**Samuelis Loidas**   
 *The New York Clipper*  1895

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **(1+1) RP per 17** .
1. c4 d5 2. cxd5 Vxd5 3. Vc2 Vxg2 4. Vxc7 Vxg1 5. Vxb7 Vxh2 6. Vxb8 Ve5 7. Vxc8+ Bxc8 8. Bxh7Vxb2 9. Bxh8 Vxa2 10. Bxg8 Vxd2+ 11. Kxd2 Bxc1 12. Bxg7 Bxb1 13. Bxf7 Bxf1 14. Bxf8+ Kxf8 15. Bxa7 Bxf2 16. Bxe7 Bxe2+ 17. Kxe2 Kxe7  |

**Įrodomoji partija**, arba **Retro partija**, (sutr. **RP"**) – retrogradinės šachmatų analizės uždavinys. Sprendėjui siūloma, pradėjus žaidimą nuo pradinės šachmatų partijos padėties, rasti ėjimus (legalius, bet nebūtinai geriausius), kurie užduotu ėjimų skaičiumi nuvestų į sprendimui pateiktąją poziciją. Kai tam tikrai pateiktai pozicijai neegzistuoja trumpesnio sprendinio, ji vadinama **trumpiausia retro partija** (sutr.**TRP**).

Trumpiausiąs įrodomąsiąs partijas galima panaudoti, nustatant pozicijų legalumą. 

RP pasižymi sutartiniu baltųjų ir juodųjų žaidimu, siekiant nurodytu užduotyje ėjimų skaičiumi pasiekti pateiktąją sprendimui poziciją.

Jie yra populiarūs, kai unikalūs, neturi 
dvilypumų bei naudoja šachmatų temas. Rengiami jų kūrybos konkursai.

Paprastai, TRP užduotys yra nuo 3 iki 30 ėjimų, nors sukurta uždavinių ir su 50 bei daugiau ėjimų.

Būna ir vienos pusės įrodomųjų partijų, kuriose ėjimus daro tik baltieji: panašiai, kaip serijinių ėjimų šachmatų uždaviniuose.

Dar gali būti panaudotos kitų šachmatų taisyklės (Kirkės, ar kt.), vietoj įprastinių, naudojamos pasakiškosios figūros.

Istorija
--------

  **Thomas R. Dosonas**   
 *Reading Observer*  1913

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **(9+16) C+ TRP per 15 ėjimų** .
1. e4 h5 2. Rb5 h4 3. Rc6 bxc6 4. Vh5 Rb7 5. Vd5 cxd5 6. Žf3 dxe4 7. 0-0 exf3 8. Be1 fxg2 9. Be6 dxe6 10. b4 Kd7 11. Rb2 Kc6 12. Rf6 Kb5 13. c4+ Ka4 14. Žc3+ Ka3 15. Be1 gxf6 |

Pirmosios įrodomosios partijos pasirodė XIX a. antroje pusėje (Samuelis Loidas ir kt.). 
S. Loidas buvo pirmasis, kuris pateikė RP užduotį, kurią galima pasiekti per 17 ėjimų, nukirtus 30 figūrų. Tačiau ji turėjo, kaip vėliau, patikrinus kompiuteriu, paaiškėjo, kad turėjo daug sprendinių ir 
dvilypumų. Britų šachmatų kompozitorius Tomas Dosonas 1913 m. pasiūlė pirmą, be dvilypumų, TRP. Septintajame - aštuntajame XX a. dešimtmetyje Mišelis Kelju savo kūryboje parodė, kad galima kurti ilgas, be dvilypumų, temiškai turtingas, trumpiausias įrodomąsias partijas.

Uždaviniai
----------

### Užduotys

Sprendėjui užduotyje nurodoma: kokią poziciją ir per kiek ėjimų jis turi pasiekti nuo pradinės padėties: pav. *TRP per 6* reiškia, kad padėtis turi būti pasiekta po 6-ojo juodųjų ėjimo, o užrašas - *TRP per 6,5* reiškia, kad padėtis pasiekiama po 7-ojo baltųjų ėjimo.

Užduočių būna ir ilgesnių, pav.: *Raskite ėjimus kur baltieji ėjimu: 8. b7-b8Ž# matuoja juodųjų karalių'. Tai reiškia kad žaidimas pradedamas nuo pradinės šachmatų figūrų padėties ant lentos ir baigiamas nurodytu užduotyje ėjimo numeriu bei ėjimu.*

### Temos

Retro uždaviniuose populiariausios šios temos:

* antipronkino tema,
* apsišaukėlis,
* būstinė,
* Čeriani-Frolkino tema
* Feniksas
* Kelionė pirmyn ir atgal
* paimk.
* Prentoso tema,
* Pronkino tema,
* Šnobeleno tema,
* Valadao užduotis ir kt.

### Pavyzdžiai

Gezos Šveigo uždavinys turi paslaptį: žirgas **g8** laukelyje yra ne tas pats, kuris tame laukelyje stovėjo žaidimo pradžioje (Apsišaukelio tema).

Richardo Miulerio uždavinyje panaudotos kelios temos: Fenikso tema, pagal kurią praradus figūrą, pėstininkas aukštinamas į tos pačios rūšies figūrą. Kadangi atgimusi figūra užima prarastosios figūros pradinę šachmatų lentoje vietą, turime dar ir Pronkino temą. Tokia figūra šiame uždavinyje yra baltųjų valdovė laukelyje **d1**, kuri po pirmosios valdovės žūties, paaukštinus pėstininką į naują valdove laukelyje **a8**, užėmė laukelį **d1**. O kadangi nenukirstosios figūros stovi pradinėje padėtyje, turime - būstinės temą.

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| 
  **Geza Šveigas** *Tukon*  1938

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| 

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| --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **(15+14) C+,RP per 4 ėjimus**, Būstinės (b) ir apsišaukelio temos.

1. Žc3 d6 
2. Žd5 Žd7 
3. Žxe7 Ždf6 
4. Žxg8 Žxg8. |

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  **Ričardas Miuleris**  *Rochade*  1985

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| 

|  |
| --- |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **(14+14) C+, TRP per 6,5 ėjimo.** Būstinės, Pronkino ir Fenikso temos

1. a4 d6
2. a5 Rg4 
3. a6 Rxe2 
4. axb7 Rxd1 
5. bxa8V Rg4 
6. Vf3 Rc8 
7. Vd1. |

 |  | 
  **Mišelis Kelju** *Nunspeet*  2002

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| 

|  |
| --- |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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|  |

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|  **(13+13) RP per 8.5 ėjimus**, Prentos tema.

1. h4 f5 2. h5 f4 3. h6 f3 4. hxg7 fxe2 5. gxh8B exf1B 6. Ke2 Kf7 7. Ke3 Kg7 8. Že2 Kxh8 9. Bxf1  |

 |  | 
  **Enzo Minerva, Andriu Bykenanas** *Introduction to Proof Games*  2010

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| 

|  |
| --- |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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|  |

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| **(14+14) C+) RP per 9 ėjimus**, Valladao tema 

1. e4 f5 2. Rb5 f4 3. Že2 f3 4. 0-0 fxe2 5. e5 exf1R 6. Vg4 Rc4 7. d3 Kf7 8. Vxc4+ d5 9. exd6 (kirt. prasilenkiant) Re6 |

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Šaltiniai

1. ↑  „Samuel Loyd" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 rugp.28 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
2. ↑  „PCCC 50-mečio kompozicijų kūrybos festivalis. Trumpiausiosios įrodomosios partijos" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 spa. 6 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
3. ↑  „Thomas R. Dawson" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 rugp.31 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
4. ↑  „Trumpiausia įrodomoji partija" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 spa. 6 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
5. ↑  „Geza Schweig" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 rugp.28 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
6. ↑  „Richard Müller" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 rugp.29 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
7. ↑  „Michel Caillaud" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 rugp. 31 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
8. ↑  „Enzo Minerva, Andrew Buchanan" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 rugp. 31 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)

Išorinės nuorodos
Peteris Vongas. Įrodomosios partijos 1-oji dalis
Įrodomosios partijos 2-oji dalis
Trumpiausios įrodomosios partijos
Trumpiausiųju, būstinės tema, retro partijų rinkinys
Šachmatai ir matematika. 6. Retrogradinė analizė
N. Dupontas. Atvirų uždavinių, įrodomųjų partijų žanre, rinkinys
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