Summarize the following court judgment. Appeals Nos. 2093 and 2084 of 1970. Appeals from the judgment and order dated January 28	 1964 of the Calcutta High Court in Income tax Reference No. 104 of 1960. B. P. Maheshwari	 for the appellant (in both the appeals). S.T. Desai	 P. L. Juneja and R. N. Sachthey	 for the respondent (in both the appeals). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Khanna	J. This judgment would dispose of two Civil Appeal.s Nos. 2083 and 2084 of 1970 which have been filed on certificate 972 granted by the Calcutta High Court and are directed against the Judgment of that Court whereby it answered the questions referred to the Court under Section 66(1) of the	 Indian Income tax Act	 1922 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) for two assessment years against the assessee appellant and in favour of the respondent. The assessee is a Limited Company and the matter relates to the assessment years 1956 57 and 1957 58	 the corresponding accounting years for which ended on June 30	 1955 and June 30	 1956 respectively. The appellant Company was appointed as the Managing Agent of Shree Ramesh Cotton Mills Ltd.	 Morvi (hereinafter referred to as the managed company)	 as per agreement dated 30 12 1946. The managed company was a 100% subsidiary of the appellant company. Under the terms of the agreement	 the appellant company was entitled to receive a fixed office allowance of Rs. 1	000/ per mensem plus a commission at the rate of 121/2% of the net profits	 an additional commission of 1 % on all purchases of cotton and an equal amount on all sales of cloth and yarn. In the relevant years	 the managed company suffered losses and congruently the commission payable at 121/2% of the net profits was nil but the commission on purchase of cotton at the rate of 1 1/2% and on sales of cloth and yarn at the same rate	 aggregated to Rs. 38	719/ for the assessment year 1956 57 and Rs. 1	963/ for the following year. Besides these amounts	 the appellant was entitled to Rs. 12	000/ per annum for each of the two years as fixed office allowance. The total amounts which the appellant was entitled to receive from the managed company were Rs. 50	719/ and Rs. 13	963/ for the two years. The managed company 's accounting year closed on the 30th day of December and that of the appellant company on the 30th day of June every year. Clause 2(e) of the Managing Agency Agreement dated 30th ember 1946 contained the following term as to when the commission would be due and payable " (e) The said commission shall be due to the Agents yearly on the thirty first day of December or any other date on which the Company 's yearly account close in each and every year during the continuance of this Agreement and shall be payable and be paid immediate after annual accounts of the said Company has been passed by the Board of Directors and Auditors of the Company and by the company in	 General Meeting". According to the above clause	 the commission was due on the 31st day of December every year and it was payable imme diately after the annual accounts of the managed company had 973 been passed in the General Meeting. The Annual General Meetings of the managed company were held to adopt the accounts on November	 24	 1955 and July 21	 1956 respectively with regard to the assessment years in question. The amounts of commission in terms of the above clause were "due" on 31st December	 1954 and 31st December	 1955 and were "payable " immediately after the 24th of November	 1955 and 21st of July	 1956 respectively. The appellant company relinquished the managing agency commission for the assessment year 1956 57 as per resolution dated 4th of April	 1955 of the Board of Directors and for the following year as per resolution dated 19th June	 1956. The amounts of the commission were thus relinquished after they had become "due" but before they were "payable" in terms of clause 2(e) of the agreement. On behalf of the appellant	 it was stated that the managed company had been suffering heavy losses in the past years and	 therefore	 the appellant did not consider it proper to charge any commission or the fixed office	 allowance and had consequently relinquished the same. The Income tax Officer included the sums of Rs. 50	719/ and Rs. 13	963/ in the total income of the appellant for the two assessment years in question. The Income Tax Officer took the view that in so far as the fixed office allowance was concerned	 it had been given to the appellant to enable it to recoupe the expenses incurred on behalf of the managed company and the relinquishment was	 therefore made ex gratia. As regards the commission	 the Income tax officer held that it had become due to the appellant at the end of the accounting year of the managed company	 and if the commission had been foregone after it had become due	 it was taxable on accrual basis. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Income tax Appellate Tribunal affirmed the order of the Income tax Officer. According to the Tribunal	 the commission became due to the appellant yearly on the last day of the accounting year of the managed company	 though the actual payment was deferred to a later date. Postponement of the actual payment after the income had accrued was held to be inconsequential. Likewise	 the relinquishment of the income after it had become due in the opinion of the Tribunal	 was inconsequential. Claim was ten made by the appellant that the amount relinquished should be treated as a permissible expenditure under section 10(2) (xv) of the Act. The above claim was rejected and it was observed that the total loss carried over at the end of year 1955 of the managed company was Rs. 14	95	221/ . As a result of foregoing the amounts of the managing agency commission	 according to the Tribunal	 the financial position of the managed company did not 974 become stronger while that of the appellant company became weaker. The relinquishment was consequently held to be not for the benefit of the appellant. At the instance of the appellant	 the Tribunal referred the following two questions to the High Court : " (1) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case	 the sums of Rs. 50	719/ and Rs. 13	963/foregone by the assessee by its Directors ' resolution dated 4 4 1955 and 19 6 1956 respectively	 were liable to be included in its total income for the accounting years ending 30 6 1955 and 30 6 1956 ?" "(2) If the answer to question No. 1 be in the affirmative	 whether the assessee is entitled to claim an allowance of an equivalent amount as expenditure under the provisions of Section 10 (2) (xv) of the Indian Income Tax Act ?" The High Court agreed with the view taken by the Tribunal. It was observed that the accrual of income was complete within the accounting year of the managed company and as no relinquishment had been done before the amount became due	 the case strictly came within the ambit of section 4 (1) (b) (i) of the Act. 'no relinquishment	 it was further observed	 was a unilateral act of the appellant. As regards the second question	 the High Court found that the relinquishment had not been made for the purpose of facilitating the legitimate commercial undertaking or by way of commercial expediency. The appellant 's case was thus held to be not covered by section 10(2) (xv) of the Act	 Mr. Maheshwari has assailed the findings of the High Court. Regarding the first question	 the learned counsel contends that as the amounts in question were never received by the appellant but were relinquished	 there arose no tax liability for those amounts. As regards the second question	 Mr. Maheshwari submits that the relinquishment of the amounts should be construed as permissible expenditure under section 10(2) (xv) of the Act. There is	 in our opinion	 no substance in any of the above contentions. So far as the first question is concerned	 we find that according to clause 2(e) of the Managing Agency Agreement reproduced above	 the commission for the two years in question became due to the appellant on the 31st day of December	 1954 and 31st day of December	 1955. The appellant also became entitled to receive fixed office allowance of Rs. 12	000/ for each of the two years. It	 therefore	 can be said that the income of Rs. 50	719/ had accrued to the appellant on 31st December	 1954 and of 975 Rs. 13	973/ on 31st December	 1955. The fact that the pay ment of the managing agency commission was deferred till after the accounts had been passed in the meetings of. the managed company did not affect the accrual of the income of those amounts on December 31	 1954 and December 31	 1955 respectively. According to Section 4 (1) (b) (i) of the Act	 subject to the provisions of this Act	 the total income of any previous year of any person includes all income	 profits and gains from whatever source derived which if such person is resident in the taxable territories during such year accrue or arise or are deemed to accrue or arise to him in the taxable territories during such year. The dictionary meaning of the word "accrue" is "to come as an accession	 increment	 or produce : to fall to one by way of advantage : to fall due". The income can thus be said to accrue when it becomes due. The postponement of the date of payment has a bearing only in so far as the time of payment is concerned	 but it does not affect the accrual of income. The moment the income accrues	 the assessee gets vested with the right to claim that amount even though it may not be payable immediately. There also arises a corresponding liability of the other party from whom the income becomes due to pay that amount. The further fact that the amount of income is not subsequently received by the assessee would also not detract from or efface the accrual of the income	 although the non receipt may	 in appropriate cases	 be a valid ground for claiming deductions. The accrual of an income is not to be equated with the receipt of the income. That the two	 accrual and receipt of income	 have different connotations is also clear from the language of Section 4 of the Act. Clause (a) of sub section (1) of Section 4 of the Act deals with the receipt of income while the	 accrual of income is dealt with in clause (b) of that sub section. The appellant company admittedly was maintaining its account according to the mercantile system. It is well known that the mercantile system of accounting differs substantially from the cash system of book keeping. Under the cash system	 it is only actual cash receipts and actual cash payments that are recorded as credits and debits; whereas under the mercantile system credit entries are made in respect of amounts due immediately they become legally due and before they are actually received; similarly	 the expenditure items for which legal liability has been incurred are immediately debited even before the amounts in question are actually disbursed. Where accounts are kept on mercantile basis	 the profits or gains are credited though they are not actually realised	 and the entries thus made really show nothing more than an accrual or arising of the said profits at the material time. The same is the position 976 with regard to debits made. [See Indermani Jatia V. Commis sioner of Income Tax	 U.P. (1)] In the case of Commissioner of Income Tax	 Bombay City I vs Messrs Shoorji Vallabhdas and Co.(2) Hidayatullah	 J (as he then was) speaking for the Court observed	: "Income tax is a levy on income. No doubt	 the Income tax takes into account two points of time at which the liability to tax is attracted viz. the accrual of the income or its receipt; but the substance of the matter is the income. If income does not result at all	 there cannot be a tax	 even though in book keeping	 an entry is made about a "hypothetical income"	 which does not materialise. Where income has	 in fact	 been received and is subsequently given up in such circumstances that it remains the income of the recipient	 even though given up	 the tax may be payable. Where	 however	 the income can be said not to have resulted at all	 there is obviously neither accrual nor receipt of income	 even though	 an entry to that effect might	 in certain circumstances	 have been made in the books of account". The assessee firm	 who was the managing agent of two shipping companies in that case	 gave up 75% of the managing agency commission with a view to get the managing agency transferred to two private companies. It was held that this was not a case of a gift by the assessee to the managed companies of a portion of income which had already accrued	 but an agreement to receive a lesser remuneration than what had been agreed upon. In the present case	 the amounts of income for the two years in question were given up unilaterally after they had accrued to the appellant company. As such	 the appellant could not escape the tax liability for those amounts. Coming to the second question we find that the appellant could claim deduction of the amounts under section 10(2) (xv) of ' the Act if the amounts had represented an expenditure laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the business of the appellant. There is	 however	 nothing to show that the amounts were relinquished for the purpose of the appellant 's business. The present is not a case wherein the amounts due to the assessee were given up on grounds of commercial expediency or for advancing the business interest of the assessee. The conclusion of the learned Judges of the High Court in this respect	 in our opinion	 is well founded. The result is that the appeals fail and ire dismissed but	 in the circumstances	 without costs. Appeals dismissed.

The appellant	 a limited company	 was managing agent of another company. Under the terms of the agreement the appellant company was entitled to receive a fixed monthly sum as office allowance and commission at fixed rates on net profits and purchases and sales of cotton and yarn. The managed company 's accounting year closed on the 30th day of December every year and that of the appellant company on the 30th day of June every year. Under cl. 2(e) of the managing agency agreement the commission was due on the 31st day of December every year and it was payable immediately after the annual accounts of the managed company bad been passed in the General meeting. The Annual General meetings of the managed company were held to adopt the accounts for the relevant accounting years on November 24	 1955 and July 21	 1956	 The amounts of commission in terms of the cl. 2(e) were thus 'due ' on 31st December 1954 and 31st December 1955 and were 'payable ' immediately after 24th November 1955 and 21st July 1956 respectively. Since the managed company had suffered losses in the preceding years the appellant relinquished the commission as well as the office allowance by resolutions of the Board of Directors dated April 4	 1955 and June 19. On these dates the amounts of commission relinquished had become 'due ' but not 'payable '. The Income tax Officer in making the assessments for the 1955 56 and 1956 57 did not make any allowance for the amounts relinquished and included them in the total income of the appellant. According to the Income tax Officer the office allowance had been relinquished ex gratia and the commission had been relinquished after it had accrued. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Appellate Tribunal confirmed the order of the Income tax Officer. In 	reference the High Court held : (i) that the accrual of income was complete within the accounting year of the managed company and as no relinquishment had been done before the amount became due	 the case came within the ambit of section 4(1)(b)(i) of the Income tax Act	 1922	 (ii) that the relinquishment had not been made for the purpose of facili tating the legitimate commercial undertaking or by way of commercial expediency and the case was not then fore covered by section 10(2)(xv). In ;appeal to this Court	 HELD : (i) According to s	 4(1) (b) (i) of the Act	 subject to the provisions of this Act the total income of any previous year of any person includes all income profits and gains from whatever source derived which if such a person is resident in the taxable territories during 971 such year accrue or arise of the deemed to accrue or arise to him in the taxable territories that year. The dictionary meaning of the word 'accrue ' is to come as an accession	 increment	 or produce; to fall to one by way of advantage; to fall due. ' The income can thus be said to accrue when it becomes due. The postponement of the date of payment has a bearing only in so far as the time of payment is concerned	 but it does not affect the accrual of income. The moment the income accrues	 the assessee gets vested with the right to claim that amount	 even though it may not be payable immediately. There also arises a corresponding liability of the other party from whom the income becomes due to pay that amount. The further facts that the amount of income is not subsequently received by the assessee would also not detract front or efface the accrual of the income	 although the non receipt may	 in appropriate cases	 be a valid ground for claiming deductions. The accrual of an income is not to be equated with the receipt of the income. That the two	 accrual and receipt of income	 have different connotations is also) clear from the language of section 4 of the Act. Clause (a) of sub section '(1) of section 4 of the Act deals with the receipts of income while the accrual of income is dealt with in cl. (b) of that sub section. [975 B E] In the present case the accounts of the appellant company were maintained on a mercantile basis. Under this system the profits and gains are credited though not immediately realised	 and the entries thus made really show nothing more than an accrual or arising of the said profits	 at the material time. Further	 the amounts of income for the two years in question were given up unilaterally after they had accrued to the appellant company. As such the appellant could not escape the tax liability for those amounts. [975 G H; 976 E] Indermani Jatia V. C.I.T.	 U.P.	 and C.I.T.	 Bombay City I vs M/s. Shoorji Vallabhdas & Co.	 46 I.T.R. 144	 applied. (ii) The appellant could claim deduction of the amounts under section 10(2)(xv) of the Act if the amounts had represented an expenditure laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the business of the	 appellant. There was however nothing to show that the amounts were relinquished for the purpose of the appellant 's business or on grounds of commercial expediency. The High Court therefore rightly rejected the claim under section 10 (2) (xv)[976 F G]