Summarize the following court judgment. ivil Appeals Nos. 518 to 530 of 1970. Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgment and order dated the 21st May	 1969 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in L.P.As. Nos. 286	 327	 340	 368	 374	 375	 376	 377	 378	 379	 380	 502 and 511 of 1968. O.P. Sharma (In all appeals) V. C. Mahajan (In C.A. 518) Kapil Sibal (In C.As. 529 530) and N. section Das Bahl (In C. A. 519 528 for the Appellants. M. N. Phadke	 Mrs. Archana Kumar	 M. R. Agnihotri and P. C. Bhartari for Respondents in C.A. 526. K. P. Bhandari (In CA 521) M. R. Agnihotri (In CA 522) K.J.John (in Cas. 524	 527 and 528)	 and P. C. Bhartari (In all appeals) for the Respondents. section K. Mehta	 K. R. Nagaraja	 M. Qamaruddin	 P. N. Puri and K. L. Mehta for Respondents (In CA. 530). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by UNTWALIA	 J. In these 13 appeals by special leave the appellants are (1) the State of Punjab	 (2) Union of India. Respondent No. 1 in Civil Appeal No. 519 of 1970 and the sole respondent in each of the remaining 12 appeals are the concerned Government servants. The said 13 Government servants alongwith two more filed 15 writ petitions to challenge order dated the October 28	 1966 made by the Government of the erstwhile undivided State of Punjab. Their writ applications were allowed by a learned single Judge of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh. 15 Letters Patent Appeals were filed by the appellants. They have been dismissed by a 118 Division Bench of the High Court. 13 appeals have been brought to this Court and not the other two. Since the Division Bench of High Court has disposed of all the 15 Letters Patent appeals by a common judgment	 to avoid confusion in the statement of facts we think it better to state in a chart form the number of the Civil Appeal the corresponding number of the L.P.A. and the name of the Government servant concerned. Civil Appeals of 1970 L. P. As of Names of the Govt. servants 1968 518 . . . . 286 Balbir Singh 519 . . . 327 Bhagwan Singh 520 . . . 340 Surmukh Singh 521 . . . 368 Dasaundi Ram 522 . . . 374 Jagdish Singh 523 . . . 375 R. R. Bhanot 524 . . . 376 Surat Singh 525 . . . 377 Shamsher Singh 526 . . . 378 Bakhatawar Singh 527 . . . 379 Jodh Singh 528. . . .380 Kartar Singh 529. . . .502 Gurcharan Singh 530 . . . 511 Gurbux Singh nil . . . 289 Devdutta nil . . . 328 Sushil Kumar Khallar At the outset it may be stated that the respondent in Civil Appeal No. 521 Dasaundi Ram is dead and that appeal has abated on that account. Bhagwan Singh	 respondent in Civil Appeal No. 519 does not seem to be in service any longer and no body has appeared in this Court on his behalf. Out of the remaining 11 respondents	 we were informed at the Bar	 that the 7 respondents in Civil Appeals 522 to 527 and 529 have since retired from service. Only 4 of the respondents in Civil Appeals 518	 520	 528 and 530 are still in service. Respondents Balbir Singh	 Surmukh Singh	 Dasaundi Ram	 Jagdish Singh	 Surat Singh	 Kartar Singh and Gurbux Singh were promoted and appointed on officiating basis as Sub Divisional Officers in the Punjab Public Works Department (Buildings and Roads Branch) on various dates between 30 7 1960 to 10 5 1963. Respondents R. R. Bhanot	 Jodh Singh and Gurcharan Singh were so appointed between dates 17 12 1957 and 10 12 1959. Respondents Shamsher Singh and Bhakhtawar Singh were promoted on 22 10 1956 and 1 3 1956 respectively. Respondent Kartar Singh was working as planning Assistant cum Draftsman while the other respondents were Overseers before they were appointed as officiating Sub Divisional Officers. By the impugned order dated October 28	 1966 the then Government of the erstwhile Punjab State reverted them to their original rank. The orders of their reversion were challenged by the said respondents on the ground that they were governed by the Punjab Service of Engineers	 Buildings and Roads Branch (Recruitment and Conditions of Service) Rules	 1942 (for brevity	 the 1942 Rules). They claimed that they 119 had become automatically confirmed as members of the service under the said Rules and could not be reverted without complying with the provisions of Article 311(2) of the Constitution of India and the other statutory Rules relating to disciplinary matters. This was the only point which succeeded before the learned single Judge and he allowed all the writ applications	 it appears	 without fully appreciating	 the distinction of facts of the various cases for the acceptance of this ground. Respondent Bhagwan Singh was appointed as temporary Assistant Engineer on completion of his six months training period with effect from December 3	 1960. His service was terminated by the then Punjab Government by order dated October 28	 1966 on the ground of his having been found unsuitable for appointment to P.S.E. Class II (B & R Branch). Bhagwan Singh also relied upon 1942 Rules before the learned single Judge and succeeded. The Division Bench has very carefully and elaborately considered the application of the 1942 Rules to the cases of the respondents. It has disagreed with the single Judge 's view. After copiously quoting from the 1942 Rules	 the High Court in appeal has referred to the Punjab Service of Engineers Class I P.W.D. (Buildings and Roads Branch) Rules 1960 (for brevity	 the 1960 Rules) regulating the recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to the P.S.E. Class I service. The 1960 Rules came into force on and from March 18	 1960. It had repealed the 1942 Rules by Rule 24 with a saving clause in the proviso appended thereto. The High Court then referred to the Punjab Service of Engineers	 Class II P.W.D. (Buildings and Roads Branch) Rules	 1965 (for brevity	 Class II 1965 Rules). The said Rules came into force from February 19	 1965. The stand on behalf of the State of Punjab in the High Court was : (1) that the 1942 Rules did not govern the cases of the respondents as the said Rules applied to class I service consisting of Assistant Executive Engineers and officers of higher ranks only; (2) that the respondents had to be taken in P.S.E. Class II service in accordance with Rule 6(5) (b) of Class II 1965 Rules read with paragraph 1 (d) of Appendix 'G ' of the said Rules	 in consultation with the Punjab Public Service Commission; (3) that since the Commission did not find them suitable for being admitted to that service	 they were reverted to their substantive rank in accordance with the terms and conditions of their service and not by way of punishment. The High Court made a comparative study of 1942 Rules	 1960 Rules and Class II 1965 Rules and came to the conclusion that the officiating Sub Divisional officers	 as the respondents were	 not being Assistant Executive Engineers	 were not governed by the 1942 Rules. None of them had claimed that he was holding the rank of Assistant Executive Engineer in any capacity. The view of the learned single Judge that the Sub Divisional Engineers were included in the category of Assistant Executive Engineers did not find favour with the Bench. The Bench further pointed out that the respondents should be divided into three categories: (a) those who were promoted subsequently to the 9 L1276SCI/75 120 repeal of the 1942 Rules	 (b) those who were promoted with him three years preceding such repeal and (c) those who were promoted more than three years prior to such repeal. The respondents promoted on dates between 30.7.1960 and 10.5.1963 fell within the first category. Obviously they could not claim the protection on the basis of 1942 Rules. The three respondents who were appointed as officiating Sub Divisional officers between 17 12 1957 and 10 12 1959 fell within the second category. The High Court rightly held that they had not completed the maximum period of three years probation to acquire the substantive posts of Sub Divisional officers fixed under Rule 12(3) of 1942 Rules	 even assuming that they could take advantage of the same. Respondents Shamsher Singh and Bakhatawar Singh had been promoted in the year 1956 and fell within the third category. The Division Bench pointed out that in their case the difficulty in the application of the 1942 Rules was that they were promoted in the erstwhile Patiala and East Punjab States Union. It could not be shown that there were any statutory Rules governing their conditions of service and appointments as Sub Divisional Officers. Since on the date of the impugned order dated 28.10.1966 they had put in more than 10 years of service as officiating Sub Divisional officers	 their case was considered to be a hard one. But for the purpose of the law they could not be given the advantage of the 1942 Rules and obviously so. It is plain that the case of none of the respondents was covered by the 1942 Rules. All the respondents had to be absorbed and admitted to P.S.E. Class II service in accordance with Class II 1965 Rules and that required the approval of the Public Service Commission. Since Commission did not find them suitable	 they had to be reverted to their substantive ranks. On a consideration of a large number of authorities the High Court has rightly come to the conclusion that their reversion was not hit. On account of the non compliance with the provisions of Article 311(2) of the Constitution or any Rules governing the disciplinary action. The reversion was not by way of punishment. This aspect of the matter is now squarely covered by the decision of this Court in Shamsher Singh & Anr. vs State of Punjab(1) (vide page 837). A few new points were urged on behalf of the respondents in the Letters Patent appeals. They were not allowed to be raised except the one which eventually succeeded and the Letters Patent appeals were allowed on the basis of that point. The decision of the High Court as respects the application of the 1942 Rules to the cases of the respondents and the order of reversion not being hit by the alleged non compliance with Article 311(2) of the Constitution could not be seriously challenged before us. We agree with the view expressed by the Division Bench. It is not necessary to repeat all that has been said by the High Court in that regard. We now proceed to consider the only substantial question which falls for determination in these appeals. (1) ; 121 The erstwhile State of Punjab was re organized by the 	 Central Act XXXI of 1966	 hereinafter called he Act. On the appointed day i.e. On 1 11 1966 the former State of Punjab ceased to exist and the successor States of Punjab	 Haryana	 Union Territory of Chandigarh and the Transferred Territory came into being. All the respondents except respondent Bhagwan Singh came to be allocated to the new State of Punjab. Bhagwan Singh was allocated to Haryana and then to Himachal Pradesh. The High Court took the view that the impugned orders were communicated to the respondents concerned on or after 1.11.1966 and hence they "remained ineffective and still born by reason of their not having been communicated to the respondents before 1.11.1966. " Though this point had been taken in the writ petitions	 it does not seem to have been pressed before the learned single Judge. The Division Bench treating it as a pure question of law allowed it to be raised in the Letters Patent appeals and ultimately dismissed the appeals by holding in favour of the appellants that since the impugned orders were communicated to them after coming into force of the new successor States they could not affect their status and position which they held on 1.11.1966. The factual position in relation to the point at issue is like this. The erstwhile State of Punjab was under the President 's Rule before its re organization. The order in the name of the President of India . authenticated by Secretary to Government of Punjab	 P.W.D. B&R/ P.H. Branches recited "The President of India	 in consultation with the Punjab Public Service Commission	 does not consider the following officiating Sub Divisional officers of Punjab	 P.W.D. B & R Branch	 suitable for appointment to P.S.E. Class II (B & R Branch) and accordingly they are reverted as indicated below with immediate effect. " The list contains the names of 20 officers including the 'names of 12 respondents other than respondent Bhagwan Singh. An Issue Book was shown to us at the time of the hearing of these appeals by the State counsel indicating that the Government order aforesaid was forwarded to the Accountant General Punjab	 Simla and to the Chief Engineer Punjab P.W.D. & R Branch	 Patiala	 for information and necessary action. The Chief Engineer as it appears from the statement in the counters filed on behalf of the State communicated the order to the officers concerned as per his Memo No. 8E/47/Re org/11670 710 dated 30.10.1966. The respondents	 however	 seem to have received the orders on or after 1.11.1966. The question for consideration is whether the view of the High Court that the orders being administrative in nature were not laws within the meaning of the Act and hence were not saved by section 88 is correct and whether r ' they remained ineffective and inoperative because they not communicated to the respondents before 1.11.1966. Under the Act certain territories were carved out from the appoint ed day from the then existing State of Punjab. Under sections 3 and 4 were formed the State of Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. The territories mentioned in section 5 were added to the then Union territory of Himachal Pradesh. The balance was to 122 remain in the State of Punjab under section 6. Sections 3 to 6 occur in Part II of the Act. Part III deals with the representation in the Legislatures and allocation of sitting members etc. Part IV concerns the making of the existing High Court as the common High Court for Punjab	 Haryana and Chandigarh. Part V is headed "Authorisation of Expenditure and Distribution of Revenue. " Part VI deals with 'Apportionment of Assets and Liabilities. " Part VII makes provisions as to certain Corporations. Part VIII relates to Bhakra Nangal and Beas Projects. We are concerned with some of the sections of Part IX headed Provisions as to services and Part X making Legal and miscellaneous provisions. Section 81 in Part IX contains provisions relating to All India Services. Section 82 (1) is important and reads as follows: "Every person who immediately before the appointed day is serving in connection with the affairs of the existing State of Punjab shall	 on and from that day	 provisionally continue to serve in connection with the affairs of the State of Punjab unless he is required	 by general or special order of the Central Government	 to serve provisionally in connection with the affairs of any other successor State." According to the provision aforesaid all the respondents provisionally continued to serve in connection with the affairs of the State of Punjab and eventually also all of them (except Bhagwan Singh) continued to serve with that State. We shall now read section 83 on which great reliance was placed on behalf of the respondents: "Every person who immediately before the appointed day is holding or discharging the duties of any post or office in connection with the affairs of the existing State of Punjab ill any area which on that day falls within any of the successor States shall continue to hold the same post or office in that successor State and shall be deemed	 on and from that day	 to have been duly appointed to the post or office by the Government of	 or other appropriate authority in	 that successor State: Provided that nothing in this section shall be deemed to prevent a competent authority on or after the appointed day from passing in relation to such person any order affecting his continuance in such post or office. " Section 88 occurring in Part X provides: "The provisions of Part II shall not be deemed to have effected any change in the territories to which any law in force immediately before the appointed day extends or applies	 and territorial references in any such law to the State of Punjab shall	 unless otherwise provided by a competent Legislature or other competent authority	 be construed as meaning the territories within that State immediately before the appointed day. " 123 Law is defined in clause (g) of section 2 of the Act to say: "law" includes any enactment	 ordinance	 regulation	 order	 bye law	 rule	 scheme	 notification or other instrument having	 immediately before the appointed day	 the force of law in the Whole or in any part of the existing State of Punjab; We agree with the High Court that the impugned orders in question were not law within the meaning of section 2(g) and hence were	 in terms	 not saved by section 88. We think the High Court is right when it says: "Section 88 appears to have been introduced as a matter of abundant caution. In my opinion	 mere splitting up of the territories of Punjab into four successor States would not ipso facto result in the abrogation or repeal of the laws which were immediately in force before the appointed day in those territories. There is nothing in the 1966 Act	 not l even in Section 88	 which expressly or by necessary intendment repeals the law which were in force immediately be fore the appointed day in the territories of the former Punjab. Those laws derived their force de hors the 1966 Act. The first part of Section 88 is merely clarificatory of any doubts which might arise as a result of the reorganisation of Punjab	 while the latter part of this section is merely an adaptative provision	 to the effect	 that the territorial references in any such law to the State of Punjab shall continue to mean the territories within that State immediately before the appointed day. Thus	 read as a whole Section 88 merly dispels doubts as to the continuity of the laws which . were in force before the appointed day in the former State of Punjab	 until the competent legislature or authority of the successor States effects any change in those laws. " If this could be the position in the continuance of the law in the successor States	 on what principles one can say that the administrative order made by the erstwhile State of Punjab automatically lapsed and came to an end on and from the appointed day on the coming into existence of the successor States. Is it possible to take the view that the Legislature when it made so many provisions in the Act in its various parts in regard to the matters already referred to	 did not think it appropriate to make a provision for the continuance of the effect of the administrative orders passed by the Government of the erstwhile State of Punjab until the Governments of the successor States modified or changed it ? or	 is it? as a matter of law and propriety	 reasonable to think that the Legislature did not consider it necessary at all to make such an express provision	 as the continuance of the effect of such orders was to obvious even without such a provision ? In our Judgment when there is no change of sovereignty and it is merely an adjustment of territories by the reorganization of a particular State	 The administrative orders made by the Government of the erstwhile 124 State continue to be in force and effective and binding on the successor States until and unless they are modified	 changed or repudiated by the Governments of the successor States. No other view is possible to be taken. The other view will merely bring about chaos ill the administration of the new States. We find no principle in support of the stand that administrative orders made by the Government r of the erstwhile State automatically lapsed and were rendered ineffective on the coming into existence of the new successor States. On behalf of the respondents reliance was placed upon the decision of this Court in Rajvi Amar Singh vs The State of Rajasthan(1) and ' Rajkumar Narsingh Pratap Singh Deo vs State of Orissa and another(2) Bose	 J. delivering the judgment of the Court in the former ease had: said at page 1018: "Now it is well established that when one State if absorb ed in another	 whether by accession	 conquest	 merger or integration	 all contracts of service between the prior Government and its servants automatically terminate and thereafter those who elect to serve in the new State and are taken on by it	 serve on such terms and conditions as the new State may choose to impose. This is nothing more	 (though on a more exalted scale)	 than an application of the principle that underlines the law of Master and Servant when there is a change of masters." The said principle is not applicable to the case on hand as it is not a case of absorption of one State in another by accession	 conquest merger or integration. It would be chaotic in this principle were to be applied to the case of re organization of States in the same country. In the case of Raj Kumar N. P. Singh Deo (supra) a question arose as to whether the sanad granted by the ruler of Dhenkanal who was an absolute monarch and which State after independence of India came to be merged in the State of Orissa was a purely executive act or a law within the meaning of Article 372 of the Constitutional. This Court decided that this was purely an executive act. The Orissa Government had discontinued the payment of the allowance under the sanad to the grantee. The action was upheld on the ground that the executive act of the ruler of another sovereign State could not be binding on the Orissa Government and that Government had full authority to discontinue the payment of the allowance. Indirectly the said decision of this Court supports the view which we have ex pressed above. We are	 therefore	 of the opinion that the impugned orders passed by the Government of the erstwhile State of Punjab continued to be the orders of the Governments of the concerned successor States until and unless they were modified	 changed or repudiated by them Nothing of the kind was done by the new State of Punjab; rather	 by treating that order as valid and adopting it as its own	 the new State of Punjab resisted the writ applications and pursued the matter in the Letters Patent appeals and up to this Court in these appeals. (1) (2) ; ; 125 On the facts and in the circumstances of these cases we do not agree with the High Court that the communication of the orders was on or after 1 11 1966 when they were actually received by the officers concerned. Following the ratio of the decision of a Bench of 4 Judges of this Court	 in the case of State of Punjab vs Khemi Ram(1) we hold that the orders were communicated either on 29 10 1966 or surely on 30 10 1966. The earlier decisions of this Court have been considered by Shelat	 J. in the decision aforesaid. In Bachillar Singh vs The State of Punjab(2) no formal order of the Government had even been drawn up	 much less communicated	 and	 therefore	 it was held that it was neither an order of the Government nor was the order communicated. What is the meaning of communication of the order in a given case did not fall for decision before this Court in the case of Bachittar Singh. In the case of State of Punjab vs Amar Singh Harika(3) the order of dismissal passed on 3rd June	 1949 was actually communicated to the officer concerned on 2/3rd January	 1953. But before the said date the said officer had come to know on 28th May 1951 about the dismissal order. This date was taken to be the date of communication. Shelat	 J. has considered the earlier cases of this Court including the one in S '. Pratap Singh vs The State of Punjab(4) a paragraph 16 of the judgment the law laid down is: "lt will be seen that in all the decisions cited before us it was the communication of the impugned order which was held to be essential and not its actual receipt by the officer concerned and such communication was held to be necessary because till the order is issued and actually sent out to the person concerned the authority making such order would be in a position to change its mind and modify it if it thought fit. But once such an order is sent out	 it goes out of the control of such an authority	 and therefore there would be no chance whatsoever of its changing its mind or modifying it. In our view	 once an order is issued and it is sent out to the concerned government servant	 it must be held to have been communicated to him	 no matter when he actually received it." Applying the principle of law aforesaid we find in this case that the orders went out of the control of the authority which had passed that order on 29 10 1966 when copies of the orders were forwarded to the Accountant General and the Chief Engineer. In any event	 we think that the orders were despatched from the office of the Chief Engineer on 3 10 1966. It is one thing to say that in the case of dismissal or the like the order becomes effective only after it is received by the officer concerned and a different thing to say that an order has no effect at all before it is communicated in the sense of receipt of the order by the concerned officer. In the sense we have said above the (1) A. I. R. (2) [1962] 3 Suppl. section C. R. 713. (3) A. I. R. (4) ; 126 orders were communicated to all the respondents before 1 11 1966. They became effective as soon as they were sent out. And for the purposes of section 83 of the Act the respondents must be deemed to be holding the posts to which they were reverted on 1 11 1966. Reliance was placed on behalf of the respondents upon the decision of a learned single Judge of the Punjab & Haryana High Court in the case of Shil Saran Dass Sood vs The State of Punjab and others(1) wherein it was held that there is no provision in the Act where under the proceedings for disciplinary action against a public servant	 who is allotted to a State other than one in which the proceedings are pending	 could be continued by the Inquiry officer already appointed nor could such Inquiry officer submit his report to the corresponding authority in the State to which the public servant is allocated. We wish to point out that the proposition of law enunciated in such a bald manner is not correct. The Inquiry officer may not be competent to continue the enquiry and submit the report for different reasons. But it is not correct to say that: "the Inquiry officer appointed by the Commissioner	 Ambala Division	 prior to the re organisation of the State	 cannot be taken to be the Inquiry officer appointed by the Commissioner	 Jullundur Division	 after November 1	 1966 as there is no provision in the where under the proceedings for disciplinary action against a public servant	 who is allocated to a State other than the one in which the proceedings are pending	 could be continued by the Inquiry officer already appointed nor could such Inquiry officer submit his report to the corresponding authority in the State to which the public servant is allocated. " Shorn of the complications of other facts if the Inquiry officer was appointed by the Commissioner of a Division which was a part of the undivided State and on reorganisation becomes a part of the new State	 the disciplinary proceeding started earlier can undoubtedly be continued and concluded without a fresh order of starting a disciplinary proceeding. We therefore	 hold that the view taken by the High Court that the orders were still born and ineffective because They were received by the respondents on or after 1 11 1966 is not correct. After careful consideration we have arrived at the conclusion that. the impugned orders of reversion dated October 28	 1966 were valid. About 9 years have passed since then and some complications have arisen during this period. Admittedly	 after the High Court judgment all the respondents were officiating in the higher posts. At the time of the hearing of these appeals	 we were given to understand at the Bar that none of the respondents was reverted pursuant to the impugned order We asked the parties to ascertain the correct position and file their statements. On behalf of the Government we have been inform (1) 72 Punjab Law Reporter 950. 127 ed that they will not claim any refund of the salaries paid to the respondents for the period they have worked as officiating Sub Divisional officers in the Department. But they claimed that the respondents were not working as such after the reversion order and before the High Court Judgment and hence they are entitled to get back the difference. Of salary paid to the respondents for the period they have not worked as Sub Divisional officers and had worked only as overseers and Draftsmen in their substantive posts. The difference of salary for the intervening period between the order of reversion and the High Court Judgment was paid to them subject to the furnishing of the bank guarantee. On the other hand	 it is claimed on behalf of the respondents that even during those periods they were working as S.D.O. or had gone on leave while continuing in such posts. In the circumstances justice requires that the Government should not claim any refund of any part of the salary paid to the respondents until today. Partly in view of their understanding and partly because of the requirement of justice	 we direct the Government not to do so. The final result of the appeals is as follows: Civil Appeal No. 521/1970 is dismissed as abated on account of the death of the respondent. The respondent of Civil Appeal No 519	 it is admitted on all hands	 is no longer in service. This appeal is	 therefore	 dismissed as infructuous. The remaining 11 appeals are allowed	 the judgments and orders of the High Court both of the single Judge and the Division Bench are set aside. But this is subject to the directions given above in regard to the salary paid to the respondents so far. There will be no order as to costs in any of the appeals.

The respondents in the above 13 appeals by Special leave alongwith 2 others filed 15 Writ Petitions in the High Court of Punjab and Haryana challenging. the order dated 28 10 1966 made by the Government of the erstwhile undivided State of Punjab reverting the respondents to their substantive ranks. The respondents were promoted and appointed as S.D.Os. on officiating basis in the Punjab Public Works Department on the various dates between the 1st March	 1956 and 10th May	 1963. The erstwhile State of Punjab was reorganised by the . On 1st November	 1966 the former State of Punjab ceased to exist and the successor States of Punjab	 Haryana	 Union territory of Chandigarh and the transferred territory came into being. According to section 82 of the every person who immediately before the appointed day was serving in connection with the affairs of the existing State of Punjab would on and from that day provisionally continue to serve in connection with the affairs of the State of Punjab unless he is required by general or special order of the Central Government to serve provisionally in connection with the affairs of any other successor State. Section 83 provides that every person who immediately before the appointed day is holding or discharging the duties of any post or office in connection with the affairs of the existing State of Punjab in any area which on that day falls within any of the successor State shall continue to hold the same post or office in that successor State and shall be deemed on and from that day to have been duly appointed to the post or office by the Government or other appropriate authority in the successor State. Sec 88 provides that the law applicable in the territory will continue to apply after reorganisation unless otherwise provided by a competent legislature. Section 2(g) of the Act defines law as including any enactment	 ordinance	 regulation	 order	 by law	 rule	 scheme	 notification or other instrument	 having the force of law. The impugned orders of reversion were communicated to the respondents after 1st November	 1966. The orders were passed by the Government in consultation with the Punjab Public Service Commission before 1st November	 1966. The Chief Engineer sent the said orders on 30 10 1966. The orders were however received after 1st November	 1966. Before the learned Single Judge of the High Court. the respondents contended that they were governed by the Punjab Service of Engineers	 Buildings and Roads Branch (Recruitment and Conditions of Service) Rules 1942	 under which they became automatically confirmed as members of the service and could not be reverted without complying with the provisions of Article 311 of the Constitution. The learned Single Judge allowed the Writ Petitions on that ground. On an appeal before the Divisional Bench by the appellants	 the Division Bench divided the respondents into three categories. (1) those who were promoted after 1942 Rules were repealed: (2) those who were promoted within 3 years preceding the repeal of ]942 Rules: and (3) those who were 116 promoted more than three years prior to such repeal. In the case of first category	 the High Court held that the 1942 Rules did not apply. In the case of the second category the Division Bench held that they were not entitled to get the benefits of 1942 Rules since they had not completed the period of 3 years probation to acquire the substantive post in accordance with the 1942 Rules. Regarding those respondents who fell in the third category	 the Division Bench held that they were promoted in the erstwhile Patiala and East Punjab States where the similar rules did not exist and could not be given the advantage of 1942 Rules. The Division Bench held that Punjab Service of Engineers Class II 1965 Rules were applicable and therefore before the respondents could be absorbed and admitted to Class II service approval of the Public Service Commission was required. In the present case	 since the Commission did not find them suitable they had to he reverted to their substantive ranks. On a consideration of large number of authorities the Division Bench came to the conclusion that the reversion of the respondents was not hit by article 311(2) of the Constitution since the reversion was not by way of punishment. The Division Bench	 however	 held that the impugned orders were communicated to the respondents after 1 11 1966 and hence they remained ineffective and still born by reason of their not having been communicated to the respondents before 1st November	 1966. The Division Bench	 therefore	 dismissed the appeals filed by the appellants. In appeals by Special leave	 the appellants contended that the decision of the Division Bench that the orders of reversion remained ineffective and still born was erroneous. ^ HELD: 1. The Division Bench rightly held that the orders of reversion were not hit by article 311(2) of the Constitution. This aspect of the matter is now clearly covered by the decision of this Court in the case of Shamsher Singh vs The State of Punjab ; This part of the judgment of the Division Bench was not seriously disputed. [120 E F] 2. The impugned orders were not law within the meaning of section 2 (g) and were	 therefore not saved by section 88. S.88 was introduced as a matter of abundant caution. The law which was in force before the appointed day in the former State of Punjab were bound to continue until competent Legislature or authority of the successor States effect any change in those laws. If this could be the position in the continuance of the law in the successor States on what principles one can say that the administrative orders made by the erstwhile State of Punjab automatically lapsed and came to an end on and from the appointed day on the coming into existence of the successor States. When there is no change of sovereignty and it is merely an adjustment of territories by the reorganisation of a particular State	 the administrative orders made by the Government of the erstwhile State continue to be in force and effective and binding on the successor States until and unless they are modified changed or repudiated by the Governments of the successor States. No other view is possible to be taken. The other view will merely bring about chaos in the administration of the new States. The principles laid down by this Court in following cases: (1) Rajvi Amar Singh v The State of Rajasthan and (2) Rajkumar Narsingh Pratap Singh Deo v State of Orissa and Another ; are not applicable to the present case as this is not a case of absorption of one State in another by succession	 conquest	 merger or integration. It would be chaotic if these principles were to be applied to the case of reorganization of States in the same country. [123H	 124A D] 4. On the facts and circumstances of this case the successor State far from repudiating or modifying the orders of reversion adopted those orders as their own. The High Court was wrong in holding that the orders were communicated on or after 1st November	 1966 when they were actually received by the 117 officers concerned. Following the judgment of this Court in the case of State of Punjab vs Khemi Ram	 A.I.R. 1970 S.C. 214	 it was held that the orders were communicated either on 29 10 1966 or surely on 30 10 1966. The judgment of this Court in the case of Bachiter Singh vs The State of Punjab	 ; 	 distinguished. [125A C] 5. It is one thing to say that in the case of dismissal or the like the order becomes effective only after it is received by the officer concerned and a different thing to say that an order has no effect at all before it is communicated in the sense of receipt of the order by the officer concerned. The orders in the present case became effective as soon as they were sent out and for the purpose of section 83 of the Act the respondents must be deemed to be holding the posts to which they were reverted on 1st November	 1966. [125 G H 126A] 6 . About 9 years have passed after the impugned orders of reversion were passed. After the High Court judgement	 all the respondents were officiating in the higher posts. After the reversion orders were passed and before the High Court judgment was delivered the respondents were not working in the higher posts. The appellant	 therefore	 claimed the difference of salary paid to the respondents during this period when they were not working as S.D.Os. The respondents contended that even during this period they were either working as S.D.Os or had gone on leave while continuing in such posts. In the circumstances justice requires that the Government should not claim any refund of any part of the salary paid to the respondents up to date. [126G H	 127A C]