Summarize the following court judgment. No. 136 of 1957. Writ Petition under article 32 of the Constitution of India for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. 193 Purshottam Tricumdas	 Mukund R. Mody	 Anil B. Divan	 Ramesh A. Shroff and I. N. Shroff	 for the petitioner. C. K. Daphtary	 Solicitor General of India	 R. Ganapathy Iyer and R. H. Dhebar	 for respondent. August 17. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SUBBA RAO J. This is a petition under article 32 of the Constitution for the issue of a writ of mandamus or a writ in the nature of mandamus or any other appropriate direction	 order or writ to direct the respondent	 the Union of India	 to withdraw or cancel the notification dated August 31	 1957	 recognising " the Stock Exchange	 Bombay " under section 4 of the (XLII of 1956)	 (hereinafter referred to as"the Act "). At the outset it is necessary to notice briefly how a Stock Exchange is worked and how it is controlled or regulated by the State. " Stock Exchange " means	 " any body of individuals	 whether incorporated or not	 constituted for the purpose of assisting or con. trolling the business of buying	 selling or dealing in securities ". The history of stock exchanges in foreign countries as well as in India shows that the development of joint stock enterprise would never have reached its present stage but for the facilities which the stock exchanges provided for dealing in securities. They have a very important function to fulfil in the country 's economy. Their main function	 in the words of an eminent writer	 is " to liquify capital by enabling a person who has invested money in	 say	 a factory or a railway	 to convert it into cash by disposing of his share in the enterprise to someone else ". Without the stock exchange	 capital would become immobilized. The proper working of a stock exchange depends upon not only the moral stature of the members but also on their calibre. It is a trite saying that a jobber or dealer is born and not made. In the words of the same author	 a jobber must be a man of good nerve	 cool judgment	 and ready to deal 25 194 under any ordinary conditions	 and he must be a man of financial standing	 considerable experience	 with an understanding of market psychology. There are three modes of dealing in shares and stores	 namely	 (1) spot delivery contract	 i.e.	 a contract which provides for the actual delivery of securities on the payment of a price thereof either on the day of the contract or the next day	 excluding perhaps the period taken for the despatch of the securities or the remittance of money from one place to another; (2) ready delivery contract	 which means a contract for the purchase or sale of securities for the performance of which no time is specified and which is to be performed immediately or within a reasonable time; (3) forward contracts	 i.e.	 contracts whereunder the parties agree for their performance at a future date. If the stock exchange is in the hands of unscrupulous members	 the second and third categories of contracts to buy or sell shares may degenerate into highly speculative transactions or	 what is worse	 purely gambling ones. Where the parties do not intend while entering into a contract of sale or purchase of securities that only difference in prices should be paid	 the transaction	 even though speculative	 is valid and not void	 for " there is no law against speculation as there is against gambling ". But	 if the parties do not intend that there should be any delivery of the shares but only the difference in prices should be accounted for	 the contract	 being a wager	 is void. More often than not it is difficult for a court to distinguish one from the other	 as a wagering transaction may be so cleverly camouflaged as to pass off as a speculative transaction. These mischievous potentialities inherent in the transactions	 if left uncontrolled	 would tend to subvert the main object of the institution of stock exchange and convert it into a den of gambling which would ultimately upset the industrial economy of the country. For that reason	 in Bombay as early as 1925	 the Bombay Securities Contracts Control Act was passed to regulate and control contracts for the purchase and sale of securities in the City of Bombay and elsewhere in the Bombay Presidency. Under section 6 of that Act	 195 " Every contract for the purchase or sale of securities	 other than a ready delivery contract	 entered into after a date to be notified in this behalf by the Provincial Government shall be void	 unless the same is made subject to and in accordance with the rules duly sanctioned under section 5 and every such contract shall be void unless the same is made between members or through a member of a recognised stock exchange; and no claim shall be allowed in any Civil Court for the recovery of any commission	 brokerage	 fee or reward in respect of any such contract ". But this Act defined " ready delivery contract " to mean " a contract for the purchase or sale of securities for performance of which no time is specified and which is to be performed immediately or within a reasonable time ". It was also stated therein by way of explanation that what was reasonable time was in each particular case a question of fact. This Act did not achieve its purpose	 for under section 6 thereof contracts entered into in contravention of the provisions of that section were not made illegal but only void	 with the result that even members of a stock exchange not recognised under that Act were able to do business in that line. What is more	 the explanation to the definition of " ready delivery contract " which is excluded from the operation of the Act was so elastic that in the name of ready delivery contracts unrecognised stock exchanges. and individuals were able to carry on business in forward contracts. ( 	ambling in shares went on unchecked in Bombay as elsewhere. After the Second World War	 the post war boom gave an unhealthy impetus to the stock exchange transactions. Various expert committees appointed by the Government from time to time considered the question of regulation of stock exchanges and the latest of those committees was the Gorwalla Committee. The report of that Committee was circulated to the principal stock exchanges	 Chambers of Commerce	 and other interested associations and individuals. After considering the reports of the committees and the comments made thereon by the various bodies	 the Government introduced a bill in the Parliament	 which became law on 196 September 4	 1956. The Act was passed to prevent undesirable transactions in securities by regulating the business therein by prohibiting auction and by providing for certain other matters connected therewith. The Act mainly provides for the recognition of stock exchanges and for controlling the rule making of the said exchanges. Section 4 of the Act empowers the Central Government to recognise stock exchanges subject to two conditions. Section 13 enables it to issue a notification that in a particular State or area every contract which is entered into after the date of the notification otherwise than between members of a recognised stock exchange in such State or area or through or with such member shall be illegal. Without resorting to such drastic procedure the Government is also given power to prohibit contracts in certain securities in certain areas from doing business without obtaining a licence. Spot delivery contracts are excluded from the operation of sections 13	 14	 15 and 17 of the Act	 unless the Central Government by notification thinks fit to extend the operation of section 17 of the Act to such contracts. Section 19 prohibits formation of stock exchanges other than recognised ones except with the permission of the Central Government. It declares all auctions in securities entered into after the commencement of the Act illegal. It also provides penalties for the infringements of the provisions of the Act. In short	 the Act confers an effective controlling power on the Central Government over the stock exchanges. In exercise of the power conferred upon the Central Government to make rules	 the Central Government made rules described as the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules	 1957	 providing	 inter alia	 for the qualification for membership of a stock exchange seeking recognition	 the procedure for recognition	 the manner of keeping accounts	 the submission of annual reports	 the constitution of governing bodies and for taking disciplinary action against any member of such bodies and other similar matters. In Greater Bombay there were two stock exchanges	 197 one called the Native Share & Stock Brokers ' Association	 and the other the Indian Stock Exchange Limited. The former was in existence for more than.	 80 years and it was registered under the Bombay Securities Contracts Control Act	 1925. Its rules and bye laws were approved by the Government of Bombay and it was doing business in both forward as well as ready transactions. It has a clearing house and was doing extensive business in different kinds of securities. The other	 namely	 the Indian Stock Exchange Limited	 was a company incorporated under the Indian Companies Act	 1913	 as a company limited by guarantee without any share capital. The said Company had been functioning since 1937	 but was not registered under the Bombay Securities Contracts Control Act	 1925. It was mainly doing business in Tata Ordinary and Bombay Dyeing shares and had hardly any investment business. Not being registered under the Bombay Securities Contracts Control Act	 1925	 it could only deal in ready delivery contracts; and as the definition of " ready delivery contract " under that Act was elastic and as forward contracts were not made illegal thereunder	 this Exchange was also doing speculative business mainly in the said two shares. After the Act came into force	 both the Exchanges applied for recognition under the Act. The Government	 after considering the relative merits and the relevant circumstances	 issued a notification dated August 31	 1957	 recognising the Native Share and Stock Brokers ' Association under the name " The Stock Exchange	 Bombay " subject to the conditions mentioned therein. One of the conditions imposed was that the members of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited would be entitled to apply for membership of the Stock Exchange	 Bombay	 provided they were active members of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited for 12 months immediately preceding August 6	 1957	 and they were also eligible under r. 8(1) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules	 1957	 to be members of a recognised stock exchange. The notification 198 further gave some concessions to such active members in the matter of payment of the membership fee. They had to apply for membership before October 15	 1957	 or before such period as the Board of the recognised Stock Exchange might think fit to extend. It appears that within the extended time a number of active members of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited as defined by the notification applied for membership and were admitted as members of the recognised Stock Exchange. Though three years have passed by	 no member other than the petitioner has so far thought fit to question the validity of the notification	 that is	 the validity of the notification has been accepted and the recognised Stock Exchange has become stabilised on that basis. Subsequent to the filing of. the petition on November 30	 1957	 the Central Government issued another notification applying section 13 of the Act to Greater Bombay; with the result that thereafter every contract in shares between the members of any unrecognised stock exchange in that City would be illegal. The petitioner had become a member of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited on February 27	 1956	 but he had not been transacting any business on the floor of the said Stock Exchange either on his own account or on account of his clients. He avers in the affidavit filed in support of the petition that he has been doing considerable business on his own account or on account of his clients through other members of the Stock Exchange and that he intends to commence business directly in ready delivery contracts. As the impugned notifications affect his right to do business	 he seeks for the issue of a writ of mandamus for the aforesaid reliefs. Shri Purshottam Trikumdas	 learned counsel for the petitioner	 raised before us the following contentions: (1) under article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution the petitioner has a fundamental right to carry on the business in shares and the notification dated August 31	 1957	 and the subsequent notification dated November 30	 1957	 imposed unreasonable restrictions on his said right; (2) the notification dated August 31	 199 1957	 is void inasmuch as it is not sanctioned by the provisions of section 4 of the Act; and (3) the condition 2(i)(a) of the said notification classifying members of A the Indian Stock Exchange Limited as active members and members who were not active infringes the fundamental right enshrined in article 14 of the Constitution and that as the said condition is not severable the entire notification is bad. Learned Solicitor General in addition to controverting the said contentions pressed on us to hold that as the vires of the Act was not questioned	 the notification issued thereunder could not be questioned by the petitioner on the ground that it contravened one or other of the said fundamental rights. It would be convenient to take first the contention of the learned Solicitor General as it is in the nature of a preliminary point. He says that as the validity of the Act was not questioned the notification issued in the exercise of the power conferred thereunder cannot also be questioned. There is a fallacy underlying this contention. Under article 13(2) of the Constitution	 the State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by Part III thereof; and " law " is defined under article 3(a) to include a notification. Therefore	 the validity of a notification issued by the State	 it being law	 is as much vulnerable to attack as that of the Act itself on the ground that it infringes any of the fundamental rights. If an Act is a self contained one and the notification issued there under only restates the provisions of the Act	 the validity of the notification cannot obviously be questioned as the validity of its contents were accepted. But if the Act confers a power on the State in general terms and the notification issued thereunder infringes one or other of the fundamental rights	 the validity of the Act cannot equally obviously prevent an attack on the notification. In the former case the notification only reflects the provisions of a valid Act and in the latter it is the notification and not the Act that infringes the fundamental rights. Take an example of an Act imposing restrictions on the freedom of speech. The Act authorizes the State to impose conditions on 200 the said freedom in the interests of security of State. The Act is constitutionally valid. But	 if a notification issued under that Act imposes unreasonable restrictions infringing the said rights	 it is liable to be challenged on the ground of unconstitutionality. So too	 in the instant case section 4 of the Act empowers the Central Government to issue a notification recognising a stock exchange subject to certain conditions expressed in general terms. The general terms can comprehend both reasonable and unreasonable restrictions. If the notification imposes unreasonable restrictions if the contention of the learned counsel for the petitioner be accepted	 the restrictions imposed would certainly be unreasonable it is liable to be set aside. We cannot	 therefore	 accept this contention. (1): Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution states that every citizen shall have the right to carry on any business; but the State in empowered under el. (6) of the said Article to make any law imposing in the interest of the general public reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the said right. Briefly stated	 the argument is that the combined effect of the two notifications is that the petitioner is driven out of his business of stock exchange in as much as	 it is said	 they confer a monopoly on the Stock Exchange	 Bombay	 and the rules of the said Stock Exchange exclude any outsider from becoming its member without obtaining a nomination and that too only in the place of an existing member. To put it differently	 the argument proceeds that under the rules of the Stock Exchange	 Bombay	 membership is not thrown open to the public. This leads us to the consideration of the relevant provisions of the Stock Exchange Rules	 Bye laws and Regulations	 1957. Under r. 3 the membership of the Exchange shall consist of such number of members as the Exchange in general meeting may from time to time determine. It is common case that the membership of the Exchange is not limited. Under the heading " Election of New Members "	 the Rules prescribe the conditions of eligibility for election as a member of the Exchange. These Rules adopt the provisions of r. 8 of the Securities 201 Contracts (Regulation) Rules	 1957. The Rules do not contain any limitation on the eligibility of a person to be elected as a member such as that the person	 should be nominated in the manner provided by the Rules or that he should come only in the vacancy caused by another member ceasing to be one in one of the ways mentioned thereunder. The words " no person " in r. 17 are comprehensive enough to take in any outsider seeking for election as a	 member. Rule 22 provides for an application for admission in the form prescribed in Appendix A to the Rules. This rule also does not impose any such limitation. The admission application form in Appendix A is also general in terms and enables any person of India to apply for membership provided he agrees to abide by the conditions imposed therein. In the form also there is no such limitation. But it is contended that a fair reading of the provisions of rr. 20 and 21 makes it clear that a candidate for admission is confined only to two categories	 viz.	 (1) a candidate nominated by a member or a legal representative of a deceased member seeking admission to membership in the place of ' the deceased; and (2) a person recommended for admission to membership in the place of a member who has forfeited his right to membership. A careful scrutiny of the Rules does not bear out the contention; nor do they enable us to cut down the wide amplitude of rr. 17 to 22. Rule 10 says: " When a right of membership is forfeited to or vests in the Exchange under any Rule	 Bye law	 or Regulation of the Exchange for the time being in force it shall belong absolutely to the Exchange free of all rights	 claims or interest of such member or any person claiming through such member and the Governing Body shall be entitled to deal with or dispose of such right of membership as it may think fit." Rule 54 is to the following effect: " A member 's right of membership shall lapse to and vest in the Exchange immediately be is declared a defaulter." Rule 11 is as follows. 26 202 "(a) A member of not less than seven years ' standing who desires to resign may nominate a person eligible under these Rules for admission to membership of the Exchange as a candidate for admission in his place (b) The legal representatives of a deceased member or his heirs or the persons mentioned in Appendix C to these Rules may with the sanction of the Governing Board nominate any person eligible under these Rules for admission to membership of the Exchange as a candidate for admission in the place of the deceased member. In considering such nomination the Governing Board shall be guided so far as practicable by the instructions set out in Appendix C to these Rules. " Appendix B gives the nomination forms Nos. 1 and 2 to be filled by a member or a legal representative	 as the case may be	 under r. 11 (a) and (b). Now it would be convenient to read rr. 20 and 21. They are as follows: Rule 20: " A candidate for admission except ' a candidate applying for a membership vesting in the Exchange must obtain a nomination in the manner provided in these Rules. " Rule 21: " A candidate for admission must be recommended by two members none of whom should be a member of the Governing Board. The recommenders must have such personal knowledge of the candidate and of his past and present circumstances as shall satisfy the Governing Board. " The argument is that under r. 20 a candidate for ad. mission falls under two categories	 namely	 (1) a candidate who must obtain a nomination in the manner provided in the Rules	 i.e.	 r. 11 (a) and (b); and (2) a candidate applying for a membership vesting in the Exchange; and	 therefore	 these two categories exhaust the candidates for admission and that when under r. 21 the same words	 " a candidate for admission "	 are used they must carry the same meaning as in r. 20	 that is	 they must be confined only to the two categories comprehended by r. 20. This argument appears to be plausible and even incontrovertible	 if 203 rr. 20 and 21 are taken out of their setting and construed independently of other rules. But in the setting in which they appear they can bear only one meaning	 namely	 that r. 20 provides for nomination only in the case of a candidate for admission who requires a nomination in the manner provided by the rule and r. 21 provides	 for all the candidates for admission	 that they should be recommended by two members who have personal knowledge of the candidates. To put it in other words	 under the Rules candidates for admission fall under three groups	 viz.	 (1) candidates falling under r. 11	 (a) and (b); (2) candidates applying for membership vesting in the Exchange; and (3) other candidates. All the three categories of candidates must be recommended by two members. But the candidates belonging to the first category shall in addition be nominated in the manner provided by the Rules. We	 therefore	 hold that the Stock Exchange Rules do not operate as a bar against the petitioner becoming a member of the Stock Exchange subject to the rules governing such application. The petitioner has the right to do business in shares: in spite of the notifications he can still do business in spot delivery contracts. He can apply to become a member of the Stock Exchange subject to the conditions laid down by the Rules. The Act the validity of which he has not chosen to question	 enables the State to give or refuse recognition to any Stock Exchange and it has chosen to give recognition to the Stock Exchange	 Bombay	 subject to the conditions prescribed. The restrictions	 in our view	 are not unreasonable	 having regard to the importance of the business of a stock exchange in the country 's national economy and having regard to the magnitude of the mischief sought to be remedied in the interest of the general public. At another place we have already dealt with the necessity for stringent rules governing this type of business For the reasons Mentioned we reject the first contention. (2): The second contention also has no merits. The criticism is that condition 2(i) (a) annexed to the notification cannot be supported on the basis of any 204 of the provisions of section 4 of the Act. Condition 2 (i) reads as follows: " The Members of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited	 Bombay	 will be entitled to apply for Membership of the Stock Exchange	 Bombay	 provided they fulfil or comply with the following terms and conditions: (a) they have been active members of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited	 for twelve months immediately preceding the 6th August	 1957. Explanation:" Active Members " for purpose of this condition means members who have themselves transacted business regularly on the floor of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited either on their own account or on account of their clients. To appreciate the argument it is also necessary to read the material provisions of section 4 of the Act. Section 4: " (1) If the Central Government is satisfied	 after making such inquiry as may be necessary in this behalf and after obtaining such further information	 if any	 as it may require	 (a) that the rules and bye laws of a stock exchange applying for registration are in conformity with such conditions as may be prescribed with a view to ensure fair dealing and to protect investors; (b) that the stock exchange is willing to comply with any other conditions (including conditions as to the number of members) which the Central Government after consultation with the governing body of the stock exchange and having regard to the area served by the stock exchange and its standing and the nature of the securities dealt with by it	 may impose for the purpose of carrying	 out the objects of this Act; and (c) that it would be in the interest of the trade and also in the public interest to grant recognition to the stock exchange; It may grant recognition to the stock exchange subject to the conditions imposed upon it as aforesaid and in such form as may be prescribed. (2) The conditions which the Central Government 205 may prescribe under clause (a) of sub section (1) for the grant of recognition to the stock exchanges may include	 among other matters	 conditions relating. to	 (i) the qualifications for membership of stock exchanges; (ii) the manner in which contracts shall be entered into and enforced as between members; (iii) the representation of the Central Government on each of the stock exchanges by such number of persons not exceeding three as the Central Government may nominate in this behalf; and (iv) the maintenance of accounts of members and their audit by chartered accountants whenever such audit is required by the Central Government. " The argument proceeds that condition 2(i)(a) enables only the active members of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited to apply for membership of the Stock Exchange	 Bombay and that such a condition can be imposed only if it amounts to a qualification of membership within the meaning of sub section (2) of section 4	 as the other conditions in that sub section are obviously inapplicable. It is further pointed out that sub section (2) refers back to sub section (i)(a) and under that clause the condition imposed must only be that prescribed by the Rules made under the Act and that the condition imposed by the notification is not a condition so prescribed. There is force in this argument; but	 the acceptance of this contention does not advance the case of the petitioner	 for	 if the condition is not covered by cl. (a) of section 4(1)	 it falls under cl. (b) thereof. Under that clause	 the Central Government may grant recognition to a stock exchange if the said stock exchange is willing to comply with " any other conditions ". It is said that the other conditions in section 4 (1) (b) must only be conditions relating to the area served by the stock exchange	 its standing and the nature of the securities dealt with by it. This is not what cl. (b) of section 4(1) says. The conditions under cl. (b) of section 4(1) no doubt shall be such as may be imposed by the Government	 having regard to the aforesaid three considerations	 but they need not necessarily be 206 confined only to the said considerations. The Government may impose any conditions	 no doubt germane to the recognition of a stock exchange	 after consultation with its governing board	 and having regard to the said considerations. It cannot be said that condition 2(i)(a) imposed on the Stock Exchange is not a condition germane to its recognition. The record discloses that the Central Government in recognising the Stock Exchange sought to avoid the consequential hardship on the members of the rival stock exchange and therefore imposed the said condition on the Stock Exchange	 Bombay	 as a condition for its recognition. The condition is germane to recognition of the Stock Exchange and is	 therefore	 a condition within the meaning of " any other conditions " in cl. (b) of sub section (1) of section 4 of the Act. (3): Learned counsel for the petitioner advanced a forcible argument questioning the validity of condition 2(i)(a) of the notification on the ground that it infringed article 14 of the Constitution. Elaborating his argument	 the learned counsel stated that the said condition classified members of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited into two groups	 one active members and the other who were not active members	 and that that classification was arbitrary and had no reasonable relation to the object sought to be achieved by the notification. He further pointed out that the defining of active members as those who had themselves transacted business regularly on the floor of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited either on their own account or on account of their clients for 12 months immediately preceding August 6	 1957	 was not only arbitrary and vague but also	 if analysed	 would lead to anomalies destructive of any standard of reasonableness. It is alleged in the affidavit filed by the petitioner that from the inception of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited	 199 members of the said Stock Exchange were actually trading on the floor of the said Exchange from time to time but for some reason or the other were not trading during the period of 12 months immediately preceding August 6	 1957; that there were 34 members of the said Stock Exchange who were regularly 207 transacting business on the floor of the said Stock Exchange prior to August 6	 1956	 and for some time after August 6	 1956	 but not during the entire period of 12 months from August 6	 1956 to August 6	 1957; and that there were 24 members of the said Stock Exchange who started transacting business regularly on the floor of the said Stock Exchange some time after August 6	 1956 and continued to transact business right upto and after August 6	 1957. It was asked what was the reasonable basis for confining the definition of active members to those who were carrying on business during the period of 12 months from August 6	 1956 to August 6	 1957	 while excluding the aforesaid three categories who were equally active members and indeed more active than those included in the definition. It was further asked what was the justification for excluding a member who was an active member for years before the crucial year and irregularly conducted business on the floor of the Stock Exchange during the crucial year while including a member who might have been a newcomer or who might have been earlier a nominal member but began to do business regularly only during the said year. Emphasis was also laid upon the alleged elastic and indefinite content of the word " regular " and it was suggested that the said word could not possibly afford a precise standard. These are all weighty con siderations and we must confess that there is force in them. But there is the other side of the picture. It is well settled that a classification must have reasonable relation to the object sought to be achieved. The standard of reasonableness is inextricably conditioned by the extent and nature of the evil and the urgency for eradicating the same. The object of the notification is twofold. The main object is to carry out the purpose of the Act	 namely	 to prevent undesirable transactions in securities by regulating the business in them. The subsidiary object is to assuage the hardship that recognition of only one stock exchange would cause to the members of the other association. To achieve this twin object the classification is made between active members and inactive members. While 208 on the one hand the Government found it necessary to exclude the nominal members who would add their deadweight to the recognised association and bring down its efficiency and affect its disciplined conduct of business	 on the other hand it gave opportunity to persons who were actively interested in the business to become regular members of the Stock Exchange	 Bombay. There is every justification for excluding members who had not been taking active interest in the business	 for	 as we have already pointed out	 the efficient carrying out of the business of the Stock Exchange depends upon the moral stature	 high caliber	 and genuine and active interest evinced by the members. The active members justified themselves to the preferential treatment by their sustained interest in the business whereas the members who were not active showed their continued indifference to that line of business. But the crux of the question is	 what is the justification for fixing twelve months immediately preceding August 6	 1957	 as the standard for active membership ? The Under Secretary to the Govern ment of India	 Ministry of Finance	 filed an affidavit describing the circumstances whereunder this classification was made. It discloses that the notification was issued after taking into consideration the representations made on behalf of both the Stock Exchanges and also the facts pertaining to the course of business conducted by the Indian Stock Exchange Limited. It also gives the vicissitudes through which the said Stock Exchange passed from the date of its formation and the circumstances under which the membership of that Exchange was divided into full members and associate members. It points out that the Indian Stock Exchange Limited became moribund in a few years and to revive its activities it allowed the members of the East India Chamber of Commerce	 by relaxing its entrance fee and security deposit requirements in 1950 51 and created a new class of Associate Members	 which facilitated the enrollment of hundreds of Associate Members on payment of a nominal entrance fee of Rs. 100. The Government on a consideration of the necessary data and presumably 209 having regard to the record of the activities of the various members fixed the activities in the crucial year 1956 57 as the standard of activity for membership. There is a presumption in favour of the State that there is a reasonable basis for the classification. Except the mere allegations in the affidavit which are not admitted	 the petitioner has not placed before us any materials to ascertain that any other members	 who were regularly doing business on the floor of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited before August 6	1956	 temporarily suspended their business for one reason or other over which they had no control. No statement from the accounts has been produced to enable us to evaluate the activities of the members before the crucial date so as to enable us to form a view that really active members were excluded by the fixing of this period. Nor are we in a position to verify whether any of the members excluded were regularly doing business during a part of the year in continuation of their business in the earlier period. We cannot also say that the words "carrying on business regularly " are so vague that the parties did not understand their connotation	 for it is admitted that some of the regular members applied for membership of the Stock Exchange	 Bombay and most of them were admitted. There is also the fact that though three years have elapsed since the date of the notification no other member of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited thought fit to question the notification on the ground that the period fixed was unreasonable and that really active members were excluded from membership of the Stock Exchange	 Bombay. So far as the petitioner is concerned	 he was admittedly not an active member	 though lie now pretends that he was doing business through other members. There is also no material placed before us to support the said assertion. If the classification	 between active members and others who were not	 is justifiable we hold it is the Government has to draw a line somewhere and to fix a period of activity reasonable in its opinion as a 27 210 standard to satisfy the test of " active member ". The burden which lies upon the petitioner who impeaches the validity of the classification to show that it violates the guarantee of equal protection has not been discharged. On the material placed before us we cannot say that the period fixed by the Government as the standard for ascertaining the active membership is arbitrary or unreasonable. We must make it clear that this finding must be confined only to the validity of the impugned notification dated August 31	 1956. The petition accordingly fails and is dismissed with costs. Petition dismissed.

The 	 was enacted with the object of preventing undesirable transactions in securities by regulating the stock exchange business	 and the Act conferred an effective controlling power on the Central Government over the stock exchange. In exercise of the power conferred on the Central Government to make rules the Central Government made rules described as the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules	 1957	 providing	 inter alia	 for the qualification for membership of a stock exchange seeking recognition etc. After the Act came into force two Companies	 namely	 the Native Share and Stock Brokers ' Association and the Indian Stock Exchange Limited doing stock exchange business in Greater Bombay applied for recognition under the Act. The Government after considering the merits of the companies and the relevant circumstances issued a notification dated August 31	 1957	 recognising the Native Share and Stock Brokers ' Association under the name " The Stock Exchange	 Bombay " subject to certain conditions. One of the conditions was that the members of the other com pany	 India Stock Exchange Limited	 would be entitled to apply for membership of the Stock Exchange	 Bombay	 provided they were active members of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited for 12 months immediately preceding August 6	 1957	 and they were also eligible under r. 8(i) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules	 1957	 to be members of a recognised stock exchange. Within the time granted for applying for membership a number 'of active members of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited applied for membership and were admitted as members of the recognised Stock Exchange. Though three years had elapsed after this no member other than the petitioner questioned the validity of the notification which was accepted and the recognised Stock Exchange became established. The petitioner	 however	 filed a petition under article 32 Of the Constitution praying that the Union be directed to withdraw or cancel the notification dated August 31	 1957	 recognising the Stock Exchange	 Bombay	 under section 4 Of the . Subsequently on November 30	 1957	 the Central Government 192 issued another notification applying section 13 Of the Act to Greater Bombay with the result that thereafter every contract in shares between the members of any unrecognised stock exchange in that city would be illegal. The contentions of the petitioner in the petition for the issue of a writ of mandamus were that under article 19(i)(g) of the Constitution he had a fundamental right to carry on business in shares and the two notifications in question imposed unreasonable restrictions on his right	 that the notification dated August 31	 1957	 was void as it was not sanctioned by the provisions Of section 4 Of the ' Act	 that the condition 2(i)(a) of the said notification classifying members of the Indian Stock Exchange Limited as active members and members who were not active infringed fundamental right granted under article 14 Of the Constitution and as the said condition was not severable the entire notification was bad. The respondent besides controverting the said contentions further contended that as the petitioner had not questioned the validity of the Act itself the notification issued thereunder could not be questioned. Held	 that the validity of a notification could not be ques tioned if it was issued under a self contained Act and restated the provisions of the Act the validity of which was accepted. If	 however	 the Act conferred a power on the State in general terms and the notification issued thereunder infringed any of the fundamental rights it could be attacked even though the Act was valid. The Stock Exchange Rules did not operate as a bar against the petitioner becoming a member of the Stock Exchange sub ject to the rules governing such application. The restrictions and conditions imposed under the notifica tion in question were not unreasonable. The condition restricting membership to active members only is germane to the recognition of the Stock Exchange and is therefore	 a condition within the meaning of " any other conditions " in cl. (b) of sub section (1) Of section 4 Of the Act. The classification between active members and others was justifiable and the period fixed by the Government as the standard for ascertaining the active membership was neither arbitrary nor unreasonable. There was a presumption in favour of the State that there was a reasonable basis for the classification and the burden to prove that it violated the guarantee of equal protection lay on the petitioner who impeached it.