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Cor et circuli sanguinis maior et minor. Morbi cardiovasculares primum ad structuras hic depictas referunt.
Micrographum cordis fibrosi (colore flavo) et amyloidosi (brunneo) affecti. Tinctura Movatiana.
Cor calcificatum senis muliebris cardiomegalia laborantis.
**Morbi cardiovasculares** sunt maior collatio complurium morborum et cordis et vasorum sanguineorum circuli sanguinis maioris et minoris. Natura morborum cardiovascularium magnopere variat. Inter morbos cardiovasculares notissimos sunt infarctus cordis et angina pectoris. Alii morbi cardiovasculares sunt apoplexia cerebri, defectio cordis, morbus cordis hypertensivus, morbus cordis rheumaticus, cardiomyopathia, arrhythmia, morbus cordis congenitalis, morbus cordis valvularis, carditis, aneurysmi aortici, morbus arteriorum peripheralis, thrombosis, thrombosis venosa.

Pandemia currens COVID-19 periculum morborum cardiovascularium imponit.

Rationes fundamentales ex morbo variant.

Simul effectus non solum vitae hominis singularis maiores sunt, sed etiam societatis in genere. Secundum Ordinem Mundi Sanitarium quoque anno in urbe terrarum toto homines centies undeoctogies centena milia morborum cardiovascularium causa moriuntur.

Significatio salutis generalis
------------------------------

Secundum Ordinem Mundi Sanitarium (OMS) momentum morborum cardiovascularium maximum est. Toto in orbe terrarum morbi cardiovasculares numerus suprema omnium causarum letalium invenitur, quod est, nullo grege morborum ceterorum tam homines plures quam cardiovascularibus patiuntur. Anno 2006, OMS dixit, centies undeoctogies centena milia mortui fuisse, sive centesimae triginta unum omnium mortuorum in orbe terrarum. Ex eis centesimae octoginta quinque apoplexia cerebri et infarctu cordis. Mortuorum tres partes tamen in civitatum minus progressarum acerbe ferre debent. Putatur, ut plerique morbi cardiovasculares modo periculis colloquentibus et fumationis alcoholismique et nutrimentorum insalubrium et obesitatis et tarditatis exercitiorum corporis evitari possint. Inter alios OMS nominat morbos hos cardiovasculares:

* Morbus coronarius (morbus arteriarum coronarium) — morbi ad vasa sanguinea cor rigantes spectantes
* Morbus cerebrovascularis — morbi ad vasa sanguinea cerebrum rigantes spectantes
* Morbus arteriosus periphericus — morbi ad vasa sanguinea membra superiora et inferiora rigantes spectantes
* Morbus cordis rheumaticus — damnum musculi cardiaci vel cordis valvularum, contagionis febri rheumatica causa, bacteriorum streptococcorum causa
* Morbis cordis congenitalis — cordis malformationes iam ante partum praestantes
* Thrombosis venarum profundarum et embolismus pulmonalis — coagula sanguinea venarum membrorum inferiorum, quae liberata in cor et pulmones movere possunt

Commendantur:

* Egredi e fumatione
* Gubernare problema obesitatis globalis

Pathophysiologia
----------------

### Mitochondria et morbi cardiovasculares

 Pagina principalis est: Mitochondrium 
Officium mitochondriorum rectum salutis organorum, imprimis talium consumptionis energiae altioris ut cordis, pernecesse apparet. Mitochondria facile sub deminutionibus et oxigenii et nutrimentorum patiuntur detrimentum. In morbis cardiovascularis aequilibria perturbata sunt, ita synthesis ATP, energiae cellularum, ope phosphorylationis oxidativae interruptae in parte deminuitur, quo fit, ut substantiae radicales et cellulis detrimentosae liberatae sint. Mitochondria abnormalia per *mitophagiam* removentur. Generaliter dictum in morbis cardiovascularibus relatio inter mitochondrogenesem et mitophagiam mota est versus mitophagiam, pariter inter genesis et ATP et substantias radicales versus radicales. Videtur, ut membrana inferior mitochondrialis situs detrimenti sit. Propositum ab aliis est, ut nutrimenta ut coenzymum Q10 et substantia antioxidativa consumentur.

Nuper munus proteini p66SHC morborum cardiovascularium suspicabatur, loco inter complexus III et IV catenae electronum transferentis (phosphorylatio oxidativa) situm, H2O2 generans.

### Perturbatio aequilibrii calcii

Exstat interrelatio inter morbos cardiovasculares et fibrillationem arterialem, quo perturbatio aequilibrii calcii Ca++ ope circuli vitiosi momentum habere videtur.

Morbi cardiovasculares
----------------------

### Fibrillatio atrialis et ceterae arrhythmiae cardiales

 Pagina principalis est: Fibrillatio atrialis 
### Angina pectoris, infarctus cordis

 Pagina principalis est: Angina pectoris 
 Pagina principalis est: Infarctus cordis 
### Cardiomyopathiae

Cardiomyopathiae musculum laevem cardialem, myocardium, tangunt. Cardiomyopathiae dividuuntur in cardiomyopathiam hypertrophicam, cardiomyopathiam dilatativam, cardiomyopathiam restrictivam, cardiomyopathiam arrhythmogenicam, cardiomyopathia tako tsubo (Iap. octoporum amphora insidiae).

Pericula alia morbis cardiovascularibus inflicta
------------------------------------------------

Periculum morbum alium ad insanitatis statum addere maius est. Inter talia pericula morborum membrorum inferiorum aucta sunt. Contrarie, homines morbos, ut diabetis vel morbi peripherici arteriosi, saepe morbum cardiovascularem contrahere queant. Videtur, ut fumatio et hypertensio arterialis et lipoproteina densitatis non maioris ad periculum addant.

Notae
-----

1. 1 2 3 4  Mendis, Shanthi; Puska, Pekka; Norrving, Bo (2011). *Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control*. World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. pp. 3–18. ISBN 978-92-4-156437-3 .
2. ↑  Naghavi et a. 2015.
3. ↑  Guo T. Fan Y. et al. (Iul 2020). "Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". *JAMA cardiology* **5** (7): 811-8
4. ↑  De morbis cardiovascularibus
5. ↑  *who.int*: De egressu e fumatione **(Anglice)**
6. ↑  *who.int*: De problemate obesitatis globalis **(Anglice)**
7. ↑  Chistiakov D. A. Shkurat T. P. et al. (Mar 2018). "The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease: a brief review". *Annals of medicine* **50** (2): 121-7
8. ↑  Cheng J. Nanayakkara G. et al. (2017). "Mitochondrial Proton Leak Plays a Critical Role in Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases". *Advances in experimental medicine and biology* **982**: 359-70
9. ↑  Mollace V. Rosano G. M. C. et al. (Ian 2021). "Pathophysiological Basis for Nutraceutical Supplementation in Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review". *Nutrients* **13** (1): 257
10. ↑  Boengler K. Bornbaum J. et al. (Iun 2019). "P66shc and its role in ischemic cardiovascular diseases". *Basic research in cardiology* **114** (4): 29
11. ↑  Denham N. C. Pearman C. M. et al. (Oct 2018). "Calcium in the Pathophysiology of Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure". *Frontiers in physiology* **9**: 1380
12. ↑  Hageman S. H. J. De Borst G. J. Dorresteijn J. A. N. Bots M. L. Westerink J. Asselbergs F. W. Visseren F. L. J. UCC-SMART Study Group (Nov 2020). "Cardiovascular risk factors and the risk of major adverse limb events in patients with symptomatic cardiovascular disease". *Heart* **106** (21): 1686-92
13. ↑  Golledge J. Drovandi A. Rowbotham S. Velu R. Quigley F. Jenkins J. (Iun 2021). "Control of modifiable risk factors and major adverse cardiovascular events in people with peripheral artery disease and diabetes". *World journal of diabetes* **12** (6): 883-92

Bibliographia
-------------

* McGill, H. C. C. A. McMahan, et S. S. Gidding. 2008. "Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study." *Circulation* 117, no. 9 (Martius): 1216–27. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033. PMID 18316498. Editio interretialis.
* Naghavi, M. H. Wang, R. Lozano, A. Davis, X. Liang, M. Zhou, et al. 2015. "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013." *Lancet* 385, no. 9963 (Ianuarius): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. Editio PMC.
* Wang H. M. Naghavi, C. Allen, R. M. Barber, Z. A. Bhutta, A. Carter, et al. 2016. "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–12015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015." *Lancet* 388, no. 10053 (October): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. Editio PMC.

Nexus interni
-------------

* Ars athletica
* Hypertensio arterialis
* Receptorium adrenergicum alpha-2

Nexus externi
-------------

* *OMS* de morbis cardiovascularibus **(Anglice)**