Carolus Sagan, qui notionem *scepticismum scientificum* excogitavit.
**Scepticismus scientificus** est tractatio interrogandi num postulationes ab investigatione empirica sustineantur et reproducibilitatem habeant, ut pars norma rationis quae "confirmatam scientiam porrectam" sequitur. Exempli gratia, Robertus K. Merton adfirmat omnes notiones temptandas et in dicione severae et aedificatae communitatis perscrutationis esse

De nomine et eius campus
------------------------

Scepticismus scientificus etiam appellatus **scepticismus rationalis,** et aliquando **inquisitio sceptica.** Nomen *scepticismus scientificus* videtur ortus esse *scientific skepticism,* nomine Anglico, in operibus Caroli Sagan, primum  *Contact* (p. 306), et iterum in *Billions and Billions* (p. 135) adhibitum.

Scepticismus scientificus, filia empirismi, realismum Platonicum penitus reicit. Scepticismus scientificus distinguitur a scepticismo philotophico, qui interrogat nostram facultatem postulandi ullam scientiam de rerum natura et quomodo eam percipimus. Scepticismus methodologicus, systematica dubitationis ratio de veritate nostrarum fidum, similis sed distincta est. Scepticismus scientificus empirismum amplectitur; in scientia sociali, scepticismus scientificus sic movere solet ad positivistum spectri disputationis poisitivismi finem, necessario reiciens antipositivismum et investigationem qualitatis, cum aliis investigationis generibus quae non sequuntur regularem rationis scientificae formam ut "inscientifica" vel non scientifica. *Novus Scepticismus* a Paulo Kurtz descriptus, quippe etiam est scepticismus scientificus. Magus Iacobulus Ioannes Swiss dixit scepticismum scientificum tractare de "quomodo cogitare, non quod cogitare."

Prospectus
----------

Sceptici scientifici credunt empiricam realitatis investigationem ad veritatem ducere, et rationem scientificam esse viam optimam ad hunc finem. Ut in severitate rationis scientificae, scientia ipsa simpliciter organizata scepticismi forma considerari potest. Hoc significat scepticum scientificum necessario esse scientistam qui experimenta viva non gerit (quamquam gerere potest), sed usitate postulationes quae probabiliter sua sententia sunt verae in hypothesibus quae temptari possunt et cogitatione eleganti conditur.

Sceptici scientifici postulationes verifiabilitate? et falsifiabilitate? existimare conantur, et postulationes in fide vel indiciis narratiuncularum? conditas acceptas dissuadent. Sceptici saepe animadvertunt postulationes quas ei putant incredibiles, dubias, vel plane contra scientiam late acceptam. Sceptici scientifici non adfirmant postulationes inusitatas necessario reiectas esse (ratione *a priori*), sed arguunt postulationes rerum paranormalium vel anomalarum temptari debere, postulationesque extraordinarias extraordinaria indicia adfirmantes exigere.

Ex cosmotheoria scientifica, coniecturae multis normis existimantur, inter quae falsifiabilitas, novacula de Ockham, potestas explanatoria, ac gradu quo eorum praedictiones et eventus eorum experimentorum congruunt. Scepticismus est pars rationis scientificae; exempli gratia, eventus experimenti constitutus non habetur donec libere iterari possit.

Secundum principia scepticismis, exemplar optimum est omnem hominem res statuere posse pro se per indicia, contra obtestationem auctoritatis, aut scepticae aut non. Per quotidianum autem usum, hoc est difficile propter quantitatem gnaritatis nunc a scientia possessae, et ergo maximi momenti est facultas cogitationis elegantis compensata cum aestimatione consensus inter scientistas qui ad rem diligentissime spectant.

Non omnis marginum scientia est scientia falsa. Nonnulli qui suadent memorias repressas rationem scientificam diligenter adhibere et re vera certum earum gravitatis firmamentum repperiunt, quamquam coniecturae consensum scientificum non iam acceperunt.

Sceptici empirici aut scientifici scepticismum philosophicum non profitentur. Quoniam scepticus philosophicus ipsam gnaritatis existentiam negare potest, scepticus empiricus signa tantum probabilia petit antequm illam gnaritatem accipit.

Exempla
-------

Scientistae sceptici interrogant angelos, qui hic Mariam Reginam Caeli circumveniunt, annis 1480–1510 pictos.
Inter res quas litterae scientiae scientificae interrogant sunt postulationes salutis quae certos cibos, rationes, et medicinam alternam sustinent; verisimilitudo et realitas facultatum supernaturalium (e.g. lectio tarot) vel entitates (e.g. *poltergeist,* angeli, dei, inter quod Zeus); monstra cryptozoologica (e.g. monstrum lacus Nesae); praeterea creationismus / descriptio intelligens, aquam divinans, doctrinaes coniurationum, et aliae postulationes quam scepticus ob causas scientificas non probabiles considerat.

Iacobus Randi et alii sceptici celeberrimi facti sunt quia postulations ad nonnullas harum spectantes refellunt, sed Iosephus Nickell, investigator rerum paranormalium, monet *debunkers* postulationes paranormales serio et curare debere: qui arguit investigationem sine propensione animi probabiliorem esse mentes mutare potius quam *debunking.* Multi sceptici sunt atheistae vel agnostici, et naturalisticae cosmotheoriae favent; nonnulli autem firmi sceptici scientiae falsae, inter quos Martinus Gardner, eorem fidem deo commemoraverunt.

### Scepticismus falsus

Ricardus Cameron Wilson, in commentario in *New Statesman* prolato, scripsit nonnullos qui suadent fides abrogatas, sicut negatio AIDS, negatio Holocausti et negatio calefactionis globalis, se gerunt in moribus scepticismi falsi cum ei se appellant scepticos quamquam ei "cerasos carpiunt," indicia quae priori fidei obtemperant. Apud Wilson, qui hanc rem in libro *Don't Get Fooled Again (2008),* vehementius dicit, distincta scepticismi falsi proprietas est eius cor non esse aequabilem veritatis indagationem, sed defensionem praeiudicati iudicii ideologici." Qua pro causa scepticismus scientificus ipse aliquando detrectatur.

Praeterea, locutio *scepticismus falsus* nonnumquam in campis controversis adhibetur ubi scientistae sceptici mendacia strenue provocant. Exempli gratia, anno 1994, Susan Blackmore, parapsychologa quae facta est scepticior et deinde anno 1991 se coniunxit cum CSICOP, descripsit rem quam ea nominavit "pessimum scepticismi falsi genus.":

"Sunt in gregibus scepticorum qui plane credant se verum respondum ante investigationem scire. Videntur ei operam non dare rebus alternis comparandis, postulationibus alienis investigandis, vel experientias psychicas vel status mutatos usu cognoscendas pro se (di meliora ferant!), sed solum conformatione et cohaerentia suarum fidum adiutis."
Robertus Todd Carroll in *Skeptic's Dictionary* de nominibus "dogmatico" et "pathologico" quae Societas Investigationis Scepticae criticis investigationum paranormalium tribuit, arguit illam societatem

esse gregem investigatorum et adiutorum paranormalium falso scepticorum qui magni non faciunt detrectationem investigationum paranormalium a vere sinceris scepticis et cogitatoribus criticis. Solus scepticismus quem hic grex adiuvat est scepticismus criticorum et [eorum] iudiciorum investigationum paranormalium.

Percepta scientiae false pericula
---------------------------------

Skepticismus se postulationibus inusitatis vel mirabilibus dedit ubi dubitatio fidei anteponitur cum indicia certa carent. Sceptici usitate putant fidem hypothesi extraterrestriali et potestatibus psychicis in errorem inductam, quia nulla indicia empirica talium rerum exstat. Plato, philosophus Graecus antiquus, credidit liberare alium hominem ab ignorantia quamquam is primum resistat esse grandem rem et nobilem. Hodierni scriptores sceptici se huic rei variis modis dedunt.

Bertrandus Russell arguit actiones singulorum in fidibus hominis qui agit conditas esse, et cum fides per indicia non sustineantur, tales fides homines in actiones perniciosas inducere posse. Iacobus Randi quoque saepe scribit de fraude a psychicis et fide sanatores? commissa. Ei qui alternam detrectant medicinam saepe indicant consilium improbum a suasoribus temerariis datum, quod in gravem iniuriam vel etiam mortem inducere potest.

*Ricardus Dawkins* acroasim mense Iunio 2006 habet.
Ricardus Dawkins, insigniter in libro *The God Delusion,* indicat religionem fontem violentiae et putat creationismum biologiae minitari. Nonnulli sceptici, sicut sodales podcast *The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe,* certis cultibus et novis motibus religiosis adversantur ob sollicitudinem rerum quas ei miracula falsa arbitrantur, a ducibus gregis effectarum vel confirmatarum. Ei systemata fidei saepe detrectant quae ei putant idiosyncratica, *bizarre,* vel irrationalia.

Notabilia media sceptica
------------------------

Magazinae
* *Skeptic* (CFA)
* *Skeptical Inquirer*
* *The Skeptic* (BR)

Programmata televisifica
* *Penn & Teller: Bullshit!*
* *MythBusters*
* *Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files*

Podcasts
* *The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe*
* *Skepticality*
* *The Skeptic Zone*
* *Skeptoid*
* *Point of Inquiry*
* *For Good Reason*

Nexus interni
-------------


|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| * Cogitatio critica
* Cogitatio libera
* Empirismus
* Inductivismus
* Iustificationismus
* Praeiudicium
* Positivismus logicus
* Replicatio eventuum
 | * Scientia falsa
* Scepticismus
* Scepticismus academicus
* Sceptici Australiani
* *The Skeptic's Dictionary*
* Sceptisicmus philosophicus
* SkeptiCamp
* Snopes.com
 |

Notae
-----

1. ↑  Anglice "the extension of certified knowledge." Stemwedel, Janet D. (29 Ianuarii 2008), "Basic concepts: the norms of science" (blog), *ScienceBlogs: Adventures in Ethics and Science* (Seed Media Group) : locus in Robertus K. Merton (1942).
2. ↑  Merton, R. K. (1942). *The Normative Structure of Science*  in Merton, Robert King (1973). "The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations". Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226520919 .
3. ↑  Sagan, Carl (1997). *Contact*. Orbit. pp. 432. ISBN 1857235800 .
4. ↑  Sagan, Carl (1998). *Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium*. Ballantine Books. pp. 320. ISBN 0345379187 .
5. ↑   Kurtz, Paul (1992). *The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge*.  Prometheus. pp. 371. ISBN 0879757663 .
6. ↑  Anglice "how to think, not what to think." Swiss, Jamy Ian. "Overlapping Magisteria". James Randi Educational Foundation .
7. ↑  Wudka, Jose (1998). "What is the scientific method?" .
8. ↑  Chu, J.; Frey, L.; Ganzel, B.; Matthews, J. (May 1999). "Memories of childhood abuse: dissociation, amnesia, and corroboration". *American Journal of Psychiatry* **156** (5): 749–55 .
9. ↑  Duggal, S.; Sroufe, L. A. (April 1998). "Recovered memory of childhood sexual trauma: A documented case from a longitudinal study". *Journal of Traumatic Stress* **11** (2): 301–321 .
10. ↑  Freyd, Jennifer J. (1996). *Betrayal Trauma - The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse*. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 067406805X .
11. ↑  McNally, R. J. (2004). "The science and folklore of traumatic amnesia". *Clinical Psychology Science and Practice* **11** (1): 29–33
12. ↑  McNally, R. J. (2007). "Dispelling confusion about traumatic dissociative amnesia". *Mayo Clin. Proc.* **82** (9): 1083–90 .
13. ↑  McNally, R. J. (2004). "Is traumatic amnesia nothing but psychiatric folklore?". *Cogn Behav There* **33** (2): 97–101; discussion 102–4, 109–11 .
14. ↑  McNally, R. J. (2005). "Debunking myths about trauma and memory". *Can J Psychiatry* **50** (13): 817–22 .
15. ↑  Gardner, Martin (1957). *Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science*. Dover. ISBN 0486203948 .
16. ↑  "Skeptics Dictionary Alphabetical Index Abracadabra to Zombies". skepdic.com. 2007 .
17. ↑  Nickell, Joe, *Skeptical inquiry vs debunking* .
18. ↑  Hansen, George P. (1992). "CSICOP and the Skeptics: An Overview" .
19. ↑  Wilson, Richard (18 Septembris 2008), "Against the Evidence", *New Statesman* (Progressive Media International) .
20. ↑  Anglice: "[it] centres not on an impartial search for the truth, but on the defence of a preconceived ideological position."
21. ↑  Wilson, Richard C. (2008). *Don't get fooled again: the sceptic's guide to life*. Icon. ISBN 9781848310148 .
22. ↑  Anglice "worst kind of pseudoskepticism"
23. ↑  Anglice "There are some members of the skeptics’ groups who clearly believe they know the right answer prior to inquiry. They appear not to be interested in weighing alternatives, investigating strange claims, or trying out psychic experiences or altered states for themselves (heaven forbid!), but only in promoting their own particular belief structure and cohesion." Kennedy, J. E. (2003.). "The capricious, actively evasive, unsustainable nature of psi: A summary and hypotheses". *The Journal of Parapsychology* **67**: 53–74  Vide Note 1 p. 64 de Blackmore, S. J. (1994). "Women skeptics". In Coly, L.; White, R.. *Women and Parapsychology*. Novi Eboraci: Parapsychology Foundation. pp. 234–236) .
24. ↑  Skepdic article on positive pseudo-skeptics
25. ↑  *Skeptical Investigations*.. *Association for Skeptical Investigation*
26. ↑  Anglice "is a group of pseudo-skeptical paranormal investigators and supporters who do not appreciate criticism of paranormal studies by truly genuine skeptics and critical thinkers. The only skepticism this group promotes is skepticism of critics and [their] criticisms of paranormal studies." Robertus Todd Carroll "Internet Bunk: Skeptical Investigations." *Skeptic's Dictionary.*
27. ↑  Allegoria speluncae, Plato *Respublica,* (New Cambridge University Press), conversus in Anglicum a Tom Griffith et G. R. F. Ferrari. ISBN 0-521-48443-X.
28. ↑  Russell, Bertrand (1928). "On the Value of Scepticism". *The Will To Doubt*. Positive Atheism .
29. ↑  Fighting Against Flimflam, TIME, 24 Iunii 2001.
30. ↑  Better living without God? - Religion is a dangerously irrational mirage, says Dawkins, *San Francisco Chronicle,* 5 Septembris 2013.
31. ↑  Langone, Michael D. (Iunio 1995). *Recovery from Cults: Help for Victims of Psychological and Spiritual Abuse*. W. Norton. American Family Foundation. pp. 432. ISBN 0-393-31321-2 .

Bibliographia
-------------

* Carroll, Robert Todd. 2003. *The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions.* Novi Eboraci: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-27242-6.
* Gardner, Martin. 1957. *Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science.* Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20394-8.
* Randi, James. 1982. *Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions.* Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-345-40946-9.
* Randi, James, et Arthurus C. Clarke. 1997. *An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural.* St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-15119-5.
* Sagan, Carl, et Ann Druyan. 1997. *The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark.* Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-40946-9.
* Shermer, Michael. 1997. *Why People Believe Weird Things.* St. Martins Griffin and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-7089-7.

Nexus externi
-------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Vicicitatio** habet citationes quae ad **skepticismum scientiticum** spectant. |

* Baloney Detection Kit, www.xenu.net (Operation Clambake, 1998)
* Carroll, Robert Todd. "The Skeptic's Dictionary," skepdic.com
* Commentarii, www.theness.com (*New England Skeptical Society Newsletter*)
* Consilia pro scientistis dissentientibus, www.scientificexploration.org
* FAQ, www.faqs.org
* Iudicium Proprium, www.csicop.org
* Nexus qui se scepticis commendant, skeptic.links.org
* Nonsense (And Why It's So Popular), www3.wooster.edu
* Shermer, Michael. "A skeptical manifesto," www.skeptic.com