**Matas** – situacija žaidžiant šachmatais, kurioje vieno žaidėjo karalius yra puolamas ir nėra jokio būdo šios grėsmės išvengti. Tai yra šachas nuo kurio neįmanoma apsisaugoti. Karalius iš tikrųjų niekada nėra nukertamas ir žaidimas baigiamas iškart, kai karalius yra mato pozicijoje. Žaidėjas, kuriam paskelbiamas matas pralaimi. Mato skelbimas – šachmatų žaidimo tikslas, nors ne visi žaidimai baigiasi matu. Dauguma žaidėjų pasiduoda prieš mato paskelbimą, arba žaidimas baigiasi lygiosiomis.

Jei karalius yra puolamas, bet galima apsiginti (nukertant puolančiąją (šachuojančią) figūrą, patraukiant karalių iš puolamo laukelio, arba padedant kitą figūrą tarp karaliaus ir šachuojančios figūros (išskyrus tada, kai šachuojanti figūra – žirgas)), tokiu atveju laikoma, kad karalius yra šachuojamas, bet **ne** matuojamas. Jei žaidėjas nėra šachuojamas, tačiau neturi jokio galimo ėjimo (t. y. tokio ėjimo po kurio karalius neatsidurtų šacho pozicijoje), laikoma, kad žaidimas baigėsi lygiosiomis, o tokia situacija vadinama patu.

Keletas pavyzdžių
-----------------

Greičiausias galimas matas žaidime yra vadinamasis Kvailio matas. Labai greitu laikomas ir vaikiškas matas. Mato pozicija gali būti ir tada, kai visos figūros yra ant lentos, ir tada, kai jų yra tik 3 (antras paveiksliukas).


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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Kvailio matas. Baltiesiems matas. |



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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Matas karaliumi ir bokštu. |

Žodžio kilmė
------------

Terminas „matas" kilęs iš persų kalbos. Posakis „شاه مات" (šah mat) reiškia „karalius yra netikėtai užpultas". Ši frazė nėra kilusi iš arabų kalbos, kur tas pats pasakymas „الشاه مات" (aš-šāhu māta) reikštų „karalius mirė", nors taip dažnai manoma. Žodis „matas" kilęs iš persų žodžio „mandan" (pasilikti), kuris siejasi su lotynišku žodžiu „manco". Šis žodis reiškia „paliktas", „nustebintas" ar karine prasme „užkluptas".

Elementarieji matai
-------------------

Matas su valdove yra svarbiausias, tačiau lengviausiai pasiekiamas. Tokie atvejai dažnai atsitinka kai pėstininkas pasiekia paskutinę gulstinę ir yra pakeičiamas į valdovę. Kitas svarbus matas – su bokštu, kuris taip pat lengvai pasiekiamas. Matas su dviem rikiais arba su rikiu ir žirgu nėra tiek svarbūs, nes jie rečiau pasitaiko. Matuoti su dviem rikiais gana paprasta, tačiau matuoti rikiu ir žirgu yra sudėtinga ir tam reikia tikslumo.


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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Matas su valdove ir bokštu. Matas su dviem valdovėm ir dviem bokštais yra panašus. |

  

### Karalius ir valdovė


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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Matas su valdove |



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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Matas su valdove (2) |

Šie paveiksliukai parodo kaip galėtų atrodyti paprastos matavimo pozicijos su valdove. Iš bet kokios pozicijos, kai yra baltųjų ėjimas, užtenka daugiausia 10 ėjimų (abi pusės daro geriausius ėjimus) norint matuoti priešininko karalių.

### Karalius ir bokštas


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| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Matas su bokštu |



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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Matas su bokštu (2) |

Šie paveiksliukai parodo kaip galėtų atrodyti paprastos matavimo pozicijos su bokštu. Iš bet kokios pozicijos, kai yra baltųjų ėjimas, užtenka daugiausia 16 ėjimų (abi pusės daro geriausius ėjimus) norint matuoti priešininko karalių.

### Karalius ir du rikiai

Pateiktos dvi mato pozicijos su dviem rikiais esančiais ant skirtinų spalvų langelių, tokia poziciją galimą sukurti bet kuriame kampe (du rikiai, esantys ant tos pačios spalvos langėlių matuoti nesugebės). Iš bet kokios pozicijos, kai yra baltųjų ėjimas, užtenka daugiausia 19 ėjimų (abi pusės daro geriausius ėjimus) norint matuoti priešininko karalių. Ypatingų sunkumų matavimas dviem rikiais nesudaro. Taikomi 2 principai:

* Rikiai „veikia" geriausiai, kai jie yra netoli lentos centro, šalia vienas kito. Tai atkerta priešininko karalių.
* būtina karaliaus pagalba.


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| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Matas dviem rikais |



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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Matas dviem rikiais |



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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Du rikiai ir karalius gali matuoti |


  

Trečiajame paveikslėlyje baltieji laimi pirma priversdami karalių atsitraukti prie lentos krašto, po to spiečia į kampą ir tada matuoja. Taip galima padaryti prie bet kurio lentos krašto ir bet kurio kampo.
Ėjimai:

* **1. Ke2 Ke4** (Juodieji stengiasi laikyti karalių arčiau centro)
* **2. Re3 Ke5** (karalius išstumiamas)
* **3. Kd3 Kd5**
* **4. Rd4 Ke6**
* **5. Ke4 Kd6**
* **6. Rc4** (Gera baltųjų pozicija. Rikiai centre, karalius aktyvus)
* **6… Kc6** (Juodieji išvengia ėjimo link krašto)
* **7. Ke5 Kd7** (Vengiamas a8 kampas)
* **8. Rd5** (blokuojant karalių nuo c6)
* **8… Kc7**
* **9. Rc5 Kd7**
* **10. Rd6!** (svarbus ėjimas, kuris verčia juodųjų karalių eiti į lentos kraštą)
* **10… Ke8** (juodieji vis vengia kampo)
* **11. Ke6** (dabar karalius negali palikti lentos krašto)
* **11… Kd8**
* **12. Rc6** (stumiamas kampo link)
* **12… Kc8** (Juodieji turi tik c8 ir d8 langelius, baltųjų karalius turi valdyti a7 ir b7 langelius)
* **13. Kd5** (13. Ke7? patas)
* **13…Kd8**
* **14. Kc5 Kc8**
* **15. Kb6 Kd8** (dabar baltieji turi leisti karaliui įeiti į kampą)
* **16. Rc5 Kc8**
* **17. Re7!** (svarbus ėjimas, verčiantis karalių eiti į kampą)
* **17… Kb8**
* **18. Rd7!**
* **18… Ka8**
* **19. Rd8** (Baltieji turi padaryti „tempą" prarandantį ėjimą. Rc5, Rf8, Re6 ar Ka6 tinka taip pat.)
* **19… Kb8**
* **20. Rc7+ Ka8**
* **21. Rc6#**.

Pažymėtina, tai nėra trumpiausias galimas matas šioje pozicijoje.

### Karalius, rikis ir žirgas


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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |
| --- |
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|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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|  |

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| Matas rikiu ir žirgu |



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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |
| --- |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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|  |

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| Matas rikiu ir žirgu (2) |

Šis matavimas yra sunkiausias, nes šios dvi figūros negali suformuoti linijinio barjero priešininko karaliui iš tolimų atstumų. Šis matavimas gali būti atliktas tik lentos kampe, ir tik tame, kurį gali kontroliuoti rikis. Iš bet kokios pozicijos, kai yra baltųjų ėjimas, užtenka daugiausia 33 ėjimų (abi pusės daro geriausius ėjimus) norint matuoti priešininko karalių. Be abejo išskyrus tas pozicijas, kai karalius puola abi figūras ir jų neįmanoma apginti. Bet kokiu atveju reikalingas atidus žaidimas, nes keletas klaidų gali baigtis 50 ėjimų taisyklės pritaikymu arba patu.

  

### Du žirgai prieš pėstininką


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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |
| --- |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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|  |

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| Matas dviem žirgais prieš pėstininką. |

Nors mato karaliumi ir dviem žirgais padėtys teoriškai egzistuoja, tinkamai (ir gana nesunkiai) ginantis vienišam priešininko karaliui jų nesunku išvengti. Matas galimas tik jei silpnesnė pusė rimtai suklysta. 

Tačiau jei ant lentos dar liko priešininko pėstininkų, matas kai kada įmanomas. Likęs vienintelis pėstininkas blokuojamas žirgu. Paskui karaliumi ir kitu žirgu siekiama nuvaryti priešininko karalių ten, kur tas pėstininkas riboja šio ėjimus. Būdamas galima ėjimui figūra, priešininko pėstininkas taip pat kiek tai apsaugo nuo pato.

Trimis žirgais, jei vienas gautas keičiant pėstininką, matuoti įmanoma.

Nuorodos
--------

1. ↑   Archyvuota kopija 2008-05-13 iš Wayback Machine projekto.
2. 1 2  Eugene Aleksandrovich Znosko-Borovsky prieš Jakob Adolf Seitz (1931, Nica). Matas karaliumi ir dviem žirgais prieš karalių ir pėstininką, visa partija. chessgames.com
3. ↑  Haworth, Guy McC (2009). „Western Chess:Endgame Data". *CentAUR*.