Summarize the following court judgment. ivil Appeal No. 2820 of 1984. From the Order dated 25.4.84/4.5.84 of the Customs Excise and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal	 New Delhi in Appeal No. F.D. (SB)(T) A. 999/80 C in Order No. 223/84. Harish N. Salve	 Mrs. P.S. Shroff	 J.M. Patel and S.A. Shroff for the appellant. B. Dutta	 Additional Solicitor General	 Ms. Indu Malho tra and C.V.S. Rao for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by 385 SABYASACHI MUKHARJI	 J. This is an appeal under Section 35L of the (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act ') from the order passed and judgment delivered on 25th April	 1984/4th May	 1984 by the Customs	 Excise and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal	 New Delhi (hereinafter referred to as 'the Tribunal '). The question involved is whether the crude PVC film is dutiable. The appellant is	 inter alia	 a manufacturer of crude PVC films for the purpose of use in final products such as leather cloth and laminate jute mattings and PVC tapes both insula tion and adhesive. The said crude PVC films are manufactured by the appellant in a continuous process in the factory premises of the appellant which are licensed premises under the Act. The appellant filed classification list No. XIV/75 dated 20th November	 1975 in respect of crude PVC films used for lamination with jute and for tapes claiming that the said PVC films were non excisable on the ground that the same were nonmarketable intermediate products used exclu sively for captive consumption. The said classification was approved by the Assistant Collector	 Central Excise on 9th December	 1977. There was an order passed by the Appellate Collector on 14th June	 1974 holding that crude PVC films were not mar ketable and were not liable to excise duty. It is necessary to refer to the Tariff Entry involved in this case. Tariff Item 15 A(2) of the Central Excise Tariff reads as follows: "Articles made of plastics	 all sorts includ ing tubes	 rods	 sheets	 foils	 sticks	 other rectangular or profile shapes. whether lami nated or not	 and whether rigid or flexible	 including levy flat tubings and polyvinyl chloride sheets	 not otherwise specified. " The same crude PVC films which have been manufactured by the appellant and used in the manufacture of some other end product were subject matter of adjudication by the concerned authorities in the period 1.3.1970 to 29.5.1971. The Appel late Collector of Central Excise in an order dated 14th January	 1974 held that the said PVC films manufactured by the appellant are not marketable intermediate products and hence not liable to duty. The Appellate Collector	 Central Excise in his order noted the contentions of the appellant that the appellant had produced sufficient evidence to prove that the crude PVC sheets which were the subject matter of the Show Cause Notice in that case and which are also the subject matter of the present show cause notice were not known in the market as PVC sheets nor were 386 these marketable as PVC sheets. After reference to the rival contentions	 the said Appellate Collector in his order held	 inter alia	 as follows: "PVC films/sheets for the clearance of which demand letters are issued are not marketable as the same are neither embossed nor printed nor any finishing Work is done when compared to PVC films/sheets which are marketed by them. It was further stated that the tensile strength of PVC sheets which is marketed by the appellants is as per the international standards laid down by A.S.T.M./I.S.I. and is much higher than the crude PVC sheets manufac tured by them as an intermediate product for further manufacture of leather cloth. As such	 it was contended that the product manufactured by the appellants is not liable to central excise duty. Shri Patel further stated that it was not necessary to prove from technical angle that the curde PVC sheets manufactured by the appellants for manufacturing leather cloth are different from PVC sheets which are manufactured by them and sold in the market as such. Crude PVC sheets used in the appellants ' factory for further manufacture of leather cloth can be distinguished from PVC sheets which are marketed by them as such by naked eye. Moreover	 all the processes which are required in case of PVC sheets which are marketed by the appellants so as to make these sheets marketable are not carried out in the case of crude PVC sheets which are used by the appellants in their factory for the manufac ture of leather cloth . . " The Appellate Collector further held in the said order that from the technical point of view	 crude PVC sheets are different from marketable PVC sheets inasmuch as the tensile strength of crude PVC sheets is much lower than that of marketable PVC sheets. He further held that: "This is so because marketable PVC sheets are passed through the calender at very high temperature and at a slow speed to that gela tion/curing fusion takes place while in the case of crude PVC sheets	 the same are passed through the calender at very fast speed and lower temperature with the result that gela tion fusion in the course of heating and ageing is not formed resulting in lower ten sile strength. When these crude PVC sheets are coated with textile 387 fabrics	 the two layers are passed through the rollers at slow speed and at high temperature and it is only at this stage that the GEL is properly formed and resin particles become swollen by diffusion of plasticizer into them that they touch each other. As heating progresses	 the swollen particles begin to weld together	 resulting in the required degree of strength. " Thereafter	 the Classification List was filed in respect of crude PVC films manufactured for use in adhesive tapes on 9th December	 1975 and the said list was approved by the Assistant Collector of Central Excise after making an in quiry in that behalf. On 15th February	 1977	 however	 a Show Cause Notice was issued by the Assistant Collector	 calling upon the appellant to show cause as to why crude PVC films should not be classified under teriff Item 15A(2) and appropriate duty not recovered under Rule 10 of the Central Excise Rules	 as these then stood	 read with Rule 173 J of the Central Excise Rules. There was a corrigendum issued on February 23	 1977 to the said Show Cause Notice dated 15th February	 1977 substituting the words 'Rule 10 ' by the words 'Rule 10A '. A reply was given by the appellant to the said Show Cause Notice. In the said reply	 the appellant stated as follows: "We have repeatedly pointed out that the issue of "Crude Film" has been decided by the Appel late Collector and also by the Assistant Collector while approving classification. However	 the Superintendent persisted in pressing us for giving information about production figures of 'Crude Film ' possibly with a view to raise demand. We had requested the Superintendent to let us know the provi sion under which he required us to give the information in regard to a product which was non excisable. He was not able to clarify this and tried to invoke wrong sections and rules according to us. The present action of re classification	 in order to make the product excisable some how or other	 seems to us to be a continuation of the matter which the Super intendent was not able to enforce on us. There is no change in the market terminology of "PVC Film". Our product is not known in the market as "PVC Film". Even technically also a further process is required to be carried out on our product before it is "PVC Film" as is known to the market. The various decisions of Supreme Court on this point are well known to the Department. It is also known 388 that the Appellate Collector 's decision is binding on you. The principles of natural justice cannot be served by serving a show cause notice on us in order to change the Appellate Collector 's decision in some manner or other. We have an uneasy feeling that an attempt is being made to some how bring the product under excise duty. " There was an order passed on 16th February	 1978 by the Assistant Collector confirming the Show Cause Notice. On 10th October	 1979 an appeal was preferred by the appellant against the order of the Assistant Collector dated 16th February	 1978 which was rejected by the Appellate Collector of Central Excise. On 6th February	 1980 a revision applica tion was preferred	 by the appellant to the Joint Secretary	 Government of India. That was transferred to the Tribunal and by the impugned order	 the Tribunal has rejected the appeal under challenge. The Tribunal in the order has set out the contentions and observed that the question for determination was whether crude PVC film fell for classification under Item 15A(2) of the Central Excise Tariff or not. A submission was made that the Appellate Collector had held that the crude PVC sheets were not marketable and had not acquired the character and status of PVC films as known to the market. It was contended on behalf of the appellant that only marketable PVC film would fall within the said item. On the other hand	 the Department 's contention was that there was nothing to show that the film/sheet was crude and the test of marketability was not relevant. According to the Tribunal	 the crude PVC films/sheets would fall under the Tariff Item. The Tribunal was of the view that the tariff entry did not spell out whether it covered only finished film/sheet or whether it covered also crude film/sheet. The Tribunal came to the conclusion that the tariff item covered all types of films/sheets. The Tribunal also came to the conclusion that the concept of marketability was not relevant and all sorts of crude films would be covered by the entry. The Tribunal was of the view that the Appellate Collec tor 's observations were made entirely in different context. In that view of the matter	 the Appellate Collector 's order was confirmed subject to the modification that duty in respect of clearances prior to the issue of the Show Cause Notice was restricted to the period permissible in terms of Rule 10 read with Rule 173 J	 that is to say	 for 12 months. In other words	 the Tribunal 's view was that if the descrip tion of the 389 goods in question fell into the entry	 it was dutiable in the intermediate list and as such the goods had become goods as known to the market and the question of marketability or being capable of being sold in the market was not relevant. In support of this appeal	 on behalf of the appellant	 it was contended by Shri Harish Salve that it was only the 'goods as specified in the Schedule ' to the Central Excise that could be subject to the duty. It appears to us that under the Central Excise Act	 as it stood at the relevant time	 in order to be goods as specified in the entry the first condition was that as a result of manufacture goods must come into existence. For articles to be goods these must be known in the market as such or these must be capable of being sold in the market a goods. Actual sale in the market is not necessary	 user in the captive consumption is not determinative but the articles must be capable of being sold in the market or known in the market a goods. That was necessary. This has been clearly spelt out by this Court in Union of India vs Delhi Cloth & General Mills	 [1963] Supp. 1 SCR 586. There this Court held that excise duty being leviable on the manufacture of goods and not on their sale	 the manufacturer could not be taxed unless manufacturing process resulted in production 'of goods as known in the market ' (empahsis supplied). In that case	 the respondents	 who were manufacturers of vegetable products known as Vanas pati	 were assessed to excise duty under Item 23 of the First Schedule to the 	 on what the taxing authorities called the manufacture of 'r efined oil ' from raw oil which according to them fell within the description of "vegetable non essential oils	 all sorts	 in or in relation to the manufacture of which any process is ordinarily carried on with the aid of power". The common case made by the respondents in their petition under Article 226 of the Constitution challenging the imposition was that for the purpose of manufacturing Vanaspati they purchased groundnut and til oil from the market and subjected them to different processes before applying hydrogenation to produce Vanaspati and that nothing that they produced at any stage was covered by that item. Affidavits by experts were filed by both the parties and the High Court found in favour of the respondents and allowed the petitions. The Union of India appealed. It was urged on its behalf before this Court that before finally producing Vanaspati the respondents produced at an intermediate stage what was known as 'refined oil ' in the market and although they might not sell it and although Vanaspati	 when produced	 was liable to excise duty under another item	 that could not affect their liability. It was held that excise duty being leviable on the 390 manufacture of goods and not on their sale	 the petitioners in that case no doubt be liable if they produced 'refined oil '	 as known in the market	 at an intermediate stage. But the Court found that it was clear that there could be no 'refined oil ' as known in the market without deodorisation according to the specification of the Indian Standards Institute and the affidavits of the experts. Since	 however	 the process of deodorisation was admittedly applied in the respondents ' factories only after hydrogenation was com plete	 they could not be said to produce 'refined oil ' at any stage. Nor could the respondents be held to manufacture some kind of 'non essential vegetable oil '. K.C. Das Gupta	 J.	 who spoke for the Court	 at page 595 of the report	 observed as follows: "On a consideration of all these materials we have no doubt about the correctness of the respondents ' case that the raw oil purchased by the respondents for the purpose of manufac ture of Vanaspati does not become at any stage "refined oil" as is known to the consumers and the commercial community." After considering the definition of the word 'manufac ture ' and several authorities and Words and Phrases	 Perma nent Edition	 Vol. 18	 from a judgment of the New York Court and also other relevant authorities	 this Court held that the definitions made it clear that to become "goods" an article must be something which can ordinarily come to the market to be bought and sold. (Emphasis supplied). In that view of the matter this Court agreed with the High Court and dismissed the appeal. Therefore	 the first principle that emerges is that excise was a duty on goods as specified in the Schedule. In order to be goods an article must be some thing which can ordinarily come to the market and is brought for sale and must be known to the market as such. Therefore	 the marketability in the sense that the goods are known in the market or are capable of being sold and purchased in the market is essential. This principle was again reiterated by this Court in South Bihar Sugar Mills Ltd.	 etc. vs Union of India & Ors. 	 ; 	 where this Court held that the gas generated by the appellant companies in that case was kiln gas and not carbon dioxide as known to the market	 i.e.	 to those who deal in it or who use it. Therefore	 the kiln gas in question is neither carbon dioxide nor com pressed carbon dioxide known as such to the commercial community and could not attract duty under Item 14 H of the First Schedule. It was held by this Court that the duty being on the manufacture and not on the sale	 the mere fact that kiln gas generated by those concerns was not actually 391 sold did not make any difference if what they generated and used in their manufacturing process was carbon dioxide. Justice Shelat speaking for the Court at page 31 of the report observed: "The Act charges duty on manufacture of goods. The word "manufacture" implies a change but every change in the raw material is not manu facture. There must be such a transformation that a new and different article must emerge having a distinctive name	 character or use. The duty is levied on goods. As the Act does not define goods	 the legislature must be taken to have used that word in its ordinary	 dictionary meaning. The dictionary meaning is that to become goods it must be something which can ordinarily come to the market to be bought and sold and is known to the market. (emphasis supplied). That it would be such an article which would attract the Act was brought out in Union of India vs Delhi Cloth & General Mills Ltd.	 [1963] Suppl 1 SCR 586. " In that view of the matter	 the Court came to the conclusion that the gas generated by these concerns was kiln gas and not carbon dioxide as known to the trade	 i.e.	 to those who deal in it or who use it. It must be capable of being sold in the market and known in the market as such. Then only it would be dutiable. This view was reiterated again in Union Carbide India Ltd. vs Union of India	 where Pathak	 J. as the learned Chief Justice then was	 speaking for the Court observed that in order to attract excise duty the article manufactured must be capable of sale to a consumer. The expression "goods manufactured or produced" must refer to goods which are capable of being sold to the consumer. This Court observed as follows: "It does not seem to us that in order to attract excise duty the article manufactured must be capable of sale to a consumer. Entry 84 of List I of Schedule VII to the Constitu tion specifically speaks of "duties of excise on tobacco and other goods manufactured or produced in India . "	 and it is now well accepted that excise duty is an indirect tax	 in which the burden of the imposition is passed on to the ultimate consumer. In that context	 the expression "goods manufactured or produced" must refer to articles which are capable of being sold to a consumer. In Union of India vs 392 Delhi Cloth & General Mills	 this Court con sidered the meaning of the expression "goods" for the purposes of the and observed that "to become 'goods ' an article must be something which can ordinarily come to the market to be bought and sold"	 a definition which was reiterated by this Court in South Bihar Sugar Mills Ltd. vs Union of India. " It is necessary in this connection to reiterate the basic fundamental principles of excise. The Judicial Commit tee of the Privy Council in Governor General in Council vs Province of Madras	 	 this Court observed at page 1287 of the report that excise duty was primarily a duty on the production or manufacture of goods produced or manufactured within the country. This Court again in Re The Bill to Amend section 20 of the 	 And Sec tion 3 of the ; 	 at page 822 of the report referring to the aforesaid observations of the Judicial Committee reiterated that taxable event in the case of duties of excise is the manu facture of goods and the duty is not directly on the goods but on the manufacture thereof. Therefore	 the essential ingredient is that there should be manufacture of goods. The goods being articles which are known to those who are deal ing in the market having their identity as such. Section 3 of the Act enjoins that there shall be levied and collected in such manner as may be prescribed duties of excise on all excisable goods other than salt which are produced or 'man ufactured ' in India. "Excisable goods" under section 2(d) of the Act means goods specified in the Schedule to the Central Tariff Act	 1985 as being subject to a duty of excise and includes salt. Therefore	 it is necessary	 in a case like this	 to find out whether there are goods	 that is to say	 articles as known in the market as separate distinct identi fiable commodities and whether the tariff duty levied would be as specified in the Schedule. Simply because a certain article falls within the Schedule it would not be dutiable under excise law if the said article is not "goods" known to the market. Marketability	 therefore	 is an essential ingre dient in order to be dutiable under the Schedule to Central Tariff Act	 1985. It appears from the facts as aforesaid before that the crude PVC films as produced by the appellant in this case were not known in the market and could not be sold in the market and was not capable of being marketable. The learned Solicitor General submitted before us that the Tri 393 bunal was right in considering that as the article fell within the Entry the marketability was irrelevant and the Tribunal was right in not considering whether the articles in question	 namely	 crude PVC films used in this case	 were marketable or capable of being sold and used in the market. Mr Harish N. Salve on the other hand submitted that as it was found that the goods were not marketable by the Appellate Collector in the order of 1974 and no evidence was adduced before the Tribunal to the contrary and the Tribunal refused to consider the question of marketability no useful purpose would be served in remanding the matter to the Tribunal. The appeal should be allowed and no duty should be charged. As mentioned before	 the Appellate Collector has on 14.1. 1974 held that the crude PVC sheets/films which formed the subject matter of the appeal are manufactured by the appellant for the production of leather cloth in the factory are not marketable as PVC sheets and had allowed the appeal because he found that: " . because PVC sheets of the gauges manufactured by the appellants are invariably either embossed or printed or both. The nature of embossing may be with an engraving roll or with a mirror finished roller or a mat finish. The manufacture or PVC sheets marketable as such involves the following processing se quences	 namely: Polyvinyl chloride resin is formulated with plasticizer	 colorants	 heat stabilizers	 etc. and the formulation is thoroughly mixed. When homogeneous	 this mix is fed through a two roll mill to give heavy sheet stock	 which in turn is fed to the calender	 where it is reduced to the desired width	 thickness etc. The temperature at which PVC sheets which are marketed as such are passed through the calender is about 178o C (330 350x) and the speed of the roller is adjusted accordingly. The speed of the roller and the temperature at which the sheets are passed through the calender are important factors in order to achieve the minimum stand ard of tensile strength of the sheets. Gela tion	 i.e.	 the change of state from the liquid to the solid condition that occurs during the heating and/or ageing	 when the plasticizer has been absorbed by the resin to an extent resulting in a dry but weak and crumbly mass	 and thereafter within normal proportions of resin and plasticizer	 this state is 394 attained when the resin particles have become so swollen by diffusion of plasticizer into them that they touch each other	 is an impor tant process in the case of PVC sheets which are marketed as such. As heating progresses the swollen particles begin to weld together	 resulting in some degree of strength. After the GEL is formed in such PVC sheets and resins get fused with plastisizer	 they are further subjected to the processing of finish ing	 embossing/printing. On the other hand	 crude PVC sheets manufactured by the appel lants for production of leather cloth in their factory are passed through the rollers at a temperature of 130o 1400 (280 F) and the speed of the roller is	 therefore	 faster. Due to low temperature and faster speed of the rollers fusion is not completed in such crude plasticizers thus resulting in the tensile strength of such crude PVC sheets which is much less than the tensile strength of the PVC sheets which are marketable as such. The tensile strength of PVC sheets which are marketed as such and the crude PVC sheets which are used by the appellants in their factory for the manufacture of leather cloth are as under: (1) Marketable PVC sheets Thickness Tensile strength Per cm. in Kgs. Longitudinal Transverse 0.08 mm 239 185 O. 10 mm 230 201 O. 15 mm 268 2 13 0.20 mm 230 200 (2) Crude PVC sheets Thickness Tensile strength Per cm. sq. kgs. Longitudinal Transverse O. 11 mm 127 98 0.22 mm 144 107 The thickness of crude PVC sheets of O. 11 mm ultimately comes to 10 mm when it is coated with textile fabrics and rolled. Similarly	 the thickness of crude PVC sheets of 0.22mm ultimately comes to when it is coated with fabrics and rolled. 395 The idea behind producing crude PVC sheets at low temperature and at high speed of the rollers is that when such crude PVC sheets are coated with textile fabrics and passed through a coating machine	 high temperature is required to be maintained and the speed at which the rollers move has also got to be slow so that these partially fused crude PVC sheets are eventually fully fused at the time of coating these sheets with textile substrates. No finishing	 embossing or printing is done in case of such crude PVC sheets. I	 therefore	 hold that the crude PVC sheets manufactured by the appellants are used by them in the manu facture of leather cloth in their factory are not marketable as PVC sheets and as such the same are not liable to duty under Item 15A(2) of the said Schedule. " In view of the Appellate Collector 's order dated 14.1.1974 it was the duty of the revenue to adduce evidence or proof that the articles in question were goods. No evi dence or proof was produced. The Tribunal went wrong in not applying the proper test. The test of marketability or capable of being marketed was not applied by the Tribunal. In that view of the matter that there being no contrary evidence found by the Tribunal in this case subsequent to the finding by the Appellate Tribunal	 we are of the opinion that the appeal should be allowed and no excise duty should be charged under section 15A(2) of the Central Excise Tariff on the Crude PVC sheets. In the facts and circumstances of the case	 there will be no order as to costs. T.N.A. Appeal allowed.

The appellant is a manufacturer of Crude PVC films for the purpose of use in final products such as leather cloth and laminate jute mattings and PVC tapes both insulation and adhesive. The films manufactured by the appellant were subject matter of adjudication by the Excise authorities during the period commencing from 1st March	 1970 to 29th May	 1971. The Appellate Collector of Central Excise by an order dated 14.1.1974 held that the appellant had produced sufficient evidence to prove that the said Crude PVC films were not marketable and were therefore not liable to excise duty. On 20.11.1975 the appellant filed a classification list in respect of Crude PVC films used for lamination with jute and for tapes claiming that the said PVC films were non excisable on the ground that the same were non marketa ble intermediate products used exclusively for captive consumption. On 9.12.1975 the classification list was ap proved by the Assistant Collector	 Central Excise. On 15.2.1977	 however	 the Assistant Collector issued a show 383 cause notice calling upon the appellant to show cause as to why the aforesaid films should not be re classified as excisable under Item No. 15A(2) of the Central Excise Tariff Schedule and appropriate duty not recovered under Rule 10 of the Central Excise Rules	 as these then stood	 read with Rule 173 J. By a corrigendum	 dated 23.2.1977	 to the said show cause notice Rule 10 A was substituted in place of Rule 10. The appellant contested the notice but the Assistant Collector vide his order dated 16th February	 1978 confirmed the said show cause notice by holding that the said PVC films were classifiable under Item No. 15A(2) and directed the appellant to pay duty at the appropriate rate on past clearances under Rule 10 A read with Rule 173 J. The appeal filed against the aforesaid order was reject ed by the Appellate Collector of Central Excise on 10th October	 1979. A revision was preferred before Customs	 Excise and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal. The Tribunal confirmed the order of the Appellate Collector and held that the goods in question fell under Tariff Item No. 15A(2) and were dutiable in the intermediate list and the question of marketability or being capable of being sold in the market was not relevant	 but modified the order to the extent that duty in respect of clearances prior to the issue of show cause notice was restricted to the period permissible in terms of Rule 10 read with Rule 173 J viz. 12 months. In the statutory appeal to this Court under Section 35 L	 of the the question for consideration was whether the Crude PVC film was dutiable under Item No. 15A(2). Allowing the appeal	 HELD: 1. In view of the Appellate Collector 's order holding that the Crude PVC films were not marketable goods and there being no contrary evidence found by the Tribunal subsequent to the finding by the Appellate Collector no excise duty should be charged under Item No. 15A(2) of the Central Excise Tariff on the Crude PVC Sheets. The Tribunal went wrong in not applying the proper test. The test of marketability or capable of being marketed was not applied by the Tribunal. [395D E] 2. Under the Central Excise Act	 as it stood at the relevant time	 in order to be goods as specified in the entry the first condition was that as a result of manufac ture goods must come into existence. For articles to be goods these must be known in the market as such or these 384 must be capable of being sold in the market as goods. Actual sale in the market is not necessary	 user in the captive consumption is not determinative but articles must be capa ble of being sold in the market or known in the market as goods. Taxable event in the case of duties of excise is the manufacture of goods and the duty is not directly on the goods but on the manufacture thereof. The manufacturer could not be taxed unless manufacturing process resulted in pro duction 'of goods as known in the market '. The expression "goods manufactured or produced" must refer to goods which are capable of being sold to the consumer. [389B C; 391F] Union of India vs Delhi Cloth and General Mills	 [1963] Suppl. 1 S.C.R. 586; South Bihar Sugar Mills Ltd. etc. vs Union of India & Ors	 ; ; Union Carbide India Ltd. vs Union of India	 ; Governor General in Council vs Province of Madras	 [1945] 7 F.C.R. 179; In Re. the Bill to Amend section 20 of the and Section 3 of the 	 ; applied. Simply because a certain article falls within the Schedule it would not be dutiable under excise law if the said article is not 'goods ' known to the market. Marketabil ity	 therefore	 is an essential ingredient in order to be dutiable under the Schedule to the Central Tariff Act	 1985. [392F G] 3.1. In the instant case	 the Crude PVC films as pro duced by the appellant were not known in the market and could not be sold in the market and were therefore not capable of being marketable. [392G H]