**Celurosauri** (lat. Coelurosauria) su kladus svih dinosaura teropoda srodnijih pticama nego karnosaurima. To je raznolika grupa u koju spadaju tiranosauri, ornitomimosauri i maniraptori; u maniraptore spadaju i ptice, jedini preživjeli potomci celurosaura. Većina dosada otkrivenih dinosaura sa perjem bili su celurosauri; Philip J. Currie smatra mogućim da su svi celurosauri imali perje.

Anatomija
---------

*Tarbosaurus*
*Struthiomimus*
*Velociraptor*
*Alvarezsaurus*
### Građa

Svi celurosauri bili su dvonožni i većina njih bili su mesožderi, mada su mnoge grupe pokazivale raznolikiju ishranu, uključujući kukcožderstvo (Alvarezsauridae), svežderstvo (Oviraptoridae i Troodontidae) i biljožderstvo (Therizinosauridae). U ovu grupu spadali su najveći (*Tyrannosaurus*) i najmanji (*Microraptor*, *Parvicursor*) dinosauri mesožderi ikada otkriveni. Osobine koje razlikuju celurosaure od ostalih grupa su:

* križnica (grupa kralježaka pričvršćenih za kukove) duža nego kod ostalih dinosaura
* rep ukrućen prema kraju
* savijena lakatna kost
* goljenična kost duža nego bedrena kost.

### Perje

Do danas otkriveni su fosilizirani ostaci perja kod većine celurosaura. Perje nekog oblika, ili morfološke osobine koje uvjetuju perje, pronađeni su kod fosila barem jedne vrste u svim podgrupama, osim Ornithomimosauria. Današnje ptice svrstavaju se kao celurosauri od strane gotovo svih paleontologa. Raspored perja kod celurosaura je bez iznimke vrlo primitivan, a neke vrste su imale golu kožu ili krljušti umjesto perja na nekim dijelovima svog tijela. Tu spadaju veliki tiranosauridi, neki kompsognatidi poput *Juravenatora*, kao i *Scansoriopteryx*. Svi su imali očuvane otiske krljušti iz oblasti nogu i repa, iako su možda *Scansoriopteryx* i *Juravenator* imali perje na ostatku tijela. Većina celurosaura, uključujući i današnje ptice, zadržali su krljušti na stopalima, ali su rijetki (*Anchiornis* i današnja alpska kokoška) imali stopala i prste također pokrivene perjem.

Iako se nekada smatralo jedinstvenom osobinom celurosaura, perje ili strukture nalik perje također su pronađene kod pripadnika Ornithischia (poput *Tianyulonga*), ali ne zna se jesu li te strukture pravo perje ili strukture koje su evoluirale zasebno.

### Nervni sustav i čula

Iako su rijetki, pronađeni su potpuni ostaci endokranijuma. Endokranijum teropoda također se može rekonstruirati (bez oštećivanja nekog primjerka) CT-skeniranjem i softverom za 3D rekonstruiranje. Izgleda da se povećanje u prostoru mozga koje zauzima cerebrum desilo pojavom celurosaura i "nastavilo se kroz evoluciju maniraptora i ranih ptica."

Fosilni ostaci i vrijeme
------------------------

Pronađeno je malo fosilnih ostataka celurosaura koji sežu do perioda trijasa. Oni iz perioda između trijasa i kasne jure bili su nepotpuni. Tipičan primjer je *Iliosuchus*, poznat samo iz dvije karlične kosti. Bio je mesožder dužine oko 1,5 m koji je živio prije oko 165 milijuna godina u Oxfordshireu i za sada je probno svrstan u Tyrannosauroidea.

Mnogi gotovo potpuni fosili celurosaura poznati su iz perioda jure. *Archaeopteryx* je pronađen u Bavarskoj (155-150 m.g.). *Ornitholestes*, trudontid WDC DML 110, *Coelurus fragilis* i *Tanycolagreus topwilsoni* poznati su iz formacije Morrison u Wyomingu (prije oko 150 m.g.). *Epidendrosaurus* i *Pedopenna* pronađeni su u Kini i još uvijek se raspravlja iz kojeg perioda potiču, ali je moguće prije 160 ili 145 m.g.

Širok raspon fosila u kasnoj juri i morfološki dokazi pokazuju da je diferencijacije celurosaura bila gotovo završena prije kraja jure.

Poznat je veliki broj fosila (uključujući i ptičjih) iz formacije Yixian u Liaoningu iz perioda rane krede. Svi poznati teropodi iz te formacije su celurosauri. Mnoge loze celurosaura preživjele su do kraja perioda krede, a fosili nekih loza, poput Tyrannosauroidea, su najčešći u periodu kasne krede. Veliki broj grupa celurosaura izumro je prije 65 milijuna godina, uključujući i Tyrannosauroidea, Ornithomimosauria, Oviraptorosauria, Deinonychosauria, Enantiornithes i Hesperornithes. Preživjeli su samo pripadnici Neornithes (današnje ptice) i nastavili su sa diversifikacijom nakon izumiranja ostalih dinosaura.

Postoji konsenzus među znanstvenicima da su ptice potomci celurosaura. Prema definicijama današnje kladistike, ptice su jedina preživjela loza celurosaura. Većina paleontologa svrstava ptice u podgrupu Maniraptora.

Klasifikacija
-------------

Filogenija i taksonomija celurosaura bile su predmet intenzivnog istraživanja i preispitivanja. Dugo je vremena Coelurosauria bila "odlagalište" za sve malene teropode. 1960-ih godina priznato je nekoliko loza celurosaura i uspostavljen je veći broj infraredova, uključujući i Ornithomimosauria, Deinonychosauria i Oviraptorosauria. Tijekom 1980-ih i 1990-ih godina, paleontolozi su otkrili da mnogi maleni teroopdi nisi bili celurosauri, a da su neki veliki teropodi, poput tiranosaurida, zapravo bili divovski celurosauri. Što je još drastičnije, segnosauri, nekada uopće ni ne smatrani teropodima, su se pokazali kao celurosauri biljožderi srodni *Therizinosaurusu*. Senter (2007.) je popisao 59 različitih objavljenih filogenija od 1984. godine. One od 2005. godine pa nadalje slijedile su gotovo isti obrazac i znatno se razlikuju od mnogih starijih filogenija.

Sljedeći filogenetski rezultati uzeti su iz Senter (2007.) *"A new look at the Phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)"* (*Novi pogled na filogeniju celurosaura (Dinosauria:Theropoda)*). Ovaj kladogram ne predstavlja vrijeme, ali gruba procjena vremena može se izvesti iz morfoloških promjena. Prvi celurosauri bili su slični celuridima *Tanycolagreusu* i *Coelurusu* i malo su se razlikovali od ranih tiranosaura *Dilonga* i *Eotyrannusa*. Dvije najvažnije separacije između podgrupa su između Paraves i ostalih celurosaura i između kladusa Avialae i Deinonychosauria.

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| 

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| **1** | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **3** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Tanycolagreus* |
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|  | †*Coelurus* |
|  |

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| --- | --- |
|  | †*Dilong* |
|  |
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| --- | --- |
|  | †*Eotyrannus* |
|  |
|  | †*Tyrannosaurus* |
|  |

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|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **4** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Compsognathus* |
|  |
|  | †*Sinosauropteryx* |
|  |

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|  |
| **5** | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **6** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Harpymimus* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Pelicanimimus* |
|  |
|  | †*Ornithomimus* |
|  |

 |
|  |

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|  |
| **7** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Ornitholestes* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **8** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Falcarius* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Alxasaurus* |
|  |
| **9** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Segnosaurus* |
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|  | †*Therizinosaurus* |
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|  |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **10** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Alvarezsaurus* |
|  |
|  | †*Shuvuuia* |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  | **11**-**14** |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **11** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Protarchaeopteryx* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Avimimus* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Caudipteryx* |
|  |
| **12** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Oviraptor* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Citipati* |
|  |
| **13** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Ingenia* |
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| **14** | 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **15** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Epidendrosaurus* |
|  |
| **16** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Archaeopteryx* |
|  |
| **17** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Jeholornis* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Sapeornis* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Confuciusornis* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †Enantiornithes |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Yanornis* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Hesperornis* |
|  |
|  | Ptice |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

 |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |
| **18** | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **19** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Sinovenator* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Mei* |
|  |
|  | †*Troodon* |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| **20** | 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **21** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Unenlagia* |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **22** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Bambiraptor* |
|  |
|  | †*Microraptor* |
|  |

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|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Velociraptor* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Deinonychus* |
|  |
| **23** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Dromaeosaurus* |
|  |

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**1** Coelurosauria, **2** †Tyrannosauroidea, **3** †Coeluridae, **4** †Compsognathidae, **5** Maniraptoriformes, **6** †Ornithomimosauria, **7** Maniraptora, **8** †Therizinosauroidea, **9** †Therizinosauridae, **10** †Alvarezsauridae, **11** †Oviraptorosauria, **12** †Oviraptoridae, **13** †Ingeniinae, **14** Paraves, **15** Avialae, **16** Aves, **17** Ornithurae, **18** †Deinonychosauria, **19** †Troodontidae, **20** †Dromaeosauridae, **21** †Unenlagiinae, **22** †Microraptoria, **23** †Dromaeosaurinae

### "Coelurosaurus"

"Coelurosaurus" je neformalni naziv roda kojeg je izveo Friedrich von Huene 1929. godine i koji se ponekada vidi u popisima dinosaura. Naziv je neopisan i ne koristi se, ali pojavio se u nekim ZF djelima.

Izvori
------

1. ↑  Currie, Philip J. (2005). *Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed*. Indiana University Press. str. 368. ISBN 0253345952.  name="currie-2005"
2. ↑  Zanno, L.E. Gillette, D.D. Albright, L.B. and Titus, A.L. (2009). "A new North American therizinosaurid and the role of herbivory in 'predatory' dinosaur evolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Published online before print July 15, 2009, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1029.
3. ↑  Mayr, G. B. Pohl & D.S. Peters (2005). "A well-preserved Archaeopteryx specimen with theropod features". Science, 310(5753): 1483-1486.
4. ↑  Larsson, H.C.E. 2001. Endocranial anatomy of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) and its implications for theropod brain evolution. pp. 19-33. In: Mesozioc Vertebrate Life. Ed.s Tanke, D. H. Carpenter, K. Skrepnick, M. W. Indiana University Press.
5. ↑  „**Dinodata:** Coelurosauria". Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2016-04-12. Pristupljeno 2011-06-26.
6. ↑  Padian, K. (2004). Basal Avialae. In: Weishampel, D.B. Dodson, P. and Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, 210–231. ISBN 0-520-24209-2
7. ↑  Senter, P. (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, (DOI:10.1017/S1477201907002143 )
8. Currie (2005) Page 368.

Vanjske veze
------------

* **Paleobiology Database:** Coelurosauria Arhivirano 2011-07-27 na Wayback Machine-u
* Glavne grupe celurosaura
* **Thescelosaurus:** Celurosauri Arhivirano 2012-09-13 na Archive.is-u
* **Palaeos:** Coelurosauria Arhivirano 2010-10-11 na Wayback Machine-u
* **Tree of Life Web:** Coelurosauria
* **Dinodata:** Coelurosauria Arhivirano 2016-04-12 na Wayback Machine-u

***Celurosauri*** na Wikimedijinoj ostavi