*Para describir os movementos das pezas de xadrez neste artigo usouse a notación alxébrica.*
Peón comendo outro peón
O **peón** é a peza máis débil e numerosa no xogo do xadrez, ao principio do xogo cada xogador dispón de oito.

Características
---------------

O peón representa á infantaría, pois é a peza que se coloca diante das pezas fortes (torres, cabalos, bispos, dama e rei) na liña 2 para as brancas e na 7 para as negras. A súa inicial en galego é P o mesmo que en inglés -de Pawn, peón- pero esta inicial só se usa na notación descritiva, xa que na notación alxébrica non se usa: cando non se pon letra antes da casa enténdese que se move un peón.

Localización inicial
--------------------


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| **Peóns**. Posicións iniciais dos peóns. |

Cada xogador comeza o xogo con oito peóns, un en cada cadro da segunda fila desde o punto de vista de cada xogador. Na notación alxébrica os peóns brancos comezan en a2, b2, c2, ... h2, mentres que os peóns negros comezan en a7, b7, c7, ... h7.

Movemento do peón
-----------------


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| Exemplo do movemento do peón sen pezas. Os círculos **0** indican o movemento posible na columna e as **x** as posibles capturas. |

O peón sempre move cara a adiante -nunca pode retroceder- , ao longo dunha columna, pero a diferenza das demais pezas non captura no sentido da marcha, senón unha casa en diagonal. Cando dous peóns do bando contrario se atopan na mesma columna, en casas consecutivas, non poden moverse a non ser que poidan facer unha captura. Neste caso dise que os peóns están **bloqueados**. Pola contra un peón que non ten a outro diante nin nas columnas adxacentes dise que está **pasado**. Os peóns pasados son moi perigosos xa que poden coroar e trocar na peza que queiran agas o rei. Un peón que non ten outro contrario na súa mesma columna pero si nunha das columnas adxacentes dise que está **semipasado**. Tamén son peóns perigosos xa que poden converterse en peóns pasados.

O peón pode avanzar unha ou dúas casas en vertical no seu primeiro movemento, pero só unha nos demais. Con todo, a captura realízaa en sentido diagonal avanzando un paso. Non pode retroceder.

A captura ao paso do peón
-------------------------

Se un peón se atopa na quinta fila e un peón adversario dunha columna adxacente move dúas casas no seu primeiro movemento, é posible tomar *ao paso* coma se o peón adversario movese só unha casa. Este movemento *ao paso* especial só se pode realizar na xogada seguinte á que o peón adversario moveu dúas casas.

No xadrez antigo o peón sempre adiantaba só unha casa cada xogada. Para axilizar o xogo decidiuse, nun determinado momento, que a primeira vez que se xoga un peón, cabe a posibilidade de adiantar dúas casas. Agora ben, este feito comportaba que se puidese burlar a capacidade defensiva dun peón contrario, para evitalo, estableceuse entón esta xogada especial: **a captura ao paso do peón**.

Exemplo de captura ao paso
* *Posición*: Pode facer esta xogada o xogador que ten un peón na fila 5 -a 4 para a negras- e o seu adversario ten un peón na fila de orixe -a 7 para as negras e a 2 para as brancas- nunha columna contigua á do peón.
* *Acción que permite esta xogada*: coa posición mencionada, que o adversario adiante dúas casas o seu peón, cousa que pode facer, posto que o ten na casa de orixe do peón. Os dous peóns quedarán un o lado do outro, é dicir, na mesma fila e en columnas contiguas.
* *Mecanismo*: a xogada consiste en matar o peón negro, pero o branco non ocupará a casa que deixa baleira o negro (posto que isto implicaría facer un movemento que o peón ten prohibido): a casa que ocupará o peón branco é a contigua ao vértice anterior ao lado do peón negro capturado, é dicir, a mesma que ocuparía se o peón negro só adiantase unha casa e nós o capturásemos nesta posición. Como é obvio, as negras tamén poden matar ao paso nunha posición simétrica á explicada para as brancas.
* *Condición*: a captura ao paso do peón só se pode facer inmediatamente, é dicir, na quenda seguinte ao avance de dúas casas por parte do peón adversario. Se non se fai inmediatamente, despois xa non se pode facer. Non é posible a captura ao paso se o peón chega á 5 liña -a 4 para as negras- desde a liña 6 -a 3 para as negras-

Internacionalmente a expresión para referirse á captura ao paso é «en passant» polo que cando se anota unha partida e captúrase ao paso o correcto é escribir e.p. logo da xogada.

Coroación do peón
-----------------

Coroación do peón
O peón ten a virtude de converterse en calquera peza da súa mesma cor unha vez que chegou á oitava fila, isto denomínase coroación, e representa un tema importante a considerar na táctica e estratexia de moitas partidas disputadas.

Pódese pedir calquera peza, salvo o rei, así é posible que chegue a haber varias damas ou varios bispos que circulan por casas da mesma cor. A acción da peza coroada é inmediata, é dicir, se o rei está na liña de coroación e ao coroar un peón se pide unha dama ou unha torre, o rei queda automaticamente en xaque, e ata en xaque mate se non pode eludir a ameaza.

Disposición dos peóns no taboleiro
----------------------------------

No xadrez a estrutura de peóns durante unha partida é unha consideración importante, un bando pode estar en posición inferior por ter este aspecto descoidado, ata con igualdade de material. Así mesmo, podemos atoparnos moitos casos de finais de peóns e reis sen ningunha peza máis sobre o taboleiro, co que estes adquiren outra dimensión, e ata se producen algunhas posicións xa estudadas pola teoría.

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| **Peóns**. Posicións iniciais dos peóns. |

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| Exemplo de movemento do peón sen pezas. Os círculos **O** indican o movemento posible na columna e os **x** as posibles capturas. |

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| Exemplo de movemento do peón con pezas. Os peóns da columna c só poden mover ás casas marcadas cun punto. O peón da casa e4 só pode capturar o peón da casa f5, mentres que o peón da casa f5 pode optar por capturar o peón da casa e4 ou avanzar ó cadro marcado cun x. |

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| Peóns **bloqueados**. |

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| Peóns **pasados** |

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| Peóns **semipasados** na columna c e f |

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Cita
----

*"Os peóns son a alma do xadrez."*- François Philidor

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| Control de autoridades | 
* Wd: Q135
* AAT: 300212345
* EBID: ID
* GND: 4203127-8

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