**Maniraptoriformi** (lat. **Maniraptoriformes**) je kladus dinosaura koji uključuje ornitomimosaure i maniraptore. Toj grupi naziv je dao Thomas Holtz, koji ju je definirao kao "najnedavnijeg zajedničkog pretka *Ornithomimusa* i ptica, i sve njegove potomke."

Osobine
-------

Svi maniraptoriformi, osim terizinosaura, bili su mesožderi. Varirali su po veličini: dok je *Archaeopteryx* bio veličine goluba, *Therizinosaurus* je bio dug gotovo deset metara. Također su dosta varirali i po težini. Ipak su svi, osim terizinosaura, bili relativno lako građeni. Neki od njih, kao što je *Troodon*, spadaju u najinteligentnije dinosaure koji su ikada postojali.

Fosilni ostaci
--------------

Tijekom prošlih godina pronađeno je mnogo fosila, posebno u Kini. Mnogi dinosauri s perjem spadaju u ovaj kladus. Na primjer, kod alvarezsaurida *Shuvuuia* pronađena je vrsta keratina koja se nalazi u perju današnjih ptica.

Iz perioda kasne jure potiče mnogo gotovo potpunih fosila maniraptoriforma. *Archaeopteryx* je pronađen u stijenama u Bavarskoj starim između 155 i 150 milijuna godina. *Ornitholestes*, trudontid WDC DML 110, *Coelurus fragilis* i *Tanycolagreus topwilsoni* su poznati iz formacije Morrison u Wyomingu, stare oko 150 milijuna godina. Iz Daohugou biote (stara oko 160 milijuna godina), u koju spadaju *Anchiornis* i *Epidexipteryx*, potiču prvi maniraptoriformi. Jedan rod koji možda spada u maniraptoriforme, *Eshanosaurus*, živio je još i ranije, tijekom rane jure, ali njegova identifikacija je kontroverzna.

Veliki prostor na kojem su pronađeni fosili pripadnika ovog kladusa iz perioda rane krede, ali i morfološki dokazi, pokazuju da su se glavne grane maniraptoriforma razdvojile još prije kraja jure. 

Sve do nedavno se smatralo da su srodnici *Tyrannosaurusa* bili maniraptoriformi, ali sada se smatra da je to malo vjerojatno.

Povijest istraživanja
---------------------

Jedno istraživanje koje je 1994. godine proveo paleontolog Thomas Holtz pokazalo je da postoji srodnost između ornitomimosaura i trudontida; njihova zajednička grupa nazvana je **Bullatosauria**. Holtz je 1999. godine odbio tu hipotezu i sada većina paleontologa smatra da su trudontidi srodniji pticama ili dromeosauridima nego ornitomimosaurima, pa se naziv Bullatosauria prestao koristiti. Taj naziv odnosi se na zaobljenu (eng. "bulbous") klinastu kost koja je bila zajednička za obje grupe. Holtz je definirao tu grupu kao najnedavnijeg pretka *Troodona* i *Ornithomimusa* i sve njegove potomke. Taj koncept se sada smatra nepotrebnim, pa se kladus Bullatosauria smatra sinonimom kladusa Maniraptoriformes.

Klasifikacija
-------------

Slijedi klasifikacija prema Senteru (2007.)

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| **1** | 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Harpymimus* |
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|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Deinocheirus* |
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| --- | --- |
|  | †*Shenzhousaurus* |
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| --- | --- |
|  | †*Pelecanimimus* |
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| --- | --- |
|  | †*Garudimimus* |
|  |
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| --- | --- |
|  | †*Archaeornithomimus* |
|  |
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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Gallimimus* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Struthiomimus* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Anserimimus* |
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|  | †*Ornithomimus* |
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| **3** | 

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| --- | --- |
|  | †*Ornitholestes* |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **4** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Falcarius* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Beipiaosaurus* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Alxasaurus* |
|  |
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| --- | --- |
|  | †*Nanshiungosaurus* |
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| **5** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Erliansaurus* |
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| --- | --- |
|  | †*Segnosaurus* |
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|  | †*Therizinosaurus* |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **6** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Alvarezsaurus* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Patagonykus* |
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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Mononykus* |
|  |
|  | †*Shuvuuia* |
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|  | **7**+**10** |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **7** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Protarchaeopteryx* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Avimimus* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Caudipteryx* |
|  |
| **8** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Oviraptor* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Citipati* |
|  |
| **9** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Ingenia* |
|  |

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|  |
| **10** | 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **11** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Epidendrosaurus* |
|  |
| **12** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Archaeopteryx* |
|  |
| **13** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Jeholornis* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Sapeornis* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Confuciusornis* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †Enantiornithes |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Yanornis* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Hesperornis* |
|  |
|  | Današnje ptice |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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| **14** | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **15** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Sinovenator* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Mei* |
|  |
|  | †*Troodon* |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |
| **16** | 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **17** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Unenlagia* |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **18** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Bambiraptor* |
|  |
|  | †*Microraptor* |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Velociraptor* |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Deinonychus* |
|  |
| **19** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | †*Dromaeosaurus* |
|  |

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|  |

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**1** Maniraptoriformes, **2** †Ornithomimosauria, **3** Maniraptora, **4** †Therizinosauroidea, **5** Therizinosauridae, **6** †Alvarezsauridae, **7** †Oviraptorosauria, **8** †Oviraptoridae, **9** †Ingeniinae, **10** Paraves, **11** Avialae, **12** Aves, **13** Ornithurae, **14** †Deinonychosauria, **15** †Troodontidae, **16** †Dromaeosauridae, **17** †Unenlagiinae, **18** †Microraptoria, **19** †Dromaeosaurinae

Galerija
--------

* Struthiomimus*Struthiomimus*
* Beipiaosaurus*Beipiaosaurus*
* Alvarezsaurus*Alvarezsaurus*
* Caudipteryx*Caudipteryx*
* Epidendrosaurus*Epidendrosaurus*
* Velociraptor*Velociraptor*

Vidi i
------

Coelurosauria

Izvori
------

1. ↑  Schweitzer, M.H. (1999)
2. ↑  Barrett, P.M. (2009). „The affinities of the enigmatic dinosaur *Eshanosaurus deguchiianus* from the Early Jurassic of Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China". *Palaeontology* **52** (4): 681–688. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00887.x.
3. ↑  Benton, 2004.  Arhivirano 2008-10-19 na Wayback Machine-u
4. ↑  Weishampel, 2004 *The Dinosauria*
5. 1 2  Senter, Phil (2007). „A NEW LOOK AT THE PHYLOGENY OF COELUROSAURIA (DINOSAURIA: THEROPODA)". *Journal of Systematic Palaeontology* **5** (4): 429. DOI:10.1017/S1477201907002143.
6. ↑  Holtz, T.R. Jr (1994). „The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae. Implications for theropod systematics". *Journal of Paleontology* **68**: 1100–1117.