Summarize the following court judgment. l Appeals Nos. 1174 of 1965 and 1935 of 1966. Appeals from the judgment and decree dated October .14	 1959 of the Madras High Court in Appeal No. 471 of 1955. H. R. Gokhale	 P. section Padmanaban and D. N. Gupta	 for the appellant (in C.A. No. 1174 of 1965) and respondent No. 1 (in C.A. No. 1935 of 1966). V. P. Raman	 Shyamala Pappu	 Vineet Kumar	 P.S. khera and R. Nagaratnam	 for the appellants (in C.A. No.1935 of 1966) and respondents Nos. 1 to 4 (in C.A. No. 1174of 1965). C.B. Agarwala and R. Gopalakrishnan	 for respondent No. 12 (in C.A. No. 1935 of 1966). 206 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Bachawat	 J. One James Henry Wapshare owned several estates including Naduvattam in the Nilgiris known as the Ouchterlony Valley Estates	 having tea	 coffee	 cardamom and cinchona plantations. He lived in Naduvattam and Ootacamund with his wife Nellie	 daughters Violet and Dorothy and sons James and Edward. In 1927 he formed a limited company known as the Ouchterlony Valley Estates limited	having a share capital of Rs. 15 lakhs and conveyed the estates to the company. All the shares of this company	 sometimes referred to as the "old company" were held by him and the members of his family. The company borrowed Rs. 10 1/2 lakhs from the Imperial Bank of India against the issue of debentures. The loan was secured by a mortgage of the estates under a debenture trust deed dated May 13	 1927 and was repayable on May 15	 1937. In default of payment within November 15	 1937 the trustee under the debenture trust deed was authorised to enter into possession of the estates and sell them. By an agreement dated August 16	 1936 Peirce Leslie & Co. Ltd.	 referred to as the appellant company	 was appointed as the secretary of the old company. On April 15	 1937 the old company was served with a notice. that in default of payment of the loan within November 15	 1937 the trustee for the debenture holders would take possession of the estates and sell them. On May 18	 1937 James Henry Wapshare died leaving behind him his widow and his sons and daughters. In November 1937 after prolonged negotiations between the Wapshares and the appellant company it was settled that the company would purchase all the estates except Naduvattam for Rs. 10 lakhs. On December 29	 1937 formal agreements were executed providing that the old company would convey to the appellant company all the estates except Naduvattam for Rs. 10 1/2 lakhs and the appellant company would convey Naduvattam to Mrs. Nellie Wapshare for Rs. 50	000 and would at the same time advance Rs. 50	000 on the hypothecation of Naduvattam crops. By January 10	 1938 the appellant company paid the entire purchase price and took possession of the estates and the entire dues of the Imperial Bank of India were liquidated. On March 30	 1938 the old company passed a special resolution for its voluntary winding up and appointed Capt. F. Murcutt as its liquidator. The appellant company promoted a new company known as Ouchterlony Valley Estates Ltd.	 for the purpose of acquiring the ' estates. The new company was incorporated on September 5	 1938. Fifty per cent of its shares were held	 by the appellant company. Formal conveyances of the Naduvattam estate in favour of Mrs. Nellie Wapshare and of the other estates in favour of the new company were executed by the old company between January and May 1939. On the execution of the con 207 veyances the new company entered into possession of the estates conveyed to them. 	 As soon as the affairs of the old company were wound. up the liquidator made 	up the final accounts of tile winding up and called the final meetings of the company and its creditors. On or about November 29	 1939 a copy 'of the final accounts and the return of the holding of the meetings were filed with the registrar of joint stock companies and were registered under 'section 209H of the Indian Companies Act	 1913. In view of section 209H(4)	 the old company stood dissolved with effect from March 1	 1940. On December 21	 1950 Mrs. Nellie	 Violet	 Dorothy	 James and Edward Wapshares instituted the present suit against the appellant company	 impleading the appellant company as defendant No. 1	 12 persons said to be its directors and officials as defendants 2 to 13	 Capt. F.A. Murcutt as defendant No. 14	 the new company as defendant No. 15 and the old company as defendant No. 16. The plaintiffs prayed for a decree declaring that the old company had not been wound up in accordance with law and was still in existence as a corporate personality	 a declaration that the old company was the real owner of the aforesaid properties and the new company held them in trust for the old company	 a decree vesting or re transferring the properties to the old company and alternatively to the plaintiffs and accounts. The plaintiffs alleged that the appellant company as the secretary and manager of the old company was bound in a fiduciary character to protect its interest and by availing itself of this character gained pecuniary advantage by purchase of the properties from the old company in 1939	 that the agreement for sale and conveyances in respect thereof were induced by fraud	 fraudulent concealment	 misrepresentation	 undue influence an improper means	 that the new company was controlled by the appellants that all the defendants were privy to the fraud	 that the winding up of the old company was procured by the defendants fraudulently		 that the plaintiffs discovered the fraud in September 1949	 and the plaintiffs were the only shareholders of the old company and as such were entitled to maintain the suit. Defendants 4	 11 and 14 died during the pendency of the suit. The defunct old company impleaded as defendant No. 16 did not appear but the other defendants contested the suit. The Subordinate Judge	 the Nilgiris	 Ootacamund	 dismissed the suit. 	 He held that (1) there was no fiduciary relationship between the appellant and the old company; (2) the impugned agreements and conveyances were not induced by fraud	 fraudulent concealment	 undue influence or improper means and were valid and binding on the old company and the plaintiffs; (3) the suit was barred by limitation; (4) the old company was dissolved in 	accordance with law and was not in existence and (5) the plaintiffs had no locus standi to maintain the suit . The plaintiffs filed an appeal from the decree. The Madras High Court allowed 208 the appeal in part and passed a decree asking the appellant to pay to the plaintiffs Rs 1	50	000. The High Court held that (1) there was a fiduciary relationship between the appellant and the old company	 (2) the appellant by availing itself of its fiduciary character gained a pecuniary advantage of Rs. 1	50	000 and to the extent of this unjust 'enrichment was bound to reimburse the plaintiffs; (3) the suit was not barred by limitation and (4). in spite of the dissolution of the old company the plaintiffs were entitled to maintain the suit. Aggrieved by this decree the appellant company filed C.A. No. 1174 of 1965 and the Wap shares have filed the cross appeal C.A. No. 1935 of 1966 on the strength of certificates granted by the High Court under Act. 133(1)(c) of the Constitution. The following three questions arise in these appeals (1) was there a fiduciary relationship between the appellant and the old company and if so	 did the appellant company by availing themselves of this fiduciary character gain a pecuniary advantage of Rs. 1	50	000. (2) is the suit barred by limitation; and (3) are the plaintiffs as shareholders of the old company entitled to maintain the suit. It is a settled rule of equity that any person bound in a fiduciary character to protect the interests of another person should not put himself in a position where his interest and duty conflict. If by availing himself of his fiduciary character or by entering into any dealings under circumstances in which his interests are 	or may be adverse to those of such other person he gains for himself a pecuniary advantage	 he must hold for the benefit of such other person the advantage so gained	 see Trusts Act	s.88. But there is no rule which incapacitates a trustee from dealing with a cestui que trust. In Coles vs Trecothick(1) Lord Eldon said : "a trustee may buy from the cestui que trust	 provided 'there is 'a distinct and clear contract	 ascertained to be such after a jealous and scrupulous examination of all the circumstances	 proving	 that the cestui que trust intended	 the trustee should buy; and there is no fraud	 no concealment	 no advantage taken	 by 'the trustee of information acquired by him in the character of 'trustee. I admit	 it is a difficult case to make out	 wherever it is contended that the exception prevails. " As stated in Kerr on 	Fraud and Mistake	 6th Ed. page 192 "Thus a trustee for sale may purchase the trust estate	 if the cestui que trust fully and clearly understands with whom he is dealing and makes no objection to the transaction	 and the trustee fairly and honestly (1) 9 Ves. June.234	247;32E.R.592	597. 209 discloses all that he knows respecting the property and gives a just and fair price	 and does not seek to secure surreptitiously any advantage for himself. The onus however	 rests upon the trustee	 and he is bound to produce clear affirmative proof that the parties were at arms ' length	 that the cestui que trust had the fullest information upon all material facts	 and that having this information he agreed to and adopted what was done. " The appellant company was the secretary of the old company	 was in charge of its correspondence and accounts and was actively engaged in assisting it and its shareholders in selling the estates. In course of its employment the appellant acquired intimate knowledge of the income	 prospects and the market value of the properties. We agree with the High Court that the appellant stood in a fiduciary relationship towards the old company and was bound to protect its interests. The appellant entered into an agreement with the old company for the purchase of the properties. It promoted the new company to which the properties were subsequently conveyed. Fifty per cent of the shares of the new company were held by the appellant company and the new company was managed and controlled by it. The onus is upon the appellant company to establish affirmatively that the transaction was righteous and that it did not gain any pecuniary advantage by availing itself of its fiduciary character. We are inclined to think that the appellant company has discharged this difficult burden of proof. Since 1931 the Wapshares were keen on selling the estates. From time to time there were offers from intending buyers but none of them materialized. In 1936 there was a 'slump in tea and coffee prices. There was a possibility that the tea restriction scheme would be abolished and there would be a further slump in tea prices. The old company was indebted to the Imperial Bank of India for Rs. 10 1/2 lakhs against the issue of debentures secured by an English mortgage over all the estates. The Bank was pressing for the payment of its dues. There was every likelihood that in default of payment by November 15	 1937 the trustee for the debenture holders would enter into possession of the estates and sell hem without intervention of court. The old company was not in a position to liquidate the debt without selling the estates	 In April 1937 M/s. Kuruvilla Bros. agreed to purchase the properties. On May 18	 1937 James Henry Wapshare died. In July 1937 the deal with Kuruvilla Bros. fell through. The Wapshares and the old company tried their best to raise loans and for that purpose issued advertisements and contacted several banks and insurance companies but they were unable to raise any loan. In the beginning of November 1937	 210 the Wapshares had before I them a firm offer from Arbuthnot Lathem & Co. for purchase of the estates for Rs. 14 lakhs. But the Wapshares were not willing to sell Naduvattam. The bungalow at Naduvattam was the home of the Wapshare family. Naduvattam was the highest altitudinal estate	 grew the best tea in the area and had a very good name in the London tea market. The appellant had previously offered to buy all the estates	 for Rs. 111/2 lakhs only. The Wapshares wanted the appellant to make an offer which would enable them to retain Naduvattam and at the same time to liquidate the Bank 's dues. At the insistence of the Wapshares interviews were arranged at Calicut on November 4	 and November 6	 1937 between Dorothy and Robert representing the Wapshares and Mr. Thorne representing the appellant. Mr. Thome could not offer more than Rs. 10 lakhs for all the estates excluding Naduvattam. He told the Wapshares that they should accept the	 offer of Arbuthnot Lathem & Co. as they would get Rs. 14 lakhs by selling all the estates. The Wapshares were anxious to retain Naduvattam and were inclined to accept the appellant 's offer. They took some time for consideration and at the same time asked the Arbuthnots for time till	 November 10	 for consideration of their offer. On November 10	 Dorothy sent a telegram to the appellant company informing them that the family was agreeable to their new proposal. The draft agreement was sent by the appellant on November II. In the beginning of November Mrs. Wapshare was ill and was in a hospital in Bangalore. But on November 10	 she was well enough to discuss the appellant 's proposal. On November 12	 she came to Ootacamund and on November 13 she went to her lawyer Gonsalves	 discussed the matter	 with him and gave her consent. Gonsalves was approached to put the bargain in a legal form. He took exception to the draft agreement	 but found the formal agreements to be free from blemish. At a meeting held on November 18	 1937 the shareholders of the company unanimously accepted the proposal. Mrs. Wapshare	 Dorothy	 Robert and Edward were present at the meeting. The meeting was also attended by E.W. Simcock	 chairman of the company	 H. M. Small	 the director	 nominated by the Imperial Bank of India and C. K. Pittock. All the Wapshare 's were sui juris ' Dorothy was a shrewd young lady and the best business brain in the family. The Wapshares knew the value of the properties intimately. They knew that Naduvattam if sold separately would not fetch more than Rs. 2 lakhs. Yet they chose to retain Naduvattam and sell their estates for Rs. 10 lakhs instead of selling all the estates for Rs. 14 lakhs. The reason was that there was no other	 buyer willing to pay more than Rs. 10 lakhs for the other estates. They had decided not to sell Naduvattam and they were satisfied that ft. 10 lakhs was a just and fair price for the other estates sold separately from Naduvattam. The appellant 's offer enabled them 211 to keep Naduvattam and at the same time to liquidate the Bank 's dues. The deal was satisfactory to them in every way. They obtained all necessary legal advice. The documents were in proper legal form. There was no fraud	 no concealment and no undue influence. No advantage was taken by the_ appellant of any information acquired by them in their character as secretary. The Wapshares clearly understood that they were	 dealing with the appellant company	 had the fullest information about all material	 facts and that having this information they agreed to sell. They made no complaint about it for 12 years. Their long acquiescence 'in the sale is evidence that the transaction was fair in all respects	 see Parks vs White(1). On the whole and especially having regard to the long acquiescence we hold that the transaction was just and fair and that the appellant did not gain any pecuniary advantage by availing themselves of their fiduciary character or under 'circumstances in which their interests were in conflict with those of the old company. In saying so we must not be understood to say that we encourage transactions of this type. Having regard to their fiduciary character the appellant company might well have avoided entering into the transaction. The next question is with regard to limitation. The convey ances in favour of the new company were executed on January 14	 1939 and May 15	 1939. Simultaneously with the execution of the conveyances the new company entered into possession of the properties. Even before that date by January 10	 1938 the appellant company had taken possession of the properties. The suit was filed on December 21	 1950 when the Indian Limitation Act	 1908 was in force. The plaintiffs cannot claim relief on the ground of fraud and consequently article 95	 has no application. Section 10 does not apply as the properties are not vested in the new company for the specific purpose of making them over to the old company or to the plaintiffs. Article 144 does not apply for several reasons. In the plaint there is no prayer for recovery of possession. The plaintiffs claim declaratory reliefs	 a decree vesting or re transferring the properties to the old company or to the plaintiffs and accounts. Such a suit is governed by article 120. The High Court passed a decree for money and not for recovery of immovable properties. A suit for such a relief would be governed by article 1 20. Even if the suit is treated as one for recovery of possession of the properties it would be governed by article 120 and not by article 144. The old company could not ask for recovery of the properties until they obtained a reconveyance from the new company '. The cause of action for this relief arose in 1939 when the properties were 11 Ves. June. 209	226; 	1074. 212 conveyed to the new company. A suit for this relief was barred under article 120 on the expiry of six years. After the expiry this period the old company could not file a suit for recovery of possession. In Rani Chhatra Kumari Devi V. Prince Mohan Bikram Shah(1) the Privy Council held that in a case where the property was not held by the trustee for the specific purpose of making it over to the beneficiary 'and the trust did not fall within section 10	 a suit by the beneficiary claiming recovery of possesSion from the trustee was governed by Art 120. Sir George Lowndes said. "The trustee is	 in their Lordships ' opinion	 the owner of the trust property	 the right of the beneficiary being in a proper case to call upon the trustee to convey to him. The enforcement of this right would	 their Lordships think	 be barred after six years under article 120 of. the Limitation Act	 and if the beneficiary has allowed this period to expire without suing	 he cannot afterwards file a possessory suit	 as until conveyance he is not the owner. " It follows that the suit is barred by limitation. The third question relates to the maintainability of the suit. The plaintiffs sued to recover properties belonging to the old company. The company went into voluntary liquidation and was wound up. As already stated the company stood dissolved on March 1	 1940 under section 209H of the Indian Companies Act	 1913. No application was made within 2 years to declare the dissolution to be void under section 243. Apart from s.243 the dissolution might possibly be set aside in a suit on the ground of fraud	 but the plaintiffs failed to establish any fraud affecting the dissolution. The dissolution has put an end to the existence of the company. In these circumstances	 the appellant contends that all the properties and the rights of the old company. if any	 have vested in the Government by escheat or as bona vacantia and the plaintiffs cannot sue for the recovery of its properties. The plaintiffs dispute the right of the Government to take the properties by escheat or as bona vacantia	 and they contend that on the dissolution of the old company	 its assets have now vested in its shareholders. The common law of England recognises the right of the Crown to take property by escheat or as bona vacantia. Escheat proper was the lord 's right of re entry on real property held by a tenant dying intestate without lawful heirs. It was an incident 	of feudal tenure and was based on the want of a tenant to perform the feudal services	 see Halsbury 's Laws of England	 vol. 16	 (1) L.R. 58 I.A. 279. 213 art 830 On the tenant dying intestate without leaving any lawfull heirs his estate came to an end and the lord was in by his own right and not by way of succession or inheritance from the tenant	 see: Attorney General of Ontario vs Andrew F. Mercer(1). In most cases	 the land escheated to the Crown as the lord paramount	 in view of the gradual elimination of intermediate or mesne lords since 1290 The Crown takes as bona vacantia goods in which no one else can claim a property. In Dyke vs Walford(2 ) it was said that "it is the right of the Crown to bona vacantia	 to property which has no other owner. " The right of the Crown to take as bona vacantia extends to personal property of every kind	 see: In re. Wells	 Swinburne Hanham vs Howard(3). Escheat of real property of an intestate dying without heirs was abolished in 1925 and the Crown now takes all his properties as 	bona vacantia. On the dissolution of a company the Crown took its real property by escheat and its personal property as bona) vacantia. Technical escheat of the property of a dissolved company was abolished in 1929 and now under section 354 of the English Companies Act	 1948 all the property and rights of a dissolved company is deemed to be bona vacantia and accordingly belongs to the Crown. The right of the Government to take by escheat ' for want of an heir or successor or as bona vacantia for want of a rightful owner has been recognised in our country for a long time. Statute 16 & 17 Victoriae	 C. 95	 section 27	 an Act to provide for the government of India asserted that "all real and personal estate within the said territories escheating or lapsing for want of an heir or successor	 and all property within the said territories devolving as bona vacantia for want of a rightful owner	 shall (as part of the revenues of India) belong to the East India Company in trust for Her Majesty for the service of the government of India." By section 54 of the Government of India Act	 1858 the existing provision was continued in force and was construed as referring to the Secretary of State in Council in place of the company. Section 20(3) (iii) of the Government of India Act	 1915 provided that the revenues of India received for His Majesty would include "all movable or immovable property in British India escheating or lapsing for want of an heir or successor	 and all property in British India devolving as ' bona vacantia for want of a rightful owner. " Section 174 of the Government of India Act	 1935 provided : "Subject as hereinafter provided	 any property 'in India accruing to His Majesty by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia for want of a rightful owner	 shall	 if it is (1) 8 A.C. 767	 772.(2) ; 	496;13E.R.557	580. (3) [1933] 1 Ch.29	49. 214 property situate in a Province	 vest in His Majesty for the purposes of the government of that Province	 and shall in any other case vest in His Majesty for the purpose of the	 government of the Federation. " Article 296 of the Constitution now provides "Subject as hereinafter provided	 any property in the territory of India which	 if this Constitution had not come into operation		 would have accrued to His Majesty or	 as the case may be	 to the Ruler of an Indian State by escheat or lapse	 or as bona vacantia for want of a rightful owner	 shall if it is property situate in a State	 vest in such State	 and shall	 in any other case	 vest in the Union. " These enactments show that in this country the Government takes by escheat immovable as well as movable property for want of an heir or successor. In this country escheat is not based on artificial rules of common law and is not an incident of feudal tenure. It is an incident of sovereignty and rests on the principle 		of ultimate ownership by the State of all property within its jurisdiction. "Private ownership not existing	 the State must be owner as ultimate lord"	 see: Collector of Masulipatam vs C. Vencata Narainapah(1). The rules of English feudal law relating to mesne lords are not applicable	 and consequently the zamindar could not take by escheat the land of a tenant dying without heirs. The right of escheat belongs to the Government only	 see Ranee Sonet Kowar vs Mirza Himmut Bahadoor(2). The Government has the right to take all property within its jurisdiction by escheat for want of an heir or successor and as bona vacantia for want a a rightful owner	 see : Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Co. V. State of Bombay(")	 Legal Remembrancer vs Corporation of Calcutta (4)	. Consequently the property of an intestate dying without leaving lawful heirs	 and the property of a dissolved corporation passes to the Government by escheat or as bona vacantia. The property taken by escheat or as bona vacantia belongs to the Government	 subject to trusts and charges	 if any	 previously affecting it. As already stated	 technical escheat of the real property of a dissolved company was abolished in England in 1929 and section 354 of the Companies Act 1948 now provides that all property and rights of a dissolved company shall be deemed to be bona vacantia and shall accordingly belong to the Crown. There was no statutory provision like section 354 before 1929. In the absence of such a provision	 the Crown took the real property of a company dissolved before 1929 by escheat 'and its personal property (1) 8 M. I. A. 500	 525. (3) ; 	1146. (2) L.R. 3 I.A. 92	 101. (4) 215 as bona vacantia	 except in so far as its right	 was cut down by statute	 see : In re. Wells(1). Likewise in this country	 the Government	 took by escheat or as bona vacantia all the properties of a company dissolved under the Indian Companies Act	 1913 except in so far as its right was cut down by that Act. P. B. Mukherjee	 J. expressed a similar opinion In re U.N. Mandal 's Estate (2). Accordingly the shareholders or creditors of the dissolved company cannot maintain any action for recovery of its assets. No effective relief can be given in such action	 as the company is ' not a party and the assets cannot be restored to its coffers. On this ground in Coxon vs Gorst(3) an action by creditors for recovery of moneys due to the dissolved company was dismissed	 and in. In re. Lewis & Smart Ltd. (4) it was held that a pending misfeasance summons abated on the dissolution of the company. The plaintiffs ' contention that the properties of a dissolved company passed to its shareholders is based upon American law	 which is stated in American Jurisprudence	 2d	 Corporations	 aft. 1659 thus : "Apart from statutory provisions which frequently embody the following rule also	 the general equitable rule now followed in this country is that upon the dissolution of a corporation	 the property and assets of the corporation constitute a trust fund 'for the benefit of its creditors and stockholders. This rule necessarily displaces and makes obsolete the early common law rules as to the reverter If real estate and the escheat of the personal estate of corporation in such a case	 and practically makes obsolete the doctrine as to the extinguishment of the debts owing by and to the corporation in such cases. Stated in another way	 the rule is that after the dissolution of a corporation	 its property passes to its stockholders subject to the payment of the corporate debts. The inherent jurisdiction of equity over trusts embraces the power to administer the assets of a dissolved coloration. " The subject of dissolution of corporations is discussed in articles 1628 to 1696 of the book. The corporation is dissolved by a judgment of court (article 1645). For the purpose of complete winding up of its affairs	 statutes provide that even after dissolution the corporation shall continue to exist and may sue or be sued for a limited period	 see articles 1662	 1668	 1669	 1671	 1673	 Statutes also provide for appointment of a trustee for the dissolved corporation and their effect is to convert its properties into 'a trust fund and to abrogate the common law rule of escheat	 articles 1676	 1677. The stockholders of the dissolved corporation can accordingly maintain an action against the trustee for distribution (1) 	49.(3) (2) A.T.R. 	 498.(4) 216 of the surplus assets after payment of the debts. of the corporation	 see Bacon vs Robertson (1). The law in our country is very different. Here the winding up precedes the dissolution. There 'is no statutory provision vesting the properties of a dissolved company in a trustee or having the effect of abrogating; the law of escheat. The shareholders or creditors of a dissolved company cannot be regarded as its heirs and successors. On dissolution of a company	 its properties	 if any	 vest in the government. In Coxon vs Gorst(2) page 78 Chitty	 J. summarily rejected the contention that a chose in action vested in a company passed on the dissolution to its creditors. He said : "This supposed vesting in the creditors of the company 's closes in action is a mere fiction with nothing in the statute to support it	 and is in the teeth of the provisions of the statute. follows that the plaintiffs are not entitled to maintain this suit. A question may arise whether the Government takes the pro perty of a dissolved insolvent company subject to a trust for payment of its debts	 see in this connection	 In the matter of Chandbali S.S. Co.	(3) and In Re Wells(4 ) at pages 38 and 50. But that question does not arise in the present case and we express no opinion on it. In the result	 C.A. No. 1174 of 1965 is allowed	 the decree passed by the High Court is set aside and the decree passed by the Trial Court is restored. C.A. No. 1935 of 1966 is dismissed. There will be no order as to costs in this Court and in the High Court. C.A. No. 1174/65 allowed. v.p.s. C.A. No. 1935/66 dismissed. (1) 15 Law ed. (2) (3) 	 284 286.

One W owned several tea	 coffee and other. plantations. In 1927	 he formed a limited company and conveyed his estates to the company. All the shares of the company were held by him and the members of his family. The company borrowed Rs. 10 1/2 lakhs from the Imperial Bank of India 'against the issue of debentures secured by an English mortgage. The loan was repayable on March 15	 1937. In default of payment within November 15	 1937 the trustee under the debenture trust deed was authorised to enter into possession of the estates and sell them. The appellant company was appointed as the secretary of the company. Since 1931	 the family was keen on selling the estates	 but none of the offers materialised. In 1936	 there was a slump in tea and coffee prices and there was a possibility of a further slump. The Bank was pressing for the payment of its dues and the company was not in a position to liquidate the debt without selling the estates. The family 'tried unsuccessfully to raise loans. In the beginning of November 1937	 the family had a firm offer from A.L. & Co. for the purchase of all the estates for Rs. 14 lakhs	 but the family wag anxious to retain one of them. The appellant company offered Rs. 10 lakhs for all the estates excluding the estate which the family wanted to retain. The family knew that this estate	 if sold separately	 would not fetch more	 than Rs. 2 lakhs and yet they chose to retain it and to accept the appellant 's offer. At a meeting all the shareholders (members of the family) unanimously accepted the	 proposal. There all sui juris and had business acumen. They knew the value of he properties and accepted Rs. 10 lakhs as a just and fair price. The offer enabled them to retain the estate which they wanted to retain and at the same time enabled them to liquidate the Bank 's dues. They had legal advice and the documents were in proper legal form. The meeting was also attended by the chairman of the company and the director nominated by the Imperial Bank. After the transfer	 the company went into voluntary liquidation and it stood dissolved on March 1	 1940	 under section 209 H of the Companies Act	 1913. The appellant took possession of the properties on January 10	 1938 and promoted a new company to which the properties were transferred by conveyances dated January 14	 1939 and May 15	 1939 50 % of the shares of the new company were held by the appellant company which managed and controlled the new company. The members of the family made no complaint about 'the transaction for 12 years	 but	 on December 21	 1950	 they instituted a suit against the appellant and others alleging that the old company had not been wound up in accordance with law and was still in existence	 that the old company was the real owner of the properties and the new company held them in trust for the old 204 company	 that the appellant took advantage of its fiduciary capacity and gained pecuniary advantage and that the various sales and conveyances were vitiated by fraud	 and prayed for 'a decree vesting or retransferring the properties to the old company or the family. The trial court dismissed the suit	 but the appeal to the High Court was allowed in part. In appeal to this Court	 on the	 questions : (1) (a) Whether there was a fiduciary relationship between the appellant and the old company	 and (b) Whether the appellant gained a pecuniary advantage by availing itself of the fiduciary character; (2) Whether the suit was barred by limitation; and (3) Whether the members of the family as shareholders of the old company were entitled to maintain the suit	 HELD : (1) (a) The appellant company was the secretary of the old company	 was in charge of its correspondence and accounts and was actively engaged in assisting it and its share holders in selling the estates. In the course of such employment it acquired intimate knowledge of the income	 prospects and market value of the properties. Therefore	 the appellant stood in a fiduciary relationship towards the old company and was bound to protect its interests. Having regard to its fiduciary character	 the appellant should have avoided entering into the transaction. [209 B D; 211 D] (b) But	 there is no rule	 which incapacitates a trustee from dealing with a cestui que trust	 provided there was no fraud and no advantage was taken by the trustee of any information acquired by him in the character of a trustee. The onus	 however	 is upon the trustee to establish affirmatively that the transaction was righteous and that he did not gain any pecuniary advantage by availing himself of his fiduciary character. in the present case	 the appellant had discharged this difficult onus. The transaction was just and fair and the appellant did not gain any pecuniary advan tage by availing itself of its fiduciary character	 nor was there any conflict between its own interests and those of the old company. 	 No advantage was taken by the appellant of any information acquired by it in its character as secretary and	 the circumstances 	how that there was no fraud	 no concealment and no undue influence. The long acquiescence of the members of the family in the sale is also evidence that the transaction was fair in all respects. E; 211 E D] Coles vs Trecothick	 ; 	 247; ; 	 597 and Parks vs White	 	 226; 	 1074	 applied (2) The suit was barred by limitation. [212 D] A suit by a beneficiary	 claiming recovery of possession from the trustee is governed by article 120 of the Limitation Act	 1908. The plaintiffs had not established fraud and consequently article 95 of the Limitation Act has no application. Section 10 of the Act also does not apply	 because	 the properties were not vested in the new company for the specific purpose of making them over to the old company or to the plaintiffs. In the plaint there was no prayer for recovery of possession. The old company could not ask for recovery of the properties until they obtained a reconveyance from the new company. The suit is not there fore governed by article 144 of the Limitation Act and since the ' period under article 120 is 6 years from the date of cause of action and the cause of action in the present case arose in 1939 when the conveyances were executed	 the suit was barred. [211 F H] 205 Rani Chhatra Kumari Devi vs Prince Mohan Bikram Shah	 L.R. 58 I.A. 279	 applied. (3) The plaintiffs were not entitled to maintain the suit. [216 C] As the plaintiffs failed to establish any fraud affecting the dissolution of the company	 the dissolution has put an	 end to its existence. On the dissolution of the company	 its properties	 if any	 Vested in the Government The right of the Government to take by escheat for want of an heir or successor or as bona vacantia for want of a rightful owner has been recognised in our country. The various Government of India Acts and the Constitution show that the Government takes by escheat immovable as well as movable property for want of an heir or successor. It is an incident of sovereignty and rests on the principle of ultimate ownership by the State of all property within its jurisdiction. Unlike the law in the United States	 winding up 'under the Indian Law precedes dissolution and there is no statutory provision vesting the properties of a dissolved company in a trustee or having the effect of abrogating the law of escheat. The shareholders or creditors of a dissolved company cannot be regarded as its heirs or successors. Therefore	 the Government took by escheat or as bona vacantia all properties of a company dissolved under the	 Indian Companies Act	. 1913	 except in so far as its right was cut down by that Act. Accordingly	 the shareholders or creditors of the dissolved company cannot maintain arty action for recovery of its assets As the company was not a party and the assets could not be restored to its coffers	 no effective relief could be given in such an action. D E; 214 C D	 F; 215 B C; 216 A B] Collector of Masulipatam vs C. Vencata Narainapah	 8 M.I.A. 500	 525	 in re. Wells 	 49	 Coxon vs Gorst	 and In re. Lewis and Smart Ltd. 	 applied. Bombay Deying and Manufacturing Co. vs State of Bombay	 ; 	 1146 and Legal Remembrancer vs Corporation of Calcutta; 	 	 204	 followed. In re. U. N. Mandal 's Estate	 A.I.R. 1959 Cal. 493	 498	 approved.