Formicae legionariae pontem formant.

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**Animalia** — Arthropoda

Classis : Insecta   
Ordo : Hymenoptera   
Subordo : Apocrita   
Superfamilia : Vespoidea   
Familia : **Formicidae**   
Latreille, 1809  
   
Palaeontologia

130–0 m.a.: Cretaceum > Recens 
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Subdivisiones: Subfamiliae\*Aenictogitoninae
* Agroecomyrmecinae
* Amblyoponinae (inter quas "Apomyrminae")
* Aneuretinae
* Cerapachyinae
* Dolichoderinae
* Ecitoninae (inter quas "Dorylinae" et "Aenictinae")
* Ectatomminae
* Formicinae
* Heteroponerinae
* Leptanillinae
* Leptanilloidinae
* Martialinae
* Myrmeciinae (inter quas "Nothomyrmeciinae")
* Myrmicinae
* Paraponerinae
* Ponerinae
* Proceratiinae
* Pseudomyrmecinae

Cladogramma subfamiliarum formicarum

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|  | Agroecomyrmecinae |
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|  | Proceratiinae |
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|  | Ecitoninae |
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|  | Aenictinae |
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|  | Dorylini |
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|  | Aenictogitoninae |
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|  | Cerapachyinae\* |
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|  | Leptanilloidinae |
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|  | Aneuretinae |
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|  | Pseudomyrmecinae |
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Phylogenia subfamiliarum formicarum exstantium.  

\*Cerapachyinae sunt paraphyleticae.

**Formica** (-ae, *f.*) est quaelibet ex permultis speciebus insectorum socialium familiae Formicidarum et, cum vespis apibusque insectis cognatis, ordinis Hymenopterorum. Formicae se evolvebant ex maioribus vesparum similibus medio Aevo Cretaceo, abhinc annorum 110 ad 130 milliones, et se latissime variabant postquam plantae florentes ortae erant. Plus quam 12 500 ex summa aestimata 22 000 specierum a zoologis descriptae sunt. Earum antennis sicut cubita curva et propriá structurá sicut nodus quae tenuissimum corpus medium conformat facile agnoscuntur.

*Iridomyrmex purpureus* melle vescitur.
Plurimae formicarum species communiter in coloniis perennibus habitant, quae magnitudine variant inter fere quinquaginta singulos praedatorios qui in parvis foraminibus naturalibus vivunt et in coloniis bene ordinatis, quae magnas regiones occupare et ex millionibus singulorum constare possunt. Maiores coloniae plerumque in feminis sterilibus sine alis consistunt, quae "fabros," "milites," vel alios greges proprios sunt. Paene omnibus coloniis sunt nonnulli mares fertiles, fuci appellati, et una vel plures feminae fertiles, reginae appellatae. Coloniae aliquando appellantur superorganismi quia singuli ut videntur effectum habent ut una res, coniunctim laborantes ad sustinendam coloniam.

Formicae speciei *Solenopsis invictae.*
*Myrmecia* maxillas potentem et magnos oculos compositos monstrat.
Diagramma fabri speciei *Pachycondylae verenae* (tabula Anglice signata).
Formicae generis *Oecophyllae* formicam rubram coniunctim discerpunt..
Trames formicarum.
Alia *Plectroctena* aliam oppugnat ad defendendam suam terram.
Formica generis *Oecophyllae* gestum pugnacem monstrat, maxilla aperta.
Formicae in sucino Baltico fossiles conservantur.
Formicae colonias in paene omnibus orbis terrarum regionibus aedificant. Solae regiones formicis omnino carentes sunt Antarctica et paucae insulae inhospitales. Formicae in plurimis oecosystematibus vigent, ubi in 15–25 centesimis biomassae animalium terrestrium consistere possunt. Prosperitas in permultis circumiectibus earum organizationi sociali facultatique mutandarum habitationum, adhibendarum opium, et sui defendendarum tributa est. Earum coevolutio diutina cum aliis speciebus ad coniunctiones mimeticas, commensales, parasiticas, mutuas impulit.

Societatibus formicarum sunt divisio laboris, communicatio inter singulos, et potestas solvendarum difficultatum multiplicum. Hae similitudines cum societatibus humanis entomologos aliosque spectatores diu excitaverunt, proque quaestione studii fuerunt. Multae culturae humanae formicis in arte coquinaria, medicina, et ritibus utuntur. Nonnullae species magni fiunt in earum persona ut procuratores biologicae pestium moderationis. Earum autem facultas adhibendarum opium eas contendere cum hominibus cogere potest, quia eae messes laedere et in aedificia invadere possunt. Nonnullae species, sicut *Solenopsis invicta,* habentur species invasiva, quae se facile confirmant in regionibus ubi fortuito introductae sunt. Saepe ad habitandum colonia cumulum magnum aedificat.

Taxinomia et evolutio
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Formula:Cladogram

Familia Formicidarum ad ordinem Hymenopterorum pertinet, quae etiam subordinem Symphytorum, superfamiliam Apoideorum, et alia insecta subordinis Apocritorum comprehendit. Formicae se ex stirpe intra Vespoidea evolverunt. Indicia fossilia significant formicas Iurassico exeunte vixisse, abhinc annorum 150 milliones. Plantae florentes, abhinc annorum 100 milliones ortae, variatae sunt et dominatum oecologicum abhinc annorum 60 milliones ceperunt. Anno 1966, Eduardus O. Wilson et socii fossilia formicae *Sphecomyrmae freyi* reliquia agnoverunt, quae Aevo Cretaceo vixerat. Specimen, in sucino captum ex aevo abhinc annorum plus quam 80 milliones, proprietates formicarum et vespoideorum habet. Haec insecta probabiliter fuerunt pabulatores terrestres, sed nonnulli subiciunt, propter greges sicut Leptanillinae et Martialinae, veri simile esse formicas priscas fuisse praedatores subterraneos.

Aevo Cretaceo, nonnullae formicarum priscarum species late in supercontinente Laurasia (Hemisphaerio Septentrionali) errabant. Contra numeros aliorum insectorum, eae formicae erant rarae, fortasse solum 1 centesima omnium insectorum illius temporis. Eae autem dominatum ceperunt post radiationem adaptivam? Aevo Palaeogeno ineunte. Ab aevis Oligocaeno et Miocaeno, formicae factae sunt 20–40 centesimae omnium insectorum in maioribus fossilium depositis inventorum. Ex speciebus quae Eocaeno vivebant, circa unum ex decem generibus ad praesentem supervivunt. Genera iam exstantia sunt 56 centesimae generum in fossilibus in sucino Baltico conservatorum (Oligocaeno ineunte), et 92 centesimae generum in sucino Dominicano (ut videtur Miocaeno ineunte).

Membra epifamiliae Termitoidarum, quamquam in variis linguis *formicae albae* appellantur, formicae non existimantur; quae pertinent revera ad ordinem Isopterorum. Termitoidae, aliis Blattodeis et Mantidis artius cognatae, etiam sunt eusociales, sed inter se magnopere in genetica reproductionis variantur. Quod earum structura socialis eiusdem formicarum similis est evolutioni convergenti tribuitur. Mutillidae ad magnas formicas accedunt, sed Vespoidea feminea sine alis sunt.

Nexus interni
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* Acidum formicum
* M. C. Escher
* *Formica* (genus)
* Formicidae
* Index Doloris Punctorum Starranus
* *Myrmecological News* (diarium)
* Punctum formicae
* *The Ants*

Notae
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1. ↑  Ward, Philip S (2007). "Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). *Zootaxa* **1668**: 549–563
2. 1 2  Rabeling C, Brown JM & Verhaagh M (2008). "Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution". *PNAS* **105** (39): 14913–7 .
3. ↑  Ants are surprisingly ancient, arising 140-168 million years ago.
4. ↑  Wade, Nicholas (15 Iulii 2008). "Taking a Cue From Ants on Evolution of Humans". *New York Times* .
5. ↑  "Hymenoptera name server. Formicidae species count.". Ohio State University .
6. ↑   *La nueva taxonomía de hormigas. Pages 45-48 in Fernández, F. Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical.*. Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá. 2003 .
7. ↑  G. F. Oster et E. O. Wilson (1978). *Caste and ecology in the social insects*. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-691-02361-1 .
8. ↑  "In search of ant ancestors". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* **97** (26): 14028–9. December 2000 .
9. ↑  Hölldobler et Wilson 1990: 471.
10. ↑  "An ant-inspired technique for storage area network design". *Proceedings of Biologically Inspired Approaches to Advanced Information Technology: First International Workshop, BioADIT 2004 LNCS 3141*: 364–379. 2004
11. ↑  Hölldobler et Wilson 1990: 619–629.
12. ↑  "Pest Notes: Ants (Publication 7411)". University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2007 .
13. ↑  M. Kirpicznikov et N. Zabinkova, *Lexicon Rossico-Latinum in usum botanicorum*, Leninopoli 1977, s.v. *муравейник*.
14. ↑  "Two Recent Fossil Discoveries Show Insects' Recycling Traits". *Science Blog*. University of Colorado at Boulder. 1996 .
15. 1 2  D. Grimaldi, D. Agosti (2001). linkType=ABST&journalCode=pnas&resid=97/25/13678 "A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **97** (25): 13678–13683 .
16. ↑  C. S. Moreau, C. D. Bell, R. Vila, S. B. Archibald, N. E. Pierce (2006). "Phylogeny of the ants: Diversification in the Age of Angiosperms". *Science* **312** (5770): 101–104 .
17. ↑  Eduardus O. Wilson, B. Hölldobler (2005). "The rise of the ants: A phylogenetic and ecological explanation". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **102** (21): 7411–7414 .
18. ↑  Eduardus O. Wilson, F. M. Carpenter, W. L. Brown (1967). "The first Mesozoic ants". *Science* **157** (3792): 1038–1040 .
19. ↑  Hölldobler & Wilson (1990), 23–24.
20. ↑  Thorne, Barbara L (1997). "Evolution of eusociality in termites" (PDF). *Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.* **28**: 27–53 .
21. ↑  Bugguide apud bugguide.net. Accessum 24 Augusti 2012.
22. ↑  "Order Isoptera – Termites". Iowa State University Entomology. 16 Februarii 2004 .
23. ↑  "Family Mutillidae – Velvet ants". Iowa State University Entomology. 16 Februarii 2004 .

Bibliographia
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* Bolton, Barry. 1995. *A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674615144.*
* Borror, D. J. C. A. Triplehorn, et D. M.Delong (1989). *Introduction to the Study of Insects, ed. 6a*. Saunders College Publishing. ISBN 0030253977
* Hölldobler, B. et E. O. Wilson (1990). *The Ants*. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674040759
* Hölldobler, B. et E. O. Wilson (1998). *Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration*. Belknap Press. ISBN 0674485262
* Hölldobler, B. et E. O. Wilson (1990). *The Ants*. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9783540520924
* Hölldobler, B. et E. O. Wilson (2009). *The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance and Strangeness of Insect Societies*. Norton & Co.. ISBN 9780393067040

Nexus externi
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|  | **Situs scientifici:**  • ITIS • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • WoRMS: Marine Species • Fossilworks |

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|  | **Vicicitatio** habet citationes quae ad **Formica** spectant. |


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|  | **Vicimedia Communia** plura habent quae ad **formicas** spectant. |

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|  | Vide **"*formicas*"** apud **Vicispecies**. |

* Antweb, apud www.antweb.org (California Academy of Sciences)
* AntBlog, apud www.antblog.co.uk (de studio coloniarum formicarum)
* AntBase, apud antbase.org (database taxonomicum cum fontibus in litteris)
* "Ant Species Fact Sheets on Argentine, Carpenter, Odorous House Ants and other species,"[*nexus deficit*] apud www.pestworld.org
* "Ant Genera of the World," apud www.antmacroecology.org (tabulae distributionis)
* Imagines, nexus, etc. apud www.discoverlife.org (Discover Life)
* BugGuide, apud bugguide.net
* Global Ant Project, apud gap.entclub.org
* Navajo Ant Project, apud nap.entclub.org
* Gakushu Kenkyusha (1979), *Ants: Gakken's Photo Encyclopedia,* apud ant.edb.miyakyo-u-ac.jp
* "The super-nettles: a dermatologist's guide to ants-in-the-plants," apud www.botanical-dermatology-database.info
* "Australian Ants, A CSIRO guide to their identification and distribution," apud anic.ento.csiro.au