*Euphorbia heterophylla* in Hyderabad

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**Plantae** — Angiospermae

Eudicotyledones   
**Rosidae**   
   
Subdivisiones: OrdinesVide commentarium.

**Rosidae** sunt magnus plantarum florentium cladus, qui circa 70 000 specierum comprehendit, plus quam quarta pars omnium angiospermarum. Dividitur in sedecim ad viginti ordines, secundum circumscriptionem et classificationem biologicam. Hi ordines vicissim circa 140 familias comprehendunt. Rosidae et asteridae sunt maximi eudicotyledonum cladi. 

Cognatae sunt Rosidae fossiles ab aevo Cretaceo. Iudicia horologiorum molecularium monstrant Rosidas Aptianá vel Albianá Cretacei stationibus ortas fuisse, abhinc annorum inter 125 et 99.6 miliones.

Nomen
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Nomen *Rosidarum* deducitur ex nomine *Rosidarum,* quod usitate subclassem habebatur. Anno autem 1967, Armen Takhtajan monstravit recta nominis *Rosidarum* fundamenta esse descriptionem cuiusdam taxi plantarum anno 1830 a Friderico Gottlieb Bartling publicati. Hic cladus deinde nominatus est *Rosidae* et a variis auctoribus varie descriptus. Nomen *Rosidarum* est haud sollemni more, cui proprius gradus taxinomicus non attributus est, sicut nomina ab ICBN permissa.

Rosidae sunt monophyleticae secundum res ab investigatione phylogeneticae molecularis inventas.

Tres Rosidarum definitiones variae nunc sunt in usu. Aliqui auctores ordines Saxifragales Vitalesque in Rosidis ponuntur. Alii ambos ordines excludunt. Circumscriptio hic praebita classificationem sequitur APG II, quae Vitales includit, Saxifragalibus exclusis.

Coniunctiones
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Rosidae et Saxifragales unum cladum faciunt. Hic est unus ex sex gregibus, qui sunt Pentapetalae (eudicotyledones nucleares, Gunneralibus exceptis), Alii horum cladorum sunt Berberidopsidales, Caryophyllales, Dilleniales, Santalales, et Asteridae. Paene nihil de coniunctionibus horum gregum noscitur.

Classificatio
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Rosidae in duobus gregibus consistunt: in ordine Vitalibus et in eurosidis (Rosidis veris). Eurosidae vicissim in septem greges digeruntur: Fabidas, Geraniales, Myrtales, Crossosomatales, Picramniales, Malvidas, et familiam Apodanthaceas, incertae sedis. Fabidae saepe appellantur eurosidas primas; similiter, Malvidae saepe appellantur eurosidas alteras. 

### Ordines

Rosidae in septimis decimis ordinibus et duabus familiis consistunt, quae
incertae sedis sunt. Praeter Vitales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Crossosomatales, et Picramniales, sunt octo ordines in Fabidis et quattuor in Malvidis. Anno 2009, Hengchang Wang et alii Malvidas augeri ut comprehenderent Geraniales, Myrtales, Crossosomatales, et Picramniales proposuerunt. Haec maior Malvidarum circumscriptio in eorum investigatione valens adiumentum statisticum—100% "bootstrap percentage" (Anglice)—accepit. Aliqui ordines nuperrime recogniti sunt; hi sunt Vitales, Zygophyllales, Crossosomatales, Picramniales, et Huerteales.

### Familiae incertae sedis

Familiae Apodanthaceae et Huaceae in Rosidis ponuntur, sed non in eorum ordinibus. Apodanthaceae sunt aenigmatica achlorophyllorum parasitorum familia, quae in Cucurbitalibus a nonnullis ponitur ad tempus, sed eorum coniunctiones obscurae manent. Gena chloroplastica, quae ad phylogeniam plantarum concludendam alibi adhibita sunt, pro plantis chlorophyllo carentibus pauca data phylogenetica praestant, quod haec gena revera sunt pseudogena, sine munere biologico.

Familia Huaceae est membrum COM (Celastrales, Oxalidales, Malpighiales) cladi Fabidarum. Duae investigationes monstraverunt Huaceas in Oxalidalibus poni debere, tertiá autem investigatione discrepante.

Phylogenia
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Flos, gemmae, et folia *Hibisci rosae-sinensis*
Phylogenia infra data ex Wang et aliis (2009) transcribitur, nominibus ordinum ex interretiali Angiospermarum Phylogeniae Gregis (APG usitate appellati) situ. Rami quibus est minus quam 50% "bootstrap support" concientur. Aliis ramis est 100% "bootstrap support," nisi aliter monstratum.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Vitales |
|  |
| eurosidae  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fabidae  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Zygophyllales |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| COM cladus  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Huaceae |
|  |
|  | Celastrales |
|  |
|  | Oxalidales |
|  |
|  | Malpighiales |
|  |

 |
|  |
| nitrogenium‑figens cladus  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Fabales |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Rosales |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Fagales |
|  |
|  | Cucurbitales |
|  |

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| Malvidae sensu lato  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 65%  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Geraniales |
|  |
|  | Myrtales |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Crossosomatales |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Picramniales |
|  |
| Malvidae sensu stricto  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Sapindales |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Huerteales |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Brassicales |
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|  | Malvales |
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Cladus nitrogenium-figens permultas plantas actinorhizales continet (quibus sunt nodi radicales qui bacteria nitrogenium-figentia continent), sed non omnes hoc in clado plantae sunt actinorhizales.

Notae
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1. 1 2 3 4   Hengchang Wang, Michael J. Moore, Pamela S. Soltis, Charles D. Bell, Samuel F. Brockington, Roolse Alexandre, Charles C. Davis, Maribeth Latvis, Steven R. Manchester, et Douglas E. Soltis (10Mar2009), "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests", *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **106** (10): 3853–3858
2. ↑  Robert W. Scotland et Alexandra H. Wortley (2003), "How many species of seed plants are there?", *Taxon* **52** (1): 101–104
3. ↑   Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, Peter K. Endress, et Mark W. Chase (2005), *Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms*, Sunderland, MA, USA: Sinauer, ISBN 978-0878938179
4. ↑  T. J. Davies, T. G. Barraclough, M. W. Chase, P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, et V. Savolainen (2004), "Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms", *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **101** (7): 1904–1909
5. ↑   Susana Magallón et Amanda Castillo (2009), "Angiosperm diversification through time", *American Journal of Botany* **96** (1): 349–365
6. ↑   James L. Reveal (2008 onward), "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants", *Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome*
7. ↑   J. Gordon Burleigh, Khidir W. Hilu, et Douglas E. Soltis (2009), *File 7*, "Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms", *BMC Evolutionary Biology* **9**: 61 .
8. 1 2 3 4 5 6  Peter F. Stevens (2001 porro), *Angiosperm Phylogeny Website* .
9. 1 2   Philip D. Cantino, James A. Doyle, Sean W. Graham, Walter S. Judd, Richard G. Olmstead, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, et Michael J. Donoghue (2007), "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of *Tracheophyta*", *Taxon* **56** (3): 822–846
10. 1 2   Daniel L. Nickrent, "Apodanthaceae", *The Parasitic Plant Connection*
11. ↑   James L. Reveal. (1995). page 72 in Newly required suprageneric names in vascular plants. Phytologia 79(2):68-76
12. ↑   Chalk, L. 1983. Wood structure. Pp. 1-51 [1-2 by C. R. Melcalfe], in Metcalfe, C. R. & Chalk, L. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Second Edition. Volume II. Wood Structure and Conclusion of the General Introduction. Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-854559-0.
13. ↑   Klaus Kubitzki (2007), "Introduction to Crossosomatales", in Klaus Kubitzki, *The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol.IX*, Berlin,Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag
14. ↑   John Hutchinson *The Families of Flowering Plants* 3rd edition. 1973. Oxford University Press.
15. ↑   Andreas Worberg, Mac H. Alford, Dietmar Quandt, et Thomas Borsch (2009), "Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and Tapiscia", *Taxon* **58** (2): 468–478
16. ↑   Douglas E. Soltis, Matthew A. Gitzendanner, et Pamela S. Soltis (2007), "A 567-taxon data set for angiosperms: The challenges posed by Bayesian analyses of large data sets", *International Journal of Plant Sciences* **168** (2): 137–157
17. ↑   Li-Bing Zhang et Mark P. Simmons (2006), "Phylogeny and delimitation of the Celastrales inferred from nuclear and plastid genes", *Systematic Botany* **31** (1): 122–137

Nexus interni
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* *Oxalis violacea*
* *Krameria ixine*

Nexus externi
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|  | **Situs scientifici:**  • NCBI • Encyclopedia of Life • Fossilworks |

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|  | Vide **"Rosidas"** apud **Vicispecies**. |


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|  | **Vicimedia Communia** plura habent quae ad **Rosidas** spectant. |