Mae **Timothy David Snyder** (ganed 18 Awst 1969) yn awdur ac hanesydd Americanaidd sy'n arbenigo yn hanes Canol a Dwyrain Ewrop, a'r Holocost. Ef yw'r Darlithydd Richard C. Levin Professor of History ym Mhrifysgol Yale ac mae'n Gymrodwr Parhaol yn Athroniaeth Gwyddoniaeth Dynol yn Fienna. Mae'n aelod o Gyngor Cysylltiadau Tramor Amgueddfa Coffau'r Holocoust yn yr UDA.

Bywyd cynnar ac addysg
----------------------

Ganes Snyder ar 18 Awst 1969 yn Ohio yn fab i Christine (Hadley), ac Estel Eugene Snyder, a veterinarian. Graddodd o Centerville High School. Derbyniodd ei BA mewn Hanes a Gwyddor Gwleidyddiaeth o Brifysgol Brown University a PhD mewn hanes modern yn 1995 o Brifysgol Rhydychen. Goruchwiliwyd ef gan Timothy Garton Ash a Jerzy Jedlicki. Roedd yn Ysgolor Marshall yng Ngholeg Balliol Rhydychen rhwng 1991 a 1994.

Cymryd rhan mewn cynhadledd 'Rhyfel a Heddwch, Brwsel, 1945 – 2015
Mae Snyder wedi cynnal cymrodoriaethau yn y Ganolfan cenedlaethol de la recherche scientifique ym Mharis rhwng 1994 a 1995, y Sefydliad Für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen yn Fienna ym 1996, Sefydliad Astudiaethau Strategol Olin ym Mhrifysgol Harvard ym 1997, ac roedd yn Ysgoloriaeth Academaidd yn y Canolfan Weatherhead ar gyfer Materion Rhyngwladol ym Mhrifysgol Harvard rhwng 1998 a 2001.

Mae hefyd wedi bod yn hyfforddwr yng Nghampws Coleg Ewrop Warsaw, Cadeirydd Barwn Velge yn y Université libre de Bruxelles, Cadeirydd Cleveringa ym Mhrifysgol Leiden, Cadeirydd Philippe Romain yn Ysgol Economeg Llundain, a Darlithydd René Girard 2013 yn Prifysgol Stanford. Cyn dybio Athro Hanes Richard C. Levin, Snyder oedd Athro Hanes Bird White Housum ym Mhrifysgol Yale.

Mae'n gwasanaethu ar fyrddau golygyddol Cylchgrawn Hanes Ewrop Modern a Gwleidyddiaeth a Chymdeithasau Dwyrain Ewrop.

Gall Snyder siarad ac ysgrifennu Ffrangeg, Almaeneg, Pwyleg a Wcreineg yn ogystal â'r Saesneg, a darllen Tsiec, Slofaceg, Rwsieg a Belarwseg.

Gwaith
------

Mae Snyder wedi ysgrifennu pum llyfr ac wedi cyd-olygu dau.

Mae Snyder wedi cyhoeddi traethodau mewn cyhoeddiadau megis International Herald Tribune, The Nation, New York Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement, The New Republic, Eurozine, Tygodnik Powszechny, Chicago Tribune, a'r Christian Science Monitor.

Mae Bloodlands wedi'i gyfieithu i 20 o ieithoedd.

### Snyder ar yr Ail Ryfel Byd, sefyllfa Wcráin ac Ewrop

Timothy Snyder yn darlitho, 2016
Mae Snyder yn dweud bod ganddo wybodaeth ddarllen a/neu siarad am un ar ddeg o ieithoedd Ewropeaidd. Fe wnaeth hyn alluogi iddo ddefnyddio ffynonellau cynradd ac archifol yn yr Almaen a Chanolbarth Ewrop wrth ymchwilio i'w lyfr, *Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler a Stalin*(2010).

Mae Snyder yn dweud bod gwybod ieithoedd eraill yn bwysig iawn:

> If you don't know Russian, you don't really know what you're missing. ... We can only see as much, and we can only go as far as our languages take us. I wrote this book in English, but there are very important conversations that are happening in German, Russian, Polish and so on among those historians, and the book is addressed to all of them.
> 
> 

Cred hefyd fod gan brofiadau dwyrain Ewrop wedi'r Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf, yr Holodomor, yr Ail Ryfel Byd ac yna'r Rhyfel Oer wersi i Ewrop ac America yn yr 21g.

Mae gan Snyder farn gref am gam-ddefnydd grym Rwsia o dan Vladimir Putin ac yn enwedig ymosodiad ac ymyroedd Rwsia yn Wcrain. Mae'n rhybuddio bod Putin yn dilyn strategaeth bwrpasol i danseilio a gwanhau democratiaeth Ewrop a thanseilio cenedl-wladwriaethau dwyrain Ewrop. Ceir detholiad o'i ddarlithoedd ar Youtube.

Mewn darlith yn fuan wedi i Rwsia ymosod ar Wcrain, mae Snyder yn ceisio esbonio strategaeth propaganda Putin i greu dryswch drwy greu "cacoffoni" sef, sawl gwahanol naratif ar gyfer sawl gwahanol gynulleidfa a hefyd creu niwl o ffeithiau a gwirionedd, lle yn y pendraw. Noda, mae'n anodd i'r person cyffredin wybod beth sy'n wir a beth sydd ddim, a gyda hynny, syffredu i diawlio pob tu. Noda yn achos Wcrain bod Putin yn gwthio sawl naratif sy'n gwrthddweud eu gilydd ond sy'n apelio at wahanol gynulleidfa:

> ... by Russian propaganda, I mean the things which have worked their way, directly or indirectly into the way we talk about Ukraine, and therefore about Europe, and therefore about ourselves. There are many standard forms of propaganda - making things up. There is a form of propaganda which I think of as cacophony. That is, if Nemstov is murdered, then you claim it was the Ukrainians, you claim it was the Chechens, you claim it was the Islamic fundamentalists, you claim it was the opposition itself, you claim it was the American secret services. And by the time you've made of all these claims, it becomes harder to talk about what actually happened. There's political marketing, another very important form of propagada, where, for example, you tell some people that Ukrainainas are all anti-Semitic, and other people that Ukrainian is part of an international Jewish conspiricy - depending upon your market. And what I'm trying to say is that the contradiction of this is part of the plan ... it's meant to be contradictionary ... If I say, as Russian propaganda has said, that there is no Ukrainian but the Ukrainian state is oppressive; there's no Ukrainian nation, but all Ukrainians are nationalists; there's no Ukrainian language, but Russians are being forced to speak it. And, if I'm a pro-fascist anti-fascist, I'm filling your mind with things which contradict, and the worrying thing, is how little we have noticed this ... in this sense, the Kremlin in certainly winning.
> 
>

Barn ar wleidyddiaeth gyfredol yr UD
------------------------------------

Gofynnwyd am sut yr oedd agenda'r weinyddiaeth Trump o'i gymharu â chynyddu Adolf Hitler i rym, dywedodd Snyder:

*[H]istory does not repeat. But it does offer us examples and patterns, and thereby enlarges our imaginations and creates more possibilities for anticipation and resistance*

Mewn cyfweliad ym mis Mai 2017 â Salon, rhybuddiodd y bydd y Weinyddiaeth Trump yn ceisio gwrthdroi democratiaeth trwy ddatgan argyfwng a chymryd rheolaeth lawn o'r llywodraeth, yn debyg i dân Reichstag Hitler: "mae'n anochel y byddant yn ceisio".

Bywyd personol
--------------

Ers 2005, mae Snyder wedi bod yn briod â Marci Shore, yn athro hanes diwylliannol a deallusol Ewrop ym Mhrifysgol Yale. Mae gan Snyder a Shore ddau blentyn gyda'i gilydd.

Gwobrau
-------

* 2015 Gwobr VIZE 97 gan Sefydliad Václav Havel[
* 2015 Cymrodaeth Carnegie
* 2014 Gwobr Antonovych
* 2013 Gwobr Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thought am *Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin* (Basic Books, 2010)
* 2012 Gwobr Rhyddiaeth Ryngwladol Prakhin, The Truth About Holocaust & Stalinist Repression am ei lyfr, *Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin* (Basic Books, 2010)
* 2012 Gwobr Hanesyddiaethol Kazimierz Moczarski Historic Award am *Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin*
* 2012 Gwobr Llyfr Leipzig am Gyd-ddealltwriaeth Ewropeaidd
* 2012 Gwobr Lenyddol gan the American Academy of Arts and Letters
* 2011 Gwobr Ralph Waldo Emerson gan Gymdeithas Phi Beta Kappa
* Seren Diplomyddiaeth Lithwania
* Bathodyn Anrhydeddus Bene Merito Gwlad Pwyl
* Croes Swyddog Urdd Merit Gweriniaeth Gwlad Pwyl
* Urdd Croes Terra Mariana Dosbarth III, Estonia

Detholiad o'i waith
-------------------

* *Nationalism, Marxism, and Modern Central Europe: A Biography of Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz* (Harvard University Press, 1998).
* *Wall Around the West: State Power and Immigration Controls in Europe and North America* (Rowman and Littlefield, 2000). Co-edited with Peter Andreas.
* *The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999* (Yale University Press, 2003)
* *Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine* (Yale University Press, 2005)
* *The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke* (Basic Books, 2008)
* *Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin* (Basic Books, 2010)
* *Thinking the Twentieth Century With Tony Judt* (Penguin, 2012)
* *Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning* (Penguin, 2015)
* *On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century* (Penguin, 2017)
* *The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America* (Penguin, 2018)

Dolenni
-------

* States Holocaust Memorial Museum[*dolen marw*]
* Twitter @TimothyDSnyder
* Timothy Snyder: Ukraine is but one aspect of a much larger strategy that threatens European order, Mawrth 2015
* Timothy Snyder Ukraine: The End of Europe?, 2016
* Trump & The Road to Unfreedom - Timothy Snyder, 2018
* Sianel Youtube swyddogol Timothy D. Snyder
* Yale University faculty page
* List of articles by Snyder in *Eurozine*
* "Hitler and Stalin - The Q&A: Timothy Snyder, historian". *The Economist*. 3 Mehefin 2011.
* On Tyranny: Yale Historian Timothy Snyder on How the U.S. Can Avoid Sliding into Authoritarianism. Interview with *Democracy Now!* 30 Mai 2017.

Cyfeiriadau
-----------

1. ↑  Ian Kershaw and Timothy Snyder to be honoured with Leipzig Book Prize for European Understanding 2012 Leipzig.de, 16 Ionawr 2012 Archifwyd 5 March 2012[Date mismatch] yn y Peiriant Wayback.
2. ↑
3. ↑
4. ↑  "Timothy Snyder, interviewed by 'Prospero', *The Economist* (Books), Mehefin 2011
5. ↑
6. ↑  darlith Cynhadledd Boell Institut, Berlin, 'Ukraine is but one aspect of a much larger strategy that threatens European order', 16 Mawrth 2015
7. ↑  Snyder, Timothy (7 Chwefror 2017). "We have at most a year to defend American democracy, perhaps less" (Cyfweliad). Matthias Kolb. Süddeutsche Zeitung. Cyrchwyd 28 Chwefror 2017.
8. ↑  Devega, Chauncey (May 1, 2017). "Historian Timothy Snyder: "It's pretty much inevitable" that Trump will try to stage a coup and overthrow democracy". *Salon*. Cyrchwyd 1 Mai 2017.
9. ↑  "Marriage announcement in Lehigh Valley *Morning Call*, 13 Chwefror 2005". Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2014-12-20. Cyrchwyd 2018-09-02.