Summarize the following court judgment. Appeals Nos. 92 and 94 of 1950. 24 Appeals from the Judgments and Decrees dated the 20th March 1942 of the Allahabad High Court in First Appeal Nos. 154 and 152 of 1934 arising Out Of the Judgments and decrees dated the 25th August 1932 of the Court of First Additional Subordinate Judge	 and First Additional Civil Judge	 Moradabad in Original Suit Nos. 90 and 87 of 1931 respectively. N. C. Chatterji	 (section section Shukla with him) for the Appellants. Gopi Nath Kunzru	 (B. P. Maheshwari with him) for Respondent No. 1. P. C. Agarwala	 for Respondent No. 2 in Civil Appeal No. 94 of 1950. March 22. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BosE J. These appeals arise out of two suits which were heard together along with two other suits with which we are not now concerned. All four raised the same set of questions except for a few subsidiary matters. They were tried together and by common consent the documents and evidence in the various cases were treated as common to all. They were all governed by one common judgment	 both in the first Court and on appeal. The defendants appeal here. The plaintiff	 Mukand Ram	 is common to all four cases. He sues in each suit as the reversioner to one Pandit Nanak Chand who was his materdal grandfather. The family tree is as below: 25 Nanak Chand d. 23 7 75 W: Mst. d. Jan. 1875. Maha Devi Mst. Durga Devi Mst. Har Devi d. 1912 d. 1888 d. 10 9 19 H: Nathmal Das H: Jwala Prasad H: Bhawani Shankar Mst. Ram Pyare Bhukhan Saran Banwari Lal Sital Prasad Shyam Lal Pyare Lal (dead) (dead) (deft.5) Brij Lal Mukand Ram (dead) (Plff. No.1) 26 The plaintiff 's case is that the properties in the four suits belonged to Nanak Chand who died on 23 7 1856 leaving a widow Mst. Pato and three daughters	 Maha Devi	 Durga Devi and Har Devi. On his death	 his widow Mst. Pato succeeded. She died in January 1875 and the estate then went to the three daughters. Of them	 Durga Devi died in 1888	 Maba Devi in 1912 and Har Devi in 1919. The plaintiff 's rights as reversioner accrued on Har Devi 's death on 10 9 1919. But before this came certain alienations which the plaintiff challenges in the present suits. The suits were filed on 8 9 1931. In Civil Appeal No. 92 of 1950	 the challenge is to a mortgage effected by Durga Devi on 3 3 1887 in favour of Sahu Bitthal Das. The mortgagee sued on his mortgage	 obtained a decree and in execution purchased the properties himself. The plaintiff 's case is that Durga Devi only had a life estate and	 as there was no necessity	 the mortgage and the subsequent auction purchase do not bind him. In Civil Appeal No. 94 of 1950	 there are two alienations	 both sales. The first	 dated 23 9 1918	 was by Pyare Lal (son of Durga Devi) in favour of Shyam Lal	 son of Mulchand. (This is not the Shyam Lal who was Pyare Lal 's brother). The vendee later sold the properties to the first and second defendants on 5 3 1927. One of the vendees	 the first defendant	 is yet another Shyam Lal: Shyam Lal son of Harbilas. The other sale was by Brij Lal 's guardian on behalf of Brij Lal	 Brij Lal then being a minor. It was on 25 11 1919 in favour of Chheda Lal. The first and second defendants preempted this sale after a fight in Court and took possession under the decree which they obtained. The plaintiff 's case is that Har Devi was alive at the date of the first sale and as the reversion had not opened out Pyare Lal bad no power to sell. In the case of the second sale	 the reversion had opened out but Brijlal being more remote than the plaintiff got no title	 so that sale is also bad. The defendants ' case is that the properties in these 27 two suits (as also in the other two suits with which we are no longer concerned) did not belong to Nanak Chand and formed no part of his estate; they belonged exclusively to Mst. Pato as part of her personal estate. On 22 1 1864 Mst. Pato executed a document which she called a deed of agreement but which	 if it is anything at all	 is a will. There are no other parties to it and she purports thereby to dispose of her properties after her death. The defendants in Civil Appeal No. 92 of 1950 have called it a will. After saying that she will remain in possession and occupation as long as she lives	 Pato says that after her death her three daughters will be the owners and will either remain joint possession or will divide the estate in equal shares and	 in that event	 will take possession of their respective shares and will be the "owners" of them. But before she died Pato made another disposition of her estate during her life time in the year 1875 which	 of course	 abrogated the will. This was done orally. The defendants say that this was a family arrangement in which each of the three daughters was given certain properties absolutely so that each became the absolute owner of whatever fell to her share. Pato also gave properties to each of her four grandsons who were then living	 namely Kanhaiya Lal	 Mukand Ram	 Banwari Lal and Sital Prasad. The defendants asserted that they also took separate and absolute estates immediately and said that each has been holding and dealing with the properties so divided	 separately and as absolute owners	 ever since. Thus	 at the dates of the transfers now challenged	 each alienor had an absolute title to the properties alienated and the plaintiff has none. The trial Court held that though most of the properties in Pato 's hands came from her husband Nanak Chand	 the plaintiff bad not shown that the properties with which his four suits were concerned formed part of Nanak Chand 's estate. An issue was also framed about the family settlement and one about estoppel. On both those point 28 the learned Judge found against the plaintiff. The result was that all four suits were dismissed. The High Court reversed these findings on appeal and held that all the properties	 including the ones in suit	 formed part of Nanak Chand 's estate. The learned Judges also held that though there was a family arrangement	 it was a purely voluntary settlement made by Pato and was not made as the result of any dispute and that in any case it did not bind the plaintiff who was not a party to it and who does not claim through any of those who were. They also held that there was no estoppel. Accordingly	 the plaintiff 's claim was decreed in each of the four suits. Appeals were filed here in all four suits by the various defendants but Civil Appeals Nos. 91 and 93 of 1950 were dismissed for want of prosecution	 therefore the decree of the High Court in the two cases out of which those appeals arose will stand. We are now only concerned with Civil Appeals Nos. 92 and 94 of 1950. In the lower Courts much of the effort was concentrated on finding out which items out of a large mass of property belonged to Nanak Chand and which did not. We do not intend to look into that because it it is unnecessary on the view we take. We will therefore assume	 without deciding	 that all the properties in dispute were part of Nanak Chand 's estate. We will deal first with the family arrangement. The learned counsel for the plaintiff argued that the defendants never set up a family arrangement though they have used the words "family settlement". He contended that what they really pleaded was a gift out and out by Pato. It was pointed out that the defendants never suggested a dispute	 neither did they suggest that any one ever questioned or doubted Pato 's absolute title to the property. Therefore	 it was argued	 the present case	 which is based on the assumption that the property was not Pato 's and that she was laying wrongful claim to it	 cannot be allowed because it flies in the face of the defendants ' pleadings. 29 There is not much in this objection. The defendants did plead a family arrangement and the matter was put in issue and fought out. The defendants ' case was that all the property was Pato 'section The plaintiff 's case was that it was all Nanak Chand 'section The issues were "4. Whether Mst. Pato gave properties separately to each of her three daughters and to daughter 's sons and put them in proprietary possession and they remained absolute owners of their properties and what is its effect on the case? 5. Whether the arrangement mentioned in issue No. 4 was by way of family settlement and what is its effect on the case?" These issues are broad enough to cover the present point. If the properties really belonged to Nanak Chand	 as the plaintiff claims	 then the case for a family settlement becomes all the stronger	 for it is clear that Pato laid claim to them as her own properties of which she could dispose by will	 for that is what the document of 1864 really is. If	 on the other hand	 they were her properties	 as the defendants say	 then she had the right either to gift them outright or to settle them as the defendants say she did by way of a family arrangement. In either case	 the matter was fully fought out and neither side was misled. The real question we have to decide is	 has the family arrangement been proved? We think it has. The direct evidence on this point is that of Shyam Lal (D.W. I in C.A. 94/50) and the first defendant there. He tells us that he had money lending transactions with Har Devi	 Kanhaiya Lal	 Shyam Lal and Pyare Lal on unregistered bonds from 1902 till 1910 and from 1910 on registered mortgage bonds. He says that "They" (that is to say	 Har Devi	 Mukand Ram	 Kanhaiya Lal	 Shyam Lal and Pyare Lal) "showed one copy of a deed of will and said that Mst. Pato had given the property to her daughters and grandsons. . I am illiterate and Kanhaiya Lal brother of Mukand Ram had the deed of will read over to me at 30 the time of mortgaging property in 1909 or 1910. It was by means of that paper that I came to know that Mst. Pato had made her daughters and grandsons absolute owners and I know of the property which was mortgaged to me". Now it is true that the so called will of 1864 does not make provision for the grandsons	 nor does it expressly confer an absolute estate on the legatees	 but the witness is illiterate and had to depend on what he was told about the contents and meaning of the document	 and what we have to test is the truth of his assertion that the plaintiff Mukand Ram and Kanhaiya Lal	 and other members of the family	 told him that Mst. Pato had given the property to her daughters and grandsons. If they told him this	 as he says they did	 then it operates as an admission against Mukand Ram and shifts the burden of proof to him because he was one of the persons who made the statement. The statements made by the others are not relevant except in so far as they prove the conduct of the family. The plaintiff (P.W. 11 in C.A. 91/50) admits that Mst. Pato divided the estate but says that it was only for convenience of management and that neither she nor her daughters had	 or pretended to have	 anything more than a life estate. He denies that there was any gift or family arrangement. But he had to admit that the grandsons also got properties at the same time. His explanation is that it was for the purposes of "shradh" and pilgrimage to Gaya and he says that though they were given possession they were not the "owners". We now have to choose between these two witnesses and see which is telling the truth. But before doing that we will advert to another member of the family	 Pyare Lal	 who was examined as a witness (D.W. 17) in C.A. 92/50. He admits a series of sales made by him but says that he had no wilt of his own and that he did just what Mukand Ram told him. Now to go back to the year 1864 when Mst. Pato made the so called will of 1864. This document was 31 construed by the Privy Council in Mast. Hardei vs Bhagwan Singh(1) and their Lordships said "In the events which happened this document did not become operative	 but it is relevant as showing that at the date of its execution Pato was claiming an absolute right to dispose of the whole of the scheduled property". Mukand Ram was not a party to that litigation and the decision does not bind him but it operates as a judicial precedent about the construction of that document	 a precedent with which we respectfully agree. She says there that the property "belongs exclusively to me without the participation of anyone else". That assertion	 coupled with the fact that she purported to dispose of the property after her death (which she could not have done as a limited owner)	 and taken in conjunction with the subsequent conduct of the daughters and that of the grandsons	 imports admissions by them that that was her claim and leaves us in little doubt about what she meant. We therefore reach the same conclusion as the Judicial Committee and hold that Mst. Pato claimed an absolute estate in 1864. We will now examine the conduct of the family after Pato 's death and the claims put forward by them from time to time. First	 we have the statement of Mukand Ram in the witness box (P.W. 11 in C.A. 91/50) that on Pato 's death her daughters took separate possession of the properties in the following villages and towns: Har Devi Qutabpur Amawti. Shakerpore. Lalpur. Bagh Alam Sarai. Houses	 Shops	 etc. in Bazaar Kot	 Sambhal. Durga Devi. Keshopur Bhindi. Tatarpore Ghosi. Half Bilalpat. Qumharwala Bagh. (1) A.I.R. 1919 P.C. 27. 32 Shehzadi Serai. Houses	 shops	 etc. in Sherkhan Serai	 Sambhal. Maha Devi. Guretha. Behrampur Half Bilalpat. Mahmud Khan Serai. Houses	 etc. in Kot. Grove in Alam Serai The plaintiff also admits that the grandsons got some properties but does not give details. All he says is that they were given properties "for purposes of performance of 'shradh ' and pilgrimage to Gaya". Next	 we have a long series of alienations by different members of the family with claims to absolute ownership which could only have sprung from titles derived either from a gift from Pato or from a family settlement. We say "family settlement" because we know now that the bulk of the property (and according to the High Court the whole of it) was Nanak Chand 'section We also know that some of it was purchased by Pato after Nanak Chand 's death from the income of the estate. Pato had the right to purchase properties for herself if she wanted instead of adding them to her husband 's estate and we know she claimed title to the whole as an absolute owner in 1864. This claim may have been due to a mistaken view of Hindu law that in the absence of sons the widow gets an absolute estate	 or it may have been due to other reasons	 but that she made the claim is clear	 and the subsequent conduct and statements of the family show that they either admitted the correctness of her claim and accepted the properties as gifts from her or they agreed to and acted on a family settlement to avoid disputes on the basis that each got an absolute title to whatever properties fell to his or her share at the time of the division. The grandsons were minors at the time and were not parties to this arrangement	 whatever its origin	 and of course the widow and daughters could not enlarge their limited estates so as to bind the grandsons 33 however much they agreed among themselves. But for the moment we are not considering the legal effect of whatever the arrangement was but whether the conduct of the family gives rise to an inference that there was an arrangement in fact. A family arrangement can	 as a matter of law	 be implied from a long course of dealings between the parties: Clifton vs Cockburn(1) and William vs William(1); and we have such a course of dealing here. First	 there is a long series of alienations by Har Devi stretching from 1877 down to 1916. We tabulate them below with the recitals she made about her title. 17 1 77 Mortgage Qutabpur Amawti "owned by me". exhibit LL 1 (C.A. 94) 11 1 78 do do Owner: "devolved on me from my exhibit 2J1 mother". (C.A.91) 20 3 81 do do Owner: "right of Ex.2H1 inheritance from (C.A.91) my father". 7 9 83 Sale. Lalpur Owner: "right of inheritance". exhibit 2Gl (C.A. 91) 23 8 87 Mortgage Qutabpur Amawti No recital exhibit L (C. A. 92) 15 7 05 do do Absolute owner with KanhaiyaEx. BB 1 (C.A. 94) Laland Mukand Ram. 19 11 08 do do No recital exhibit M 1 (C.A. 94) do 14 11 14 do do do exhibit V (C.A. 92) 23 3 15 do do Owner: with exhibit X (C.A. 92) Mukand Ram 17 2 16 do do With Mukand exhibit N 1 (C.A. 94) Ram. No recital 28 3 16 do do Owner: with Mukand Ram and his son exhibit (G.A. 94) Ram Gopal 22 1 18 do Behrampur Owner: with exhibit DDD 1(C.A. 91) Buzurg Mukand Ram and Bhukan Saran 23 3 18 do do Owner: with exhibit M 1(C. A. 91) Mukand Ram and Pyare Lal It will be observed that Har Devi sometimes claimed to be absolute owner by right of inheritance from her father and at others from her mother in respect of the same village	 but whichever way it was	 (1) ; (2) 5 34 the claim to absolute ownership Was consistent throughout. This could only be referable to a family settlement where the origin of the property was in doubt but which was settled by bestowing	 or purporting to bestow	 an absolute estate on the daughters. It will also be noticed that in later years Har Devi joined with Mukand Ram but still claimed an absolute estate along with him. This was for the following reason. Soon after Mukand Ram attained majority	 the mother and sons quarrelled. On 11 2 1890 they referred their dispute to arbitration	 exhibit RR 1 (C.A. 94). Mukand Ram became a major in 1890 and Kanhaiya Lal in 1884. It appears from their agreement of 11 2 1890 that Har Deyi claimed an absolute title while her sons said she was only a limited owner. But the sons agreed to accept a decision to the effect that she had an absolute estate in the whole of the property in dispute between them should the arbitrator so decide. The properties were Qutabpur Amawti	 Shakerpore	 Houses	 shops	 etc. in Mohalla Kot in Sambhal. Another significant thing is that in this document both mother and sons agreed that all of Nanak Chand 's grandsons then in being were in separate possession and absolutely entitled to certain other properties which they expressly agreed were not to form the subject matter of the arbitration. Here again	 these titles could only be referable to a family arrangement	 for the grandsons could not have got an absolute estate in any other way; nor could Har Devi. Mukand Ram tells us as P.W. 11 (C.A. 91) that he and his brother Kanhaiya Lal got Shakerpore and some shops in Bazar Kot	 Sambhal	 as a result of this arbitration	 but does not say what happened to Qutabpur Amawti. But it is significant that Har Devi 's dealings with Qutabpur Amawti after this date were all jointly with Kanhaiya Lal and Mukand Ram. It may be that the arbitrator awarded it jointly or they agreed to hold it on that basis. We do not know. All we know is that they mortgaged it jointly. 35 Behrampur fell to Mukand Ram 's share and in the mortgage of the property in 1918 Har Devi joined with Mukand Ram and Murari Lal 's son Bhukan Saran in one case and with Pyare Lal in the other. But except for the last two mortgages of 1918 the conduct of Har Devi and her sons for 39 years from 1877 to 1916 as disclosed in these deeds is only consistent with the family arrangement which the defendants allege	 for on no other hypothesis could either the mother or the sons have laid claim to an absolute estate. We will next turn to Durga Devi. She died in 1888 but before she died she mortgaged Keshopur Bhindi which had fallen to her share on 3 3 1887 by exhibit U 1 (C. A. 93) and claimed to be the owner. Then there is Maha Devi. The only direct evidence we have of her conduct is a written statement that she filed in O.S. 177/97	 exhibit 2BI (C.A. 91). She asserted there on 5 1 1898 that she had been in proprietary possession and occupation of her divided share of the property obtained by her from her mother under a deed of will. The circumstances in which she made this statement are to be found in the judgment in that suit	 exhibit GI (C.A. 91). The suit was by Har Devi against her sister and a transferee who claimed title through the other sister Durga Devi. Har Devi 's allegation was that Durga Devi had mortgaged Keshopur Bhindi and Tatarpore Ghosi on 3 3 87. The mortgagee sued on his deed and obtained a decree for sale. In execution of the decree he purchased the properties himself Durga Devi died in 1888 and Har Devi claimed that Durga Devi had only a limited estate and that Maha Devi and herself were entitled to the properties by survivorship. Maha Devi refused to support her sister and took up the position that each sister	 or at any rate that she	 Maha Devi	 got an absolute estate in the property that came to her and of which she was placed in separate possession	 from Pato. On 16 12 10 Maha Devi mortgaged Behrampur Buzurg and claimed that it belonged to her	 being property left to her by her mother in which no one else had any rights. The deed 36 is exhibit BB 1 (C.A. 93). On 2 7 11 she sold Bilalpat and claimed to be its exclusive proprietor	 exhibit R 1 (C.A. 93). We now come to two statements made by Har Devi and Maha Devi as witnesses in that suit. Strong exception was taken to their admissibility because the plaintiff was not a party to the earlier litigation. It is a moot point whether they would be admissible under section 32(3) of the Evidence Act	 but we need not decide that because we do not intend to use them as proof of the truth of the facts stated in them. But they are	 in our view	 admissible to show the conduct of these two ladies. The conduct of the various members of the family is relevant to show that their actings	 viewed as a whole	 suggest the existence of the family arrangement on which the defendants rely. At this distance of time gaps in evidence that would otherwise be available have to be filled in from inferences that would normally have little but corroborative value. But circumstanced as we are	 inferences from the conduct of the family is all that can reasonably be expected in proof of an arrangement said to have been made in 1875. The statements that Har Devi and Maha Devi made as witnesses are therefore as relevant as recitals made by them in deeds and statements made by them in pleadings. They do not in themselves prove the fact in issue	 namely the family arrangement	 because	 in the absence of section 32(3)	 they are not admissible for that purpose	 but as their conduct is relevant these statements are admissible as evidence of that conduct. Maha Devi 's statement is exhibit 2 Al (C.A. 91) and Har Devi 's exhibit 2 Fl (C.A. 91). Both speak of an arrangement effected by Pato in her life time and say that they entered into separate possession of the properties by reason of that arrangement. Har Devi says in addition that the grandsons were included in the arrangement and given properties too. Therefore	 we know that this is the title under which each claimed to hold in O.S. No. 177/97. It is proof of their assertion of this title at that early date and though it is no proof of the truth of those assertions it is proof of the 37 fact that the assertions were made and that is all we need at the moment. We turn next to the conduct of the grandsons	 and first we will consider the plaintiff Mukand Ram and his brother Kanhaiya Lal. The plaintiff attained majority in 1890 and from that date down to 1922 we have a series of assertions of a title that can only spring from the family arrangement. First	 we have the deed of 11 2 90	 exhibit RR 1 (C.A. 94) which we have already considered in connection with Har Devi. This is the agreement between his brother and himself on the one hand and Har Devi on the other to refer their dispute to arbitration. We have already commented on the fact that the two brothers asserted an absolute title to properties that were in their possession and acknowledged the absolute title of Pyare Lal and Shyam Lal to the properties of which they were possessed. The only dispute they were prepared to submit to arbitration was about the properties in Har Devi 's possession and there	 they were prepared to accept a decision upholding Har Devi 's claim to an absolute estate. After this came the following dealings: 20 11 91 Sale Shahzadi Proprietary pos exhibit 2 K1 (C.A. 91) Sarai session "devolved on us by right of inheritance from Pato ". 28 7 93 Sale Dugawatr Proprietary pos exhibit 2 El (C.A. 91) session "by right of inheritance". 2 7 96 Mortgage Qutabpur " ancestral and exhibit KK 1(C.A. Amawti 94) purchased by us": Possessed by us. without the participation of anybody else". 30 1 00 Sale Bazar Mah " Proprietary pos exhibit U (C.A. 92) mud Khan session" by "right Sarai	 Sam of inheritance": bhal " without the par ticipation of anyone else." 15 7 05 MortgageQutabpur Owners:withHarEx. BB 1(C.A.94) Amawti Devi "without the participation of anyone else". 38 Kanhaiya Lal died about this time and thereafter Mukand Ram continued to make transfers claiming to do so in his own right. He made the following along with Har Devi. We have already analysed them. They were 19 11 08 exhibit MI (C.A.94) 14 11 14 exhibit V (C.A.92) 23 3 15 exhibit X(C A.92) 17 2 16 exhibit N 1(C.A.94) 28 3 16 EX.MM1(C.A.94) 22 1 18 Ex DDD1(C.A.91) 23 3 18 exhibit M1(C.A.91) But in addition to these he made the following transfers on his own: 18 2 16 Sale Lashkarpur Absolute owner. exhibit PP 1 (C.A. 94) 24 4 22 Sale Houses	 etc. do exhibit Y (C.A. 92) in Sambhal 23 11 22 Sale Qutabpur Amawti do exhibit Q (C.A. 92) Next	 we come to Shyam Lal. His alienations were as follows: 19 6 97 Mortgage. Shops in Sanbhal. Owner. exhibit W 1(C.A. 94) 9 11 07 do House in Sambhal. No recital exhibit TT 1(C.A. 94) 17 9 09 do Bilalpat. do exhibit UU 1 (C. A. 94) In addition	 he made the following transfers jointly with his brother Pyare Lal: 18 1 06 Mortgage. Bilalpat & shops No recitals. exhibit EEE 1 in Sambhal. (C.A.94) 21 2 10 do Bilalpat & Sabz. do exhibit AA 1(C.A 94) Pyare Lal also made two transfers on his own 23 9 18 Sale Bilalpat. "Devolved on exhibit 15(C.A. 94) me"from Nanak Chand by right of inheritance. 2 1 20 do do do exhibit 18 (C. A. 93) Lastly	 there is Bhukban Saran	 who is Maha Devi 's daughter 's son. He transferred as follows: 26 3 18 SaleHouses	 etc.in Absoluteand Sambhal. exclusive exhibit MM 1 (C.A.92) owner. 9 1 21 Relinquish Bilalpat do exhibit DD 1 (C.A. 93) ment. These documents disclose a long line of conduct on the part of the various members of the family and show that from 1877 down to 1922 each dealt with the properties in his or her possession as absolute 39 owner and set up exclusive proprietary title to the properties transferred. It is true the source of title was not consistently stated	 sometimes it was said to be Pato and at others Nanak Chand	 but the assertion to a separate	 exclusive and absolute title in each is common all through. There is only one way in which they could have got these exclusive titles and that is by a family arrangement	 for whether the property was Nanak Chand 's or whether it was Pato 's	 in neither event could any one of these persons have obtained an absolute estate on the dates with which we are concerned: the grandsons	 because the reversion had not opened out; the daughters because	 either way	 they would only be limited owners under the Hindu law. But if there was a family arrangement assented to by the daughters and later accepted and acted on by the sons when they attained majority	 their claim to separate and independent absolute titles is understandable. It does not matter whether the claims were well founded in law because what we are considering at the moment is not the legal effect of the arrangement but whether there was one in fact. Now	 in spite of all these dealings	 the conduct of Har Devi and Mukand Ram and Kanhaiya Lal was not always consistent. They were greedy and while insisting that they be allowed to hold on to what they had got	 they wanted to snatch more if and when they could. The ball started rolling in 1890 as soon as Mukand Ram attained majority. There was the reference to arbitration in that year to settle their dispute with their mother Har Devi. But even there	 there was the inconsistency regarding their own properties to which we have already referred. Mukand Ram 's later explanation in the witness box that they got those properties for shradh purposes and for a pilgrimage to Gaya cannot be believed. Next	 there was the suit by Mukand Ram and Kanhaiya Lal against their aunt Maha Devi in 1895: section No. 21/1895	 exhibit 31 (C.A. 91). That was occasioned by two sales by Maha Devi on 19 2 83 and 20 5 85. She stoutly maintained that she had an absolute title. 40 The litigation had a chequered career and ultimately the suit was dismissed as barred by time. Next came suit No. 177 of 1897	 exhibit GI (C.A. 91)	 in which Har Devi sued Maha Devi and a transferee. This time it was to set aside an alienation by Durga Devi	 Durga Devi then being dead. Har Devi claimed that the property was Nanak Chand 's and that the daughters were limited owners. But again Maha Devi stood by the family arrangement and asserted an absolute title in all the daughters; exhibit 2BI (C.A. 91). We have seen that Har Devi entered the box and admitted the arrangement: exhibit 2F 1 (C.A. 91). The suit very naturally failed	 but the result of the litigation is not relevant because the plaintiff was not a party. What we are examining is the conduct of Har Devi. In 1913 Har Devi tried again after Maha Devi 's death	 this time against alienees from Maha Devi. This is the suit that went up to the Privy Council	 Mst. Hardei vs Bhagwan Singh(1). She failed again '. Having failed against Maha Devi in the 1897 litigation	 Har Devi next tried her luck against Maha Devi 's grandson (daughter 's son) Bhukhan Saran	 after Maha Devi 's death. The suit is O.S. 52/14	 exhibit 78 (C.A. 94). This time she succeeded with respect to some items and failed as regards the rest. But again the result is irrelevant: Exs. 6 and 8 (C. A. 94). Now what we are examining at the moment is whether Shyam Lal	 D. W. I in CA. 94	 is to be believed when he says that Mukand Ram	 among others	 told him about the family arrangement tinder which Pato had divided all her property between her daughters and their sons. It is evident from what we have said above that Mukand Ram had been consistently asserting such a title for 31 years from 1891 to 1922 despite his aberrations in 1890 and 1895. In parti cular he did this whenever he wanted to borrow money or to sell property: and he makes a significant admission in the witness box as P. W. 11 in C. A. 91 that (1) A.I.R. 1919 P.C. 27. 41 "In the mortgage or sale of the property over which Mst. Har Devi was in possession none of her sisters or sisters ' sons joined. Similarly	 in the sale or transfer of the property that came to Durga Devi	 none of her sisters or other sisters ' sons joined". He also admits that there was a division and separate possession from 1876. He says that it was for convenience of management and says that it was after Pato 's death	 but in view of the mass of evidence that we have just analysed	 we think it far more likely that he told Shyam Lal just what Shyam Lal says he did. After all	 he was borrowing money from Shyam Lal on each of these occasions; so there is every reason to believe that he would have told Shyam Lal what he had so repeatedly asserted to his other transferees. We accordingly believe Shyam Lal. That at once shifts the burden of proof to the plaintiff	 and what is his explanation? First	 a division of the estate for convenience of management (but that does not explain the long chain of unchallenged transfers bar Har Devi 's efforts in four cases); and second	 that the grandsons got property absolutely for the purposes of shradh and pilgrimage: 'an explanation which we disbelieve). We are therefore left with the plaintiff 's admission to Shyam Lal and that admission	 coupled with the conduct and actings of the family	 firmly establishes the family arrangement. We accordingly hold that	 whether the property belonged to Pato or to Nanak Chand	 Pato claimed an absolute right which the daughters acknowledged	 and in return they and their sons were given separate and absolute estates in separate portions of the property immediately. This arrangement bound the daughters because they were parties to it and received good consideration. But so far as the sons are concerned	 they were minors at that time and were not parties to this arrangement	 for no one suggests that they were represented by guardians who entered into it on their behalf. Therefore	 the properties they received were	 so far as they are concerned	 gifts pure and simple 6 42 from Pato with the assent of her daughters. It does not matter whether the properties were Pato 's exclusive properties or whether they came to her from her husband because	 either way	 the title to the properties resided in her and she was the only person competent to pass it on to another. If her title was absolute	 the sons got absolute estates. If it was the limited title of a Hindu widow	 they obtained a limited title good during her life	 and	 as the daughters consented to the gifts and obtained properties for themselves as a result of the arrangement that resulted in these gifts	 they would not be permitted to question the gifts; and the Privy Council so held in Har Devi 's suit against the alienees from Maha Devi: Mst. Hardei vs Bhagwan Singh(1). But so far as the grandsons are concerned	 the mere	 ' fact that each received a separate gift from Pato at a time when they were not competent to assent or to dissent would not in itself bind them. To achieve that result	 there would have to be something more; and it is to that something more that we will now direct our attention. But before doing that	 we will pause to distinguish Rani Mewa Kuwar. Rani Hulas Kuwar (2); Khunni Lal vs Gobind Krishna Narain (3)	 and Ramsumran Prasad vs Shyam Kumari (4). It is well settled that a compromise or family arrangement is based on the assumption that there is an antecedent title of some sort in the parties and the agreement acknowledges and defines what that title is	 each party relinquishing all claims to property other than that falling to his share and recognising the right of the others	 as they had previously asserted it	 to the portions allotted to them respectively. That explains why no con veyance is required in these cases to pass the title from the one in whom it resides to the person receiving it under the family arrangement. It is assumed that the title claimed by the person receiving the property under the arrangement had always resided in him or her so far as the property falling to his or her share is concerned and therefore no conveyance is (1) A.I.R. 1919 P.C. 27. (2) [1874] 1 I.A. 157	 166. (3) [1911] 38 I A. 87	 102. (4) [1922] 19 I. A. 342	 348. 43 necessary But	 in our opinion	 the principle can be carried further and so strongly do the Courts lean in favour of family arrangements that bring about harmony in a family and do justice to its various members and avoid	 in anticipation	 future disputes which might ruin them all	 that we have no hesitation in taking the next step (fraud apart) and upholding an arrangement under which one set of members abandons all claim to all title and interest in all the properties in dispute and acknowledges that the sole and absolute title to all the properties resides in only one of their number (provided he or she had claimed the whole and made such an assertion of title) and are content to take such properties as are assigned to their shares as gifts pure and simple from him or her	 or as a conveyance for consideration when consideration is present. The regal position in such a case would be this. The arrangement or compromise would set out and define that the title claimed by A to all the properties in dispute was his absolute title as claimed and asserted by him and that it had always resided in him. Next	 it would effect a transfer by A to B	 C and D (the other members to the arrangement) of properties X	 Y and Z; and thereafter B	 C and D would hold their respective titles under the title derived from A. But in that event	 the formalities of law about the passing of title by transfer would have to be observed	 and now either registration or twelve years adverse possession would be necessary. But in the present case	 we are dealing with an arrangement made in 1875 at a time when the Transfer of Property Act was not in force and no writing was required; an d	 as there is no writing	 the Registration Act does not apply either. Therefore	 the oral arrangement of 1875 would be sufficient to pass title in this way and that	 in our opinion	 is what happened. But these rules only apply to the parties to the settlement and to those who claim through or under them. They cannot be applied to the minor sons who were not parties either personally or through their guardians and who do not claim title ' either through 44 Pato or her daughters. So far as they are concerned	 what they received were gifts pure and simple and the only assent that could be inferred from mere acceptance of the gift and nothing more would be assent to that particular gift and not assent to the gifts similarly made to others; and for this reason. When Mukand Ram attained majority he had two titles to choose from. One from Pato as a limited owner coupled with the assent of the daughters to her gift to him. In that case	 he would hold a limited estate till the reversion opened out. The gift would be good during Pato 's life time because she had that title to convey	 and thereafter	 till the three daughters died	 because they assented to it and obtained considerable benefit for themselves from the transaction out of which it arose. The other title would be an absolute one on the basis that Pato was the absolute owner of the properties. That title could only be referable to the family arrangement	 and if Mukand Ram	 knowing the facts	 assented to the arrangement ex post facto	 he will be precluded from challenging it for reasons which we shall now explain. If the properties were Nanak Chand 's	 which is the assumption on which we are deciding this case	 then Pato was a limited owner under the Hindu law	 but as such she represented the estate and any title she conveyed	 whether by gift or otherwise	 would not be void; it would only be voidable. It would be good as against all the world except the reversioner who succeeded when the reversion opened out and he is the only person who would have the right to avoid it; and it would continue to be good until he chose to avoid it. Therefore	 if he does not avoid it	 or is precluded from doing so	 either because of the law of limitation or by his own conduct	 or for any other reason	 then no one else can challenge it; and the law is that once a reversioner has given his assent to an alienation	 whether at the time	 or as a part of the transaction	 or later as a distinct and separate act	 he is bound though others may not be	 and having given his assent he cannot go back on it to the detriment of other persons; all the more so when he himself receives 45 benefit:see Raja Modhu Sudan Singh vs Rooke(1); Bijoy Gopal vs Krishna(1)	 and Ramgouda Annagouda vs Bhausaheb(3). Lord Sinha	 delivering the judgment of the Privy Council in the last of these three cases	 said at page 402: "It is settled law that an alienation by a widow in excess of her powers is not altogether void but only voidable by the reversioners	 who may either singly or as a body be precluded from exercising their right to avoid it either by express ratification or by acts which treat it as valid or binding". This was followed in Dhiyan Singh vs Jugal Kishore(4) though the ground of that decision was estoppel. We are now founding on another principle which is not grounded on estoppel and which	 indeed	 is not peculiar to Hindu law. Estoppel is rule of evidence which prevents a party from alleging and proving the truth. Here the plaintiff is not shut out from asserting anything. We are assuming in his favour that Pato had only a life estate and we are examining at length his assertion that he did not assent to the family arrangement. The principle we are applying is therefore not estoppel. It is a rule underlying many branches of the law which precludes a person who ' with full knowledge of his rights	 has once elected to assent to a transaction voidable at his instance and has thus elected not to exercise his right to avoid it	 from going back on that and avoiding it at a later stage. Having made his election he is bound by it. So far as the Hindu law is concerned	 Lord Dunedin explained in Rangaswami Gounden vs Nachiappa Gounden(5)	 a case in which a widow gifted properties to her nephew	 that though the reversioner is not called upon to exercise his right to avoid until the reversion falls in and so no assent can be inferred from mere inaction prior to the death or deaths of the limited owner or owners	 he is not bound to wait and "of course something might be done even before (1) [1897] 24 I.A. 164	 169. (2) [1906] 34 I.A. 87. (3) [1927] 54 I.A. 396. (4) 1952 S.C.R. 478	 488. (5) [1918] 46 I.A. 72	 86	87. 46 that time which amounted to an actual election to hold the deed good". Ramgouda case(1) is an illustration of what that something can be	 for there the assent was given by the ultimate reversioner before he became in titulo to alienations by a widow	 one of which was a gift. The present case is another illustration. For the reasons we have given and which we shall now further examine	 we hold that the plaintiff	 who is in titulo now that the succession has opened out	 unequivocally assented to the arrangement with full knowledge of the facts and accepted benefit under it	 therefore	 be is now precluded from avoiding it	 and any attempts he made to go behind that assent when it suited his purpose cannot render the assent once given nugatory even though it was given when he was not in titulo and even though the assent was to a series of gifts. The real question is whether the plaintiff assented to the family arrangement	 and as the plaintiff was not a party to the arrangement his assent to the arrangement itself	 and not to something else	 must be clearly established	 and also his knowledge of the facts. But we think they have been. In the first place	 there was the express assent in 1890 to the gifts made to the other grandsons on the basis that each grandson got an absolute estate. Next	 there was the long course of dealings by Kanhaiya Lal and Mukand Ram in which they asserted absolute titles. Mukand Ram tells us in the witness box as P.W. 11 (C.A. 91) that Kanhaiya Lal was the karta of the joint family to which Mukand Ram belonged	 therefore Kanhaiya Lal 's dealings with the properties which he and his brother held under a joint and undivided title are also relevant as they will bind Mukand Ram. And lastly	 there is Mukand Ram 's representation to Shyam Lal (D.W. I in C.A. 94) which leaves us in no doubt about his knowledge. The cumulative effect of this course of conduct leads to a reasonable inference that Kanhaiya Lal and Mukand Ram were holding	 not on the basis of a separate and individual gift made by a life owner with the assent of the next set of life 1) [1927] 51 I.A. 396	 402. 47 owners	 but on the basis of the family arrangement which was one composite whole in which the several dispositions formed parts of the same transaction under which Mukand Ram himself acquired a part of the estate: see Ramgouda vs Bhausaheb(1). We are therefore satisfied that the plaintiff 's assent was to this very arrangement. and that concludes both cases. In C. A. 94/50 there is	 in addition	 a direct personal estoppel against the plaintiff. The transfers that are challenged there are sales of 23 9 18 and 25 11 19 made by two of the grandsons	 one personally and the other by the guardian	 but the relevant dates for the purposes of the estoppel are later because the representation in this case was not made to the immediate transferees but to the first defendant who obtained title to the properties at a later date	 in one case by a sale from the immediate transferee	 in the other by pre emption. But the exact dates do not matter because the representation to the first defendant was made in 1910 before the first defendant 's purchases. It was made by Kanhaiya Lal and Mukand Ram as as well as by other members of the family. We have already referred to the first defendant 's evidence. This case would therefore be governed by Dhiyan Singh vs Jugal Kishore(2) in any event. But we need not elaborate this further because of the other principle which	 in our opinion	 is sufficient to dispose of both the present cases. The result is that both appeals are allowed. The decrees of the High Court are set aside and those of the first Court dismissing the plaintiff 's claims in those suits out of which Civil Appeals 92 and 94 of 1950 arise are restored. Costs here and in the High. Court will be paid by the plaintiff respondent but there will be only one set of costs and they will be divided half and half between the two sets of appellants. Appeals allowed. (1) [1927] 54 I.A. 396	 402. (2) 1952 S.C.R. 478.

A family arrangement can	 as a matter of law	 be inferred from a long course of dealings between the parties. It is well settled that a compromise or family arrangement is based on the assumption that there is an antecedent title of some sort in the parties and the agreement acknowledges and defines what that title is	 each party relinquishing all claims to property other than that falling to his share and recognising the right of the others	 as they had previously asserted it	 to the portions allotted to them Respectively. That explains why no conveyance is required in these cases to pass the title from the one in whom it resides to the person receiving it under the family arrangement. It is assumed that the title claimed by the person receiving the property under the arrangement had always resided in him or her so far as the property falling to his or her share is concerned and therefore no conveyance is necessary. But in view of the fact that the Courts lean strongly in favour of family arrangements that bring about harmony in a family and do justice to its various members and avoid	 in anticipation	 future disputes which might ruin them all the Supreme Court	 carrying the principle further	 upheld an arrangement under which one set of members abandons all claim to all title and interest in all the properties in dispute and acknowledges that the sole and absolute title to all the properties resides in only one of their number (provided he or she had claimed the whole and made such an assertion of title) and are content to take such properties as are assigned to their shares as gifts pure and simple from him or her	 or as a conveyance for consideration when consideration is present. The legal position in such a case would be this. The arrangement or compromise would set out and define that the title claimed by A to all the properties in dispute was his absolute title as claimed and asserted by him and that it had always resided in him. Next	 it would effect a transfer by A to B	 C and D (the other members to the arrangement) of properties X	 Y and Z; and thereafter B	 C and D would hold their respective titles under the title derived from A. But in that event	 the formalities of law about the passing of title 23 by transfer would have to be observed	 and under the present state of law either registration or twelve years ' adverse possession would be necessary. But in the present case the arrangement was made in 1875 when the Transfer of Property Act was not in force and no writing was required; and as there is no writing	 the Registration Act does not apply either. Therefore	 the oral arrangement of 1875 would be sufficient to pass title in this way and that is what happened. Once a reversioner has given his assent to an alienation	 whether at the time	 or as a part of the transaction	 or later as a distinct and separate act	 he is bound though others may not be	 and having given his assent he cannot go back on it to the detriment of other persons; all the more so when he himself receives a benefit. It is settled law that an alienation by a widow in excess of her powers is not altogether void but only voidable by the reversioners	 who may either singly or as a body be precluded from exercising their right to avoid it either by express ratification or by acts which treat it as valid or binding. The principle applicable to the present case is a rule underlying many branches of the law which precludes a person who	 with full knowledge of his rights	 has once elected to assent to a transaction voidable at his instance and has thus elected not to exercise his right to avoid it	 from going back on that and avoiding it at a later stage. Having made his election he is bound by it. Held	 that in the present case the plaintiff who is in titulo now that the succession has opened out	 had unequivocally assented to the arrangement with full knowledge of the facts and accepted benefit under it	 so he is now precluded from avoiding it	 and any attempts he made to go behind that assent when it suited his purpose cannot render the assent once given nugatory even though it was given when he was not in titulo and even though the assent was to a series of gifts. Hardei vs Bhagwan Singh	 (A.I.R. ; Clif ton vs Cockburn ( ; ; William vs William ; Bani Mewa Kuwtivar vs Rani Hutlas Kuwar [1874] L.R. I I.A. 157); Khunni Lal vs Gobind Krishna ( [1911] L.R. 38 I.A. 87); Bamsumirn Prasad vs Shyam Kumar ( [1922] L.R. 49 I.A. 348); Baia Modhu Sudhan Singh v Booke ( [1897] L.R. 24 I.A. 164); Bijoy Gopal vs Sm. Krishna [1906] L.R. 34 I.A. 87); Ramgouda Annagowda vs Bhauaheb ( [1927] L.R. 54 I.A. 396); Dhiyan Singh vs Jugal Kishore ( [1952] S.C.R. 478 at 488); Rangaswami Gounden vs Nachiappa Gouinden ( [1918] L.R. 46 I.A. 72 at 86 & 87)	 referred to.