Summarize the following court judgment. titions Nos. 1110	 2035	 4759	 6431 of 1980	 92	 140	 152	 400	 421	 497	 1366	 4719	 6931	 8054 58	 7483	 8458 of 1981	 871 873	 2362	 2621 22	 4053 and 5695 of 1982. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India) Anil B. Divan	 Y.S. Chitale	 Mrs. Uma Jain	 R.K. Mehta	 M. Mudgal	 Ramesh Mehrotra	 E.C. Agarwala	 R. Satish	 Vijay Pandita	 S.K.Bagga	 U.P. Singh	 Dr. Meera Agarwal	 Mrs. Rani Chhabra and B. Datta for the Petitioners. Gopal Subramaniam and B.P. Maheswari for the Respondents. J	 The common question which arises for consideration in all these petitions relates to the validity of the action taken by the authorities concerned against the petitioners for recovering the arrears of tax due and payable by them under the U.P. Sales Tax Act	 1948 by the arrest and detention in civil prison of the petitioners in accordance with section 279 (i) (b) read with section 281 of the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act	 1950 (hereinafter referred to as 'the U.P. ZALR Act ') and the Rules made thereunder. It is alleged that the petitioners had committed default in payment of the tax payable by them under the U.P. Sales Tax Act and warrants of arrest had either been issued or were about to be issued by the concerned Revenue Officers for the arrest and detention of the petitioners in the course of the recovery proceedings. Sub section (8) of section 8 of the U.P. Sales Tax Act	 1948 provides that any tax or other dues payable to the State Government under that Act or any amount or money which a person is required to pay to the assessing authority under sub section (3) of section 8 thereof or for which he is personally liable to the assessing authority under sub section (6) of that section shall be recoverable as arrears of land revenue. Section 33 of the U.P. Sales Tax Act	 1948 further provides that in respect of any sum recoverable under that Act as arrears of land revenue the assessing authority may forward to the Collector a certificate under his signature specifying the sum due. Such certificate is required to be treated as conclusive evidence of the existence of the liability	 of its amount and of the person who is liable and the Collector on 688 receipt of the certificate may proceed to recover from such person the amount specified therein as if it were an arrear of land revenue. It is further provided that without prejudice to the powers conferred by section 33	 the Collector shall	 for the purposes of recovering the amount specified in the certificate	 have also all the powers which a Collector has under the and a civil court has under the Code of Civil Procedure	 1908 for the purpose of recovery of an amount due under a decree. The Explanation to section 33 provides that the expression 'Collector ' includes an additional Collector or any other officer authorised to exercise the powers of a Collector under the law relating to land revenue for the time being in force in the State. Rule 50 of U.P. Sales Tax Rules	 1948 provides that where a dealer or a person fails to deposit the tax or any other amount payable by him under the U.P. Sales Tax Act	 1948 within the period fixed in that behalf	 the same may be recovered as arrear of land revenue. Section 5 of the (as in force in the State of Uttar Pradesh) reads: "5. Recovery by Collectors of sums recoverable as arrears of revenue on the certificates of public officers and local authorities: (1) Where any sum is recoverable as an arrear of land revenue by any public officer other than a Collector or by any local authority	 such officer or authority may send to the Collector of the district in which the office of that officer or authority is situate or of any other district in Uttar Pradesh where the defaulter is or has property	 a certificate in such form as may be prescribed by rules made in this behalf. (2) Save as otherwise provided in this Act	 the certificate shall be conclusive of matters therein stated. (3) The Collector shall	 on receipt of the certificate under sub section (1)	 proceed to recover the amount stated therein as if the sum were payable to himself. (4) The provisions of section 4 shall have effect in relation to such certificate as if it were a certificate sent under sub section (1) of section 3. " In the State of Uttar Pradesh the relevant provisions relating to the procedure for recovery of arrears of land revenue are to be found 689 in section 279 and other cognate provisions in Chapter X of the U.P. ZALR Act. Section 279 of the U.P. ZALR Act reads thus: "279. Procedure for recovery of an arrear of land revenue: (1) An arrear of land revenue may be recovered by any one or more of the following processes: (a) by serving a writ of demand or citation to appear on any defaulter	 (b) by arrest and detention of his person	 (c) by attachment and sale of his movable property including produce	 (d) by attachment of the holding in respect of which arrear is due	 (e) by lease or sale of the holding in respect of which the arrear is due	 (f) by attachment and sale of other immovable property of the defaulter	 and (g) by appointing a receiver of any property	 movable or immovable of the defaulter. (2) The costs of any of the processes mentioned in sub section (1) shall be added to and be recoverable in the same manner as arrear of land revenue. " Clause (b) of sub section (1) of section 279 of the U.P. ZALR Act referred to above authorises the recovery of land revenue by the arrest and detention of the person who has committed the default. Section 281 of U.P. ZALR Act reads thus: "281. Arrest and detention. Any person who has defaulted in the payment of an arrear of land revenue may be arrested and detained in custody up to a period not 690 exceeding 15 days unless the arrears (including costs	 if any	 recoverable under sub section (2) of Section 279) are sooner paid: Provided that no woman or minor shall be liable to arrest or detention under his section	 Provided further that no person shall be liable to arrest or detention for an arrear in respect of a holding of which he is not the bhumidhar merely because of his joint responsibility for payment of land revenue under section 243. " Rules 247 to 253 of the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Rules	 1952 (hereinafter referred to as 'the U.P. ZALR) Rules ') framed by the State Government in exercise of its power conferred by the U.P. ZALR Act contain the procedure to be followed while recovering the arrears of the land revenue by the arrest and detention of the defaulter. It is sufficient to set out rules 247	 247 (A)	 247 (B) and 251 for purposes of this judgment. They read thus: "247. Process under Section 281 (arrest and detention) may be issued by the Collector	 the Assistant Collector in charge of the sub division	 or the tahsildar. If the tahsildar issues such process against a defaulter residing in another tahsil within the district	 he may do so either direct or through the tahsildar of such other tahsil. 247 A. The warrant of arrest may be executed by any one of the process servers referred to in Rule 244 or an Amin or any other officer whose name is entered in the warrant arrest. Where the person authorised to execute the warrant is a process server who has not furnished any security to Government	 an Amin shall be deputed to accompany such process server. 247 B. (1) Where a defaulter at the time of his arrest pays the entire amount of arrears specified in the warrant of arrest along with the process fee referred to in Rule '248 'to the process server	 the Amin or the officer	 as 691 the case may be	 empowered in the said warrant to receive such arrears and process fee	 he shall not be arrested	 and if arrested shall be released and a receipt for the amount so paid shall be issued to him on the spot in Z.A. Form 64 by the process server	 Amin or officer	 as the case may be. (2) The amount of arrears and the process fee paid by the defaulter shall immediately be deposited in the tahsil in the same manner as a land revenue collection is deposited. The fact of payment of the aforesaid amounts as also the reference of the Receipt No. and Book No. of the receipt issued to the defaulter shall also be noted down on the warrant which shall then be put up before the officer issuing the warrant of arrest who shall ensure that the amounts noted on the warrant have been duly deposited in the Tahsil. (1) Whenever a tahsildar causes a defaulter to be arrested	 he shall without delay report the fact for the information of the Collector and Assistant Collector in charge of the sub division. (2) After arrest a defaulter shall be brought without delay before the officer	 who issued the warrant and shall not be detained in custody unless there is reason to believe that the process of detention will compel the payment of the whole or a substantial portion of the arrear. If an order for detention is passed	 it shall specify the date on which the detention will cease if the arrear is not sooner paid. (3) If the officer who issued the warrant sees fit	 when the defaulter is produced before him to give him further time	 to pay the arrears	 instead of detaining him	 he may release the defaulter on his undertaking to pay the arrear within the period fixed. Should it become necessary to arrest the defaulter again	 a fresh warrant in Z.A. Form 70 shall invariably be issued	 and a separate fee levied. When a warrant has been once executed by the arrest of the defaulter	 the same warrant cannot be executed a second time". 692 The first contention urged before us on behalf of the petitioners is that the above mentioned process of arrest and detention of a defaulter in the course of the tax recovery proceedings is opposed to Articles 14	 19 (1) (d) and 21 of the Constitution. It is contended that the said procedure is arbitrary	 unreasonable and unfair. In support of the above contention reliance is placed on Article 11 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which reads: 'No one shall be imprisoned merely on the ground of inability to fulfil a contractual obligation ' and the decision of this Court in Jolly George Verghese and Anr. vs The Bank of Cochin.(1) In so far as the international covenant referred to above is concerned	 it has to be observed that it has not been made yet a part of our municipal law and secondly it relates to a debt due under contractual obligation. We have here a case involving public dues payable under a statute. Even in England where the process of arrest and detention of a debtor is abolished in the case of other kinds of debts	 it is still retained in the case of maintenance orders and of certain tax liabilities. (See the Debtors Act	 1869 as amended by the Debtors Act of 1869 read with the Administration of Justice Act	 1970). In so far as the decision of this Court in the case of Jolly George Verghese(1) (supra) is concerned	 it may be noted that it was a case governed by section 51 of the Code of Civil Procedure	 1908. There is	 however	 no doubt as observed in that case that the procedure adopted by an authority issuing the warrant of arrest should be fair and reasonable. But the Court left open the question whether section 51 of the Code of Civil Procedure was unconstitutional or not. We shall now examine the provisions	 the validity of which is under attack. Section 279 of the U.P. ZALR Act prescribes the different processes that may be taken out against a defaulter who is in arrears of land revenue and clause (b) of sub section (1) thereof prescribes the arrest and detention of the defaulter himself as one of such processes. With regard to the determination of the question (whether a restriction imposed by a statutory provision on the fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19 (1) (d) of the Constitution is reasonable or not) there are now well established norms. It is settled by a long line of decisions of this Court that the restriction must not be arbitrary or excessive in nature so as to be beyond the requirement of the general public. The Court should strike a just balance between freedom contained in Article 19 (1) (d) of the 693 Constitution and the social interest to be protected. No universal rule can be laid down in this regard. The changing social conditions	 the values of human life	 the prevailing social philosophy and all the surrounding circumstances should be taken into consideration. In a case like this where public dues are to be collected some amount of coercion is necessary to make a recalcitrant defaulter who has means to pay or who has fraudulently secreted his assets to screen them from being proceeded against to pay up the dues. In one of the earliest decisions i.e. State of Madras vs V.G. Row(1) this Court observed at page 607 this: "It is important . . . . to bear in mind that the test of reasonableness wherever prescribed	 should be applied to each individual statute impugned	 and no abstract standard	 or general pattern of reasonableness can be laid down as applicable to all cases. The nature of the right alleged to have been infringed	 the underlying purpose of the restrictions imposed	 the extent and urgency of the evil sought to be remedied thereby	 the disproportion of the imposition	 the prevailing conditions at the time	 should all enter into the judicial verdict. In evaluating such elusive factors and forming their own conception of what is reasonable	 in all the circumstances of a given case	 it is inevitable that the social philosophy and the scale of values of the judges participating in the decision should play an important part	 and the limit to their interference with legislative judgment in such cases can only be dictated by their sense of responsibility and self restraint and the sobering reflection that the Constitution is meant not only for people of their way of thinking but for all	 and that the majority of the elected representatives of the people have	 in authorising the imposition of the restrictions	 considered them to be reasonable." This view is followed in many later decisions. The Law Commission in its 54th Report submitted in the year 1973 after examining in detail the provisions for arrest and detention of a judgment debtor in execution of a decree passed by a civil court contained in section 51 of the Code of Civil Procedure in the light of the international covenant referred to above observed that this mode of 694 recovery should not be given up. In its Report	 the Law Commission observed: "Situation in Section 51 (b) 1 E. 12. Perhaps	 it could be argued that imprisonment of the judgment debtor in the situation in section 51	 proviso	 clause (b) causes hardship. That clause applies where the judgment debtor (i) has the means and refuses or neglects to pay or (ii) has had the means and has refused or neglected to pay. The essential condition in either case is the possession of means	 coupled with contemporaneous failure or neglect to pay	 Imprisonment	 if it follows in such cases	 is not based on mere non payment nor on mere inability to pay	 but is confined to cases where a person is able to pay and dishonestly makes default in payment. 1 E.13. It will	 thus. be seen that the provisions as to arrest do not violate the provision in the International Covenant	 as they are not based on mere non fulfilment of a contract. Further	 even apart from their consistency with the Covenant	 they are justifiable on principle because the conduct which attracts their operation is dishonest. Technically	 no crime is committed	 as there is no bodily harm to the decree holder or direct harm to society. But	 to deprive another person of this lawful dues when one has the means to pay is	 in the special situations to which section 51	 proviso	 is confined ultimately causing harm to society	 which suffers if an individual member suffers by reason of the dishonest conduct of another member. Present law sufficiently restrictive. 1 E.14	 We are	 therefore	 of the view that so far as the cases in which arrest may be ordered are concerned the law in India is sufficiently restrictive	 except in two respects	 which we shall presently discuss. This mode of execution should not	 therefore	 be totally abolished. The situations mentioned in the proviso to section 51 which is the section dealing with arrest in execution of 695 decrees for payment of money are those which indicate fraud or clandestine designs on the part of judgment debtor. Mere inability to perform the obligation to repay a loan (or other monetary obligation) does not result in imprisonment. " The foregoing shows that in the contemporary Indian conditions the process of arrest and detention of a judgment debtor or a defaulter to enforce payment of the amount due from him is not altogether unreasonable. It cannot be held to be unconstitutional if there are sufficient safeguards which make the process conform to reasonable standards. Section 281 of the U.P. ZALR Act prescribes the maximum period for which a defaulter can be detained for non payment of land revenue as fifteen days unless the arrears (including costs	 if any	 recoverable under section 279 (2) are sooner paid. A woman or a minor cannot be arrested and detained for recovery of revenue arrears. So also a defaulter who is not a bhumidhar of the holding in question cannot be arrested or detained when the arrears are in respect of the said holding for payment of which he is jointly responsible. The first safeguard prescribed by law in respect of the process of arrest and detention therefore relates to the period of detention and the exemption of certain persons from being arrested and detained. The second safeguard prescribed by the law in question is contained in Rule 251 of the U.P. ZALR Rules. Sub rule (1) of Rule 251 requires that wherever the process for arrest is issued by a tahshildar should without delay report the fact to the concerned Collector and Assistant Collector. Sub rule (2) of Rule 251 requires the production of the defaulter who is arrested before the officer who issued the warrant without delay and that such defaulter should not be detained in custody unless there is reason to believe that the process of detention will compel the payment of the whole or a substantial portion of the arrear. Under this sub rule there is necessity to enquire into the question whether the detention of the defaulter would be productive of payment of the arrear or a substantial portion thereof. The officer concerned is	 therefore	 required to decide on the basis of the material before him and any evidence tendered or submission made by the defaulter whether there is any justification for detaining him and it is only after he is satisfied that the detention of the defaulter will compel him to make the payment of the whole or a substantial part of the arrear he can order his detention. 696 If he is not so satisfied the officer is under an obligation to release him. Sub rule (3) of Rule 251 also empowers the officer who issued the warrant	 if he considers it fit to do so	 to release the defaulter on his undertaking to pay the arrear within the period fixed and to direct the arrest of the defaulter again	 if necessary. It is argued on behalf of the petitioners that since under rule 251 of the U.P. ZALR Rules an enquiry is contemplated after the defaulter is arrested and produced before the officer and not before his arrest and since such procedure is not in conformity with the provisions contained in corresponding laws in force in other States or in section 51 of the Code of Civil Procedure which require an enquiry to be made before the issue of the warrant of arrest	 Rule 251 should be held to be unconstitutional. It is necessary to observe here that each State is well within its right to devise its own machinery for the recovery of its own public demands and that no person belonging to one State can complain that the law of his State is more rigorous than that of the neighbouring State or the procedure prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure for execution of decrees. (See Purshottam Govindji Halai vs Shri B. M. Desai	 Additional Collector of Bombay and Ors.).(1) We are not concerned here in examining whether the safeguards against arbitrary arrest correspond to the safeguards contained in the Code of Civil Procedure or in any other law. We are primarily concerned with the question whether the safeguards contained in Rule 251 of the U.P. ZALR Rules are fair	 reasonable and not arbitrary and satisfy the minimum constitutional requirements having regard to the nature of the arrear	 the prevailing conditions in our society and other relevant matters. In this case we are concerned with the process employed for recovery of public dues after the period prescribed for payment of such dues in over. It is seen that the defaulter has adequate opportunity to satisfy the officer concerned that there is no justification to order his detention. This Court had occasion to consider a similar question in The Collector of Malabar vs Erimal Ebrahim Hajee(1). In that case the Income Tax Officer had forwarded a certificate under section 46(2) of the Indian Income Tax Act to the Collector for recovering the arrears of income tax from the assessee as if they were arrears of 697 land revenue. The Collector proceeded under section 48 of the Madras Revenue Recovery Act	 1864 and had the assessee arrested and confined in jail. Upon a petition for a writ of habeas corpus the High Court of Madras ordered the release of the assessee holding that section 48 of the Madras Revenue Recovery Act	 1864 and section 46(2) of the Indian Income Tax Act	 1922 were ultra vires. The Collector appealed to this Court. Allowing the appeal	 this Court held that the impugned provisions were not violative of Articles 14	 19	 21 and 22 of the Constitution. The Court also rejected the plea of the assessee that the arrest was by way of punishment and held that it was only a coercive process used for recovering arrears of tax. This Court observed at pages 978 979 thus: "There is not a suggestion in the entire section that the arrest is by way of punishment for mere default. Before the Collector can proceed to arrest the defaulter	 not merely must the condition be satisfied that the arrears cannot be liquidated by the sale of the property of the defaulter but the Collector shall have reason to believe that the defaulter is wilfully withholding payment or has been guilty of fraudulent conduct in order to evade payment. When dues in the shape of money are to be realised by the process of law and not by voluntary payment	 the element of coercion in varying degrees must necessarily be found at all stages in the mode of recovery of the money due. The coercive element	 perhaps in its severest form is the act of arrest in order to make the defaulter pay his dues. When the Collector has reason to believe that withholding of payment is wilful	 or that the defaulter has been guilty of fraudulent conduct in order to evade payment	 obviously	 it is on the supposition that the defaulter can make the payment	 but is wilfully withholding it	 or is fraudulently evading payment. In the Act there are several sections (e.g. sections 16	 18 and 21) which prescribe in unambiguous language	 punishment to be inflicted for certain acts done. It is clear	 therefore	 that where the Act intends to impose a punishment or to create an offence	 it employs a language entirely different to that to be found in section 48. We are of the opinion	 therefore	 that where an arrest is made under section 48 after complying with its provisions	 the arrest is not for any offence committed or a punishment for 698 defaulting in any payment. The mode of arrest is no more than a mode for recovery of the amount due. " Even though the pattern of the legislation involved in the above case was slightly different from the pattern of law involved in this case	 the above observations appear to be relevant to consider the question whether the process of arrest and detention can be used at all recovering the revenue arrears. The High Court of Allahabad (through R.S. Pathak	 J. (as he then was) in Sangam Lal Gupta vs Sales Tax Officer & Ors.(1) has also taken the view while dealing with a similar set of provisions which had been promulgated under the U.P. Land Revenue Act	 1901 that the said provisions did not amount to imposition of any unreasonable restrictions on the liberty of the defaulters who were ordered to be arrested and detained pursuant to the said provisions the course of recovery of revenue due from them. The authority concerned is expected to use his discretion in each case in adopting any one or more of the several processes mentioned in section 279 of the U.P. ZALR Act for the purpose of recovering the public dues. It is alternatively urged that the procedure under section 51 of the Code of Civil Procedure in terms would be applicable to the issue of warrant of arrest under section 281 of the U.P. ZALR Act. in view of section 33 of the U.P. Sales Tax Act and section 341 of the U.P. ZALR Act. The proviso to section 33 of the U.P. Sales Tax Act no doubt says that without prejudice to the powers conferred under that section the Collector shall also have the powers of a civil court for the purpose of recovery of an amount due under a decree. This proviso does not impose any further restriction on the power of the Collector under section 281 of the U.P. ZALR Act and the Rules made thereunder. It only empowers the Collector	 if he chooses to do so	 to exercise the powers under the Code of Civil Procedure. The procedure prescribed by section 281 of U.P. ZLAR Act and the Rules made here under constitutes a complete code on the process of arrest and detention of a defaulter and it is not modified by any of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure. It may be noted that where the procedure relating to execution mentioned in the Code of Civil Procedure is to be adopted	 U.P. ZALR Act has made an express reference to it in section 282(2) which deals with attachment and sale of movable property by providing that every 699 attachment and sale under section 282 shall be made according to the law in force for the time being for the attachment and sale of movable property in execution of a decree of a civil court. In section 282(3) of the U.P. ZALR Act there is reference to section 60 of the Code of Civil Procedure which exempts certain kinds of property from attachment and sale. There is no similar provision governing the process of arrest and detention. Section 341 of the U.P. ZALR Act states that unless otherwise expressly provided by or under that Act the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure would apply to the proceedings under that Act. As mentioned earlier there are express provisions in the U.P. ZALR Act and the Rules made thereunder governing the process of arrest and detention. Hence section 51 of the Code of Civil Procedure cannot be relied on. We may observe here that the defaulter has to be ordinarily served with a writ of demand under section 280 before any other process is adopted for recovery of arrears of land revenue. Rule 242 of the U.P. ZALR Rules provides that ordinarily the process under section 280	 that is	 a writ of demand or citation should issue before any other process is resorted to. It follows that ordinarily the defaulter would be made known that a certificate had been issued for recovery of arrears of land revenue from him. Having given our anxious consideration to the question	 we are of the view that the provision of section 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure would not in terms be applicable to the process of arrest and detention under the U.P. ZALR Act. The decision of the Allahabad High Court in Seth Banarsi Das Gupta vs State of U.P. & Ors.(1) which says that the procedure under section 51 of the Code of Civil Procedure would apply to the case in terms does not lay down the law correctly. We may	 however	 make it clear that a writ of a demand or citation ordinarily should be issued to the defaulter before resorting to the drastic process of issuing an arrest warrant under section 281 of the is U.P. ZAIR Act. Even if a formal writ of a demand is not issued	 it implicit in the nature of the process to be issued under section 281 of the U.P. ZALR Act that the defaulter concerned should have prior notice of the issue of the certificate for recovery to enable him to pay up the amount demanded to avoid the arrest. On a careful consideration of the submissions made before us we are of the view that the impugned procedure contained in the U.P. ZAIR Act and the Rules made thereunder is not violative of Articles 14	 19(1) (d) and 21 of the Constitution. 700 The next point urged on behalf of the petitioners	 however	 appears to be a substantial one. Even though Rule 251 of the U.P. ZALR Rules requires an enquiry to be held by the officer who issued the warrant into the question whether the detention of the defaulter would compel him to pay the arrear or a substantial portion thereof	 admittedly no such inquiry is held in any of these cases. Hence the petitioners cannot be detained pursuant to any warrant of arrest already issued. We have	 therefore	 to quash the warrants which are already issued in these cases and direct that the petitioners against whom such warrants have been issued should not be detained pursuant thereto. We make an order accordingly. This order is made without prejudice to the power of the authorities concerned to realise the arrears by arresting and detaining the defaulters in accordance with law by passing fresh orders in the light of the above decision. It is stated that the petitioners in some of these petitions have filed appeals or some other petitions under the U.P. Sales Tax Act against the orders of assessment and that such appeals or petitions are still pending. We do not express any opinion on the merits of those appeals or other petitions. They may be disposed of according to law by the concerned authorities. The petitions are accordingly allowed in part. No costs. S.R. Petitions partly allowed.

The Petitioners had committed default in payment of the tax payable by them under the U.P. Sales Tax Act	 1948. Any such dues could be recovered as if arrears of land revenue in terms of sub sections (3) and (8) of section 8 of the 1948 Act read with Rule 50 of the U.P. Sales Tax Rules	 1948. Section 5 of the 	 as in force in the State of Uttar Pradesh speaks of the obligation and other duties of the collectors for recovery of sums recoverable as arrears of revenue on the certificates of public officers and Local Authorities. The procedure for such a recovery however is provided in sections 279 and 281 of the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Revenue Act	 1950 read with Rules 246	 247A	 247B and 251 of the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Revenue Rules	 1952. Under clause (b) of the sub section (1) of section 279 of the UPZALR Act	 recovery by resort to arrest and detention of the person concerned" is also provided. On certificates issued by the assessing Authority	 in terms of section 33 of the U.P. Sales Tax Act	 1948	 warrants of arrest had either been issued or were about to be issued by the concerned Revenue Officers for the arrest and detention of the petitioners	 in the course of the recovery proceedings. The petitioners have challenged the same as constitutionally invalid being violative of Articles 14	 19(1) (d) and 21 of the Constitution and repugnant to Article 11 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Allowing the petitions in part	 the Court ^ HELD: 1:1. The impugned procedure contained in the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act	 1948 and the Rules made thereunder is not violative of Articles 14	 19(1) (d) and 21 of the Constitution. [699 G] The Collector of Malabar vs Erimal Ebrahim Hajee	 ; applied. 685 Sangam Lal Gupta vs Sales Tax Officer & Others.	 [1969] All. L J. 257	 approved. In the instant cases	 the petitioners cannot be detained pursuant to any warrant of arrest already issued	 since no such enquiry	 as contemplated in Rule 251 of the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Rules	 1952	 by the officer who issued the warrant into the question whether the detention of the defaulter would compel him to pay the arrears by arresting and detaining the defaulters in accordance with law by passing fresh orders. [695 G H] 2. Article 11 of the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights cannot come to the aid of the petitioners since it has not been made yet a part of Indian municipal law and further it relates to a debt due under a contractual obligation. [692 C] Jolly George Verghese and Another vs The Bank of Cochin	 ; 	 explained and distinguished. 3:1 Whether a restriction imposed by a statutory provision on the fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19(1) (d) of the Constitution is reasonable or not is now governed by well established norms. It is settled by a long line of decisions of this Court that the restriction must not be arbitrary or excessive in nature so as to be beyond the requirement of the general public. The Court should strike a just balance between freedom contained in Article 19(1) (d) of the Constitution and the social interest to be protected. No universal rule can be laid down in this regard. The changing social conditions	 the values of human life	 the prevailing social philosophy and all the surrounding circumstances should be taken into consideration. In a case like this where public dues are to be collected some amount of coercion is necessary to make a recalcitrant defaulter who has fraudulently secreted his assets to screen them from being proceeded against to pay up the dues. In the contemporary Indian conditions the process of arrest and detention of the judgment debtor or a defaulter to enforce payment of the amount due from him is not altogether unreasonable. It cannot be held to be unconstitutional if there are sufficient safeguards which make the process conform to reasonable standards. [692 G H	 693 A B	 695 B C] State of Madras vs V.G. Row	 ; 	 referred to. The defaulter has adequate opportunity to satisfy the Recovery Officer concerned that there is no justification to order his detention. While section 281 of the UP ZALR Act prescribes necessary safeguards in respect of the process of arrest and detention like the maximum period of detention upto fifteen days and exemption of certain persons viz. women	 minors	 a bhumidhar of the specified class etc. Rule 251 of UP ZALR Rules provides safeguards like report by a Tehsildar issuing a warrant of arrest to the Collector without delay and production of the arrested defaulter before the officer issuing the warrant without delay and that such defaulter should not be detained in custody unless there is reason to believe that the process of detention will compel the payment of the whole or a substantial portion of the arrear. Under 686 Rule 251	 there is necessity to enquire into the question whether the detention of the defaulter would be productive of payment of the arrear of a substantial portion thereof. The officer concerned is	 therefore	 required to decide on the basis of the material before him and any evidence tendered or submission made by the defaulter whether there is any justification for detaining him and it is only after he is satisfied that the detention of the defaulter will compel him to make the payment of the whole or substantial part of the arrear he can order his detention. If he is not so satisfied the officer is under an obligation to release him. C H] 3:3. Each State is well within its right to devise its own machinery for the recovery of its own public demands and that no person belonging to one State can complain that the law of his State is more rigorous than that of the neighbouring State or the procedure prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure for execution of the decrees. [696 E G] Purshottam Govindji Halai vs Shree B.M. Desai	 Addl. Collector of Bombay and Others	 ; 	 followed. The proviso to section 33 of the U.P. Sales Tax Act no doubt says that without prejudice to the powers conferred under that section the Collector shall also have the powers of a civil court for the purpose of recovery of an amount due under a decree. This proviso does not impose any further restriction on the power of the Collector under section 281 of the UP ZALR Act and the Rules made thereunder which constitute a complete code on the process of arrest and detention of a defaulter and it is not modified by any of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure. Where the procedure relating to execution mentioned in the Code of Civil Procedure is to be adopted	 U.P. ZALR Act has made an express reference to it in section 282(2) which deals with attachment and sale under section 282 shall be made according to the law in force for the time being for the attachment and sale of movable property in execution of a decree of a civil court. Section 341 of the UP ZALR Act states that unless otherwise expressly provided by or under that Act the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure would apply to the proceedings under that Act. There are express provisions in the UP ZALR Act and the Rules made thereunder governing the process of arrest and detention. Hence the provisions of section 51 of the Code of Civil Procedure would not in terms be applicable to the process of arrest and detention under the UP ZALR Act. [698 E H	 699 A C] Seth Banarsi Das Gupta vs State of U.P. & Others	 [1975] Revenue Decisions	 246 (Allahabad High Court)	 over ruled. However	 a writ of demand or citation ordinarily should be issued to the defaulter before resorting to the drastic process of issuing an arrest warrant under section 281 of the UP ZALR Act. Even if a formal writ of demand is not issued	 it is implicit in the nature of the process to be issued under section 281 of the U.P. ZALR Act that the defaulter concerned should have prior notice of the issue of the certificate for recovery to enable him to pay up the amount demanded to avoid the arrest. [699 E G] 687