**Berolinos šachmatai** (angl. *Berolina chess*) – tai šachmatų rūšis, kurios pėstininkai vaikšto ir kerta kitaip nei tradiciniuose šachmatuose. Jie dar vadinami Berolinos pėstininkais.

Bandyta rengti Berolinos šachmatų turnyrus, išbandyta kombinacijų. Berolinos pėstininkais susidomėjo 
šachmatų kompozitoriai.

 **Hermanas Kalas**
*967 Funkschach* 19/09/1926

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| **S#3** *Atvirkščio mato uždavinys. Matas trim ėjimais.*
**Ilgiausių ėjimų uždavinys**
**Berolinos pėstininkas.**
1. Ve6 BEf7-h5 2. Ve7 Vxe7 3. BEb4-c5 Vh4# |

Istorija
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Berolinos šachmatus 1926 m. pasiūlė Edmundas Hebermanas (*Edmund Hebermann*) ir pavadino miesto, kuriame gyveno (Berlyno) vardu.

Berolinos pėstininkas
---------------------

Berolinos pėstininkai juda įstrižaine vienu laukeliu pirmyn (pirmu ėjimu iš 2-os (7-os) gulstinės gali ir dviem laukeliais), o figūras kerta priekyje esančiame laukelyje. 

Pėstininkui judant per du laukelius iš pradinės šachmatų partijos pozicijos galioja kirtimo prasilenkiant taisyklė.

Kaip ir tradiciniuose šachmatuose pasiekę paskutinę horizontalę paaukštinami į pageidaujamą figūrą.

Žaidžiant partijas jie yra mobilesni už tradicinių šachmatų pėstininkus. Dažnai koncentruojasi centre, tačiau jų kertamoji galia - mažesnė. Kadangi juos ginti gali tik pėstininkas iš apačios, partijos metu susidariusioms pozicijoms būdinga laisvų linijų gausa.

Partijos pabaigoje Berolinos pėstininkai tampa pavojingesni už tradicinius, kadangi pasiekti paaukštinimą jiems lengviau.

Šachmatų diagramose Berolinos pėstininkas vaizduojamas, kaip apverstas žemyn galvą tradicinių šachmatų pėstininkas.

Šachmatų kompozitoriai Berolinos pėstininką naudoja, kurdami tiesioginius, sutarto mato, atvirkščio mato, refleksinio mato serijinius ir ilgiausių ėjimų ir k.t. uždavinius.
Šie uždaviniai dalyvauja konkursuose. Geriausi įtraukiami į FIDE albumus.

Užrašai
-------

Sutrumpintas šachmatų uždavinių tarptautinis žymėjimas prasideda trumpiniu, nurodant užduoties tipą ir ėjimų skaičių. Toliau seka sprendinių, ar dvynių skaičius.

Kai uždaviniuose panaudotas Berolinos pėstininkas, pažymima naujos eilutės viduryjeː pav. **Berolinos pėstininkas** ir t. t.

Užrašant ėjimus Berolinos pėstininku prieš ėjimą rašomas priešdėlis BE, pav. BEc2-a4.

Atmainos
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Berolinos pėstininkas turi kelias atmainasː Berolinos plus ir Seržanto. 

**Berolina plus** juda kaip ir Berolinos pėstininkas, bet gali kirsti vertikalia, ar horizontalia kryptimis. Be to, pirmuoju ėjimu gali eiti nekirsdamas įstrižaine per du laukelius.

**Seržantas** gali kirsti ir vaikščioti vienu laukeliu į priekį vertikale ar įstrižaine: pav. baltųjų seržantas laukelyje d4 atakuoja ir gali vaikščioti (bei kirsti) į laukelius c5, d5 ir e5. Kaip ir paprastas pėstininkas, jis pirmuoju ėjimu gali eiti per du laukelius, tačiau tik vertikaliai ( pav. b2-b4). Darydamas dvigubą ėjimą jis negali kirsti. Seržantas niekados nekerta praeinant. Pasiekęs paskutinę horizontalę seržantas aukštinamas: į valdovę , bokštą, rikį, žirgą vilką, lapę, nakvišą. Naudojamas *Vilko šachmatuose*.


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 **Pav.1**

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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **Berolinos pėstininkas** vaizduojamas kaip apverstas žemyn galva tradicinių šachmatų pėstininkas. Taškais parodyti galimi ėjimai, o kryžiuku "x" - kirtimai. Berolinos pėstininkas pirmu ėjimu iš pradinės padėties gali vaikščioti diagonale per du laukelius, Tačiau jei pėstininkas d2 eitų iškart į b4, juodųjų pėstininkas c4 galėtų jį nukirsti "praeinant" - c4xc3. |

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 **Pav. 2**

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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
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| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
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| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **Berolinos pėstininkas plus** kirtimai ir ėjimai |

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 **Pav. 3**

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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **Seržanto** kirtimai ir ėjimai |

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Uždaviniai
----------

Dar keletas uždavinių su Berolinos pėstininkais, kuriuose atskleidžiamos Berolinos pėstininko savybės.

**Vilfrido Zėhoferio** refleksinio mato uždavinys sprendžiamas, naudojant ilgiausių ėjimų uždavinio taisykles, bei juodųjų Berolinos pėstininko savybes. 

Baltųjų žirgas f5 laukelyje turi užduotįː neleidžia kažkuriuo metu juodųjų karaliui pasirinkti ilgesnį Kg7 ėjimą. 

1. Rd1! (baltieji atveda rikį į laukelį d1 iš kurio jie galės reguliuoti Berolinos pėstininko ėjimo kryptį.
Juodieji privalo atsakyti į pirmą baltųjų ėjimą žengdami Berolinos pėstininku įstrižaine per du laukelius BEd7-b5 (ilgiausias ėjimas). 

2. Ra4! (baltieji pasinaudoja tuo, kad Berolinos pėstininkas negali kirsti įstrižaine ir taip neleidžia jam patekti į a4 laukelį. 

2.... BEc4 (tik pėstininku įstrižaine, o ne karaliumi, nes ėjimas įstrižaine - ilgesnis!) 

3. Rb3! (baltieji, laikydamiesi pasirinkto plano, ir toliau riboja Berolinos pėstininko galimybę rinktis kelią). 

3... BEd3 4.Rc2 BEe2 5.Kh1 BEf1V# (pagal refleksinio mato uždavinio taisykles varžovai, kai susidaro galimybė, privalo skelbti matą vienu ėjimu. Juodieji tai ir padarė, paaukštinę Berolinos pėstininką į valdoves).

**Žono Udiu** tiesioginio mato uždavinyje atskleistos Berolinos pėstininko galimybės užstoti šachmatų lentos statmenas.

**Manfredo Nierobos** sutarto mato uždavinys, kur pradeda juodieji, ir kuris turi dvynį, sprendžiamas, panaudojus Kirkės uždavinio taisykles bei Berolinos pėstininko savybes.

*Pirmasis dvynys* (a). **1. Kxh4[+bBEh2]** (nukirtus Berolinos pėstininką h statmenoje, jis, kaip ir tradicinių šachmatų pėstininkas, atgimsta tos pačios vertikalės startinėje šachmatų partijos pozicijoje).

Po **1….Bh5+ 2. Kxh5[+bBh1]** (nukirstas bokštas baltame laukelyje turi atgimti pradinės padėties baltame h1 laukelyje) **g3#** (Berolinos pėstininkas vaikšto įstrižainėmis - tad atveria juodųjų karaliui šachą nuo baltųjų bokšto. 

Karaliui nėra kur trauktis, nes laukelis **g4**, esantis virš Berolinos pėstininko, yra pastarojo šachuojamas – tad juodųjų karaliui matas!

*Antrasis dvynys* (b) sudaromas perstūmus Berolinos pėstininką iš **h4** į **g4** laukelį.
Po **1. Kxg4[+bBEg2]** (nukirstasis Berolinos pėstininkas turi atgimti tos pačios statmenos, kurioje buvo nukirstas, pradinėje šachmatų partijos pozicijoje.

**1….Bg5+ 2. Kh4 h3#** (Berolinos pėstininkas eina įstrižaine ir šachuoja virš jo gretimame laukelyje **h4** esantį juodųjų karalių, o pastarasis, pagal Kirkės uždavinio taisykles, negali to pėstininko kirsti, jei atgimęs šis šachuotų karalių. Kadangi taip ir atsitiktų, nes pėstininkas turėtų atgimti laukelyje **h2** iš kurio vėl šachuotų laukelyje **h3** esantį karalių ir t. t. – tad juodiesiems matas!)

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| 
 **Vilfridas Zėhoferis**
*B8 Problemkiste (136)*  08/2001

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| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **R#5** *Refleksinio mato uždavinys. Ilgiausių ėjimų uždavinys.*
*Berolinos pėstininkas*
**Sprendinys**
**1.Rd1!** BEb5 2.Ra4 BEc4 3.Rb3 BEd3 4.Rc2 BEe2 5.Kh1 BEf1V# |

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**Žonas Udiu**
*Die Schwalbe* 1966

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **#2**  *Tiesioginis matas Berolinos pėstininkas*
**Sprendinys**
**1.Ba3-a2!**, jei
1...Ba5 2.BEa4#
1...Bb5 2.BEb3#
1...c3 2.BEc2xc3#
1...Bd5 2.BEd3#
1...Be5 2.BEe4# |

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 **Manfredas Nieroba**
K1175 *Problemkiste* 138 12/2001

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| **H#2** *Sutarto mato uždavinys. Kirkės šachmatai. Berolinos pėstininkas.*
**Du  dvyniai** b) bBEh4->g4. 
**Sprendinys**
a) 1. Kxh4[+bBEh2] Bh5+ 2. Kxh5[+bBh1] g3#
b) 1. Kxg4[+bBEg2] Bg5+ 2. Kh4 h3#. |

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Šaltiniai

1. ↑  „6-as skyrius. Netradicinių pėstininkų savybės. 6.3. Pėstininkai, judantys įstrižai, kertantys vertikaliai" (PDF) (anglų). Suarchyvuota iš originalo 2020-08-17. Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 m. rugpjūčio 17 d..`{{cite web}}`: CS1 priežiūra: netinkamas URL (link)
2. ↑  „Hermanas Kalas" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 m. rugpjūčio 17 d..
3. ↑  „Berolinos šachmatai" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2017 m. rugpjūčio 28 d..
4. ↑  „Berolinos plus pėstininkas" (anglų). Suarchyvuota iš originalo 2001-11-21. Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 m. rugpjūčio 17 d..`{{cite web}}`: CS1 priežiūra: netinkamas URL (link)
5. ↑  „Vilko šachmatai" (anglų). Suarchyvuota iš originalo 2000-02-02. Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 m. rugpjūčio 17 d..`{{cite web}}`: CS1 priežiūra: netinkamas URL (link)
6. ↑  „Vilfridas Zėhoferis" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 m. rugpjūčio 17 d..
7. ↑  „Pasakiškos figūros" (anglų). Suarchyvuota iš originalo 2017-08-28. Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 m. rugpjūčio 17 d..`{{cite web}}`: CS1 priežiūra: netinkamas URL (link)
8. ↑  „Manfredas Nieroba" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 m. rugpjūčio 17 d..

Nuorodos
* Šachmatų uždaviniai su Berolinos pėstininku

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