**Heinrichas Fridrikas, Liudvikas Majeris**  
 *The Boy's Own Paper (621)* 1903

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| #3 Tiesioginis matas trimis ėjimais. Indiškoji tema

**Rg8!** c2 2.Bf7! Ka2 3.Ba7#  |

**Indiškoji tema** (vok. *Indisches problem*) šachmatų kompozicijoje – originalus baltųjų figūrų manevras, siekiantis sutrukdyti juodųjų figūroms pasiekti patą. Jį sudaro trys nuosekliai vykdomi etapai:

* toliašaudės linijinės figūros pasitraukimas per kritinį laukelį – tolyn nuo savo karaliaus,
* 
* laikinas šios figūros veikimo apribojimas, užstojus kritiniame laukelyje kita tos pačios spalvos figūra,
* 
* patraukus užstojančiąją figūrą, atsiveria toliašaudė figūra su kuria baltieji skelbia matą.

Istorija
--------

**Henris Augustas Lavdėjus**  
 *Palameda*  1845

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| #3 Tiesioginis matas trimis ėjimais. Indiškoji tema

**1. Rc1!** b4 2. Bd2! Kf4 3. Bd4# |

Tema, pavadinta indiškąja dėl Indijoje gimusio Henrio Augusto Lavdėjaus (*Henry Augustus Loveday*; 1815 - 1848 m.), kuris 1824 m. atvyko į Angliją ir vienoje iš Kembridžo kolegijų baigė teologijos studijas. Gyvendamas Anglijoje susipažino su Hovardu Stauntonu ir net sužaidė su juo keletą partijų, bet apie 1838 m. grįžo Indijon.

1845 m. H. Stautonas gavo iš Indijos laišką su vėliau tapusiu plačiai žinomu šachmatų uždaviniu, pasirašytų slapyvardžiu Džagird, kas išvertus į anglų kalbą reiškė mokinys.

Atsiųstasis uždavinys turėjo trūkumųː 8 šalutinius sprendinius bei 17 
dvilypumų, o matas skelbiamas keturiais ėjimais. Uždavinys buvo įdomus ir sunkiai sprendžiamas.

H. Stauntonas tais pat metais jį publikavo „Šachmatininko kronikoje" (*The Chess Player’s Chronicle*), kur pažymėjo, kad tai sunkus uždavinys, kurio net kai kurie iš geriausių Anglijos žaidėjų negalėjo išspręsti. Po dviejų savaičių, jį, šiek tiek pataisytą, išspausdino prancūziškajame „Palamedos" žurnale.

Nors H. Stauntonas ne kartą pripažino šiam uždaviniui H. Lavdėjaus (1815-1848) autorystę, bet manė, kad jis yra vietinis indas, todėl uždavinį vadino indiškuoju. Tačiau buvo ir kitaip manančių – todėl ilgus metus buvo abejojama kas iš tikrųjų Indiškojo uždavinio kūrėjas?

Tik 1920 m. praėjus septyniasdešimt penkeriems metams nuo uždavinio paskelbimo, britų šachmatų kompozitorius Džonas Kyblas (*John Keeble*, 1855–1939) išsprendė šį klausimą, paskelbęs savo tyrimus britų žurnale „British Chess Magazine", pagal kuriuos Bengalijos bažnytinės institucijos pripažino, kad *Henry Augustus Loveda* buvo indiškojo šachmatų uždavinio kūrėjas.

Indiškoji tema sukėlė šachmatų kompozitorių susidomėjimą ir paskatino didelio kiekio šachmatų uždavinių, paremtų šia tema, sukūrimą. Jie prisidėjo prie tolimesnio temos tobulinimo: atsirado naujų versijų, kurias kūrė ir pats Henris Lavdėjus, Samuelis Loidas ir kt.

Sąvokas: "kritinis ėjimas ir "kritinis laukelis", padedančias paaiškinti indiškosios temos turinį, įvedė vokiečių šachmatų kompozitoriai Johanesas Kotcas (*Johannes Kohtz*; 1843 - 1918) ir Karlas Kokelkornas (*C. Kockelkorn*; 1843 - 1914).

### Ginčai dėl autorystės

Daug diskusijų vyko dėl Adolfo Anderseno uždavinio, kuris buvo panašus į indiškąjį, be to, atspausdintas 1843 m. – anksčiau už 1845 publikuotą. Henriko Lavdėjaus uždavinį. Šachmatų kompozitoriai nesutarė, kurį pripažinti pirmtaku, todėl, ieškodami skirtumų, abu uždavinius detaliai nagrinėjo.

A. Anderseno uždavinyje baltieji tam, kad išvengtų pato, trečiu ėjimu 3. Kf6 suformuoja bateriją iš rikio ir karaliaus *kritiniame* (f6) laukelyje ir sekančiu ėjimu, patraukdami savo karalių iš *kritinio* laukelio, matuoja juodųjų karalių. Pastarieji du ėjimai vienodi abiejuose uždaviniuose, bet yra ir skirtumas – A. Anderseno uždavinyje, matuojantis rikis, laukelyje d8, stovėjo nuo uždavinio pradžios, nejudėjo – tad nebuvo perėjęs kritinio laukelio (f6).

J. Kocas ir K. Kokelkornas rašė, kad visai įmanoma, kad A. Anderseno mato uždavinys galėjo turėti įtakos indiškojo uždavinio kūrimui, nes buvo atspausdintas – 1843 m. Palamedos žurnale ir, kad atkeliautų į Delį, turėjo pakankamai laiko.

Panašus į A. Anderseno ir H. Lavdėjaus yra prancūzų šachmatų kompozitoriaus Teodoro Herlino (*Théodore Adrien Louis Herlin*; 1817 - 1889) uždavinys. Abiejų uždavinių matinės padėtys – panašios, taip pat, ir karaliaus ėjimai į laukelį f6, vėliau – į g6 yra taip pat vienodi.

Tik vienas svarbus skirtumas tarp abiejų – tai, kad A. Anderseno uždavinyje karalius į laukelį f6. pateko *trečiuoju ėjimu*, o Herlino uždavinyje – *pirmuoju*.

A. Anderseno uždavinyje pagrindinė idėja realizuojama paskutiniais dviem ėjimais. Teodoro Herlino uždavinyje baterijos priekinė figūra pirmoji patenka į *kritinį* laukelį, o matuojanti figūra – į paskirties laukelį, eidama aplinkui priekinę figūrą, esančią *kritiniame* laukelyje, nes jis užimtas.

Samuelis Loidas (*Samuel Loyd*; 1841–1911) XIX a. JAV žinomas šachmatininkas, šachmatų kompozitorius, šachmatų galvosūkių (5000) kolekcininkas išreiškė nuomonę, kad svarbiausia indiškojo uždavinio ypatybė yra ne atveriamasis matas, o netikėtas, nesuprantamas, dviejų baltųjų figūrų pasitraukimas nuo juodųjų karaliaus į nutolusį nuo jo lentos ketvirtįː į jų judėjimo linijų susikirtimo laukelį. Tai priverčia juodųjų karalių, ar jį dengiančią figūrą, eiti į baltųjų pageidaujamą laukelį.

S. Loido manymu, atveriamasis matas nėra indiškojo uždavinio idėja, nėra būtina indiškosios temos dalis. Abiejų kritinių figūrų pasitraukimo ėjimai iki jų judėjimo linijų susikirtimo laukelio, yra esminis orientyras, sprendžiant, ar nagrinėjamas uždavinys iš tikrųjų naudoja indišką temą, ar ne.

Tokiu būdu, anksčiau publikuotas Anderseno mato uždavinys nėra indiškojo uždavinio pirmtakas.

S. Loidas apie indiškąjį uždavinį rašė trumpai – tai trijų ėjimų tema: pirmas ėjimas – toliašaudės *kritinės* figūros atsitraukimas per *kritinį* laukelį; jos užstojimas kita figūraː patui išvengti ir galutinis ėjimas – matas toliašaude, atsitraukusia figūra.

Termino „Atveriamasis matas" jis nenaudojo, kadangi matą galima skelbti ir kitu būdu. Pagrindinis indiškosios temos panaudojimo rezultatas – pato išvengimas.

### Indiškasis uždavinys

**Antrasis Henrio Lavdėjaus uždavinys**.
Jame, skirtingai nuo pirmojo Lavdėjaus uždavinio, pasitraukiančioji figūra per *kritinį* laukelį (d2) – bokštas, o užstojančioji *kritiniame* laukelyje – rikis. Juodųjų išsigelbėjimo viltis: patiems po 1…g4 ėjimo užsipatuoti. Baltiesiems būtinai reikia tai sutrukdyti. Padaryti jie galėtų, užstodami savo bokštą kita figūra (rikiu) ir taip pašalintų juodųjų rikio surišimą.

Vykdydami šį planą, jie pirmu ėjimu bokštu eina žemyn (tolina jį nuo juodųjų karaliaus) per rikio ir bokšto linijų susikirtimo d2 laukelį (*kritinį*) - 1.Bd1. Juodieji beturi tik vieną ėjimą – pėstininku 1…g4, bet jis atveria liniją baltųjų rikiui į *kritinį* laukelį - 2.Rd2.

Dabar bokštas, užstotas rikiu, (jo veikimas -apribotas) ir juodųjų rikis laukelyje d7 – nebesurištas, todėl turi pasitraukti nuo dengiamojo juodųjų karaliaus. Jam paėjus, baltieji atveria bokštą ir dvigubu šachu matuoja juodųjų karalių - 3.Ra5#.

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**Henris Augustas Lavdėjus***The Chess Player's Chronicle* 1846

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| #3 Tiesioginis matas trimis ėjimais. Indiškoji tema

**1.Bd1!** g4 2.Rd2 R~ 3.Ra5# |

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  **Adolfas Andersenas***7 Aufgaben für Schachspieler* 1842

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| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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|  **#4**  *Tiesioginis matas 4 ėjimais.*
**1.Rh5!** Kxh5 2.Kg7 h6 3.Kf6 Kh4 4. Kg6# |

 |  | 
  **Teodoras Herlinas**   *Palamede*  1845

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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|  **#4**  Tiesioginis matas 4 ėjimais.

**1. Kf6!** Kh4
2. Rb6 Kh5 3. Rd8 Kh4 4. Kg6#
2. Rc5 Kh5 3. Re7 Kh4 4. Kg6# |

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Uždaviniai
Šią temą šachmatų kompozitoriai naudoja, kurdami šachmatų uždavinius:tiesioginius, sutarto mato, atvirkščio mato, pasakiškus uždavinius su pasakiškosiomis figūromis ir šachmatų etiudus.

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| 
 **Michaelis Šrekenbachas** *378 Gaudium* 2009

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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| S#4 Atvirkščias matas keturiais ėjimais. Indiškoji tema.

1.Ra8 f5 2. Bb7 Kxf3 3. Bg7+ Kf4 4. Bg4+ fxg4# |

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 **Francas Pešelis***Schweiz. Schachzeitung* 1991

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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|  **h#3**  *Sutartas matas trimis ėjimais.* Indiškoji tema, dvynys b) e2 → c2. 

I. 1. Vxe4 Rh7 2. Rd2 Bg6 3. Vxd4 Bg3#
II. 1. Bxd4 Bd8 2. Bc3 Rd7 3. Txe4 Rb5# |

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  **Horstas Bėkeris** *E82 Problemkiste 180* 2008

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a8 | b8 | c8 | d8 | e8 | f8 | g8 | h8 |
| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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|  **#4**  *Tiesioginis matas* 4 ėjimais. Du sprendiniai Indiškoji tema, su  Nakviša.
I. 1.Rh8 h6 2. Ra1 h5 3. Nb2 Kd4 4. Nd6#
II. Rh8 h5 2. Ng7 Kd4 3. Nd1+ Ke4 4. Nc3# |

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Šaltiniai

1. ↑  „Mejeris" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2017 gruodžio 26 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
2. ↑  .П. Зелепукин. Словаръ шахматной композиции. Киев: Здоровье, 1982. С. 62.
3. ↑  „Henry Augustus Loveday (03-08-1815 - 09-01-1848) British-Indian composer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugs 29 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
4. ↑  „John Frederick Keeble (27-08-1855 - 19-02-1939) British composer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugs. 30 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
5. ↑  „Gary Kevin Ware. Indiškoji tema pagal Loida" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 m. rugs. 29 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
6. ↑  Индийская тема. Шахматный словаръ / Сост. Г. М. Гейлер – М. : Физкультура и спорт, 1964. – 565 c. (rus.)]
7. ↑  „Johannes Kohtz (18-07-1843 - 05-10-1918) German composer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugs. 30 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
8. ↑  „Carl Kockelkorn (26-11-1843 - 16-07-1914) German composer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugs. 30 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
9. ↑  J. Kohtz und C. Kockelkorn. Das Indishe Problem. Leipzig: 1902. S.42.
10. ↑  „Théodore Adrien Louis Herlin (22-07-1817 - 02-11-1889) French composer" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugs 29 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
11. ↑  „Sam Loyd" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugs. 30 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
12. ↑  „Bokštas ir Rikis" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 gruodžio 29 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
13. ↑  „Adolf Anderssen" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 rugp. 14 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
14. ↑  „Theodore Adrien Louis Herlin" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugs. 29 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
15. ↑  „Indiškoji tema etiuduose" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 rugp. 15 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
16. ↑  „Michael Schreckenbach" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 rugp. 14 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
17. ↑  „Franz Pachl" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 rugp. 14 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
18. ↑  „Horst Backer" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 rugp. 14 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)

Nuorodos
* 100 metų indiškajai temai (de)
* Indiškoji tema trijų ėjimų tiesioginiuose uždaviniuose
* Indiškoji tema sutartojo mato uždaviniuose
* Indiškoji tema atvirkščio mato uždaviniuose
* Indiškoji tema pasakiškuose uždaviniuose

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