**تیرانوسارید** (نام علمی: *Tyrannosauridae*) یک خانواده از دایناسورهای گوشت‌خوار بزرگ است که در دور کرتاسه پسین در آمریکای شمالی و آسیا زندگی می‌کردند. سنگواره‌های این جانوران تاکنون در ایالات متحده آمریکا، کانادا، چین و مغولستان کشف شده‌است. بیدادگرخزندگان از آخرین دایناسورهای گوشت‌خوار غول‌پیکر محسوب می‌شدند ولی خودشان از بیدادگرخزنده‌ریختان اولیه که دایناسورهای گوشت‌خوار اغلب کوچک تا متوسطی بودند فرگشت یافتند. این خانواده از دایناسورها به دو زیرخانواده آلبرتوسوریان و تیرانوسوریان تقسیم می‌شوند. از زیرخانواده آلبرتوسوریان تاکنون تنها ۲ سرده یعنی آلبرتوسور و گورگوسور کشف‌شده ولی از زیرخانواده تیرانوسوریان تاکنون ۱۳ سرده از جمله تیرانوسور، تاربوسور و داسپلتوسور کشف‌شده‌است.

ویژگی‌ها
--------

مقایسه اندازه بزرگ‌ترین بیدادگرخزندگان تاریخ با یکدیگر و انسان؛ مساحت هر خانه، یک مترمربع است. به‌ترتیب از چپ به راست: تیرانوسور (سرخ)، تاربوسور (زرد)، آلبرتوسور (سبز)، گورگوسور (آبی)، داسپلتوسور (بنفش)
تمام بیدادگرخزندگان بزرگ بودند و کوچک‌ترین گونه‌های آن‌ها دست‌کم ۱ تن وزن داشتند. همچنین همگی آن‌ها دارای جمجمه‌های بزرگ، دندان‌های چاقومانند و ضخیم، دست‌های کوچک و دو انگشتی و پاهای قوی و بلند بودند. بسیاری از ویژگی‌های این درندگان مانند راه‌رفتن روی دوپا، داشتن استخوان‌های توخالی (به منظور کاهش وزن بدن) و نیز احتمالاً داشتن پر در نیاکان این دایناسورها نیز وجود داشت.

روش زندگی
---------

یک گورگوسور در حال حمله به یک پارازارولوفوس
بیدادگرخزندگان شکارچی رأس هرم غذایی در زیستگاه خود بودند و شکارهایشان شامل انواع دایناسورهای گیاه‌خوار بزرگ از جمله اردک‌منقاران، شاخ‌چهرگان و خزنده‌پایان بود. شواهدی وجود دارد که نشان می‌دهد دست‌کم برخی بیدادگرخزندگان مانند آلبرتوسور و داسپلتوسور به صورت گروهی زندگی و شکار می‌کردند. روش شکار گروهی این دایناسورها احتمالاً به این صورت بوده که جوان‌ترهای گروه که سریع‌تر و چالاک‌تر بودند شکار را تعقیب و خسته می‌کردند و سپس بزرگسالان گروه که از تجربه و قدرت بدنی بیشتری برخوردار بودند شکار را از پا درمی‌آوردند.

درخت تبارزایی
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |
| --- |
| **Brusatte & Carr, 2016** |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tyrannosauridae | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| آلبرتوسوریان | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *گورگوسور* |
|   |
|   | *آلبرتوسور* |
|   |

 |
|   |
| Tyrannosaurinae | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alioramini | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *کیانژوساروس* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *آلیوراموس* |
|   |
|   | *آلیوراموس* |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *نانوکسور* |
|   |
|   | *تراتوفونئوس* |
|   |

 |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *خونین‌شاه* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *داسپلتوسور* |
|   |
|   | *داسپلتوسور* |
|   |

 |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *ژوکنگتیرانوس* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *تاربوسور* |
|   |
|   | *تیرانوسوروس* |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|  |

 | 

|  |
| --- |
| **Fiorillo *et al.* 2014** |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tyrannosauridae | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| آلبرتوسوریان | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *آلبرتوسور* |
|   |
|   | *گورگوسور* |
|   |

 |
|   |
| Tyrannosaurinae | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *داسپلتوسور* |
|   |
|   | Two Medicine taxon |
|   |

 |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *تراتوفونئوس* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *بیستاهیورسور* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *خونین‌شاه* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *نانوکسور* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *تاربوسور* |
|   |
|   | *ژوکنگتیرانوس* |
|   |

 |
|   |
|   | *تیرانوسوروس* |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|  |

 | 

|  |
| --- |
| **Loewen *et al.* 2013** |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tyrannosauridae | 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *گورگوسور* |
|   |
|   | *آلبرتوسور* |
|   |

 |
|   |
| Tyrannosaurinae | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | Dinosaur Park tyrannosaurid |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *داسپلتوسور* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *داسپلتوسور* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *تراتوفونئوس* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *بیستاهیورسور* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *خونین‌شاه* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *تیرانوسوروس* |
|   |
|   | 

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   | *تاربوسور* |
|   |
|   | *ژوکنگتیرانوس* |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|   |

 |
|  |

 |

منابع
-----

1. ↑  CITEREFBrusatte\_&\_Carr2016
2. ↑  CITEREFFiorillo\_&\_Tykoski2014
3. ↑  Loewen, M.A.; Irmis, R.B.; Sertich, J.J.W.; Currie, P. J.; Sampson, S. D. (2013). Evans, David C (ed.). "Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans". *PLOS One*. **8** (11): e79420. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...879420L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079420. PMC 3819173. PMID 24223179.

* مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «Tyrannosauridae». در *دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی*، بازبینی‌شده در ۱۱ آوریل ۲۰۱۴.

پیوند به بیرون
--------------

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| --- | --- |
|  | در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ تیرانوسارید موجود است. |

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| آیکون خرد | این یک مقالهٔ خرد زیست‌شناسی است. می‌توانید با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید. |