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*Triticum* monocotyledon magni momenti

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**Plantae** — Angiospermae

**Monocotyledones**   
   
Palaeontologia

145–0 m.a.: Cretaceum inferius > Recens 
praeЄ







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Subdivisiones: Ordines::\* Acorales
* Alismatales
* Asparagales
* Dioscoreales
* Liliales
* Pandanales
* Petrosaviales

* Commelinidae:

* Dasypogonaceae (sine sede)
* Arecales
* Commelinales
* Poales
* Zingiberales

Synonyma
\* Monocotyledoneae
* Lilianae Takht.
* Liliatae Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm.
* Liliopsida Batsch

**Monocotylēdōnes** vel **Monocotyledoneae** (a Graeco, μόνος 'unicus' et κοτυληδών 'cavum, cotyledon') sunt unus ex duobus maioribus plantarum florentium gregibus usitate agnotis, quorum alius est Dicotyledones. Plantulis inter monocotyledones usitate est singulus cotyledon (folium seminis), contra binos cotyledones plerumque inter dicotyledones. Monocotyledones in variis gradibus taxinomicis variisque nominibus conlocati sunt (vide infra). APG III systema cladum Anglice *monocots* appellatum agnoscit, sed gradum taxinomicum ei non adsignat.

Secatio cepae venas parallelas in sectione transversa monstrat.
*Hypoxis decumbens* (L.) usitatam monocotyledonum perigonium et venationem parallelam habet.
*Ceroxylon quindiuense* altissimus telluris monocotyledon putatur.
Caules duarum *Roystonearum regiarum* anomalum auctum secundarium in monocotyledonibus monstrant. Nota radices proprie fibrosas, usitate in monocotyledonibus.
Gramen (monocotyledon) germinans (laeva) evolutionem hypogealem monstrat, in quo cotyledon subterraneus manet et sub oculos non cadit. Compara dicotyledon (dextra).
Apud IUCN sunt 59 300 species monocotyledonum. Maxima huius gregis familia (interque omnes plantas florentes) numero specierum sunt Orchidaceae, quibus sunt plus quam 20 000 species. In agricultura, maior biomassae pars ex monocotyledonibus procedit. Gramineae verae, familiae Poacearum, sunt familia huius gregis maximi momenti oeconomici; inter quas frumenta (oryza, triticum, maizum, etc.), gramineae pascuae, saccharum, et bambusae. Verae gramineae factae sunt pollinatione venti magnopere peculiares. Gramineae flores gignunt multo minores, in inflorescentiis aspectabilissimis dispositis. Aliae monocotyledonum familiae magni momenti oeconomici sunt Arecaceae, Musaceae (bananae), Zingiberaceae, et Amaryllidaceae (inter quas holera *Allium cepa* et *Allium sativum,* omnibus locis praesentes).

Multae genera plantarum ob flores petitae etiam ad gregem monocotyledonum pertinent, insigniter *Amaryllis,* *Canna,* *Hyacinthoides,* *Iris,* *Lilium,* *Muscari,* *Narcissus,* *Orchidaceae,* *Tulipa.*

Nomen et proprietates
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Nomen monocotyledonum deducitur ex facto quod translaticio huius gregis singulo est unus cotyledon (folium embryonicum) in seminibus; translaticio autem dicotyledoni usitate sunt bini cotyledones. Ex iudicio diagnostico, numerus cotyledonum est proprietas nec semper utilis nec omnino fidelis. Nihilominus, monocotyledones sunt grex distinctus. Una ex eorum clarissimis proprietatibus est quod flos monocotyledonis est trimerosus, quoque flore partes ternas habente, exempli gratia, petala terna, sena, vel novena. Multis monocotyledonibus etiam sunt folia venis parallelis praedita.

Morphologia, contra dicotyledones (late definitos)
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Discrepantiae usitate perscriptae inter monocotyledones et dicotyledones videntur infra.

| Proprietas | In monocotyledonibus | In dicotyledonibus |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Numerus partium quisque floris | ternis (flores sunt trimerosi) | quaternis vel quinis (tetramerosi vel pentamerosi) |
| Numerus sulcorum vel foramina in polline | singulum | terna |
| Numerus cotyledonum (foliorum in semine) | singulus | bini |
| Compositio fasciculorum vascularium in caule | sparsi | in circuli concentrici |
| Radices | adventitiosae | ex radicula crescunt |
| Compostio maiorum venarum foliorum | parallelae | reticulatae |

Paene omnes monocotyledonum petiolis in eorum foliis carent.

Nonnullae harum discrepantiarum extra monocotyledones inveniuntur. Exempli gratia, flores trimerosi et pollen monosulcatum etiam in Magnoliidis inveniuntur. Radices adventitiosae etiam in Nymphaeaceis et nonnullis Piperaceis inveniuntur. Similiter, parallelae foliorum venae, tantum una ex his proprietatibus, non est universa inter monocotyledones. Monocotyledones quibus sunt reticulatae venae foliorum in variis monocotyledonum familiis inveniuntur; exempli gratia, *Trillium,* *Smilax,* et *Pogonia* (orchis), et Dioscoreales. Nihilominus, hic index proprietatum est communiter valida discrepantiarum copia, praecipue cum monocotyledones et eudicotyledones distinguantur, potius plantae florentes non monocotyledones generatim distinctae.


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| cladus Monocotyledones :
* ordo Acorales
* ordo Alismatales
* ordo Asparagales
* ordo Dioscoreales
* ordor Liliales
* ordo Pandanales
* ordo Petrosaviales

* cladus Commelinidae:

* familia Dasypogonaceae

* ordo Arecales
* ordo Commelinales
* ordo Poales
* ordo Zingiberales
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|  | 

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| --- | --- |
|  | Chloranthaceae |
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|  | Magnoliidae |
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| **Monocotyledones** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Acorales |
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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Alismatales |
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| --- | --- |
|  | Petrosaviales |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 

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| --- | --- |
|  | Dioscoreales |
|  |
|  | Pandanales |
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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Liliales |
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| --- | --- |
|  | Asparagales |
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|  | commelinids |
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| --- | --- |
|  | *Ceratophyllum* |
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|  | Eudicotyledones |
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| Praesens phylogenia et compositio monocotyledonum. |

Notae
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1. ↑   Fons nominis Latini desideratur *(addito fonte, hanc formulam remove)*
2. ↑  Zanne, Amy E. et al. 2014. "Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments". *Nature* vol. 506 (2013) pp. 89–92
3. ↑  International Union for Conservation of Nature.
4. ↑  Peter H. Raven, Ray Franklin Evert, et Susan E. Eichhorn (2005) *Biology of Plants,* ed. septima, p. 459.
5. ↑  Barbara Reed, *Plant Cryopreservation: A Practical Guide* (Novi Eboraci: Springer, 2008, ISBN 9780387722764), 241.
6. 1 2 3 4 5 6  Mark W. Chase (2004). "Monocot relationships: an overview". *American Journal of Botany* **91** (10): 1645–1655 .
7. ↑  "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". *Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society* **161** (2): 105–121. 2009 .

Bibliographia
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* Chase M. W. D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, P. J. Rudall, M. F. Fay, W. J. Hahn, S. Sullivan, J. Joseph, M. Molvray, P. J. Kores, T. J. Givnish, K. J. Sytsma, et J. C. Pires. 2000. Higher-level systematics of the monocotyledons: An assessment of current knowledge and a new classification. In *Monocots: Systematics and Evolution,* ed. K. L. Wilson et D. A. Morrison. Melbourni: CSIRO. ISBN 0643064370.
* Davis, Jerrold I. Dennis W. Stevenson, Gitte Petersen, Ole Seberg, Lisa M. Campbell, John V. Freudenstein, Douglas H. Goldman, Christopher R. Hardy, Fabian A. Michelangeli, Mark P. Simmons, Chelsea D. Specht, Francisco Vergara-Silva, et Maria Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from *rbc*L and *atp*A sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. *Systematic Botany* 29(3):467–510. doi:10.1600/0363644041744365.

Nexus externi
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|  | **Vicimedia Communia** plura habent quae ad **Monocotyledones** spectant. |

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|  | Vide **"Monocotyledones"** apud **Vicispecies**. |

* Tree of Life Web Project: Monocotyledons
* "Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2004)". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
* Formae vitae plantarum: monocotyledonum