Summarize the following court judgment. vil Appeal Nos. 4043 and 1370 of 1987. 221 From the Judgment and Order dated 20.11.1987 and 4.3.1987 of the Jammu & Kashmir High Court in L.P.A. No. 20/1987 and in Suit No. 235/86. K. Parasaran	 Ms. section Janani and Ms. Urmila Kapur for the Appellant in C.A. No. 4043/87. P. Chidambaram	 P.H. Parekh and Ms. Gitanjali Mathrani for the Appellants in C.A. No. 1370/87. M. Beg	 E.C. Agarwala	 Atul Sharma	 Vijay Pandita and Ms. Purnima for the Respondents in C.A. No. 4043/87. E.C. Agarwala and Atul Sharma for the Respondents in C.A. No. 1370/87. Ashok Mathur for the State of Jammu and Kashmir and Advocate General. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by THOMMEN	 J. Civil Appeal No. 4043 of 1987. The question which arises in this appeal is as regards the validity of clause (iii) of sub section (3) of Section 1 of the Jammu & Kashmir Houses and Shops Rent Control Act	 1966 (hereinafter referred to as "the Act"). The challenge against the clause on the ground of its alleged violation of Article 14 of the Constitution was rejected by the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir. The High Court	 following its earlier decision in The J & K Bank Ltd. vs State of J & K & Another	 AIR 1987 J & K 18	 upheld the validity of the clause. The impugned provision	 as it stood at the relevant time	 reads: "1(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub section (2)	 nothing in this Act shall apply to (ii) Omitted (iii) any tenancy in respect of any house. or shop where the income of the tenant	 whether accruing within or outside 222 the State	 exceeds rupees 40	000 per annum; Explanation: the word 'income ' means 'net income. '" The appellant	 the Delhi Cloth & General Mills Limited is the tenant of the building in question. Its claim for the protection of the Act was disallowed by the courts below on the ground that clause (iii) of sub section (3) of Section 1	 read with the Explanation	 was attracted in respect of the appellant. According to the appellant	 the impugned clause is discriminatory and arbitrary because it draws an artificial distinction between tenants on the basis of their income. Those tenants earning net income below Rs.40	000 per annum are fortunate enough to be protected by the beneficial provisions of the Act	 while a person like the appellant whose annual net income is undoubtedly in excess of the statutory limit of Rs.40	000	 is unreasonably and unfairly denied the protection of the Act. This statutory discrimina tion	 it is contended	 places persons like the appellant at the mercy of the landlords who can easily evict them by recourse to the far less restrictive provisions of the and on the strength of their agreements of lease. Counsel for the appellant submits that the impugned clause does not take into account the nature of the build ing	 but only the income of the tenant. The income of the landlord himself is irrelevant. The protection of the Act is withheld or extended	 dependent solely on the financial capacity of the tenant and without regard to the need of the landlord or the age or other conditions of the building or any other factor. Treating tenants differently with refer ence to their annual income is not an intelligible classifi cation	 for the income of a tenant may vary from year to year	 depending upon the nature of his business and other factors. This variation in income may expose him to eviction in a particular year when the business is prosperous but protects him from eviction when the business declines and income falls. Furthermore	 counsel says. "income" is not a clear and precise concept. Limiting it to net income does not make it clearer. What are the permissible deductions to arrive at the "net"	 the Act does not say. The Section is invalid because it is too broad or vague. Any classification based on such vague differentia is unintelligible and	 therefore	 violative of Article 14. In any view	 counsel submits	 the classification sought to be made between per sons falling on either side of the 223 specified income has no reasonable relation to the object sought to be achieved by the statute. Counsel relies on the observation of this Court in Rattan Arya & Others vs State of Tamil Nadu & Another	 ; declaring Section 30(ii) of the Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act	 1960 as unconstitutional. Counsel also relies upon the decision of this Court in Motor General Traders & Another vs State of Andhra Pradesh & Others	 ; declaring Section 32(b) of the A.P. Buildings (Lease	 Rent and Evic tion) Control Act	 1960 as unconstitutional. These decisions	 in our view	 are easily distinguisha ble. In Rattan Arya (supra) this Court stated that a dis tinction between residential buildings leased on rent not exceeding Rs.400 per month and all other buildings whether residential or non residential was an unreasonable classi fication. There was no reason why non residential buildings leased on rent of Rs.400 per month or less should be treated differently from residential buildings of like rent or why in the case of residential buildings the limit should have been limited to Rs.400 per month. To so restrict the protec tion of the Act was an unreasonable classification. In the Motor General Traders (supra)	 this Court stated that to arbitrarily prescribe a cut off date	 i.e.	 August 26	 1957	 for denying the protection of the Act	 without regard to the age of the building or to the extent of realisation of the investment by the owner was an unreasonable classification. These decisions do not	 in our view	 support the contentions of the appellant. On the other hand	 a classification with reference to economic realities was upheld by this Court in Kerala Hotel & Restaurant Association & Ors. vs State of Kerala & Ors.	 [1990] 1 JT SC 324. This Court stated "those who can afford the costlier cooked food	 being more affluent	 would find the burden lighter. This object cannot be faulted on princi ple and is	 indeed	 laudable". Though that principle was stated in a different context	 significantly this Court accepted a classification based on financial capacity. The classic and oft repeated test to be applied when the constitutionality of legislation is questioned with refer ence to Article 14 of the Constitution is what is stated by this Court in Shri Ram Krishna Dalmia vs Shri Justice S.R. Tendolkar & Others	 S.R. Das	 CJ. stated: "In order	 however	 to pass the test of permissible classi fication two conditions must be fulfilled	 namely	 (i) that the 224 classification must be rounded on an intelligible differen tia which distinguishes persons or things that are grouped together from others left out of the group and	 (ii) that the differentia must have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the statute in question. " The object of the enactment in question is undoubtedly to protect the weaker section of tenants from. unreasonable eviction and unfair rent. The legislature	 at the same time	 did not desire to discourage persons from constructing buildings. The twin legislative object is the protection of economically weaker tenants and encouragement of construc tion of buildings. While protection is thus afforded to deserving tenants	 construction of new buildings is encour aged by exempting buildings occupied by richer classes of tenants from the provisions of the Act. While a building is covered by the Act when occupied by a tenant whose annual net income is less than the specified amount	 the protection is withheld when the same building is occupied by a richer tenant whose annual net income is higher than the specified amount. Where a building is occupied by more than one ten ant	 the applicability of the Act to each of them would depend upon his net income. It is the tenant that the legis lature intends to protect and not the landlord or his build ing. The test adopted by the legislature for this purpose is with reference to the tenant 's net income	 whether accruing inside or outside the State	 as on the date of the land lord 's application for eviction as well as on the date of the decree for eviction. The legislative object is	 there fore	 to protect tenants who are economically weaker in comparison to those affluent tenants falling outside the specified limit of income	 and at the same time to encourage construction of new buildings which will result in better availability of accommodation	 employment opportunity and economic prosperity. This is a reasonable classification which does not suffer from the vice of being too vague or broad. Classification based on income is well known to law. Such classification has a reasonable relation to the twin legislative object mentioned above. We see nothing unreason able or irrational or unworkable or vague or unfair or unjust in the classification adopted by the impugned provi sion. Nor is there lack of clarity in the concept of "income" or "net income". Income is money or other benefit periodi cally received. It is profit or revenue and not capital. It is a gain derived from capital or labour or both. Net income is income obtained after deducting all expenses incurred for the purpose of earning the income. It is income minus oper ating expenses. The concept of net income is what it is 225 ordinarily understood to be in common parlance	 and not necessarily limited by the technicalities of any fiscal enactment. See in this connection the observation of the Jammu & Kashmir High Court in Banarasi Das vs Jagdish Raj Kohli	 AIR 1960 J & K 5. The legislature in its wisdom is presumed to understand and appreciate correctly the problems of the State and the needs of the people made manifest by experience. Absent blatant	 disregard of constitutional provisions	 legislative innovation by social and economic experimentation must be permitted to continue without judicial interference. The High Court	 as stated earlier	 followed its earlier decision on the construction of the Section in The J & K Bank Ltd. vs State of J & K & Another	 AIR 1987 J & K 18. In that case	 speaking for the Division Bench	 Anand	 CJ. stated as follows: "In our opinion	 the challenge to vires of section 1(3)(iii) of the Act is not well founded. Undoubtedly	 the Act is a piece of social and beneficial legislation. The Legislature knows and correctly appreciates the needs of its people. In its supreme wisdom it denied the protection of the Act to ten ants whose annual income exceeds Rs.40	000. Social legisla tion of this type is designed to protect the interest of a class of society who	 because of their economic conditions	 deserves such protection against their arbitrary eviction. The legislation is intended to protect weaker and poorer classes of the tenants and there is	 therefore	 an intelli gible differentia between the tenants whose annual income is Rs.40	000 and those whose annual income is more than Rs.40	000. In construing article 14	 the aid whereof has been pressed into service by the learned counsel	 the Court is not required to adopt a doctrinaire approach which would choke the beneficial legislation. It is open to the legisla ture to recognise the degree of harm and while doing so it can always make reasonable classification. Article 14 for bids class legislation but no reasonable classification. With a view to pass the test of reasonable classification	 there must exist intelligible differentia between persons or things grouped together from those who have been left out and there must be a reasonable nexus with the object to be achieved by the legislation. Keeping in view the object which the legislation seeks to achieve	 it can be safely said that there is reason 226 able nexus between the classification made by the legisla ture in the impugned section and the object sought to be achieved. We also find that there is an intelligible differ entia between the tenants who are sought to be protected by the Act from those who are denied the protection of the Act. We are in complete agreement with what has been stated by the learned Chief Justice. Accordingly	 we see no merit in this appeal. It is dismissed with costs here and in the courts below. Civil Appeal No. 1370 of 1987. This appeal is brought by a nationalised bank. In view of our judgment in Civil Appeal No. 4043 of 1987	 ' we dis miss this appeal with costs here and in the High Court. N.P.V. Appeals dis missed.

The appellant	 a tenant	 claimed protection of the Jammu and Kashmir Houses and Shops Rent Control Act	 1966. The courts below disallowed the claim	 on the ground that clause (iii) of sub section (3) of Section 1	 read with the Expla nation was attracted in respect of the appellant. The appellant challenged the validity of clause (iii) of sub section (3) of Section 1 of the Jammu and Kashmir Houses and Shops Rent Control Act	 1966 before the High Court on the ground that it violated Article 14 of the Constitution. The High Court	 following its earlier decision in the J & K Bank Lid. vs State of J & K & Another	 AIR1987 J & K 18 upheld validity of the clause. In the appeal before this Court	 the appellant tenant contended (i) that the clause was discriminatory and arbi trary	 because it drew an artificial distinction between tenants on the basis of their income	 in that while those tenants earning net income below Rs.40	000 per annum were protected by the beneficial provisions of the Act	 those with annual net income in excess of the statutory limit of Rs.40	000 were unreasonably and unfairly denied the protec tion and this statutory discrimination placed them at the mercy of the landlords	 who could easily evict them by recourse to the far less restrictive provisions of the Transfer of 219 Property Act	 1882 and on the strength of their agreements of lease	 (ii) that the clause did not take into account the nature of the building	 or the need and income of the land lord or any other factor and withheld or extended protection solely on the financial capacity of the tenant	 which could vary from year to year	 depending upon the nature of his business and other factors	 thus exposing the tenant to eviction when the business was prosperous	 but protecting him when the business declined and income fell	 (iii) that "income" was not a clear and precise concept; limiting it to net income did not make it clearer	 and the Act did not indicate the permissible deductions for arriving at the "net" and (iv) that the Section was invalid because it was too broad or vague and any classification based on such vague differentia was unintelligible and	 therefore	 viola tive of Article 14; and in any view	 the classification sought to be made between persons falling on either side of the specified income had no reasonable relation to the object sought to be achieved by the statute. Dismissing the above appeal	 and another similar appeal (Civil Appeal No. 1370 of 1987)	 this Court	 HELD: 1.1 The object of the Jammu and Kashmir Houses and Shops Rent Control Act	 1966 is undoubtedly to protect the weaker section of tenants from unreasonable eviction and unfair rent. At the same time	 the legislature did not desire to discourage persons from constructing buildings. Thus	 while protection is afforded to deserving tenants	 construction of new buildings is encouraged by exempting buildings occupied by richer classes of tenants from the provisions of the Act. While a building is covered by the Act when occupied by a tenant whose annual net income is less than the specified amount	 the protection is withheld when the same building is occupied by a richer tenant whose annual net income is higher than the specified amount. Where a building is occupied by more than one tenant	 the applica bility of the Act to each of them would depend upon his net income. It is the tenant that the legislature intends to protect and not the landlord or his building. The test adopted by the legislature for this purpose is with refer ence to the tenant 's net income	 whether accruing inside or outside the State	 as on the date of the landlord 's applica tion for eviction as well as on the date of the decree for eviction. [224B E] 1.2 The legislative object is	 therefore	 to protect tenants who are economically weaker in comparison to those affluent tenants falling outside the specified limit of income	 and at the same time to encourage construction of new buildings which will result in better availability of 220 accommodation	 employment opportunity and economic prosperi ty. This is a reasonable classification which does not suffer from the vice of being too vague or broad. [224E F] 1.3 Classification based on income is well known to law. Such classification has a reasonable relation to the twin legislative object of protecting economically weaker tenants and encouraging new constructions. There is nothing unrea sonable or irrational or unworkable or vague or unfair or unjust in the classification adopted by Section 1(3)(iii) of the Act. [224F; 22SD] 1.4 The legislature in its wisdom is presumed to under stand and appreciate correctly the problems of the State and the needs of the people made manifest by experience. Absent blatant disregard of constitutional provisions	 legislative innovation by social and economic experimentation must be permitted to continue without judicial interference. [225B] The J & K Bank Ltd. vs State of J & K & Another	 AIR 1987 J & K 18	 approved. Rattan Arya & Others vs State of Tamil Nadu & Another	 ; and Motor General Traders & Another vs State of Andhra Pradesh & Others	 ; 	 distin guished. Kerala Hotel & Restaurant Association & Ors. vs State of Kerala & Ors.	 [1990] 1 JT SC 324	 relied on. Krishna Dalmia vs Shri Justice S.R. Tendolkar & Others	 ; 	 referred to. 2. There is no lack of clarity in the concept of "in come" or net income. Income is money or other benefit peri odically received. It is profit or revenue and not capital. It is a gain derived from capital or labour or both. Net income is income obtained after deducting all expenses incurred for the purpose of earning the income. It is income minus operating expenses. The concept of net income is what it is ordinarily understood to be in common parlance	 and not necessarily limited by the technicalities of any fiscal enactment. [224G H] Banarasi Das vs Jagdish Raj Kohli	 AIR 1960 J & K 5. re ferred to.