**Kaspiy** kobrasi (*Naja oxiana*), **Oʻrta Osiyo** **kobrasi** nomi bilan ham ataladi, **chipor** **ilon**, **Oxus kobra** yoki **rus** **kobrasi** Elapidae oilasiga mansub zaharli ilon turi hisoblanadi. Tur Markaziy Osiyo uchun endemik hisoblanadi. 1831-yilda Karl Eyxvald tomonidan tasvirlangan, u koʻp yillar davomida hind kobrasining kenja turi hisoblanib kelindi, to genetik tahlil uni alohida tur ekanligini aniqlamaguncha.

Taksonomiya
-----------

Boltiqboʻyi nemis tabiatshunosi Karl Eyksvald 1831-yilda Kaspiy kobrasini dastlab *Tomyris oxiana* deb taʼriflagan. Rus tabiatshunosi Aleksandr Strauch uni 1868-yilda *Naja* (zaharli ilon, kobra) jinsiga kiritgan. Oxiananing oʻziga xos epiteti *Ōxus* lotin yoki Ὦξος (Ôxos) yunoncha soʻzlaridan olingan,

Afgʻonistonning shimoliy chegarasi boʻylab oqib oʻtuvchi Amudaryoningqadimiy nomini bildiradi va u Afgʻonistonni Tojikiston va Oʻzbekistondan ajratib, shimoli-gʻarbda Turkmanistonga burilgunga qadar va u yerdan Markaziy Osiyodagi Orol dengizining janubiy qoldiqlariga (*Transoxiana*) quyiladi.

Yigirmanchi asrning koʻp qismida barcha Osiyo kobralari hind kobrasining (*Naja naja*) kenja turi hisoblangan; bu davrda N. naja oxiana va N. naja caeca subspesifik nomlari Hindiston shimolidagi N. najaning tekis miqyosli populyatsiyalariga hamda Kaspiy kobrasiga mos keladigan populyatsiyalarga nisbatan qoʻllanilgan. Alohida turlardagi juda oʻzgaruvchan rang va oʻlcham genetik tahlil paydo boʻlgunga qadar tasniflashni qiyinlashtirgan edi.

Naja kenja turkumidagi Osiyo kobralarining mitoxondrial DNK tadqiqoti Kaspiy kobrasining 3,21 million yil avval monoklozli kobra (*Naja* *kaouthia*) va Andaman kobrasini (*Naja sagittifera*) naslidan ajralib chiqqanligini koʻrsatdi.

Hindukush togʻlari sabab boʻlgan populyatsiyaning ajralishiga qaramay, turning oʻzi genetik jihatdan bir hil koʻrinadi; bu yaqinda diapazonning tez kengayganini koʻrsatadi.


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| *Naja* | 

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| (*Naja*) | 

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|   | *Naja* (*Naja*) *naja* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Naja*) *kaouthia* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Naja*) *atra* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Naja*) *sagittifera* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Naja*) *oxiana* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Naja*) *sputatrix* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Naja*) *samarensis* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Naja*) *philippinensis* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Naja*) *mandalayensis* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Naja*) *sumatrana* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Naja*) *siamensis* |
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| (*Afronaja*) | 

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|   | *Naja* (*Afronaja*) *pallida* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Afronaja*) *nubiae* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Afronaja*) *katiensis* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Afronaja*) *nigricollis* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Afronaja*) *ashei* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Afronaja*) *mossambica* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Afronaja*) *nigricincta* |
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| *(Boulengerina)* | 

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|   | *Naja (Boulengerina) multifasciata* |
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|   | *Naja (Boulengerina) christyi* |
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|   | *Naja (Boulengerina) annulata* |
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|   | *Naja (Boulengerina) savannula* |
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|   | *Naja (Boulengerina) subfulva* |
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|   | *Naja (Boulengerina) guineensis* |
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|   | *Naja (Boulengerina) peroescobari* |
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|   | *Naja (Boulengerina) melanoleuca* |
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| (*Uraeus*) | 

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|   | *Naja* (*Uraeus*) *nivea* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Uraeus*) *senegalensis* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Uraeus*) *haje* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Uraeus*) *arabica* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Uraeus*) *annulifera* |
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|   | *Naja* (*Uraeus*) *anchietae* |
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 Kaspiy kobrasi
*Naja oxiana* oʻrtacha uzunlikdagi, ogʻir tanali ilon boʻlib, uzun boʻyin qovurgʻalari kaputni hosil qilish uchun kengayish qobiliyatiga ega. Old tomondan tana dorsoventral boʻlib, orqada esa subsilindrsimon boʻladi. Bu turning oʻlchami *Naja najaga* oʻxshaydi, oʻrtacha umumiy uzunligi (shu jumladan dumi) 1 metrdan 1.4 metrgacha va kamdan-kam hollarda 1.7metr dan oshadi Boshi ellipssimon, boʻyinbogʻi boʻlib, boʻynidan bir oz farqlanadi, kalta, yumaloq tumshugʻi va katta burun teshiklari bor. Koʻz oʻrtacha kattalikda, dumaloq qorachigʻi. Dorsal tarozi silliq va kuchli qiya, tashqi ikki yoki uchta masshtabli qatorlar qolgan qismidan kattaroqdir. *N. oxiana qalpoqchasi* boshqa naja turlarining (*Naja* *naja* yoki *Naja kaouthia*) tuxumsimon qalpoqlaridan farqli oʻlaroq choʻzilgan, asta-sekin torayib boruvchi shaklga ega. Voyaga etmaganlarning rangi oqarib ketgan, koʻrinishi xiralashgan. Voyaga etmaganlar tananing atrofida taxminan bir xil kenglikdagi sezilarli qora va engil koʻndalang chiziqlarga ega. Ushbu turdagi kattalar butunlay och jigarrang yoki sargʻish shokoladga ega, baʼzi namunalarda balogʻatga etmagan tasma izlari, ayniqsa birinchi bir nechta quyuq ventral chiziqlar saqlanib qoladi. Bu turda kaput belgisi va lateral tomoq dogʻlari yoʻq.

Hind kobrasi (*Naja naja*) bilan chalkashliklar boʻlishi mumkin, chunki kaput belgisi boʻlmagan namunalarda odatda bu tur bilan aralashtiriladi va bu ikki tur Pokiston va Shimoliy Hindistonda birga yashaydi. Ular, shuningdek, Osiyodagi yagona haqiqiy tupurmaydigan kobralardir. Kaspiy kobrasi (*Naja oxiana*) hech qachon toʻliq qora emas, garchi baʼzi namunalar juda qora boʻlishi mumkin. Kaspiy kobrasi (*N. oxiana*) odatda tomoq ostida bir nechta qora chiziqlarga ega, Pokistondan kelgan hind kobrasining (*N. naja*) qora boshida deyarli butun tomoq qora rangga ega.

Tarqalishi va yashash joyi
--------------------------

*Naja oxiana* Transkaspiy mintaqasida uchraydi. Turkmaniston, Oʻzbekiston, Qirgʻiziston, Tojikiston janubi-gʻarbiy qismida, Fargʻona vodiysi, Afgʻonistonning shimoli va sharqi, Eronning shimoli-sharqida (Sharqiy Ozarbayjon viloyatidan, Ardabil viloyatining janubiy yarmidan Zanjon va Tehron viloyatlarigacha boʻlgan sharqiy yarmigacha) tarqalgan. Isfaxon va Yazd viloyatlari, shuningdek, Kirmon viloyatining shimoliy-sharqiy qismlari, Siston va Balujiston viloyatining shimoliy qismi hamda butun Semnan, Mozandaron va Guliston viloyatlari boʻylab uch alohida viloyatga boʻlingan sobiq Xuroson viloyati. -2004), Pokistonning shimoliy yarmi, Balujistondan Gilgit-Baltiston va Azad Kashmirgacha. Ushbu tur Hindistonning shimoli-gʻarbiy qismida Jammu va Kashmirda (birlashma hududi) va Himachal-Pradesh shtatida ham kuzatilgan. Bu Ladaxda ham sodir boʻlganligi taxmin qilinmoqda. Uning Oʻzbekiston/Qozogʻiston chegarasidagi Orol dengizigacha shimolda joylashganligi haqida baʼzi anekdot dalillari ham mavjud.

*Naja oxiana* koʻpincha qurgʻoqchil va yarim qurgʻoqchil, toshloq yoki toshloq, butalar yoki butalar bilan qoplangan togʻ etaklarida taxminan balandlikda joylashgan. dengiz sathidan yuqori. Bu, shuningdek, Osiyo kobrasining eng gʻarbiy turi.3,000 metr (9,800 ft)

Manbalar
--------

1. ↑  "*Naja oxiana* (Eichwald, 1831)".
2. ↑  Latifi, Mahmoud*. Snakes of Iran*. Oxford, Ohio: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 1991. ISBN 978-0-916984-22-9.
3. ↑  Eichwald, Karl*. Zoologia specialis, quam expositis animalibus tum vivis, tum fossilibus potissimuni rossiae in universum, et poloniae in specie, in usum lectionum publicarum in Universitate Caesarea Vilnensi* (Latin). Vilnius: Zawadski, 1931 — 171 bet.
4. ↑  **{{Veb manbasi}} andozasidan foydalanishda `sarlavha=` parametrini belgilashingiz kerak.** „{{{title}}}".
5. ↑  Wüster, Wolfgang (1996). „Taxonomic changes and toxinology: Systematic revisions of the asiatic cobras (*Naja naja* species complex)". *Toxicon*. 34-jild, № 4. 399–406-bet. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(95)00139-5. ISSN 0041-0101. PMID 8735239.
6. ↑  Kazemi, Elmira; Nazarizadeh, Masoud; Fatemizadeh, Faezeh; Khani, Ali; Kaboli, Mohammad (2021). „The phylogeny, phylogeography, and diversification history of the westernmost Asian cobra (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja oxiana) in the Trans-Caspian region". *Ecology and Evolution* (inglizcha). 11-jild, № 5. 2024–2039-bet. doi:10.1002/ece3.7144. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 7920780. PMID 33717439.
7. 1 2  United States. Navy Department. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery*. Poisonous Snakes of the World: A Manual for Use by the U.S. Amphibious Forces*, 2, Minnesota: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965-yil yanvar — 123-124 bet. 26-yanvar 2022-yilda qaraldi.
8. 1 2  Nasoori, A; Shahbazzadeh, D; Tsubota, T; Young, BA (2016). „The defensive behaviour of Naja oxiana, with comments on the visual displays of cobras". *The Herpetological Bulletin*. 138-jild. 13–17-bet. Qaraldi: 26–yanvar 2022–yil.`{{cite magazine}}`: CS1 maint: date format ()
9. 1 2 3  **{{Veb manbasi}} andozasidan foydalanishda `sarlavha=` parametrini belgilashingiz kerak.** „{{{title}}}".
10. 1 2 3  **{{Veb manbasi}} andozasidan foydalanishda `sarlavha=` parametrini belgilashingiz kerak.** „{{{title}}}".
11. ↑  Wüster, W; Thorpe, RS (1992-yil dekabr). „Dentitional Phenomena in Cobras Revisited: Spitting and Fang Structure in the Asiatic Species of Naja (Serpentes: Elapidae)". *Herpetologica*. 48-jild, № 4. 424–434-bet. JSTOR 3892862. Qaraldi: 14-iyul 2021-yil. `{{cite magazine}}`: sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: `|date=` (yordam)
12. ↑  „arxiv nusxasi". 21-oktabr 2014-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 22-may 2022-yil.
13. ↑  **{{Veb manbasi}} andozasidan foydalanishda `sarlavha=` parametrini belgilashingiz kerak.** „{{{title}}}".
14. ↑  **{{Veb manbasi}} andozasidan foydalanishda `sarlavha=` parametrini belgilashingiz kerak.** „{{{title}}}".

Andoza:Taxonbar