*Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus*

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**Animalia** — Chordata

Superclassis : Osteichthyes   
Classis : Actinopterygii   
Subclassis : Chondrostei   
Ordo : Acipenseriformes   
Familia : **Acipenseridae**   
Bonaparte, 1831  
   
Palaeontologia

Cretaceum Superius-Holocaenum

70.6–Praesens m.a.:  
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Subdivisiones: Subfamiliae\*Acipenserinae
* Scaphirhynchinae

Calvaria acipenseris: a, rostrum; b, capsula nasalis; c, cavum oculi; d, foramina nervorum spinalium; e, notochorda; g, os quadratum; h, os hyomandibulare; i, mandibulum; j. basibranchiales; k, costae; l, os hyoidum; I, II, III, IV, V, arcus branchiales.
Venter et os acipenseris.
**Acipenseridae** sunt familia piscium ordinis Acipenseriformium, cui familiae sunt viginti septem species, in quattuor genera digestae, quae sunt *Acipenser,* *Huso,* *Scaphirhynchus,* *Pseudoscaphirhynchus.* Familia orta est aevo Triassico, abhinc annorum 245 ad 208 fere milliones. Quattuor species descriptae exstinctae esse possunt. *Polyodon spathula* et *Psephurus gladius,* species arte cognatae, inter eundem ordinem (Acipenseriformes) sunt, sed in familia Polyodontidarum ponuntur. Haec animalia pisces primitivos appellantur quia eorum proprietates morphologicae ex aevo primorum fossilium haud mutanturt. Acipenseridae endemicae sunt in fluminibus, lacubus, litoribusque subtropicis, temperatis, subarcticisque in Eurasia et America Septentrionali.

Acipenseridae diutine vivunt, proprietatibus distinctis praeditae, sicut pinna caudalis heterocercalis, quae congruentis selachimorphorum pinnae similis est, et corpus praelongum, quod levis est, sine squamis, quinque lateralibus laminarum ossearum seriebus (scutis) armatum. Nonnullae species permagnae crescunt, a duo ad tria et dimidia metra longae. Maximus acipenser notus erat *Huso huso* femina in aestuario Rhensi anno 1827 captus, qui 1.571 chiliogrammata ponderis et 7.2 metra longus erat. Plurimi acipenseres sunt animalia anadroma et benthica, quae adverso flumine ad ova parienda migrant, sed plerumque in aestuariis deltisque fluminum vescuntur. Aliae species solum in aqua dulci habitant, sed aliae praesertim circumiecta maritima prope litus frequentant, et adeo in oceanum apertum audent.

Ova nonnullarum acipenseridarum specierum ab hominibus messa in ova acipenseris, cibum sumptuosum, fiunt. Quae consuetudo saeculo vicensimo abusus videri coepit, qui, cum aliis minis in circumiectis naturalibus, plurimas species ad statum *critically endangered*? coegit, etiam usque ad exstinctionem.

Distributio geographica
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Acipenseridae regiones ab aquis subtropicis ad subarcticas in America Septentrionali et Eurasia habitant. In America Septentrionali, endemicae sunt secundum litus Atlanticum a Sinu Mexici ad Terram Novam (insulam), in Lacubus Magnis et fluminibus Sancti Laurentii, Missurio, et Mississippia, et secundum oram occidentalem in magnis fluminibus a California et Idaho ad Columbiam Britannicam. Inveniuntur secundum litus Atlanticum in Europa, in pelve Mediterraneo (praecipue in Mari Adriatico), et in fluminibus Italiae septentrionalis. Etiam inveniuntur in fluminibus quae in maria Pontum, Palum Maeotis, et Caspium influunt (plerumque in Danuvio, Danapri, Rha, Rhymno, et Tanai); in fluminibus Russicis quae ad septentriones fluentes in Oceanum Arcticum influunt (plerumque in Obio, Ienisea, Lena, Colyma); atque in fluminibus Asiae Mediae (plerumque in Oxo et Iaxarte) et in Lacu Baical. Praeterea in Oceano Pacifico inveniuntur in Amur secundum fines Russiae et Sinae, ante insulam Sachalinam, et in certis fluminibus in Sina boreo-orientali.

Nulla Acipenseridarum species ad australem aequatoris sponte secundum naturam fieri videtur, sed earum aquacultura in Uruguaia, Africa Australi, et alibi fieri incipitur.

Systematica
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Phylogenia Acipenseridarum, ut in cladogrammate infra dato, monstrat eas se evolvisse ex Actinopterygiis. Tempora huius evolutionis apud Near et al. 2012 leguntur.

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In taxinomia hodierna, classis Actinopterygiorum et ordo Acipenseriformium sunt cladi veri.

Familia **Acipenseridarum** in duas subfamilias dividitur: Acipenserinas (genera *Acipenserem* et *Husonem*), et Scaphirhyncinas (genera *Scaphirhynchum* et *Pseudoscaphirhynchum*). Familiae sunt octo species exstinctae et viginti octo species vel subspecies exstantes (inter quas insigniter *Acipenser ruthenus* et duae species fossilium viventium), in quattuor genera digestae:

Amor ovorum acipenseris nonnullas acipenseridarum species paene ad exstinctionem coegit.
*Huso huso* in praedio ovorum acipenserum in Corea Meridiana.
Mulier acipensers in foro ad Turkmenbasi in Turcomannia.
Fossile *Yanosteus longidorsalis.* Cretaceo ineunte, abhinc annorum 146–100 milliones. Formatio Yixian Liaoning Sinarum.
Familia **Acipenseridae**

* Subfamilia **Acipenserinae**
	+ Genus *Acipenser* Linnaeus, 1758
		- †*Acipenser albertensis* Lambe 1902
		- *Acipenser baerii* J. F. Brandt, 1869
		- *Acipenser baerii baerii* J. F. Brandt, 1869
			* *Acipenser baerii baicalensis* A. M. Nikolskii, 1896
			* *Acipenser baerii stenorrhynchus* A. M. Nikolskii, 1896
		- *Acipenser brevirostrum* Lesueur, 1818
		- *Acipenser dabryanus* A. H. A. Duméril, 1869
		- †*Acipenser cruciferus* (Cope 1876)
		- †*Acipenser eruciferus* Cope 1876
		- *Acipenser fulvescens* Rafinesque, 1817
		- †*Acipenser gigantissimus* Nessov 1997
		- *Acipenser gueldenstaedtii* J. F. Brandt & Ratzeburg, 1833
		- *Acipenser medirostris* Ayres, 1854
		- *Acipenser mikadoi* Hilgendorf, 1892
		- †*Acipenser molassicus* Probst 1882
		- *Acipenser naccarii* Bonaparte, 1836
		- *Acipenser nudiventris* Lovetsky, 1828
		- †*Acipenser ornatus* Leidy 1873
		- *Acipenser oxyrinchus* Mitchill, 1815
			* *Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi* Vladykov, 1955
			* *Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus* Mitchill, 1815
		- *Acipenser persicus* Borodin, 1897
		- *Acipenser ruthenus* Linnaeus, decima editio *Systema Naturae,* 1758
		- *Acipenser schrenckii* J. F. Brandt, 1869
		- *Acipenser sinensis* J. E. Gray, 1835
		- *Acipenser stellatus* Pallas, 1771
		- *Acipenser sturio* Linnaeus, 1758
		- †*Acipenser toliapicus* Agassiz 1844 ex Woodward 1889
		- *Acipenser transmontanus* J. Richardson, 1836
		- †*Acipenser tuberculosus* Probst 1882
	+ Genus *Huso* J. F. Brandt & Ratzeburg, 1833
		- *Huso dauricus* (Georgi, 1775)
		- *Huso huso* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Subfamilia **Scaphirhynchinae**
	+ Genus *Scaphirhynchus* Heckel, 1835
		- *Scaphirhynchus albus* (Forbes & R. E. Richardson, 1905)
		- *Scaphirhynchus platorynchus* (Rafinesque, 1820)
		- *Scaphirhynchus suttkusi* J. D. Williams & Clemmer, 1991
	+ Genus *Pseudoscaphirhynchus* Nikolskii, 1900
		- *Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi* (Kessler, 1872)
		- *Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni* (Kessler, 1877)
		- *Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni* (Kessler, 1877)

Notae
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1. ↑  "Acipenseridae" apud *FishBase*
2. ↑  Birstein, V. J.; Hanner, R.; DeSalle, R. (1997). "Phylogeny of the Acipenseriformes: cytogenic and molecular approaches". In Birstein, V. J.; Waldman, J. R.; Bemis, W. E.. *Sturgeon Biodiversity and Conservation*. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes. **17**. pp. 127–55. ISBN 978-0-306-46854-4 .
3. ↑  Chadwick, Niki; Drzewinski, Pia; Hurt, Leigh Ann (18 Martii 2010). "Sturgeon More Critically Endangered Than Any Other Group of Species". *International News Release*. International Union for Conservation of Nature .
4. ↑  Chesapeake Bay Field Office. "Atlantic Sturgeon". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service .
5. ↑  "Lake sturgeon". Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources .
6. ↑  "Biology of Fishes (chapter: Biodiversity II: Primitive Bony Fishes and The Rise of Modern Teleosts)". University of Washington .
7. ↑  "LIFE 04NAT/IT/000126 "Conservation and Breeding of Italian Cobice Endemic Sturgeon""
8. ↑  Berg 1962.
9. 1 2  "Acipenseriformes" apud *FishBase*.
10. ↑  Burtzev, LA. (1999). "The History of Global Sturgeon Aquaculture". *Journal of Applied Ichthyology* **15** (4–5): 325–325 .
11. 1 2  Thomas J. Near (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". *PNAS* **109** (34): 13698–13703 .
12. ↑  Betancur, Ricardo (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". *PLOS Currents Tree of Life* **5** (1) .
13. ↑  Laurin, M.; Reisz, R. R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society* **113** (2): 165–223 .

Bibliographia
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* Berg, L. S. 1962. *Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries,* vol. 1. Ed. quarta. Hierosolymis: Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. (Textus Russicus anno 1948 prolatus.)
* Carey, Richard Adams. 2005. *The philosopher fish: sturgeon, caviar, and the geography of desire.* Novi Eborci: Conterpoint. ISBN 1582431736.
* Kline, Kathleen Schmitt, Ronald M. Bruch, et Frederick P. Binkowsk. 2009. *People of the sturgeon: Wisconsin's love affair with an ancient fish.* Photographemata Bob Rashid. Madisoniaa Visconsiniae: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. ISBN 9780870204319.
* Saffron, Inga. 2002. *Caviar: the strange history and uncertain future of the world's most coveted delicacy.* Novi Eboraci: Broadway Books. ISBN 0767906233.

Nexus externi
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|  | **Vicimedia Communia** plura habent quae ad **Acipenseridas** spectant (Acipenser, Acipenseridae). |

* "Acipenser." FishBase.
* Situs interretialis societatis proprius. World Sturgeon Conservation Society.
* "PBS special."