*Dry martini* e spiritu iuniperato vinoque absinthita, cortice lumiae ornata, in cyatho typico oblata
**Martini**, saepe plenius **dry martini**, est potio fortis mixta generis *cocktail*, saeculo XIX exeunte inventa. Consensu universali *martini* originem suam in Civitatibus Foederatis habet: philologus ergo Americanus huiusque potionis amator H. L. Mencken haud infeliciter *the only American invention as perfect as a sonnet* ("solam inventionum Americanarum quae adeo perfecta sit ut sonetum") nuncupavisse refertur. Lyman Phillips anno 1906 his verbis iudicavit: *The cocktail is the national* apéritif *of America — Manhattan or Martini being most in favor* ("*cocktail* est propoma Americanorum nationale: in hoc genere *Manhattan* aut *Martini* maxime probatur"). Annis insequentibus (quo aevo *cocktail hour*, ita nuncupata, apud Americanos non paucos ante cenam celebrabatur) a pluribus scriptoribus, viris politicis, mercatoribus Civitatum Foederatarum *martini* paene loco potionis nationalis habebatur, ut qui non tantum de eius confectione sed etiam de essentialitate aut levius aut profundius loqui solebant. His non omnino dissentiens, Nicetas Chruščëv princeps Sovieticus, "arma Civitatum Foederatarum letalissima" annis 1960 agnominavit.

De nomine et historia
---------------------

Gastronomia Novae Aureliae: *Vodka martini* e vodca vinoque absinthita, tribus olivis ornata, instillatione muriae olivarum tincta, in deversorio *Monteleone* inlata
Nomen *dry martini* hoc sensu primum fortasse anno 1903 legitur, vocabulum simplex *martini* anno 1896, paulo anterius locutio *martini cocktail* anno 1884 in *Modern Bartender's Guide* ab O. H. Byron edito, sed eodem anno *Martinez cocktail* in *The Bar-tender's Guide* a Jerry Thomas scripto. Si haec appellatio pristina sit (id quod incertum est), nonnulli, fontibus haud fidei dignis, e nomine urbis Martinez Californiae derivare suadeant.

Byron breviter "eadem quae Manhattan nisi quod iuniperatum loco vischii recipias" praecepit. Ita partes aequales iuniperati vinique absinthitae dulcis, instillationes elixirum curaçao et Angostura aequales recipere solebat. Nostro tempore potio *martini* e spiritu iuniperato multo, vino absinthita sicco pauco conficitur, elixiribus amaris(en) fere semper omissis, glacie sedulius refrigerata, aut oliva aut lumiae cortice ornata.

Inter placita Americanorum leviora retinere oportet mandatum *sample the bewildering depths of the "Martini cocktail"* ("degustate perplexantes profunditates potionis *martini*") cuiusdam diarii Neo-Eboracensis anni 1887; Robertique Lowell poëtae illius fere nationalis domum ope potionum *martini* reditum, *We made it on ... martinis*; consensumque constrictissimum cui Arthurus Schlesinger se cum Roberto Bork (de quo vide infra) anno 1989 convenisse confessus est, *But he is likeable, and we agreed at least on the indispensability of the dry martini* ("nihilominus amabilis est, atque ad minimum de natura indispensabili potionis *dry martini* una mente locuti sumus").

Gastronomia Campensis: *Martini* seu *vodka martini*, laguna et cyathus cervesiae *Baltika* (Petropoli in urbe braxatae), cyathi aquae duo in popina Campis Nivatae inlatae
*Martini* non iam oblata cum glacie refrigescitur. Impensae monstrantur: spiritus iuniperatus *Finsbury*, vinum absinthites siccum Francicum *Noilly Prat*, elixir aurantiacum ... sed de confectoribus praeferendis ad infinitum disputatur
Scriptorum omnium Ernestus Hemingway maxime hanc potionem cupiebat, etiamsi Lutetiae annis 1920 propter paupertatem rarius consumpsisset. Protagonistas mythistoriarum, tamquam pro se agentes, *martini* libentissime bibentes monstrat. In *A Farewell to Arms* Fridericum Henry heroem, ab exercitu Italico clam discedentem, Strixiam ad amicam rursus inveniendam petiisse, sed illa non iam reperta statim in deversorio duas *martini* bibisse, olivas, amygdala sale condita, segmina patatarum comedisse, pastilla *sandwich* iterumque duas *martini* postulavisse: *I had never tasted anything so cool and clean. They made me feel civilized. I had had too much red wine, bread, cheese, bad coffee and grappa* ("Nullam aliam rem adeo nitidam refrigeratoriamque gustaveram. Me cultum sentire fecerunt. Vinum rubrum, panem, caseum, coffeum acerbum, spiritum vini nimis sumpseram").

De rebus politicis
------------------

*Dry martini*, oliva immersa ornata, iuxta impensas suas monstrata, videlicet spiritum iuniperatum *Gordon's* Britannicum vinumque absinthites siccum Italicum *Gallo*
Herbertus Hoover praeses ab annos 1930 *martini* ritualiter bibisse, potionem a sinistra ad rectam incitans, atque iam senem ab eo tempore quo medicus unam tantam praescripsisset, cyathum maiorem postulavisse, secundum biographum Davidem Burner; maxime diligisse horam *cocktail*, quam "moram" nuncupavisset "inter errores probationesque diei et spes noctis".

*Dry martini*, olivis quattuor ornata, ad quam, elixire aurantiaco omisso, spiritus iuniperatus *Tanqueray Rangpur(en)* recipitur
Theodorus Roosevelt praeses, sicut Americani multi, potiones ipse misceri solebat hospesque generosus convivas fere quotidie convocabat, sed, secundum nonnullos, *martini* pessimas omnium conficiebat. Nonnumquam impensarum quantitatis dum etiam miscebat oblitus est; ipsum e cyatho subbibit, ac, si perite gustu suo miscuisset, "*Yummy*, nonne bonum!" dixit. Ricardus Nixon praeses, secundum aulicum quendam, si de ulla re, de *martini* sicut cognoscens iudicabat; de confectore spiritus iuniperati et de mixtura curiosissime inquirebat. Ultima potio, quam nocte demissionis suae sumpsit, *martini* esse refertur.

Ille Bork, iudex conservativus, quondam advocatus generalis Civitatum Foederatarum, solus fortasse inter politicos saeculi XX de potione a se amata commentationem longiorem conscripsit: quam composuerit eo fere die, conservativis nefasto, quo Gulielmus Clinton (olim discipulus suus apud Yalenses) praeses iterum electus est. Ibi de rebus factionalibus' "una tantum potio" scripsit "correctitudinem conservativam convehit, videlicet *dry martini*, quam Bernardus DeVoto 'supremum donum ad culturam mundanam ab Americanis datum' nuncupavit, quam autem mundus iste haud appententer accepit: recentius in tabernis Angliae bonam *martini* non habueris nisi mixturam tumet ipse fecisses. *Martini* electionibus anno 1994 habitis apud nos restituta est: nos devictionis nostrae anno 1996 oblivisci adiuvet."

De horis
--------

W. C. Fields histrio mane surgens duas *martini* duplices, Geraldus Ford legatus futurusque praeses *martini* singulam ante alium cibum sumere solebat; quam potionem caupona "ientaculum victorum" (*breakfast of champions*) in mythistoria eiusdem tituli Curtii Vonnegut nuncupare fingitur. Duas *martini* cum prandio sumptas Georgius McGovern candidatus ad praesidatum anno 1972 vituperavit; cui post sex annos respondens Geraldus Ford tres *martini* medio die bibitas levius defendit.

Rectius autem crebriusque de potionibus *martini* ante cenam sumptis, eadem hora quae *cocktail hour* nominatur, scribuntur historici recentiores (ita anecdotice Barbara Holland: "illis diebus operario domum redeunte ad portam a muliere salutato *martini* optime refrigerata oblata est; cuius ope animus restitutus, nervi nodosi relaxati erunt") antiquioribus non dissentientibus. P. G. Wodehouse enim breviter per heroëm Bertie Wooster "cenam bene temperatam" laudat "praecedentibus *dry Martini* duabus, dimidiata vini lagena perluente". Ad hanc habitudinem roborandam apud societatem cenatoriam *Century Club* Neo-Eboracensem potiones *martini* et *Manhattan* nostro tempore libenter dantur, aliis potionibus (aqua non excepta) venditatis.

De confectione
--------------

Qui de *martini* praesertim de confectione potionis colloquuntur, sicut in convivio praeceptorum a mythistorico Randall Jarrell fingitur: "Potiones nobis datae sunt. Potavimus. Dum potabamus locuti sumus, sed *loqui* in euphemismum hic scribitur: dialogum istum de modo confectionis *martini* egimus ... Americani Inferni incolae de *martini* commiscendis inter se disputant."

De ornatu iam centum fere annos disputatum est, an cortice limoniorum seu lumiarum, an potius olivis, sed quot olivis (usque ad quattuor, vide imaginem) et qualibus (an capsico dulci farctis?) An modicum muriae, quo olivae conditae erant, addere oportet (vide imaginem)? De baculo, quo olivae infixantur, haud unquam disputatur, tamquam periculosum sit: baculo incaute hausto, diverticulo coli mox transpuncto, scriptor Sherwood Anderson peritonitide mortuus est.

Ille Bork, scriptor de natura et utilitate *martini*
De siccitate aut dulcitudine disputationem cognoscentium fingitur: *sweet martini* in libris praeceptorum exstetit, sed scriptis plurimis *dry martini* et *martini* eundem sensum habent. Potiones huius generis nihilominus annis 1880 et 1890, fortasse etiam tardius, e vino absinthita dulci confieri solebant; ergo eo aevo omnes *martini* dulces, sed ab annis 1940 omnes "siccae" vel amarae fiunt. Eodem fere rythmo *martini* fortiores factae sunt, vino absinthita gradatim deminuta, aqua vitae aucta. Eo aevo M. F. K. Fisher gastronoma quattuor potiones *martini* definivit, quarum ultimam, e quattuor partes iuniperati ampullulamque absinthitae mixtam, se sibi ipso reservavisse praetendit, omnibus aliis absentibus. Eisdem annis Natalis Coward scriptor scaenicus praecepisse dicitur *filling a glass with gin, then waving it in the general direction of Italy* ("cyathus iuniperato repletus Italiam versus gesticuletur", Italiam scilicet unde vina absinthita plura proveniunt.

Gastronomia Californiensis: Vesper modo canonico ex iuniperato, vodca, vino cinchonato composita, taenia corticis limonii ornata, apud cauponam oppidi Half Moon Bay oblata
Multi recentius loco iuniperati vodcam recipiunt, ita *vodka martini* bibentes. Sunt qui post ioannem Fleming vel potius Iacobum Bond "Vesper" sumunt, vodca retenta, vino cinchonato adhibito loco absinthitae. Sed Bork, nomen *martini* talibus variationibus abnegans, olivis reiectis, de mixtura verae potionis verbis iudicialibus "mixturam iuniperati et absinthitae" scripsit "proportionibus ab 4:1 usque ad 8:1 permittendam," iuniperatos *Bombay*, *Bombay Sapphire*, *Tanqueray*, absinthita *Boissière* a se praelatis: glacie e cyatho excluderetur sed ipse columniacus cyathus gelaretur adeo ut frigidissimus esset.

De rebus sensualibus
--------------------

Fisher autem, de sensualitate *martini* loquens, se concipisse confessa est *the real pleasure of a definite alcoholic wallop. There is no less vulgar way of describing what a dry Martini gives me. It is as warming as a hearthfire in December, as stimulating as a good review by my favorite critic ... as exciting as a thorough buss I have yearned for from a man I didn't even suspect* suspected *me* ("libidinem veram colaphi alcoholici distincti; non potest verbis urbanioribus describi id quod *dry martini* mihi dat. Adeo calefacit quam flammae foci Decembres, adeo excitat quam laudatio a recensore mi cariore edita, adeo accendit quam basia illius admirati quem aestimatum meum percepisse non iam perceperam").

His anno fere 1930 a femina libera satisque potente fassis, Ernestus Hemingway mox in mythistoria *Across the River and Into the Trees* nolens potestatem tradit, qua vir admiratus, mixturae alcoholicae dominus, in puellam agere possit: Colonellum Cantwell heroëm, Renatam multo iuniorem excipiens, *martini* fortissimae *Montgomery* confectionis sibi illaeque afferri iussisse, praebibere cyathorum contactu "si volumus" docuisse: cui illam "volo" respondisse: "gelatissimae potiones veraeque *Montgomery* erant, quas, marginibus contactis, per superiores corporum partes iucunde ardere sentiebant."

Notae
-----

1. ↑  Alistair Cooke, *Six Men* (Novi Eboraci: Knopf, 1977) p. 94; Edmunds (1998) p. xix
2. ↑  A. Lyman Phillips, *A bachelor's cupboard* (Bostoniae: Luce, 1906) p. 162
3. ↑  Citationes ab anno 1893: *The Oxford English Dictionary* (Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1989. 20 voll.)
4. ↑  Doxat (1976) p. 134, fonte primario citato; Edmunds (1998) p. xix
5. ↑  *It was an actual mystery to him that any one could dally with a Dry Martini while there was a hydrant on every corner*: G. Ade, *People You Know* p. 20
6. ↑  *As he sipped his martini and inhaled its seductive bouquet, a far-away look came into his baby-blue eyes*: *The Crescent* [Novi Eboraci] (1 Augusti 1896) p. 11 col. 2
7. 1 2  *Martinez cocktail: same as Manhattan, only you substitute gin for whisky*: Byron (1884) p. 21
8. ↑  Thomas (1887)
9. ↑  P. Tamony in *Western Folklore* vol. 26 (1967) p. 124 ff.
10. ↑  *Brooklyn Daily Eagle* (30 Iunii 1887) p. 2 col. 2
11. ↑  Robert Lowell, "Homecoming" in *Day By Day* (Novi Eboraci: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1977) p. 11
12. ↑  Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr, *Journals 1952-2000* (Novi Eboraci: Penguin Press, 2008) sub anno 1989
13. ↑  Ernesti Hemingway *A Farewell to Arms* (1929) cap. 34
14. ↑  *From the 1930's onward, he drank martinis ritualistically, "stirring them to the right", insisting on a larger glass late in life when his doctor limited him to one. The cocktail hour was his favourite time, "the pause," he called it, "between the errors and trials of the day and the hopes of the night"*: David Burner, *Herbert Hoover: a public life* (Novi Eboraci: Knopf, 1979) pp. 218-219; Edmunds (1998) p. xxviii
15. ↑  *Many people — and this is recorded — say "the president made the worst martinis I’ve ever tasted"*: Curtis Roosevelt (nepos praesidis) apud *History Channel* (2005); Brian Abrams, "5 Presidents Who Fought For Their Right To Party" (4 Februarii 2015)
16. ↑  Grace G. Tully, *F.D.R. My Boss* (Novi Eboraci: Scribner, 1949)
17. ↑  *If he is a connoisseur of anything ... it is martinis. He is very particular about the brand of gin -- he prefers Beefeater -- and the way it's mixed*: apud David Butwin, "Nixon in Rebozoland" in *Saturday Review* (8 Martii 1969) p. 109
18. ↑  Blend (2016) et alibi, fonte non citato
19. ↑  Bernard DeVoto, *The Hour* (Boston: Riverside, 1951) p. 22; Edmunds (1998) p. xix
20. ↑  *There is only one drink that conveys conservative correctness ... the dry martini ... which Bernard DeVoto called the "supreme American gift to world culture." Not that the world accepted the gift very eagerly: until recently the only sure way to get a decent martini in England was to go behind the bar and make it yourself ... The martini was brought back by Republicans with the '94 elections; it will help us forget '96.*Bork (1996)
21. ↑  Kurt Vonnegut, *Breakfast of Champions* (Novi Eboraci: Dell, 1995) pp. 194, 210
22. ↑  *There is something fundamentally wrong with the tax system ... when it allows a corporate executive to deduct his $20 martini lunch while a working man cannot deduct the price of his bologna sandwich*; *The three-martini lunch is the epitome of American efficiency. Where else can you get an earful, a bellyful, and a snootful at the same time?* Jerry Della Femina, "The Hey-Day of the Three-Martini Lunch" in *New York Times Magazine* (28 Octobris 1989) p. 22
23. ↑  *In the olden days, the returning breadwinner was greeted by his wife at the door with a perfectly chilled martini ... It restored his soul, loosened his tightly coiled nerves*: Barbara Holland, *Endangered Pleasures: in defense of naps, bacon, martinis, profanity, and other indulgences* (Bostoniae: Little, Brown, 1995) p. 41
24. ↑  "A nicely-balanced meal, preceded by a couple of dry Martinis, washed down with half a bot": P. G. Wodehouse, *Very Good, Jeeves* (1930) cap. 2 p. 57
25. ↑  Edmunds (1998) p. 127, fonte fortasse seipso
26. ↑  *We were given drinks, and drank them, and talked while we drank them. But talked, here, is a euphemism: we had that conversation about how you make a Martini ... Americans in Hell tell each other how to make Martinis.* Randall Jarrell, *Pictures from an Institution: a comedy* (1954) p. 40
27. ↑  B. H. Kean, *M.D.: One Doctor's Adventures among the Famous and Infamous* (1990); Edmunds (1998) p. xi
28. ↑  Sloppy Joe (1933)
29. ↑  *It is generally held that the 1940s was the decade in which the Martini became truly dry*: Edmunds (1998) p. 131
30. ↑  *Given the silly fillip of a scant driblet of vermouth, icy-cold gin can make a private and soul-satisfying drink indeed, and one not to be indulged in lightly, too long, or oftener than the stars dictate ... Palliative or poem, it is good*: Fisher (1949)
31. ↑  Citatio saepissime reperta sed fonte primario carente
32. ↑  *In the first place, a drink made with vodka is not a martini. A martini means gin. Second, olives are to be eschewed, except by people who think a martini is a type of salad. Finally, the martini must be straight up ... The proportion of gin to vermouth may range from 4:1 to 8:1. The upper end of that range is preferable ... The three best gins, in my view, are Bombay, Bombay Sapphire, and Tanqueray, but it is possible to make a fine martini with lesser gins ... My favorite French vermouth is Boissiere ... The martini should be served in a stemmed glass that has been chilled until it is as cold as possible.* Bork (1996)
33. ↑  Fisher (1949)
34. ↑  *"Waiter," the Colonel called; then asked, "Do you want a dry Martini, too?" "Yes," she said. "I'd love one." "Two very dry Martinis," the Colonel said. "Montgomerys. Fifteen to one ... We just raise the glasses to each other, and, if we wish, we can touch the edges." "I wish," she said. The Martinis were icy cold and true Montgomerys, and, after touching the edges, they felt them glow happily all through their upper bodies. ... "Waiter,* ancora due Martini*." He did not like to call for Montgomerys in a tone that could be overheard because there were two obvious Britishers at the next table*: Ernestus Hemingway, *Across the River and Into the Trees* (1950) cap. 14

Bibliographia
-------------

Historica
* Robert Bork; Kathryn Lopez, ed. "Judge Bork & Martinis" in *National Review* (Novembri 1996)
* Barnaby Conrad III, *The Martini: An Illustrated History of an American Classic*. Franciscopoli: Chronicle Books, 1995
* John Doxat, *Stirred -- Not Shaken: the Dry Martini*. Londinii: Hutchinson, 1976
* Lowell Edmunds, *Martini, Straight Up: The Classic American Cocktail*. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780801859717 (Paginae selectae apud *Google Books*) (prima editio, titulo *The Silver Bullet*, 1981)
* "Number Three" in M. F. K. Fisher, *An Alphabet for Gourmets* (Novi Eboraci: Viking, 1949)
* David Leigh, *The Complete Guide to the Drinks of James Bond* (2012) pp. 56-59, 74-80 (Paginae selectae apud *Google Books*)
* Anistatia R. Miller, Jared M. Brown, *Shaken Not Stirred: a celebration of the martini*. Novi Eboraci: Harper, 1997
* Max Rudin, "There is something about a martini" in *American Heritage* vol. 48 no. 4 (1997) pp. 32-51
* David Wondrich, *Imbibe! From Absinthe Cocktail to Whiskey Smash, a Salute in Stories and Drinks to "Professor" Jerry Thomas, Pioneer of the American Bar* (2a ed. Novi Eboraci: Perigee, 2015. ISBN 978-0-399-53287-0) pp. 196-202 (editio 1a: 2007)
* David Wondrich, "Martini" in David Wondrich, Noah Rothbaum, edd. *The Oxford Companion to Spirits and Cocktails* (Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press, 2021. ISBN 978-0-19-931113-2) pp. 442-445

Praecepta
* 1884 : O. H. Byron, *The Modern Bartenders' Guide* (Novi Eboraci: Excelsior) p. 21 ("Martinez cocktail: same as Manhattan, only you substitute gin for whisky")
* 1887 : Jerry Thomas [et al.], *The bar-tender's guide, or How to mix all kinds of plain and fancy drinks* (Nova ed. Novi Eboraci: Dick & Fitzgerald) p. 25 ("Martinez cocktail")
* 1888 : Theodore Proulx, *Bartender's manual* (Chicago: Chapin & Gore) p. 25 "editionis recensae" ("Martini cocktail")
* 1891 : William T. Boothby, *Cocktail Boothby's American bar-tender*. Franciscopoli no. 27 ("Martini cocktail")
* 1895 : George J. Kappeler, *Modern American Drinks: How to Mix and Serve All Kinds of Cups and Drinks* (Novi Eboraci: Merriam, 1895) p. 38 ("Martini cocktail")
* 1896 : Louis Fouquet, *Bariana: Recueil de toutes boissons americains et anglaises* (Lutetiae) p. 25 no. 18 ("Martini cocktail")
* 1896 : Frederick Davies, Seymour Davies, *Drinks of all kinds for all seasons*. Londinii: Foulsham p. 27 ("Martini")
* 1903 : Tim Daly, *Daly's Bartenders' encyclopedia* (Worcester Massachusettae) p. 69 ("Martini cocktail ... put in an olive")
* 1904 : John Applegreen, *Applegreen's bar book*. Chicagi: Hotel Monthly p. 2 ("Martini cocktail; Martini cocktail, dry")
* 1906 : George L. Spaulding, *How to mix drinks*. p. 14 ("Martini ... add cherry or olive; twist lemon peel on top")
* 1906 : Louis Muckensturm, *Louis' Mixed drinks, with hints for the care & serving of wines*. Novi Eboraci: Caldwell pp. 44-45 ("Martini cocktail; Dry martini cocktail")
* 1908 : William T. Boothby, *The world's drinks and how to mix them*. San Francisco: Pacific Buffet pp. 24, 26 ("Dry martini cocktail; Martini cocktail")
* 1928 : Auguste Escoffier, *L'Aide-mémoire culinaire* (Lutetiae: Flammarion, 1928) pp. 351-352 ("Dry Martini Cockt. ... Martini Cockt. demi-sec, sec, doux")
* 1930 : Gerardo Corrales, *Club de cantiñeros de la República de Cuba: Manual oficial* (Havanae, 1930) p. 51 ("Martini cocktail ... fórmula original creación de la case Martini & Rossi")
* 1933 : *Sloppy Joe's Cocktails Manual* (Havanae, 1933) p. 18 ("dry martini, sweet martini")
* post 1937 : [William J. Tarling], *Approved Cocktails: United Kingdom Bartenders Guild*. Londinii: Pall Mall ("Martini, Dry ... Medium ... Sweet")

Nexus externi
-------------

* David Blend, "The Martini Is Our Most Political Cocktail. Let's Drink a Lot of Them" (19 Octobris 2016) apud *Thrillist*
* Troy Patterson, *Martini Madness* (14 Martii 2013) apud *Slate*:
	+ "The origins of the martini aren’t particularly interesting, but they’re very sweet"; "The proper martini: the most symbolically freighted cocktail in the world"; "An introduction to the dirty martini, with a tip of the hat to FDR"; "Exploring and explaining the extra-dry dry martini with your guide, Robert Bork"; "Promotional gimmicks, conceptual stunts, regional twists, and other martini variations"; "Considering the Gibson: the martini’s urbane, elite, oniony relative"
* Keith Allison, "Martini & myth" 1, 2, 3, 4