Fayl:Will Dreaming.jpg "Langlandning xayolparast": Oksforddagi Korpus Kristi kollejida saqlanayotgan *Pirs Plowman* qo'lyozmasining yoritilgan bosh harfidan.
**Uilyam Langland** ( /ˈlæŋlənd/ ; lotincha: *Willielmus de Langland*; tax. 1332 – c. 1386 )tahminlarga ko'ra oʻrta ingliz tilidagi alliterativ,asarining muallifi deyilgan, o'sha davrlarda *Pirs Plowman* nomi bilan tanilgan, turli diniy mavzularga ega asarlar yozgan jumladan allegoriya. She'r monastir tili va tushunchalarini har qanday inson tushunadigan holda ramz va tasvirlarga tarjima qilgan.

Hayoti
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Langlandning o'zi haqida kam ma'lumot mavjud. *Pirs Plowmanning* ichki dalillariga ko'ra, u 1330 yilda Angliyaning G'arbiy Midlendlarida tug'ilgangan deb takidlangan. *Pirs Plowmandagi* hikoyachi o'zining birinchi ko'rinishini Malvern tepaligida ( Gerfordshir va Vustershir o'rtasida) uxlab yotganida ko'radi, bu hudud bilan qandaydir bog'liqligini ko'rsatadi. She’r shevasi ham mamlakatning bu qismiga to'g'ri keladi. *Pirs Plowman* *yozilgan.* 1377 yil, qahramonning tasavvuriga ko'ra, u "besh va qirq qish" davomida uni kuzatgan.

A fifteenth-century note in the Dublin manuscript of *Piers Plowman* says that Langland was the son of Stacy de Rokayle.

Langland is believed to have been born in Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire, although Ledbury, Herefordshire, and Great Malvern, Worcestershire also have strong claims to being his birthplace. There is a plaque to that effect in the porch of Cleobury Mortimer's parish church, which also contains a memorial window, placed in 1875, depicting the *Piers Plowman* vision. Langland is thought to have been a novitiate of Woodhouse Friary located nearby.

Langlandning 1385 yoki 1386 -yillarda vafot etgani haqida tahminlarga asoslangan dalillar mavjud. She'rning XIV asrdagi qo'lyozmasida "Iohan but" (Jon But) tomonidan yozilgan eslatma (Roulinson 137) asari muallifining o'limiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ishora qiladi:("bir marta bu ish iroda bilmagandan oldin qilingan edi/ O'lim unga zarba berib, uni yerga yiqitdi/ Endi u tuproq ostida ko'milgan"). Edith Rikertning so'zlariga ko'ra, Jon Butning o'zi 1387 yilda vafot etganga o'xshaydi, bu Lenglandning ushbu sanadan biroz oldin vafot etganligini ko'rsatadi. Shunga qaramay, ba'zi olimlar Lengland 1399 yilda yozilgan Richard Redeless asarining muallifi deb hisoblashadi. 

Most of what is believed about Langland has been reconstructed from *Piers Plowman*. The C text of the poem contains a passage in which the narrator describes himself as a "loller" or "idler" living in the Cornhill area of London, and refers to his wife and child, who are respectively named Katherine and Nicolette. It also suggests that he was well above average height and made a living reciting prayers for the dead in chantries at St Paul's Cathedral. However, the distinction between allegory and reality in *Piers Plowman* is blurred, and the entire passage, as Wendy Scase observes, is reminiscent of the false confession tradition in medieval literature (also seen in the *Confessio Goliae* and in Jean de Meun's *Roman de la Rose*).

B va C matnlarining oxirgi Passusidagi shunga o'xshash parcha shoirning rafiqasi va uning Elde (Keksalik) azoblari, shu jumladan kallik, podagra va ojizlik haqida boshqa noaniq tafsilotlarni bergan. Bu shoirning 1370-yillarda o'rta yoshga yetganligini ko'rsatishi mumkin, ammo tavsifning an'anaviy tabiati parchaning to'g'riligiga shubha tug'diradi (masalan, Valter Kennedining "Ayge maqtovida" va *Parlament. Uch asrning* ) va uning she'rning oxiriga yaqin, irodaning shaxsiy rivojlanishi mantiqiy yakuniga yetganda sodir bo'lishi.

She'rda ko'rsatilgan batafsil va juda murakkab diniy bilim Lenglandning ruhoniylar bilan qandaydir aloqasi borligini ko'rsatadi, ammo bu munosabatlarning tabiati noaniq. She'r cherkov a'zolarining biron bir guruhiga yoki tartibiga nisbatan aniq tarafkashlikni ko'rsatmaydi, ammo antiklerikalizmda bir tekisda. Bu Langlandni har qanday aniq tartib bilan moslashtirishni qiyinlashtiradi. Jon Bauersning yozishicha, u "zamonaviy jamiyatning radikal chekkasini tashkil qilgan katta miqdordagi beg'araz kotiblar guruhining a'zosi" deb yozadi ... yomon kiyingan Villi qishloq bo'ylab sayohat qilayotgan" ruscha libosda "tasvirlangan. o'z boshliqlariga hurmat ko'rsatmaydigan aqldan ozgan dissident". Malkolm Godden o'zini vaqtincha homiyga bog'lab, boshpana va oziq-ovqat uchun yozish xizmatlarini almashib, sayohatchi zohid sifatida yashashni taklif qildi.

Robert Kroulining 1550 yilda chop etilgan *Piers Plowman* nashri Lengland Jon Uiklifning izdoshi degan fikrni ilgari surdi. Biroq, bu xulosa Lollardning Plowman figurasini erta o'zlashtirishi bilan shubhalanadi (masalan, *Pirs Ploughman's Crede* va *The Plowman's Tale* ga qarang). To'g'ri, Lenglend va Uiklif ko'plab tashvishlarni o'rtoqlashdi: ikkalasi ham indulgensiya va ziyorat qilishning qadr-qimmatini shubha ostiga qo'yishdi, va'z qilishda xalq tilidan foydalanishni targ'ib qilishdi, ruhoniylarning buzilishiga hujum qilishdi va hatto diniy ta'limni himoya qilishdi. Biroq, bu mavzular 14-asrning oxirlarida keng muhokama qilingan va Lenglandning taxminiy o'limidan keyin Uiklif bilan bog'lanmagan. Bundan tashqari, Pamela Gradon kuzatganidek, Lenglend hech qachon Uiklifning muqaddas marosimlar haqidagi o'ziga xos ta'limotini takrorlamaydi.

Atribut
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*Pirs Plowmanning* Langlandga tegishliligi asosan Dublindagi Trinity kollejida (MS 212) saqlangan qo'lyozma dalillariga asoslanadi. Ushbu qo'lyozma *Pirs Ploumanni* "Oksfordshir grafligida Lord Spenserning ijarachisi Shipton-under-Vixvudda vafot etgan" Steysi de Rokaylning o'g'li Villielmi de Langlandga tegishli. Boshqa qoʻlyozmalarda muallif Robert yoki Uilyam Lenglend yoki Vilgelms V. deb nomlanadi (ehtimol, Uilyam of Vichvudning qisqartmasi).

She’rning o‘zi ham Lenglendning muallifligiga ishora qilgandek. Bir payt hikoyachi shunday deydi: "Men londe yashaganman [...] mening ismim longe wille" (B XV.152). Buni shoir nomiga shifrlangan havola sifatida, ko'p o'rta asrlar adabiyoti uslubida qabul qilish mumkin (qarang, masalan, *Le Ahitdagi* Villonning akrostikasi). Shu bilan birga, o‘rta asr ulamolari va kitobxonlari bu satrni 1381 yilda Norfolk isyoni tomonidan qo‘llanilgan taxallusi "Uilyam Longvil"ga ishora qilib tushungan bo‘lishi mumkinligi ham taxmin qilingan 

Boshqa dalillar kam bo'lsa-da, Lenglandning muallifligi 1920-yillardan beri keng tarqalgan. Biroq, Stella Pates va C. Devid Bensonning yaqinda qilgan ishlari ko'rsatganidek, bu mutlaqo bahs-munozaradan tashqarida emas.

Ma'lumotnomalar
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1. ↑  *Anniina Jokinen.* „Life of William Langland (c.1330-1387?)". *www.luminarium.org*.  Luminarium (8-mart 2010-yil).
2. ↑  "Mortymers Clibury", Bale, *Illustris Majoris Britanniae*
3. ↑  Dickens, Gordon*. An Illustrated Literary Guide to Shropshire*. Shropshire Libraries, 1987 — 46 bet. ISBN 0-903802-37-6.
4. ↑  *An Illustrated Literary Guide to Shropshire* — 94 bet.
5. ↑  *William Langland*, Harvard College, 2 July 2003da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 5 January 2013
6. ↑  *Anniina Jokinen.* „Life of William Langland (c.1330-1387?)". *www.luminarium.org*.  Luminarium (8-mart 2010-yil).
7. 1 2  Elderwick, David*. 50 Shropshire Celebrities, Past and Present*. IMPRINT, Newtown, Wales, 1989 — 46 bet.
8. ↑  Gradon, Pamela (1980). "Langland and the Ideology of Dissent". *Proceedings of the British Academy* (66): 179–205.
9. ↑  Sobecki, Sebastian (2018). "Hares, Rabbits, Pheasants:*Piers Plowman* and William Longewille, a Norfolk Rebel in 1381". *Review of English Studies* **69** (289): 216–236. doi:10.1093/res/hgx130.
10. ↑  C. David Benson, "The Langland Myth," in *William Langland's Piers Plowman: A Book of Essays,* ed. Kathleen M. Hewett-Smith (New York: Routledge, 2001), pp. 83–99. ISBN 0-8153-2804-4

Manbalar
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* Jon M. Bowers, "Piers Plowman va Politsiya: Wycliffite Langland tarixiga eslatmalar", *Lengland tadqiqotlari yillik kitobi* 6 (1992), pp. 1–50.
* Malkolm Gradon, *Pirs Plowmanning yasalishi* (London: Longman, 1990).ISBN 0-582-01685-1ISBN 0-582-01685-1
* Edith Rickert, "Jon But, xabarchi va yaratuvchi", *Zamonaviy filologiya* 11 (1903), pp. 107–17.
* Wendy Scase, *Piers Plowman va yangi antiklerikalizm* (Kembrij: Kembrij universiteti nashriyoti, 1989).ISBN 0-521-36017-XISBN 0-521-36017-X .

Tashqi havolalar
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* International *Piers Plowman* Society *Piers Plowman* va boshqa alliterativ she'rlarni o'rganish bo'yicha xalqaro ilmiy tashkilotning veb-sayti; 1986 yildan beri ushbu she'rlar bo'yicha barcha stipendiyalarning qidiruv bazasini o'z ichiga oladi.
* Piers Plowman elektron arxivi XIV asrdagi allegorik tush ko'rishning uchta versiyasining matn an'analarining ko'p darajali, gipermatnli bog'langan elektron arxivi Pirs Plowman.
* Works by William Langland ishlari
* Works by or about William Langland