**Madril — Lisboa abiadura handiko burdinbidea** Iberiar penintsulako burdinbide bat da, Madril–Atocha eta Lisboa–Ekialdea geltokiak lotzen ditu.

Burdinbidea 2005eko azaroaren 15an inauguratu zen Madril–Atocha eta Toledo geltokien artean.

Historia
--------

### Madril — Toledo abiadura handiko burdinbidea

1992ko apirilaren 14an Madril-Sevilla burdinbidea ireki ondoren, Atochako Ateko geltokitik Toledo hirirantz beste adar bat eraikitzea erabaki zen. Madril-Valentzia burdinbidearentzat bezala, Madril-Sevilla burdinbideko tarte bat aprobetxatzea erabaki zen, azpiegituraren kostua murrizteko. Horregatik, trazadura berria Sagra eskualdetik eraikitzen hasi zen, Madrilgo Erkidegoaren eta Gaztela-Mantxaren arteko mugan. Atochako Atetik 54 kilometro egin ondoren, Toledo helmuga duten trenak Sevillarako burdinbidetik aterako lirateke Villaseca Sagrakoa inguruan, Tajo ibaiaren paraleloan, Toledora iritsi arte.

2005eko azaroaren 15ean, Madril-Toledo abiadura handiko burdinbidea inauguratu zen, Espainiar Estatuan martxan jarri zen hirugarren Madril-Sevilla burdinbidea eta Madril-Perpinyà burdinbidea (Lleidatik bakarrik) lineen ondoren. Lehen 53,7 kilometroak, Villaseca Sagrakoaraino, Madril-Sevilla burdinbidetik egiten dira, non, berez, Sagra-Toledo tartea hasten den, 20,5 kilometroko luzera duena. Trenak Toledorantz 220 kilometro orduko abiaduran desbideratzea ahalbidetzen du trenbide diseinuak. Inauguratu zenean, bidaiaren denbora 35 minutukoa zen, eta, ondoren, 30 minutura jaitsi zen.

Toledorako adarraren 20,5 kilometroak, bide bikoitzean eraiki ziren nazioarteko zabaleran, balasto gainean. Lan berezien artean, 1 602 metroko luzera duen zubibide bat dago, Tajo ibaia eta Valdecaba erreka salbatzen dituena. Beste lan aipagarri bat Madrid-Sevilla burdinbidearen gaineko pergola da, Toledoko sarbide berriaren ezkerreko bideari bidea ematea helburu duena, eskuineko bidearekin elkartzeko eta biek beren plataformarekin jarraitzeko. Nabarmentzekoa da, halaber, Toledo inguruko A-42 autobiaren azpiko 68 metroko azpiko pasabidea.

Abiadura handia Toledora iritsi zenean, argi geratu zen geltokia behar berrietara egokitu behar zela. Hori guztia Toledoko geltokiaren eraikin historikoa zaharberrituz egin zen, Narciso Clavería arkitektoak neomudejar estiloan proiektatu eta 1919an inauguratu zuena. Halaber, bezeroek, beste zerbitzu batzuen artean, aire zabaleko aparkaleku bat dute, asfaltatua eta argiztatua, 7 500 metro koadroko azalera eta 325 plazako edukiera dituena.

### Madril — Lisboa abiadura handiko burdinbidea

Urte batzuk geroago, Frantziarekin Katalan Herrietatik Madril-Perpinyà burdinbidearekin lotu ondoren, Espainiako eta Portugalgo gobernuek abiadura handiko linea bat eraikitzea erabaki zuten, Madril Lisboarekin lotuko zuena, Portugali eta Espainiako Extremadurari Iberiar Penintsulako gainerako lurraldeekin eta Europarekin loturak izateko aukera emanez. Extremaduraren kasuan, bereziki beharrezkoa zen, 2020an lurraldearen trenbide-egoera primitiboa baitzen oraindik.

Extremaduran, kalkulatzen da 2020an lurraldea egituratzen duten trenbide urrien trazaduraren % 15ek XIX. mendeko zurezko trabesak erabiltzen jarraitzen zutela. Ez zegoen bide bikoitzik, ohiko zabalerako errei bakarreko bideak baino ez. Elektrifikatu gabe zeuden lineak; beraz, edozein trenetan gorabeheraren bat gertatzen bada, eguneroko plangintza guztia aldatuta geratzen da, eta ohiko atzerapenak izaten dira, ia egunerokoak.

Zenbait zati egoera txarrean zeuden, konpondu gabe, eta, beraz, gehieneko abiadura 60 km/h-ra mugatua zegoen, bide paraleloetatik autoz irits daitekeena baino askoz ere abiadura txikiagoa, 120 km/h-raino. Hemen, 2020an, Caceres eta Valencia de Alcantara, Merida eta El Carrascalejo eta Idiaren Burua eta Castuera arteko tarteak nabarmentzen ziren, baita Usagre eta Llerena artekoa ere. Distantzia luzeko trenak ere ez daude, erosoak, taberna zerbitzua dutenak edo ikus-entzunezkoak. 2018ko martxoaren 1etik Talgo zerbitzu bat dago martxan (distantzia ertainaren eta luzearen artean), den 2010ean kendu zen. Sareko gorabeherak egunero gertatzen ziren: 2019ko Espainiar Estatuko Egun Nazionalan lau gorabehera larri izan ziren. Merida eta Madril lotzen zituen trena Fuenlabradan geratu zen gasoil faltagatik. Egun bat lehenago, 134 pertsona lau orduz egon ziren landaren erdian botata, tren-makina bat iritsi zen arte, matxuratutako tren bati lotzeko. Beste tren bat balaztarik gabe geratu zen eta egun horretan bertan gelditu behar izan zuen. Uztailean eta abuztuan soilik, 116 gorabehera izan ziren (65 abuztuan eta 55 uztailean), ia bi egunean, Milana Bonita plataformak duela urte batzuk Extremadurarako "tren duina" aldarrikatu ostean egindako kalkuluen arabera.

Defizit hauek arintzeko, bide bikoitz eta elektrifikatu berri bat eraikitzea erabaki zen, Madriletik Lisboaraino, Extremadurako hiri handi guztietatik igaroz: Plasencia, Caceres, Merida eta Badajoz. Lisboa eta Madrilen arteko abiadura handiko lotura eraikitzeko lehen proiektuak 1990eko hamarkadakoak dira; 2003an Portugalgo eta Espainiako gobernuek abiadura handiko burdinbideak Elvas eta Badajoz arteko muga zeharkatu behar zuela adostu zuten. Espainiar Estatuan abiadura handiko lineak eraikitzea nahiko gai adostua bada, Portugalen eztabaida handia zegoen gizarte zibilean herrialdeari horrelako azpiegiturak emateko beharrari buruz. Portugalen, gobernuak Lisboa-Elvas abiadura handiko burdinbidea eraikitzeko konpromisoa hartu zuen 2011ra arte; urte horretan, proiektua bertan behera geratu zen, mugarik gabe, Atzeraldi Handiaren ondorioengatik. Nahiz eta Portugalgo gobernu batek ere ez duen Lisboa-Madril abiadura handiko burdinbidea (eta beste abiadura handiko burdinbideak Portugalen) proiektua erabat utzi, 2018an gai hori "tabutzat" jo zen, eta eztabaidatzeko une hobea espero zen.

2003ko proiektuaren arabera (proiektu "zehatza" deritzona), Lisboa-Madril burdinbidea Portugalen eraikiko liratekeen abiadura handiko 5 burdinbideetako bat izango litzateke, baita herrialde honen eta Espainiaren arteko muga zeharkatuko luketen 4 lineetako bat ere.

#### Madril — Badajoz prestazio handien burdinbidea

Ondorioz, portugaldarrek beren zatia "oraingoz" eraikitzeari utzi ondoren, Espainiako Gobernuak nabarmen moteldu zuen linea eraikitzeko inbertsioen erritmoa. Hala ere, Espainiako Extremaduran tren zerbitzuak hobetzeko, Plasencia eta Badajoz arteko plataforma eraikitzea erabaki zen, eta elektrifikatutako trenbide bat jartzea. Horrela, partzialki eta aldi baterako konpon litezke eskualdeak trenbide-azpiegiturari dagokionez dituen gabeziak, Mendebaldeko Europan gutxien garatu den eskualdeetako bat baita. "Plasencia-Badajoz prestazio handien burdinbidea" proiektuaren zati hori berrizendatu zen, eta haren garapenari ekin zitzaion, baina nahiko erritmo motelean Mediterraneorako garapenekin alderatuta.

Abiadura handiko azpiegiturari dagokion plataforma egin ondoren, bide bakarra jarriko litzateke zabalera iberikoan. Trenbide horrek balio anitzeko trabesak izango lituzke, etorkizunean iberiar zabalera nazioarteko zabalera aldatzea ahalbidetuko dutenak, eta, ondorioz, hegazti trenen zirkulazioa. Plasencia, Caceres eta Badajozerako sarbideak linea konbentzionalaren kontra egingo lirateke.

Espainiako Sustapen Ministerioaren planen arabera, 2019an prest egongo litzateke elektrifikatu gabeko PHB etorkizunean, Navalmoral de la Mata-Toledo ibilbidea eraiki eta Extremadurara nazioarteko zabalera iristen zenean, zabalera iberikoa estandarrera aldatuko zen, erreiak mugituz trenbide zabalera estutzeko. Behin hori eginda, pixkanaka-pixkanaka bide bakarreko zatietan beste bide bat jarriko litzateke, Toledo-Badajoz trazatu osoan zabalera estandarreko bide bikoitza egiteko.

Hala ere, epe horiek ez dira bete, eta, beraz, azpiegiturak atzerapen ugari ditu oraindik.

Zerbitzuak
----------


|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |
| --- |
|  **Renfe Operadora** |

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  **Zerbitzua**  |  **Hasiera**  |  **Ibilbidea**  |  **Amaiera** ⁠ |
| ***Avant***  | MadrilAtochako Atea |  | Toledo |

 |

Azpiegitura
-----------

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| 

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| CONTgq | ABZq+r | CONTfq |

 |  |  *Madril — Sevilla*  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | exSTR + KBHFe |  |

 |  | **Toledo**  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | exBHF |  |

 |  | Talavera de la Reina  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | exBHF |  |

 |  | Navalmoral de la Mata  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | exBHF |  |

 |  | Plasencia–Fuentidueñas  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| WASSERq | exhKRZWae | WASSERq |

 |  | *Tajo ibaia*  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | exBHF |  |

 |  | Caceres  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | CONTg |  |

 |  |  *Ciudad Real — Badajoz*  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | BHF |  |

 |  | Merida  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | ABZgl | CONTfq |

 |  |  *Merida — Los Rosales*  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | LSTR |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | eBHF |  |

 |  | Merida (berria)  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exABZgl+l | eABZgr |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | LSTR |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exABZgl | eABZg+r |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | LSTR |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | BHF |  |

 |  | Badajoz  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LSTR+l | eABZq+l | xKRZo | LSTRr |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LSTR | exSTRl | exvSTR+r-SHI1+r |  |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LSTR |  | exvBHF |  |  |

 |  | Elvas–Badajoz (bidaiarien geltokia)  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LSTR | WASSERq + lhSTRae+L | exvGRENZE | WASSERq + lhSTRae+R |  |

 |  | *Caia ibaia*  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LSTR |  | exvDST |  |  |

 |  | Elvas–Badajoz (salgaien terminala)  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| eABZg+l | exSTRq | exvABZgr+r-STR |  |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CONTf |  | exvSTR |  |  |

 |  |  Linha do Leste  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exvSTR-ABZg+l | exCONTfq |  |

 |  |  *Evora — Huelva*  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | exSTR+l | exvSTRr-SHI1r |  |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| exCONTgq | exABZg+r | exSTR |  |  |

 |  |  Linha de Évora  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | exSTRl | exTBHFxo | exSTR+r |  |

 |  | Evora–Iparraldea  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | exLSTR |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | exSTR + exv-STR+l | exCONTfq |

 |  |  Ramal de Reguengos  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| exCONTgq | exLSTRq | exSTRo + exLSTRq | exvSTR+r-STR + exSTR |  |

 |  |  Ramal de Mora  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | exSPLe + exSTR |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | KBHFxa |  |

 |  | Evora  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | STRl | CONTfq |

 |  |  Linha de Évora  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | exSTR | CONTg |

 |  |  Linha do Alentejo  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| STR+l | xKRZo | STRr |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| CONTf | exSTR |  |

 |  |  Linha do Alentejo  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| CONTg | exSTR |  |

 |  |  Linha do Alentejo  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| STRl | xKRZo | STR+r |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | exSTR | CONTf |

 |  |  Linha do Alentejo  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | evSHI1+l-STR+l | CONTfq |  |

 |  |  Linha do Alentejo  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | exCONTgq | vexABZg+r-STR |  |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | evÜSTxl |  |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | vexBHF-eBHF |  |  |

 |  | Poceirão–NAL  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | evSHI1l-STRl | CONTfq |  |

 |  |  Linha do Alentejo  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | exSTR | CONTg |

 |  |  Linha do Alentejo  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| STR+l | xKRZo | STRr |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| LSTR | extSTRa |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | STRl | xtKRZ | eABZq+lr | CONTfq |

 |  |  Linha do Alentejo  |
| 

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | extSTRe | exSTR |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exvSHI1+l-STR+l | exSTRr |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | WASSERq + lhSTRae+L | exvSTR | WASSERq + lhSTRae+R |  |

 |  | *Tajo ibaia*  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | CONTg | exvBRÜCKE1 + exvBRÜCKE1 |  |  |

 |  |  Linha da Matinha  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | STRl + lhSTRae+L | exvSTR | CONTfq + lhSTRae+R |  |

 |  |  Linha da Matinha  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | CONTgq + lhSTRae+L | exvSTR | STR+r + lhSTRae+R |  |

 |  |  Linha do Norte  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exvSTR | CONTf |  |

 |  |  Linha do Norte  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exvSHI1l-STRl | exSTR+r |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR | exLSTR |  |

 |  |  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CONTgq | LSTRq | LSTRq + exSTRo | eABZqlr | STR+r |

 |  |  Linha de Cintura  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exSTR |  | CONTf |

 |  |  Linha de Cintura  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | vCONTg | exSTR |  |  |

 |  |  Linha do Norte  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | vSTR | exSTR | utCONTg |  |

 |  |     |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | vXBHF-L | exXBHF-M | utKXBHFe-R |  |

 |  | Lisboa–Ekialdea  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | vCONTf | exSTR |  |  |

 |  |  Linha do Norte  |
| 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | exCONTf |  |  |

 |  |  *Lisboa — Porto*  |

 |

Erreferentziak
--------------

1. ↑  Madril/Toledo abiadura handiko linea - ADIF
2. ↑  Artikulu bat burdinbideko inaugurazioan - asista.renfe.es
3. ↑  Prentsa-oharra 2009ko azaroan - ADIF
4. ↑  Lineko orria ADIF.es webgunean
5. ↑   **(Portugesez)** Correia, Raquel Almeida. «Lisboa / Madril AHT bertan behera gelditu da, aireportu berria berriro baloratu da» *PÚBLICO* (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-01-17).
6. ↑   **(Gaztelaniaz)** Extremadura, El Periódico. «Extremadura: 2030erako destinoa duen hegaztia» *El Periódico Extremadura* (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-01-17).
7. ↑   **(Gaztelaniaz)** «Espainiako trenik zaharkituena Extremaduran dago: 1886an egindako trabesak, erabiltzen jarraitzen dutenak» *ELMUNDO* 2019-01-03 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-01-17).
8. ↑   **(Gaztelaniaz)** «Extremadurako lotsaren trena» *ELMUNDO* 2018-10-14 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-01-17).
9. ↑   **(Portugesez)**  *AHT sarea Lisboan eta Porton Madrilera konexioarekin.*  (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-01-17).
10. ↑   **(Portugesez)** Cipriano, Carlos. «AHT: dirua ez izateagatik beti berpizten eta hiltzen den "tabua"» *PÚBLICO* (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-01-17).
11. ↑   **(Portugesez)**  *Portugalgo trenbide sarea AHTrekin hamar urte barru.*  (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-01-17).
12. ↑   **(Gaztelaniaz)** «Tren lasterrerako lan 2019an prest egongo da, baina hegaztia datarik gabe geratuko da» *Hoy* 2017-02-02 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-01-17).

Ikus, gainera
-------------

* Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias
* Rede Ferroviária Nacional
* Renfe Operadora
* Comboios de Portugal

Kanpo estekak
-------------

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Autoritate kontrola | 
* **Wikimedia proiektuak**
* Wd Datuak: Q569395
* Commonscat Multimedia: Extremadura-Madrid high-speed rail line

---

* **Lekuak**
* OSM: 8117446

 |

* Wd Datuak: Q569395
* Commonscat Multimedia: Extremadura-Madrid high-speed rail line

| * i
* e
* a
    Iberiar Penintsulako abiadura handiko burdinbideak |
| --- |
| *ADIF* • *REFER* • *Euskal Trenbide Sarea* • *TP Ferro* |
| Mediterraneo | Tarragona — Valentzia • Murtzia — Almeria • Antequera — Granada • *Sevilla — Antequera* • *Sevilla — Huelva* |
| Erdialde | Madril — Perpinyà • Zaragoza — Canfranc • Madril — Sevilla • Kordoba — Malaga • Sevilla — Cadiz • *Madril — Jaen* |
| Atlantiko | Atocha — Chamartin • Madril — Valladolid • Valladolid — Leon • Olmedo — Santiago • Coruña — Vigo • *Valladolid — Gasteiz* • *Leon — Gijon* • *Euskal Y* |
| Atlantiko/Mediterraneo | Madril — Lisboa • Madril — Valentzia • *Lisboa — Porto* |
| Kantauri/Mediterraneo | *Valentzia — Zaragoza* • *Zaragoza — Iruña — Euskal Y* • *Tutera — Miranda Ebro* |