**Fil Açılışı**

1. e4 e5
2. Fc4
hamleleriyle başlayan bir satranç açılışıdır.

Fil Açılışı bilinen en eski açılışlardan biridir. İlk olarak Lucena ve Ruy Lopez tarafından çözümlenen bu açılış Philidor tarafından sıkça uygulanmıştır. Larsen da bu açılışı kullanan büyükustalardandır. Bugün pek kullanılmayan açılış son dönem oyuncularından Kasparov tarafından uygulanmıştır. Nunn bu açılışı Petrov Savunması'ndan kaçınmak amacıyla kullanır. Açılış, 2007 Dünya Şampiyonası'nda Lékó tarafından Kramnik'e karşı da kullanılmıştır.

Beyaz, siyahın f7 karesine saldırır ve siyahın d sütunundaki piyonunun d5 karesine ilerlemesini engeller.
Başlangıç kuralı "atları fillerden önce geliştir"i göz ardı eden beyaz, f sütunundaki piyonunu olası bir f2-f4 hamlesine hazır durumda bekletir. Bu, Fil Açılışı'nın Şah Gambiti ve Viyana Oyunu'yla benzerlik gösterdiği bir durumdur. Aslında bu açılış Şah Gambiti, Viyana Oyunu, Giuoco Piano ya da İki At Savunması'na dönüşebilir. Beyaz, oyunu kazanca götürecek bir Şah Gambiti'ne dönüştürmeyi amaçlayabilir ancak siyah iyi bir oyunla bu taktiği boşa çıkarabilir.

Weaver W. Adams, klasik yapıtı "Beyaz Oynar ve Kazanır"'da Fil Açılışı'nın beyazı ikinci hamleden sonra kazanca götürdüğünü iddia etmektedir. Ne var ki, Adams bu iddiasını kendisinden güçlü oyuncuları yenemeyerek askıda bırakmıştır. Büyükusta Larry Evans'ın "satrancın radikal sağı"na üye olduğunu düşündüğü Adams, Fil Açılışı'nı bırakarak Viyana Oyunu'nu uygulamaya başlamıştır. Adams bu tercih değişikliğini bu yöntemin beyazı kazanca götürdüğü iddiasına dayandırmaktadır. Büyükusta Nick de Firmian *Çağdaş Satranç Açılışları'*nın 14. sayısında yer alan bir makalesinde Fil Açılışı'nın iki tarafın en iyi oyunlarını oynaması durumunda beraberlikle sonuçlanacağını öngörmüş ve iddiasını şöyle desteklemiştir: "Çağdaş satranççılardan yalnızca Bent Larsen bu açılışı uyguladı. Kasparov bile bu yönteme değer vermedi."

Ana varyantlar
--------------

Beyazın ikinci hamlesinin etkili bir tehdit oluşturmaması siyahın ikinci hamlesi için birçok seçeneğe sahip olmasını sağlar.
Aşağıda da gösterildiği gibi Fil Açılışı birçok açık oyuna dönüşebilir.

Siyahın 1.e4 e5 2.Fc4 hamlelerinin ardından yapacağı hamle üç alt öbekte incelenebilir.

* 2...Af6 (Berlin Savunması)
* 2...Fc5 (Klasik Savunma)
* 2...diğerleri

### Berlin Savunması (2...Af6)

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| 3.d3 |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Ponziani Gambiti 3.d4 |

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| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Greco Gambiti 3.f4 |

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* 3.Ac3 (Viyana Oyunu)
* 3.d3
* 3.d4 (Ponziani Gambiti)
	+ 3...exd4 4.Vxd4 Ac6 (Merkez Oyunu)
	+ 3...exd4 4.Af3 (Urusov Gambiti)
		- 4...Fc5 5.0-0 Ac6 (Max Lange Akını)
		- 4...Ac6 (İki At Savunması)
		- 4...Axe4 5.Vxd4 (Urusov Gambiti)
* 3.Af3 (Petrov Savunması)
	+ 3...Axe4 4.Ac3 (Boden-Kieseritzky Gambiti)
* 3.f4 (Greco Gambiti)
	+ 3...Axe4 4.d3 Ad6 5.Fb3 Ac6 ya da 5...e4
	+ 3...exf4 (Şah Gambiti)

Siyahın en sık karşılaşılan ikinci hamlesi beyazı e sütunundaki piyonunu nasıl koruyacağını düşünmeye zorlayan 2...Af6'dır. 3.d3 hamlesinin ardından siyah, Bozulmuş Şah Gambiti'nin yol açtığı dezavantajlı varyantlara karşı dikkatli olmalıdır. Bu tuzağa düşmeyen bir hamle dizisi 2...Af6 3.d3 c6 4.Af3 d5 5.Fb3 Fd6'dır. Bir diğer seçenek 3...d6 4.f4 exf4 5.Fxf4 Fe6! oynamaktır.

Beyaz, Fil Açılışı'nı Petrov Savunması'na girmeden Giuoco Piano'ya dönüştürmek amacıyla da kullanabilir. Örneğin, 2...Af6 3.d3 Ac6 4.Af3 Fc5 hamle dizisi sessiz Giuoco Pianissimo'ya girer.

**Urusov Gambiti** Rus prensi Sergey Semyonovich Urusov'a atfedilmiştir (3 Ağustos 1848). Bu gambit hakkındaki ilk çözümleme İngiliz satranç oyuncusu ve yazar Samuel Boden tarafından 1851 yılında yayımlanmıştır. Açılış teorisyenleri beyazın 2...Af6 3.Af3 Axe4 4.Ac3 Axc3 5.dxc3 f6'nın ardından gelen akınının bir piyon kazancına değmediğini düşünmektedirler. Oyun 6.0-0 Ac6 7.Ah4 g6 8.f4 f5 9.Af3 (9.Axf5? d5!) e4 10.Ag5 (10.Ae5 Ve7!) Fc5+ hamle dizisiyle sürer. Siyahın şah kanadında rok yapamaması uzun vadede çeşitli sorunlar yaratır.

Siyah için daha güvenli olan yol 5...c6 6.Axe5 d5 ile piyonları eşitlemektir. Oyun 4...Ac6!? (4...Axc3 yerine) 5.0-0 (5.Axe4 d5) Axc3 6.dxc3 Ve7! şeklinde sürerse beyaz, piyonunu geri kazanamaz.

Siyah 3...Ac6 oynayarak İki At Savunması'na da girebilir ancak 4.Ag5'ten sonra oyun onun belirleyeceği bir gambitle sürecektir. Beyaz bu durumda Boden-Kieseritzky Gambiti'nin bir kolu olan 4.0-0 Axe4 5.Ac3 oynamak isteyebilir.

Düzensiz hamle dizileri 2.Ac3 (Viyana) Af6 3.Fc4 Axe4 4.Af3 ve 2.Af3 Af6 (Rus ya da Petrov Savunması) 3.Fc4 Axe4 4.Af3'tür.

### Klasik Savunma (2...Fc5)

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Kanat Gambiti 3.b4 |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Philidor Varyantı 3.c3 |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| 3.d3 |

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* 3.b4 (Kanat Gambiti)
* 3.c3 (Philidor Varyantı)
	+ 3...d5 (Lewis Karşıgambiti)
	+ 3...d6
	+ 3...Af6
* 3.Ac3 (Viyana Oyunu)
* 3.d3
* 3.Af3 (Giuoco Piano)
* 3.Vg4 (Viyana Oyunu)

**Klasik Savunma** siyahın simetrik hamlesi 2...Fc5'tir.
Bu durumda beyaz 3.Ac3 oynayarak Viyana Oyunu'na ya da 3.Af3 oynayarak Giuoco Piano'ya girmek isteyebilir. Beyaz, Fil Açılışı'nda kalmak isterse 3.b4 (**Kanat Gambiti**) ya da 3.c3 (**Philidor Varyantı**) oynayabilir. Philidor Varyantı'nın ana hattı şu şekildedir:
3. c3 Af6
4. d4 exd4
5. e5 d5!
6. exf6 dxc4
7. Vh5 0-0
8. Vxc5 Ke8+
9. Ae2 d3
10.Fe3
3.d3 hamlesinin ardından Bozulmuş Şah Gambiti ya da Giuoco Piano'ya girme olanağı da mevcuttur.

Kanat Gambiti sonuçlandığı konumlar bakımından Evans Gambiti ile benzerlik gösterir.
Örneğin, bu gambit 3.b4 Fxb4 4.c3 Fa5 5.Af3 Ac6 ile Evans Gambiti'ne dönüşür.

Siyahın Philidor Varyantı'na verebileceği en güçlü tepki **Lewis Karşıgambiti'**dir (3.c3 d5). Bu gambit ilk kez İngiliz satranç oyuncusu ve yazar William Lewis (1787–1870) tarafından 1834 yılında çözümlenmiştir.

3.Vf3 ve 3.Vh5 hamleleri amatör oyuncular tarafından hala kullanılmaktadır. Bunun nedeni bu hamlelerin çoban matına giden yolu açmalarıdır. Ne var ki, siyahın bu taktiği boşa çıkarması beyazın gelişim olanaklarının kısıtlanmasına ve uzun vadede tempo kaybına neden olur.

### Siyahın ikinci hamlesi için diğer seçenekler

* 2...c6 (Philidor Karşıakını)
* 2...Ac6
* 2...d6
* 2...f5?! (Calabrian Karşıgambiti)
	+ 3.d3 (Jaenisch Varyantı)

Siyahın bu hamleleri çok az kullanılmaktadır.
Siyahın 2...Fe7? ile Macar Savunması'na girmek istemesi durumunda beyaz, 3.Vh5 ile bir piyon kazanır.

**Calabrian Karşıgambiti** (2...f5?!), adını Greco'nun doğup büyüdüğü yer olan Calabria'dan almıştır.
Bu hamle kesinlikle önerilmez çünkü Carl Jaenisch'in önerdiği hat (3.d3 Af6 4.f4 d6 5.Af3) beyaza avantaj sağlar.

Kaynakça
--------

* Hooper, David ve Kenneth Whyld (1996). *Oxford Satranç Arkadaşı*. Oxford University. ISBN 0-19-280049-3.
* Lane, Gary (2004). *Ayrıntılı Fil Açılışı*. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-8917-0.

1. ↑  Reuben, Stewart (1992). *Beğeninize Göre Satranç Açılışları*. Cadogan Chess. s. 59. ISBN 1-85744-070-6.
2. ↑  
Adams, Weaver (1939). *Beyaz Oynar ve Kazanır*. David McKay Company. s. 9-12.
3. ↑  
Evans, Larry (1970). *Satranç Öğretisi*. Simon and Schuster. s. 147, 153. ISBN 0-671-20491-2.
4. ↑  
de Firmian, Nick (1999). *Çağdaş Satranç Açılışları*. David McKay Company. s. 144-45. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
5. ↑  
Fischer, Bobby (1972). *60 Unutulmaz Oyunum*. Faber and Faber. s. 280-81. ISBN 0-571-09987-4.

Dış bağlantılar
---------------

* Goeller, Michael. Fil Açılışı 25 Ekim 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi..
* Harding, Tim (Ağustos 1998). Gözetleyici: Fil Açılışı Aslında Nedir? 17 Eylül 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. *ChessCafe.com*.
* Harding, Tim (Eylül 1998). Gözetleyici: Urusov Gambiti'nin Sonsuz Cazibesi 16 Ocak 2009 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. *ChessCafe.com*.
* Harding, Tim (Ekim 1998). Gözetleyici: Urusov Gambiti Mantıklı Mı? 15 Ocak 2009 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. *ChessCafe.com*.