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|  | **Cave: notitiae huius paginae nec praescriptiones nec consilia medica sunt.** |

**Synovium**| Membrana synovialis capsulae articularis.Superficies membranae internae (rubre) vocatur membrana synovialis. |
| Fontes agnotionis |
| TA | 03.0.00.028 |

**Membrana synovialis** sive **stratum synoviale** sive **synovium** sensu stricto est tela superficei membranae internae ("intima"), quae liquorem synovialem secernit. Illa ex cellulis macrophagocyto (cellula typi A) similibus ac fibroblastis (cellulis typi B) constituta est. Quadrans cellularum sunt macrophagocytorum, dodrans fibroblastorum, posterioribus enim cellularum functio secretionis acidi hyaluronici ad articulationem lubricandam praestant. Macrophagocyti invicem leucocyti pars systematis immunitatis sunt. Nimirum morbis articuli causa vero relatio inter cellulas typi A et B graviter mutet cum incremento numeri macrophagocytorum. Praeterea fibroblasti transformationem patiantur, ut cellulis inflammatoriis cognoscantur, quo fiat, ut inflammatio chronica oriatur.

Subiacens tela subintima dicitur, cum vasis sanguineis tenuibus et lymphaceis.

Anatomia synovii
----------------

Stratum synoviale est pars interior bursae synovialis, breviter "intima" dicitur. Crassitudo eius est 20 µm - 40 µm. In strato synoviali ("intima") duo genera celluarum inveniuntur: macrophagocyti cellulae typi A notae, atque fibroblast cellulae typi B. Sub intimam vasa sanguinea tenuia locata sunt, per quae prius macrophagocyti foetales intrati sunt, aliquanto post monocyti sic intrant et tunc in strato synoviali in macrophagocytos transformari videntur. Fibroblasti forma specialis, *synoviocytus* enim, exstant.

### Cellulae strati synovialis

Adhuc imprimis duo typi cellularum synovii significationem se adoptaverunt, *cellulae synoviales macrophagocytis similes* enim (typi A) ac *cellulae synoviales fibroblastis similes* (typi B). Nuper telocyti, grex cellularum novus, quoque in membranis synovialibus descripti sunt.

#### Macrophagocyti

 Conferatur pagina principalis macrophagocytus.
Macrophagocyti cellulae systematis immunitatis sunt leucocyti voraces. In membrana synoviali macrophagocyti iacentes navitastem enzymi claram enolasis 2 obstendunt. Antigena CD163 et CD68 adsunt, paucius CD14.

#### Fibroblasti

 Conferatur pagina principalis fibroblastus.
Fibroblasti generant et acido hyaluronico et collageno secernentibus matrices extracellulares, quarum syntheses superfluentes abundantiam reticulorum endoplasmaticorum intra fibroblastos explicant. Sicuti proteina, ut proteoglycan 4 (lubricinum) ad articulum lubricandum, secernuntur.

| Cellulae synovii | similes | organella prominentia | functio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| typi A | macrophagocytis | mitochondria | phagocytosis |
| typi B | fibroblastis (synoviocytis) | reticula endoplasmatica | erectionis matricis extracellularis fabricationisque proteinorum liquoris synovialis |
| - | telocytis |  ? |  ? |

Membrana synovialis aegrota
---------------------------

### Inflammatio

Inflammationes synovii integritatem eius adoriuntur et etiam perpetuo aequilibrium interrumpere queant, quo fit ut non solum macrophagocyti fibroblastique vero etiam monocyti assultati in membrana synoviali discerni possunt. Nonnulli morbi rheumatologici cum functionibus membranae synovialis interagunt, utputa arthritis rheumatoidea. Macrophagocyti transformati enzymos cartilaginem ossaque destruentes superfabricant.

Nexus interni
-------------

* Arthritis rheumatoidea
* Articulus
* Cartilago
* Inflammatio

Notae
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1. ↑  Barland P, Novikoff AB, Hamerman D (1962). "Electron microscopy of the human synovial membrane". *J Cell Biol* **14**: 207-20 .
2. ↑  Mustonen AM, Nieminen P, Joukainen A, Jaroma A, Kääriäinen T, Kröger H, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Siljander PR, Kärjä V, Härkönen K, Koistinen A, Rilla K (2016). "First in vivo detection and characterization of hyaluronan-coated extracellular vesicles in human synovial fluid". *J Orthop Res* **34** (11): 1960-8 .
3. ↑  1 µm = 10-3 mm = 0,003 mm; erythrocytus: 7.5µm.
4. ↑  Edwards JC (1994). "The nature and origins of synovium: experimental approaches to the study of synoviocyte differentiation". *J Anat* **184** (Pt3): 493-501
5. ↑  Rosa I, Marini M, Guasti D, Ibba-Manneschi L, Manetti M (2018). "Morphological evidence of telocytes in human synovium". *Sci Rep* **8** (1): 3581 .
6. ↑  Kennedy A, Fearon U, Veale DJ, Godson C (2011). "Macrophages in synovial inflammation". *Front Immunol* **2**: 52
7. ↑  Falconer J, Murphy AN, Young S, Clark AR, Tiziani S, Guma M, Buckley CD (2018). "Synovial cell metabolism and chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis". *Arthritis Rheumatol*