Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 428 of 1959. Appeal from the judgment and order dated February 25	 1959	 of the Punjab High Court (Circuit Bench) at Delhi in Letters Patent Appeal No. 47 D of 1955	 arising out of the judgment and order dated November 28	 1955 of the said High Court in Writ Petition No. 306 D of 1954. N. C. Chatterjee	 J. B. Dadachanji	 section N. Andley	 Rameshwar Nath and P. L. Vohra	 for the appellant. C. K. Daphtary. Solicitor General of India	 R. Gapapathy Iyer	 R. H. Dhebar and T. M. Sen	 for respondents Nos. 1 & 2. G. section Pathak	 section section Shukla and Mrs. E. Udayaratnam	 for respondent No. 3. 1960. January 19. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by WANCHOO J. This appeal upon a certificate granted by the Punjab High Court raises the question whether an order of the Central Government under r. 54 of the Mineral Concession Rules	 1949	 (hereinafter called the Rules) framed under section 6 of the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act	 No. 53 of 1941	 (hereinafter called the Act) is quasi judicial or administrative. The brief facts necessary for this purpose are these. The appellant was granted a mining lease by the then Ruler of Gangpur State on December 30	 1947	 shortly before the merger of that State with the State of Orissa on January 1	 1948. This lease was annulled on June 29	 1949. Thereafter the appellant was granted certificates of approval in respect of prospecting licences and mining leases. Eventually	 the appellant applied on December 19	 1949	 for mining leases for manganese in respect of five areas in the district of Sundergarh (Orissa). He was asked on July 4	 1950	 to submit a separate 777 application for each area which he did on July 27	 1950. Some defects were pointed out in these applications and therefore the appellant submitted fresh applications on September 6	 1950	 after removing the defects. In the meantime	 the third respondent also made applications for mining leases for manganese for the same area on July 10	 1950. These applications were not accompanied by the deposit required under r. 29 of the Rules. Consequently	 the third respondent was asked on July 24	 1950	 to deposit a sum of Rs. 500	 which it did on August 3	 1950. It was then found that the third respondent 's applications were defective. It was therefore asked on September 5	 1950	 to send a separate application in the prescribed form for each block and thereupon it submitted fresh applications on September 6	 1950. Eventually	 on December 22	 1952	 the State of Orissa granted the mining leases of the five areas to the appellant taking into account r. 32 of the Rules	 which prescribed priority. It was held that the appellant 's applications were prior and therefore the leases were granted to him. Thereafter on April 21	 1953	 possession of the areas leased was delivered to the appellant. It seems	 however	 that the third respondent had applied for review to the Central Government under r. 52 of the Rules. This review application was allowed by the Central Government on January 28	 1954	 and the Government of Orissa was directed to grant a mining lease to the third respondent with respect to two out of the five areas. The appellant 's complaint is that he came to know in February	 1954	 that the third respondent had applied to the Central Government under r. 52 for review. He thereupon addressed a letter to the Central Government praying that he might be given a hearing before any order was passed on the review application. He was	 however	 informed on July 5	 1955	 by the Government of Orissa of the order passed by the Central Government on January 28	 1954	 by which the lease granted to him by the State of Orissa with respect to two areas was cancelled. Consequently	 he made an application under article 226 of the 778 Constitution to the Punjab High Court praying for quashing the order of January 28	 1954	 on the ground that it was a quasi judicial order and the rules of natural justice had not been followed inasmuch as he had not been given a hearing before the review application was allowed by the Central Government	 thus affecting his rights to the lease granted by the State of Orissa. The writ petition was heard by a learned Single Judge of the High Court and it was held that the order was not a quasi judicial order but merely an administrative one and that there being no lis	 the appellant was not entitled to a hearing. In the result	 the writ petition failed. The appellant went up in Letters Patent Appeal to a Division Bench of the High Court	 which upheld the order of the learned Single Judge. The appellant then applied for a certificate to permit him to appeal to this Court which was granted; and that is how the matter has come up before us. Shri N. C. Chatterji appearing on behalf of the appellant contends that the Central Government was acting in a quasi judicial capacity when it passed the order under r. 54 of the Rules and therefore it was incumbent upon it to hear the appellant before deciding the review application	 and inasmuch as it did not do so it contravened the principles of natural justice which apply in such a case and the order is liable to be quashed. In support of this	 learned counsel relies on Nagendra Nath Bora and another vs The Commissioner of Hills Division and Appeals	 Assam and others (1)	 and submits that rr. 52 to 55 of the Rules which are relevant for the purpose clearly show that the proceeding before the Central Government is a quasi judicial proceeding in view of the following circumstances appearing from these rules: (1) Rule 52 gives a statutory right to any person aggrieved by an order of the State Government to apply for review in case of refusal of a mining lease; (2) It also prescribes a period of limitation	 namely	 two months; (3) Rule 53 prescribes a fee for an application under r. 52. These circumstances taken with the circumstance that a lis is (1) ; 779 created as soon as a person aggrieved by an order is given the right to go up in review against another person in whose favour the order has been passed by the State Government show that the proceeding before the Central Government at any rate at the stage Of review is quasi judicial to which rules of natural justice apply. Mr. G. section Pathak appearing for the third respondent on the other hand contends that the view taken by the High Court is correct and that the order of January 28	 1954	 is a mere administrative order and therefore it was not necessary for the Central Government to hear either party before passing that order. He points out that the minerals	 for mining which the lease is granted under the Rules	 are the property of the State. No person applying for a mining lease of such minerals has any right to the grant of the lease. According to him	 the right will only arise after the lease has been granted by the State Government and the review application	 if any	 has been decided by the Central Government. He submits that even under r. 32	 which deals with priority the State Government is not bound to grant the lease to the person who applies first and it can for any special reason and with the prior approval of the Central Government grant it to a person who applies later. His contention further is that as at the earlier stage when the grant is made by the State Government the order granting the lease is a mere administrative order as it must be in these circumstances (he asserts) 	 the order passed on review by the Central Government must also partake of the same nature. In order to decide between these rival contentions it is useful to refer to rules 52 to 55 which fall for consideration in this case. These are the rules as they existed up to 1953. Since then we are told there have been amendments and even the Act has been replaced by the . We are	 however	 not concerned with the Rules as modified after January 1954 or with the Act of 1957. Rule 52 inter alia provides that any person aggrieved by an order of the 780 State Government refusing to grant a mining lease may within two months of the date of such order apply to the Central Government for reviewing the same. Rule 53 prescribes a fee. Rule 54 may be quoted in extenso	 " Upon receipt of such application	 the Central Government may	 if it thinks fit	 call for the relevant records and other information from the State Government and after considering any explanation that may be offered by the State Government	 cancel the order of the State Government or revise it in such manner as the Central Government may deem just and proper. " Rule 55 then says that the order of the Central Government under r. 54	 and subject only to such order	 any order of the State Government under these rules shall be final. This Court had occasion to consider the nature of the two kinds of acts	 namely	 judicial which includes quasi judicial and administrative	 a number of times. In Province of Bombay vs Kushaldas section Advani (1)	 it adopted the celebrated definition of a quasi judicial body given by Atkin L. J. in R. vs Electricity Commissioners (2)	 which is as follows: " Whenever any body of persons having legal authority to determine questions affecting rights of subjects	 and having the duty to act judicially act in excess of their legal authority they are subject to the controlling jurisdiction of the King 's Bench Division exercised in these writs. " This definition insists on three requisites each of which must be fulfilled in order that the act of the body may be a quasi judicial act	 namely	 that the body of persons (1) must have legal authority	 (2) to determine questions affecting the rights of subjects	 and (3) must have the duty to act judicially. After analysing the various cases	 Das J. (as he then was) laid down the following principles as deducible therefrom in Kushaldas section Advani 's case (1)at p. 725 : " (i) That	 if a statute empowers an authority	 not being a Court in the ordinary sense	 to decide (1) ; (2) 781 disputes arising out of a claim made by any party under the statute which claim is opposed by another party and to determine ' the respective rights of the contesting parties who are opposed to each other	 there is a lis and prima facie and in the absence of anything in the statute to the contrary it is the duty of the authority to act judicially and the decision of the authority is a quasi judicial act; and (ii) that if a statutory authority has power to do any act which will prejudicially affect the subject	 then	 although there are not two parties apart from the authority and the contest is between the authority proposing to do the act and the subject opposing it	 the final determination of the authority will yet be a quasi judicial act provided the authority is required by the statute to act judicially. " It is on these principles which are now well settled that we have to see whether the Central Government when acting under r. 54 is acting in a quasi judicial capacity or otherwise. It is not necessary for present purposes to decide whether State Government when it grants a lease is acting merely administratively. We shall assume that the order of the State Government granting a lease under the Rules is an administrative order. We have	 however	 to see what the position is after the State Government has granted a lease to one of the applicants before it and has refused the lease to others. Mr. Pathak contends that even in such a situation there is no right in favour of the person to whom the lease has been granted by the State Government till the Central Government has passed an order on a review application if any. Rule 55	 however	 makes clear that the order of the State Government is final subject to any order by the Central Government under r. 54. Now when a lease is granted by the State Government	 it is quite possible that there may be no application for review by those whose applications have been refused. In such a case the order of the State Government would be final. It would not therefore be in our opinion right to say that no right of any kind is created in favour of a person to whom the lease is 782 granted by the State Government. The matter would be different if the order of the State Government were not to be effective until confirmation by the Central Government; for in that case no right would arise until the confirmation was received from the Central Government. But r. 54 does not provide for confirmation by the Central Government. It gives power to the Central Government to act only when there is an application for review before it under r. 54. That is why we have not accepted Mr. Pathak 's argument that in substance the State Government 's order becomes effective only after it is confirmed; r. 54 does not support this. We have not found any provision in the Rules or in the Act which gives any power to the Central Government to review suo motu the order of the State Government granting a lease. That some kind of right is created on the passing of an order granting a lease is clear from the facts of this case also. The order granting the lease was made in December 1952. In April 1953 the appellant was put in possession of the areas granted to him and actually worked them thereafter. At any rate	 when the statutory rule grants a right to any party aggrieved to make a review application to the Central Government it certainly follows that the person in whose favour the order is made has also a right to represent his case before the authority to whom the review application is made. It is in the circumstances apparent that as soon as r. 52 gives a right to an aggrieved party to apply for review a lis is created between him and the party in whose favour the grant has been made. Unless therefore there is anything in the statute to the contrary it will be the duty of the authority to act judicially and its decision would be a quasi judicial act. The next question is whether there is anything in the Rules which negatives the duty to act judicially by the reviewing authority. Mr. Pathak urges that r. 54 gives full power to the Central Government to act as it may deem I just and proper ' and that it is not bound even to call for the relevant records and other information from		 the State Government before deciding an application for review. That is undoubtedly 783 so. But that in our opinion does not show that the statutory Rules negative the duty to act judicially. What the Rules require is that the Central Government should act justly and properly; and that is what an authority which is required to act judicially must do. The fact that the Central Government is not bound even to call for records again does not negative the duty cast upon it to act judicially	 for even courts have the power to dismiss appeals without calling for records. Thus r. 54	 lays down nothing to the contrary. We are therefore of opinion that there is prima facie a lis in this case as between the person to whom the lease has been granted and the person who is aggrieved by the refusal and therefore Prima facie it is the duty of the authority which has to review the matter to act judicially and there is nothing in r. 54 to the contrary. It must therefore be held that on the Rules and the Act	 as they stood at the relevant time	 the Central Government was acting in a quasi judicial capacity while deciding an application under r. 54. As such it was incumbent upon it before coming to a decision to give a reasonable opportunity to the appellant	 who was the other party in the review application whose rights were being affected	 to represent his case. In as much as this was not done	 the appellant is entitled to ask us to issue a writ in the nature of certiorari quashing the order of January 28	1954	 passed by the Central Government. We therefore allow the appeal and setting aside the order of the High Court quash the order of the Central Government passed on January 28	 1954. It will	 however	 be open to the Central Government to proceed to decide the review application afresh after giving a reasonable opportunity to the appellant to represent his case. The appellant will get his costs throughout from the third respondent	 who is the principal contesting party. Appeal allowed.

Rule 54 of the Mineral Concession Rules	 1949	 provided as follows: " Review. Upon receipt of such application	 the Central Government may	 if it thinks fit	 call for the relevant records and other information from the Provincial Government	 and after considering any explanation that may be offered by the Provincial Government	 cancel the order of the Provincial Government or revise it in such manner as the Central Government may deem just and proper. The appellant was granted mining leases in respect of five areas and possession was delivered to him. On an application for review made by one of the respondents under r. 52 of the Rules	 the Central Government	 without giving the appellant an opportunity of being heard	 cancelled the leases with regard to two of the areas and directed the State Government to grant leases in respect thereof to the said respondent. The appellant applied to the High Court under article 226 of the Constitution for quashing the said order. The Single judge who heard the application as well as the Division Bench on appeal held that the order of cancellation was an administrative order and the appellant was not entitled to a hearing. It was contended on behalf of the appellant in this Court that rr. 52 55 of the Rules showed that the proceeding before the Central Government was a quasijudicial proceeding and	 consequently	 the rules of natural justice must apply. Held	 that the contention must prevail and the order of cancellation be quashed. In exercising its power of review under r. 54 of the Mineral Concessions Rules	 1949	 the Central Government acted judicially and not administratively. Assuming that the act of the State Government in granting a mining lease was an administrative act	 it was not correct to say that no right of any kind passed to the lessee thereunder untill the review was decided by the Central Government where a review had been applied for. Rule 52	 therefore	 by giving the aggrieved party the right to a review created a lis between him and the lessee and	 consequently	 in the absence of anything to the contrary either in r. 54 or the statute itself	 there could be no 99 776 doubt that the Central Government was acting quasi judicially under r. 54. Province of Bombay vs Kushaldas section Advani. [1950] S.C.R.621	 applied. R. vs Electricity Commissioner. (1924) I. K. B. 171	 referred to.