**Gustavas Nitveltas** 
 ***Świat Szachowy* 1928** 

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|  **#2**  *Tiesioginis matas* dviem ėjimais. Nitvelto gynybos tema.
**1.Žc4!** - **grėsmė** 2.Vg5#
1...Vxd6/Vd7/Ve8 2.Bc5#
1...Rg7/Rh6/Re7/Rxd6 2.Vg8#
1...Žxd6/Žxd8 2.Bb5#
1...Vxc4 2.dxc4# |

**Nitvelto gynyba** – tai šachmatų uždavinių tema. Ji naudojama, kuriant dviejų ar 
trijų ėjimų uždavinius.

Baltieji tiesiogiai, nenaudodami baterijos, grasina matu; juodieji ginasi, susirišdami savo figūrą, tikėdamiesi, kad grėsmės vykdymo atveju, surištoji figūra bus atrišta ir galės nuo grėsmės gintis. Baltieji, išnaudodami surištosios silpnumą, kitu būdu matuoja juodųjų karalių.

Nitvelto gynybai priskiriama ir kombinacija, kurioje gynyba nuo grėsmės vykdoma *surištosios* juodųjų figūros ėjimu jos surišimo linijoje, turint tikslą – jos *tiesioginį* atrišimą.

Nitvelto gynyba panaši į Šifmano gynybą. Abi šios temos skiriasi tuo, kad, atliekant grėsmę Nitvelto gynyboje vyksta *tiesioginis* juodųjų figūros atrišimas, o Šifmano gynyboje – *netiesioginis*.

Charakteringa ir tai, kad grėsmė, nuo kurios ginamasi pagal Šifmaną, kyla iš baltųjų figūrų baterijos, o pagal Nitveltą – iš baltųjų valdovės.

Ši gynyba dar vadinama: baltosios valdovės tema.

Istorija
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Temą 1928 m. pasiūlė belgų šachmatų kompozitorius Gustavas Nitveltas (*Gustaaf Josephus Nietvelt*, 1897–1961).

Uždavinių pavyzdžiai
--------------------

  **Piotras Makarenka**   
  *E.Petrov-70*  1985

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|  **S#2**  *Atvirkščias matas* dviem ėjimais. Nitvelto gynybos tema.
1. Bg5? - grėsmė 2. Vxe2+ Rxe2#, paneigimas 1... Žxf4!
1. **Bh5!** - grėsmė 2. Vxe2+ Rxe2#
1... Vxf4 2. Žd2+ cxd2#
1... Žxf4 2. Vg2+ Žxg2#
1... Vc4 2. Žxc3+ Vxc3# |

Šią temą šachmatų kompozitoriai naudoja, kurdami: tiesioginius bei atvirkščio mato šachmatų uždavinius.

Rusų šachmatų kompozitoriaus Piotro Makarenkos (*Пётр Л. Макаренко*, g. 1929 m.)
dviejų ėjimų atvirkščio mato uždavinyje baltieji pirmu ėjimu **1. Bh5** sukuria grėsmę: **2. Vxe2+ Rxe2#**# .

Juodieji pirmoje gulstinėje turi bokšto – rikio bateriją, nukreiptą į baltųjų karalių, ir ją panaudoję, galėtų matuoti baltųjų karalių, tačiau tai padaryti gali tik gindami juodųjų karalių nuo mato.

Juodieji, gindamiesi nuo grėsmės, *patys susiriša* savo figūras. tikėdamiesi, kad grasinimo vykdymo metu jos taps atrištomis ir galės ginti savo karalių.

Juodieji nuo iškilusios grėsmės apsigina, bet baltieji išnaudoja atsiradusių surištųjų juodųjų figūrų silpnumą ir matuoja juodųjų karalių:

į ėjimą 1… Vxf4 seka:  **2. Žd2+ cxd2#** (netiko numatytas 2. Vxe2? dėl 2… Ve3!), ar į 1… Rxf4 – **2. Vg2+** (po 2.Vxe2+? sektų: 2…Žfxe2!) Žxg2#. O į ne teminį ėjimą **1…Vc4** baltieji priverčia matuoti savo karalių: **2.Žxc3+ Vxc3#**

Vokiečių  šachmatų kompozitoriaus Torsteno Cerkvico ( *Thorsten Zirkwitz*, 1965–2016)
 uždavinyje po baltųjų **1.Vf5!** ( - grėsmė 2.Vc2#) juodieji dviejuose variantuose susiriša savo figūras, atremia iškilusią grėsmę, bet dėl surištųjų figūrų silpnumo gauna matą: **1…Že4**/Žxd5 2.b4#; **1…Rxd5** 2.Rc4#.

Rusų šachmatų kompozitoriaus Igorio Agapovo (*Игорь Алексеевич Агапов*, g. 1963) trijų ėjimų uždavinyje panaudota Nitvelto tema.

Baltieji pirmuoju ėjimu 1.a4 sukelia grėsmę: 2. Va3+ Kxc4 3. Rf7#
Juodieji susirišdami figūras šią grėsmę dviejuose variantuose atremia: **1…Vxc4 2. Va3+ Vb4!**, arba **1…Bxc4 2. Va3+ Vb4!**.
Bet juodųjų surištos figūros yra silpnos ir baltieji tai išnaudoja: pirmuoju atveju: **2. Žd3+!** Kd5 3. Ve5#, antruoju -**2. Že4+!** Kd5 3. Bd6#.

Šachmatų kompozitoriaus Renato Kabralo (*Renato Cabral*) uždavinyje panaudota Nitvelto gynybos forma, kai jau pirminėje pozicijoje baltųjų valdovė yra surišusi juodųjų valdovę.

Po baltųjų ėjimo **1.Ve7!** ( - grėsmė **2.Vc5#**) juodieji nuo atsiradusios grėsmės ginasi, judėdami išilgai surišimo linijos valdove, tačiau baltieji pasinaudoja jos silpnumu ir matuoja juodųjų karalių: **1…Ve5 2.Rg5#** ; **1…Ve4 2.Rg3#**.

Neteminiai ėjimai, taip pat, negelbsti: 1…Vxe7 2.Rd4#; 1…d6 2.Va7#; 1…d5 2.Va3#


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  **Torstenas Cerkvistas**   *Deutsche Schachzeitung* 1984

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|  **#2**  *Tiesioginis matas* dviem ėjimais. Nitvelto gynybos tema.
**1.Vf5!** - grėsmė 2.Vc2#
1...Že4/Žxd5 2.b4#
1...Rxd5 2.Bc4# |

 |  | 
 **Igoris Agapovas**  *17-as Rusijos kom. č.* 2012

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| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
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|  **#3**  *Tiesioginis matas* trimis ėjimais. Nitvelto gynybos tema.
x
**1. a4!** - grėsmė 2. Va3+ Kxc4 3. Rf7# 
1... Vxc4 **2. Žd3+!** Kd5 3. Ve5#
(2.Va3+? Kd5 3. Vd6#-2... Vb4!)
1... Bxc4 **2. Že4+!** Kd5 3. Bd6#
(2.Va3+? Kd5 3. Vd6#-2... Bb4!)
1... Bf4 **2. Rf7!** ~ 3. Va3# 
2... Vxc4 3. Žd3# 
2... Bxc4 3. Že4# |

 |  | 
 **Renatas Kabralas**   *problem (Zagreb) (4)* 1951

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| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
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|  **#2**  *Tiesioginis matas* dviem ėjimais. Nitvelto gynybos tema.
**1.Ve7!** - grėsmė 2.Vc5#
1...Ve5 2.Rg5#
1...Ve4 2.Bg3#
1...Vxe7 2.Rd4#
1...d6 2.Va7#
1...d5 2.Va3# |

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Šaltiniai
---------

1. ↑  „Nietvelt, Gustaaf Josephus" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugp. 28 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
2. ↑   Antanas Vilkauskas. Šachmatų kompozicijos pagrindai. Vilnius: Mintis, 2002.— P. 233–234.
3. ↑  Шахматы. Энциклопедический словарь / гл. ред. А. Е. Карпов. – М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. – С. 272–273. – ISBN 5-85270-005-3
4. ↑  „Макаренко, Пётр Л." (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugp. 30 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
5. ↑  „Thorsten Zirkwitz German composer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugs 29 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
6. ↑  „Zirkwitz, Thorsten" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugp 30 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
7. ↑  „Агапов, Игорь Алексеевич" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugp. 30 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
8. ↑  „Cabral, Renato" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugp. 28 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)

Nuorodos
--------

Nitvelto gynybos tema sukurti šachmatų uždaviniai