Economegydd, cymdeithasegydd, ac athronydd Eidalaidd oedd **Vilfredo Pareto** (15 Gorffennaf 1848 – 19 Awst 1923) a oedd yn un o brif ffigurau Ysgol Lausanne.

Bywgraffiad
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Ganed Wilfried Fritz Pareto ar 15 Gorffennaf 1848 ym Mharis, Ffrainc. Astudiodd fathemateg a ffiseg ym Mhrifysgol Torino, a derbyniodd ei radd yno yn 1869. Gweithiodd yn beiriannydd, ac yn ddiweddarach cafodd swydd yn rheoli rheilffordd ac mewn gwaith haearn. Astudiodd athroniaeth a gwleidyddiaeth tra'n byw yn Fflorens, ac ysgrifennodd sawl erthygl ar bwnc economeg, gan ddadansoddi problemau economaidd drwy ddulliau mathemategol. Yn 1893 fe'i penodwyd i olynu Léon Walras yn athro economi wleidyddol ym Mhrifysgol Lausanne. Bu farw Vilfredo Pareto yn Genefa, y Swistir, ar 19 Awst 1923 yn 75 oed.

Economeg
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Yn ei gyfrol gyntaf, *Cours d'économie politique* (1897), gosodir Pareto ei ddeddf parthed dosbarthiad incwm. Ei waith mwyaf dylanwadol yw *Manuale di economia politica* (1906) sydd yn ymhelaethu ar ei ddamcaniaeth o economeg bur ac yn cyferbynnu budd economaidd (*utilità*) â boddhad economaidd (*ofelimità*). Dyfeisiodd gysyniad optimwm Pareto, a gafodd ddylanwad pwysig ar economeg lles.

Cymdeithaseg
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Yn nechrau'r 20g, trodd Pareto at gymdeithaseg er mwyn ceisio datrys y problemau nad oedd economeg yn berthnasol iddynt. Ysgrifennodd *Trattato di sociologia generale* (1916), ei waith pwysicaf yn ei ôl ef, sydd yn ymdrin â gweithredoedd unigolion a chymdeithasau. Mae'n llunio ei ddamcaniaeth o ryngweithiadau rhwng y bobl gyffredin â'r elît fel a ganlyn: er mwyn ymuno â chylchoedd uchaf cymdeithas, mae aelodau o'r dosbarthiadau is yn ceisio gwella eu statws drwy fanteisio ar y doniau a'r cyfleoedd sydd ganddynt. Nid yw aelodau'r elît yn ymdrechu i wella'u stad, ac o ganlyniad mae rhai ohonynt yn ildio'u breintiau i'r goreuon o haenau is cymdeithas sydd yn esgyn i'r dosbarth uchel ac yn cystadlu i gymryd lle'r uchelwyr dirywiedig. Gan hynny, ceir cylchrediad o aelodau'r elît. Mae'r ddamcaniaeth hon yn tybio goruchafiaeth yr elît, a chaiff ei ystyried gan rai yn esiampl o syniadaeth gyn-ffasgaidd.

Pareto oedd y cyntaf i ddefnyddio'r gair elît mewn ystyr gymdeithasegol, i gyfeirio at yr ychydig bobl sydd yn rheoli trwch y boblogaeth. C. Cydnabuwyd Pareto yn un o sefydlwyr damcaniaeth gweithredu gwirfoddol gan Talcott Parsons yn ei lyfr *The Structure of Social Action* (1937). Fe'i ystyrir hefyd yn ddylanwad pwysig ar ddatblygiad damcaniaeth systemau cymdeithasol.

Ffasgaeth, Dosraniad, neu ddiffyg Dosraniad Cyfoeth a Grym
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Ysgrifennodd Benoit Mandelbrot:

> One of Pareto's equations achieved special prominence, and controversy. He was fascinated by problems of power and wealth. How do people get it? How is it distributed around society? How do those who have it use it? The gulf between rich and poor has always been part of the human condition, but Pareto resolved to measure it. He gathered reams of data on wealth and income through different centuries, through different countries: the tax records of Basel, Switzerland, from 1454 and from Augsburg, Germany, in 1471, 1498 and 1512; contemporary rental income from Paris; personal income from Britain, Prussia, Saxony, Ireland, Italy, Peru. What he found – or thought he found – was striking. When he plotted the data on graph paper, with income on one axis, and number of people with that income on the other, he saw the same picture nearly everywhere in every era. Society was not a "social pyramid" with the proportion of rich to poor sloping gently from one class to the next. Instead it was more of a "social arrow" – very fat on the bottom where the mass of men live, and very thin at the top where sit the wealthy elite. Nor was this effect by chance; the data did not remotely fit a bell curve, as one would expect if wealth were distributed randomly. "It is a social law", he wrote: something "in the nature of man".
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Pareto had argued that democracy was an illusion and that a ruling class always emerged and enriched itself. For him, the key question was how actively the rulers ruled. For this reason, he called for a drastic reduction of the state and welcomed Benito Mussolini's rule as a transition to this minimal state so as to liberate the "pure" economic forces.

Crynhodd Mandelbrot syniadaeth Pareto fel a ganlyn:

> At the bottom of the Wealth curve, he wrote, Men and Women starve and children die young. In the broad middle of the curve all is turmoil and motion: people rising and falling, climbing by talent or luck and falling by alcoholism, tuberculosis and other kinds of unfitness. At the very top sit the elite of the elite, who control wealth and power for a time – until they are unseated through revolution or upheaval by a new aristocratic class. There is no progress in human history. Democracy is a fraud. Human nature is primitive, emotional, unyielding. The smarter, abler, stronger, and shrewder take the lion's share. The weak starve, lest society become degenerate: One can, Pareto wrote, 'compare the social body to the human body, which will promptly perish if prevented from eliminating toxins.' Inflammatory stuff – and it burned Pareto's reputation.
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### Ffasgaeth

Yn fyfyriwr ifanc, mynychodd arweinydd ffasgaidd yr Eidal, Benito Mussolini, rai o ddarlithoedd Pareto yn 1904 ym Mhrifysgol Lausanne. Dadleir bod gwyriad Mussolini o sosialaeth at ffurf o elitiaeth wdi ei dadogi ar syniadaeth Pareto.

I ddyfynu'r bywgraffwr, Franz Borkenau:

> In the first years of his rule Mussolini literally executed the policy prescribed by Pareto, destroying political liberalism, but at the same time largely replacing state management of private enterprise, diminishing taxes on property, favoring industrial development, imposing a religious education in dogmas.
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Gwaddol
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Dyfynnwyd syniadaeth Pareto gan Boris Johnson, Prif Weinidog y Deyrnas Unedig yng Nghynhadledd y Blaid Geidwadol ar 6 Hydref 2021.

Llyfryddiaeth
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* "La mortalità infantile e il costo dell'uomo", *Giornale degli Economisti* (Tachwedd 1893), tt. 451–456.
* *Cours d'économie politique* (Lausanne: F. Rouge, 1897).
* *Manuale di economia politica* (Milan: Società Editrice, 1906).
* *Trattato di sociologia generale*, 4 cyfrol (Fflorens: G. Barbèra, 1916).

Cyfeiriadau
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1. ↑  (Saesneg) Vilfredo Pareto. *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Adalwyd ar 18 Ionawr 2020.
2. 1 2  Mandelbrot, Benoit (2006). "The Mystery of Cotton". *The Misbehavior of Markets: A Fractal View of Financial Turbulence*. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465043576.
3. ↑  Eatwell, Roger; Anthony Wright (1999). *Contemporary Political Ideologies*. London: Continuum. tt. 38–39. ISBN 082645173X.
4. ↑  Di Scala, Spencer M.; Gentile, Emilio, gol. (2016). *Mussolini 1883–1915: Triumph and Transformation of a Revolutionary Socialist*. USA: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-53486-6.
5. ↑  Borkenau, Franz (1936). *Pareto*. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
6. ↑