**A. Lichtenštainas**  
 *94 Der Schachkünstler* 1847

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| **#17.***Grafinis. Simboliai (**Obeliskas**) 1. Ža2 Kd5 2. Žb4+ Kd4 3. Ža6 Kd5 4. Žc7+ Kd4 5. Že8 Kd5 6. Žg2 Kd4 7. Žh4 Kd5 8. Žf6+ Kd4 9. Ke1 e2 10. Žg2 e3 11. Žh7 Kd5 12. Žf4+ Kd4 13. Žh5* Kd5 14. Žg3 Kd4 15. Žg5 Kd5 16. Re4+ Kd4 17. Žf3# |

**Grafinis šachmatų uždavinys** arba **Skachografinis uždavinys** (nuo it. *scacho* 'šachmatai', gr. grafo 'rašau, piešiu') – šachmatų uždavinys, kurio šachmatų figūrų išsidėstymas pradinėje padėtyje ant šachmatų lentos, ar sprendinyje (kartais vienu metu ir abiejose pozicijose) vaizduoja: raides, skaičius, piešinius, įvairius daiktus ir pan.

Šachmatų kompozitorius iš figūrų gali kurti įvairius vaizdinius. Šachmatų figūrų išdėstymas pozicijoje, arba pats žaidimo procesas, gali turėti ir tam tikrą potekstę, pvz. rodant skaičius – sveikinimą su jubiliejumi, arba raides, kurios gali būti tam tikro asmens vardo (ar pavardės) pirmosios raidės, bei kitus simbolius, susijusius su įvairiais įvykiais: karais, šventėmis, sportu, įvairiomis organizacijomis ir t. t.

Istorija
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 **J. Kotcas, K. Kokelkornas**  
*N. Berliner Schachzeitung* 1868

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| **#3** Tiesioginis matas trimis ėjimais.*Grafinis**.*** **Raidės *('*D**).
**1. Vd6!** Žd4+ 
2. Žxd4 Bxf5 3.Rb5#
2…cxd 3.Vb4#
2…e5 3.Rb5 |



  **Theodorus C. L. Kokas  
 *British Chess Fed. Turnier*  
 1936** 

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| **H#3** Sutartas matas trimis ėjimais.*Grafinis*. Raidė (**E**).

1. Kg5 gxf3 
2. Vh5+ Kg3 
3. f1R f4# |

Grafinės šachmatų kompozicijos jau buvo spausdinamos XIX a. Antai, 1847 m. Berlyne išleistoje, A.Lichtenštaino knygoje „Der Schachkunstler: hundert Schach-Kunstspiele", pateikta 16 grafinių uždavinių.
Žymus šio žanro atstovai – Samuelis Loidas (*Samuel Loyd* (1841–1911)), Edita Berd (*Edith Elina Helen Baird* (1859–1924)), vėliau Tigranas Gorgijevas (*Tigran Gorgiev* (1910–1976)), Ernestas Pogosjancas (*Эрнест Левонович Погосянц* (1935–1990)), Paulas Benko ( *Pál Charles Benkö* (1928–2019)), Erichas Bartelis (*Erich Bartel* (1930–))

Uždaviniai
----------

Uždaviniai yra proginiai: jie kuriami šventėms, įvairiems jubiliejams pažymėti, sporto pasiekimams įamžinti, geometrinų figūrų, technikos pasiekimų demonstravimui ir pan.

iš šachmatų figūrų sudarytas grafinis vaizdas pirminėje uždavinio pozicijoje sutinkamas:

tiesioginio, sutarto, atvirkščio, serijinių ėjimų, tinklinių, ilgiausių ėjimų, Madraso, Kirkės bei retrogradinės analizės šachmatų uždaviniuose. Jie sudarinėjami ne tik su tradicinėmis, bet ir  pasakiškomis figūromis.

Grafinės šachmatų kompozicijos pagal vaizdinius skirstomos į dvi grupes: raidžių bei simbolių. Pastarajai grupei priklauso uždaviniai, kurių figūros diagramoje turi tam tikro simbolio formą, o raidžių grupei – tam tikros raidės formą.

Yra uždavinių, kurių pirminėje pozicijoje grafinio vaizdo nėra, tačiau vaizdinys atsiranda sprendžiant, arba matinėje padėtyje. Sudėtingesniuose uždaviniuose būna, kad po kiekvieno ėjimo grafinis vaizdas keičiasi.

Daugelio vaizduojamųjų kompozicijų sprendiniai remiasi retrogradine analize. Jeigu uždavinio pirminėje padėtyje paskutinis juodųjų ėjimas negalimas, pradeda ne baltieji, o juodieji, bet ne pirmu ėjimu, o taip vadinamu, nuliniu ėjimu.

### Užduotys

Gali būti naudojamos: tradicinės, netradicinės, pasakiškosios ir ypatingosios kompozicijos uždavinių užduotys. Be to, užduotyje pažymima, kad uždavinys grafinis ir kokiai grupei (raidžių ar simbolių) priklauso. Be to, skliausteliuose nurodoma koks objektas, sudarytas iš šachmatų figūrų, yra matomas pirminėje uždavinio pozicijoje.

### Pavyzdžiai

Vokiečių šachmatų kompozitoriaus Liudviko fon Bilouvo (*Ludwig von Bilow*) tiesioginio mato uždavinyje matome specialiai sudarytą iš šachmatų figūrų raidę „H".

Britų šachmatų kompozitorės Editos Berd uždavinys sudėtingesnis: jis su dviem skirtingais, sudarytais iš figūrų, atvaizdais. Pirminėje padėtyje pavaizduota širdis, bet tai ne paskutinis vaizdas. Uždavinio sąlygoje numatyta, kad baltieji ir juodieji pradžioje atsiima po paskutinį ėjimą, o po to, baltieji skelbia juodiesiems dviem ėjimais matą. Sprendimo pabaigoje iš likusių figūrų šachmatų diagramoje, vietoj buvusios širdies, atsiranda strėlės atvaizdas.

Vokiečių šachmatų kompozitoriaus Klauso Funko (*Klaus Funk* (1929–)) uždavinys yra proginis. Jis skirtas šachmatų klubo Kutna Hora 50-mečiui pažymėti. Todėl šis skaičius, sudarytas iš figūrų, matomas pirminėje uždavinio pozicijoje.

Vokiečių šachmatų kompozitoriaus Manfredo Šreko (*Manfred Schreck* (1954–)) uždavinys, paskelbtas 2011 m. rodo, kad grafiniai šachmatų uždaviniai tebekuriami ir XXI amžiaus antrame dešimtmetyje. Jo figūrų piešinys vaizduoja Kalėdinę eglutę, populiarią tarp kompozitorių dar XIX a.

Rusų šachmatų kompozitoriaus Ernesto Pogosjanco kompozicija yra pavyzdys, kad grafinė šachmatų kompozicija naudojama ir kuriant etiudus.

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  **Ludvikas fon Bilouvas***679 Neue Berliner Schachzeitung, p. 354*, 1869

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| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
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| **#2** Tiesioginis matas trimis ėjimais.*Grafinis**.*** **Raidės *('*H**).

**1. Vd4+!** Rxd4 2. Re6# |

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  **Edita Berd** *6273 Norwich Mercury*

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| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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|  |

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| -1b,-1j; po to - **H#2**. Sutartas retraktorius. Grafinis. Simboliai (**širdis, strėlė**). Pirminėje padėtyje figūros vaizduoja širdį, o mato metu - strėlę.

Atsiima: **1. Rd3-f5 Bd7xBc6**, po to: 
1. Be6-d6 Rc3xb4 
2. Žb5-c3 Bc6xd6# |

 |  | 
  **Klausas Funkas***50 Jahre Schachklub Kutna Hora* 1982

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **S#3**. *Ilgiausių ėjimų uždavinys*. Dvigubas. Simbolinis (**50**)

**b)** 1. Vxg2! Re1 
2. Vd2 Rxh4 3. Vc3+ Kxc3#
**j)** 1. ... Žg4! Re1 
2. Žf2 Rxb4 3. Žxd3+ Bxd3# |

 |  | 
  **Manfredas Šrekas** *3115a Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung*  2011.12.3 

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **H#3** Sutartas matas trimis ėjimais. Du sprendiniai. *Grafinis**.*** **Simboliai *('*Kalėdinė eglutė**).

1) 1. Rb4 d5 2. Rxc3+ Rxc3 3. Bd2 Rd4#
2) 1. Bf1 Rb5 2. Kf3 Re8 3. Be3 Rh5# |

 |  | 
  **Ernestas Pogostantsas** *Schachmatny Kaleidoskop , p. 14*  1981

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| Baltieji pradeda ir laimi. *Grafinis**.*** **Simbolis *('*3**).

1. Bb7+? Ka8 2. Kxa3? patas
1. Kb5 grasina 2. Žc6+ ... 3. Bb8#
1. ... Ka8! 2. Ba6+ Kb8 3. Žc6+ ... 4. Bxa3 +- |

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Šaltiniai
---------

1. ↑  „A. Lichtenstein" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 15 d..
2. ↑  „Johannes Kohtz, Johannes Kohtz" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 16 d..
3. ↑  „Theodorus C. L. Kok" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 16 d..
4. ↑  „A. Lichtenstein. Der Schachkunstler: hundert Schach-Kunstspiele. 1847. Berlin. S.91" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 15 d..
5. ↑  „Samuel Loyd (30-01-1841 - 10-04-1911) American composer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugpjūčio 15 d..
6. ↑  „Edith Elina Helen Baird - née Winter-Wood (22-02-1859 - 01-02-1924) British composer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 19 d..
7. ↑  „Тигран Борисович Горгиев (30-08-1910 - 13-12-1976) Russian-Ukrainian composer and International Master (Tigran Borisovich Gorgiev)" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugpjūčio 15 d..
8. ↑  „Эрнест Левонович Погосянц (04-06-1935 - 16-08-1990) Russian composer and Grandmaster" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 20 d..
9. ↑   Шахматы. Энциклопедический словарь / гл. ред. А. Е. Карпов. – М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. – С. 134.
10. ↑  „Pál Charles Benkö (Hungary, 15.7.1928 - 26.8.2019 USA)" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 22 d..
11. ↑  „Erich Bartel (21-08-1930) German composer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 22 d..
12. ↑   Antanas Vilkauskas. Šachmatų kompozicijos pagrindai. Vilnius: Mintis, 2002.— P. 117–118.
13. ↑  „Neue Berliner schachzeitung. T.6. 1869 m." (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 18 d..
14. ↑  „Klaus Funk (26-03-1929) German composer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 19 d..
15. ↑  „Manfred Schreck (18-12-1954) German composer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 20 d..
16. ↑  „Ludwig von Bilow" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 17 d.2 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
17. ↑  „Mrs. W. J. Baird" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 17 d..
18. ↑  „Klaus Funk" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 16 d..
19. ↑  „Manfred Schreck" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. rugsėjo 18 d..
20. ↑  „Ernest Pogosyants" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 m. spalio 6 d..

Išorinės nuorodos
-----------------

* Grafinis uždavinys: raidės
* Grafinis uždavinys: simboliai
* Paulo Benko grafiniai šachmatų uždaviniai gimtadieniui