*Pterocles bicinctus*

---

**Animalia** — Chordata

Subphylum : Vertebrata   
Infraphylum : Gnathostomata   
Superclassis : Tetrapoda   
Eumaniraptora   
Classis : Aves   
Ordo : **Pteroclidiformes**   
Familia : **Pteroclididae**   
   
Subdivisiones: Genera\* †*Gerandia* Lambrecht, 1933
* †*Archaeoganga* Mourer-Chauviré, 1992
* †*Leptoganga* Mourer-Chauviré, 1993
* *Pterocles* Temminck, 1815
* *Nyctiperdix* Roberts, 1922
* *Calopterocles* Roberts, 1922 non Gmelin
* *Syrrhaptes* Illiger, 1811

Synonyma
\* Pteroclidae
* Pterocleidae

*Pterocles namaqua.*
*Syrrhaptes paradoxa* in agro in Deserto Gibio.
*Pteroclides namaquae* sunt gregariae, atque in magnis gregibus vescuntur et bibunt.
**Pteroclididae,** etiam **Pteroclidae,** sunt familia avium ordinis **Pteroclidiformium,** cui familiae sunt sedecim species exstantes, usitate in duo genera digestae. Duae Asiae mediae species in genus *Syrrhaptem,* aliae quattuordecim, ab Africa et Asia, in genus *Pteroclidem* digeruntur. Quae aves in humo habitant, plerumque in terra aperta sine arboribus, sicut planities, savannae, semideserta. Trans Africam austrinam orientalemque, Madagascariam, Levantem, et Indiam usque ad Asiam mediam distribuuntur. Terrae *Syrrhaptis orientalis* et *Pteroclidis achatae* in Iberiam et Franciam extenduntur, ac permulti *Syrrhaptes paradoxi* aliquando ex eorum terris usitatis in Asia erumpunt.

Descriptio
----------

Pteroclididis sunt parva capita et colla columbiformia ac spissa corpora corpulenta. A 24 ad 40 centimetra longae et a 150 ad 500 grammata ponderis variant. Adulti sunt sexualiter dimorphici, maribus aliquantulum maioribus clarioreque coloratis. Eis sunt undecim validae pinnae primariae et longae alae acutae, quibus rapide directeque volant. Musculis alarum potentibus, cito avolare et continenter volare possunt. In nonnullis speciebus, mediae pinnae caudales in acumina longa extenduntur. Crura sunt brevia: speciebus generis *Syrrhaptis* sunt crura digitique pinnati, digitis posterioribus carentia; speciebus autem generis *Pteroclidis* sunt crura antice pinnata, nullae pinnae in digitis, rudimentariique digiti posteriores supra solum erecti. Plumae sunt crypticae, plerumque fuscae, arenosae, canae, varie maculosae et fasciatae, ut in circumiecta facile evanescant. Densum plumae stratum corpus a calore et frigore extremo segregare adiuvat. Pinnae ventris ad aquam absorbendam et retinendam aptantur, ut adulti, praecipue mares, aquam ad pullos portent, qui a lacubus multa milia distantes sint. Aqua quae ab una avi sic portatur a 15 ad 20 millilitra ponderis est.

Distributio geographica
-----------------------

Species generis *Syrrhaptis* in steppis Asiae mediae inveniuntur, quarum spatium a Mari Caspio per Siberiam meridianam, Tibetum, et Mongoliam ad Sinas septentrionales mediasque extenditur. Usitate residentes sunt, sed *Syrrhaptes paradoxa* migratioria in proximo esse potest, atque in regiones praeter eius spatium usitatum raro irrumpit. Quod factum est annis 1863 et 1888, et irruptio maior faciebatur anno 1908, cum multae aves videbantur etiam in Hibernia et Britannia, ubi in Isuria (in Anglia) et Moray (in Scotia) pariebant.

Phylogenia
----------

Nomina et coniunctiones Pteroclididarum vivarum, apud Ioannem Boyd, infra perscribuntur.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Pteroclididae** | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| *Pterocles* | *Pterocles alchata* (Linnaeus 1766) |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Nyctiperdix* | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *N. decoratus* (Gabanis 1868) |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *N. bicinctus* (Temminck 1815) |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *N. quadricinctus* (Temminck 1815) |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *N. indicus* (Gmelin 1789) |
|  |
|  | *N. lichtensteinii* (Temminck 1825) |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| *Calopterocles* | *Calopterocles burchelli* (Sclater 1922) |
|  |
| *Syrrhaptes* | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *S. gutturalis* (Smith 1836) |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *S. personatus* (Gould 1843) |
|  |
|  | *S. coronatus* (Lichtenstain 1823) |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *S. senegallus* (Linnaeus 1771) |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *S. namaqua*  |
|  |
|  | *S. exustus* (Temminck 1825) |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *S. orientalis*  |
|  |
|  | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *S. tibetanus* Gould 1850 |
|  |
|  | *S. paradoxus* (Pallas 1773) |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

Nexus interni
-------------

* *Linxiavis inaquosus*

Notae
-----

1. ↑  Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth (1985). *A Dictionary of Birds*. Buteo Books. p. 520. ISBN 0-931130-12-3 .
2. ↑  Crome, France H. J. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph. ed. *Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds*. Londinii: Merehurst Press. pp. 114–15. ISBN 1-85391-186-0 .
3. 1 2  Gooders, John (ed.) (1979). *Birds of Heath and Woodland: Pteroclidae: Sandgrouse*. Londinii: Orbis Publishing Ltd.. pp. 2–11. ISBN 0-85613-380-9 .
4. 1 2  "Pteroclidae Sandgrouse". *Creagrus: Bird Families of the World* .
5. ↑  Boyd, John (2007). METAVES I Columbimorphae, Eurypygimorphae.. *John Boyd's website* .

Bibliographia
-------------

* Madge, Steve, et Phil McGowan, cum Guy M. Kirwan. 2002. *Pheasants, partridges, and grouse: a guide to the pheasants, partridges, quails, grouse, guineafowl, buttonquails, and sandgrouse of the world.* Illust. Norman Arlott. Princeton Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691089086.

Nexus externi
-------------


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Vicimedia Communia** plura habent quae ad **Pteroclididae** spectant (Pterocliformes, Pteroclidae). |

* Pelliculae. Internet Bird Collection.