Summarize the following court judgment. minal Appeal No. 139 of 1954. 1333 Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 29th April 1954 of the Allahabad High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 1101 of 1953 and Referred No. III of 1953 arising out of the Judgment and Order dated the 3rd September 1953 of the Court of the Sessions Judge at Fatehpur in Sessions Trial No. 50 of 1953. Sadhan Chandra Gupta and Janardhan Sharma	 for the appellant. K. B. Asthana and C. P. Lal	 for the respondent. March 1. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by JAGANNADHADAS J. This is an appeal by special leave from the judginent of the High Court at Allababad. The sole appellant before us has been convicted by the Sessions Court under sections 148	 307 and 302 of the Indian Penal Code	 and sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for two and a half years under section 148	 to transportation for life under section 307	 and to death under section 302. These convictions and sentences have been confirmed by the High Court. At the trial there were 19 other accused along with this appellant. All of them were convicted and sentenced by the trial court under various sections of the Indian Penal Code. On appeal ten out of them were acquitted by the High Court. In respect of the remaining nine besides this appellant	 the convictions and sentences were partially modified. But this appeal is not concerned with them. The incident in the course of which these offences are said to have been committed took place in the evening of the 4th January	 1953	 shortly before sun set in a village called Sonari in the district Fatehpur	 Uttar Pradesh. During that incident two persons	 Bisheshwar and Surajdin	 are alleged to have received gun shot wounds. Bisheshwar survived but Surajdin died on the spot. The back ground for this incident was as follows: In the village of Sonari there were two factions between whom there was prior history of enmity resulting in criminal prosecutions by each against the other. It 1334 may be broadly stated that the accused persons in the present case belong to one party and the prosecution witnesses as well as the deceased person belong to the other party. In the year 1946 there was rioting between them in which two of the present prosecution witnesses were assaulted. This led to a criminal case against some of the present accused and others	 in which they were convicted and sentenced	 the members of the other party figuring there in as prosecution witnesses. Again	 just five months prior to the present incident	 there was another rioting in the village between these two groups. In that	 one Rain Bharosey a member of the party of the present accused was killed. As a result 15 persons of the opposite party (i. e. the party of the present prosecution witnesses) were prosecuted. By the date of this incident that case had been committed to the sessions but the sessions trial had not started. According to the prosecution case	 the occasion for the incident	 which concerns us	 was that some of the present accused wanted to persuade or prevent a member of the opposite party by name	 Bisheshwar P.W. 2 in this case from doing what is called pairavi on behalf of the accused in that case. (Pairavi is said to be the active assistance in relation to Court proceedings which a friend or agent renders to a litigant). While	 Bisheshwar	 P.W. 2	 and two others Bhurey Lal	 P.W. 1	 and Ram Saran	 P.W. 3	 were sitting in front of the house of Ram Saran on the evening of the 4th January	 1953	 the present appellant and the other accused are said to have turned up before them	 ' lathies in hand. The appellant is said to have asked Bisheshwar to give up doing pairavis in the then pending case on behalf of the accused therein. Bisheshwar having declined to do so	 the appellant is said to have pulled out a pistol from his inner pocket and fired at him	 as a result of which he fell down on the ground. P.Ws. 2 and 3 are said to have dragged him inside the house and chained the door from inside	 run up the roof and raised an alarm	 whereupon a number of persons of the other party are said to have come running up. One of the persons who so came running up was 1335 Surajdin who was cutting fodder at the house of Bhurey Lal	 P.W. 1. The appellant is said to have fired at him with the pistol. He fell down and died on the spot. Another person named Gaya Prasad is said to have received some minor lathi injuries. Accused party thereafter is said to have run away. First information of the report was lodged by Bhurey Lal	 P.W. 1	 near about 12 that very night at the police station which was about nine miles from the scene of the occurrence. The police came on the scene the next morning and the usual investigation followed. The police filed on the 22nd February	 1953	 a charge sheet for offences under sections 147	 148	 323/149 and 307/149. The charge sheet in so far as it was under section 323/149 related presumably to some minor injuries said to have been received by Gaya Prasad	 and in so far as it was under section 307/149 related presumably to the gun shot wounds received by Bisheshwar	 P.W. 2. It may be noticed that the charge sheet did not concern itself with any offence or offences alleged to have been committed	 in bringing about the death of Surajdin by the firing of a pistol at him. It is on this charge sheet that cognizance of the case was taken by the Magistrate and committal proceedings were started. It appears	 however	 that the complainant party finding that the police challan did not relate to the offence under sec tion 302	 Indian Penal Code filed	 on the 2nd May	 1953	 a private complaint	 before the very Magistrate in whose court the committal proceedings were by then pending. That complaint was filed by the same Bisheshwar	 P.W. 1	 who lodged the first information in this case on the 5th January	 1953. It sets out substantially the same facts. This complaint also was taken on the file of the Magistrate. The enquiry thereon was merged into the enquiry relating to the police challan case. The Magistrate eventually committed all the 20 accused to take their trial before the Sessions Judge by framing charges	 under sections 147	 323/149	 307/149 and 302/149. There was a specific charge under section 148	 Indian Penal Code against Suraj Pal and 1336 Dharm Raj	 the former for being armed with a pistol and the latter for being armed with a pharsa	 at the time of the commission of the rioting. It is in respect of charges so framed by the committing Magistrate without any amendment or alteration that the accused were tried in the Sessions Court. It may be mentioned at this stage that the defence of the accused	 apart from the general denial of their hav ing anything to do with the incident and denials as to their having been present at the occurrence	 was to the effect that it was the complainant 's party including the deceased Surajdin who formed the unlawful assembly	 with the common object of beating one Ram Pal of the village. This Ram Pal had appeared as a prosecution witness at the committal stage in the criminal proceedings by then pending against the present prosecution witnesses as accused. It was also their defence that it was one Ram Bhawan of that party who	 in the course of the incident	 fired pistol shots in the air and also shot	 later	 Surajdin and brought about his death. The learned Sessions Judge found all the accused guilty of the various offences as charged and sentenced them. On appeal the High Court considered the prosecution evidence with reference to three aspects. (1) How far the manner in which the prosecution alleged the incident to have taken place can be accepted; (2) How far the prosecution case regarding the presence and participation of the various per sons can be accepted; and (3) What offence can be said to have been made out as against each of them. On the first question the High Court accepted the view that the incident took place as alleged by the prosecution. With reference to the second	 the High Court set out elaborately various reasons why the prosecution evidence in so far as it implicates particular individuals	 could not be accepted at its face value and required to be carefully scrutinized. With reference to certain criteria which it was considered necessary and right to adopt for purposes of scrutiny	 the High Court held that the convictions of ten out of the 20 persons before it should be set aside and that 1337 the other ten persons including the present appellant were participants in the rioting. Accordingly	 the Court confirmed the conviction as against these ten under section 147	 Indian Penal Code. As regards the charge under section 148	 Indian Penal Code	 Dharm Raj was acquitted but the conviction of Suraj Pal was maintained on the ground of his having a pistol in his hand at the time of the rioting. There remained the three charges against the ten persons under sections 323/149 for injuries on Gaya Prasad	 307/149 in respect of the gun shot wounds received by Bisheshwar	 and 302/149 in respect of the murder of Surajdin. It was held that the assault on Gaya Prasad wasn 't proved beyond doubt and hence	 all the accused were acquitted in respect of this charge. As regards the other two charges	 i.e.	 under sections 307/149 and 302/149	 the High Court came to the conclusion that neither the attempt on the life of Bisheshwar by pistol fire nor the actual death of Surajdin by pistol fire can be said to have been in prosecution of the common object of the unlawful assembly nor to have been within the knowledge of the accused as being so likely. It was	 therefore	 held that none of the accused could be found guilty under section 149	 with reference to	 the attempt on the life of Bisheshwar	 or the death of Surajdin. All the same	 in view of the fact that the evidence showed that the person who inflicted the pistol fire as against both was the appellant Suraj Pal	 it was held that he was guilty of the offences under sections 307 and 302	 Indian Penal Code. On this ground	 therefore	 the High Court	 while it set aside the convictions and sentences of all the accused under sections 307/149 and 302/149	 maintained the 'convictions of the appellant under these two sections and maintained the sentences of transportation for life under section 307 and of death under section 302	 Indian Penal Code. The High Court convicted the other nine persons under section 323/149 in respect of the injuries received by P.W. 2 and sentenced them therefor. On the above statement of the course of these proceedings	 one important fact which emerges is that 1338 there have been no direct and individual charges against the appellant for the specific offences under sections 307 and 302	 Indian Penal Code. The question that arises is whether '	 without such direct charges the convictions and sentences for those offences can be maintained. It appears to us quite clear that a charge against a person as a member of an unlawful assembly in respect of an offence committed by one or other of the members of that assembly in prosecu tion of its common object is a substantially different one from a charge against any individual for an offence directly committed by him while being a member of such assembly. The liability of a person in respect of the latter is only for acts directly committed by him	 while in respect of the former	 the liability is for acts which may have been done by any one of the other members of the unlawful assembly	 provided that it was in prosecution of the common object of the assembly or was such as the members knew to be likely to be so committed. A charge under section 149	 Indian Penal Code puts the person on notice only of two alleged facts	 viz. (1) that the offence was committed by one or other of the members of the unlawful assembly of which he is one	 and (2) that the offence was committed in prosecution of the common object or is such that was known to be likely to be so committed. Whether or not section 149	 Indian Penal Code creates a distinct offence (as regards which there has been conflict of views in the High Courts)	 there can be no doubt that it creates a distinct head of criminal liability which has come to be known as "constructive liability" a convenient phrase not used in the Indian Penal Code. There can	 therefore	 be no doubt that the direct individual liability of a person can only be fixed upon him with reference to a specific charge in respect of the particular offence. Such a case is not covered by sections 236 and 237 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The framing of a specific and distinct charge in respect of every distinct bead of criminal liability constituting an offence	 is the foundation for a conviction and sentence therefore The absence	 therefore	 of specific 1339 charges against the appellant under sections 307 and 302	 Indian Penal Code in respect of which he has been sentenced to transportation for life And to death respectively	 is a very serious lacuna in the proceedings in so far as it concerns him. The question then which arises for consideration is whether or not this lacuna has prejudiced him in his trial. It is perfectly true that the initial accusation as disclosed by the first information lodged by the com plainant	 P.W. 1	 on the 5th January	 1953	 specifically	 was to the effect that it was this appellant who with a pistol fired both as against Bisheshwar	 P.W. 2	 as also against the deceased	 Surajdin. It is also true that this allegation was repeated in the private complaint filed by this same P.W. I in May	 1953	 directly before the Magistrate. It is also undeniable that the evidence in court	 both in the committal proceedings as well as at the sessions trial	 given by the prosecution witnesses was in support of that allegation. But curiously enough	 apart from the absence of any individual charges against the appellant for these specific offences	 even the charges against him and others relating to the injuries inflicted on P.W. 2 and the deceased Surajdin are somewhat vague as to the authorship thereof The relevant charges run as follows (after specifying the members alleged to constitute the unlawful assembly): "Firstly: That you	 on the 4th day of January 1953 at about half an hour before sunset in village Sonari	 formed an unlawful assembly with the common object of committing the murders of Bisheshwar and Suraj Din and committed rioting. And thereby committed an offence punishable under section 147 of the Indian Penal Code. Secondly: That you on the same date	 time and place	 in prosecution of the common object of the said unlawful assembly of which you were members at that time committed the murder of Suraj Din who was shot dead by a pistol fire. And thereby committed an offence punishable under section 302/149 of the Indian Penal Code	 1340 Thirdly: That you on the same date	 time and place	 in prosecution of the common object of the said unlawful assembly of which you were members at that time attempted to commit the murder of Bisheshwar Singh by means of a pistol fire. And thereby committed an offence punishable under section 307/149 of the Indian Penal Code". The portions underlined (for the purposes of this judgment) in the charge under heads 2 and 3 above are curiously vague. They appear to indicate a definite non committal attitude on the part of the Public Prosecutor and the Court	 which has the ultimate responsibility for the framing of the charge	 (vide section 226	 Code of Criminal Procedure) as to who is the active author of the pistol fire referred to under these two heads of charge. When the charge was so pointedly vague	 no accused was bound to direct his attention in his defence to the question as to whether he or somebody else was the person who fired the pistol which brought about the gun shot wounds. It has been brought to our notice that the appellant has been specifically questioned in the Court of Sessions under section 342	 Code of Criminal Procedure on the footing that he was the person who fired at P.W. 2 and the deceased	 Surajdin	 and that the accused denied it. But this cannot be said to remove any prejudice that would arise by virtue of the vagueness in the charge at the sessions trial	 as to who was the author of the pistol fire. Normally in a sessions trial the accused has no right of cross examination after the questioning under section 342	 Code of Criminal Procedure. It has been suggested that since such a question was put also in the questioning by the committing Magistrate under section 342	 Code of Criminal Procedure	 the accused had ample notice of this specific case before the commencement of the sessions trial. But it does not follow that there could be no prejudice. On the other hand	 the very fact that in spite of such questioning the charges framed in the Magistrate 's Court	 with their vagueness	 in so far as this feature therein is concerned	 has been 1341 maintained	 before the Sessions Court without any amendment	 is likely to have been misleading. The appellant might well have relied on the absence of any such amendment as being an indication that he was not called upon to defend himself on the footing of his being the author of the pistol fire. In a case so serious as that which involves the sentences of transportation for life	 and of death	 and particularly in a case like the present one	 where the death sentence has been awarded in the trial court by distinguishing this appellant from all the other accused in respect of his individual act by way of pistol fire	 it is difficult to say that the accused has not been prejudiced by the absence of specific charges under sections 307 and 302	 Indian Penal Code. Further	 the medical evidence indicates that P.W. 2 as well as the deceased Surajdin had gun shot wounds on their person. The evidence of the Doctor is to the effect that these wounds may have been caused by a country pistol which	 it is alleged	 the appellant had in his hand. It has been suggested on behalf of the defence that the Medical Officer was not competent to speak about it and that if the prosecution wanted to rely thereupon	 they should have called an arms expert to speak to the same. Whether or not this comment is legitimate	 it is clear that if the appellant is to be found directly responsible for inflicting the wounds	 noted as gun shot wounds by the Medical Officer	 he might well have availed himself of the opportunity to elucidate	 by cross examination or positive defence	 the nature of the fire arm which would have caused the actual injuries found on the bodies of P. W. 2 and of deceased Surajdin. In all the circumstances above noticed	 we are satisfied that the absence of specific charges against the appellant under sections 307 and 302	 Indian Penal Code has materially prejudiced him. We must accordingly set aside the convictions and sentences of the appellant under sections 307 and 302 of the Indian Penal Code. The further question that arises is whether or not we are to direct a retrial of the appellant in respect of these offences. We have given our best considera 1342 tion to all the circumstances of this case and have for this purpose looked into the evidence and the material on the record. The case discloses certain outstanding features. At the very outset and simultaneously with the first information filed by P.W. 1 in this case	 there was another report filed by one Ram Pal at the same police station	 almost exactly at the same time	 relating to the same incident. This is exhibit P 16 on the record. This report is said to have been lodged at the police station at 12 15 in the night	 while the other report is said to have been lodged at 12 10 that night. The report	 exhibit P 16	 alleged the present prosecution party to be the aggressors and put forward	 as the occasion for the incident	 an attempt on the part of the prosecution party to beat Ram Pal	 the com plainant of that complaint	 for having given evidence in support of the prosecution in the committal proceedings of the rioting case then pending against the present prosecution witnesses (as accused therein)obviously with a view to prevent him from giving evidence in the Sessions Court against them. That complaint specifically refers to one Ram Bhawan who is P.W. 4 in the present case as the person who had a pistol in hand and fired with it. That report makes no mention of any injuries having been by then received from pistol fire	 in the course of that incident. Of course	 there is no proof	 in this case	 of any of the allegations in that report. But it appears from the order of commitment in this case (which forms part of the present printed record) that with reference to that report there was pending	 at the date of the committal	 a cross case against some of the prosecution witnesses in the present case for the same incident. The police constable mohair of the police station where the counter complaint	 exhibit P 16 was lodged and who accepted both the complaints (1) from Bhurey Lal	 and (2) from Ram Pal	 has stated in his evidence that when the complaint	 exhibit P 16	 was filed by Ram Pal the present appellant Suraj Pal had also accompanied Ram Pal	 the complainant therein. This may well be claimed to be the conduct of an innocent person. It is also not without some significance 1343 that admittedly and as a matter of fact	 the police did not file any charge sheet in the present case against any one for the actual offence of murder under section 302	 Indian Penal Code and that even in the charge sheet which they did file they confined the case to section 307	 Indian Penal Code but did not commit themselves as to who out of the members of the unlawful assembly was the author of the pistol fire. So far as it appears from the police charge sheet dated the 22nd February	 1953	 as printed in the record before us	 there is a statement therein to the effect "Suraj Pal Singh and Ram Manohar were armed with pistols". Ram Manohar is also one of the accused who was put up for trial. The statements of some of the prosecution witnesses furnish indication of more than one fire arm having been used at the incident. Thus	 for instance. 	 Bisheshwar	 P.W. 2	 said "I heard 3 or 4 guns being fired outside and also heard a noise". P.W. 4.	 Ram Bhawan	 said "We four persons threw lumps of earth from the well at the accused persons	 the accused retired and fired their gun twice. . . . The accused had fired a gun from the door of Mabadeo when going away	 then	 bad fired two or three guns from his door". P.W. 5	 Gaya Prasad	 said "Two or three guns afterwards had been fired from the door of Mahadeo Pandit. Those guns had been fired from the lane. The guns had been fired at the door of Ram Saran and had bit it". All these witnesses no doubt assert that so far as the particular injuries with which this case is concerned the firing was by the appellant Suraj Pal. But the above state ments by these witnesses in the cross examination may well indicate that there may have been other persons in the unlawful assembly at that time with arms in their hands	 who made use of them by firing. Apart from the use of pistols in the course of that incident	 by one party or the other	 there are clear indications that there was a mutual fight between both the parties. Two of the persons on the side of the accused	 viz. Lal Pratap and Chedi Lal have received some injuries and their injury certificates have 172 1344 been marked as Exs. D 1 and D 2. The prosecution witnesses themselves admit that there was mutual fighting to this extent	 viz. that there was also throwing of brickbats by the complainant 's party against the rioters. As already stated there is in fact a counter case against some of the present prosecution witnesses in respect of the same incident. In such a situation any further trial is likely to result only in very doubtful and unreliable evidence being adduced after a considerable lapse of time. Even as it is	 the evidence recorded in the present case has been found by the High Court in its judgment as not acceptable at its face value. The learned Judges have dealt with this aspect at length and they wound up their consideration of this part of the case as follows: "For the above reasons	 I am of opinion that there is a good deal of substance in this part of the arguments of the appellants ' counsel. The question that would arise is as to which of the particular accused is guilty and what should be the criterion for deciding this matter. In view of the biassed and interested nature of the prosecution evidence	 I am of opinion that the presence of only those accused should be held to have been proved who have been assigned any definite part by the prosecution witnesses or 	whose presence is corroborated by some other circumstantial evidence. In view of the highly interested nature of the prosecution evidence	 dealing with the first aspect of the case also	 viz. the question as to how far the prosecution have succeeded in proving the manner in which the incident occurred	 1 have not accepted the prosecution case unless it found corroboration from some other factor of a circumstantial nature or from probabilities of the case". It is by reference to these standards that they have rejected the evidence of the prosecution witnesses in so far as they implicated ten other accused whom the High Court acquitted. But it appears to us	 that judged by the very same standards there is no adequate reason for accepting the evidence as being reliable in respect of this appellant also. In fact there is good reason to feel that on the same standards this appel 1345 lant also should have got the benefit of the doubt. At this stage	 it is not out of place to mention one fact. It appears from the evidence of the Investigating Officer	 P.W. 14	 that in the course of the investigation the prosecuting authorities were of the opinion that the murder in this case was to be attributed to the prosecution witness	 Ram Bhawan	 P.W. 4	 and not to the appellant	 and that in their view even the evidence as against Ram Bhawan was not sufficient to put him on trial for the murder. Doubtless such an opinion of the prosecuting authorities has no relevancy in the case and should not have been placed on the record in this case. But when we have to consider the desirability or otherwise of retrial	 we need not shut our eyes to these features of the case which have been brought on the record. In the circumstances mentioned above we do not consider that the interests of justice require that any retrial should be ordered. We accordingly direct that there shall be no retrial. In the result	 the convictions of the appellant under sections 307 and 302 of the Indian Penal Code and the sentences therefor are hereby set aside. But his conviction under section 148 of the Indian Penal Code is maintained as also the sentence of two years and a half in respect thereof. This appeal is accordingly allowed partially to the extent indicated above. Appeal partially allowed.

Where a person has been charged along with others under sections 302 and 307 of the Indian Penal Code each	 only as read with section 149 of the Code	 his convictions and sentences for the substantial offences under sections 302 and 307 of the Code are erroneous. The absence of specific charges in this behalf is a serious lacunas in the proceedings	 inasmuch as the framing of a specific and distinct charge in respect of every distinct head of criminal liability constituting an offence is the foundation for a conviction and sentence therefore The conviction in these circumstances under Bs. 302 and 307 of the Code and sentences of death and transportation for life cannot be maintained unless the Court is satisfied	 on the facts of the case	 that the accused has not been prejudiced in his trial. Whether or not in such a situation the questioning of the accused during the course of his examination under section 342 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in relation to the offences under sections 302 and 307 of the Indian Penal Code can be relied upon as obviating the likelihood of prejudice has to be determined with reference to the facts and circumstances of each case. All the circumstances of the case and the evidence and materials on the record should be looked into on the question arising in such a situation as to whether a retrial should be ordered or not.