**Fridrichas Palitčas**  

Deutsches Wochenschach 1918

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| #3 Tiesioginis matas Palitčo-Drezdeno tema.

**Mėginimas**
1. Bf5? **Grėsmė** 2. Bf8#, 
bet **1. ... Rb4!**
Sprendinys
**1. Vb2!** Rxb2 **2. Bf5!** **Grėsmė** 3. Bf8#
2. ... Bf3 3. Bh5# |

**Drezdeno tema** – tai loginės mokyklos šachmatų uždavinių tema. Ji remiasi juodųjų figūrų atitraukimo, linijų užstojimo, laukelių blokavimo taktiniais motyvais. 

Mėginamojo žaidimo metu baltųjų sukelta grėsmė atremiama juodųjų figūra (A). Tačiau baltiesiems įgyvendinus paruošiamąjį planą, ji juodųjų gynybai nebenaudojama. Juodieji ginasi viena, ar keliomis kitomis figūromis, bet tai baltiesiems pagrindinio plano įgyvendinti nesutrukdo.

Priklausomai nuo to, kaip stiprios juodųjų figūros **(A)** vaidmuo gynyboje yra neutralizuojamas, Drezdeno tema skirstoma į tris pagrindines atmainas:

* **Palitčo-Drezdeno**: Stipri juodųjų figūra **(A)**, mėginimo žaidime sutrukdžiusi įvykdyti baltųjų sumanymą, yra *atitraukiama* į šalį, bet tai suaktyvina kitą juodųjų figūrą **(B)**, kuri nesėkmingai bando trukdyti baltųjų pagrindinio plano įgyvendinimui; figūrų panaudojimo schema: **A-A-B**.

* **Brunerio-Drezdeno**. Juodųjų figūra, sutrukdžiusi baltųjų pirminio plano įgyvendinimą, dėl atsiradusios naujos grėsmės yra *keičiama* kita juodųjų figūra, tačiau jos gynyba yra nepakankama; schema: **A-B-B**.

* **Trijų figūrų Drezdeno** (Drezdeno su pakaitine figūra): juodųjų stipriąją figūra pakeitusiai figūrai gintis padeda trečioji juodųjų figūra **(C)**: schema **A-B-C**.

Drezdeno tema naudojama sudarant trijų ir daugiau ėjimų tiesioginius, atvirkščio mato, Kirkės bei su pasakiškosiomis figūromis sudarytus šachmatų uždavinius ir etiudus.

Istorija
--------

Temą 1918 m. pasiūlė, Drezdene gyvenęs, vokiečių šachmatų kompozitorius Fridrichas Palitčas. Dėl to toks temos pavadinimas.

Kompozicijos
------------

**Fridricho Palitčo** uždavinyje pagrindinis planas **1.Bf5?** paneigiamas **1…Rb4 (A).** Paruošiamuoju ėjimu **1.Vb2 Rxb2** baltieji *atitraukia* juodųjų rikį **(A)** , bet juodiesiems atsiranda galimybė ginti laukelį **f8** bokštu **(B)**, nors tai jų nebegelbsti: 2**. Bf5 Bf3 3. Bh5#**, nes patys juodieji užstojo bokštu rikio, gynusio laukelį **h5**, veikimo liniją. Uždavinys iliustruoja Palitčo-Drezdeno atmainą **(A-A-B)**.

Vokiečių-šveicarų kompozitoriaus **Ericho Brunerio** uždavinyje baltieji pradiniame mėginime apčiuopia pagrindinio plano idėją: **1 Re4?**, grasinant: **2. Rf3#**. Bet ją juodieji atremia ėjimu **1... Bf7! (A)**. 

Vykdydami paruošiamąjį planą baltieji pirmu ėjimu rikiu **1. Rf4 (B)** užstoja *f* vertikalę, išjungdami iš žaidimo juodųjų bokštą ir kartu remdami žirgą laukelyje **e3**. Tai sukelia juodiesiems grėsmę **2 Žc3+ Kd2 3.Bd1#.** Šiame uždavinyje, bokštas (besiginanti figūra), *nebuvo atitrauktas*, kaip Palitčo uždavinyje, į kitą liniją, bet rikiu *užstota* jo veikimo vertikalė, todėl baltiesiems, vykdant pagrindinį planą, juodiesiems padėti gintis nebegalėjo. 

**1….Rxf4 (B)** (po **1. ... Bxh7 2. Žc3+ Kd2 3. Bd1#**) Dabar, kai juodųjų bokštas nebegali laiku dalyvauti gynyboje, baltieji vykdo pagrindinį planą: **2. Re4!** grėsmė: **3. Rf3#**. o po **2…Rxe3 3. Rd3#**. Brunerio-Debreceno atmainos pavyzdys **(A-B-B)**.

Prancūzų šachmatų kompozitoriaus **Alfonso Griunenvaldo** uždavinyje baltieji mėginimo žaidime bando ėjimą: **1.f4?**, sukeliantį juodiesiems grėsmę - **2.Vh3#**, bet susiduria su kliūtimi - **1…Žf5!(A)**. Baltieji paruošia jos įveikimo planą ir jį įgyvendina: **1. f3!** Šis ėjimas sukuria naują grėsmę **2.Vg4#**. Juodieji priversti ją atremti *kita figūra* nei mėginimo žaidime - **2…f5 (B)**, 

Šis ėjimas ne visai geras, nes blokuoja laukelį **f5**, o dėl to žirgas nebegalės būti panaudotas gynybai. Iš kitos pusės: atveria įstrižainę dar vienai gynyboje dalyvausiančiai figūrai, nors ji ir nepajėgs sutrukdyti baltųjų pagrindinio plano įgyvendinimo: **1.f4 Re7 f5 3. Vf3+ Rh4**,(besigindamas rikis užblokuoja savo karaliaus pasitraukimo laukelį) **4. Vf3#** Miniatiūra, iliustruojanti trijų figūrų Drezdeno temos (**A-B-C**) atmainą.

Gruzinų šachmatų kompozitoriaus **Josifo Krikhelio**  etiude panaudota Dresdeno tema. Mėginimo žaidime nustatyti du galimi pagrindinio plano variantai, bet juos juodieji atremia: 1. Bg4? **e6! (A)**; ir 1. Bg5? **Žg3!**. 

Vykdydami paruošiamąjį planą baltieji atitraukia juodųjų rikį; **1. Bg2! Rc7**. Dabar po **2.Bg4** juodiesiems kyla grėsmė **3. Bh4#**, nuo kurios juodieji nebegali gintis ėjimu **2…e6?**. Tenka naudoti kitą figūrą - **2….Rg3 (B)**. Bet šis ėjimas blokuoja **g3** laukelį ir baltieji įgyvendina pagrindinį planą: **3. Bg5 Rf4 4. Bh5+ Rh6 5. Bxh6#**. Brunerio-Drezdeno tema (**A-B-B**). 

Austrijos šachmatų kompozitoriaus **Kamiljo Gamnicerio** atvirkščio mato uždavinyje baltieji mėginimo žaidime aptinka keturis galimus pagrindinius planus:

* 1. Vxc3+? Žxc3+, bet **2. Kb2;**
* 1. Bd5? (grasina 2. Ža3+ Žxa3#) **Kxd5!**;
* 1. Rd7? **Vxh8!**;
* 1. fxe3? **Vxc2!**.

Juos įgyvendinant susiduriama su kliūtimis.Joms įveikti baltieji paruošia planą: **1. Bh7!** su nauja grėsme: **2. Bc7+ Žxc7 3. Vxc7+ Kb4 4. Vc5+ Ka4 5. Va3+ Žxa3#.**

Baltiesiems atsiranda galimybių įgyvendinti du pradiniame žaidime aptiktus planus, juodiesiems besiginant nuo iškilusios grėsmės:

* 1. ... Vg2 2. Re6+ Vd5 **3. Bxd5** Bg2 4. Bc7+ Žxc7 5. Ža3+ Žxa3#
* 1. ... Vxh7 **2. fxe3** (grasina 3. Ža3+ Žxa3#) Re1 3. Vxf5 4. Va4+ Kd5 5. Žxc3+ Rxc3#

Vokiečių kompozitoriaus **Michaelio Barto** sukurto Kirkės šachmatų uždavinyje po pradinio mėginimo paaiškėja trys galimi pagrindiniai planai, bet jų realizavimui iškyla kliūtys:

1.Rxf4+?, bet **1...Kxf4!**, 1.Bh5+? bet **1...Kxh5!**. Abiem atvejais karaliai gali kirsti baltųjų atakuojančias figūras, nes pagal Kirkės šachmatų taisykles nukirstos figūros negali atgimti (ir šachuoti) iš užimtų figūromis **c1** ir **h1** laukelių.

1.Kd7?, grasinant **2. Bd5+ Kf6 3. Bf5#**, bet baltųjų grėsmė atremiama ėjimu **1...Žd3!** dėl **2.Rxf4+ Žxf4[+bRc1] 3.Rxf4[+jŽb8]+**

Kliūtims įveikti paruošiamas planas: **1. Kd8!**, grasinant **2.Bd5+ Kf6 3.Bf5#**. Nuo grėsmės juodieji gali bandyti gintis, eidami: **1. … Žd3 2. Bd5+ Že5!**. Bet baltieji toliau vykdo mėginimo žaidime aptiktą planą: **2.Rxf4+**. Dabar juodiesiems negalima kirsti rikio karaliumi, nes šis atgimtų laukelyje su šachu (**2.Rxf4+ Kxf4[+bRc1+]**). Kirtimas žirgu, taip pat, veda prie panašaus mato juodiesiems: **2… Žxf4[+bRc1] 3.Rxf4[+jŽb8]#** (Atgimęs rikis laukelyje **c1** tuo pačiu ėjimu kirto žirgą laukelyje **f4**. Juodųjų karalius negalėjo rikio kirsti, kadangi šis, atgimęs laukelyje c1, vėl šachuotų ir t. t. Kitų ėjimų juodųjų karaliui nebuvo – matas). 

Bandymas gintis kita figūra nuo **2.Bd5+** grėsmės nepadeda, nes baltieji žaidžia **2. Bh5+!** ir juodieji kirsti karaliumi bokšto negali (**2. ... Kxh5 [+bBh1]#** ) dėl atgimsiančio **h1** laukelyje baltųjų bokšto šacho. Bokšto kirtimas žirgu, taip pat, negelbsti, nes po **2....Žxh5[+bBh1] 3.Bxh5[+jŽg8]#** juodųjų karalius dėl jau minėtos priežasties bokšto kirsti negali. Trijų figūrų Drezdeno temos (**A-B-C**) atmaina.


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**Erichas Bruneris**
V. Münchener Zeitung 1934

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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
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| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| #3 Tiesioginis matas. Brunerio-Drezdeno tema

**Mėginimas**
1.Re4? **Grėsmė** 2.Rf3#, bet **1...Bf7!**
**Sprendinys**
**1. Rf4!** Rxf4 2. Re4 Rxe3 3. Rd3#
1. ... Bxh7 2. Žc3+ Kd2 3. Bd1# |

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**Alfonsas Griunenvaldas**
National-Zeitung (Bazelis) 18.08. 1955

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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| #4 Tiesioginis matas. Trijų figūrų Drezdeno tema.

**Mėginimas**
1.f4? **Grėsmė** 2.Vh3#, bet **1...Žf5!**
**Sprendinys**
**1. f3!** **Grėsmė** 2.Vg4# 
1... f5 2. f4! Re7 3. Vh3+ Rh4 4. Vf3#  |

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**Josifas Krikhelis**
444 Novi Temi, 07. 12.1974

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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| #3 Šachmatų etiudas. Baltieji laimi. Dresdeno tema

**Mėginimai**
1. Bg4?, bet **1... e6!;**
1. Bg5?, **bet 1...Žg3!**
**Sprendinys**
1. Bg2! Rc7 2. Bg4 Rg3 3. Bg5 Rf4 4. Bh5+ Rh6 5. Bxh6# |

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**Kamiljo Gamnitceris**
Problem-Forum (37/S306) 2009

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| s#5 Atvirkščias matas. Drezdeno tema

**Mėginimai**
1. Vxc3+? Žxc3+ 2. Kb2
1. Bd5? Grėsmė 2. Ža3+ Žxa3#, 
bet **Kxd5!**
1. Rd7?, bet **Vxh8!**
1. fxe3?, bet **Vxc2!**
**Sprendinys**
**1. Bh7!** 2. Bc7+ Žxc7 3. Vxc7+ Kb4 4. Vc5+ Ka4 5. Va3+ Žxa3#
**1. ... Vg2** 2. Re6+ Vd5 3. Bxd5 4. Ža3+ Žxa3#
3... Bg2 4. Bc7+ Žxc7 5. Ža3+ Žxa3#
**1. ... Vxh7** 2. fxe3 3. Ža3+ Žxa3#
2... Re1 3. Kxb1 Vxf5 4. Va4+ Kd5 5. Žxc3+ Rxc3# |

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| 
**Michaelis Bartas**
Dresden idea, WCCC (Dresden) 2017

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| #3 Tiesioginis matas Kirkė Drezdeno tema

**Mėginimai**
1.Rxf4+?, bet **1...Kxf4!**
1.Bh5+?, bet **1...Kxh5!**
1.Kd7?, **Grėsmė** 2. Bd5+ Kf6 3. Bf5#, 
bet **1...Žd3! 2.Rxf4+ Žxf4[+bRc1] 3.Rxf4[+jŽb8]+**
**Sprendinys**
**1.Kd8!** **Grėsmė** 2.Bd5+ Kf6 3.Bf5#
1. … Žd3 2.Rxf4+ (2. ... Kxf4[+bRc1+]?) Žxf4[+bRc1] 3.Rxf4[+jŽb8]#
1. … Žg3 2.Bh5+ (2. ... Kxh5[+bBh1]?) Žxh5[+bBh1] 3.Bxh5[+jŽg8]# |

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Šaltiniai
---------

1. ↑  „Friedrich Martin Palitzsch" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. spalio 22 d..
2. ↑  „Offizielles Kompositionsturnier anlässlich des 60. WCCC" (PDF) (vokiečių). Suarchyvuotas originalas (PDF) 2017-08-09. Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. lapkričio 7 d..
3. ↑   Шахматы. Энциклопедический словарь / гл. ред. А. Е. Карпов. – М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. – С. 116.
4. ↑  „Dresdner" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. lapkričio 5 d..
5. ↑  Н. П. Зелепукин. Словарь шахматной композиции. Киев: Здоровье, 1982. – С. 138.
6. ↑  „Erich Brunner" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. lapkričio 7 d..
7. ↑  „Alphonse Grunenwald" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. lapkričio 7 d..
8. ↑  „Yosif Krikheli" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. lapkričio 8 d..
9. ↑  „Gamnitzer, Camillo" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. lapkričio 6 d..
10. ↑  „Barth, Michael" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2019 m. lapkričio 6 d..

Išorinės nuorodos
-----------------

Martin Hofmanas. Apie Drezdeno temą (de)

Šachmatų uždaviniai Drezdeno tema