Pari elang tutul, *Aetobatus narinari*
**Ikan pari** atau ikan peh adalah jenis ikan laut yang memiliki 560 spesies dan tergolong dalam 13 famili.

Jenis
-----

**Ordo Torpediniformes**

* Famili Hypnidae (Pari Peti Mati)
* Famili Narcinidae (Numbfish)
* Famili Narkidae (Pari Tidur)
* Famili Torpedinidae (Pari Torpedo Sejati)

**Ordo Rhinopristiformes**

* Famili Glaucostegidae (Pari Gitar Raksasa)
* Famili Platyrhinidae\* (Pari Kipas)
* Famili Pristidae (Pari Gergaji), dikenal juga dengan nama Hiu Gergaji
* Famili Rhinidae (Pari Baji/ Pari Kekeh)
* Famili Rhinobatidae (Pari Gitar)
* Famili Trygonorrhinidae (Pari Banjo)
* Famili Zanobatidae\* (Pari Panci)

\* Penempatan dalam keluarga-keluarga ini masih tidak pasti

**Ordo Rajiformes**

* Famili Anacanthobatidae (Skate Mulus/ Skate Berkaki)
* Famili Arhynchobatidae (Skate Hidung Lunak)
* Famili Gurgesiellidae (Skate Kerdil)
* Famili Rajidae (Skate Sejati)

**Ordo Myliobatiformes**

* Famili Aetobatidae (Pari Elang)
* Famili Dasyatidae (Pari Ekor Cambuk)
* Famili Gymnuridae (Pari Kupu-kupu)
* Famili Hexatrygonidae (Pari Enam Insang)
* Famili Myliobatidae (Pari elang)
* Famili Plesiobatidae (Pari Laut Dalam)
* Famili Potamotrygonidae (Pari Sungai)
* Famili Rhinopteridae (Pari Hidung Sapi)
* Famili Urolophidae
* Famili Urotrygonidae (Pari Bundar)

Anatomi
-------

Memiliki bentuk yang pipih dan datar serta bertulang rawan.

Referensi
---------

Martin, R. Aidan (February 2010). "Batoids: Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Electric Rays, Skates, and Sting Rays". Elasmo research. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research.

Motta, P.J.; Wilga, C.D. (2001). "Advances in the study of feeding behaviors, mechanisms, and mechanics of sharks". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 60 (1–3): 131–56. doi:10.1023/A:1007649900712. S2CID 28305317.

Wilga, C.A.D. (2008). "Evolutionary divergence in the feeding mechanism of fishes". Acta Geologica Polonica. 58: 113–20.

"Reproduction overall". Risk Section, Bedford Institute of Oceanography & Marine Fish Species. Canadian Shark Research Lab. Skates and rays of Atlantic Canada. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center. Archived from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2012.

Adams, Kye R.; Fetterplace, Lachlan C.; Davis, Andrew R.; Taylor, Matthew D.; Knott, Nathan A. (January 2018). "Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs". Biological Conservation. 217: 11–27. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.010. S2CID 90834034. Archived from the original on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2018-12-09.

Benton, M. J. (2005). Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd ed.). Blackwell. Fig 7.13 on page 185. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8.

Stumpf, Sebastian; Kriwet, Jürgen (2019). "A new Pliensbachian elasmobranch (Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes) assemblage from Europe, and its contribution to the understanding of late Early Jurassic elasmobranch diversity and distributional patterns". PalZ. 93 (4): 637–658. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00451-4.

"Chondrichthyes: Fossil Record". University of California Museum of Paleontology. U.C. Berkeley.

This reference is defined in a template or other generated block, and for now can only be previewed in source mode.
This reference is defined in a template or other generated block, and for now can only be previewed in source mode.
This reference is defined in a template or other generated block, and for now can only be previewed in source mode.

Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; Kyne, Peter M.; Sherley, Richard B.; Winker, Henning; Carlson, John K.; Fordham, Sonja V.; Barreto, Rodrigo; Fernando, Daniel; Francis, Malcolm P.; Jabado, Rima W.; Herman, Katelyn B.; Liu, Kwang-Ming; Marshall, Andrea D.; Pollom, Riley A.; Romanov, Evgeny V.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Yin, Jamie S.; Kindsvater, Holly K.; Dulvy, Nicholas K. (2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays". Nature. 589 (7843): 567–571. Bibcode:2021Natur.589..567P. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9. hdl:10871/124531. PMID 33505035. S2CID 231723355.

Briggs, Helen (28 January 2021). "Extinction: 'Time is running out' to save sharks and rays". BBC News. Retrieved 29 January 2021.

Richardson, Holly (27 January 2021). "Shark, ray populations have declined by 'alarming' 70 per cent since 1970s, study finds". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 January 2021.

| * l
* b
* s
Kelompok-kelompok sumberdaya perikanan utama di Indonesia |
| --- |
| Perairan bebas | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Pelagis besar | 
* Aneka Hiu dan pari
* Setuhuk
	+ Jangilus
	+ Layaran
	+ Todak
* Tenggiri
* Tuna
	+ Albakora
	+ Cakalang
	+ Madidihang
	+ Mata besar
	+ Tongkol

 |
| Pelagis kecil | 
* Bonito
* Japuh
* Kembung
* Layang
* Lemuru
* Makerel
* Selar
* Sarden
* Tembang
* Teri
* Torani

 |
| Demersal | 
* Alu-alu
* Ayam-ayam
* Bawal
* Belanak
* Baronang
* Kakap
* Kerapu
* Kuro
* Layur
* Manyung
* Peperek
* Sebelah

 |
| Biota laut lain | 
* Cumi-cumi
	+ Cumi-cumi
	+ Gurita
	+ Sotong
* Kepiting
	+ Bakau
	+ Rajungan
* Tiram
	+ Darah
* Teripang
* Udang
	+ Geragau
	+ Lobster
	+ Laut
	+ Ronggeng
	+ Windu

 |
| Ikan air tawar | 
* Baung
* Belida
* Betik
* Gabus
	+ Gabus
	+ Kehung
	+ Kerandang
	+ Toman
* Lele
	+ Kampung
	+ Limbat
* Lundu
* Putihan
	+ Hampal
	+ Tengadak
	+ Seluang
	+ Semah
	+ Tambra
	+ Tawes
* Sepat
	+ Rawa
	+ Siam
* Sidat
* selanjutnya...

 |

 | Atlantic codLobsterPacific oysters |
| Budi daya | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Laut | 
* Agar-agar
* Bandeng
* Kakap
	+ Merah
	+ Putih
* Kerapu
* Tiram
	+ Abalon
	+ Hijau
	+ Mutiara

 |
| Air tawar | 
* Belut sawah
* Gurami
* Lele dumbo
* Mas
* Mujair
* Nila
* Patin
* Ikan hias
	+ Arwana
	+ Cupang
	+ Gupi
	+ Maskoki
	+ Sepat
* selanjutnya...)

 |

 |
| Kategori:**Ikan** |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Pengidentifikasi takson | 
* Wikidata: Q6495741
* Wikispecies: Rajomorphii
* ADW: Batoidea
* Fossilworks: 218955
* iNaturalist: 448201
* ITIS: 563992
* NCBI: 117893
* WoRMS: 368409

 |


1. ↑  Stevens, J. & Last, P.R. (1998), Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. ed. *Encyclopedia of Fishes*, San Diego: Academic Press, hlm. 60, ISBN 0-12-547665-5 Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)