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**Plantae** — Angiospermae

Monocotyledones   
Commelinidae   
Ordo : Poales   
Familia : Poaceae   
Subfamilia : Pooideae   
Tribus : Triticeae   
Genus : Secale   
Species : ***S. cereale***   
*Secale cereale*   
L.  

*Secale cereale*
***Secale cereale*** (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum) est frumentum et gramen late sativum et in messe conlectum. Genus *Secale* est membrum tribus Triticearum, generibus *Hordeo* et *Tritico* arte cognatum. Grana *Secalis cerealis* pro farina, pani atro secalino, cervisia secalina, nonnullis vischiis et vodcis, et pabulo animalium est, sed et integra edi possunt, granis aut coctis aut (sicut avenae grana) vapore fervente pressis.

De genere et specie
-------------------

Genus *Secale* e speciebus quattuor vel quinque constituitur, videlicet *S. iranicum*, *S. sylvestre*, *S. cereale* et *S. montanum*, omnes ex Asia occidentali et media oriundae; addere oportet *Secale africanum* Africae australis, speciem late ab aliis distantem sed *S. montano* stricte cognatam. *S. cereale* sola ad usum humanum domesticata est.

Species *Secale cereale*, sicut hodie ab eruditis definitur, subspecies et varietates tam silvestres quam cultas necnon steriles comprehendit. Auctores anteriores hunc gregem in species varias dividere solebant. Inter eas enumeratur *S. segetale* (hodie potius "S. cereale" ssp. *segetale*), spicis non fragilibus, quod in Turcia sicut planta sterilis sive mala herba in agris *Tritici aestivi* crescit et a colonis toleratur quia annis nefastis, frigore extremo et siccitate prolongata, tritico mortuo secale supervivit cibumque haud inutilem praebet. Subspecies plantarum sterilium, spicis semifragilibus, ssp. *afghanicum* et ssp. *dighoricum* mediam per Asiam, id est in Armenia, Irania boreo-orientali, Afgania, Turcomannia, aliisque rebus publicis adiacentibus a Nicolao Ioannis f. Vavilov botanico Russico annis 1920 vel 1930 reperta sunt. Subspecies *ancestrale*, robusta, spicis fragilibus, a Petro Michaelis f. Žukovskij in Turcia occidentali prope Smyrnam florens reperta est et sub nomine *S. ancestrale* descripta. Subspecies *vavilovii*, omnino silvestris, spicis fragilibus, in Armenia ab Alexandro Alphonsi f. Grossheim et mox ab aliis in Turcia orientali inventa est. Varietates cultas omnes e subspecie *vavilovii* derivavisse hodie constat.

Index subspecierum

| Species apud vetustiores | Subspecies apud hodiernos |
| --- | --- |
| 1. *S. segetale* (Zhuk.) Roshev. | *S. cereale* ssp. *segetale* Zhuk. |
| 2. *S. afghanicum* (Vavilov) Roshev. | *S. cereale* ssp. *afghanicum* (Vav.) K.Hammer |
| 3. *S. dighoricum* (Vavilov) Roshev. | *S. cereale* ssp. *dighoricum* Vavilov |
| 4. *S. ancestrale* Zhuk. | *S. cereale* ssp. *ancestrale* (Zhuk.) Zhuk. |
| 5. *S. vavilovii* Grossh. | *S. cereale* ssp. *vavilovii* (Grossh.) Kobyl. |
| 6. *S. cereale* L. | *S. cereale* ssp. *cereale* |
|

De cultu
--------

Recentissime nuntiatum est e vestigiis archaeologicis ad Abu Hureyra Syriae secale ibi iam millennio tredecimo a.C.n. inter alias fruges cultum esse. Recentes nonnulli secale inter fruges conditrices agriculturae neolithicae in Asia occidentali enumerant, aliis suadentibus messes secalinas primas neolithicas in Anatolia meridio-orientali, neque alibi, congessas, plantam potius eo aevo inter malas herbas toleratam, granaque secalis inter fruges neolithicas in locis archaeologicis Asiae occidentalis Europaeque meridio-orientalis rarissime reperta esse: secale igitur inter fruges secundarias enumerandum. Tarde in Polonia a populis neolithicis una cum tritico et hordeo, sed haud abundanter, et in Romania medio millennio quarto a.C.n. cultum est, tardiusque a gentibus Aetatis aëneae in Cechia, Slovacia, Romania, Moldavia, et Ucraina. Aetate ferrea, scilicet millennio secundo exeunte et primo a.C.n. messes secalinae congessae sunt in Germania, Dania, Polonia, et Crimea, necnon orientem versus in Irania ubi archaeologi ad locum Hasanlu reppererunt. Secale sub imperio Romano iuxta limitem Rhenanum et Danubianum atque in Britannia cultum est.

De usu
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Panis secalis saepius in Europa septentrionali et orientali editur. Exempla sunt panis Borodinensis (бородинский хлеб) in Russia, *knäckebröd* in Suecia, *pain d'épices* in Francia, ac *pumpernickel* in Germania. Secale etiam in variis temetis aliisque potionibus adhibetur, ut vischio secalis, cervesia secalis, ac kvas. Stramen secalis adhibetur in stratoriis animalibus, in agricultura ad solium emendandum, atque in pupis aliisque artificiis.

Unam legis e paginis de
victualibus
disserentibus

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Cerealia

* Avena sativa
* Eleusine coracana
* Hordeum sativum
* Oryza sativa
* Panicum miliaceum
* Pennisetum glaucum
* Secale cereale
* Setaria italica
* Sorghum bicolor
* Triticum spp.
* Zea mays

Legumina

* Cicer arietinum
* Lens culinaris
* Vicia faba

Radices

* Colocasia esculenta
* Dioscorea spp.
* Ipomoea batatas
* Manihot esculenta
* Solanum tuberosum

Fructus

* Artocarpus altilis
* Artocarpus camansi
* Castanea sativa
* Quercus macrolepis

Sagum

* Metroxylon sagu
* Cycas revoluta

Commercium

Res culinariae

* Panis

Res medicinales

 Vide etiam  
categorias frumentorum, leguminum et radicum esculentarum

Grana *Secalis cerealis.*
Grana *Secalis cerealis.*
Spica *Secalis cerealis.*

Nexus interni
-------------

* *The Catcher in the Rye*

Notae
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1. 1 2  Carolus Linnaeus, *Species plantarum* (Holmiae: impensis L. Salvii, 1753) vol. 1 p. 84 **(Latine)**
2. ↑  Zohary pp. 70-75.
3. ↑  Zohary pp. 70-71.
4. ↑  Zohary p. 70, cf. *The Plant List*
5. ↑  Hillman.
6. ↑  Abbo.
7. ↑  Zohary pp. 75-77.

Bibliographia
-------------

De origine et historia
* Shahal Abbo, Simcha Lev-Yadun, Manfred Heun, Avi Gopher, "On the ‘lost’ crops of the neolithic Near East" in *Journal of Experimental Botany* vol. 64 (2013) pp. 815-822 Epitome
* Gordon Hillman, Robert Hedges, Andrew Moore, Susan Colledge, Paul Pettitt, "New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates" in *The Holocene* vol. 11 (2001) pp. 383–393 Epitome
* Berthold Laufer, "Rye in the Far East and the Asiatic Origin of Our Word Series "Rye"" in *T'oung Pao* 2a ser. vol. 31 (1935) pp. 237-273 JSTOR
* André Marques, Ali M. Banaei-Moghaddam, Sonja Klemme, Frank R. Blattner, Katsumasa Niwa, Marcelo Guerra. Andreas Houben, "B chromosomes of rye are highly conserved and accompanied the development of early agriculture" in *Annals of Botany* vol. 112 (2013) pp. 527-534 Epitome
* "Rye: *Secale cereale*" in Daniel Zohary, Maria Hopf, *Domestication of Plants in the Old World: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe and the Nile Valley.* 3a ed. (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780198503569) pp. 69-77

De cultu
* *Growing Rye*. Vasingtoniae: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1959. (*Farmers' Bulletin*, 2145) Textus apud bibliothecam universitatis Texiae Septentrionalis
* Schlegel, Rolf. 2004. Rye (*Secale cereale* L.): a younger crop plant with bright future. In *Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement,* vol. 2, "Cereals," ed. R. J. Sing et P. Jauhar, 365–394. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-1430-5). Editio nova: hic, 2011.

Encyclopaediae et enumerationes
* "Rye", "Rye breads" in Alan Davidson; Tom Jaine, ed. *The Oxford Companion to Food* (2a ed. Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 2006)
* Stephen Facciola, *Cornucopia: a source book of edible plants* (Vista: Kampong Publications, 1990) p. 157

Etymologica
* Carl Darling Buck, *A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages* (Sicagi: University of Chicago Press, 1949. ISBN 9780226079370. Textus) p. 517

Nexus externi
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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Vicimedia Communia** plura habent quae ad ***Secale cereale*** spectant (Rye, Secale cereale). |

De specie

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Situs scientifici:** Tropicos • Tela Botanica • GRIN • ITIS • Plant List • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • GrassBase • Plant Name Index • Plantes d'Afrique • Flora of China • INPN France • USDA Plants Database |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Vide **"Secale cereale"** apud **Vicispecies**. |

De cultu
* Rolf Schlegel, V. Korzun, "Genes, markers, and linkage data of rye (Secale cereale L.)
* Rolf Schlegel, "Current List of Wheats with Rye and Alien Introgression"

De usu
* *Secale cereale* apud *Plants for a Future*