**Hamburgo tema** – tai loginės mokyklos šachmatų uždavinių tema. Priskiriama Drezdeno šachmatų kompozicijos temų grupei. Mėginimo žaidime teminio klaidinančio pėdsako grėsmę atremia juodųjų figūra. Baltiesiems, įgyvendinus paruoštą planą kliūtims įveikti, juodiesiems iškyla nauja grėsmė. Juodieji tokiu būdu, kaip mėginimo žaidime, jos nebegali atremti. Jiems tenka ta pačia figūra gintis kitaip, bet tai tik dar susilpnina jų poziciją. Hamburgo tema naudojama, sudarant trijų ir daugiau ėjimų tiesioginius šachmatų uždavinius.

Istorija
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Ją 1914 m. pasiūlė vokiečių šachmatų kompozitorius F. Palatcas.

Uždaviniai
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Hamburgo tema – loginė kombinacija, kurioje juodųjų figūra **(A)**, neleidusi baltiesiems mėginimo žaidime įgyvendinti pagrindinio plano, vykdant jų paruoštą planą nedalyvauja. Iškilusią grėsmę atremia kita figūra **(B)**. Tačiau, įgyvendinant pagrindinį planą figūra **(A)** ji vėl naudojama, nors tai pablogina juodųjų poziciją, pav.: atremiant grėsmę, ji priversta *blokuoti* šalia savo karaliaus esantį laukelį. Tuo pasinaudoję baltieji skelbia matą juodųjų karaliui. Laukelio blokavimas sava figūra trukdo jo pasitraukimui iš pavojaus zonos. Sprendinyje naudojama figūrų schema: **A-B-A**.

Vokiečių kompozitorių **Vernerio Špėkmano ir Vilhelmo Masmano**  uždavinyje mėginimo žaidime baltieji aptinka galimą pagrindinį planą: **1. Vg3?**: grasina - 2. Vg5#, bet juodųjų bokštas **(A)** ėjimu **1... Ba5!** kliudo jį įgyvendinti. Baltieji paruošia ir įgyvendina planą, kaip šią kliūtį įveikti: **1. Kh2!** grasina: **2. Vh6+ Kg4 3. Vh3#**. 

Juodieji nuo grėsmės gali gintis tik eidami pėstininku **(B): 1…b5.** Šis ėjimas užstoja 5-ąją, bet kartu *atveria* šachmatų lentos 6-ąją horizontalę bokštui. Apsigynę nuo galimo šacho per 5-ąją horizontalę bokštu, baltieji toliau įgyvendina pagrindinį planą **2.Vg3**, grasindami **3. Vg5#**. Juodieji gali per atsivėrusią 6-ąją horizontalę atremti grėsmę - **2... Bg6 (A)**, bet šis ėjimas jų negelbsti, nes *užblokuoja* juodųjų karaliaus pasitraukimo laukelį **g6**, kas leidžia baltiesiems kitaip skelbti matą - **3. Vh3#.**

Mėginimo žaidime ir pagrindiniame plane nors ir dalyvavo ta pati figūra (bokštas), tačiau veikimo linijos buvo skirtingos; pirmuoju atveju **a vertikalė**, antruoju **6-oji horizontalė**. Vykdant paruošiamąjį planą naudota kita figūra - pėstininkas. Uždavinys atitinka Hamburgo temos požymius.

Vokiečių kompozitoriaus **Zygfrido Brėmerio** uždavinyje abu klaidinančius pėdsakus juodieji paneigia bokšto ėjimais: **1. Bd4? 1…Bg6!** , o **1.Žc4?** ėjimu **1...Bg5!**

Baltieji kliūtims įveikti paruošė planą: **1.f4!** (nauja grėsmė juodiesiems) **2. Bb6+ Kxd5 3. Žc7#**. Ginantis nuo jos, juodiesiems tenka eiti pėstininku **f7** ir atverti 7-ąją horizontalę. 
Galimi du ėjimai: **1…f6**, arba, **1…f5**. 

Pirmuoju atveju juodųjų pėstininkas laukelyje **f6** *užstoja* 6-ąją horizontalę ir po baltųjų **2. Žc4** juodųjų bokštas nuo grėsmės **3.Bd6#** ėjimu **2…Bg6** negalėtų apginti. Tačiau, *atvėrus* 7-ąją horizontalę, bokštui atsirado nauja galimybė gintis einant horizontale - **2….Bd7?**. Vis tik šis ėjimas yra nepakankamas, nes jis *užblokuoja* juodųjų karaliaus pasitraukimui reikalingą laukelį **d7**. Tad juodiesiems matas ėjimu **3. Bc5#**

Antruoju atveju, juodieji, paėję **1…f5** ir *užstoję* 5-ąją horizontalę, po **2.Bd4** prarado galimybę gintis ėjimu **2…Bg5**. Tačiau, analogiškai pirmajam atvejui, jie gali gintis per 7-ąją horizontalę ėjimu **2…Bb7**. Tai nepadeda, nes jie *užblokuoja* laukelį šalia karaliaus, todėl baltieji skelbia matą – **3.Bc5#**. Baigiamojoje stadijoje juodųjų bokštas gindamasis vaikščiojo *kita linija*, nei iki baltųjų paruošiamojo plano įgyvendinimo: vietoj **g** vertikalės - 7-ąja horizontale. Hamburgo tema. 

Libano šachmatų kompozitoriaus **Edgardo Čeleby** uždavinyje mėginimo žaidime baltieji aptinka du galimus teminius variantus: **1.g8Ž?**, grasinant 2**.Žxe7#**, bet juodieji grėsmę atremia - **1…Rh4!** Kitas variantas - **1.Bd8? 2.g8V**, grasinant **3.Ve8#**, bet juodieji po **1…Bh4 2.g8V Vg4!** apsigina.

Baltieji paruošia planą, kaip įveikti juodųjų gynybą: **1.Bh8!**, grasinant **2.g8V ~ 3.Ve8#**. Juodieji dėl galimo pėstininko aukštinimo į valdovę priversti eiti 1**…Bh4**. Bet baltieji pėstininką aukština į žirgą: **2.g8Ž!**. Šis ėjimas, kaip ir mėginimo žaidime, kelia grėsmę **3.Že7#**. rikis nebegali gintis iš laukelio **h4**, nes juodieji, gindamiesi nuo grėsmės **2.g8V** ir **3.Ve8#** užblokavo šį, karaliaus pasitraukimui reikalingą laukelį.

Tačiau baltųjų ėjimas bokštu atvėrė juodųjų rikiui naują gynybos įstrižainę, tačiau po ėjimo **2…Rxc5** paaiškėja, kad nors grėsmė atremta, bet tai negelbsti juodųjų. Šis ėjimas dar susilpnino juodųjų padėtį, *užblokuodamas* karaliaus pasitraukimui būtiną laukelį **c5**. Be to, išlaisvino baltųjų žirgą nuo šio laukelio kontrolės. Dėl šių priežasčių baltiesiems atsirado nauja galimybė matuoti juodųjų karalių žirgu – **3.Žd8#**. 

Be Hamburgo temos uždavinio sprendinyje panaudotos baltųjų (**1. Bh8**) ir juodųjų (**1….Bh4**) Bristolio tema. 

Švedų kompozitoriaus **Stivo Bjorklundo** uždavinyje figūra, atremianti baltųjų pagrindinio plano grėsmes yra valdovė. Mėginimo žaidime baltieji apčiuopia du galimus pagrindinio plano variantus: **1-asis -1.Rc4?**, bet po **1… Vb1!** juodieji apsigina ir 2-asis - **1.Rd3?** Jį juodieji atremia ėjimu **1…Vh3!**

Baltieji paruošia planą, kaip šią gynybą įveikti: **1.Re7!** grasinant **2.Rf6+ Kd6 3.Že4#**. Tai nauja grėsmė. Ankstesniu būdu (valdove per 1-ąją horizontalę) juodieji jos negali atremti. Lieka atverti bokštu valdovei įstrižainę. Čia galimi du variantai: **1…Bg1** ir **1… Bh2**. 

Pirmuoju atveju baltieji pereina į pagrindinį planą ėjimu - **2.Rc4!**, grasindami **3.Žd3# / Žg6#**. Valdovė nuo šių grėsmių gali apsiginti tik ėjimu **2...Ve4**, bet jis *užblokuoja* šalia karaliaus esantį laukelį **e4**, be to nuo šio laukelio kontrolės dar atpalaiduoja žirgą, o tai veda prie mato juodiesiems iš kito laukelio - **3.Žd7#.**

Po **1…Bh2** baltieji naudoja *antrąjį* pagrindinio plano variantą: **2.Rd3!**, grasindami **3.Žd7#**. Valdovė nuo grėsmės gali apsiginti tik ėjimu **2...Vxd5**, bet jis *užblokuoja* šalia karaliaus esantį laukelį **d5**, be to, dar atpalaiduoja nuo laukelio **d5** kontrolės žirgą laukelyje **f4**, kuris ir matuoja - **3.Žg6#.** Hamburgo tema panaudota dviejuose variantuose.


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| 
**V. Špekmanas, V. Masmanas**
Themes 64 (166) 1957

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| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
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| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **#3 Tiesioginis matas**. Hamburgo tema.

**Mėginimas**
1. Vg3? - 2. Vg5#, bet **1... Ba5!**
**Sprendinys**
**1. Kh2!** - 2. Vh6+ Kg4 3. Vh3#
1... b5 2. Vg3 - 3. Vg5#,
2... Bg6 3. Vh3#
1... Kg4 2. Vf4+Kh5 3. Vg5# |

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**Zygfridas Brėmeris**
Die Schwalbe 1948

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| **#3 Tiesioginis matas**. Hamburgo tema

**Mėginimai**
1.Žc4? **grėsmė** 2.Bd6+, bet **Bg6!**, 1.Bd4? **grėsmė** 2.Bb6+, bet **Bg5!**
**Sprendinys**
**1.f4!** ~ 2.Bb6+ K×d5 3.Žc7# 
1...f5 2.Bd4 ~ 3.Bb6# 2...Bb7 3.Bc5# 
1...f6 2.Žc4 ~ 3.Bd6# 2...Bd7 3.Bc5#
1...e×f4 2.e4 ~ 3.Bb6#  |

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**Edgardas Čeleby**
Europe-Echecs 1963

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| **#3 Tiesioginis matas**. Hamburgo, Bristolio temos.

**Mėginimai**
1.g8Ž? **grėsmė** 2.Žxe7#, bet **1…Rh4!**
1.Bd8? 2.g8V **grėsmė** 3.Ve8#, 
bet  **1…Bh4!2.g8V Vg4** 3. Ve8+ Vd7
2.g8Ž?, bet **Bxc5!**
**Sprendinys**
**1.Bh8!** - 2.g8V ~ 3.Ve8#
1…Bh4 **2.g8Ž!** Rxc5 3.Žd8# |

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| 
**Stygas Bjorkliundas**
Springaren 1954

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| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **#3 Tiesioginis matas**. Hamburgo tema

**Mėginiai**
1.Rc4?, bet **Vb1!** 1.Rd3?, bet **Vh3!**
**Sprendinys**
**1.Re7! grėsmė** 2.Rf6+ Kd6 3.Že4#
1...Bg1 **2.Rc4! grėsmė** 3.Žd3# / Žg6# 
2...Ve4 3.Žd7# 
1...Bh2 **2.Rd3! grėsmė** 3.Žd7# 
2...V×d5 3.Žg6#  |

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| 
**Francas Palatcas**
Československý šach (408) 1930

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| #4 **Tiesioginis matas**. Hamburgo tema.

**Mėginimas**
1.h4?, bet **Žf3!**
**Sprendinys**
**1.Rf5!** ~ 2.Vg4+ Kh6 3.Vg6# 
1...Rf3 2.h4 ~ 3.Vg5# 
2...Že4 3.R×e4 ~ 4.Vg5# 
2...Žb3+ 3.Kb2 ~ 4.Vg5# 
1...Žb3+ 2.Kb2 |

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Šaltiniai
---------

1. ↑   Шахматы. Энциклопедический словарь / гл. ред. А. Е. Карпов. – М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. – С. 76.
2. ↑  „Speckmann, Werner; Maßmann, Wilhelm Karl Heinrich" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 lap. 16 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
3. ↑  „Siegfried Brehmer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 lap. 15 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
4. ↑  „Tchélébi, Edgard J" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 Lap. 15 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
5. ↑  „Björklund, Stig Leopold" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 lap. 17 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
6. ↑  „Palatz, Franz Ferdinand Ludwig" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 gruodžio 17 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)

Išorinės nuorodos
-----------------

Uždaviniai Hamburgo tema