George Smoot meraikan kejayaan Hadiah Nobel pada 3 Oktober 3, 2006 pada Makmal Kebangsaan Lawrence Berkeley.
**George Fitzgerald Smoot III** (lahir 20 Februari 1945) merupakan seorang ahli astrofizik dan kosmologi Amerika Syarikat. 

Beliau juga merupakan seorang professor fizik di University of California, Berkeley. Beliau telah dianugerahkan Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik 2006, berkongsi dengan John C. Mather kerana "penemuan mereka terhadap bentuk jasad hitam dan anisotrofi latarbelakang gelombang mikro kosmik". Penemuan ini menolong mengukuhkan teori big-bang alam semesta menggunakan satelit COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer). Merujuk kepada ahli jawatankuasa Hadiah Nobel, "projek COBE boleh dianggap sebagai titik permulaan kosmologi sebagai satu sains yang tepat".

Biografi
--------

### Pendidikan dan permulaan penyelidikan

Smoot telah lahir pada 20 Februari 1945 di Yukon, Florida. Beliau telah mempelajari matematik sebelum bertukar ke Massachusetts Institute of Technology di mana beliau memperolehi dua sarjana muda dalam matematik dan fizik dalam 1966, dan satu ijazah kedoktoran di fizik zarah dalam tahun 1970. Kemudian beliau telah bertukar ke bidang kosmologi, dan telah pergi ke Makmal Kebangsaan Lawrence Berkeley di mana beliau telah berkolaborasi dengan Luis Walter Alvarez berkenaan dengan eksperimen HAPPE, satu belon stratosfera bagi mengesan antijisim dalam atmosfera atas, di mana ia telah diramal oleh keadaan tetap model kosmologi yang kini samar-samar. 

Kemudian beliau mengambil minat dalam latarbelakang gelombang mikro kosmik (CMB), sebelum ini ditemukan oleh Arno Allan Penzias dan Robert Woodrow Wilson. Satu persoalan yang belum diselesaikan pada masa itu adalah struktur alam semesta. Certain models predicted the universe to be in rotation, which left a trace in the CMB in the form of temperature depending on the direction of observation. With the help of Alvarez and Richard A. Muller, he developed a differential radiometer which measured the difference in temperature of the CMB between two directions 60 degrees apart. The instrument, which was mounted on a Lockheed U-2 plane, made it possible to determine that the overall rotation of the universe was null (within the limit of accuracy of the instrument). It detected a variation in the temperature of the CMB corresponding to a dipole, interpreted as the Doppler effect of the Earth's motion relative to the area of CMB emission, which is called the last scattering surface. Such a doppler effect arises because the Sun (and in fact the Milky Way as a whole) is not stationary, but rather is moving at nearly 600 km/s with respect to the last scattering surface. This is probably due to the gravitational attraction between our galaxy and a concentration of mass like the Great Attractor.

Although Smoot attended MIT, he was not the same Smoot who was laid end to end to measure the Harvard Bridge between Cambridge and Boston; this was Oliver R. Smoot. This confusion was clarified by George Smoot himself.

### Pengllibatan dalam COBE

Map of the CMB fluctuations found by COBE.
At that time, the CMB appeared to be perfectly uniform excluding the distortion caused by the Doppler effect as mentioned above. This result contradicted with observations of the universe, with various structures (galaxies, galaxy clusters, etc.), indicating that the universe was relatively inhomogenous on a small scale. However, these structures formed slowly. Thus, if the universe is inhomogenous today, it would be inhomogenous at the time of the emission of the CMB as well, observable today through weak variations in the temperature of the CMB. It was the detection of these anisotropies that Smoot was working on in the late 1970s. He then proposed to NASA a project involving a satellite equipped with a detector that was similar to the one mounted on the U-2, but was more sensitive and not influenced by air pollution. The proposal was accepted and gave rise to the satellite COBE, and cost US$ 160 million. COBE was launched on November 18, 1989, after a delay owing to the destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger. After more than two years of observation and analysis, the team of COBE, led by Smoot, announced on 23 April 1992 to have detected negligible fluctuations in the CMB, a breakthrough in the scientific world. 

The success of COBE was the outcome of prodigious team work involving more than 1,000 researchers, engineers and other participants. John Mather coordinated the entire process and also had primary responsibility for the experiment that revealed the blackbody form of the CMB measured by COBE. George Smoot had main responsibility for measuring the small variations in the temperature of the radiation.

Smoot collaborated with *San Francisco Chronicle* journalist Keay Davidson to write the general-audience book *Wrinkles in Time* , first published in 1994, that chronicled his team's efforts.

### Projek masakini

After COBE, Smoot took part in another experiment involving a stratospheric balloon, MAXIMA, which was more precise than COBE, and refined the measurements of the anistrophies of the CMB. He is also a collaborator in SNAP, a satellite which is proposed to measured properties of dark energy, and data from the Spitzer Space Telescope in connection with infra-red radiation.

Rujukan luar
------------

* Nobel Prize announcement
* Biography at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
* Berkeley lab article Diarkibkan 2006-11-18 di Wayback Machine

Pautan luar
-----------

* Biography: George F. Smoot
* Short biography: George F. Smoot
* Smoot's research group

| * l
* b
* s
Penerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik |
| --- |
| 1901–1925 | 
* 1901 Röntgen
* 1902 Lorentz / Zeeman
* 1903 Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie
* 1904 Rayleigh
* 1905 Lenard
* 1906 J. J. Thomson
* 1907 Michelson
* 1908 Lippmann
* 1909 Marconi / Braun
* 1910 Van der Waals
* 1911 Wien
* 1912 Dalén
* 1913 Kamerlingh Onnes
* 1914 Laue
* 1915 W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg
* 1916
* 1917 Barkla
* 1918 Planck
* 1919 Stark
* 1920 Guillaume
* 1921 Einstein
* 1922 N. Bohr
* 1923 Millikan
* 1924 M. Siegbahn
* 1925 Franck / Hertz

 |  |
| 1926–1950 | 
* 1926 Perrin
* 1927 Compton / C. Wilson
* 1928 O. Richardson
* 1929 De Broglie
* 1930 Raman
* 1931
* 1932 Heisenberg
* 1933 Schrödinger / Dirac
* 1934
* 1935 Chadwick
* 1936 Hess / C. D. Anderson
* 1937 Davisson / G. P. Thomson
* 1938 Fermi
* 1939 Lawrence
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943 Stern
* 1944 Rabi
* 1945 Pauli
* 1946 Bridgman
* 1947 Appleton
* 1948 Blackett
* 1949 Yukawa
* 1950 Powell

 |
| 1951–1975 | 
* 1951 Cockcroft / Walton
* 1952 Bloch / Purcell
* 1953 Zernike
* 1954 Born / Bothe
* 1955 Lamb / Kusch
* 1956 Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain
* 1957 C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee
* 1958 Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm
* 1959 Segrè / Chamberlain
* 1960 Glaser
* 1961 Hofstadter / Mössbauer
* 1962 Landau
* 1963 Wigner / Goeppert-Mayer / Jensen
* 1964 Townes / Basov / Prokhorov
* 1965 Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman
* 1966 Kastler
* 1967 Bethe
* 1968 Alvarez
* 1969 Gell-Mann
* 1970 Alfvén / Néel
* 1971 Gabor
* 1972 Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer
* 1973 Esaki / Giaever / Josephson
* 1974 Ryle / Hewish
* 1975 A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater

 |
| 1976–2000 | 
* 1976 Richter / Ting
* 1977 P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck
* 1978 Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson
* 1979 Glashow / Salam / Weinberg
* 1980 Cronin / Fitch
* 1981 Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn
* 1982 K. Wilson
* 1983 Chandrasekhar / Fowler
* 1984 Rubbia / Van der Meer
* 1985 von Klitzing
* 1986 Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer
* 1987 Bednorz / Müller
* 1988 Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger
* 1989 Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul
* 1990 Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor
* 1991 de Gennes
* 1992 Charpak
* 1993 Hulse / J. Taylor
* 1994 Brockhouse / Shull
* 1995 Perl / Reines
* 1996 D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson
* 1997 Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips
* 1998 Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui
* 1999 't Hooft / Veltman
* 2000 Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby

 |
| 2001–kini | 
* 2001 Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman
* 2002 Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi
* 2003 Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett
* 2004 Gross / Politzer / Wilczek
* 2005 Glauber / Hall / Hänsch
* 2006 Mather / Smoot
* 2007 Fert / Grünberg
* 2008 Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa
* 2009 Kao / Boyle / Smith
* 2010 Geim / Novoselov
* 2011 Perlmutter / Riess / Schmidt
* 2012 Wineland / Haroche
* 2013 Englert / Higgs
* 2014 Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura
* 2015 Kajita / McDonald
* 2016 Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz
* 2017 Weiss / Barish / Thorne
* 2018 Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland
* 2019 Peebles / Mayor / Queloz
* 2020 Penrose / Genzel / Ghez
* 2021 Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe
* 2022 Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger

 |

| Persondata |
| --- |
| Nama | Smoot, George Fitzgerald, III |
| Nama alternatif |  |
| Pemerihalan ringkas | American astrophysicist and cosmologist |
| Tarikh kelahiran | February 20 1945 |
| Tempat kelahiran | Yukon, Florida |
| Tarikh kematian | living |
| Tempat kematian |  |

Rujukan
-------

1. ↑  "Information for the public" (PDF). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 2006-10-03. Dicapai pada 2006-10-05.
2. ↑  "Nobelists' work supports big-bang theory" (Siaran akhbar). MIT Press Office. 2006-10-03. Dicapai pada 2006-10-03.
3. ↑  Smoot, G. F *et al.*, *Structure in the COBE differential microwave radiometer first-year maps*, *Astrophysical Journal* **396**, L1 (1992)
4. ↑  Press release: Pictures of a newborn Universe
5. ↑  *Wrinkles in Time* by George Smoot and Keay Davidson, Harper Perennial, Reprint edition (October 1, 1994) ISBN 0380720442

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