Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal Nos. 1745 1755 of 1975. From the Judgment and Order dated 5 9 1975 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Petition No. 1269/75 L. N. Sinha	 Attorney General for India	 E. C. Agarwala and Girish Chandra for the Appellants (In CA 1755/75). P.P. Rao	 M.S. Ganesh	 A.K. Ganguli and T.V. section Narasimhachari for the Appellants in Ca 1754/75. P. Govindan Nair	 A. K. Sen	 Bishambar Lal	 Miss Munisha Gupta and Mrs. Baby Krishnan for RR 1 2 in CA 1754/75 and CA 1755/75. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KRISHNA IYER	 J. These two sister appeals have gained access to this Court by certificate under Article 133 and project a 'service dispute ' between the Army and civilian wings (both engineers) of the Survey of India. The constitutional missiles used	 with success	 in the encounter in the High Court by the 'civilians ' to shoot down the 'military men 's ' preferential claims under the relevant service rules	 are Articles 14 and 16. And here	 in this Court	 the Army Wing is fighting back to repulse the civilian wing by defusing the war head of these two fundamental rights. Military imagery vivifies the litigative havoc when sectors of our public services go to battle against each other	 though there is so much else to wage war against in the service of the people. A narration of facts falling within a short compass will unfold the real issue	 revolving round the salary	 seniority and de facto promo 1039 tional disparity inter se	 which has sparked off the forensic war. The Union of India	 one of the appellants	 supports the stand of the military sector of the Survey Service	 if we may so designate it. A survey of the story of this conflict suggests the sombre thought that unending litigation	 affecting the public services with inevitable impact on morale and efficiency	 is becoming an epidemic in courts even among strategic cadres and sensitive sectors a matter almost for consternation which surely must kindle a search for constitutional alternatives for resolution of service questions without large numbers of civil servants being locked in long drawn out legal struggles. Does the experience of 30 years under the Constitution indicate that	 save where fundamental constitutional issues arise	 Whitley councils	 Service Tribunals and other specialised adjudicatory agencies	 with the imprimatur of finality	 are a more pragmatic mechanism of Service Justice ? The factual setting	 sufficient to unravel the constitutional contention	 may now be delineated. Both the appeals against the judgment of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh cover the same subject matter	 although one of them is by the Central Government and the other by the members of the Survey of India from among the Defence personnel	 and both have been resisted on the same basis by the civilian recruits to the Service. A common judgment will dispose of both the cases but we must begin from the very beginning to get a hang of the controversy. The genesis of the Survey of India	 its life before birth	 its genetic composition and hereditary characteristics	 mould the structural engineering of the Service and	 therefore	 have a bearing on the issues debated before us both sides. While the High Court has	 to some extent	 slurred over the chronicle	 both sides have heavily stressed before us the saga of the Survey of India	 each to lend strength to its point of view. So	 a peep into the bicentennial biography of the Survey of India is a necessary exercise as a starting point. To blink at history is to lose the living link with the Past and to stumble in the Present. Yet strangely	 none such	 i.e. history of the Service to serve as a lucid background is given in their statement by either party	 save incidentally. Unfortunately	 the fine and fruitful art of presenting a luscent written brief is still in the long Indian Year of the Infant and we have to cull out and piece together materials which should have been set out as a scenario of meaningful development. If the High Court has gone wrong the blame must fall in part on the Central Government which could and should have projected the story of the Survey of India	 its functional complexion and recruitment rationale 1040 instead of leaving judges to run around the corridors of padded paper books or launch on speculative surmises. The other parties fare no better	 though. And instalments of additional information during the progress of the hearing has had to make do for a comprehensive unfoldment. Better late than never ! The story of the Survey of India has been narrated in its brief autobiography	 'Our Department '	 produced on the eve of its bicentennial in 1967. This department was born during the days of Lord Clive under happy Army stars	 had a military upbringing and	 in its brilliant career	 achieved lustorous exploits. Starting from an accident of history the request of a historian	 Robert Orme	 to an East India Company administrator	 Lord Clive	 for a map of Bengal the Survey of India sprang to life in embryonic form when Major Rennel was appointed to execute this survey and	 thereafter	 was cradled by the Army but spread out to become a dynamic department and development instrument in the decades ahead. In war and in peace	 in building the nation and defending its security	 in 'civilian ' ventures and military operations the Survey of India has become a National Service in the role of adviser on survey data and kindred adventures. Indeed	 almost all ministries of the Central Government and many States have used the services of the Survey of India during the several Five Year Plans. Look before you leap ' becomes in development terms	 survey before you start	 and so it is that in 1967 this great department of strategic importance is able to write its story and conclude: "25. In short	 in its ever increasing sphere of vast	 diverse and widely scattered work	 Survey of India has built up a unique reputation both within the country and outside as a sound	 distinguished	 and great Survey Organisation of the world	 progressively marching forward. expanding	 adapting and modernising itself and continuing its contributions to science	 security and development. The personnel of Survey of India can legitimately take pride in the fact that they belong to this ancient and great organisation	 to whom a noble	 rich and priceless heritage has been bequeathed inspiring and beckoning them to greater heights of achievement	 honour and glory. " When the history of Free India comes to be written the proud contribution of the Survey of India may be printed in bold and bright 1041 characters because almost every Department of governmental activity with welfare potential has the imprint of the Survey of India at some stage or the other	 as disclosed in the various materials which have come into our hands	 through counsel	 in the course of their submissions. The flattering fact that the tallest peak in the World	 Mount Everest	 was named after the eminent Surveyor General Sir George Everest shows that even in the geological discovery of India	 this Department has had a hand. The different dimensions and directions in which the Survey of India has served the nation and science as a whole are perhaps a fall out of its adventurous alliance with military activity. During British days	 it was not an accident that the Survey of India was under the Army. It was an inalienable companion of conquest and consolidation of defence and development a versatile genius which was put to greater good in the era of Freedom and After. It is perhaps not so well known that the work of the Survey of India has special significance in matters of country 's defence. The Survey of India has to organise surveys and work well ahead to provide maps at the right time and of the right places where campaigns might be fought in war. The Chinese threat along the northern borders of the country since 1959 necessitated diverting immediately a very large potential of the Department to carry out the work of special topographical surveys for defence purposes in one of the most inhospitable and rugged terrains of the world an assignment which cost the Department many precious lives and many years of hard work. The bulk of military survey and mapping requirements are met by Survey of India. Though the military survey service exists	 it is small and has insufficient personnel	 who carry out limited technical work and such staff duties as army requires in peace time. There have	 thus	 been many occasions for the Survey of India to be commended for its work for defence and development in war and peace	 and for providing the basic knowledge of the land for all its users. " 1042 The Surveyor General	 for reasons of functional importance	 is also the Director of Military Survey. Topographical Mapping states: "When corrections and additions to maps of military importance are suggested by the Director	 Military Survey	 they should	 as a general rule	 be accepted by the Survey of India. " It is necessary to notice the role of the Survey Department under the Director of Military Survey who is also the Surveyor General thus bringing out the interlacing of activity. Obviously	 there is not merely sensitivity and confidentiality but also a high degree of skill which cannot be relaxed and an instant sense of discipline	 which cannot be liberalised	 in view of the fact that military operations of national significance depend	 in part	 on the Survey of India and its service. While it is fair to emphasise that considerable peace time developmental work is rendered by this Department	 its adventurous spirit of climbing mountains	 penetrating wilderness and entering into forbidden regions cannot be minimised. Col. Sandes writing on 'The Military Engineer in India ' states: "History has shown that there is something in the training which the Survey of India	 imparts to its officers which makes them peculiarly valuable in war. Their work develops not only self reliance and initiative	 but a sense of responsibility. Everything centres on the example set by the leader of an isolated party. As a rule	 he is the only European in the small country. He must have powers of organisation and observation: courage	 determination and endurance. In the ordinary course	 he must be precise to the point of pedantry	 never satisfied with unchecked work and abhorring the smallest error; yet at other times he must fling theory and practice to the winds to improvise means of rapid reconnaissance when danger threatens. " The Military history which has moulded the character of this Department has relevance and so we quote again Lt. Col. Sandes: "As the war spread	 the survey officers from India were scattered over the face of the earth; some on military duty with engineer units other flash spotting	 sound ranging and triangulating in France and Belgium: and others again reconnoitering and surveying in any or all of three continents. They worked in Salonika	 North and South Russia	 Italy Gallipoli	 East Africa	 Mesopotamia	 Egypt	 Syria	 Persia	 1043 and on the shores of the Caspian. One commanded a brigade in North Russia	 another led a Persian army. Ten officers of the Survey of India were killed in Action	 or died on service	 during the Great War	 and thirteen were wounded. Many casualties occurred in the lower ranks. Such were the contributions of the Department towards victory in the greatest struggle of all time. They form a fitting climax to its record in the frontier wars of India. " If we may sketch a few lines to indicate the trait of the Corps of Indian Engineers with a view to illumine the points canvassed before us	 we have to refer to the book by Major Verma and Major Anand. The authors state: "Before the war	 Military Survey as such did not exist; though for generations past	 Survey of India had provided detachments for practically every military campaign or expedition. But these parties were considered to be civilian	 including their military officers in command	 and they were only attached to the Army for supplies and transport. Even in the First World War (1914 18)	 Survey of India detachments went out and worked in Macedonia	 Mesopotamia and Persia. But at no time before 1940 did India have any military units like the Field Survey Companies or Battalions. Between the wars	 survey and mapping for the Army was done by the Survey of India	 which except for the Artillery Survey Section	 Royal Artillery	 was the sole military survey agency. It had a semi military tradition	 the Surveyor General held the rank of a Brigadier and his principal officers were Royal Engineers with specialist survey qualifications. There was no survey representation at GHQ." Again "For the Department	 the military responsibilities in 1938 39 were: (a) Liaison with the Armed Forces on survey and mapping. (b) Provision of maps required by the Defence Services	 covering India	 Burma	 Afghanistan and Iran. 1044 (c) In the event of a war	 to provide and equip firstly two Fd Survey Companies and two Survey HQs for service in the NWFP	 and secondly one Survey Report (admn.) (d) To carry out annually a small amount of training in military survey. " In many Circles	 Directors of the Survey of India have been Office Advisers to the 'Commander in Chief" and the work done by this Department has had in many cases military meaning. This was reflected in the past in the officer situation and personnel complexion. Class I Officers were all military men while Class II men were civilian graduates. Wheeler	 writing of the officer situation in British India	 summed up thus: "Perhaps the greatest single factor affecting military organisation was that whereas there were nearly 60 military officers in 1925	 there were only 30 in 1939; to train a civilian to be sound and efficient soldier takes a considerable time	 to train a non survey soldier to become an efficient surveyor	 much longer	 very much longer." The military commitments of the Survey of India in the World War II made it a strategic instrument invisible to the lay but invaluable to the esoteric. We have pressed this part of the career of the Survey of India to knock out the impression that its military component is purely a concession to the historical staffing pattern and the lack of avenues for promotion to Army engineers. It is an in built necessity of the department in national interest. We agree with counsel for the respondents	 Sri Govindan Nair	 that the early history of the Survey of India as a child of the Army cannot become an obsession to distort or debunk the enormity of its purely developmental undertakings. It is a Civil Service which serves in national reconstruction all the time	 but	 at the call of the country	 is ready to switch to Defence	 risk anywhere and do surveys as commanded. We must set our sights right about the civil and military range of the versatile department and not swallow the brash version that it is all 'brass '. Its bearing on the conclusions in the case is that the court should not blindly accept all the preferences to the Army recruits as against their civilian brethren under the impression that everything in the Survey of India is Defence operation and civilian must therefore accept the crumbs as shudras of the Service. No! Most of its work is peace time activity of a fundamental	 though invi 1045 sible character to promote development in its multitude and magnitude and	 indeed	 in its panoramic magnificence. But we cannot get away from the historic fact not merely the fact of history that the Survey of India is	 first and foremost	 an instrument of military strategy for the defence of the country although its talents are not allowed to grow into thistles but to serve wherever needed. If competing demands come	 it opts for and is therefore geared to Defence goals. That is its first charge and	 in that sense	 it is Defence oriented	 has an Army bias and cannot afford to ignore the indispensability of a military component. The history of a nation is never written by the military but its history ceases to be	 if its reserves of military manpower cannot be mobilised for active duty at an instant 's notice. The Survey of India	 with its signal service to the planned progress of the people	 has a tryst with national security and an everyday commitment to the country 's defence requirements. This may look over drawn but embeds a core of truth cardinal to the issue in the case why weightage to the 'uniformed ' recruits as against their counterparts in 'mufti '? Let us thus place accent on what is essential but not miss what exists as a reality. From this angle	 a legal raconteur may re tell the story slightly differently. The Army in British India had	 as one of its strategic operations	 to undertake the survey of the interior and frontier of the country and had	 therefore	 under it a department wholly manned by military personnel. After Independence and the enactment of the Constitution	 this military limb separated from the Defence Forces	 was constituted into a Civil Service with the Surveyor General at the apex and a hierarchy below of triple components together making up the Class I service. The Service	 in its new dimensions	 was manned by civilian and military personnel due to functional imperatives. The entry into the service was at the point of Deputy Superintending Surveyors	 save for a category of promotees from Class II	 with provision for spiralling up to higher positions. The posts were filled according to Rules framed under the proviso to article 309 on a 50: 50 basis	 as between Army engineering personnel dovetailed into the Survey of India and civilians recruited or promoted or otherwise appointed. We miss the service perspective if we do not take a functional glimpse at the operational scale and range of the Survey of India. What was a wholly military department previously reincarnated as the Survey of India	 with a civilian inter mix	 retained its meta military personality	 functionally and personnel wise. In budgetary classifica 1046 tion and administrative charge	 the Survey of India was a member of the Agriculture Ministry	 of the Education Ministry and currently	 perhaps	 correctly belongs to the Ministry of Science and Technology which is pervasive enough to embrace Defence and Development. It is not right to regard this Service as a 'uniformed ' service	 for it is ambidextrous. But that is not really decisive of the issue before us. What we have to understand is not so much its genetic transmigration as such or pedigree table but the nature of the service the Survey of India is expected to render	 its basic functional characteristics	 operational capabilities	 futuristic uses and	 consequentially	 its meaningful personnel policy and the conditions of service dictated by the compelling necessities of these demands on the Service. In brief	 the emphasis is not on the administrative pigeonhole in which the Survey is placed for secretariat or budgetary purposes	 nor on its lineage	 nor	 indeed on the label 'civil ' or 'Defence ' but on the nature of its duties and the relevant pattern of manpower and	 most importantly	 the concrete conditions of recruitment and principal career requirements while in service	 having regard to the strategic essence of the goals the Service must sub serve. So viewed	 the Survey of India is army oriented. Not merely because of heredity but markedly because of the nation 's potential demands and perennial expectations from this specialised Service	 not merely in emergency but to be always on the qui vive. We gather from the affidavit of the Senior Director	 on behalf of the Union of India	 that the army component is an inalienable requirement of the Survey of India if it is to fulfil its role. He swears: "Some of the reasons for corps of Engineers being one of the sources of recruitment are as follows: (a) Survey of India may need mobilisation in the event of any emergency of war. (b) The Corps of Engineer Officers in Survey of India form the nucleus around which mobilisation can take place quickly. (c) The small element in the Army cannot cater for training and experience	 and hence Corps of Engineer Officers are kept in Survey of India which provides the ideal ground for training and experience of these officers during peace so as to keep them fully competent technically in the event of a war or emergency. In order to maintain an adequate balance between military and civilian officers	 and to attract the higher type of Corps of Engineer Officers to the Survey of India	 50% of 1047 the total number of posts in the Class I Cadre were earmarked for the Corps of Engineer Officers. " What	 then	 is the raison d ' etre of this department ? War means advance into or withdrawal from territory. Operations involve identification of topography	 climatology	 environmentology	 location of defence positions	 marking of marching and retreating positions and artillery targets and paratroop landing positions	 keeping secret strategic centres and sealing them off as out of bounds and a host of other surveys invaluably informational and immediately available for national defence. It is obvious that if this be the functional relevance of the Survey of India	 some divisions of it have to be fighting fit	 always on the alert	 ready to rush to the risk zones and technically capable of teaming with the ground forces in seasons of emergency and occasions of external aggression	 before and after. The Survey of India must be geared to the goal of national security if it is to justify itself in a large country of extensive mountain frontiers	 border disputes	 history of hot war	 interior defence lines and military routes. Of course	 our imperial masters could afford	 at the expense of people 's welfare	 to keep such a department as a section of the Armed Forces	 idle for long stretches of time but keeping their tools sharp for eventualities. Free India could not. Naturally	 the country 's leaders	 entrusted with gubernatorial responsibilities in this behalf	 hit upon a golden mean of forming a separate Survey of India	 no more a wing of Army. The object was understandable. A permanent yet considerable number of technical personnel virtually idle during peace time was a luxury. Nevertheless	 an instrument was forged which preserved the military mood of active duty but expanded and expended its sophisticated expertise during years of peace on national needs of other Ministries or States ' requirements. It reflected the duo dexterous roles and mosaic of manpower in its recruitment policy. We see nothing strange in this unorthodox composition	 although attempts to interpret the new scheme by familiar Service moulds may mislead	 as has happened in the High Court. The Senior Director with reference to current conditions	 deposes as affiant of the Central Government: "Reasons for seniority and pay protection for the Corps of Engineer Officers are as follows: (a) They suffer due to lack of higher opportunities of promotion to Brig. Major General	 Lt. General 1048 and General by their volunteering for the Survey of India. (b) They can utmost expect to get military pension as a Colonel but not as Brig. and higher which are substantially higher. (c) They lose other perquisites like house rent	 concessional electricity and furniture facilities	 concessional Form 'D ' facilities	 and many other concessions. Unless therefore	 they are given protection of seniority and pay in order to partly compensate their losses	 no Corps of Engineer Officer would ever volunteer for the Survey of India. These were the considerations for the seniority and pay protection for Corps of Engineer Officers. Even if	 for argument 's sake	 it is admitted that preferential treatment is given to Corps of Engineer Officers (which it is not)	 it is done under the rules which have been framed based on the differences between the various sources of recruitment	 and the said differences have a reasonable relation to the nature of the office to which recruitment is made. Thus	 the appointment	 and terms and conditions of the Corps of Engineer Officers can legitimately be substantiated on the basis of valid classification. " At this point we must eye at close quarters the Survey of India (Recruitment from Corps of Engineer Offices) Rules	 1950. Primarily	 it relates to the recruitment from the Corps of Engineer Officers. The relevant part of Rule 2 runs thus: "2. Recruitment: A Corps of Engineer Officer for appointment to the Survey of India should at the time of appointment normally have not less than three and not more than six years commissioned service	 but this rule may be relaxed in exceptional cases. Corps of Engineer Officers shall apply for appointment to the Survey of India to the Military Secretary	 through the Engineer in Chief	 who will transmit the applications to the Surveyor General. When a military post falls vacant and the Military quota has not been filled the Surveyor General shall nominate an Officer or Officers from the above list. " 1049 This Rule postulates a military quota which takes us straight to Rule 11: "11. Method of recruitment to Survey of India Class I Service. All future recruitment to the Survey of India Class I Cadre will be as follows: 1. From Corps of Engineer Officers 50% 2. From promoted Class II Civilian Officers 25% 3. From direct recruits by competitive exami nation through the U.P.S.C. 25% The military recruits to Class I Service enter the Deputy Superintending Surveyor 's (hereinafter referred to as D.S.S.) position in the Service from where they rise on promotion as Superintending Surveyors (hereafter referred to as SS) Deputy Directors and Director	 the top post being of Surveyor General. These promotion posts are available for all categories of entrants as has been clarified in the later set of Rules called 'The Survey of India (Class I Recruitment) Rules	 1960. ' Before we part with the 1950 Rules	 it is necessary to place accent on some aspects of the military officers and their career in the Survey of India. Their sojourn in this new Department is not an exit from the Army but a long furlough	 as it were. For all practical purposes	 they retain their military position and remain under military control and are liable to be called back for regular army service. It is a kind of provisional adoption into a different family but with the ties in the natural family kept in tact. A Corps of Engineer Officer will be qualified for recruitment only if he is in commissioned service for between three and six years. Then he is to go through a two year period of probation during which he is to pass tests. If he is not good	 he gets back to military duty and even if he makes good	 he has an option to revert to military employment. Even after confirmation	 the officer may revert during the first 20 years of commissioned service on his own request. Even thereafter	 with the approval of the Government he may revert permanently to military duty	 save in the case of those who fall under Rule 4(c). If an officer retires from the army that will involve retirement from the Survey of India too	 save in the case of those who are Colonels or Lt.Ratio of the decision Colonels	 covered by Rule 4(c)	 and 1050 retires from the army only for the reason that they have attained the requisite age limit. Such persons under Rule 4(d) may continue in the Survey of India until the age of superannuation from civil employment. It is important to note that an officer may be reverted permanently to military duty if he is no longer needed in the Survey of India on account of reduction in strength or unsatisfactory work. He may also be reverted temporarily to military duty for grounds given in Rule 4(f). Another remarkable rule is Rule 8 which speaks of wearing military uniform while in civil employment if the incumbent is willing to observe the courtesies due to military officers of superior ranks. Rule 9 is extremely significant and reads thus: 9. Military Promotion: A military officer in the Survey of India is expected to keep himself efficient as an army officer and will have to pass such promotion examinations	 etc. as may be laid down for other military officers of his rank and corps; such military confidential reports will be submitted on him as may be required by the military authorities. Military Confidential Reports will be initiated and submitted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Special Army Order 24/S/51 as amended from time to time. Military officer in the Survey of India will be considered for military substantive promotion in turn with others in their corps and their fitness for such promotion will be judged by their confidential reports. After completing his normal period as a Lt. Colonel an officer will be eligible for promotion to full Colonel and above provided that: (i) he is a substantive Director or above in the Survey of India; (ii) there is a vacancy in the number of posts for full Colonel and above reserved for military officers in the Survey of India. Rule 10 is also meaningful because the army officers in the Survey of India when they rise to higher positions get equivalent rise in the Army. There is a partial assimilation but a substantial separation persists. Once an Army Engineer	 always an Army Engineer	 is the gist. Absent integration	 article 14 is out of bounds such is the cumulative effect of the Service Rules	 1950 according to the learned Attorney General. We will presently examine his claim which has been rejected by the High Court. Also	 the myth of Defence needs and consequent preferences for military recruits. The High Court rightly formulated the crucial question when it stated: Thus	 the bone of contention of the respondents is that the very nature of the work undertaken and done by the Survey of India is related to Defence purposes and the officers recruited from the army engineering corps are specially trained for this purpose. This	 according to the respondents	 is the reasonable connection between the classification and the object that is sought to be served in recruitment to Class I service of the Survey of India. The conclusions reached by the High Court also deserve to be set down at this place to facilitate a clear understanding of our approach and the basic finding of fact reached by the High Court. The respondents have heavily relied upon this finding and have legitimately lashed the appellants ' plea as unpresentable in the face of this finding of fact. The learned Judges observed: This claim	 however	 is not made out before us. We have already referred to the various affidavits filed by the parties. In the original counter affidavits filed by respondents	 the stand taken is that because the rules provide for special privileges	 they are being given to the army personnel and so the equality concept is not violated. That is really begging the question. When the petitioners complain that the rules made in this behalf violate the equality concept as enunciated in Articles 14 and 16	 it would be futile to reply to that argument by saying that the rules so provide. In the 1052 later affidavits some attempt is sought to be made to point out that the nature of the work carried on by the Survey of India department is essentially connected with Defence of India and that the officers recruited from the Army Corps of Engineers are specially trained for this purpose. On the basis of the material placed before us	 we are not inclined to accept that the work done by the Survey of India department is essentially of the nature and character required for defence purposes. From the affidavits and the other material placed before us	 it could be seen that the survey work done by the department is mostly concerned with the development projects and preparation of maps for various Ministries	 State Governments	 public sector projects and other civilian agencies. The annexure filed along with the additional reply affidavit filed by the petitioners show that the Survey of India is a national survey organisation. It appears to have surveyed quite a large number of development projects during the three plan periods. The department might have prepared some maps useful for the Defence purposes. But that is only part of the work and incidental to the nature of the survey it carries on. Its work does not appear to be Defence oriented. The survey done by the department is utilised by several departments of the Central and State Governments	 public sector projects and other civilian agencies. It is	 therefore	 making a tall claim to say that the survey is essentially of Defence nature. Thus	 the Survey of India appears to be a civilian department with a civilian budget. Further	 whenever there is an emergency there is nothing which prevents or bars the Government of India from calling upon the civilian officers also to serve on the border. It is the stand of the petitioners that if 25 army personnel belonging to the Survey of India were called to the border area in 1962 war	 as many as 70 civilian officers belonging to Class I and Class II categories were called to work in the same area. They also assert that just like the Defence department uses some maps prepared by the Survey of India	 the Forest Department	 G.S.I.	 P.W.D. etc.	 also use the maps. So we are not inclined to hold that the nature of the survey and work carried 1053 on by the Survey of India department is largely defence oriented. Some reports are sought to be relied on in this connection. It is true that some attempts have been made after attainment of Independence to attract officers from the army engineering corps into Survey of India department. The impugned rules will have to be examined in the light of the circumstances that are now prevailing ever since Independence and not on the so called historical background which has	 in any case	 become archaic. In regard to the special training given to the army personnel which is said to justify the classification	 it appears to us that this claim is not tenable. If the army personnel are given training in field engineering for 9 months and for 3 years in the Military Engineering College	 Kirki	 the qualifications required for direct recruitment of civilians are no less valuable. Largely	 only engineering graduates are recruited directly. They have equal engineering experiences. Further	 it does not appear that the army officers had been given any survey training when they were in the army services. It is not	 therefore	 possible to say that the recruits from the army are better qualified than the civilian direct recruits. The promotees from Class II have	 behind them a very long experience of not less than one decade in the work undertaken by the Survey of India department. With this long experience of survey work	 particularly belonging to this department behind them	 we do not see any justification for their being discriminated against in favour of army officers. We are not	 therefore	 prepared to accept that the army personnel in the Survey of India department have had any longer or better training required for Survey of India than either the direct recruits or promotees from Class II 1054 service to Class I service. The latter two categories appear to be as qualified and as experienced as the army officers to carry out the work of Survey of India. The only conclusion that is possible from the above discussion is that this classification made under the impugned rules between the army personnel and the civilian personnel has no reasonable connection with the object that is sought to be served. We demur. Why ? The 1950 Rules	 in our view	 have two prominent features which are basic. The first one which we have already emphasised is that the military nominees do not shed their army service and merge into a new Service but undergo a partial absorption and preserve a substantial separateness. The second feature	 which is perhaps more hurtful to the civilian sector	 turns on Rule 5 which provides for seniority. The rule runs thus: 5. Seniority. (1) On first appointment an officer will be in the grade of Deputy Superintending Surveyor (Formerly Assistant Superintendent) in Class I Service of the Survey of India. (2) The seniority of military officers inter se will remain the same as in the Army. (3) The seniority of military officers vis a vis directly recruited civilian officers will be determined by the year of allotment which will depend: (i) in the case of military officers	 on the date of first commission including ante date	 if any; and (ii) in the case of directly recruited civilian officers	 on the date of appointment ante dated by two years. (4) Civilian officers directly recruited on the results of any one examination will be junior to those recruited on the results of earlier examinations and senior to those recruited on the results of later examinations	 the seniority inter se of those recruited in any one year being determined according to the order of merit in which they are placed by the Union Public Service Commission in the qualifying examination. (5) Among those allotted to the same year	 military officers will rank senior to directly recruited civilian officers. 1055 Rule 5A deals with promotion officiating and substantive. A qualifying two year probation and a further three years ' service are a sine qua non for substantive promotion. But officiating promotions are open to all the officers	 preference being given to those who have done more years of actual survey work	 regardless of seniority. Even officiating posting needs the qualifying service of two years and three years	 earlier referred to. In this regard	 the Class II officers who are directly promoted as S.S. have a definite advantage over the military men. But when it comes to confirmation in substantive promotion posts	 the military personnel opting into the Survey of India get the advantage of Rule 5 which bestows on them the added benefit of the period of service from the date of first commission in the Army which may be anything between three to six years as against two years of ante dated service which the civilian officers are entitled to tack on. The 1960 Rules also require to be examined before we proceed to a discussion. Rule 3 speaks of the sources of recruitment or appointment Direct recruitment of qualified candidates	 promotion or transfer from another service	 appointment from the Corps of Engineer Officers of the Ministry of Defence and	 rarely	 admission of other qualified persons these are the methods of entry into the service. A direct recruit must be a graduate with Mathematics or the holder of an Engineering Degree (there are other alternatives which are of minor significance). Rule 20A	 which was an amendment made in 1965	 insists that every person in the Service	 appointed after the 1965 amendment	 "shall be liable to serve in any defence service or post connected with the defence of India	 for a period of not less than four years"	 including the training period. This	 incidentally	 emphasises the military adaptability expected of the Service. Rule 22 is important: 22. Seniority (a) On the first appointment an officer will be in the grade of Deputy Superintending Surveyor (formerly Assistant Superintendent) in class I Service of the Survey of India. (b) The seniority of military officers inter se will remain the same as in the Army. (c) The seniority of military officers vis a vis directly recruited civilian officers will be determined by the year of allotment which will depend : (i) in the case of military officers	 on the date of first commission including ante dated if any; and 1056 (ii) in the case of directly recruited civilian officers	 on the date of appointment ante dated by two years. (d) The relative seniority of all direct recruits shall be determined by the order of merit in which they are selected for such appointment on the recommendations of the Union Public Service Commission	 persons appointed as a result of an earlier selection being senior to those appointed as a result of a subsequent selection. Another rule which must be mentioned for a complete understanding is to the effect that Class II officers	 when promoted to Class I	 are directly appointed as S.S. and	 therefore	 can skip the lower position of D.S.S. In 1970	 the promotional scheme was slightly modified	 but the thrust of the argument that military engineers enjoyed an advantage remained. The attack made by the civilian wing	 consisting of two groups	 namely	 direct recruits and Class II promotees	 is against three key rules of the 1950 Scheme	 viz.	 Rules 5	 5A and 11 and	 of course	 their corresponding 1970 provisions based on articles 14 and 16 and the High Court has substantially acceded on the basis that seniority prescriptions are based on irrelevant criteria and arbitrariness is writ large in some of the impugned provisions. The Court has struck down Rules 22B	 22E of the 1960 Rules and Rules 5(2)	 5(3)	 5(5)	 7 and 11 of the 1950 rules. However	 the Court has circumspectly declined to open the Pandora 's box and restricted the refixation of seniority and review of promotions "only from the date of the filing of the writ petition viz. 5 3 1974	 because if we do it from a back date	 it would be unsettling the promotions that had already been given before a challenge is made by the petitioners. " This comprehensive narration is sufficient to inaugurate a discussion on the merits of the contentions after a formulation of the critical issues. The points urged by the learned Attorney General are two fold. Neither article 14 nor article 16 is violated because the Army recruits and the civilian entrants do not march into a common pool within the service of the Survey of India. There are two sources or streams 1057 which flow into the Service but remain immiscible layers. Since the Constitutional mandate of equal treatment applies only to equals	 it cannot apply to the given situation. Secondly	 assuming there is a united cadre	 even then article 16 cannot invalidate the weightage for seniority assigned to the military recruits	 since sensible supportive discremen	 having a rational relation to the object of the Service exists and that is sufficient panacea to cure the infirmity of differential treatment. He further pressed that it was perfectly permissible	 having regard to the different sources	 to prescribe a weightage at the time of the entry into the Service. And	 in the present case	 the weightage is only at the time of entry into the Service. Thereafter	 they are treated as equal for all purposes of promotion and what manifest advantage is derived by the military men in their career is a consequence of the initial addition of the commissioned service for the purposes of seniority. These positions have been contested by Sri Govindan Nair	 for the respondents	 who has further argued that it is not proper for this Court to upset a finding of fact by the High Court unless there be something palpably erroneous on the face of the judgment. This is true and we should not slightly interfere save where there is grave error. Before we discuss these points	 we must clear the ground regarding the necessity of the military presence in the survey Service. We have already quoted from the affidavit on behalf of the Union of India	 which gives condensed reasons for induction of army engineers into the Survey of India. That terse statement crystallizes all that we have stated at some length earlier in this judgment. An S.O.S. and the Survey of India must go into action maybe in the war torn area	 maybe for post truce measurements. More military survey literature was placed in our hands by the learned Attorney General	 making up for earlier defaults	 to drive home the point that multifarious though the Survey 's operations are	 it does discharge duties secret	 sensitive and strategic for Defence requirements which necessitate the maintenance of an Army Engineering component willy nilly. This backdrop serves to highlight the issues on which we may turn the focus. We may now enter the area of encounter. What was a thoroughbred Military Engineering Corps suffered a metamorphosis by 1950 when a new set of rules of recruitment	 composition and conditions of service	 consistent with the new vision	 rainbow of responsibilities and switch over to civilian departmentalisation	 was brought about. 1058 A critical dissection of the present set up yields the result: While army engineers are definitely needed and are not expendable	 the civilian accent on developmental work and the like justifies opening up the Service to recruits and promotees	 non military in source. Guided by this flexible realism and acting under the proviso to article 309 of the Constitution	 the President of India has made Rules in 1950 to regulate the recruitment and conditions of service of the army personnel coming into the Survey of India. The anatomy of the 1950 Rules is important. It reserves 50% for the military Engineers by way of entitlement quota out of the total number to be recruited over a year as D.S.S. The other 50% was to have been divided equally between civilian recruits from the open market and the Class II officers. But	 by an amendment of 1965	 a modification was made to the effect that the promotees from Class II would enter the Class I Service directly as S.S. and not as D.S.S. Thus	 the total number of vacancies each year at the D.S.S. level has to be filled by recruitment in the proportion of 50 and 25. To illustrate for clarity	 if there are 75 DSS vacancies in a given year	 50 of them are reserved for military nominees and the remaining 25 are filled up by direct recruitment from the civilians. The expression 'recruitment ' definitely means enlisting anew into a Service and so it may be taken that the army engineering quota is 50 out of the 75 and the remaining 25 belong to the civilian recruits. By way of contrast	 the members of the Class II Service have a quota of 25% but that proportion is to be worked out	 in terms of the extant rule	 not based on the number of vacancies at the S.S. level but by a calculation of the total number of posts at the S.S. and higher levels in the Service. The recruitment is only to the posts of Superintending Surveyors although the number to be so promoted is based upon totalling up the various posts at and above the S.S. level. The total number of vacancies at the DSS level for each year shall be divided in the ratio of 2: 1 (50% for the Army Corps and 25% for direct recruits). The 50% reserved for the army corps shall be available to be filled by those candidates. The 25% seats to be filled by direct recruits shall be filled only by such recruits. Even if enough direct recruits are not available they will not be filled by the army nominees but shall be kept vacant to be carried forward and filled in later years by such direct recruits. A reasonable period for the carry 1059 forward scheme will be 3 years	 not more. Likewise	 military vacancies at the DSS level each year shall be filled only by such nominees. If enough such hands are not available	 a similar procedure of carry forward will govern. For the SS posts 25% belongs to promotees from Class II officers. The total number will be worked out by adding all the posts of SS	 Deputy Directors and Directors and Surveyor General and allotting one fourth of it as the quota for Class II promotees for appointment as SS. Such is the reasonable interpretation of the rule. Now we come to the bitter bone of contention between the parties. Why should the 50% of military recruits be given a special weightage ? Should not all entrants into the DSS be treated alike without being afforded a handicap in the race? We see no difficulty in upholding this weightage	 once we accept the reality that the military portion of the Survey is a compelling factor for national defence. We hold	 on a study of the materials already adverted to	 that sans they army engineers the Survey of India will become a functional failure in discharging its paramount duties in times of war and in spells of peace	 defence spreads beyond hot war or cold war and sustains the sense of security by a state of ever readiness. There is enough literature to establish that the work done by the army wing of the Survey is far too important to be played with and such work is best done by that wing. The military recruits	 as has been already observed	 are commissioned officers with 3 to 6 years of service. They have a certain salary scale and period of service when they are baptised into the Survey of India. Giving due weight to these factors	 Rule 5 lays down the criteria for seniority as between the military sector of recruits and the civilian counter parts. What needs to be appreciated is that for the very efficiency of the Survey of India	 a substantial army element is structurally essential. Army engineers are invited into this Service not because this department historically belonged to the Defence Forces but because it cannot minister to one of the major objectives of its creation if it does not have engineers with military training	 aptitude	 courage	 discipline and dare devilry in hours of crisis. The necessity of the Survey	 not opportunity to the armymen	 has determined the need to attract and	 therefore	 to allot a quota in the upper echelons	 viz.	 Class I	 for military engineers. This	 in turn	 has desiderated the offer of reasonable terms and conditions for army men to join the Survey of India. The military engineers belong to the Corps of Engineer Officers. They are commissioned officers with service of 3 to 6 years before coming into the Survey which needs	 not raw engineers	 but men 1060 with some experience. They have prospects and scales of pay in the Defence Department. Why should they look at the Survey if on entry they are to lose their commissioned service and begin the rat race with civilian freshers? Why should they suffer pay cut by walking into the Survey of India? It is	 therefore	 fairly intelligible and basically equitable to allow military engineers credit for commissioned service and protection of already earned higher salaries. The reasoning is simple. The functional compulsions of the Survey of India require army engineers to be inducted	 say half its Class I strength. These engineering officers have to possess some years of experience. How	 then	 can they be attracted into the Survey except by assuring them what they were enjoying in their existing service	 viz.	 credit for the years under commission in reckoning seniority and fitment of their salary at a point in the scale of Class I officers so that	 by way of personal pay or otherwise	 a cut may be obviated. To equate them with unequal civilian freshers is precisely the Procrustean exercise which is unconstitutional equality anathematised by Article 14. Let us eye the issue from the egalitarian angle of Articles 14 and 16. It is trite law that equals shall be treated as equals and	 in its application to public service	 this simply means that once several persons have become members of one service they stand as equals and cannot	 thereafter	 be invidiously differentiated for purposes of salary	 seniority	 promotion or otherwise	 based on the source of recruitment or other adventitious factor. Birth marks of public servants are obliterated on entry into a common pool and our country does not believe in official casteism or blue blood as assuring preferential treatment in the future career. The basic assumption for the application of this principle is that the various members or groups of recruits have fused into or integrated as one common service. Merely because the sources of recruitment are different	 there cannot be apartheidisation within the common service. They merely plead that unequals should not be forced into equality without regard to their rights. They are unequal because their 3 to 6 years of commissioned service cannot be wished away when brought into the service shoulder to shoulder with raw recruits. Secondly	 their salaries 1061 are higher and that should not be forfeited as punishment for entering the Survey Service. Not that the salary difference must be perpetuated but that at the point of entry into service their commissioned service and personal pay should be protected. The Service Rules safeguard both these a just gesture without which many army engineers may not care to respond and the 'efficiency ' factor of the Survey Service will fail in their absence. The learned Attorney General also adopted the precedentially sanctified route of escape from the magnetic field of Articles 14 and 16	 that if the two sources of entry never really flowed into a homogenised sangam but remained the Ganga and the Jamuna	 no question of equality arose. A common pool where the plurality meets is a necessary postulate for the application of the equalist mandate. Here the army engineers	 it is apparent from the rules	 essentially continue to be army men but wear pro tempore Survey apparel	 to be doffed any time specified in the rules themselves. Resultantly	 the military and civilian members remain immiscible layers save for some purposes. The condition of integration of men from the divergent sources being absent	 rulings have held article 16 is out of the way. Once it is agreed or found that at the entrance point the army engineers are justly given credit for the commissioned service which they carry with them	 there is no further discrimination while in service on the score that they come from the Corps of Engineer Officers. All that happens thereafter is merely a manifestation of initial advantage of credit for commissioned service. For this reason	 we negative the case of discrimination. The relevant rulings not to burden but to brighten the points urged	 may be referred to. In B. section Gupta 's case(1) where article 16 was agitated in a battle between promotees and direct recruits	 one facet of Service Jurisprudence was illumined. We excerpt: When considering this point it must be clearly understood that this Court is not concerned with Govt. 's policy in recruiting officers to any service. Government runs the service and it is presumed that it knows what is best in the public interest. Government knows the calibre of candidates available and it is for the Government to determine how a particular service is to be manned whether by direct recruits or by promotees or both and	 if by both	 what should be the ratio between the two sources having regard to the age factor	 experience and other exigencies of service. Commissions and Committees appointed by the Government 1062 may indeed give useful advice but ultimately it is for the Government to decide for itself. In the next place we have to remember that it would be wrong to pronounce adversely upon the new seniority rule merely because of its impact on the fortunes of any particular individual officer. Nor will it be correct to point that an individual officer 'A ' would have fared better if the old quota rule and weightage rule had been restored.(1) We have to take an overall view to determine whether the rule now framed by the Government to determine seniority is just and fair.(2) A total conspectus does not persuade us that anything grossly unfair has been perpetrated. Absent fusion into one integrated service	 article 16 is not attracted	 in a proposition entrenched by precedents. In Shujat Ali 's case	(3) this Court pithily put it: The two categories of Supervisors were thus never fused into one class and no question of unconstitutional discrimination could arise by reason of differential treatment being given to them. We have read Shelat	 J 's observations in Wadhwa 's case(4) to reinforce our view: The principles on which discrimination and breach of articles 14 and 16 can be said to result have been by now so well settled that we do not think it necessary to repeat them here once again. To sum up the position	 the two services were from as early as 1937 and before separate. At no stage	 even after provincialisation was decided upon and the principles of its implementation were drawn up there was any integration of the two. In fact	 after considering the alternatives which the Government had before it	 it opted	 on consideration of difficulties of integration	 for the alternative of keeping the two separate.(5) 1063 No principle under article 14 or article 16 is involved if such an integration was not brought about	 for	 considering the past history of the two services and the differences existing between them	 Government could not be required to fuse them into one upon any principle emanating from the two Articles.(1) Going backwards still further	 we find Ayyangar	 J. in Joginder Singh(2) emphatically enunciating the same proposition: If	 as we hold	 there was no integration (and integration has no meaning unless it is complete	 for there is no such thing as partial integration) either expressly or by necessary implication	 it would follow that it was not the impugned rules that created the two distinct cadres but that they existed independently of the rules and the only charge that could be laid against the rules in this respect was that they failed to effect an integration. If the government order of September 27	 1957	 did not integrate them into a single service	 it would follow that the two remained as they started as two distinct services. If they were distinct services	 there was no question of inter se seniority between members of the two services	 nor of any comparison between the two in the matter of promotion for founding an argument based upon article 14 or article 16(1). They started dissimilarly and they continued dissimilarly and any dissimilarity in their treatment would not be a denial of equal opportunity	 for it is common ground that within each group there is no denial of that freedom guaranteed by the two articles.(3) Likewise	 in Jaisinghani	(4) the same note has been struck. To pursue precedents beyond a point is a tiring adventure which reaches a point of no return. It is too late to upset settled law save where the point of extravaganza is reached. Here such a situation is yet to come. Again	 Sri Govindan Nair 's submission suffers damage from the following observations in Ganga Ram 's(5) case. 1064 The direct recruits and the promotees like the petitioners in our opinion	 clearly constitute different classes and this classification is sustainable on intelligible differentia which has a reasonable connection with the object of efficiency sought to be achieved. The distinction between direct recruits and promotees as two sources of recruitment being a recognised difference	 nor obnoxious to the equality clauses	 the provisions which concern us cannot be struck down on the ratio of this decision.(1) Let us examine the facts briefly to see whether the fundamentals of constitutional equality are followed in the Service scheme. The army engineers remain in 'uniform ' as it were but wear a Survey of India overcoat. They do not merge or fuse into a single integrated service with the civilian recruits but remain as an immiscible layer of the Class I Service	 the other layer being the civilians. The two wings remain close but separate	 not one homogenised family	 as the various rules eloquently proclaim. The Army engineers are formally part of the Survey of India but factually retain the vital pattern of life of the army and close nexus with their official prospects	 conditions and control as if they had continued in the Army. The 1950 Rules bring out the following incidents of service boldly. Notwithstanding their having left the Corps Engineer Officers Service and entering the Survey Service	 they continue to wear uniforms	 they get notional promotions in the Army when they earn corresponding promotions in the Survey of India. More significantly	 they secure Army promotions only if they pass the requisite army tests ab extra. They can be recalled by the Army and	 for a certain period	 they themselves may opt back to the army. They continue to be broadly under the control of the Commander in Chief and when inefficiency is noticed	 they can be called back to the army for being dealt with appropriately. They have to undergo the regular periodical drills in the army and their disciplinary control is not divested from the Army Chiefs. There are many other such details	 the cumulative impact of which is that they have two masters	 as it were; they are in two Services	 as it were; they are under two parents natural and adopted. This is a unique pattern where the Army members remain with one foot in the Army and the other in the Survey of India. A conspectus of the facts and circumstances governing the 1065 service convinces us that there is no total integration of the Army personnel into the Survey Service. They are in it and yet out of it. This is what we may call a sui generis Service and indubitably it can be asserted that they have not fully fused into a common pool. Absent such complete integration	 Article 14 or 16 cannot be invoked. The present case plainly falls in the hands off zone and so the court must leave the injustice	 if any	 to be corrected	 if needed	 by other processes. Our exploration has revealed that the Survey of India is a civilian department rendering varied services to non Defence spheres of the Central Government and to State Governments. So its composition cannot be reasonably confined to military personnel only. But critical Defence oriented work is also done	 not only in seasons of national emergency but also during peace spans. The border line between national security by the Defence forces and developmental projects by civil services is becoming obsolete. Defence is not only on the battle front but also in the strategic rear	 in the farms and factories	 in efficient supplies and essential services	 in mapping second lines of defence and routes of troop movements	 all of them having to be executed on a war footing. Wings which can be mobilised at instant 's notice	 forces which will build with blitz speed	 have to be in the sheath to be drawn out like a sword on an alarm signal. More than all	 as earlier elaborated	 the tasks of the Survey for the Defence are in times of Emergency top priority items. So a sizeable section of men with army background	 and military aptitude	 with quick reflexes and familiar with Defence team work	 must be kept in reserve all the time. It follows that a good proportion of Army engineers are a 'must ' for the Survey. It is enough to have 25% or 50% from military engineers a matter of fine tuning of policy for which the judiciary has no genius and the Administration has a reach of materials and range of expertise so that Courts must keep out	 save where irrational criteria	 irrelevant factors	 mala fide motives or gross folly enter the verdict. Have any such invalidatory infirmities been established by the challengers here ? If the induction of the army engineers has a nexus with the raison d 'etre of the Survey of India	 the exact dosage needed to be drawn from that source for functional adequacy is not susceptible of judicial measurement. If gross exaggeration is indulged in to boost the military component or non existent or illusory requirements are invented for the same purpose	 taking for granted judicial gullibility or jurisdictional exile	 the Court will call the bluff. But here 50% of Class I services	 from a historical need based or other approach	 cannot be called irrational	 impertinent or improvident. 1066 Likewise	 the award of the length of commissioned services in the Army as service in the Survey of India cannot be dismissed as arbitrary or irrelevant. The necessity to attract such officers is a factor. The reality of their engineering experience on commission cannot be wished away. The value of such experience for the Survey of India with Defence commitments argues itself. Whether such services should be given credit wholly or at all in the new Service is more a matter of pragmatic wisdom beyond the bounds of irrationality	 arbitrary fancy or departmental quasi nepotism. It is difficult to dislodge the rules	 fixing the quota and grafting of service while on Army Commission on to the Survey of India service	 as favoured treatment devoid of rational foundation. That is all there is to it. Sri Govindan Nair	 with assertive argument	 gave us anxious moments when he pleaded for minimum justice to the civilian elements. He said that the impugned rules were so designed	 or did so result in the working	 that all civilians	 recruit or promotee	 who came in with equal expectations like his military analogue	 would be so outwitted at all higher levels that promotions	 even in long official careers would be hopes that sour into dupes and promises that wither away as teasing illusions. In effect	 even if not in intent	 if a rule produces indefensible disparities	 whatever the specious reasons for engrafting service weightage for the army recruits	 we may have had to diagnose the malady of such frustrating inequality. After all	 civilian entrants are not expendable commodities	 especially when considerable civil developmental undertakings sustain the size of the service. And their contentment through promotional avenues is a relevant factor. The Survey of India is not a civil service 'sold ' to the military	 stampeded by war psychosis. Nor does the philosophy of article 14 or article 16 contemplate de jure classification and de facto casteification in public services based on some meretricious or plausible differentiation. Constitutional legalistics can never drown the fundamental theses that	 as the thrust of Thomas 's case(1) and the tail piece of Triloki Nath Khosa 's case(2) bring out	 equality clauses in our constitutional ethic have an equalising message and egalitarian meaning which cannot be subverted by discovering classification between groups and perpetuating the inferior superior complex by a neo doctrine. Judges may interpret	 even make viable	 but not whittle down or undo the essence of the Article. Subba Rao J. hit the nail on the head when he cautioned in Lachhman Das vs State of Punjab:(1) The doctrine of classification is only a subsidiary rule evolved by courts to give a practical content to the said doctrine. Overemphasis on the doctrine of classification or an anxious and sustained attempt to discover some basic for classification may gradually and imperceptibly deprive the article of its glorious content. That process would inevitably end in substituting the doctrine of classification for the doctrine of equality; the fundamental right to equality before the law and the equal protection of the laws may be replaced by the doctrine of classification. The quintessence of the constitutional code of equality is brought out also by Bose	 J. in Bidi Supply Co. case(2) The truth is that it is impossible to be precise	 for we are dealing with intangibles and though the results are clear it is impossible to pin the thought down to any precise analysis. Article 14 sets out	 to my mind	 an attitude of mind	 a way of life	 rather than a precise rule of law. It embodies a general awareness in the consciousness of the people at large of something that exists and which is very real but which cannot be pinned down to any precise analysis of fact save to say in a given case that it falls this side of the line or that	 and because of that decisions on the same point will vary as conditions vary	 one conclusion in one part of the country and another somewhere else; one decision today and another tomorrow when the basis of society has altered and the structure of current social thinking is different. It is not the law that alters but the changing conditions of the times and article 14 narrows down to a question of fact which must be determined by the highest Judges in the land as each case arises. The constitutional goal is to break down inequalities steadily between man and man	 whether based on status or talent. Masses of men have suffered so long from social suppressions and environmental inhibitions and to deliver them out of such stratification and petrification came the message of social justice	 blowing like winds of change	 with an accent on distributive justice ensured by the rule of real equal 1068 opportunity. This basic mandate of equality cannot be subverted by the pragmatic plea of classified equality without robbing articles 14 to 16 of their spiritual kernel in the process of decoding. Status to values must wither away in the march to the constitutional goals. Every Article of Part III is an article of faith of our nation and is the formal expression of a moral spiritual mandate	 not a string of words whose meaning of meanings can be played with by intellectual exercises favouring the Establishment. The paramount law is value loaded. Our freedom is in peril if equality is by judicial reconstruction	 a refined validation of inequality. Princes shall be treated equally but pariahs will continue where they are Why? because article 14 means only equality among equals	 a self evident statement without solemn pronouncement. Mr. Justice Subba Rao in Lachhman Das 's case(1) warned against this pernicious potential. We pollute our cultural stream if we narrow the flow of constitutional equality to the little trickle of equals being made equals. The dynamic demand of levelling up unequals to the level of the higher brackets is non negotiable albeit gradual. This caveat is sounded in the last paragraph of the majority judgment in Triloki Nath(2) and is writ large in the whole of the concurring minority judgment. It binds. But we hope that this judgment will not be construed as a charter for making minute and microcosmic classifications. Excellence is	 or ought to be	 the goal of all good government and excellence and equality are not friendly bed fellows. A pragmatic approach has therefore to be adopted in order to harmonize the requirements of public services with the aspirations of public servants. But let us not evolve	 through imperceptible extensions	 a theory of classification which may subvert	 perhaps submerge	 the precious guarantee of equality. The eminent spirit of an ideal society is equality and so we must not be left to ask in wonderment. What after all is the operational residue of equality and equal opportunity? The point Sri Govindan Nair made from Triloki Nath(3) is	 on principle	 well taken but on facts	 fallacious. The learned Attorney General	 in the last instalment of information furnished in the course of his reply	 did convince us that no such disaster as was painted did or would befall unless we take a myopic view. 1069 If we had been satisfied that the end product of the provision (Rule 5) was a manipulation of continued seniority	 beyond allowance for some differences	 a perpetual suppression of the civilian wing and a back door entry into and occupancy of all higher positions by the military men	 it might have been a mockery of equality. But the story is that some advantage is secured by the military recruits which is intended and justified. Certainly	 in the promotional scale this will be reflected. But no monopoly of all promotions vests in the commissioned recruits. As expressed earlier	 rigid or relentless equalisation of divergent categories who have been brought into one Service is the Procrustean bed process	 contrary to democratic social dynamics. In the first few years	 the army wing had a better deal but in the next spell the civilian wing more than made up. In the next span some change occurs and a projection into the decade ahead shows that the civilians will outnumber the army men at the next two tiers. Maybe	 the Surveyor General may continue to be a 'uniformed ' engineer. We do not see the pathetic picture held out by counsel and the differences we do notice are distances away from the creation of class legislation. We do not strike down the rule as constitutionally obnoxious. Sri Govindan Nair drew our attention to Pay Commission Reports which had strongly recommended fair treatment to the civilian wing by making the higher positions realistically accessible to them. Prima facie	 there is some grievance if promotions at the top are totally sealed off	 not in law but in fact. And simmering discontent of a whole wing is no small matter. Maybe	 when the apex is occupied always by a 'brass ' boss the working of the rules and of the department may be tilted. We do consider that recommendations of the Pay Commission deserve Central Government 's early attention. Flexible provisions for promotion to higher positions which will not make the department lop sided	 or vertical division of the civilian and military wings without injury to integrity and efficiency may meet the needs of equality. Policy is for the Executive	 not the Judicative wing. We find no unconstitutionality but discontent should not be neglected in good government. A measure of agreement	 with marginal differences in the interpretation of the rules	 emerged in the course of the debate. We may as well set it down to avoid future doubt. The learned Attorney General stated	 with a view to silence the grievance of the respondents	 that for promotions beyond Superintending Surveyor	 even officiating S.S. are 1070 considered. It is not right to contend	 he said	 that only on confirmation they are considered for promotion as Deputy Directors. Indeed	 the learned Attorney General pointed out that many Deputy Directors have been only officiating SSs. We accept this as correct. Sri Govindan Nair	 apprehending adverse winds in reversal of the High Court 's conclusion	 raised fresh contentions which he was not permitted to put forward because they were new and urged only in the Supreme Court. Creative thinking is good	 if it dawns in good time; for	 according to our processual law	 arguments unborne on the record in the High Court have no chance as a post script in the Supreme Court. For instance	 he urged that commissioned officers governed by the Army Act could not be governed by any other Service Rules. So much so	 the 1950 Rules	 being a deviation from the Army Rules	 were invalid. We illustrate but not exhaust and	 in any case	 do not investigate. The social philosophy of our fundamental law is a perennial flow	 rising and falling	 rushing to push out obstructing rocks and slowing to erode a doctrinal distortion	 the power being geared to the good of the people in terms of Justice	 social economic and political. From this futuristic standpoint	 every decision of the Supreme Court is the focal point of the battle of the tenses	 of social change versus social stability. We leave these seminal issues for future consideration when they more directly demand decision. Enough unto the day is the evil thereof. We allow the appeals but intricate constitutional questions when decided by this Court to declare the law under article 141 should be an exception to the conventional rule of costs following the event	 unless other circumstances warrant. So no costs.

Rule 5 of the Survey of India (Recruitment from Corps of Engineer Officers) Rules 1950 provided that on first appointment an officer would be in the grade of Deputy Superintending Surveyor in Class I Service of the Survey of India and that seniority of military officers inter se will remain the same as in the Army. Sub rule 5 of this rule provided that among those allotted to the same year	 military officers would rank senior to directly recruited civilian officers. Rule 11 of the Rules which dealt with the method of recruitment to Survey of India Class I Service provided that all recruitments to the Cadre would be 50% from the Corps of Engineer Officers	 25% from promoted Class II civilian officers and 25% from direct recruits by competitive examination through the Union Public Service Commission. These Rules were amended in 1960 and 1970 but the provision relating to military engineers remained the same as in the 1950 Rules. In a writ petition filed in the High Court	 the civilian officers of the service consisting of direct recruits and Class II promotees impugned the validity of the 1950 Rules on the ground that seniority prescriptions were based on irrelevant criteria and that discrimination was writ large in the impugned provisions. The High Court	 accepting the contentions of the civilian officers	 struck down certain rules of the 1950 Rules as violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The High Court did not accept the contention of the Government that the nature and character of the work done by the Survey of India was essentially connected with defence purposes because the work done by the Department for the Army was done along with several other services carried on by it	 namely	 with the development projects	 preparation of maps for various Ministries of the Central and State Governments	 public sector undertakings and other agencies; assuming that the work was related to defence purposes	 civilian officers were employed by the Department to do the same work and during emergencies	 civilian officers were called upon to serve in border areas. The Department had civilian budget. For these reasons the High Court came to the conclusion that there was no ground to justify classification made under the impugned Rules between the Army officers and civilian officers because the recruits from the army could not be said to be better qualified than the civilian direct recruits and that there was no justification for adopting any discrimination in favour of the Army officers. The impugned rules were struck down on the ground that there was no reasonable nexus with the object sought to be achieved. 1037 In appeal to this Court it was contended on behalf of the State that the constitutional mandate of equal treatment applies only to equals and in the case of recruitment to the service the sources of recruitment of Army personnel and civilian entrants are different and remain different; weightage is given only at the time of entry and thereafter officers are treated as equals for all purposes of promotion and the advantage gained by the militarymen is a consequence of the initial advantage of the commissioned service for the purposes of seniority. Assuming that there is a unified cadre	 since there exists a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved Article 16 cannot be said to have been violated. Allowing the appeals	 ^ HELD: The 1950 Rules are valid in that they have a prominent feature which is basic namely the military nominees do not shed their army service and merge into a new service to undergo partial absorption but preserve a substantial separateness. [1054 B C] 1. Without the military engineers the Survey of India would become a functional failure in discharging its paramount duties in times of war and peace. The work done by the army wing of the Survey of India is far too important to be played with and such work is best done by that wing. The military recruits are commissioned officers with three to six years of service with certain salary scales and period of service. Giving due weight to these factors rule 5 lays down the criteria for seniority as between the military sector and the civilian sector. For the very efficiency of the Survey of India a substantial Army element is essential. Army engineers are invited into this service not because this department historically belonged to the defence forces but because in hours of crises it cannot minister to one of the major objectives of its creation if it does not have engineers with military training	 courage and so on. It is fairly intelligible and basically equitable to allow military engineers credit for commissioned service and protection of already earned higher salaries. [1059 E H 1060 A B] 2. To attract engineers into the Survey of India by assuring them all that they were enjoying in their existing service	 namely	 credit for the years under commission in reckoning seniority and fitment of their salary and other benefits is not discrimination or favoured treatment but justice to those whom	 of necessity	 the service wants. [1060 C D] 3. Once it is agreed that at the entrance point the Army engineers are justly given credit for the commissioned service which they carry with them there is no further discrimination while in service on the score that they come from the Corps of Engineer Officers. All that happens thereafter is merely the manifestation of initial advantage of credit for commissioned service. [1061 D E] Mohammad Shujat Ali & Ors. vs Union of India & Ors. ; at 481; Ram Lal Wadwa & Anr. vs The State of Haryana & Ors. ; at 635; State of Punjab vs Joginder Singh [1963] Supp. 2 SCR 169 at 189; section G. Jaisinghani vs Union of India & Ors. ; ; Ganga Ram & Ors. vs Union of India & Ors. ; at 488 referred to. The 1950 Rules bring out certain incidents of service boldly. Notwithstanding the fact that they entered the Survey of India service. the Army 1038 officers continue to wear Army uniforms	 they get notional promotions in the Army provided they pass the requisite Army tests when they earn corresponding promotions in the Survey of India. They can be recalled by the Army and they continue to be under the control of the Commander in Chief. When inefficiency is noticed they can be called back to the Army for being dealt with appropriately. A conspectus of the facts and circumstances governing the service makes it clear that there is no integration of the Army personnel into the Survey Service. Without such complete integration Articles 14 and 16 cannot be invoked. [1064 E G	 1065 A B] 5. Whether 25% or 50% induction from military engineers is enough is a matter of policy for which the judiciary has no genius and the administration has a reach of materials and range of expertise	 so that Courts must keep out except where rational criteria	 or irrelevant factors mala fide motives or gross folly enter the verdict. In the instant case reservation of 50% of Class I service for Army Officers cannot be called irrational	 impertinent or improvident. [1065 F H]