**Israelis Šifmanas**  
 1928

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|  **#2**  *Tiesioginis matas* dviem ėjimais. Šifmano tema.
**Sprendinys**
**1.Rg1!** **grėsmė** 2.f4# 
1...Vxe4 2.Vxf6# 
1...Žxe4 2.Va1# 
1...dxe4 2.f3#
. 
(1...Rf3/Že2 2.Žxf3#) |

**Šifmano gynyba** – tai šachmatų uždavinių tema. Ją galima skirstyti į tris: Šifmano-1, Šifmano-2 bei Šifmano-3 smulkesnes temas.

*Šifmano-1 tema* – tai figūrų manevras šachmatų kompozicijoje, kai juodieji, gindamiesi nuo baterinio mato mato grėsmės, *patys susiriša* savo figūrą, vildamiesi, kad baltiesiems, įvykdžius grasinimą, ji, dėl užstojimo surišimo linijoje, bus atrišta ir galima bus panaudoti gynyboje. Tačiau baltieji išnaudoja šį surišimą ir skelbia matą, eidami kita figūra.

Tema naudojama, kuriant dviejų ir trijų ėjimų šachmatų uždavinius.

*Šifmano-2 tema* skiriasi tuo, kad juodųjų figūra pradinėje pozicijoje yra surišta. Nuo baterinio mato grėsmės ji ginasi, judėdama surišimo linija iki laukelio iš kurio, baltiesiems, bandant įvykdyti grsinimą, yra netiesiogiai atrišama ir gali atremti mato grėsmę.

*Šifmano–3* tema nuo Šifmano pirmos ir antros temų skiriasi tuo, kad juodųjų karalius pats užeina už savo figūros tam, kad ši taptų surišta.

Istorija
--------

Temą pasiūlė Rumunijos šachmatų kompozitorius Israelis Abrahamas Šifmanas (*Schiffmann, Israel Abraham* (1903–1930) , patalpinęs 1927 m. savo uždavinį „The Problemist" žurnale.

Uždavinių pavyzdžiai
--------------------

 **Peteris Zykingeris**  
 *7736 Schach* 1975

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|  **S#2**  *Atvirkščias matas* dviem ėjimais. Šifmano gynybos tema.
**1. Rxb5!** grasina: 2. Rd7+ Bc5#
1… Vxd6 2. Žxf4+ Žxf4#
1… Rxd6 2. Žc7+ Bxc7#
1… Ke6 2. Rc4+ Bxc4# |

Šią temą šachmatų kompozitoriai naudoja, kurdami: tiesioginius bei atvirkščio mato šachmatų uždavinius.

Vokiečių šachmatų kompozitoriaus Peterio Zykingerio (*Peter Sickinger*, g. 1943 m.)
dviejų ėjimų atvirkščio mato uždavinyje baltieji pirmu ėjimu **1. Rxb5** sukuria rikio-bokšto bateriją, nukreiptą į juodųjų karalių ir grėsmę **2. Rd7+ Bc5**# .

Juodieji taip pat turi bokšto-rikio bateriją, nukreiptą į baltųjų karalių ir su jos pagalba galėtų matuoti baltųjų karalių jau pirmuoju ėjimu, tačiau jie ją gali panaudoti tik gindami juodųjų karalių nuo mato.

Juodieji, gindamiesi nuo grėsmės, *patys susiriša* savo figūras. tikėdamiesi, kad grasinimo vykdymo metu jos taps atrištomis ir galės ginti savo karalių.

Juodieji nuo iškilusios grėsmės apsigina, bet baltieji numatytos baterijos atvėrimo neatlieka, o išnaudoja atsiradusių surištųjų juodųjų figūrų silpnumą ir matuoja juodųjų karalių:

į 1… Vxd6 seka: **2. Žxf4+** Žxf4# (netiko numatytas 2. Rd7+? dėl 2… Vc5!), o į 1… Rxd6 – **2. Žc7+** (po 2.Rd7+? sektų: 2…Rc5!) Bxc7#.

Danų šachmatų kompozitoriaus Karlo Larseno (*Karl Adolf Koefoed Larsen*, 1896–1963)
uždavinyje Šifmano-1 tema panaudota net 4-iuose variantuose.

Šachmatų kompozitoriaus Rafaelio Kofmano (SSRS, 1909–1988) uždavinyje panaudota Šifmano-2 tema. Surišta juodųjų valdovė nuo mato grėsmės ginasi judėdama surišimo linija. Ji atremia po pirmojo baltųjų ėjimo iškilusią grėsmę 2.Že5, bet dėl surištos juodųjų valdovės silpnumo, baltieji suranda kitus būdus juodųjų karaliaus matavimui.

Šachmatų kompozitoriaus Marko Adabaševo (SSRS, 1908–1954) uždavinyje panaudota Šifmano-3 tema. Juodųjų karalius, gelbėdamasis nuo mato grėsmės **2.Žef4** eina į laukelį **c4** ir suriša savo rikį laukelyje **g4**, tikėdamasi atremti 2. Ždf4 ėjimu **2…Rxe6!**. Tačiau baltieji pasinaudoja surišto rikio silpnumu ir matuoja juodųjų karalių kitu ėjimu – **2. Žb4#**.


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| 
  **Karlas Larsenas**  *Schackvärlden* 1929

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| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
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|  **#2**  *Tiesioginis matas* dviem ėjimais. Šifmano gynybos ir Plachutos temos.
**1. Bd8!** grasina: 2. Rf5#
1. ... Vxe5 2. Žc3#
1. ... Rxe5 2. Žf6#
1. ... Ždxe5 2. Rc8#
1. ... Žfxe5 2. Vg2#
1… Žxc5 2. Žb6#
1…Rf6 2. Žxf6#  |

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 **Rafaelis Kofmanas**  *A.Janovčiko atm. konk.* 1988

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| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
| a1 | b1 | c1 | d1 | e1 | f1 | g1 | h1 |

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|  **#3**  *Tiesioginis matas* trimis ėjimais. Šifmano-2 tema.
1.Žd2? Žc3!
1 Rxh7? Žd4!
1**. Ke8!** grasina: 2. Že5 ir 3. Žd7#
1… Vc3 2. Žd2 (2. Že5? Ve3!) ir 3. Že4#
1… Vd4 2.Rxh7 ir 3. Bf5# |

 |  | 
 **Markas Adabaševas**  *Šachmatnij listok* 1929

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| a7 | b7 | c7 | d7 | e7 | f7 | g7 | h7 |
| a6 | b6 | c6 | d6 | e6 | f6 | g6 | h6 |
| a5 | b5 | c5 | d5 | e5 | f5 | g5 | h5 |
| a4 | b4 | c4 | d4 | e4 | f4 | g4 | h4 |
| a3 | b3 | c3 | d3 | e3 | f3 | g3 | h3 |
| a2 | b2 | c2 | d2 | e2 | f2 | g2 | h2 |
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|  **#2**  *Tiesioginis matas* dviem ėjimais. Šifmano-3 tema.
**1.Žd5!** grasina: 2. Žef4#
1… K… c4 2. Žb4# (2. Žef4+? Re2!, 2.Ždf4+ Rxe6!)
1… Ke4 2. Žd4#
1... Rxe2 2. Vxe2#  |

 |

Šaltiniai
---------

1. ↑   Antanas Vilkauskas. Fantazija ir harmonija. Klaipėda: Jokužio leidykla, 2013.— P. 88-91.
2. 1 2  Шахматы. Энциклопедический словарь / гл. ред. А. Е. Карпов. – М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. – С. 497. – ISBN 5-85270-005-3
3. ↑  „Schiffmann, Israel Abraham" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugpjūčio 23 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
4. ↑  „Peter Sickinger" (vokiečių). Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 rugp. 16 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
5. ↑  „Karl Adolf Koefoed Larsen (02-05-1896 - 22-12-1963)" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugpjūčio 27 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
6. ↑  „Рафаэль Моисеевич Кофман (26-03-1909 - 20-12-1988)" (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 2018 rugpjūčio 27 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)
7. ↑  „Адабашев Марк Иванович" (rusų ir anglų). Suarchyvuota iš originalo 2018-08-28. Nuoroda tikrinta 2020 rugp. 16 d. `{{cite web}}`: Patikrinkite date reikšmes: `|accessdate=` (pagalba)CS1 priežiūra: netinkamas URL (link)

Nuorodos
--------

* Šifmano gynybos tema sukurti šachmatų uždaviniai
* Gabrielius Baumgartneris. Žavūs I.A. Šifmano šachmatų uždaviniai (de).