***Yangchuanosaurus*** ialah genus pupus bagi dinosaur theropod metriacanthosaurid yang hidup di China semasa tahap Bathonian dan Callovian pada Jurasik Tengah, dan menyerupai dari segi saiz dan rupa dengan saudara Amerika Utaranya, *Allosaurus*. Ia datangnya dari Formasi Shaximiao Atas dan merupakan pemangsa terbesar di persekitaran yang termasuk sauropod *Mamenchisaurus* dan *Omeisaurus* dan juga Stegosaurs *Chialingosaurus*, *Tuojiangosaurus* dan *Chungkingosaurus*. Ia mendapat namanya sempena tapak jumpaannya di Yongchuan, di China.

Gambaran
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Gambaran artis bagi *Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis*
Spesimen taip bagi *Y. shangyouensis* memiliki tengkorak 82 cm (2.7 ka) panjang, dan panjang keseluruhan badannya dianggarkan sekitar 8 m (26 ka). Satu spesimen lain, ditempatkan pada spesies baru *Y. magnus*, adalah lebih besar, dengan panjang tengkorak sekitar 1.11 m (3.6 ka). Ia mungkin mencecah sehingga 10.8 m (35.4 ka) panjang, dan seberat sehingga 3.4 metric ton (3.7 short ton). Terdapat rabung bertulang pada hidungnya dan beberapa rabung dan tanduk kecil, menyerupai *Ceratosaurus*.

*Yangchuanosaurus* merupakan seekor dinosaur maging besar yang berkuasa. Ia berjalan di atas dua kaki yang besar, berotot, mempunyai lengan pendek, leher pendek yang kuat, kepala besar dengan rahang kuat, dan gigi bergerigi yang besar. Ia mempunyai ekor yang panjang, panjangnya kira-kira separuh daripada panjangnya. Kakinya mempunyai tiga kaki, masing-masing dengan cakar besar. Lengannya pendek.

Jumpaan dan spesies
-------------------

Dong *et al.* (1978) menamakan *Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis* berdasarkan tengkorak dan rangka di Muzium Munisipal Chongqing / CV 00215, yang diambil dari Formasi Shangshaximiao, berhampiran Yongchuan, Daerah Yongchuan, Sichuan. Ia bertarikh dari tahap Bathonian hingga Callovian pada tempoh Jurasik Tengah, sekitar 161.2-154 juta tahun dahulu. Ia dijumpai pada bulan Jun 1977 oleh pekerja pembinaan semasa pembinaan Empangan Reservoir Shangyou. Spesies kedua dari tempat yang sama, *Y. magnus*, dinamakan oleh Dong *et al.* (1983) berdasarkan CV 00216, satu lagi tengkorak dan rangka lengkap. Semakan terperinci bagi pilogeni ("phylogeny") tetanuran oleh Carrano, Benson & Sampson (2012) mendedahkan bahawa kedua spesies adalah cospefik. Dong *et al.* (1978) dan Dong *et al.* (1983) perbezaan antara kedua spesies ini hanyalah berdasarkan saiz. Tambahan lagi, Dong *et al.* (1983) mencatatkan bahawa maxilla bagi *Y. magnus* memiliki fenestra tambahan pada antorbital fossa, sementara *Y. shangyouensis* memiliki hanya fossa pada lokasi ini. Bagaimanapun, ia dianggap sebagai intraspesifik, kemungkinannya variasi ontogenetik. Tambahan lagi, perbezaan yang kelihatan pada vertebra servikal morphologi boleh dijelaskan dengan membandingkan perbezaan kedudukan dalam kolum. Dengan itu, holotaip bagi kedua spesies *Yangchuanosaurus* adalah secara keseluruhannya sama, dan kod mereka adalah sama dalam matrix Carrano *et al.* (2012). Gregory S. Paul (1988) menganggap genus ini sama seperti *Metriacanthosaurus*, tetapi ini tidak disokong.

Rangka *Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis* dipamerkan di Muzium Sains Hong Kong.Carrano *et al.* (2012) meletakkan spesimen ketiga pada *Y. shangyouensis*. CV 00214 diwakili oleh serpihan rangka tanpa tengkorak. Ia dikutip dari Kuari Wujiaba, berhampiran bandar Zigong, Sichuan, dari bahagian bawah Formasi Shangshaximiao. CV 00214 pada mulanya disenarai oleh Dong *et al.* (1978) dalam daftar faunal sebagai spesies baru bagi *Szechuanosaurus*, *Szechuanosaurus* "yandonensis". Tidak terdapat gambaran atau lakaran mengenainya, menjadikan *S.* "yandonensis" sebagai nomen nudum. Kemudian, Dong *et al.* (1983) menggambarkannya, dan meletakkannya pada *Szechuanosaurus campi*, satu spesies meragukan yang hanya diketahui berdasarkan dari empat gigi. Carrano *et al.* (2012) mencatatkan bahawa CV 00214 tidak dapat diletakkan pada *S. campi* kerana bahan holotaip bagi *S. campi* (IVPP V.235, V.236, V.238, V.239; gigi) bukanlah-diagnostik dan tiada gigi dikekalkan pada CV 00214. Kajian kembali mengenai CV 00214 oleh Daniel Chure (2001) merumuskan bahawa ia mewakili taxon baru, secara tidak rasmi digelar "Szechuanoraptor dongi", pada mana *Szechuanosaurus zigongensis* juga patut separa-guna ("subsumed"). Bagaimanapun, semakan semula (oleh Carrano *et al.* (2012)) mencadangkan bahawa CV 00214 dan "S." *zigongensis* bukanlah cospesifik kerana tiada autapomorphies dikongsi antara mereka, dan yang terkemudian datangnya dari asas Formasi Xiashaximiao. Analisa philogenitik ("phylogenetic") mendapati CV 00214 berkait lebih dekat pada *Y. shangyouensis*, dan dengan itu yang sebelum ditempatkan padanya. Tambahan lagi, *Szechuanosaurus zigongensis* didapati berkait rapat dengan *Y. shangyouensis* dan dengan itu ditempatkan sebagai spesies kedua *Yangchuanosaurus*.

*Yangchuanosaurus zigongensis* dikenali dari empat spesimen termasuk holotaip di Muzium Dinosaur Zigong - ZDM 9011, sebagagian rangka postcranial; ZDM 9012, maxilla kiri; ZDM 9013, dua gigi dan ZDM 9014, kaki belakang kanan. Ia pertama kali digambarkan oleh Gao (1993), dan kesemua spesimen dikumpulkan dari Jurasik Tengah Formasi Xiashaximiao di Kuari Dinosaur Dashanpu di Zigong, Sichuan. Analisa phylogenetic oleh Carrano *et al.* (2012) mendapati *Yangchuanosaurus* sebagai basalmost yang dikenali sebagai metriacanthosaurid dan satu-satunya bukan-metriacanthosaurine metriacanthosaurid. cladogram digambarkan di bawah mengikut kajian mereka.

Pembinaan semula *Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis* saiz penuh.

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| Orionides | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | Megalosauroidea |
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| Avetheropoda | 

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| Coelurosauria | 

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|   | *Lourinhanosaurus* |
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|   | Other coelurosaurians |
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| Allosauroidea | 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Allosauria | 

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|   | Allosauridae |
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| Carcharodontosauria | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | Neovenatoridae |
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|   | Carcharodontosauridae |
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| Metriacanthosauridae | 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Yangchuanosaurus*** | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | ***Y. zigongensis*** |
|   |
| ***Y. shangyouensis*** | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | CV 00214 |
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|   | CV 00215 and CV 00216 |
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| Metriacanthosaurinae | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | *Shidaisaurus* |
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|   | *Metriacanthosaurus* |
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|   | *"Sinraptor" hepingensis* |
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| --- | --- |
|   | *Sinraptor dongi* |
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|   | *Siamotyrannus* |
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*Yangchuanosaurus* menyerang *Tuojiangosaurus*
cladogram dibentangkan di bawah menurut Zanno & Makovicky (2013).


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| Allosauroidea | 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Metriacanthosauridae | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | ***Yangchuanosaurus zigongensis*** |
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| --- | --- |
|   | CV 00214 |
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|   | ***Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis*** |
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| --- | --- |
|   | *Shidaisaurus jinae* |
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| --- | --- |
|   | *"Sinraptor" hepingensis* |
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| --- | --- |
|   | *Metriacanthosaurus parkeri* |
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| --- | --- |
|   | *Sinraptor dongi* |
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|   | *Siamotyrannus isanensis* |
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| Allosauria | 

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| Allosauridae | 

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|   | *Allosaurus fragilis* |
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|   | *Saurophaganax maximus* |
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| Carcharodontosauria | 

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| Neovenatoridae | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | *Neovenator salerii* |
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| --- | --- |
|   | *Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis* |
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| Megaraptora | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | *Siats meekerorum* |
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| --- | --- |
|   | *Australovenator wintonensis* |
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|   | *Fukuiraptor kitadaniensis* |
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| --- | --- |
|   | *Aerosteon riocoloradensis* |
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|   | *Megaraptor namunhuaiquii* |
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| Carcharodontosauridae | 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | *Eocarcharia dinops* |
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|   | *Concavenator corcovatus* |
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| --- | --- |
|   | *Acrocanthosaurus atokensis* |
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| --- | --- |
|   | *Shaochilong maortuensis* |
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| Carcharodontosaurinae | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | *Carcharodontosaurus saharicus* |
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| Giganotosaurini | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | *Tyrannotitan chubutensis* |
|   |
|   | 

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| --- | --- |
|   | *Giganotosaurus carolinii* |
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|   | *Mapusaurus roseae* |
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Rujukan
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1. ↑  Dong, Zhiming; Zhang, Yihong; Li, Xuanmin; Zhou, Shiwu (1978). "A new carnosaur from Yongchuan County, Sichuan Province" (PDF). *Ke Xue Tong Bao*. **23** (5): 302–04.
2. ↑  Dong, Zhiming; Shiwu, Zhou; Zhang, Yihong (1983). "Dinosaurs from the Jurassic of Sichuan" (PDF). *Palaeontologica Sinica, New Series C*. **162** (23): 1–136.
3. ↑  Paul, Gregory S. (1988). "Eustreptospondylids and Metriacanthosaurs". *Predatory Dinosaurs of the World*. Simon & Schuster. m/s. 286–93. ISBN 0-671-61946-2.
4. 1 2 3  Carrano, M. T.; Benson, R. B. J.; Sampson, S. D. (2012). "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". *Journal of Systematic Palaeontology*. **10** (2): 211–300. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927.
5. ↑  Zanno, L. E.; Makovicky, P. J. (2013). "Neovenatorid theropods are apex predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America". *Nature Communications*. **4**: 2827. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4E2827Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms3827. PMID 24264527.

* Dong Zhiming (1988). *Dinosaurs from China*. China Ocean Press, Beijing & British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0-565-01073-5.
* Dong Zhiming (1992). *Dinosaurian Faunas of China*. China Ocean Press, Beijing. ISBN 3-540-52084-8.
* *Fantastic Facts About Dinosaurs* (ISBN 0-7525-3166-2)