*Lampides boeticus* (Polyommatinae)

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**Animalia** — Arthropoda

Subphylum : Hexapoda   
Classis : Insecta   
Ordo : Lepidoptera   
Rhopalocera   
Superfamilia : Papilionoidea   
Familia : **Lycaenidae**   
Leach, 1815  
   
Subdivisiones: Subfamiliae\*Curetinae
* Liphyrinae
* Lipteninae
* Lycaeninae
* Miletinae
* Polyommatinae
* Poritiinae
* Theclinae *et vide commentarium et* Indicem generum Lycaenidarum

**Lycaenidae** sunt secunda a maxima familia papilionum, inter quam circa 6000 specierum omnem per orbem terrarum inventarum. Eae sunt circa quattuor decimae notarum lepidopterorum specierum.

Familia usitate dividitur in subfamilias Miletinas, Lycaeninas, Polyommatinas, Theclinas. Aliae sunt Curetinae, Liphyrinae, Lipteninae, Poritiinae. Aliqui auctores familiam Riodinidas intra Lycaenidas iam digerunt. Styginae, prior subfamilia monotypica, inter quam *Styx infernalis* et *Andes Peruvianis,* in subfamiliam Euselasiinas familiae Riodinidarum digesta est.

Adulti plerumque sunt parvi, minus quam 5 cm, clare colorati, aliquando nitorem metallicum exhibentes. Anterioria maris crura magnitudine deminuuntur et unguibus carent.

Larvae saepe sunt aliquantulum planae (non cylindricales), cum glandulis quae secretiones formicas attrahentis domantisque generant. Cuticuli densari solent. Nonnullae larvae possunt motus sonosque profundos efficere qui per substrata in quibus eae habitant transmittuntur; his sonis ut cum formicis communicent utuntur.

Singulis adultis saepe sunt caudae pilosae sicut antennae, in conspectu
nigro alboque annulatae. Multis speciebus est macula ad fundamentum caudae sita, et nonnullae considentes se ad confundendos praedatores circumagunt, ut illi, veram capitis orientationem non agnoscentes, non a tergo sed ad caput verum appropinquent.

Oecologia
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Formicae larvam Lycaenidam curant.
Victus Lycaenidarum est diversus, et praeter phytophagiam, aliquae sunt entomophagae, quae aphidoideis, coccoideis, et larvis formicarum vescuntur. Aliquae ab earum coniunctione cum formicis proficiuntur quia eae formicas inducunt ut eis vomitum dent, ex modo trophallaxis appellato. Non omnes Lycaenidae formicas requirunt, sed circa 75% specierum formicis utuntur. (Nomen talis coniunctionis est *myrmecophilia.*) Hae coniunctiones sunt mutualisticae, parasiticae, vel praedatoriae, secundum speciem.

Larvae nonnullarum specierum, dum plantis vescuntur, a formicis curantur et defenduntur, et formicarum rem *honeydew*?, saccharo abundantem, per vitam larvalem accipiunt. In aliis speciebus, solum prima pauca instaria super plantam vivunt, et reliquium vitae larvalis ut praedator intra nidum degitur. Haec instaria fiunt parasiti, qui vomitu vescuntur, vel praedatores larvarum formicarum. Erucae pupant intra nidum formicarum, atque formicae pupam curare perseverant. Paululum antequam adultus excluditur, alae intra receptaculum pupale se ex eo separant, et pupa fit argentea. Adultus ex pupa post 3–4 spatia dierum septem excluditur, iam intra nidum formicarum. Papilio, antequam alas extendere potest, ex nido repere debet.

Nonnullae adaptationes evolutionariae facultatem harum coniunctionum faciunt. Inter eas sunt parvae glandulae in cute erucarum *pore cupola organs* Anglice appellatae. Erucis multarum specierum, Riodininis exceptis, est glandula in septimo segmento abdominali, quae *honeydew*? producit, et *dorsalis glandula nectaria* et *glans Newcomeri* appellatur. Organum eversibile, *organum tentaculare* appellatum, in octavo segmento abdominali (in Riodininis, in tertio thoracis segmento) exsistit, quod est cylindricale, anulo spicarum in summa parte sito, et signa chemica quae auxilium communicationis cum formicis putantur emittit.

Usque ad 30% periclitatorum orbis terrarum papilionum sunt Lycaenidae.

Subfamiliae
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*Curetis thetis* (Curetinae)
Erucae *Eumaei atala* (Theclinae)
*Amblypodia anita* (Theclinae)
*Lycaena phlaeas* (Lycaeninae)
*Nacaduba cyanea* (Polyommatinae)
Multi taxinomistae solum Curetinas, Lycaeninas, Miletinas, Poritiinasque in Lycaenidas digerunt. Genus *Chrysoritis,* inter Lycaenidas digestum, ad subfamiliam non iam adsignatum est. Aliae classificationes insigniter Riodininas (e.g. *Abisara echerius*) comprehendunt.

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Phylogenia familiae.

* Lipteninae (Afrotropicae)
* Poritiinae (Orientales)
* Liphyrinae (plerumque Africanae, nonnullae Asianae)
	+ *Liphyra brassolis* (maxima lycaenida)
* Miletinae (plerumque Africanae vel Orientales; aliquae Holarcticae); aphidoideis vel eorum secretionibus vesci videntur.
* Curetinae (Orientales vel Palaearcticae)
	+ *Curetis thetis*
* Theclinae
	+ *Satyrium pruni*
	+ *Atlides halesus*
	+ *Eumaeus atala*
* Lycaeninae (Holarcticae)
	+ *Lycaena boldenarum*
	+ *Lycaena feredayi*
	+ *Lycaena rauparaha*
	+ *Lycaena salustius*
	+ *Lycaena dispar*
	+ *Lycaena phlaeas*
	+ *Talicada nyseus*
* Polyommatinae
	+ *Celastrina neglecta*
	+ *Celastrina ladon*
	+ *Cupido comyntas*
	+ *Cupido minimus*
	+ *Euphilotes battoides allyni*
	+ *Euphilotes pallescens arenamontana*
	+ *Jameela palmyra*
	+ *Jameela albiplaga*
	+ *Polyommatus icarus*
	+ *Polyommatus semiargus*
	+ *Glaucopsyche lygdamus*
	+ *Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis*
	+ *Glaucopsyche xerces* (exstincta)
	+ *Plebejus argus*
	+ *Maculinea arion*
	+ *Icaricia icarioides fenderi*
	+ *Pseudozizeeria maha*

Pinacotheca
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* Curetis bulis (Curetinae)*Curetis bulis* (Curetinae)
* Liphyra brassolis (Liphyrinae)*Liphyra brassolis* (Liphyrinae)
* Heliophorus ila matsumurae mas (Lycaeninae)*Heliophorus ila matsumurae* mas (Lycaeninae)
* Chrysophanus phlaeas (Lycaeninae)*Chrysophanus phlaeas* (Lycaeninae)
* Pseudozizeeria maha (Polyommatinae)*Pseudozizeeria maha* (Polyommatinae)
* Polyommatus icarus (Polyommatinae)*Polyommatus icarus* (Polyommatinae)
* Polyommatus semiargus (Polyommatinae) coniunguntur.*Polyommatus semiargus* (Polyommatinae) coniunguntur.
* Jamides bochus (subfamilia ignota)*Jamides bochus* (subfamilia ignota)
* Prosotas nora (subfamilia ignota)*Prosotas nora* (subfamilia ignota)
* Callophrys sheridanii*Callophrys sheridanii*

Nexus interni
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* *Aloeides stevensoni*
* *Bergmania*
* Index generum Lycaenidarum

Notae
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1. ↑  K. Fiedler (1996), "Host-plant relationships of lycaenid butterflies: large-scale patterns, interactions with plant chemistry, and mutualism with ants," *Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata* 80(1):259-267 doi:10.1007/BF00194770 [*nexus deficit*].
2. ↑  M. G. Venkatesha (2005), "Why is homopterophagous butterfly, *Spalgis epius* (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) amyrmecophilous?" *Current Science* 89 (2): 245-246. .
3. ↑  J. P. W. Hall et D. J. Harvey (2002), "A survey of androconial organs in the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera)," *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society* 136:171-197.
4. 1 2  Andrew V. Z. Brower (2007), "Riodinidae Grote 1895. Metalmarks, Erycinidae Swainson 1827 (see nomenclature section). Commentarius diei 19 Maii 2007, apud tolweb.org (Arbor Vitae).
5. 1 2 3  N. E. Pierce, M. F. Braby, A. Heath. D. J. Lohman, J. Mathew, D. B. Rand,et M. A. Travassos (2002) "The ecology and evolution of ant association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)," *Annual Review of Entomology* 47: 733-771. PDF.
6. ↑  Philip J. DeVries (1992), "Singing Caterpillars, Ants and Symbiosis." *Scientific American* 267:76.
7. ↑  Robert K. Robbins (1981), "The 'False Head' Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies," *American Naturalist* 118(5):770-775.
8. ↑  Australian Museum factsheets Accessed 4 November 2010 on the Wayback Machine.
9. ↑  David R. Maddison (2003), "Lycaenidae." Version 01 January 2003 (temporary).  in The Tree of Life Web Project, .
10. ↑  P. R. Ackery, R. de Jong, et R. I. Vane-Wright (1999), "The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, and Papilionoidea," in *Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography,* ed. N. P. Kristensen, pp. 264-300. Handbook of Zoology, 4, part 35. Berolini et Novi Eboraci: De Gruyter.
11. ↑  M. J. Scoble, *The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity* (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 1992). ISBN 0-19-854952-0.

Nexus externi
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|  | **Situs scientifici:**  • ITIS • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • Fossilworks |

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|  | Vide **"Lycaenidas"** apud **Vicispecies**. |

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|  | **Vicimedia Communia** plura habent quae ad **Lycaenidas** spectant. |

* De familia apud bugguide.net
* De familia apud lepidoptera.pro
* De familia apud tolweb.org (Arbor Vitae)