Summarize the following court judgment. s (C) Nos. 2275 86 of 1982 Etc. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India) WITH Special Leave Petition (C) No. 4090 of 1985. From the Judgment and Order dated 4.12. 1984 of the Madras High Court in W.A. No. 414/78. B. Datta	 Additional Solicitor General	 G. Ramaswamy	 Additional Solicitor General	 M.K. Ramamurthy	 V.M. Tar kunde	 Gobind Mukhoty	 S.C. Manchanda	 G.B. Pai	 K.K. Venug opal	 Mrs. Shyamala Pappu	 M.A. Krishnamurthy	 Ms. Chandan Ramamurthy	 J.D. Jain	 MS. Kanwaljit Kochhar	 K.B. Rohtagi	 B.R. Agarwala	 Ms. Sushma Manchanda	 R.B. Hathikhanwala	 Ms. Sunita Sharma	 P.H. Parekh	 S.S. Khanduja	 Y.P. Dhingra	 B.K. Saluja	 H.S. Parihar	 Vipin Chandra	 R.K. Maheshwari	 Pramod Dayal	 R.P. Saxena	 D.K. Garg	 A.D. Sanger	 Pramod Swarup	 Krishna Prasad	 P.C. Kapur	 A.N. Badriyar	 M.P. Jha	 V.N. Sharma Petitioner inperson	 B.B. Sahoo	 section Srinivasan	 Vineet Kumar	 Ms. Urmila Kapoor	 Ms. section Janani	 Dalveer Bhandari	 C. Ramesh	 G.D. Gupta	 L.K. Gupta	 G. Venkatesh Rao	 Ms. A. Subhashini	 Ms. Sushma Suri	 C.V. Subba Rao	 P. Parmeshwaran	 J.R. Das	 S.K. Patri	 Ms. Lira 692 Goswami	 D.N. Mishra	 V.J. Francis	 N.M. PopIi	 S.K. Dhin gra	 K.J. John	 Y.P. Rao	 Mahabir Singh	 Ms. Bharti Anand	 Indra Makwana and S.K. Jain for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SAWANT	 J. This group of petitions concerns the workers in canteens run in the different railway establishments. The relief claimed in all the petitions is that the workers concerned should be treated as railway employees and should be extended all service conditions which are available to the railway employees. For our purpose	 these canteens have to be classified into three categories	 viz. (i) Statutory Canteens These are canteens required to be provided compulsorily in view of the provisions of Section 46 of the (hereinafter referred to as the Act) since the Act admitted ly applies to the establishments concerned and the employees working in the said establishments exceed 250; (ii) Non Statutory Recognised Canteens These canteens are run in the establishments which may or may not be governed by the Act but which admittedly employ 250 or less than 250 employees	 and hence	 it is not obligatory on the railways to maintain them. However	 they have been set up as a staff welfare measure where the employees exceed 100 in number. These canteens are established with the prior approval and recog nition of the Railway Board as per the procedure detailed in the Railway Establishment Manual; and (iii) Non Statutory Non Recognised Canteens These canteens are run at estab lishments in category (ii) above but employ 100 or less than 100 employees	 and are established without the prior approv al or recognition of the Railway Board 3. The present petitions concern employees in all the three types of canteens. It will be convenient to deal separately with the employees in the three types of can teens	 because	 the history of litigation and the arguments advanced in respect of each of the categories are different. 4.(i) Statutory Canteens: Section 46 of the Act which makes it obligatory on an occupier of a factory as defined under the Act	 to provide a canteen or canteens where more than 250 workers are ordinarily employed runs as follows: "Canteens: (1) The State Government may make rules 693 requiring that in any specified factory wherein more than two hundred and fifty workers are ordinarily employed	 a canteen or canteens shall be provided and maintained by the occupier for the use of the workers. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power	 such rules may provide for (a) the date by which such canteen shall be provided; (b) the standards in respect of construction	 accommodation	 furniture and other equipment of the canteen; (c) the foodstuffs to be served therein and the charges which may be made therefore; (d) the constitution of a managing committee for the canteen and representation of the workers in the management of the canteen; (dd) the items of expenditure in the running of the canteen which are not to be taken into account in fixing the cost of foodstuff and which shall be borne by the employer; (e) the delegation to the Chief Inspector	 subject to such conditions as may be prescribed	 of the power to make rules under clause (c). " It is evident from the aforesaid provision that the occupier of a factory (a railway establishment for the purposes of the said provisions is a factory within the meaning of the Act) is not only obliged to run a canteen where more than 250 workers are employed but is also obliged to abide by the rules which the concerned Government may make	 including the rules for constitution of a managing committee for running the canteen and for representation of the workers in the management of the canteen. The occupier may also be required to bear a part of the expenses of running the canteen and to comply with the rules prescribing standards in respect of construction	 accommodation	 furniture and other equipment of the canteen the foodstuffs to be served and the prices to be charged for them. In other words	 the whole paraphernalia of the canteen has to conform to the statutory rules made in that behalf. As is pointed out on behalf of the Railways	 it appears that there are 89 such statutory canteens function ing in the railway premises. 694 5. It appears that the workers working in the statutory canteen at Loco Carriages and Electrical Workshops of the South Eastern Railways Workshop	 Kharagpur had preferred a writ petition in the Calcutta High Court praying for a direction to the Union of India to recognise them as railway employees and grant them a11 service conditions available to the railway employees. A learned Single Judge by his deci sion dated 7.8. 1973 dismissed the said petition holding that the workers were not entitled to the reliefs claimed by them. Against the said decision	 the workers preferred an appeal before the Division Bench of the said Court and the Division Bench by its decision of July 16	 1974	 allowed the same and directed the respondent Union of India to recognise the workers as employees of the Railway Administration under the 	 but rejected the demand to pay salary and allowances to them as if they were railway employees. On the other hand	 the High Court held that the employment of the workers must be deemed to be on the basis of appointment letters and that they had no statutory or legal right and the Railway Administration had no corresponding statutory or legal obligation to pay salaries etc. above the minimum wages	 or dearness allowances as claimed by them. The court held that their service conditions were in the realm of contract or depending on a policy followed by the Railway Administration	 at its discretion. Being aggrieved	 the Union of India had come in appeal to this Court being Civil Appeal No. 368 of 1978.This Court by its order of October 22	 1980 disposed of the appeal as follows: "The benefits accruing to the workers under the decision of the Calcutta High Court do not require to be interfered with in this appeal. Prima facie we are inclined to agree that the High Court decision is right. Moreover	 the learned Attorney General agrees to apply the Act as if it were applicable to canteen employees. In this view	 a final pronouncement on this question by this Court need not be given in the present case. We leave it open to Union of India in an appropriate case to raise the point and seek a pronouncement. " The Act referred to in the aforesaid order obviously means the . Therefore	 what was confirmed by this Court was the declaration given by the Calcutta High Court that the employees of the Statutory Canteens were railway.employees for the purposes of the and that their service conditions were determined by the con tract as incorporated in their appointment letters or by the policy decision of the Railway Administration which was discretionary. It is 695 necessary to note this fact at the very outset. It has further to be remembered that the Calcutta High Court had given the aforesaid declaration in favour of the statutory canteen workers notwithstanding the fact that the canteens were managed by the Committee of Management nomi nated by the Railway Administration or by a managing commit tee elected or nominated by the employees or by the Corpera tive Society relying on the express provision contained in Chapter XXVIII` Of 'the Railway Establishment Manual. It may	 however	 be mentioned that the High Court had taken into consideration Note 2 of Para 2834(2) of the Manual which had declared that in cases where the canteens were being run on cooperative basis either by the Co operative Society or the managing committee of the staff	 the canteen staff shall not be treated as railway servants because in that case master and servant relationship existed between the Co operative Society (through its managing committee) and the concerned employees. The High Court had relied upon the fact that even in such cases the entire cost of the staff was reimbursed by the Railway Administration to the Co operative Society managing committee and that over all control over the canteen and the staff	 vested in the Rail way Administration. In fact	 the direction under para 2832 of the Railway Establishment Manual was that where even a Co operative Society was running the canteen	 the bye laws of the Society should be suitably amended to provide for such overall control by the Railway Administration since the legal responsibility for the proper management of the can teen vested not with the agent like the Co operative Soceity but solely with the Railway Administration. 6. 1t is undoubtedly true	 however	 that this Court in its Order dated October 22	 1980 had reserved the right to the Union of India to raise the question as to whether the employees of the Statutory canteens were the employees of the Railway Establishment	 finder the and get a pronouncement on the same. It appears that after the said order of this Court	 the Railway Board had issued a letter dated May 22	 1981 to the General Manager	 South Eastern Railway	 Calcutta Conveying the decision of the Ministry of the Railways that the employees of Kharagpur Workshop Statu tory Canteen	 (which employees were a party to the said decision) should be deemed to be railway servants with effect from October 22	 1980 and till Government decided otherwise	 the said workers would continue to be governed by the conditions of service and emoluments as existed on October 21	 1980. It was also stated there that what was stated in the letter had the sanction of the President and the letter was issued/with 696 the concurrence of the Finance Directorate of the Ministry of Railways. Subsequently	 the Board issued another circular letter of June 8	 1981 addressed to the General Managers of all Indian Railways stating therein that it was decided that employees of all other statutory canteens on the railways irrespective of the type and management of the canteens should also be deemed to be railway servants w.e.f. October 22	 1980 and that till Government decided otherwise	 the staff of the statutory canteens would continue to be gov erned by the conditions of service and emoluments as existed on October 21	 1980. On March 11	 1982	 the Railway Board issued a letter and referred to its earlier communication of June 8	 1981 and September 18	 1981. In this	 letter	 it was stated that pursuant to the said two earlier communications (where it was stated that the question of pay scale and retirement benefits were under consideration and that a separate commu nication would follow)	 a Schedule showing revised pay scale applicable to the employees of the statutory canteens of the railways was enclosed for necessary action. The letter stated that the existing employees of these canteens would be entitled to exercise an option under Rule 2019 (F.R. 23) and Rule II either to retain their existing pay scale as presently applicable to them or opt for the revised pay scale. However	 on promotion such employees would be compul sorily brought on to the revised pay scales. It was made clear that those who opt for the revised scales would not be eligible to other facilities/perquisites admissible to them in their existing pay scale such as free food	 snacks	 commission etc. A period of three months was given for exercising the option and it was stated that if no option was exercised it would be assumed that the employees con cerned had elected to be governed by the revised pay scales w.e.f. October 22	 1980. The Schedule annexed to the letter mentioned	 among other things	 that the canteen employees will be entitled to the dearness allowance	 house rent allowance and city compensatory allowance as per the in structions issued by the Railway Ministry; that the age of retirement of employees would be 58 years as in the case of other railway employees; and that the employees of the canteen would be entitled to the benefit of productivity linked bonus on the principles applicable to the stall of the office/establishment to which they were attached from the date of their being declared as railway servants. In a decision of this Court reported in ; 	 this Court directed that for the purpose of calculating pensionary benefits	 the service rendered by the said em ployees prior to October 22	 1980 should also be computed. By its letterr dated May 13	 1983 addressed to 697 all the General Managers	 the Ministry of Railways placed on record the fact that pursuant to the Order of this Court dated October 22	 1980 the employees of all the statutory and 11 Delhi based nonstatutory canteens had been treated as railway servants w.e.f. October 22	 1980	 and the revised pay scale applicable to the employees had been communicated vide the Railway Board 's letter dated March 11	 1982. On December 4	 1984	 a Division Bench of the Madras High Court delivered a Judgment in Writ Appeal No. 414 of 1978	 Railway Board & Anr. vs Parthasarthy and Anr.	 and in Writ Appeal No. 415 of 1978 relying upon the order dated October 22	 1980	 passed by this Court and held that can teen employees will have to be treated as railway employees for the purposes of the 	 in view of th	 con cession made by the Railways before this Court and also the con cession made by the counsel appearing for the Railways before the High Court. We have then on record an Office Order dated July 27	 1983 issued to an employee of a statutory canteen con veying to him appointment as a TY/Cleaner in a scale of pay plus usual allowances w.e.f. January 12	 1983. In this order	 it is stated that the employee would be eligible for house rent allowance under the Rules in force from time to time	 that he will be on probation for a period of one year and that the appointment would be terminated with 14 days ' notice on either side. It is	 however	 added that no such notice would be required	 for the termination of service as and by way of removal or dismissal as a disciplinary measure effected after compliance with the provisions of clause (2) of Article 311 of the Constitution of India. It is also stated that the employee should take oath of allegiance to the Union of India and that he should apply for allotment of quarters within 7 days from the date of his appointment and then alone should apply for house rent allowance. It is now necessary to refer to the relevant provi sions of the Railway Establishment Manual which deal with the canteens. Paragraph 2829 of Chapter XXVIII of the Manual refers to the provisions of Section 46 of the and underwrites the fact that under these provisions	 there is a statutory obligation on the Railway Administra tion to set up canteens in Railway establishments which are governed by the said Act and which employ more than 250 persons. The paragraph further mentions that Railway Admin istration should strictly abide by the rules which are framed by the respective State 698 Governments under sub section 2 of the Act regarding the constitution of the Managing Committees of such canteens. Paragraph 2832 then ordains that the staff served by the said canteens should be actively associated in their manage ment	 and for this purpose a Committee of management of the staff should be formed in accordance with the rules framed by the concerned State Government. The paragraph further states that although the Administration can employ as agent a Staff Committee or a Co operative Society for management	 the legal responsibility for proper management rests not with the agency but solely with the Railway Administration. In case the management is entrusted to a consumer co opera tive society the bye laws of the society are directed by the said paragraph to be amended suitably to provide for an overall control by the Railway Administration. Paragraph 2834 deals with the incidence of cost of the canteens. As regards the statutory canteens	 the paragraph directs that in addition to the facilities which are given to the non statutory canteens	 the Administration will have also to bear the expenditure on the entire paraphernalia including the furniture as well as the salaries of the cook and the canteen staff. Note 2 of the said paragraph then states that where the canteens are being run on co operative basis either by co operative society or by Managing Committee of the staff and there subsists a relationship of master and servants between the society/ managing committee and the workers	 i.e. where the canteen staff has been employed by the society/managing committee and not by the Administration as such	 the canteen staff are not to be treated as railway servant even though the cost of this staff is reimbursed by the Administration. We have also on record the second edition (1988) of "ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS ON DEPARTMENTAL CANTEENS IN OFFICES AND INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT" issued by the the Deptt. of Personnel & Training	 Ministry of Personnel	 Public Grievances & Pensions of the Govt. of India	 first published in 1980 (hereinafter briefly called as the Instructions). They are applicable to: (a) Canteens/Tiffin Rooms set up on departmental basis and run as per scheme issued by the Deptt. of Personnel and Training; (b) Canteens/Tiffin Rooms set up on Co operative basis by a Society of Government employees with the Head of the Deptt./ Office/Establishment or his nominee as Chairman; and (c) Canteens/Tiffin Rooms set up in Industrial Establish ments 699 (other than those covered under Section 46 of the ) of the Government and which have not been exempted from following the rules in the said Instructions due to the availability of a separate and distinct set of rules and guidelines framed by the controlling Ministries/Departments. (para 1.3) It is made clear in these Instructions that the orders issued under the said Instructions are applicable to all Canteens/Tiffin Rooms functioning or to be set up in any Ministry	 Department	 Establishment	 Office	 Installation of the Government of India (industrial or nonindustrial) which should be centrally registered with the office of the Direc tor of Canteens	 Deptt. of Personnel & Training	 New Delhi including those functioning under the Ministries of Defence	 P & T and Railways	 unless these three Ministries had previ ously decided to exempt any of their Canteens/Tiffin Rooms from the purview of the said Instructions due to specific reasons	 and they had framed or they propose to frame a separate set of instructions for the exempted canteens. (para 1.4). The Instructions further state that the policy matters and coordination on canteen matters will be central ly done by the Deptt. of Personnel and Training (Director of Canteens) (para 1.14). To be entitled to subsidy all the departmental canteens have to get themselves registered centrally with the Director of Canteens and Training (Para 1.15). The canteens are entitled to subsidy on wages and gratuity payable to the workers employed in the canteens and for their uniforms as well as to capital and replacement grants for equipment including utensils	 crockeries	 cutt lery and furniture and also to interest free loans. In addition to subsidy for equipment	 the canteens are also entitled to other facilities such as accommodation on nomi nal rent of Rs. 1 electricity	 water etc. The Instructions in terms state that since the canteens are run departmental ly as a measure of staff welfare	 the beverages	 snacks and meals etc. have to be made available to the staff at econom ic rates and for this purpose the Government has to provide necessary accommodation at the nominal rent and provide the necessary grants	 subsidy and loans. (Para 1.2). In	 addi tion	 the concerned Department/Office has to bear the elec tricity and water bills. In chapter V which deals with the personnel in the canteens	 the Instructions lay down the entitlement of Canteens/Tiffin Rooms to the number and categories of employees according to the grades of Canteens/Tiffin Rooms. With regard to the recruitment rules	 conditions of service	 status and the scales of pay of the canteen workers	 the procedure for taking disciplinary action against them as well as for giving training to them	 the chapter makes it clear that since the canteen workers have acquired the status of the holders of civil posts 700 w.e.f. October 1	 1979	 their recruitment and conditions of service etc. would be governed by the rules framed under proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution contained in GSR 54 issued under Government of India	 Department of Personnel and Training Notification dated 23rd December	 1980. It is made clear that the said rules also apply to the employees of the Canteens run by the Co operative Societies in con junction with the bye laws of the Society and local co operative laws in force. It is further made clear that the workers in the non statutory departmental and co operative Canteens/Tiffin Rooms will be paid the pay and allowances at the same rate and on the same basis w.e.f. 26.9. 83 on which the employees of the statutory canteens are paid the same. The chapter also mentions that before taking any disci plinary action against any canteen worker procedure as set out in chapter IV (Conduct and Discipline) of GSR of 1954 dated 23rd December	 1980 published in the Gazette of India Part II Section 3	 sub Section (1) dated 17th January	 1981 will be followed. The chapter further directs periodical training programmes to be arranged by the Director of Can teens for managerial	 personnel and other canteen staff. Chapter VI contains guidelines for constituting the Managing Committees of the canteens. This chapter ordains that the Chairman of the managing committee should prefera bly be the Head of the Department/Office himself or his Deputy	 and that the Honorary Secretary of the managing committee should normally be the Welfare Officer or the Administrative Officer of the Department/ Office of the minimum rank of a Section Officer or a Major or equivalent in services	 who shall be nominated by the Office/Establish ment	 and in the case of Co operative Canteens may be elect ed as per the bye laws of the Society. One of the officials who should be of the rank of Section Officer/Major or above is to be nominated on the managing Committee by the Chair man. Paragraph 6.11 defines the Legal Status of the Managing Committee. It says that the Committee functions in the Deptt./Office/establishment of the Government of India for the welfare of the Govt. employees	 under the orders of the Government of India and its functions are connected with the affairs of the Union. The Committee	 therefore does not enjoy an autonomous status. With respect to the contractual obligations	 it functions "for and on behalf of the the President of India". The proceedings of the Committee will not be conducted or decided on resolutions or voting system	 but the official decision will rest with the Chairman of the Managing Commitsee or the Head of the Department/Office. In the case of canteens run by the co operative societies	 this provision is to apply as per the 701 bye laws of the society and the co operative law in force. The presence of the Chairman and the Hony. Secretary is necessary to constitute the quorum for holding the meeting of the Managing Committee. The Head of the Department/Office is given power to depute a Government servant of the rank of Section Officer/equivalent or below if he can be spared	 for part time or whole time assistance to the Managing Commit tee. The Department/Office concerned is required to provide stationery	 stencils	 cyclostyling facilities	 postage stamps	 office assistance etc. to enable the Managing Com mittee to conduct its business. The annual accounts of the Canteens have to be submitted to the Financial Advisers of the Department/Office concerned with copies thereof to the Director of the can teens	 and the audit of the accounts of the Canteens/Tiffin Rooms is to be carried out by the Departmentalised Accounts Organisations of the concerned Ministries/Departments/Of fices. Out of the surplus of net profits of the Canteens	 1/3 amount is required to be remitted to the Director of Canteens Funds for welfare of the canteen employees in general. All the aforesaid provisions apply to all types of Tiffin Rooms classified into Type B and A where the strength of the Department/Office is between 25 49 and 50 99 respec tively and to the Canteens classified in Types D	 C	 B and A where the strength is between 100 249	 250 499	 500 699 and 700 1200 respectively. Where the strength is above 1200 a further higher classification is given to the Canteens. These provisions contained in the Instructions	 therefore	 show that the Government has a complete control over the canteens and the workers employed therein are holders of civil posts within the meaning of Article 311 of the Constitution. Their recruitment and service conditions are governed by the rules applicable to the employees of the Government Deptt./Office/Establishment to which the canteens are attached. It is against this background that we have to con sider the question as to whether the staff employed in the statutory canteens m ' the Railway Establishment	 industrial or non industrial	 are railway employees or not. According to the workers	 in view of the aforesaid documents on record there is no reason why the employees in the canteens con cerned should not be given the status of the railway employ ees with all consequential benefits. On the other hand	 the 702 contention advanced on behalf of the Railways is that the documents in question show that the employees of the statu tory canteens are to be deemed railway employees only for the purpose of the and for no other purpose. In no case	 they can be deemed as holders of civil posts either for Article 309 or for Article 311 or for any other purpose. On behalf of the employees	 a preliminary objection was raised	 namely	 that in view of the order of this Court dated October 22	 1980 in Civil Appeal No. 368 of 1978 and another	 it is not open to the Railways to agitate the question whether the employees in the statutory canteens are railway employees or not	 and further whether they are railway employees for the purposes of the . We are not inclined to entertain this objection for it is clear from the said order that the Court had left open even the question as to whether the employees of the statutory can teens were railway employees for the purposes of the said Act. Hence	 the question whether they are employees of the railways for all purposes necessarily remains res integra. We may reproduce here the said order which is clear enough on the subject: "The benefits accruing to the workers under the decision of the Calcutta High Court do not require to be interfered with in this appeal. Prima facie we are inclined to agree that the High Court decision is right. Moreover	 the learned Attorney General agrees to apply the Act as if it were applicable to canteen employees. In this view a final pronouncement on this question by this Court need not be given in the present case. We leave it open to the Union of India in an appropriate case to raise the point and seek a pronouncement. Leave granted in the petition flied by Railway Canteen Karmachari Association. We have in C.A. No. 368 of 1978 passed an order and the point raised by the workmen in this appeal closely resembles the one raised in the sister case just referred to. We apply the same principle as has been decided by the Calcutta High Court to this case also and the workmen will be given the same benefits. We	 however	 make it clear here also that the Union of India will be free in an appopriate case to challenge the correctness of the legal point 703 decided by the Calcutta High Court. It will be equaly open to the workmen to challenge the decision of the Delhi High Court if it becomes necessary. With these observations we dispose of both the appeals. The appellants in C.A. No. 368/1978 will pay the costs of the respondents. " It must be remembered in this connection that both the Calcutta and the Madras High Courts had taken the view that the employees in the statutory canteens were the employees of the Railways for the purposes of the said Act. The Delhi High Court had distinguished the decision of the Calcutta High Court on the ground that	 that decision did not apply to the employees in the non statutory canteens with which it was concerned	 and had held that the employees of the non statutory canteens were not railway employees for any pur pose. It is in this circumstance that this Court had given liberty to the Railway Administration as well as the employ ees to challenge the respective decisions of the Calcutta and Delhi High Courts. It will not	 therefore	 be correct to say that this Court had pronounced its final opinion on the said issue by the said order. It has also to be remembered in this connection that the issue before this Court in those matters was whether the employees either of the statutory or non statutory canteens were the railway employees for the purposes of the . The larger issue whether they were railway employees for all purposes was neither dis cussed nor even tentatively decided in those proceedings. We are	 therefore	 of the view that both the said issues are at large in the case of the employees of the statutory as well as of the non statutory canteens. Before us therefore two issues arise for considera tion	 viz. (a) whether the employees of the statutory can teens are railway employes for the purposes of the said Act? and (b) whether they are railway employees for all other purposes as well? 20. As regards the first contention	 namely	 whether the said employees are the employees of the Railway Administra tion for the purposes of the said Act	 according to us the view taken by the Calcutta High Court in that behalf is correct. Section 2(1) of the defines "worker" as follows: "Worker" means a person employed	 directly or through any agency (including a contractor) with or without the knowl edge of the principal employer	 whether for remuneration or not in any manufacturing process or in 704 cleaning any part of the machinery or premises used for a manufacturing process	 or in any other kind of work inciden tal to	 or connected with	 the manufacturing process	 or the subject of the manufacturing process but does not include any member of the armed forces of the Union;" Since in terms of the Rules made by the State Govern ments under Section 46 of the Act	 it is obligatory on the Railway Administration to provide a canteen	 and the can teens in question have been established pursuant to the said provision there is no difficulty in holding that the can teens are incidental to or connected with the manufacturing process or the subject of the manufacturing process. The provision of the canteen is deemed by the statute as a necessary concomitant of the manufacturing activity. Para graph 2829 of the Railway Establishment Manual recognises the obligation on the Railway Administration created by the Act and as pointed out earlier paragraph 2834 makes provi sion for meeting the cost of the canteens. Paragraph 2832 acknowledges that although the Railway Administration may employ anyone such as a Staff Committee or a Co operative Society for the management of the canteens	 the legal re sponsibility for the proper management rests not with such agency but solely with the Railway Administration. If the management of the canteen is handed over to a consumer cooperative society the bye laws of such society have to be amended suitably to provide for an overall control by the Railway Administration. In fact as has been pointed out earlier the Adminis trative Instructions on departmental canteens in terms state that even those canteens which are not governed by the said Act have to be under a complete administrative control of the concerned Department and the recruitment	 service condi tions and the disciplinary proceedings to be taken against the employees have to be taken according to the rules made in that behalf by the said Department. In the circumstances	 even where the employees are appointed by the Staff Commit tee/ Cooperative Society it will have to be held that their appointment is made by the Department through the agency of the Committee/ Society as the case may be. In addition	 as stated earlier	 the Railway Board by its circular dated June 8	 1981 had communicated that it was decided to treat the employees of all statutory canteens	 as railway servants irrespective of the type and management of the canteens	 and to extend to them the conditions of service and emoluments of the railway servants as existed on October 21	 1980	 w.e.f. 22nd October 1980. No doubt it was stated in this letter that the said decision would 705 prevail till Government decided otherwise. Subsequently on March 11	 1982	 the Board also prescribed the pay scales	 dearness allowance	 house rent allowance	 city compensatory allowance and productivity bonus	 and fixed the age of their superannuation. As also pointed out earlier	 this court in its decision reported in ; 	 subsequently directed that for the purpose of calculating pensionary benefits the service rendered by the said employees prior to October 22	 1980 would be computed. What is further	 the Ministry of Railways by its letter of May 13	 1983 placed on record the fact that not only the employees of all the statutory canteens but the employees of eleven Delhi based non statutory canteens had been treated as railway servants with effect from October 22	 1980. It must be remembered in this connection that neither the Railway Ministry nor the Railway Board had stated in their letters/orders that the employees of the statutory canteens and of the eleven Delhi based non statutory canteens were being treated as railway servants only for the purposes of the or that they were to be so treated till further decision of this Court. It is possible to place a liberal construction on these letters/ orders and interprete the relevant direction name ly	 "till further directions from the Government" as being the directions after the decision of this Court in the present matters	 and for the sake of argument we may proceed on that basis while dealing with the present contention. The admitted facts	 however	 are that these canteens have been in existence at their respective places continuously for a number of years. The premises as well as the entire para phernalia for the canteens is provided by the Railway Admin istration and belong to it. The employees engaged in the canteens have also been in service uninterruptedly for many years. Their wages are reimbursed in full by the Rly. Admin istration. The entire running of the canteens including the work of the employees is subject to the supervision and control of the agency of the Railway Admn. whether the Agency is the staff committee or the society. In fact	 as stated by the Rly. Administration in its Establishment Manual the legal responsibility for running the canteen ultimately rests with it	 whatever the agency that may intervene. The number and the category of the staff engaged in the canteen is strictly controlled by the Administration. As has been pointed out earlier	 much before the order of this Court dated October 22	 1980	 the employees of the departmental canteens/tiffin rooms were declared as holders of civil posts under the Government of India Notification No. 6(2)/23/77 Welfare dated December 11	 1979 which notifi cation is an annexure 4 to the Administrative Instructions 706 referred to above. That notification stated that all posts in the said canteens/tiffin rooms are to be treated as posts in connection with the affairs of the Union	 and according ly	 present and future incumbents of such posts would quali fy as holders of civil posts under the Central Government. The notification further stated that necessary rules govern ing the conditions of service of the employees would be framed under proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution to have retrospective effect from October 1	 1979. Accordingly the service rules were framed under Article 309 as per the Notification No. GSR 54 issued by the Govt. of India	 Deptt. of Personnel & Training on December 23	 1980. These rules contained both the recruitment rules and conditions of service of the said employees including the procedure for disciplinary action to be taken against them. As stated earlier the Administrative Instructions are applicable to the canteens/tiffin rooms run by all the Ministries includ ing the Railway Ministry unless they had previously decided to be exempt from them and had framed their own rules in that behalf. On behalf of the respondents	 one Shri Sud	 Joint Director of Establishment	 Ministry of Railways has filed an affidavit contending that Section F of Chapter XXVIII of the Railway Establishment Manual (to the relevant paragraphs of which we have made a reference earlier) con tains the necessary instructions for running the canteens and hence the Railway Administration should be deemed to have been exempted from the operation of the said Adminis trative Instructions. Although there is nothing expressly on record to show that the railway canteens are exempted from the said Instructions	 we will proceed on the assumption that they are so exempted by virtue of the relevant provi sions of the Railway Manual. But the fact remains that there are as yet no notifications on the lines of December 11	 1979 and December 23	 1980 issued for the benefit of the employees in the railway canteens. Whatever the differences in the nature of work performed by the order staff in the different Ministries	 it cannot be argued that there is any difference in the work performed by the employees in the canteens run in the establishments of the Ministries. Hence	 we are of the view that if the said two notifications are applicable to the employees in the canteens run by the other departments of the Government of India	 there is no reason why the same should not apply also to the employees in the canteens run by the Railways. On behalf of the Railway Admn. no material has been placed before us to treat the employees in their canteens as a class separate from the employees in the canteens run by the other departments of the Government. In the circumstances	 it would be highly discriminatory not to apply the said two notification to the employees in the Railway canteens. It would be violative of Articles 14 and 16 of 707 the Constitution. We are	 therefore	 of the view that the employees in the statutory canteens of the Railways will have to be treated as Railway servants. Thus the relationship of employer and employee stands created between the Railway Administration and the canteen employees from the very inception. Hence	 it cannot be gainsaid that for the purposes of the the employees in the statutory canteens are the employees of the Railways. The decision of the Calcutta and Madras High Courts (supra) on the point	 therefore	 are both proper and valid. The next question is whether the said employees are railway employees for all purposes. Mr. Ramaswamy	 the learned counsel appearing for the Railways contended that the Railways undertake varied welfare activities in the nature of handicrafts centres	 cooperative stores	 banks	 housing societies	 credit societies	 educational institu tions etc. and the Railways spend about a hundred crores annually on these activities. He submitted that if it is decided to treat the employees engaged in the canteens as railway employees it will be difficult to resist the claim from employees of these other institutions numbering over 27	500 for a similar status. He also submitted that the Railways provide financial assistance to various non Railway institutions such as non Railway schools. But teachers and other employees working in these schools are the employees of the respective organisations and cannot be treated as railway servants. Since	 according to him	 the canteens are run for the benefit of the staff	 the Government has only a general responsibility to see that the labour laws are properly followed and not infringed. He further submitted that an indentical responsibility also devolves on the Railways in regard to contractors who execute works for the Railways with their own labour. In addition	 the Railways have nearly 2.3 lakh casual labourers who are normally employed on works which are of seasonal nature	 intermitant or extending over short periods. These employees are engaged by the contractor to whom the execution of work is entrust ed. In case the employees of the canteens are to be treated as Railway servants	 similar demands will be made from such casual labourers. His next contention in this behalf was that the Railways have a primary objective of carrying goods and passengers	 and the welfare activities are ancillary to the main objective. Hence	 the canteens continue at the discretion of the Railway Administration where there have provided 70% subsidy to the management of the statutory canteens. If at any stage the Government so decides	 it can change the form of this welfare measure 708 and may choose to have another set up which in their view may prove more convenient and financially workable such as engaging a contractor or an established agency like Tea Boad	 Coffee Board	 Women 's Organisation	 etc. to run the canteens. For all these reasons	 he submitted the employees in the statutory canteens should not be treated as the Railway employees. While discussing above the contention that the employees in the statutory canteens cannot be treated as Railway employees even for the purposes of the said Act	 we have referred to the various developments	 and documents on record including the court decisions. It is not necessary to repeat them here. In view of the same	 the contention ad vanced by Mr. Ramaswamy that the Railway Admn. is engaged in varied welfare activities	 and the employees engaged in these activities will also have to be treated as Railway employees	 in case	 the canteen employees are recognised as Railway employees does not appeal to us. We express no opinion on the subject as to whether the employees engaged in other welfare activities will or will not be entitled to the status of the Railway employees	 since neither they nor the facts pertaining to them are before us. Our conclusion that the employees in the statutory canteens are entitled to succeed in their claim is based purely on facts peculiar to them as discussed above. If by virtue of all these facts that they are entitled to the status of Railway employees and they cannot be deprived of that status merely because some other employees similarly or dis similarly situated may also claim the same status. The argument to say the least can only be discribed as one in terroram	 and as any other argument of the kind has to be disregarded. (ii) Non Statutory Recognised Canteens: Paragraph 2830 of the Railway Established Manual enjoins upon the Rly. Administration to take steps to develop their canteen organ isation to the maximum possible extent as a measure of staff welfare preferably by encouraging the development of can teens for staff on co operative basis. This injunction is for provision of canteens in addition to the canteens as required by the for which provision is made in paragraph 2829 of the said Manual. Paragraph 2831 lays down the principles governing the setting up of the canteens which apply also to the nonstatutory canteens provided for under paragraph 2830. It says	 among others things	 that a regular canteen should be provided where the strength of the staff is 100 or more and a scheme for provision of a new canteen should be submitted to the Railway Board for approv al indicating financial implications duly vetted by the F.A.C.O. Paragraph 709 2833 contains provisions for the management of such non statutory canteens. Among other things	 it states that such canteens can be run either by a Committee of Management to be formed for the purpose or by a Consumer Cooperative Society. The Committee of Management should consist of the duly elected representatives of the staff and where it is run by a Cooperative Society	 it should consist of the representatives of the share holders of the Society. Howev er	 in either of the cases	 a representative of the Railway Administration is to be nominated either as a Chairman or a Secretary or as a Member of the Committee. This nominee of the Railway Administration is under an obligation to bring to the notice of the Administration any decision of the Managing Commttee which is likely to affect the interests of the Railway Admn. in its capacity as an owner of the prem ises and of the furniture	 equipment	 etc.	 or if the deci sion is likely to be of considerable harm to the staff. In such cases	 the Management Committee cannot take action on the particular decision till the General Manager of the Railway has recorded his decision thereon. The paragraph further ordains that where the canteens are managed by a co operative society	 the society should make a suitable provisions in its bye laws for supervision of the canteen by the Committee of Management. The paragraph also makes provi sion for granting loans to such canteens as initial capital from the Staff Benefit Fund. Paragraph 2834 then details various facilities which are extended to such canteens which include the necessary accommodation	 sanitary and 'electric installations	 furniture and cooking utensils. The Railway Admn. is also required to bear rent on sanitary and electric installations	 service taxes and charges for the electricity and water consumed. These canteens are also entitled to subsidies at present to the extent of 70% of the wages of the employees engaged therein. It is further an admitted position that for the purposes of giving subsidy for wages	 the rates of pay and allowances as obtaining in July 1963 were adopted as a basis. In September 1967	 on account of a representation received from the canteen employees	 the Railway Board left the question of revision of the scales of pay and dearness allowance to the Managing Committees. However to ensure that the canteen employees functioning at the Metropolitan Cities were not affected adversely	 the Board prescribed a minimum dearness allowance relief to the said employees. In May 1970	 the Board reviewed the question of scales of pay	 and decided to enhance the dearness allowance relief in respect of employees working in the Metropolitan Cities	 and also fixed the scales of pay of the employees working in all non statutory canteens (vide a Railway Board 's letter No. E(W) 69 710 C.N. 1 12 dated 29 5 1970). These scales of pay were again revised in December 1979	 including dearness allowance for employees working in the Metropolitan cities as well as for those working in cities other than Metropolitan cities with effect from 1 10 1979 (Railway Board 's letter No. E (W)/79 C.N. 1 12 dated 14 12 79). A. further revision of pay scales was elfcoted by the Board in May 1983 (Railway Board 's letter No. E(W)/83/C.N. 1 8 dated 13 5 1983 to ensure com pliance with the interim directions given by this Court on April 22	 1983. The direction of this Court was to the effect that the salary and allowances of the employees of the non statutory canteens (recognised) should be at the same rate and on the same basis as applicable to the employ ees of the statutory canteens deemed as railway servants with effect from October 22	 1980. This direction was on the basis of the decision of this Court given on October 22	 1989 (supra). It is further an admitted fact that the Board has made applicable to these employees the scales of pay as recommended by the Fourth Pay Commission with effect from January 1	 1986. The employees in these canteens are also entitled to free medical treatment as out door patients in railway hospitals	 to railway passes/PTO 's	 one increment as an incentive for adoption of a small family. They are also governed by the provisions of the Employees ' Provident Fund Act. The Board has also framed recruitment rules for these employees vide its letter dated June 7	 1978. These rules	 among other things	 lay down minimum qualifying age for recruitment	 and superannuation age	 minimum educational qualifications	 the mode of recruitment and eligibility for promotion for various posts. The nominee of the Railway Administration on the Managing Committee of the canteen is to be the Appointing Authority. At present there are about 173 non statutory recognised canteens employing about 2145 workers. As pointed out earlier	 from the decision dated March 7	 1980 of the Delhi High Court in Writ Petition No. 269 of 1980 filed on behalf of the employees of eleven Delhi based non statutory recognised canteens	 the Railway Canteen Karamchari Association had filed a special leave petition before this Court being SLP No. 4132 of 1980 which was disposed of by this Court by its decision of October 22	 1980 (supra). By that decision	 this Court had disposed of the said appeal in terms of the order which was passed in another similar Civil Appeal No. 368 of 1978	 and the em ployees were given the same benefits by accepting the prin ciple laid down by the Calcutta High Court. Thus by the said decision	 the employees of the non statutory 711 canteens were directed to be treated on par with the employ ees of the statutory canteens	 although by giving liberty to the Railway Administration to agitate the point that neither the employees of the statutory nor of the non statutory recognised canteens were railway employees either for the purposes of the or for any other purpose. Shri Ramaswamy advanced the same contentions in the case of these employees as he advanced in the case of the employees of the statutory canteens. He submitted that these employees are appointed by the Staff Managing Committee or Co operative Societies and not by the Rly. Administration	 that their service in the canteen is purely in the nature of a private employment as in a private sector undertaking and that the recruitment procedures differ widely from canteen to canteen and they are not akin to the procedure followed by the Railways. The Managing Committee which appoints the employees	 supervises and controls the canteens is a non Government body. The said Committee functions as a separate entity independent of the Railway Administration and the control when exercised by the Railway Administration is only to ensure that the canteen is run in conformity with certain requirements. There is no relationship of master and servant between the Rly. Administration and the canteen employees. The letters of appointment issued to the employees make it expressly clear that the employment is non Governmental and purely temporary and does not carry any pensionary or gratu ity benefits. The employees recruited further are not sub jected to rigorous standards as to age limit	 educational qualifications	 medical fitness	 character verification etc. He further submitted that the order dated October 22	 1980 passed by this Court in the case of the employees of the eleven Delhi based non statutory canteens is expressly subject to the liberty given to the Railway Administration to contend in a future appropriate case that they are not railway employees and hence it cannot act as a precedent. He also contended as he did in the case of the statutory can teen employees	 that if the employees engaged in these canteens are treated as Railway servants	 the employees engaged in other welfare activities	 casual labourers etc. may have also to be treated as such. 29. These arguments can be dealt with together. In the first instance	 there is hardly any difference between the statutory canteens and non statutory recognised canteens. The statutory canteens are established wherever the railway establishments employ more than 250 persons as is mandatory under the provisions of Section 46 of the Act while non statutory canteens are required to be established under 712 paragraph 2831 of the Railway Estb. Manual where the strength of the staff is 100 or more. In terms of the said paragraph	 the non statutory canteens to be recognised have to be approved of by the Railway Board in advance. Every Rly. Administration seeking to set up such canteens is required to approach the Railway Board for their prior approval/recognition indicating financial implications involved duly vetted by the Financial Advisor and Chief Accounts Officer of the Railway concerned. It is only when the approval is accorded by the Railway Board that the canteen is treated as a recognised non statutory canteen. By the sanction	 the details in regard to the number of staff to be employed in the canteen	 recurring and non recurring expenditure etc. are regulated. The only material difference between the statutory canteen and non statutory recognised canteen is that while one is obligatory under the said Act the other is not. However	 there is no difference in the management of the two types of canteens as is evident from the provisions of paragraphs 2832 and 2833 which respective ly provide for their management. Regarding the incidence of cost to be borne by the Railways again	 as far as the Manual is concerned	 the only additional obligation cast on the Administration	 in the case of the statutory canteens is that in addition to the facilities given to the non statuto ry canteens	 the Administration has also to meet the statu tory obligations in respect of the expenditure for providing and maintaining canteens arising from the said Act and the rules framed thereunder. A perusal of the relevant provi sions shows that the said Act and the rules made thereunder do not make demands on the Administration for more expendi ture than what is provided for in the Railway Manual for the non statutory canteens. We have already referred to the service conditions applicable to the employees of the statu tory and non statutory canteens. Besides	 while discussing the case of the employees in statutory canteens we have pointed out the relevant provisions of the Administrative Instructions on Departmental Canteens in Government Officers and Govt. Industrial Establishments. These Instructions are applicable to both statutory and nonstatutory recognised canteens. The Instructions do not make any difference be tween the two so far as their applicability is concerned. In fact these Instructions require that the canteens run by engaging solely part time daily wage workers may be convert ed to departmental canteens (para 1.3). Hence we donot see why any distinction be made between the employees of the two types of canteens so far as their service conditions are concerned. For this very reason	 the two notifications of December 11	 1979 and December 23	 1980 (supra) should also be equally applicable to the employees of these canteens. If this is so	 then these employees would also be entitled to be treated as rail 713 way servants. A classification made between the employees of the two types of canteens would be unreasonable and will have no rational nexus with the purpose of the classifica tion. Surely it cannot be argued that the employees who otherwise do the same work and work under the same condi tions and under a similar management have to be treated differently merely because the canteen happens to be run at an establishment which employs 250 or less than 250 members of the staff. The smaller strength of the staff may justify a smaller number of the canteen workers to serve them. But that does not make any difference to the working conditions of such workers. We have already dealt with the other arguments advanced by Shri Ramaswamy while dealing with the cases of employees in statutory canteens. It is not necessary to repeat the said discussion here. We are	 therefore	 of the view that the case of these employees should be treated on par with that of the employees in the statutory canteens and they should also be treated for all purposes as railway servants. This is apart from the fact that by an order of this Court the employees of eleven Delhi based non statutory recognised canteens have already been directed to be treated as railway servants for all purposes. (iii)Non Statutory Non Recognised Canteens: The difference between the non statutory recognised and non statutory nonrcognised canteen is that these canteens are not started with the approval of the Railway Board as re quired under paragraph 2831 of the Railway Establishment Manual. Though	 they are started in the premises belonging to the Railways they are so started with the permission of the local officers. They are not required to be managed either as per the provisions of the Railway Establishment Manual or the Administrative Instructions (Supra). There is no obligation on the Railway Administration to provide them with any facilities including the furniture	 utensils	 electricity and water. These canteens are further not enti tled to nor are they given any subsidies or loans. They are run by private contractors and there is no continuity either of the contractors or the workers engaged by them. Very often than not the workers go out with the contractors. There is further no obligation cast even on the local of fices to supervise the working of these canteens. No rules whatsoever are applicable to the recruitment of the workers and their service conditions. The canteens are run more or less on ad hoc basis	 the Railway Administration having no control on their working neither is there a record of these canteens or of the contractors who run them who keep on changing	 much less of the workers engaged in these can teens. In the circumstances we are of the view of 714 that the workers engaged in these canteens are not entitled to claim the status of the railway servants. The result	 therefore	 is that the workers engaged in the statutory canteens as well as those engaged in non statutory recognised canteens in the Railway Establishments are railway employees and they are entitled to be treated as such. The Railway Board has already treated the employees of all statutory and eleven Delhi based non statutory recog nised canteens as railway employees w.e.f. October 22	 1980. The employees of the other non statutory recognised canteens will	 however	 be treated as railway employees w.e.f. April 1	 1990. They would	 therefore	 be entitled to all benefits as such railway employees with effect from the said date	 according to the service conditions prescribed for them under the relevant rules/orders. The Writ Petitions and appeals of these employees are allowed to the above extent accordingly with no order as to costs. As far as the employees in non statutory non recog nised canteens are concerned their petitions are dismissed. There will	 however	 be no order as to costs. R.S.S. Petitions and Appeals allowed.

The petitioners in this group of Writ Petitions are workers in canteens run in different railway establishments. The relief claimed in all the petitions is that the workers concerned should be treated as railway employees and should be extended all service conditions which are available to the railway employees. For convenience sake	 the canteens have been classified into three categories	 viz.	 (i) Statutory canteens; (ii) Non statutory Recognised Canteens	 and (iii) Non Statutory Non Recognised canteens. Chapter XXVIII of the Railway Establishment Manual contains the necessary instructions for running the can teens. Paragraph 2829 of Chapter XXVIII of the Manual refers to the provisions of Section 46 of the and under writes the fact that under these provisions	 there is a statutory obligation on the Railway Administration to set up canteens in Railway establishments which are governed by the said Act and which employ more than 250 persons. Paragraph 2831 lays down the principles governing the set ting up of the canteens which apply also to the non statuto ry canteens provided for under paragraph 2830. Paragraph 2832 inter alia states that although the Administration can employ as agent a Staff Committee or a Co operative Society for management	 the legal responsibility for proper manage ment rests not with the agency but solely with the Railway Administration. The Department of Personnel & Training	 Ministry of Personnel	 Government of India	 had issued Administrative Instructions on Departmental Canteens in Offices and Indus trial Establishments of the Government. It is made clear in these instructions that the orders issued under the said Instructions are applicable to all Canteens/Tiffin Rooms functioning or to be set up in any Ministry	 Department	 Establish 688 ment	 Office	 or Installation of the government of India (Industrial or non industrial)	 including those functioning under the Ministries of Defence	 P & T and Railways unless these three Ministries had previously decided to exempt any of the said Instructions due to specific reasons. It was contended on behalf of the petitioner workers that	 in view of the documents on record there is no reason why the employees in the canteens concerned should not be given the status of the railway employees with all conse quential benefits. On the other hand	 it was contended on behalf of the Railways that (i) the canteen employees are appointed by the Staff Managing Committees or Co operative Societies and not by the Railway Administration and as such there is no rela tionship of master and servant between the Railwasy Adminis tration and the Canteen employees	 and in no case can they be deemed as holders of civil posts	 either for Article 309 or for Article 311 of the Constitution; (ii) the control exercised by the Railway administration is only to ensure that the canteens are run in conformity with certain re quirements; (iii) the Railways have a primary objective of carrying goods and passengers and the welfare activities are ancillary to the main objective; (iv) the canteens continue at the discretion of the Railway Administration	 and at any stage the Government can change the form of this welfare measure and choose to have another set up; (v) the Railways undertake varied welfare activities	 and if it is decided to treat the employees engaged in the canteens as railway employees	 it will be difficult to resist the claim from employees of these other institutions for a similar status; and (vi) the Railway Establishment Manual contains the necessary instructions for running the canteens	 and hence the Railway Administration should be deemed to have been exempted from the operation of the Administrative Instruc tions on Departmental Canteens in Offices and Industrial Establishments of the Government	 issued by the Department of Personnel & Training. Allowing the petitions filed by the employees of the statutory canteens and non statutory (recognised) canteens. and dismissing those of the non statutory (non recognised) canteens. this Court. HELD: Statutory Canteens (1) In terms of the Rules made by the State Governments under Section 46 of the it is obligatory on the Railway Administration to provide a canteen in an establishment which employs 689 more than 250 persons. The provision of the canteen is therefore	 deemed by the statute as a necessary concomitant of the manufacturing activity. [692C; G] The employees of the departmental canteens/tiffin rooms were declared as holders of civil posts under the Government of India Notification dated December 11	 1979 which is annexed to the Administrative Instructions on Departmental Canteens in Offices and Industrial Establish ments of the Government. That Notification states that all posts in the said canteens/tiffin rooms are to be treated as posts in connection with the affairs of the Union	 and hence the incumbents would qualify as holders of civil posts. Accordingly	 service rules were framed under Article 309 as per the notification issued by the Government of India	 Department of Personnel & Training on December 23	 1980. [705H; 706A B] (3) The provisions contained in the Administrative Instructions	 show that the Government has a complete con trol over the canteens and the workers employed therein 'are holders of civil posts within the meaning of Article 311 of the Constitution. There recruitment and service conditions are governed by the rules applicable to the employees of the Department/Office/Establishment to which the canteens are attached. [701E] (4) Although there is nothing expressly on record to show that the railway canteens are exempted from the said Administrative Instructions	 but even assuming that the railway canteens are exempted by virtue of the relevant provisions of the Railway Manual	 the fact remains that there are as yet no notifications on the lines of December 11	 1979 and December 23	 1980 issued for the benefit of the employees in the railway canteens. [706E F] (5) It cannot be argued that there is any difference in the work performed by the employees in the canteens run in the establishments of the Ministries. If the said two noti fications are applicable to the employees in the canteens run by the other departments of the Government of India	 there is no reason why the same should not apply also to the employees in the canteens run by the Railways. In the cir cumstances	 it would be highly discriminatory not to apply the said two notifications to the employees in the Railway canteens. It would be violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The employees in the Statutory canteens of the Railways will therefore have to be treated as Railway serv ants. [706F H; 707A] 690 (6) Thus the relationship of employer and employee stands created between the Railway Administration and the canteen employees from the very inception. Hence	 it cannot be gainsaid that for the purposes of the the employees in the statutory canteens are the employees of the Railways. [707B] Order dated 22.10.1980 in Civil Appeal No. 368 of 1978 (Supreme Court); Madras High Court; Writ Appeals Nos. 414 415 of 1978. referred to. (7) If by virtue of all these facts the employees are entitled to the status of Railway employees they cannot be deprived of that status merely because some other employees similarly or dis similarly situated may also claim the same status. The argument to say the least can only be described as one in terroram. and as any other argument of the kind has to be disregarded. [708E] Non Statutory Recognised Canteen (8) These canteens are run in the establishments which employ 250 or less than 2.50 employees; and are established with the prior approval and recognition of the Railway Board. There is hardly any difference between the statutory canteens and non statutory recognised canteens. The only material difference is that while one is obligatory under the 	 the other is not. However. there is no difference in the management of the two type of canteens. [71 I G; 712C] (9) The Administration Instructions on Departmental Canteens in Government Offices and Government Industrial Establishments do not make any difference between the two so far as their applicability is concerned. Hence	 it cannot be seen why any distinction be made between the employees of the two types of canteens so far as their service conditions are concerned. For this very reason	 the two notifications of December 11	 1979 and December	 23	 1980 should also be equally applicable to the employees of these canteens. [7 12G H] (10) If that is so	 then these employees would also be entitled to be treated as railway servants. A classification made between the employees of the two types of canteens would be unreasonable and will have no rational nexus with the purpose of the classification. Surely it cannot be argued that the employees who otherwise do the same work and work under the same conditions and under a similar manage ment have to be treated differently merely because the canteen happens to be 691 run at an establishment which employees 250 or less than 250 members of the staff. [712H; 713A B] Non Statutory Non Recognised Canteens (11) These canteens are run at establishments which employ 100 or less than 100 employees	 and are established without prior approval or recognition of the Railway Board. [692E] The Canteens are run more or less on ad hoc basis	 the Railway Administration having no control of their function ing. They are not required to be managed either as per the provisions of the Railway Establishment Manual or the Admin istrative Instructions. In the circumstances the workers engaged in these canteens are not entitled to claim the status of the railway servants. [713H; 714A]