**Samuelis Loidas**  
  *The Chess Monthly 1860* 

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| **-1b, #1**  *Matas vienu ėjimu*
Atsiimama: **1. a7xRb8R**, po to
**1.a7-a8V,R#**  |

 **Retraktorius** - tai šachmatų uždavinys, kurio užduotyje siūloma baltiesiems ar juodiesiems atsiimti paskutinį arba keletą paskutiniųjų ėjimų ir, pradedant nuo pasiektos pozicijos, nurodytu užduotyje ėjimų skaičiumi, skelbti matą. 

Tokių uždavinių sprendimas susideda iš dviejų dalių: pirmojoje, einant atgal, atsisakoma tariamų ankstesnių ėjimų, grįžtama prie buvusios ankstesnės figūrų padėties, nuo kurios, vėl pradėjus eiti į priekį, jau kitais ėjimais (antroji dalis) per nurodytą ėjimų skaičių skelbiamas matas.

Istorija
--------

Pirmieji retraktoriai pasirodė XIX a.  viduryje (Samuelis Loidas ir kt.).

Uždaviniai
----------

Retraktoriuose gali būti naudojamos tiesioginio, sutarto mato, atvirkščio mato, serijinių ėjimų, antikirkės uždavinių taisyklės, tik papildomai, sprendimo pradžioj siūloma atsiimti paskutinį, ar kažkokį konkretų paskutiniųjų ėjimų skaičių, ir tik po to, skelbti nurodytu ėjimų skaičiumi matą. Kuri pusė, ar abi, atsiima ėjimus pažymima užduotyje. Jei abi pusės, joje nurodoma, kas pradeda: pav. užrašas **-1 (j+b)**, reiškia abi pusės (j – juodieji, b- baltieji) atsiima po vieną ėjimą. Juodieji pradeda kai jie užrašyti pirmieji. 

Pagal ėjimų atsiėmimo tvarką retraktoriai skirstomi į dvi grupes: 

* kai baltieji *atsiima paskutinį ėjimą*, o po to, skelbia, per nurodytą ėjimų skaičių, matą ;
* kai abi pusės *atsiima, nurodytą ėjimu skaičių*, o po to, priklausomai nuo uždavinio užduoties, baltieji, ar juodieji, skelbia matą vienu ėjimu.

Dar retraktoriai skirstomi:

į *sutartinius ir gynybinius*. 

### Sutartiniai retraktoriai

Sutartiniuose retraktoriuose, atsiimant ėjimus, abi pusės ne konkuruoja, o padeda viena kitai. 

### Ginybiniai retraktoriai

Gynybiniuose retraktoriuose, kuriuose ėjimus atsiima abi pusės, juodieji, renkasi tokius ėjimus, kurie apsunkintų baltiesiems įvykdyti jų užduotį.

Gynybiniai skirstomi į: 

*Prokos, Hego ir ramujį* retraktorius. 

#### Prokos retraktorius

Prokos retraktorius yra gynybinio pobūdžio. Juodieji ginasi, bandydami atsiėmimui rinktis tokius ėjimus, kurie neleistų baltiesiems įvykdyti užduoties, arba sutrukdytų laiku ją pasiekti. 

Prokos retraktorius reikalauja, kad baltieji atsiėmę, užduotyje nurodytą ėjimų skaičių, skelbtų matą vienu ėjimu. Po kiekvieno (išskyrus paskutinio) baltųjų atsisakyto ėjimo, juodieji renkasi tokį ėjimą, kuris juos apgintų nuo gresiančio mato. Vis tik vėliau juodųjų geri pasirinkimai išsenka, kas priveda prie padėties, kurioje prie bet kokių juodųjų pasirinkimų, baltieji, atsiėmę savo paskutinį ėjimą, juodųjų karaliui vienu ėjimu skelbia matą. 

Kaip ir įprastuose uždaviniuose, baltieji, jei juodieji gintusi netiksliai, gali anksčiau laiko skelbti matą vienu ėjimu. Tą gali padaryti ir juodieji, jei atsiėmus savo ėjimą, jiems susidarytų tokia galimybė. 

Šis retraktorius pavadintas rumunų šachmatų kompozitoriaus Zeno Prokos (**Zeno Proca** (1906-1936)) vardu.

#### Hego retraktorius

Hego gynybinis retraktorius pavadintas danų šachmatų kompozitoriaus Nilso Hego (1876-1951) vardu. Po kievienos pusės (baltųjų, ar juodųjų) ėjimo kita pusė gali spręsti kurios figūros kirtimą atsiima, arba kokia figūra bus prikeliama. 

#### Ramusis retraktorius

Ramusis retraktorius, taip pat gynybinis, pasižymi tuo, kad jame neleidžiama atsiimti ėjimų, kuriais kertamos figūros.

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| 
 **Nilsas Hegas** *The Chess Amateur*  1928

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| **h#1 -1 (j). Sutart. retraktorius**. Nakviša. Svirplys. *Juodieji atsiima ėjimą, vietoj jo atlieka kitą ir baltieji vienu ėjimu skelbia sutartą matą*. 
Atsiima: **1.Ke7xd6**, po to 
**1. Ke7-f8 Nh4#** |

 |  | 
  **Verneris Kymas** *6273 Problemkiste 155*  2004

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| **#1 -3 (b+j) Gyn. retraktorius. Prokos tipas**.*Abi pusės atsiima po tris ėjimus ir baltieji matuoja vienu ėjimu*. 

Atsiima: **1. e5xf6 (k. prasilenkiant) f7-f5** 
2. Ka8xBb7 0-0+
3. g4-g5, po to **1.c8V#**
 |

 |  | 
 **Nilsas Hegas** *T10 Tidskrift för Schack*  1924

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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
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| **#1 -2 (b+j) Gyn. retraktorius. Hego tipas**.*Abi pusės atsiima po du ėjimus ir baltieji matuoja vienu ėjimu*. 

Atsiima: 1. **e6-e7 Kd5xBe4 2. Re7-f6**, o po to **1. Va8#**, jei
1. ... Kf3xBe4 2. Rh4-f6 **1. Vh1#**,
1. ... Kf5xBe4 2. h5-h6 **1. Vd5#**,
1. ... Ke3xRe4 2. Re5-f6 **1. Ve1#**,
1. ... Kf4xRe4 2. Va3-a1 **1. Vf3#**,
1 ... Kd3xBe4 2.Va2-a1 **1.Ve2#** |

 |  | 
 **Narajan Shankar Ram *The Problemist*  1981** 

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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **#1 -16 (b+j) Gyn. retraktorius. Ramusis tipas**.*Abi pusės atsiima po 16 ėjimų ir baltieji matuoja vienu ėjimu*. 

Atsiima: 1. Rh7-f5 Bg7-f7+ 2. Kg2-f1 Bf7-g7+ 3. Kf3-g2 Bg7-f7+ 4. Kg4-f3 Bf7-g7+ 5. Kf5-g4 Bg7-f7+ 6. Kg6-f5 Bf7-g7+ 7. Kg7-g6 Bf6-f7+ 8. Kf7-g7 Be6-f6+ 9. Kf6-f7 Be5-e6+ 10. Ke6-f6 Bd5-e5+ 11. Ke5-e6 Bd4-d5 12. Kd5-e5 Bc4-d4 13. Kd4-d5 Bc3-c4+ 14. Kc4-d4 Bb3-c3+ 15. Kc3-c4 Bb2-b3+ 16. Rc2-h7, po to **1. Rg5#** |

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Šaltiniai

1. ↑  „Samuel Loyd" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugpjūčio 19 d..
2. ↑  Шахматный словарь / гл. ред. Л. Я. Абрамов. — М.: Физкултура и спорт , 1964. — С. 598-599.
3. ↑  „Niels Hoeg" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugpjūčio 5 d..
4. ↑  „Werner Keym" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugpjūčio 22 d..
5. ↑  „Niels Hoeg" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugpjūčio 20 d..
6. ↑  „Narajan Shankar Ram" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugpjūčio 22 d..

Išorinės nuorodos
Retraktoriai
Sutartinis retraktorius.
Prokos retraktorius
Hego retraktorius
Ramusis retraktorius
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