*Para describir os movementos das pezas de xadrez neste artigo usouse a notación alxébrica.*

**Ruy López de Segura**, nado en Zafra contra o 1540 e finado en Madrid contra o 1580, foi un clérigo e xadrecista estremeño.

Traxectoria
-----------

Partida de xadrez entre López de Segura e Da Cutri na corte española, por Luigi Mussini (1886).
Rodrigo López de Segura naceu nunha familia acomodada. Os seus pais eran mercadores, con casa e escudo na Praza Grande da localidade. Foi clérigo da parroquia da Candelaria en Zafra, e máis tarde pasou á corte de Filipe II, en condición de confesor e conselleiro real. Foi considerado campión do mundo polo menos entre 1570 e 1575, cando foi derrotado por Leonardo dá Cutri.

Desde mozo Ruy López foi un namorado do xadrez. Ao parecer un dos que máis influíu nel foi Damiano, quen en 1512 publicara o libro *Questo Libro e da Imparare Giocare a Scachi: Et de Belitissimi Partiti*, que López estudou. En 1560 chegou a Roma por asuntos eclesiásticos e alí derrotou os mellores xadrecistas italianos. Repetiu a súa fazaña en 1573 durante o pontificado de Gregorio XIII, época na que Italia era o máis importante centro xadrecístico de Europa, especialmente Roma.

Moitos historiadores do xadrez considérano como o primeiro campión do mundo rexistrado en Europa e como creador da teoría do xadrez. Tamén é destacable que practicou con éxito a modalidade do xadrez á cegas. O rei Filipe II colmouno de honras pola súa fama no xadrez. En 1575, Filipe II invitouno a un torneo na súa corte e así reuníronse en Madrid os dous mellores xadrecistas italianos da súa época, Leonardo da Cutri e Paolo Boi, alcumado *o Siracusano*, xunto cos españois Ruy López e Afonso Cerón, de Granada. Esta proba é cualificada polos historiadores como o primeiro Torneo Internacional de Mestres e a primeira en ser documentada. O torneo gañouno Leonardo da Cutri, quen recibiu como premio mil ducados, unha capa de armiño e o seu lugar de nacemento, durante vinte anos, estivo exento de pagar tributos. Filipe II enviou as súas felicitacións a Xoán de Austria nunha carta datada o 22 de agosto de 1575.

Como exemplo verase a continuación unha partida que, a criterio de moitos, é a primeira vez que se xoga un Gambito de rei.

Partidas xogadas por Ruy López
------------------------------

### Apertura Ruy López ou española


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| Apertura Ruy López ou española. Movementos: 1. e4 - e5 2. Cf3 - Cc6 3. Bb5 ECO: C60-C99 |

Os seus estudos sobre a Apertura Ruy López (chamada tamén española) foron fundamentais para o progreso do xogo. O tratado de xadrez do zafrense foi obxecto de numerosos estudos e considerouse como base fundamental da teoría xadrecística. A súa apertura segue vixente aínda e foi analizada e posta a proba na práctica do xadrez moderno polos máis grandes mestres. Aparece no seu tratado como Apertura IX.

Formulación da Apertura Ruy López:

1. **e4 - e5** 2. **Cf3 - Cc6** 3. **Bb5**

### Apertura: Gambito de rei rexeitado

Coas brancas, Rodrigo Ruy López de Segura; coas negras, Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona da Cutri.


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| Apertura Gambito de rei rexeitado, despois de 2. ... - d6 |



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| Situación posterior a 5. ... - dxe5?? |

1. **e4 - e5 2. f4 - d6**, (véxase o taboleiro á esquerda) a Leonardo foille conveniente aceptar o sacrificio de peón con 2. ... - exf4. Outra xogada boa éralle tamén 2. ... - d5. Ao non aceptar nin contraatacar acomodouse defendendo o peón atacado a esperas da iniciativa do de Zafra. **3. Bc4 - c6 4. Cf3 - Bg4 5. fxe5 - dxe5??**, (poden ver a posición no taboleiro da dereita), aínda agora éralle o mellor movemento 5. ... - d5, ao querer recuperar o peón o máis pronto posible, desencadea un sacrificio do estremeño, que gaña a partida, materializando a vantaxe en moi poucas xogadas. **6. Bxf7+!!**, este sacrificio foi un investimento seguro, xa que colleu un peón e fai mover o rei para despois responder con movementos que recuperan moito máis do antes sacrificado. **6. ... - Rxf7?**, non coller o bispo deulle máis poderío de resistencia, pero a partida estaba xa perdida. **7. Cxe5+!**, **7. ... - Re8?**, o rei tiña mellores sitios a onde ir, indo cara a atrás, facilitoulle aínda máis o traballo. **8. Dxg4!**, sumar efectivos cando se ataca é importante, novos efectivos, novas ameazas. **8. ... - Cf6??**, último fallo de Leonardo na partida. **9. De6+!! - De7 10. Dc8+ - Dd8 11. Dxd8 + - Rxd8 12. Cf7+**, e as brancas gañaron.

### Apertura: Cabalo de rei

Coas brancas, Rodrigo Ruy López de Segura; coas Negras, Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona da Cutri.


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| Apertura Cabalo de rei, despois de 2. Cf3 |



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| Posción posterior a 9. ... - Cxd5 |

**1. e4 - e5 2. Cf3 - f6?**, Leonardo proba defender doutro xeito o peón atacado. **3. Cxe5!** Leonardo optou por castigar o sacrificio aceptándoo. **3. ... - fxe5??** Seríalle mellor non aceptar o cabalo e xogar 3. ... - De7 poñendo unha contratrampa para que se agora Ruy López quixese dar un xaque coa Dama, ou sexa 4. Dh5+ - g6 para sacrificar o cabalo con 5. Cxg6, Leonardo puidese contestar con 5. ... - Dxe4+ e 6. Be2 - Dxg6, gañando efectivamente o cabalo. A 3. ... - De7 aconséllase contestar con 4. Cc4, as brancas perderán o peón que gañaran provisoriamente, pero a súa vantaxe queda ampla ao gañar velocidade no desenvolvemento. **4.Dh5+ - g6** 4. ... - Re7 ﻿Era peor elección, porque seguirían os movementos 5. Dxe5+ - Rf7 6. Bc4+ - d5 (se 6. ... - Rg6 entón 7. Df5+ - Rh6 8. h4 - De7 9. d3+ e as brancas gañan doado) 7. Bxd5+ - Rg6 8.h4 - h5 9. Bxb7+ e gaña, nótese que o bispo non se pode coller 9. ... - Bxb7 porque entón daría a dama xaque con 10. Df5+ - Rh6 11. d4+ - g5 12. Df7!! con mate en poucos movementos máis. **5. Dxe5+ - De7 6. Dxh8 - Cf6?** 6. ... - Dxe4+ ten pinta de pouquiño mellor. **7. d4** a Ruy López 7. Cc3 ou 7. d3 tamén lle serían bos movementos. **7. ... - Rf7?** Leonardo non quixo coller o peón con 7. ... - Cxe4. **8. Bc4+?** 8. e5 ampliaba maior vantaxe **8. ... - d5 9. Bxd5+ - Cxd5** e as brancas gañaron.

### Apertura: Defensa Philidor

Coas brancas, Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona da Cutri; coas negras, Rodrigo Ruy López de Segura.


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| Defensa Philidor logo de 2. ... - d6 |



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| Última posición coñecida logo de 10. b4 |

**1. e4 - e5 2. Cf3 - d6 3. Bc4 - f5?**, este movemento sópralle moito vento en popa ás brancas. Son mellores 3. ...- Cc6 e 3. ... - Be7, as dúas variantes principais na actualidade. **4. d3**, ﻿4. d4! ten moita agresividade, por poñer un exemplo: 4. ... - fxe4 5. Cxe5! - dxe5 6. Dh5+ - Rd7 7. Bxg8 - Bb4+ 8. c3 - Dxg8 9. cxb4 - exd4 10. 0-0 e brancas vanse divertir. **4. ... - Be7 5. De2**, ﻿5. Cc3 é unha xogada un pouquiño máis fina, xa que aínda non se sabe cal vai ser o mellor sitio para a dama. **5. ... - c6** 5. Cc6 faríalle bos servizos. **6. h3**,﻿ as brancas perden velocidade voluntariamente, 6. Cc3 era outra vez o normal. **6. ... - f4**, mellor 6. Cf6. **7. g3?**, ﻿regala toda a vantaxe obtida na apertura e a situación vaise igualando, 7.d4 ou 7. 0-0 faríanlle máis presión ás negras. **7. ... - fxg3 8. fxg3 - Dc7?** Ruy López subestimou 9. Cg5 - Bxg5 10. Bxg5 con vantaxe novo para as brancas, ou tamén 9. ... - Cf6 10. Bf7+ - Rf8. **9. Cc3?** devolve o favor, e deixa que a posición se vaia igualando outra vez. **9. ... - Cf6?** volve a subestimar 10. Cg5, lle era mellor xogar antes 9. ... - b5 10. Bb3 - b4. **10. b4?** volve ao de costume non querendo facer o movemento 10. Cg5. Con 10. b4? ﻿debilitáronse as brancas tanto, que agora xa son as negras as que gustan, continuando con 10. ... - d5. ﻿Anotouse que a partida a gañou Leonardo, pero descoñécese como seguiu.

### Apertura: Italiana (variante pechada)

Coas brancas, Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona da Cutri; coas negras, Rodrigo Ruy López de Segura.


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| Apertura Italiana, despois de 3. ...- Bc5 |



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| Posición logo de 10. Cbd2 |

**1. e4 - e5 2. Cf3 - Cc6 3. Bc4 - Bc5**, (véxase o taboleiro esquerdo). **4. c3**, aínda hoxe a que máis se xoga das variantes principais na apertura italiana. **4. ... - De7**, na actualidade prefírese xogar 4. ... - Cf6 o cal é ao mesmo tempo o movemento que máis se xogou nesta variante ata agora. **5. b4**, 5. d4!? ﻿é tacticamente unha liña de xogo moi interesante. Pero nada que obxectar a don Giovanni, o seu movemento foi moi bo. **5. ... - Bb6 6. a4 - a6 7. Ba3** nesta posición aconséllase 7. d3 para ocultar onde vai parar o bispo. **7. ... - d6 8. d3 - Cf6 9. De2 - Bg4** as negras equilibraron o xogo e sen facer fallos non debería haber ningunha preocupación. **10. Cbd2**, ﻿é unha pena que non se saiba de como seguiu a partida, sexa como fose, se ten historicamente rexistrado que Leonardo gañou esta partida. O procedemento desta partida, ou sexa, dos movementos que coñecemos, é de alto nivel por parte de ambos xogadores.

Obra
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Emulando a Damiano escribiu o *Libro de la invención liberal y arte del juego del ajedrez, muy útil y provechosa para los que de nuevo quisieren depreder a jugarlo, como para los que ya lo saben jugar*, publicado en Alcalá de Henares en 1561. Foi un dos primeiros libros de xadrez publicados en Europa, e traducido a diversas linguas. Despois publicou *Grammaticae Institutiones* (Lisboa, 1563)

Notas
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1. 1 2 3  "Ni Beth Harmon ni Netflix: el origen del gambito está en Zafra, Extremadura". *www.elsaltodiario.com* (en castelán). Consultado o 2020-12-30.
2. ↑  Enciclopedia de aperturas de xadrez (ECO) C60-C99
3. ↑  Enciclopedia de aperturas de xadrez (ECO) C30
4. 1 2  Enciclopedia de aperturas de xadrez (ECO) C40
5. ↑  Enciclopedia de aperturas de xadrez (ECO) C53

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