerik kodlariga oʻxshaydi.

Abjad tartibi
-------------

Arab alifbosining Abjad tartibida bir oz farq qiladigan ikkita variant mavjud. Abjad tartibi oldingi shimoliy semit alifbo tartibining oddiy tarixiy davomi emas, chunki u oromiy yozuvining *samekh / semkat* ס harfiga mos keladigan pozitsiyasiga ega. Ammo tarixan arab alifbosining hech bir harfi bu harfdan kelib chiqmagan. Keyinchalik, *samekh* yoʻqolishi ש harfining boʻlinishi bilan qoplandi. Yuqoridagi *samekh* harfidan ikkita mustaqil arab harfi, ش (*shīn*) va ﺱ (sin), *sīn* oʻrnini egallash uchun foydalanildi.

Oʻngdan chapga oʻqiladigan eng keng tarqalgan Abjad ketma-ketligi:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| غ | ظ | ض | ذ | خ | ث | ت | ش | ر | ق | ص | ف | ع | س | ن | م | ل | ك | ي | ط | ح | ز | و | ه | د | ج | ب | أ |
| gh | ẓ | ḍ | dh | kh | th | t | sh | r | q | ṣ | f | ʿ | s | n | m | l | k | y | ṭ | ḥ | z | w/u | h | d | j | b | ʾ |

Bu odatda quyidagicha talaffuz qilinadi: مصر mṵr

* ʾabjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalaman saʿfaṣ qarashat thakhadh ḍaẓagh.

Yana bir tovush:

* ʾabujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman saʿfaṣ qurishat thakhudh ḍaẓugh

Yana bir Abjad ketma-ketligi (ehtimol eskiroq, hozir asosan Mag‘rib bilan chegaralangan hududlarda ishlatiladi) quyidagilardir: 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ش | غ | ظ | ذ | خ | ث | ت | س | ر | ق | ض | ف | ع | ص | ن | م | ل | ك | ي | ط | ح | ز | و | ه | د | ج | ب | أ |
| sh | gh | ẓ | dh | kh | th | t | s | r | q | ḍ | f | ʿ | ṣ | n | m | l | k | y | ṭ | ḥ | z | w/u | h | d | j | b | ʾ |

uni quyidagicha ifodalash mumkin:

* ʾabujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman ṣaʿfaḍ qurisat thakhudh ẓaghush

Yana bir tovush:

* ʾabajd hawazin ḥuṭīyin kalamnin ṣaʿfaḍin qurisat thakhudh ẓughshin

Taqqoslash tartibi
Zamonaviy lugʻatlar va boshqa maʼlumotnomalarda yangiroq *hijāʾī* (هجائي) ishlatiladi. Bu shakli oʻxshashligi boʻyicha harflarni qisman birlashtiradigan tartibdir:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ي | و | ه | ن | م | ل | ك | ق | ف | غ | ع | ظ | ط | ض | ص | ش | س | ز | ر | ذ | د | خ | ح | ج | ث | ت | ب | أ |
| y | w/u | h | n | m | l | k | q | f | gh | ʿ | ẓ | ṭ | ḍ | ṣ | sh | s | z | r | dh | d | kh | ḥ | j | th | t | b | ʾ |

Hozirda abjad raqamlarida *alfabaʾī* Magʻrib tartibi mavjud (Mashriqiy tartib bilan almashtirilgan); 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ي | و | ه | ش | س | ق | ف | غ | ع | ض | ص | ن | م | ل | ك | ظ | ط | ز | ر | ذ | د | خ | ح | ج | ث | ت | ب | أ |
| y | w/u | h | sh | s | q | f | gh | ʿ | ḍ | ṣ | n | m | l | k | ẓ | ṭ | z | r | dh | d | kh | ḥ | j | th | t | b | ʾ |

Forscha lugʻatlarda bir oz boshqacha tartib qoʻllaniladi, bunda w undan keyin emas, h dan oldin keladi.

Abjad tizimidan foydalanish
---------------------------

Hindu-arab sanoq tizimidan oldin raqamlar sifatida abjad raqamlari barcha matematik maqsadlarda ishlatilgan. Zamonaviy arab tilida ular asosan konturlarni, roʻyxatlardagi elementlarni va maʼlumot nuqtalarini raqamlash uchun ishlatiladi. (Masalan, „A.", „B." va „C". (yoki kamroq, rim raqamlari: I, II, III, IV), arab tilida shunday qilib "أ, keyin "ب ", keyin "ج ", zamonaviy *hijāʼī* tartibining birinchi uchta harfi emas.)

Abjad raqamlari numerologiya maqsadlarida arabcha soʻzlarga raqamli qiymatlarni belgilash uchun ham ishlatiladi. Umumiy islomiy ibora بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم *bismillāh al-Raḥmān al-Raḥīm* („Mehribon va rahmli Alloh nomi bilan"-Basmala) soʻzining soni qiymati 786 (harfma-harf yig‘indisi 2+60+40+1+30+30+5+1+30+200+8+40+50+1+30) +200+8+10+40). Alloh الله soʻzi oʻz-oʻzidan 66 (1+30+30+5) qiymatiga ega.

Harf qiymatlari
---------------

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| Qiymat | Harf | Nomi | Trans-
savodxonlik |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | ا  | ʾalif | ʾ / ā |
| 2 | ب | bāʾ | b |
| 3 | ج | jīm | j |
| 4 | د | dāl | d |
| 5 | ه | hāʾ | h |
| 6 | و | wāw | w / ū |
| 7 | ز | zāy/zayn | z |
| 8 | ح | ḥāʾ | ḥ |
| 9 | ط | ṭāʾ | ṭ |
|  |   |  |  |

 | 

| Qiymat | Harf | Nomi | Trans-
savodxonlik |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 | ي | yāʾ | y / ī |
| 20 | ك | kāf | k |
| 30 | ل | lām | l |
| 40 | م | mīm | m |
| 50 | ن | nūn | n |
| 60 | س | sīn | s |
| 70 | ع | ʿayn | ʿ |
| 80 | ف | fāʾ | f |
| 90 | ص | ṣād | ṣ |
|  |   |  |  |

 | 

| Qiymat | Harf | Nomi | Trans-
savodxonlik |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 | ق | qāf | q |
| 200 | ر | rāʾ | r |
| 300 | ش | shīn | sh |
| 400 | ت | tāʾ | t |
| 500 | ث | thāʾ | th |
| 600 | خ | khāʾ | kh |
| 700 | ذ | dhāl | dh |
| 800 | ض | ḍād | ḍ |
| 900 | ظ | ẓāʾ | ẓ |
| 1000 | غ | ghayn | gh |

 |

Muqobil Abjad tartibida bir nechta raqamli qiymatlar farqlanadi:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

| Qiymat | Harf | Nomi | Trans-
savodxonlik |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 | ى | yāʾ | y / ī |
| 20 | ك | kāf | k |
| 30 | ل | lām | l |
| 40 | م | mīm | m |
| 50 | ن | nūn | n |
| 60 | ص | ṣād | ṣ |
| 70 | ع | ʿayn | ʿ |
| 80 | ف | fāʾ | f |
| 90 | ض | ḍād | ḍ |
|  |   |  |  |

 | 

| Qiymat | Harf | Nomi | Trans-
savodxonlik |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 | ق | qāf | q |
| 200 | ر | rāʾ | r |
| 300 | س | sīn | s |
| 400 | ت | tāʾ | t |
| 500 | ث | thāʾ | th |
| 600 | خ | khāʾ | kh |
| 700 | ذ | dhāl | dh |
| 800 | ظ | ẓāʾ | ẓ |
| 900 | غ | ghayn | gh |
| 1000 | ش | shīn | sh |

 |

Toʻrtta fors harflari uchun bu qiymatlar ishlatiladi:

| Qiymat | Harf | Nomi | Trans-
savodxonlik | Raqamli  qiymatiga yaqin harf |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | پ | pe | p | ب |
| 3 | چ | che | ch yoki č | ج |
| 7 | ژ | zhe | zh yoki ž | ز |
| 20 | گ | gâf | g | ك |

Shunga oʻxshash tizimlar
------------------------

Abjad raqamlari oldingi ibroniy raqamlariga (400 ga teng) oʻxshash. **Ibroniycha raqamlar tizimi** gematriya nomi bilan tanilgan va kabbalistik matnlarda hamda numerologiyada qoʻllaniladi. Abjad tizimi singari, Ibroniycha raqamlar tizimi ham zamonaviy davrda maʼlumotlarning konturlari va nuqtalarini, shu jumladan haftaning birinchi olti kunini raqamlash uchun ishlatiladi. **Yunon raqamlari** Abjad raqamlaridan bir necha jihatdan farq qiladi (masalan, yunon alifbosida ص (*ṣād*) harfi uchun ekvivalent yoʻq). Yunon tilidagi harflar-sonlar tizimi **izopsefiya** deb ataladi. Hozirgi vaqtda ushbu tizimning eski 27 harfli alifbosi roʻyxatlarni raqamlash uchun ham qoʻllanilishida davom etmoqda.

Manbalar
--------

1. ↑  Stephen Chrisomalis*. Numerical Notation: A Comparative History*. Cambridge University Press, 2010 — 162 bet. ISBN 9780521878180. 5-aprel 2019-yilda qaraldi.
2. ↑  Stephen Chrisomalis*. Numerical Notation: A Comparative History*. Cambridge University Press, 2010 — 162 bet. ISBN 9780521878180. 5-aprel 2019-yilda qaraldi.

Havolalar
---------

* *Abjad* numerologik tizimining umumiy koʻrinishi
* Soʻfiy numerologiya sayti
* „Abjad" hisobi boʻyicha arabcha matnning raqamli qiymati — www.alavibohra.org
* Arab, ibroniy, fors tillarida onlayn Abjad kalkulyatori — matnga teskari Abjad raqami bilan