Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal No. 300 of 58. A. N. Sinha	 N. H. Hingorani and P. K. Mukherjee	 for the appellants. C. K. Daphtary	 Solicitor General of India	 R. Ganpathy Iyer and R. H. Dhebar	 for respondent No. 1. C. K. Daphtary	 Solicitor General of India and K. L. Hathi	 for respondent No. 3. 1961 December 13. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKAR	 J. This appeal raises certain questions as to the validity of an order made under section 36 of the 	 sanctioning the transfer of its life insurance business by one insurance company to another. The appellants had challenged that order by a petition field under article 226 of the Constitution in the High Court of Punjab. The High Court having dismissed the petition they have come to this Court in appeal. There are three appellants	 one of whom is a shareholder of the transferor company	 another a policy holder in it and the third	 one of its agents who claims to have become entitled under the to receive from it commission on renewal premiums paid on life insurance business 132 introduced by him. They complain that their respective rights have been adversely and illegally affected by the sanction. The transferor company is the India Equitable Insurance Company Ltd. and the transferee company	 the Area Insurance Company Ltd. Under the transfer all the life insurance business including liabilities issued and all the life fund of the transferor company were taken over by the transferee company. It is said and perhaps that is the correct position that as a result of the transfer all the transferor company would vest in the transferee company and the transferor company would really become defunct. The first point argued by Mr. Sinha for the appellants is that the transfer offends sections 10 and 12 of the Companies Act. The Companies Act with which we are concerned	 is the Companies Act of 1913 as it stood in 1954. Section 10 of the Companies Act provides that a company shall not alter the conditions contained in its memorandum except as provided in that Act. Section 12 states that a company may by special resolution alter the provisions of its memorandum with respect to its objects but that the alteration shall not take effect until it is confirmed by court on petition. The contention of the learned Advocate is that the arrangement of transfer really amounts to abandonment of the business of the transferor company and therefore to an alteration of its memorandum without following the procedure laid down in section 12 and this cannot be done. The obvious answer to this contention is that the transfer does not effect any alteration in the memorandum of the transferor company. Clause 3(27) of the memorandum of the transferor company gives it the power to sell its undertaking. The transfer in this case is an exercise of this power and hence within the objects of the company. An exercise by a company of a 133 power given by its memorandum cannot amount to an alteration of the memorandum at all. It is then said that clause only authorised a sale and that a sale is a transfer for a consideration. It is contended that in the present case there was no consideration moving from the transferee company and	 therefore	 the transfer was not by way of a sale. This	 it is contended	 was	 therefore	 a transfer without any power in that regard in the memorandum and hence in substance amounts to unauthorised alteration of it. We were referred to various balance sheets and other figures in support of this contention. This point as to want of consideration was not taken in the petition and the High Court did not permit it to be raised. We have	 therefore	 to proceed on the basis that the transfer was a sale. We wish however to make it clear that we are not deciding what is enough consideration for a sale	 nor whether a transfer not authorised by the memorandum would amount to an alteration of the memorandum. What we have said furnishes enough answer to the contention raised. Mr. Sinha then contends that the result of the transfer was a virtual winding up and that it was not one of the corporate objects of a company to wind it up. The contention was that the winding up could be effected only under the provisions of the Companies Act. We were referred to Bisgood vs Henderson 's Transvaal Estates Ltd(1) as authority for this proposition. We think	 this contention is misconceived. What was done in this case was done under the provisions of the and not by way of carrying out a corporate object of the transferor company. Now	 section 117 of the provides that nothing in that Act would affect the liability of an insurance company to comply with the provisions of the Indian Companies Act	 in matters not otherwise specifically provided for by it. Section 36	 of the 	 which has for the present purpose to be read with section 35 of that 134 Act	 makes certain specific provisions which	 as we shall presently show	 override the provisions of the Companies Act. The objection based on Bisgood 's case(1) is ill founded. There a company was sought virtually to be wound up and its assets distributed in purported exercise of a power to sell the undertaking and other cognate powers contained in its memorandum of association	 and this the Court said could not be done as it would make the provisions for winding up in the Companies Act ineffective. In the present case the thing has been done under express statutory power. No question here arises of a corporate power in the sense it arose in Bisgood 's case (1). Further there is not here	 as there was in Bisgood 's case (1)	 a distribution of the assets of the transferor company after its undertaking had been transferred. Hence we have here no winding up really. The next contention of Mr. Sinha is that the arrangement for the transfer had been made by the directors and the directors had no power in view of section 86H of the Companies Act	 to transfer the undertaking of the company. That section gave the directors power to transfer the undertaking with the consent of the company in a general meeting. In the present case	 what had happened was that an agreement between the two companies for the purpose of the transfer had been made by the directors and it was subsequently approved by the shareholders of the transferor company at a general meeting by about 82 per cent	 majority. It was after such approval that the transfer had been sanctioned under section 36 of the 	 and may be	 though we do not have this on the record	 the transfer was effected by proper documents executed between the companies. An agreement only to transfer the undertaking by the directors clearly does not violate section 86H for it is merely 135 tentative subject to final approval by the Company in general meeting. This we think is by itself sufficient answer to Mr. Sinha 's present contention. Mr. Sinha however says that the approval by the Company at its general meeting was of no use because the defect in the original agreement	 namely	 that the directors had no power to transfer in view of section 86H	 was not pointed out at that meeting to the shareholders. It is somewhat difficult to appreciate this point. There was no defect in the directors ' making the agreement to transfer; such agreement did not effect the transfer. Even assuming that the agreement was beyond the power of the directors	 it cannot be said that the approval of it by the shareholders had been without any knowledge of the defect. The defect was of the want of the directors ' power to transfer in view of the provisions of section 86H of which the shareholders cannot be heard to deny knowledge. The case of Permila Devi vs Peoples Bank of Northern India Ltd.(1) on which Mr. Sinha relied for the present purpose is of no assistance to him. There certain shares had been illegally forfeited but it was contended that the shareholders had ratified the forfeiture. It was held that the ratification	 if any	 was of no use because it had not been shown that the attention of the shareholders and creditors had been drawn to the illegality which depended on facts of which no knowledge by the shareholders could be presumed. In the present case	 the defect	 if any	 arose from a statutory provision itself of which the shareholders must be deemed to have had knowledge. Mr. Sinha then says that the transfer was bad as it involved a reduction of share capital of the transferor company. His point is that as all the assets were gone there was necessarily a reduction of its share capital. He says that a reduction of share capital can be effected only as provided in section 55 and the succeeding sections of the Companies Act. This contention is	 in our view	 wholly 136 misconceived. Reduction of share capital under these sections	 is not brought about by loss of assets. A bare perusal of the sections	 we think	 is enough to establish that. The disappearance of the assets of the Company	 for whatever reason	 does not cause a reduction of the share capital. Another point raised by Mr. Sinha is that the transfer was bad it offended section 44 of the . Under that section certain insurance agents have been given certain rights against their employer companies to receive commission in respect of renewal premiums paid. We will assume for the present purpose that the petitioner who is an agent	 had acquire such a right against the transferor company under section 44. We do not however see that such rights are in any way affected by the transfer. The right of the petitioner agent against the Company remains. It may be that he cannot realise the amount due	 by enforcing that right because the transferor company has no assets left after the transfer out of which to pay the commission. But section 44 does not say that an insurance company shall not be entitled lawfully to deal with its assets where the effect of such dealing might be that nothing is left out of which the agents can be paid their commission. Further	 more it has to be remembered that what has been done in this case has been done under the same Act. Section 36 of the does not say that a transfer shall not be sanctioned if the effect of it is to leave no assets with the transferor company. Reading the two sections together	 as we must do	 it is not possible to take the view that transfer cannot be sanctioned under section 36 if the result of that is to denude the transfer or company of all its assets out of which an agent can be paid his commission. A further point is based on article 14 of the Constitution. It is said that there were other insurance companies in the same insolvent position 137 as the transferor company and that the policy holders of the latter company alone were being made to suffer. It may be stated here that the transfer involved a condition affecting slightly adversely the rights of the policy holders. It does not seem to us however that any question of discrimination arises in the present case. The transfer was sanctioned with the assent of the shareholders of the two companies concerned. The sanction was given after the policy holders of the transferor company were heard. Again	 section 36 of the applies to the insurance companies where the companies in general meeting agree to a transfer. No action under section 36 can be taken except on the initiative of the companies concerned. It is done in the best interests of the policy holders. Then it is argued that the terms of sections 35 and 36 had not been complied with. It is necessary now to be set out the relevant portions of the sections and some of the facts of this case. section 35. (1) No life insurance business of an insurer specified in sub clause (a)(ii) or sub clause (b) of clause (9) of section 2 shall be transferred to any person or transferred to or amalgamated with the life insurance business of any other insurer except in accordance with a scheme prepared under this section and sanctioned by the Controller. (2) Any scheme prepared under this section shall set out the agreement under which the transfer or amalgamation is proposed to be effected	 and shall contain such further provisions may be necessary for giving effect to the scheme. (3) Before an application is made to the Controller to sanction any such scheme	 notice of the intention to make the application together with a statement of the nature of 138 the amalgamation or transfer	 as the case may be	 and of the reason therefor shall	 at least two months before the application is made	 be sent to the Controller and certified copies	 four in number	 of each of the following documents shall be furnished to the Controller	 and other such copies shall during the two months aforesaid be kept open for the inspection of the members and policy holders at the principal and branch offices and chief agencies of the insurers concerned	 namely. [Here certain documents are specified. ] section 36. (1) When any application such as is referred to in sub section (3) of section 35 is made to the Controller	 the controller shall if for special reasons he so directs	 notice cause	 of the application to be sent to every person resident in India who is the holder of a policy of any insurer concerned and shall cause statement of the nature and terms of the amalgamation or transfer	 as the case may be	 to be published in such manner and for such period as he may direct and after	 hearing the directors and such policy holders as apply to be heard any other persons whom he considers entitled to be heard	 may sanction the arrangement	 if he is satisfied that no sufficient objection to the arrangement has been established and shall make such consequential orders as are necessary to give effect to the arrangement	 including orders as to the disposal of any deposit made under section 7 or section 98: It would appear from the terms of section 35 (3) that it contemplates the following steps: (a) A notice of the intention to make an application to the Controller of Insurance for sanction of the transfer has to be given to him. 139 (b) Thereafter	 together with the notice	 certain specified documents have to be kept open for the inspection of the shareholders for two months. (c) After the expiry of the period of two months	 an application has to be made to the controller of insurance for sanction of the transfer. Now	 what had happened in this case was that the notice contemplated by section 35 (3) was given on July 27	 1951	 and the necessary documents were kept open for inspection. Before the application to the Controller was made	 the directors of the companies were in touch with the Controller in regard to the proposed transfer and the latter suggested various modifications in the proposed scheme which was one of the documents which had to be kept open for the inspection of the shareholders. On October 30	 1951	 an application to sanction the transfer was made under section 35 (3) of Subsequently	 also further modifications were suggested by the Controller. On July 28	 1952	 the transferor company in its general meeting considered the suggestions of the Controller and approved of the scheme with certain modifications	 to the details of which it is not necessary to refer. The scheme so modified contained the following clause: CL. 16. That this arrangement is conditional upon the sanction on a subsequent date either with or without any modification of the terms hereof imposed or approved by the Controller and accepted by the parties here to and subject as aforesaid	 the provisions as mentioned herein shall be operative on and from the thirty first of December 1950. It was this scheme which was approved by the Company in its general meeting by the following resolution: "Read	 considered and thoroughly discussed the proposed scheme of transfer. and resolved 140 that the proposed transfer. having been found to be arranged by the directors of the Company in the best interests of the Policy holders	 the same be and are hereby approved and confirmed	 and resolved further that the directors be and are hereby authorised to make and accept further modifications and alterations in the scheme if any suggested by the Controller of Insurance. " It appears that certain further modifications in the scheme were thereafter made. The Controller directed notice to be issued to all policy holders giving them full information of the scheme and fixed a date for hearing. All policy holders desiring to be heard	 were heard. Before however the Controller passed his order sanctioning the scheme	 the petition	 out of which this appeal arises was filed on February 13	 1954. Apparently	 on this date further hearing of the matter by the Controller was pending. On March 8	 1954	 the controller gave his sanction to the scheme as modified. Thereafter	 the petitioners on May 14	 1954	 filed a supplementary petition asking for writ quashing the order	 the first petition having only for asked a writ to quash the proceeding then pending before the Controller. Mr. Sinha points out and in this he is right that after notice under section 35 (3) had been issued	 the scheme of transfer had been modified and it was such modified scheme that was sanctioned by the Controller. Mr. Sinha 's point is that under section 36 the Controller could only sanction the scheme of which notice had been given under section 35. He	 therefore	 contends that the sanction granted by the Controller in this case was not in terms of the section and hence a nullity. The learned Solicitor General appearing to oppose the appeal contends that on a proper construction of the sections the Controller had power to sanction a scheme modified after notice under section 35 (3) had been issued. It is however unnecessary in this case to decide the question so raised. 141 We will resume for the present purpose that under section 36 (1) only the scheme of transfer in respect of which notice under section 35 (3) had been given could be sanctioned and not a modified version of it. The scheme and the resolution of the shareholders of the transferor company approving it	 however both provided for its modification later at the suggestion of the Controller and gave power to the directors to accept the modifications on behalf of the Company. The modifications were pursuant to the terms of the scheme as approved by the share holders of the transferor Company. Therefore	 in substance	 it was the scheme of which notice had been given under section 35 (3) which was sanctioned. A similar view was taken in England in regard to sections 153 and 154 of the English Companies Act	 1929. Those sections dealt with compromises with creditors and for reconstruction and amalgamation of companies. These could be effected by an order of court after the relative scheme had been approved by the companies or creditors concerned. It was generally felt that the court could either sanction the scheme approved by the shareholders or reject it but had no power to modify it. The contention of Mr. Sinha in the present case it will be remembered	 is substantially the same. To remove the doubt as to the power to modify the scheme after it had been approved by the share holders of the companies concerned	 the author of Palmer 's Company Precedents appears to have recommended the device of inserting in the scheme a clause giving power to the court to modify the scheme and the directors to accept the modification. In the 16th Edition of this well known book the following passage appears at p. 844	 "It is more than doubtful whether	 if a particular scheme is agreed to at a general meeting of creditors	 the court can sanction 142 that scheme with modifications	 unless there is some provision in the scheme providing for possible modifications. In cases whether has no such provision	 and some modification has been thought expedient	 the court has required the calling of a second meeting to consider the scheme as modified; but to avoid this inconvenience it has for some time past been usual to insert in schemes a clause (originated by the author) expressly empowering the liquidator to assent to any modifications or conditions approved or imposed by the court	 and this provision was approved by Chitty J. in Dominion of Canada	 etc. Co.	 and has frequently been acted on. This practice seems to have obtained approval in our country to : see Mihirendrakishore Datta vs Brahmanbaria Loan Company Ltd.	 (1) turning on section 153 of the Companies Act	 1913	 which corresponded to the sections of the English Act earlier mentioned. Mr. Sinha contends that the authorities on the Companies Act earlier referred to had no application to the present case. He says that the sections of the Companies Acts on which these authorities turned were not pari materia with sections 35 and 36 of the . His contention is that the object of these sections of the was to protect the shareholders and policy holders of the Company and that they would be deprived of that protection if a scheme modified subsequently to the issue of the notice under section 35 (3) could be sanctioned. We do not think that this contention is well founded. So far as the policy holders are concerned	 they have nothing to do with the approval of the scheme. The scheme of transfer was agreed to between the shareholders of the companies concerned in the deal. Assume	 as Mr. Sinha says	 that under the 	 as it is under the 143 the Companies Act	 it is the shareholders who must agree to the scheme. In the cases falling under the Companies Act	 it is for protecting the shareholders that it has been held that the court cannot modify the scheme unless the scheme itself gives the court the power to do so. On the assumption made we think it perfectly clear that the position under the is the same. If Mr. Sinha is wrong and under the it is not for the shareholders to sanction the scheme	 then there would be less reason for saying that what could be done under the Companies Act	 cannot be done under the . The intention of sections 35 and 36 of the would on the basis of Mr. Sinha 's contention	 be to protect the shareholders from having to accept a scheme to which they have not agreed. Such protection however may be given up by shareholders by inserting in the scheme approved by them	 a clause empowering the directors to modify it. So far as the policy holders are concerned	 their protection is left in the hands of the controller. That is the policy of the and	 hence	 the Controller hears them. In the present case	 he actually heard policy holders. Therefore it does not seem to us that it can be contended with substance that sections 35 and 36 of the are not pari materia with the sections of the Companies Act to which we have earlier referred. The last point of Mr. Sinha must also fail. The result is that this appeal must be dismissed with costs and we order accordingly. There will be one set of hearing costs.

In an application under article 226 of the Constitution	 to challenge the validity of the transfer of a life insurance company 's business to another company under section 36 of the : ^ Held	 the transfer though it brought about an abandonment of the business of the company was not bad as resulting in an alteration of the memorandum of the company without recourse to section 12 of the Indian Companies Act	 1913. The Company 's memorandum of association contained a power to sell its undertaking and an exercise of that power does not amount to alteration of the memorandum. The transfer was not a winding up of the company without following the procedure laid down in the Companies Act and hence invalid. It was effected under the provisions of the . Bisgood vs Hendersons Transval Estate	 	 distinguished. An agreement by the directors of a company to transfer its undertaking subject to confirmation by the company in general meeting did not offend section 86H of the Companies Act. Section 55 and the connected sections of the Companies Act do not contemplate reduction of share capital brought about by loss of assets and loss of assets does not amount to reduction of share capital. Section 44 of the does not prevent an insurance company from dealing with its assets though as a result thereof no asset was left out of which the agents of the company might be paid commission to which they are entitled under the . 131 Section 36 of the does not offend article 14 of the Constitution. That section applies to all insurance companies which in general meeting agree to a transfer. Even if it is assumed that under section 36 (1) of the only that scheme of transfer of which notice under section 35 (3) of the Act had been given could be sanctioned and not a modified version of it	 there would be power to sanction a modified version where the scheme itself or the resolution of the company approving of it	 gave power to the directors to accept modifications of that scheme on behalf of the company suggested by the controller of Insurance before final sanction by him. Mihirendrakishore Datta vs Brahmanbaria Loan Co.	 Cal. 913	 referred to.