Summarize the following court judgment. iminal Appeal No. 73 of 1959. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated January 16/20th	 1959	 of the Bombay High Court in Confirmation case No. 25 of 1958 with Criminal Appeal No. 1372 of 1958	 arising out of. the judgment and order dated October 27	 1958	 of the Sessions Judge	 Poona	 in Sessions Case No. 52 of 1958. A. section R. Chtiri	 section N. Andley	 J. B. Dadachanji and Rameshwar Nath	 for the appellant. H. N. Seervai	 Advocate General for the State of Bombay	 Porus A. Mehta and R. H. Dhebar	 for the respondent. December 14. The Judgment of section K. Das and Hidayatullah	 JJ.	 was delivered by Hidayatullah	 J. Sarkar	 J.	 delivered a separate Judgment. HIDAYATULLAH J. This appeal by special leave is against the judgment of the Bombay High Court [J. C. Shah	 J. (now of the Supreme Court) and V. section Desai	 J.] by which it maintained the conviction of the appellant	 Lagu	 under section 302 of the Indian Penal Code	 and confirmed the sentence of death passed on him by Shri V. A. Naik (now Naik	 J.) Sessions Judge	 Poona. The appellant was tried for the murder of one Laxmibai Karve	 and the charge held proved against him was that on or about the night between November 12 and 13	 1956	 either at Poona or in the course of a railway journey between Poona and Bombay	 he administered to the said Laxmibai Karve	 some unrecognised poison or drug which would act as a poison	 59 462 with the intention of causing her death and which did cause her death. Laxmibai Karve was a resident of Poona where she lived at 93 95	 Shukrawar Peth. Before her marriage of she was known as Indumati	 Indutai or Indu Ponkshe. In the year 1922	 she married Anant Ramachandra Karve	 a widower with a son by name	 Vishnu. On her marriage	 as is the custom	 she was named Laxmibai by the family of her husband and was known as Laxmibai Karve. She was also known as Mai or Mai Karve. From Laxmibai there were born two sons	 Ramachandra (P.W. 1) and Purshottam alias Arvind	 who died in 1954. Anant Ramachandra Karve was a moderately rich man	 who had been successful in business. He died in 1945 of pleurisy. He was attended till his death by the appellant and his brother	 B. C. Lagu	 both of whom are doctors. Anant Ramachandra Karve left a will dated February 28	 1944. Prior to the execution of the will	 he had gifted Rs. 30	000 to his son	 Vishnu	 to set him up in business. By his will he gave the house No. 93 95	 Shukrawar Peth	 Poona to Ramachandra with a right of residence in at least three rooms to his widow	 Laxmibai and a further right to her to receive Rs. 50 per month from the rent of the house. He assigned an insurance policy of Rs. 5	000 in her favour. The business was left to Ramachandra. The cash deposits in Bank	 Post Office and with other persons together with the right to recover loans from debtors in the Bhor State were given to Purushottam alias Arvind. Certain bequests of lands and debentures were made to Visbnu 's children. Laxmibai was also declared owner of all her ornaments of about 60 tolas of gold and nose ring and pearl bangles which were described in the will. In addition to what she inherited from her husband	 Laxmibai inherited about Rs. 25	000 invested in shares from her mother	 Girjabai	 and another 60 tolas of gold ornaments. In January 1954	 Purushottam alias Arvind died at Poona. By Purushottam 's death Laxmibai also inherited all the property held by him. 463 Thus	 at the time of her death	 Laxmibai possessed of about 560 shares in diverse Electric ' Companies	 debentures in South Madras Electric Supply Corporation and Mettur Chemical and Industrial Corporation	 a sum of Rs. 7	882 15 0 at the Bank of Maharashtra	 a sum of Rs. 35	000 in deposit with one Vasudeo Sadashiv Joshi	 gold and pearl ornaments and sundry movables like clothes	 house hold furniture	 radio etc. In the year 1946	 Ramachandra	 the elder son	 started living separately. There were differences between the mother and son. The latter had suffered a loss in the business and had mortgaged the house with one Shinde	 who filed a suit	 and obtained a decree but Vishnu filed a suit for partition claiming that his onethird share was not affected. Before this	 Ramachandra had closed his business in 195 1	 and joined the military. He was posted at different places	 but in spite of their differences	 mother and son used to correspond with each other. In May	 1956	 Laxmibai arranged and performed his marriage	 and he went away in June	 1956. Laxmibai had contracted tuberculosis after the birth of Purushottam. That was about twenty years before her death. The lesion	 however	 healed and till 1946 her health was not bad. From 1946 she suffered from diabetes. In 1948 she was operated for hysterectomy	 and before her operation	 she was getting hysterical fits. On June 15	 1950	 she was examined by Dr	 R. V	 Sathe	 who prescribed some treatment. In July	 1950	 she was admitted in the Wanless Tuberculosis Sana torium for pulmonary affection	 and she was treated till November 15	 1950. Two stages of thoracoplasty operations were performed	 but she left	 though a third stage of operation was advised. In the operations	 her leftside first rib and portions of 2nd to 6th ribs were removed. Laxmibai was	 however	 treated with medicines	 and the focus	 it appears	 was under control. We now come to the events immediately preceding her death. Laxmibai had	 through the appellant	 taken an appointment from Dr. Sathe of Bombay for 464 a consultation about her health	 for November 13	 1956	 at 3 30 p. m. It was to attend this appointment that she left Poona in the company of the appellant by Passenger train on the night of November 12	1956	 for Bombay. The train arrived at Victoria Terminus Station at 5 10 a. m. thirty five minutes late. It is an admitted fact that Laxmibai was then deeply unconcious and was carried on a stretcher by the appellant to a taxi and later to the G. T. Hospital	 where she was entered as an in door patient at 5 45 a. m. She never regained consciousness and died at 11 30 a. m. Her body remained it the G.T. Hospital till the evening of the 14th	 when it was sent to the J. J. Hospital morgue for preservation. Later	 it was to be handed over under the orders of the Coroner to the Grant Medical College for the use of Medical Students. It was noticed there that she had a suspicious ligature mark on the neck	 and the body was subjected to postmortem examination and the viscera to chemical analysis and then the body was disposed of. Both the autopsy as well as the chemical analysis failed to disclose any poison and the mark on the neck was found to be postmortem. The appellant was the medical attendant and friend of the family. He and his brother (also a medical practitioner) attended on Anant Ramachandra Karve till his death. The appellant also treated Purshottam alias Arvind for two days prior to his death on January 18	 1954. He was also the medical attendant of Laxmibai and generally managed her affairs. In 1955	 he started living in the main room of the suite occupied by Laxmibai	 and if Ramachandra is to be believed	 the reason for the quarrel between Laxmibai and himself was the influence which the appellant exercised over the mother to the disadvantage of the son. However that be	 it is quite clear that the son left Poona in June	 1956	 and did not see his mother alive again. The death of Laxmibai was not known to the relatives or friends. The appellant also did not disclose this fact to any one. On the other hand	 he kept it a close secret. Soon afterwards	 people began receiving 465 mysterious letters purporting to be from Laxmibai	 stating that she had gone on pilgrimage	 that she did not intend to return and that none should try to find her whereabouts. She advised them to communicate with her through the newspaper " Sakal ". Laxmibai also exhorted all persons to forget her	 as she had married one Joshi and had settled at Rathodi	 near Jaipur in Rajasthan. People who went to her rooms at first found them locked	 but soon the doors were open and the meveable property was found to have been removed. Through these mysterious letters Laxmibai informed all concerned that she had herself removed these articles secretly and that none was to be blamed or suspected. It is the prosecution case that these letters were forgeries	 and that the appellant misappropriated the properties of Laxmibai	 including her shares	 bank deposits etc. The appellant has admitted his entire conduct after the death of Laxmibai	 by which he managed to get hold of her property. His explanation was that he would have given the proceeds to some charitable institution according to her wishes adding some money of his own to round off the figure. He led no evidence to prove that Laxmibai before she left Poona or at any time gave such instructions to him in the matter. Meanwhile	 the continued disappearance of Laxmibai was causing uneasiness to her friends and relatives. On December 31	 1957	 G. D. Bhave (P. W. 8) addressed a complaint to the Chief Minister	 Bombay. Similarly 	 Dr. G. N. Datar (P. W. 5) also addressed a letter to the Chief Minister	 Bombay on February 16	 1958	 and in both these petitions	 doubts were expressed. Ramachandra too made a report	 and in consequence of a preliminary investigation	 the appellant was arrested on March 12	1958. He was subsequently tried and convicted by the Sessions Judge	 Poona. His appeal was also dismissed	 and the certificate of fitness having been refused	 he obtained special leave from this Court and filed this appeal. The appellant 's contention in this appeal is that the prosecution has not succeeded in proving that 466 Laxmibai was poisoned at all	 or that there was any poison administered to her which would evade detection	 yet cause death in the manner it actually took place. The appellant contends also that his conduct before the death of Laxmibai was bona fide and correct	 that no inference of guilt can be drawn from all the circumstances of this case	 and that his subsequent conduct	 though suggestive of greed	 was not proof of his guilt on the charge of murder. The conviction of the appellant rests on circumstantial evidence	 and his guilt has been inferred from medical evidence regarding the death of Laxmibai and his conduct. ' The two Courts below have held that the total evidence in this case unerringly points to the commission of the crime charged and every reasonable hypothesis compatible with the innocence of the appellant has been successfully repelled. A criminal trial	 of course	 is not an enquiry into the conduct of an accused for any purpose other than to determine whether he is guilty of the offence charged. In this connection	 that piece of conduct can be held to be incriminatory which has no reasonable explanation except on the hypothesis that he is guilty. Conduct which destroys the presumption of innocence can alone be considered as material. The contention of the appellant	 briefly	 is that the medical evidence is inconclusive	 and that his conduct is explainable on hypotheses other than his guilt. Ordinarily	 it is not the practice of this Court to re examine the findings of fact reached by the High Court particularly in a case where there is concurrence of opinion between the two Courts below. But the case against the appellant is entirely based on circumstantial evidence	 and there is no direct evidence that he administered a poison	 and no poison has	 in fact been detected by the doctor	 who performed the postmortem examination	 or by the Chemical Analyser. The inference of guilt having been drawn on an examination of a mass of evidence during which subsidiary findings were given by the two Courts below	 we have felt it necessary	 in view of the extraordinary nature of this case	 to satisfy ourselves 467 whether each conclusion on the separate ' aspects of the case	 is supported by evidence and is just and proper. Ordinarily	 this Court is not required to enter into an elaborate examination of the evidence	 but we have departed from this rule in this particular case	 in view of the variety of arguments that were addressed to us and the evidence of conduct which the appellant has sought to explain away on hypotheses suggesting innocence. These arguments	 as we have stated in brief	 covered both the factual as well as the medical aspects of the case	 and have necessitated a close examination of the evidence once again	 so that we may be in a position to say what are the facts found	 on which our decision is rested. That Laxmibai died within six hours of her admission in the G. T. Hospital is not questioned. Her body was identified by persons who knew her well from her photograph taken at the J. J. Hospital on November 19	 1956. In view of the contention of the appellant that she died of disease and/or wrong treatment	 we have to determine first what was the state of her health before she went on the ill fated journey. 	This enquiry takes us to the medical papers maintained at the institutions where she was treated in the past	 the evidence of some of the doctors who dealt with her case	 of the observation of witnesses who could depose to her outward state of health immediately before her departure	 and lastly	 the case papers maintained by the appellant as a medical adviser. The earliest record of Laxmibai 's health is furnished by Dr. K. C. Gharpure (P. W. 17)	 who treated her in 1948. According to Dr. Gharpure	 she entered his Nursing Home on April 6	 1948	 and stayed there till April 24	 1948. Laxmibai was then suffering from Menorrhagia and Metrorrhagia for about six years. In 1946 there was an operation for dilatation and also curettage. She had Diabetes from 1945 and hysterical fits since 1939. On admission in Dr. Gharpure 's Nursing Home	 her blood pressure was found to be 140/80 and urine showed sugar + + 	 albumin nil. She was kept in the hospital and probably treated	 and on the 11th	 when a sub total 468 hysterectomy was performed	 she had blood pressure 110/75 and sugar traces (albumin nil) before the Laguoperation. According to Dr. Gharpure	 the operation was not for hysterical fits	 and along with hysterectomy the right ovary was cysticpunctured and the appendix was also removed. A certificate was issued by Dr. Gharpure (exhibit 121)	 in which the same history is given. Laxmibai was next examined by Dr. Ramachandra Sathe (P.W.25) on June 15	 1950. He deposed from the case file which he had maintained about her complaints. A copy of the case papers shows that she was introduced to him by the appellant. At that time	 her weight was 120 lbs. and her blood pressure	 140/90. Dr. Sathe noticed that diabetes had existed for four years	 and that she was being given insulin for 8 months prior to his examination. He also noticed hysterectomy scar	 and that she had a tubercular lesion on the left apex 20 years ago. According to the statement of the patient	 she had trouble with tuberculosis from May 1949	 and her teeth were extracted on account of pyorrhoea. She was getting intermittent temperature from September 1949	 and was receiving streptomycin and PAS irregularly. She was then suffering from low temperature	 slight cough and expectoration. On examination	 the doctor found that there was infiltration in the left apex but no other septic focus was found. The evidence does not show the treatment which was given	 and the doctor merely stated that he must have recommended a line of treatment to the patient	 though he had no record of it. On July 13	 1950	 Laxmibai entered the Wanlesswadi T. B. Sanatorium	 and stayed there till November 15	 1950. Her condition is noted in two certificates which were issued by the Sanatorium and proved by Dr. Fletcher (P. W. 16)	 the Medical Superintendent. In describing the previous history of the patient	 the case papers showed that she had a history of Pott 's disease (T. B. of the spine) 20 years before. She had diabetes for five years and history of hysterectomy operation two years before. It was also noted that she had 469 T. B. of the lungs 15 years back	 but had kept well for 14 years and a new attack began in or about 1949. The certificate describes the treatment given to her in these words: " Patient was admitted on 13th July	 1950. X Ray on admission showed extensive filtration on the left side with a large cavity in the upper zone; the right side was within normal limits. She had diabetes with high blood sugar which was controlled by insulin. Two stages of thoracoplasty operations on the left side were done and there was good clearing of disease but there was a small residual cavity seen and the third stage operation was advised. The patient is leaving at her own request against medical advice. Her sputum is positive. " From the above	 it appears that Laxmibai 's general complaints were menstrual irregularities corrected by hysterectomy	 tuberculosis of the lungs controlled to a large extent by thoracoplasty and medicines and diabetes for which she was receiving treatment. In the later case papers	 there is no mention of hysterical fits	 and it seems that she had overcome that trouble after the performance of hysterectomy and the cysticpuncture of the ovary	 for there is no evidence of a recurrence after 1948. Diabetes was	 however	 present	 and must have continued till her death. Next	 we come to the evidence of some witnesses who saw her immediately prior to her departure for Bombay on November 12	 1956. The first witness in this connection is Ramachandra (P.W. 1)	 son of Laxmibai. He has given approximately the same description of her many ailments and the treatment she underwent. He last saw her in June	 1956	 when his marriage was performed. According to him	 the general condition of his mother was rather weak	 but before that	 her condition had not occasioned him any concern and he had not noticed anything so radically wrong with her as to prompt him to ask her about her ailments. When he last saw his mother in June 1956	 lie found her in good health. Dr. Madhav Domadhar Bhave (P.W. 9)	 who knew Laxmibai 470 intimately stated that he saw her last in the month of October	 1956	 and that the condition of her health was good. No question was asked from him in cross examination at all. His brother	 G. D. Bhave	 (P.W. 8)	 who is a landlord	 had gone to Laxmibai 's house on November 8	 1956	 and met her in the presence of the appellant. Laxmibai had then told him that she was going to Bombay with the appellant to consult Dr. Sathe in connection with her health. She had also stated that she would be returning in four or five days. According to the witness	 she was in good health	 and was moving about and doing her own work. The next witness is Champutai Vinayak Gokhale (P.W. II)	 who met Laxmibai on November 10 or 11	 1956. Champutai is a well educated lady. She is a B.Sc. of the Bombay University and an M.A. of Columbia (U.S.A.) University. She said that she had gone to Laxmibai 's house to invite her for the birthday party of her son	 which was to take place on November 13	 1956. She found Laxmibai in good state of health	 and Laxmibai promised that though she would be going to Bombay	 she would return soon enough to join the party. Similarly	 Viswanath Janardhan Karandikar	 pleader of Poona	 met Laxmibai on November 10 or	11 	 1956. Laxmibai had herself gone in the afternoon to him to ask him whether her presence was necessary in Poona in connection with the suit filed by Vishnu	 to which we have referred earlier. The witness stated that Laxmibai was in good state of health 'at that time	 and that he informed her that he did not propose to examine her as a witness. She was again seen by Dattatreya Vishnu Virkar (P.W. 6) on the night of November 12	 1956	 an hour before she left her house for Bombay. Virkar	 who is a Graduate in Electrical Mechanics and in Government service	 was a tenant living in the same house. Laxmibai	 according to the will of her husband	 was entitled to Rs. 50 out of the rents from tenants. She went to Virkar 's Block at 8 p.m. and told him that she was going to Bombay to consult a doctor in the company of the appellant and needed money. Virkar gave her Rs. 50 and 471 Laxmibai went back to her Block saying that she would give a receipt. Later	 she brought the receipt to Virkar seated at his meals	 asked him not to get UP and left the receipt in his room. The receipt signed by Laxmibai is exhibit 70	 and is dated November 12	 1956. Shantabai (P.W. 14)	 a servant of Laxmibai	 was deaf and dumb	 and her evidence was interpreted with the help of Martand Ramachandra Jamdar (P.W. 13)	 the Principal of a Deaf and Mute School. It appears that Shantabai had studied Marathi	 and was able to answer questions written on a piece of paper	 replies to which questions she wrote in her own hand. Some of the questions were not properly answered by Shantabai	 but she stated by pantomime that on the day on which she left	 the appellant had given two injections to Laxmibai. The learned Sessions Judge made a note to the following effect: In the morning the accused gave Laxmibai one injection and in the evening he gave the second one. (The signs were so clear that I myself gathered the meaning and the interpreter was not asked to interpret the signs). " Next	 Laxmibai was seen by Pramilabai Sapre (P.W. 12) at 8 p.m. on November 12	1956. Laxmibai had told the witness that she was going to Bombay to consult a doctor and Laxmibai again ' passed her door at 9 15 p.m.	 when the witness was at her meals. Though Laxmibai told her not to disturb herself	 the witness did get up and saw her. The witness stated that Laxmibai did not suffer from T. B. after the 	operation but was suffering from diabetes	 and that she sometimes used to give Laxmibai her injections of insulin but only till 1953. The last witness on the state of Laxmibai 's health is K. L. Patil (P. W. 60)	 who saw Laxmibai immediately before her departure for the station. He saw her standing at the Par in front of her house with a small bag and a small bedding. He then saw the appellant arriving there	 and Laxmibai presumably left in a rickshaw or a tonga	 because there was a stand for these vehicles in the neighbourhood. All this evidence was not questioned except to point out that Dr. Datar in his petition to the Chief Minister had stated that Laxmibai was a 472 frank case of tuberculosis of both lungs and an invalid(Ex. 68). But Dr. Datar explained that he had so stated there	 because it was being " circulated " that she had gone on a long pilgrimage alone	 and that it was most improbable. Indeed	 Dr. Datar said that Laxmibai was well enough to do all her work and even cooked for herself. From this mass of evidence given by persons from different walks of life and most of them well placed	 it is clear enough that Laxmibai was not in such a state of health that she would have collapsed in the train	 unless something very unusual took place. She was not in the moribund state in which she undoubtedly was	 when she reached the hospital. Her general health	 though not exactly good	 had not deteriorated so radically as to prevent her from attending to her normal avocations. She appeared to have been quite busy prior to her departure arranging for this matter and that	 and she did not rely upon other persons ' help but personally attended to all that she desired. Right up to 9 15 or so in the night	 she was sufficiently strong and healthy to go about her affairs	 and indeed	 she must have boarded the train also in a fit state of health	 because there is nothing to show that she was carried to the compartment in a state of collapse or unconsciousness. We have stated earlier that the appellant who was presumably treating her for her ailments had maintained case papers to show what treatment he was giving her from time to time. These case	 papers are exhibit ' 305	 and commence on February 27	 1956. The medicines that have been shown as prescribed in these case papers show treatment for diabetes	 general debility	 tuberculosis	 rheumatism and indigestion. Much reliance cannot	 however	 be placed upon this document	 because these case papers significantly enough stop on November 12	 1956	 and continue again from February 13	 1957	 when Laxmibai was no more. There are four entries of treatment given to Laxmibai between February 13 and February 28	 1957	 when Laxmibai had already died and her body had undergone postmortem examination and been cremated. 473 The extent to which her treatment	 if any	 went in the period covered by the case papers may or may not be truly described by the appellant in these papers	 but we are definitely of the opinion that the entries there cannot be read without suspicion	 in view of the extraordinary fact described by us here. It appears	 however	 that the last insulin injection was given to her on September 27	 1956	 though the appellant stated in his examination as accused in the case that she was put on Nadisan tablets for diabetes. The appellant was questioned by the Sessions Judge as to the State of her health	 and he stated that Laxmibai on the day she left for Bombay had a temperature of 100 degrees and was suffering from laryngitis	 pharyngitis	 and complained of pain in the ear. What relevance this has	 we shall point out subsequently when we deal with the medical evidence and the conclusions of the doctors about it. The next question which falls for consideration is whether the appellant and Laxmibai travelled in the same compartment on the train. The train left Poona at 10 p.m.	 and it is obvious enough that it was a comparatively slow and inconvenient train. We have no evidence in the case as to whether the appellant travelled with Laxmibai in the same compartment	 but both the Courts below have found from the probabilities of the case that he did. The best person to tell us about this journey is necessarily the appellant	 and reference may now be made to what he stated in regard to this journey. The appellant had arranged for the examination of Laxmibai by Dr. Sathe at Bombay. He was the family physician and also a friend. Laxmibai was an elderly lady and the appellant was for some time previous to this journey living in the main room of her block. There would be nothing to prevent the appellant from travelling in the same compartment with his patient	 who might need his attention during the journey. The appellant denied in Court that he had travelled in the same compartment	 but his statements on this part of the events have not been quite consistent. After Laxmibai died and the question arose about the disposal of her body	 the police at 474 Poona were asked to contact the appellant to get some information about her. On November 16	 1956	 before any investigation into ail offence of any kind was started	 the appellant was questioned by the police	 and he gave a written statement in exhibit 365. He stated there as follows: "I	 Anant Chintaman Lagu	 occupation Medical practitioner	 age 40 years	 residing at H. No. 431/5	 Shukrawar and dispensary at H. No. 20	 Shukrawar Peth	 Poona 2	 on being questioned	 state that on the night of 12th November	 1956	 1 left Poona for Bombay by the train which leaves Poona at 10 p.m. I reached Victoria Terminus at 5 15 a.m. on 13th November	 1956. In my compartment I bad a talk with a woman as also with other passengers. On getting accomodation in the train almost all of us began to doze and at about 12 p.m. we slept. As Byculla came	 we started preparations for getting down. At that time one woman was found fast asleep. From other passengers I came to know that her name was Indumati Panse	 about 36 years old and she had a brother serving in Calcutta. Other passengers got down at V. T. The woman	 however	 did not awake. 1	 therefore	 looked at her keenly and found that she was senseless. Being myself a doctor	 I thought it my duty to take her to the hospital. I	 therefore	 took her to the G.T. Hospital in a taxi. I know that that hospital was near. As I had taken the said woman to the hospital	 the C.M.O. took my address. I have no more information about the woman. She is not my relation and I am not in any way responsible for her. " It will appear from this that he was travelling in the same compartment as Laxmibai	 though for reason 's of his own he did not care to admit that he was taking her to Bombay. Similarly	 in the hospital when he was questioned about the patient he had brought for admission	 he stated to Dr. Ugale (P. W. 18)	 Casualty Medical Officer	 that the lady had suddenly become unconscious in the train. This fact was noted by Dr. Ugale in the bed head ticket	 and Dr. Ugale has stated on oath that the information was supplied by 475 the appellant himself. To Dr. Miss Aneeja	 who was the House Physician on the morning of November 13	 the appellant also stated the same thing. Dr. Miss Aneeja had also made a separate note of this	 and stated that the information was given by the appellant. In view of these statements 'made by the appellant at a time when he was not required to face a charge	 we think that his present statement in Court that he travelled in a separate compartment cannot be accepted. The train halted at various stations en route	 and evidence was led in the case	 of the Guard	 K. Shamanna (P. W. 37)	 who deposed from his memo book (exhibit 214). This train made 26 halts en route before it arrived at V. T. Station. Some of these halts were of as many as 20 minutes. It is difficult to think that the appellant would not have known till he arrived at Victoria Terminus that his patient was unconscious	 and the fact that he mentioned that she became suddenly unconscious shows that be knew the exact manner of the onset. Without	 however; speculating as to what had actually happened	 it is quite clear to us that Laxmibai was in the same compartment as the appellant	 a fact which was not denied by the learned counsel in the arguments before us. If we were to accept what the appellant stated as true	 then Laxmibai lost her consciousness suddenly. It is	 however	 a little difficult to accept as true all that the appellant stated in this behalf	 because be told a patent lie to the police when he was questioned	 that he knew nothing about the woman or Who she was	 but took her to the hospital as an act of humanity when he found her unconscious. There is nothing to show beyond this statement to the police in exhibit 365 that there were other passengers in the compartment; but if there had been	 the attention of these passengers would have been drawn to the condition of Laxmibai	 and some ' one would have advised the calling of the Guard or the railway authorities at one of these stations at which the train halted. The circumstances of the case	 therefore	 point to the appellant and Laxmibai being in the compartment together	 and the preponderance of 476 probabilities is that the compartment was not occupied by any other person. We shall leave out from consideration for the present the circumstances under which Laxmibai was admitted in the G. T. Hospital and the treatment given to her. We shall now pass on to her death and what happened thereafter and the connection of the appellant with the circumstances resulting in the disposal of the dead body. We have already stated that the appellant was present in the hospital till her death. We next hear of the appellant at Poona. On the afternoon of November 13	 1956	 Dr ' Mouskar (P. W. 40)	 the Resident Medical Officer of the Hospital	 sent a telegram (exhibit 224) to the appellant	 and it conveyed to him the following information: " Indumati expired. Arrange removal reply immediately. " The telegram was sent at about 2 p.m. The appellant in reply did not send a telegram	 but wrote an inland letter in which he stated that the name of the woman admitted by him in the hospital had been wrongly shown as "Paunshe"	 and that there was an extra "u" in it. He also stated that he had informed her brother at Calcutta about the death	 and that the brother would call at the hospital for the body of his sister. The name of the brother was shown as Govind Vaman Deshpande. The letter also stated that the appellant was writing in connection with the woman aged 30 to 35 years admitted in the hospital at 6 a.m. on November 13	 1955	 and who had expired the same day at 11 a.m. The name of the brother in this letter is fictitious	 because Laxmibai bad no brother	 much less a brother in Calcutta and of this name. Thereafter	 the appellant took no further action in the matter till the police questioned him on the 16th	 two days after he had sent the letter. It seems that the appel lant did not expect the police to appear so soon	 and he thought it advisable to deny all knowledge about the lady he had taken to the hospital by telling the police that he did not know her. The inference drawn from these two pieces of conduct by the Courts below is against the appellant	 and we also agree. We have already stated that from then onwards	 the 477 appellant did not care to enquire from the hospital authorities as to what had happened to his patient 's dead body	 and whether it had been disposed Of or not. He also did not go to Bombay	 nor did he inform Dr. Sathe about the cancellation of the appointment. In his examination	 he	 however	 stated that he attempted to telephone to Dr. Sathe	 but could not get through	 as the instrument was engaged on each occasion. One expects	 however	 that he would have in the ordinary course written a letter of apology to Dr. Sathe	 because he must have been conscious of the fact that he had kept the Specialist waiting for this appointment; but he did not. It is said that the appellant need not have taken this appointment and could have told a lie to Laxmibai; but the appointment with Dr. Sathe had to be real because if the plan failed	 Laxmibai would have been most surprised why she was brought to Bombay. With this ends the phase of events resulting in the death of Laxmibai. We shall deal with the events in the hospital later	 but we pursue the thread of the appellant 's conduct. Prior to the fateful journey	 Laxmibai had passed two documents to the appellant. They are Exs. 285 and 286. By the first	 Laxmibai intimated the Bank of Maharashtra	 Poona	 that she was going to withdraw in the following week from her Savings Bank account a sum of money between Rs. 1	000 and Rs. 5	000. The other document was a bearer cheque for Rs. 5	000	 also signed by Laxmibai but written by the appellant. The appellant presented the first on November 17 after writing the date	 November 15	 on it and the second on November 20	 after writing the date	 November 19	 and received payment. Prior to this	 on November 12	 1956	 when Laxmibai was alive and in Poona he had presented to the Bank of Maharashtra a dividend warrant for Rs. 2	607 6 0 to Laxmibai 's account writing her signature himself. This was hardly necessary if he was honest. The signature deceived the Bank	 and it is obvious that he was a consummate forger even then. Of course	 he put the money into Laxmibai 's account	 but he had to if he was to draw it out again on the strength of these 61 478 two documents. The question is	 can we say that he was honest on November 12	 1956? The answer is obvious. His dishonest intentions were	 therefore	 fully matured even before he left Poona. Thereafter	 the appellant converted all the property of Laxmibai to his own use. He removed the movables in her rooms including the pots and pans	 furniture	 clothes	 radio	 share scrips and so on	 to his own house. He even went to the length of forging her signature on securities	 transfer deeds	 letters to banks and companies	 and even induced a lady magistrate to authenticate the signature of Laxmibai for which he obtained the services of a woman who	 to say the least	 personated Laxmibai. So clever were the many ruses and so cunning the forgeries that the banks	 companies and indeed	 all persons were completely deceived. It was only once that the bank had occasion to question the signature of Laxmibai	 but the appellant promptly presented another document purporting to be signed by Laxmibai	 which the bank accepted with somewhat surprising credulity. The long and short of it is that numerous persons were imposed upon	 including those who are normally careful and suspicious	 and the appellant by these means collected a sum of no less than Rs. 26	000 which he disposed of in various ways	 the chief	 among them being the opening of a short term deposit account in the name of his wife and himself and crediting some other amounts to the joint names of his brother	 B.C. Lagu	 and himself. We do not enter into the details of his many stratagems for two reasons. Firstly because	 all this conduct has been admitted before us by his counsel	 and next because he has received life imprisonment on charges connected with these frauds. Suffice it to say that if the appellant were to be found guilty of the offence	 sufficient motive would be found in his dealings with the property of this unfortunate widow after her death. If murder there was	it was to facilitate the action which he took regarding her property. If the finding of his guilt be reached	 then his subsequent conduct would be a part of a very deepseated plan beginning almost from the time when he 479 began to ingratiate himself into the good opinion of the lady. The fact	 however	 remains that all this conduct cannot avail the prosecution	 unless it proves conclusively some other aspects of the case. We cannot	 however	 overlook one or two other circumstances which are part of this conduct. We have already stated briefly that the appellant cause all persons to believe that Laxmibai was alive and living at Rathodi as the happily married wife of one Joshi. Both Joshi and Rathodi were equally fictitious. In this connection	 the pleader	 the son	 the friends and the relations of Laxmibai were receiving for months after her death letters and communications purporting to be signed by her	 though written at the instance of the appellant by persons	 who have come and deposed before the Court to this fact. These letters were all posted in R. M. section vans	 and the prosecution has successfully proved that they were not posted in any of the regular post offices in a town or village. These letters show a variety of details and intimacies which made them appear genuine except for the handwriting and the signature of Laxmibai. For a time	 people who received them	 though suspicious	 took them for what they were worth	 and it appears that they did not worry very much about the truth. It has now been successfully proved by the prosecution and admitted by the appellant 's counsel before us that these letters were all sent by the appellant with the sole object of keeping the people in the dark about the fact of death	 so that the appellant might have time to deal with the property at leisure. The appellant asserts that he thought of this only after the death of Laxmibai. It seems somewhat surprising that the appellant should have suddenly gone downhill into dishonesty	 so to speak	 at a bound. The maxim is very old that no one becomes dishonest suddenly; nema fuit repente turpissimus. What inference can be drawn from his conduct after the death of Laxmibai is a matter to be considered by us. And in this connection	 we can only say at this stage that if some prior conduct is connected intrinsically	 with conduct after death	 then the motive of the appellant would be very clear indeed. 480 We now pass on to the evidence of what happened in the hospital and the total medical evidence on the cause of death. This evidence has to be considered from different angles. Much of it relates to the condition of Laxmibai and the treatment given to her; but other parts of it relate to the conduct of the appellant and the information supplied by him. There is also further evidence about the disposal of the body and the enquiries made into the cause of death. These must be dealt with separately. For the present	 we shall confine ourselves to the pure medical aspect of the case of Laxmibai during her short stay in the hospital. When Laxmibai was admitted in the hospital	 Dr. Ugale (P.W.18)	 the Casualty Medical Officer	 was in charge. He made a preliminary examination and recorded his impressions before he sent the patient to Ward No. 12. He obtained from the appellant the history of the attack	 and it appears that all that the appellant told him was " Patient suddenly became unconscious in train while coining from up country. History of similar attacks frequently before". It also appears that the appellant told him that the lady was liable to hysterical fits	 and that was set down by Dr. Ugale as a provisional diagnosis. So much of Dr. Ugale 's evidence regarding the health of Laxmibai as given by the appellant. Now	 we take up his own examination. According to Dr. Ugale	 there were involuntary movements of the right hand	 which he noticed only once. Only the right hand was moving. He found corneal reflex absent. Pupils were normal and reacting to light. So far as central nervous system and respiration were concerned	 he detected nothing abnormal. According to him	 there was no evidence of a hysterical fit	 and he stated that he queried that provisional diagnosis which	 according to him	 was supplied by the appellant. According to Dr. Ugale	 the name of the patient was given as lndumati Paunshe. The patient was then made over to the care of Dr. Miss Aneeja (P. W. 19). Dr. Miss Aneeja was then a raw Medical Graduate	 having passed the M.B.B.S. in June	 1956. She was working as the House Physician	 481 and was in charge of Ward No. 12. She was summoned from her quarters to the Ward at 6 15 a.m. and she examined Laxmibai. We leave out of account again the conversation bearing upon the conduct of the appellant	 which we shall view subsequently. He told her also about the sudden onset of unconsciousness	 and that there was a history of similar attacks before. We are concerned next with the result of the examination by Dr. Miss Aneeja	 bearing in mind that she was not a very experienced physician. She found pulse 100	 temperature 99 5	 respiration 20. The skin was found to be smooth and elastic nails	 conjunctiva and tongue were pink in colour lymphatic glands were not palpable; and bones and joints had nothing abnormal in them. The pupils of the eyes were equal but dilated	 and were not then reacting to light. She found that up to the abdomen and the sphincter the reflexes were absent. The reflexes at knee and ankle were normal	 but the plantar reflex was Babinsky on one foot	 and there was slight rigidity of the neck. It appears that Laxmibai was promptly given a dose of a stimulant and oxygen was started. Dr. Miss. Aneeja also stated that she gave an injection of insulin (40 units) immediately. Much dispute has arisen as to whether Dr. Miss Aneeja examined the urine for sugar	 albumin and acetone before starting this treatment. It is clear	 however	 from her testimony that no blood test was made to determine the level of sugar in the blood. A lumbar puncture was also made by Dr. Miss Aneeja and the cerebro spinal fluid was sent for chemical analysis. That report is available	 and the fluid was normal. According to Dr. Miss Aneeja	 the Medical Registrar who	 she says	 was Dr. Saify	 recommended intravenous injection of 40 units of insulin with 20 C.C. of glucose	 which were administered. According to her	 Laxmibai was also put on glucose intragastric drip. Dr. Miss Aneeja stated that the urine was examined by her three times	 and in the first sample	 sugar and acetone were present in quantities. The first examination	 according to her	 was at 6 30 a.m.	 the next at 8 30 a.m. and the last at 11 a.m. She stated that she 482 had used Benedict test for sugar and Rothera 's test for acetone. In all the examinations	 according to her	 there was no albumin present. Dr. Miss Aneeja also claims to have phoned to Dr. Variava	 the Honorary Physician	 at 6 45 or 7 a.m.	 and consulted him about the case. According to her	 Dr. Saify	 the Registrar of the Unit	 visited the Ward at 8 30 a.m. and wrote on the case papers that an intravenous injection of 40 units of insulin with 20 C.C. of glucose should be administered. According to her	 Dr. Variava visited the Ward at 11 a.m.	 and examined Laxmibai	 but the patient expired at 11 30 a.m. We do not at this stage refer to the instructions for postmortem examination left by Dr. Variava which were noted on the case papers	 because that is a matter with regard to the disposal of the dead body	 and we shall deal with the evidence in that behalf separately. The evidence of Dr. Miss Aneeja shows only this much that she was put in charge of this case	 examined urine three times and finding sugar and acetone present	 she started a treatment by insulin which was also supplemented by administration of glucose intravenously as well as by intragastric drip. Apart from one dose of stimulant given in the first few minutes	 no other treatment beyond administration of oxygen was undertaken. She had also noted the observations of the reflexes and the condition of the patient as they appeared to her on examination. There is a considerable amount of contradiction between the evidence of Dr	 Miss Aneeja and that of Dr. Variava as to whether acetone was found by Dr. Miss Aneeja before Dr. Variava 's visit. According to the learned Judges of the Court below	 the first urine examination deposed to by Dr. Miss Aneeja and said to have been made at 6 30 a.m. was never performed. The other two examinations were made	 as the urine chart (exhibit 127) shows. It is	 however	 a question whether they were confined only to sugar and albumin but did not include examination for acetone. We shall discuss this point after we have dealt with the evidence of Dr. Variava. 483 Dr. Variava (P.W. 21) was the Honorary Physician	 and was in charge of this Unit. According to him	 he went on his rounds at 11 a.m.	 and examined Laxmibai from 11 a.m. to 11 15 a.m. He questioned Dr. Miss Aneeja about the line of treatment and told her that she could not have made a diagnosis of diabetic coma without examining urine for acetone. Dr. Variava deposed that the entry regarding acetone on the case papers was not made when he saw the papers at 11 a.m. He then asked Dr. Miss Aneeja to take by catheter a sample of the urine and to examine it for acetone. Dr. Miss Aneeja brought the test tube with urine in it	 which showed a light green colour	 and Dr. Variava inferred from it that acetone might be present in traces. According to Dr. Variava	 Laxmibai 's case was not one of diabetic coma	 and he gave two reasons for this diagnosis	 namely	 that diabetic coma never comes on suddenly	 and that there are no convulsions in it	 as were described by Dr. Ugale. Dr. Variava also denied that the phone call to him was made by Dr. Miss Aneeja. Dr. Variava stated that before he left the Ward he told Dr. Miss Aneeja that he was not satisfied that the woman had died of diabetic coma and instructed her that postmortem examination should be asked for. In connection with the evidence about the examination of the urine	 we have to see also the evidence of Marina Laurie	 nurse (P.W. 59)	 who stated how the entries in the urine chart came to be made. It may be pointed out that the urine chart showed only two examinations for sugar	 at 8 30 a.m. and 11 am. 	 and not the one at 6 30 a.m. The entry about that was made on the case papers under the head " treatment " by Dr. Miss Aneeja	 and it is the last entry I acetone + + ' which Dr. Variava stated was not on the papers at the time he saw them. Indeed	 Dr. Variava would not have roundly questioned Dr. Miss Aneeja about the examination for acetone	 if this entry had been there	 and Dr. Miss Aneeja admits a portion of Dr. Variava 's statement when she says that she examined the urine on Dr. Variava 's instructions and 484 brought the test tube to him	 in which the urine was of a light green colour. Now	 the urine chart does not show an examination of the urine at 6 30 a.m. According to Dr. Miss Aneeja	 she examined the urine	 carried the impression of colour in her mind	 and noted the result on the case papers. She was questioned why she adopted the unusual course	 but stated that it often happened that the urine chart was not prepared and the result was not taken to the case papers. However it be	 Dr. Variava is quite positive that the entry about acetone did not exist on the case papers	 and an examination of the original shows differences in ink and pen which would not have been there	 bad all the three items been written at the same time. It also appears that even at 8 30 a.m. the urine was examined for sugar only because the entry in the urine chart shows brick red colour which is the resulting colour in Benedict test and not in Rothera 's test. Similarly	 at II a.m. the urine chart shows only a test for sugar because the light green colour is not the resulting colour of Rothera 's test but also of the Benedict test. Indeed	 Dr. Variava was also shown a test tube containing the urine of slight greenish colour	 and his own inference was that acetone might be present in traces. There is thus nothing to show that Dr. Miss Aneeja embarked upon a treatment for diabetic coma after ascertaining the existence of acetone. All the circumstances point to the other conclusion	 namely	 that she did not examine the urine for acetone ' and that seems to be the cause of the questions put by Dr. Variava to her. We have no hesitation	 therefore	 in accepting Dr. Variava 's evidence on this part of the case	 which is supported by the evidence of the course	 the urine chart and the interpolation in the case papers. From all that we have said	 it is quite clear that the treatment given to her for diabetic coma was based on insufficient data. There was also no Kussmaul breathing (Root & White	 Diabetes Mellitus	 p. 118); her breathing was 20 per minute which was normal. Nor was there any sign of dehydration	 485 because the skin was smooth and elastic	 and the Babinsky sign was a contra indication of diabetic coma. This is borne out by the diagnosis of Dr. Variava himself	 who appears positive that Laxmibai did not suffer from diabetic coma	 and is further fortified by the reasons given by Dr. H. Mehta (P.W. 65)	 to whose evidence we shall have occasion to refer later. Two other doctors from the hospital were examined in connection with Laxmibai 's stay. The first was Dr. J. C. Patel	 who was then the Medical Registrar of Unit No. 1. It seems that Dr. Saify	 the permanent Medical Registrar	 was on leave due to the illness of his father	 and Dr. J. C. Patel was looking after his Unit. Dr. J. C. Patel went round with Dr. Variava at 11 a.m.	 and in his presence	 Dr. Variava examined Laxmibai. He has no contribution to make	 because he says he does not remember anything. The only piece of evidence which he has given and which is useful for our enquiry is that in the phone book (exhibit 323) in which all calls are entered	 no call to Dr. Variava on the morning of the 13th was shown. The evidence of Dr. J. C. Patel is thus useless	 except in this little respect. The other doctor	 Dr. Hiralal Shah (P. W. 72) was the Registrar of Unit No. 2. After Laxmibai entered the hospital	 Dr. Miss Aneeja sent a call to him	 and he signed the call book (exhibit 322). Dr. Hiralal Shah pretended that he did not remember the case. He stated that if he was called	 he must have gone there	 and examined the patient; but he stated in the witness box that he did not remember anything. All the three doctors	 Dr. Miss Aneeja	 Dr. Patel and Dr. Hiralal Shah	 denied having made the entry " Insulin 40 units 1. V. with 20 C. C. glucose." Dr. Miss Aneeja says that it was written by Dr. Saify	 who	 as we shall show presently	 was not present in Bombay at all on that day. We do not propose to deal with the cause of the death	 before adverting to the findings of Dr. Jhala (P.W. 66)	 who performed the autopsy and Dr. H. section Mehta (P. W. 65)	 to whom all the case papers of Laxmibai were handed over for expert opinion. Dr. Jhala performed the postmortem operation on November 23	 62 486 and he was helped by his assistants. Though the body was well preserved and had been kept in the air conditioned morgue	 there is no denying the fact that 10 days had passed between the death and the postmortem examination. The findings of Dr. Jhala were that the body and the viscera were not decomposed	 and that an examination of the vital organs could be made. Dr. Jhala found in the stomach 4 oz. of a pasty meal and	 ' oz.of whitish precipitate in the bladder. He did not find any other substance which could be said to have been introduced into the system. He examined the brain and found it congested. There were no marks of injury on the body; the lungs were also congested and in the upper lobe of the left lung there was a tubercular focus which	 in his opinion	 was not sufficient to cause death ordinarily. He also found Atheroma of aorta and slight sclerosis of the coronary. He stated that the presence of the last meal in the stomach indicated that there was no vomitting. He found no pathological lesion in the pancreas	 the kidney	 the liver and any other internal organ. He gave the opinion after the receipt of the Chemical Analyser 's report that death could have occurred due to diabetic coma. It must be remembered that Dr. Jhala was not out to discover whether any offence had been committed. He was making a postmortem examination of a body which	 under the Coroner 's order	 had been handed over to the medical authorities with a certificate from a hospital that death was due to diabetic coma. It was not then a medico legal case; the need for postmortem had arisen	 because the peon had noticed certain marks on the neck	 which had caused some suspicion. After discovering that the mark on the neck was a postmortem injury	 all that he had to do was to verify whether the diagnosis made by the G.T. Hospital that death was due to diabetic coma was admissible. He examined the body	 found no other cause of death	 and the Chemical Analyser not having reported the administration of poison	 he accepted the diagnosis of the G. T. Hospital as correct. Dr. Jhala	 however	 stated that there were numerous poisons which could 487 not be detected on chemical analysis even in the case of normal	 healthy and undecomposed viscera. He admitted that his opinion that death could have occurred due to diabetic coma was an inaccurate way of expressing his opinion. According to him	 the proper way would have been to have given the opinion death by diabetes with complications. " As we have said	 all these papers were placed before Dr. H. section Mehta for his expert opinion. It is to his evidence we now turn to find out what was the cause of death of Laxmibai. In the middle of March 1958	 Dr. Mehta was consulted about this case	 and he was handed over copies of all the documents we have referred to in connection with the medical evidence	 together with the proceedings of the Coroner 's inquest at Bombay. According to Dr. Mehta	 opinion was sought from him about the cause of death of 'Indumati Paunshe ' and whether it was from diabetic coma	 any other disease or the administration of a poison. Dr. Mehta was categorical that it was not due to diabetic coma. He was also of the opinion that no natural cause for the death was disclosed by the autopsy	 and according to him	 it was probably due to the administration of some unrecognisable poison or a recognisable poison which	 due to the lapse of time	 was incapable of being detected by analysis. He gave several reasons for coming to the conclusion that Laxmibai did not suffer from diabetic coma. Each of his reasons is supported by citations from numerous standard medical authorities on the subject	 but it is unnecessary to cite them once again. According to him	 the following reasons existed for holding that Laxmibai did not suffer from diabetic coma: (1) Convulsion never occur in diabetic coma per se. According to Dr. Mehta	 the involuntary movements described by Dr. Ugale must be treated as convulsions or tremors. We are of opinion that Dr. Ugale would not have made this note on the case papers if he had not seen the involuntary movements. No doubt	 these involuntary movements had ceased by the time the patient was carried to Ward No. 12	 because Dr. Miss Aneeja made a note that they were not observed in 488 the Ward. But Dr. Ugale was a much more experienced doctor than Dr. Miss Aneeja	 and it	 is possible that Dr. Miss Aneeja did not notice the symptoms as minutely as the Casualty Medical Officer. (2) Diabetic coma never occurs all of a sudden and without a warning. There are premonitary signs and symptons of prodromata. In the case	 there is no evidence to show how Laxmibai became unconscious. We have	 however	 the statement of the appellant made both to Dr. Ugale and Dr. Miss Aneeja that the onset was sudden. Dr. Mehta was cross examined with a view to eliciting that a sudden onset of diabetic coma was possible if there was an infection of any kind. A suggestion was put to him that if the patient suffered from Otitis Media	 then sometimes the un conciousness came on suddenly. It may be pointed out that the appellant in his examination stated that on the day in question	 Laxmibai had a temperature of 100 degrees	 laryngitis	 pharyngitis	 and complained of pain in the ear. That statement was made to bring his defence in line with this suggestion. Dr. Mehta pointed out that Dr. Jhala had opened the skull and had examined the interior organs but found no pathological lesion there. According to Dr. Mehta	 Dr. Jhala would have detected pus in the middle ear if Otitis Media had existed. The fact that no question suggesting this was put to Dr. Jhala shows that the defence is an afterthought to induce the Court to hold that death was due to diabetic coma	 or	 in other words	 to natural causes. We are inclined to accept the evidence of Dr. Jhala that he and his assistants did not discover any pathological lesion in the head or the brain. Otitis Media would have caused inflammation of the Eustachian tube	 and pus would have been present. No such question having been put	 we must hold that there was no septic focus which might have induced the sudden onset of diabetic coma. It was also suggested to Dr. Mehta that there was a tubercular infection and sometimes in the case of tubercular infection diabetic coma suddenly supervened. The tuberculosis in this case was not of such severity as to have caused this. Dr. Jhala referred 489 to the septic focus in the apex of the left lung	 but he stated that it was riot sufficient to have caused the death of Laxmibai. Illustrative cases of sudden diabetic coma as a result of tubercular infection were not shown	 and the condition of Laxmibai	 as deposed to by witnesses right up to 9 p.m. on the night of November 12	 1956	 does not warrant the inference that she had diabetic coma suddenly as a result of this infection. (3) Dr. Mehta also stated from the case papers maintained by the appellant from February 15	 1956	 to November 12	 1956	 that during that time	 Laxmibai did not appear to have suffered from any severe type of acidosis. The appellant in his examination in Court stated that Laxmibai was prone to suffer from acidosis	 and that he had treated her by the administration of Soda Bi carb. In the case papers	 Soda Bicarb has been administered only in about 8 to 10 doses varying between 15 grains to a dram. It is significant that on most of the occasions it was part of a Carminative mixture. The acidosis	 if any	 could not have been so severe as to have been corrected by such a small administration of Soda Bi carb	 because the acidosis of diabetes is not the acidity of the stomach but the formation of fatty acids in the system. Such a condition	 as the books show	 may be treated by the administration of Soda Bi carb but in addition to some other specific treatment. (Joslin	 Root & White	 Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus	 p. 397). (4) A patient in diabetic coma is severely dehydrated. (Root & White Diabetes Mellitus p. 118). We have already pointed out that there was no dehydration	 because the skin was soft and elastic and the tongue was pink. The eye balls were also normal and were not soft	 as is invariably the case in diabetic coma. Dr. Mehta has referred to all these points. (5) Nausea and vomiting are always present in true diabetic coma. There is nothing to show either from her clothes or from the smell of vomit in the mouth or from any other evidence that Laxmibai had vomitted in the train. Dr. Jhala who performed the 490 postmortem examination had stated that Laxmibai could not have vomitted because in her stomach 4 oz. of pasty meal was found. The same fact is also emphasised by Dr. Mehta. (6) In diabetic coma	 there will befall of blood pressure	 rapid pulse; there will be Kussmaul breathing or air hunger. The respiration of Laxmibai was found by Dr. Ugale and Dr. Miss Aneeja to be normal. The temperature chart in the case	 exhibit 129	 gives in parallel columns the respiration corresponding to a particular temperature	 and the temperature of 99.5 degrees (Fahrenheit) found by Dr. Miss Aneeja corresponds to respiration at 20 times per minute. Dr. Variava	 Dr. Ugale or Dr. Miss Aneeja also did not say anything about the Kussmaul breathing	 and the pulse of 100 per minute according to Dr. Mehta was justified by the temperature which Laxmibai then had. Indeed	 according to Dr. Mehta	 in diabetic coma the skin is cold	 and there was no reason why there should be temperature. According to Dr. Mehta	 there was no evidence of any gastric disturbance	 because the condition of the tongue was healthy. Dr. Mehta also pointed out that the Extensor reflex called the	 Babinsky sign was not present in diabetic coma	 while according to Dr. Miss Aneeja it was present in this case. Dr. Mehta then referred to the examination of the urine for sugar and acetone	 and stated that the examination for sugar was insufficient to determine the presence of Ketonuria	 which is another name for the acidosis which results in coma. We have already found that the examination for acetone was not made and there was no mention of acetone breath either by Dr. Ugale or by Dr. Miss Aneeja	 which would have been present if the acidosis was so advanced. (Root & WhiteDiabetes Mellitus	 p. 118). (8) Lastly	 the examination of cerebro spinal fluid did not show any increase of sugar and no affection in the categories of meningial irritation was disclosed by the chemical analysis of the fluid. (Physician 's Hand. book	 4th Edn.	 pp. 115 120). The neck rigidity which was noticed by Dr. Miss Aneeja did not have	 therefore	 491 any connection with such irritation	 and it is a question whether such a slight neck rigidity existed at all. These reasons of Dr. Mehta are prefectly valid. They have the support of a large number of medical treatises to which he has referred and of even more. which were referred to us during the arguments	 all which we find it unnecessary to quote. We accept Dr. Mehta 's testimony that diabetic coma did not cause the death of Laxmibai. It is significant that the case of the appellant also has changed	 and he has ceased to insist now that Laxmibai died of diabetic coma. The treatment which was given to Laxmibai would have	 if diabetic coma had existed	 at least improved her condition during the 5 hours that she was at the hospital. Far from showing the slightest improvement	 Laxmibai died within 5 hours of her admission in the hospital	 and in view of the contra indications catalogued by Dr. Mehta and accepted by us on an examination of the medical authorities	 we are firmly of opinion that death was not due diabetic coma. We now deal with events that took place immediately after Laxmibai expired. We have already shown that at that time Dr. Variava was present and was questioning Dr. Miss Aneeja about her diagnosis of diabetic coma. Before Dr. Variava left the Ward	 he told Dr. Miss Aneeja that he was not satisfied about the diagnosis	 and that a postmortem examin ation should be asked for. This endorsement was	 in fact	 made by Dr. Miss Aneeja on the case papers	 and the final diagnosis was left blank. Dr. Miss Aneejia says that she left the Ward at about 11 30 a.m. and was absent on her rounds for an hour	 then she returned to the Ward from her quarters at about 1 p.m. and went to the office of Dr. ' Mouskar	 the Resident Medical Officer. According to her	 she met Dr. Saify	 the Registrar	 at the door	 and he had the case papers in his hands. Dr. Saify told her that the Resident Medical Officer thought that there was no need for a postmortem examination	 as the patient was treated in the hospital for diabetic coma. Dr. Saify ordered Dr. Miss Aneeja to cancel the endorserment about 492 postmortem and to write diabetic coma as the cause of death	 which she did	 in Dr. Saify 's presence. This is Dr. Miss Aneeja 's explanation why the postmortem was not made	 though ordered by Dr. Variava. Dr. Mouskar 's version is quite different. According to him	 the case papers arrived in his office at 1 p.m. He had seen the endorsement about the postmortem and the fact that the final diagnosis had not been entered in the appropriate column. Dr. Mouskar admitted that he did not proceed to make arrangements for the postmortem examination. According to him	 the permission of the relatives and the Coroner was necessary. He also admitted that he did not enquire from the Honorary Physician about the need for postmortem examination. He was thinking	 he said	 of consulting the relatives and the person who had brought Laxmibai to the hospital. Dr. Mouskar sent a telegram at 2 p.m. to the appellant	 which we have quoted earlier. He explained that he did not mention the postmortem examination	 because he was waiting for the arrival of some person connected with Laxmibai. He further stated that between 4 and 5 p.m. he asked the police to remove the body to the J. J. Hospital morgue and to preserve it	 and sent a copy of his requisition to the Coroner. According to him	 on the 15th the Coroner 's office asked the hospital for the final diagnosis in the case. He stated that he asked one out of the three: Honorary Physician	 the Registrar or the House Pbysician	 about the final diagnosis	 though he could not say which one. He had sent the papers through the call boy for writing the final diagnosis	 and he received the case papers from the Unit	 with the two corrections	 namely	 the cancellation of the requisition for postmortem examination and the entry of diabetic coma as the final diagnosis. He denied that he had any talk with Dr. Saify regarding the postmortem examination. It	would appear from this that there are vital differences in the versions of Dr. Miss Aneeja and Dr. Mouskar. The first contradiction is the date on which the case papers were corrected and the second	 about Dr. SaifY 's intervention in the matter. Dr. SaifY	 493 fortunately for him	 had obtained leave orders and had left Bombay on November 8	 1956	 for Indore	 where his father was seriously ill. He was	 in fact	 detained at Indore	 because his father suffered from an attack of coronary thrombosis	 and he had to extend his leave. All the relevant papers connected with his leave have been produced	 and it seems that Dr. Saify 's name was introduced by Dr. Miss Aneeja either to avoid taking responsibility for correction	 on her own	 of the papers	 or to shield some other person	 who had caused her to make the corrections. Here	 the only other person	 who could possibly have ordered her was the Resident Medical Officer	 Dr. Mouskar	 who at 1 p.m. had received the papers and had seen the endorsement about the postmortem examination. Dr. Mouskar 's explanation that he sent the telegram to the appellant for the removal of the body without informing him about the postmortem examination is too ingenious to be accepted by any reasonable person. Dr. Mouskar could not ordinarily countermand what the Honorary Physician had said without at least consulting him	 which he admits he did not do. This is more so	 if it was only a matter of the hospital 's reputation. Whether the corrections were made by Dr. Miss Aneeja in the wards when the call boy took the papers to her (a most unusal course for Dr. Mouskar to have adopted) or whether they were made by Dr. Miss Aneeja in the office of Dr. Mouskar	 to the door of which	 she admits she had gone	 the position remains the same. Dr. Miss Aneeja no doubt told lies	 but she did so in her own interest. She could not cancel the requisition about postmortem examination on her own without facing a grave charge in which Dr. Mouskar would have played a considerable part. The fact that this correction did not trouble Dr. Mouskar and that his dealings with the body were most unusual points clearly to its being made at his instance. Dr. Miss Aneeja invented the story about Dr. Saify as a last resort knowing that unless she named somebody the responsibility would be hers. The corrections were made at the instance of Dr. Mouskar	 because Dr. Mouskar admits that he sent the papers to the 63 494 Ward for final diagnosis in the face of the endorsement for postmortem examination	 and Dr. Miss Aneeja admits making the corrections at the door of Dr. Mouskar 's office. In our opinion	 both of them are partly correct. Dr. Mouskar made the first move in getting the papers corrected	 and Dr. Miss Aneeja corrected them not at the door of the office	 because there was no Dr. Saify there but in the office	 though she had not the courage to name Dr. Mouskar as the person who had ordered the correction. Dr. Mouskar 's telegram and his sending the body to another morgue without the postmortem examination show only too clearly that it was he who caused the change to be made. It is also a question whether the correction about 'acetone + + 'was not also made simultaneously. We do not believe that the corrections were made as late as November 15	 because his telegram for the removal of the dead body and its further removal to the J. J. Hospital would not fit in with the endorsement for postmortem examination on the case papers. Now	 the question is not whether Dr. Mouskar made the correction or Dr. Miss Aneeja	 but whether the appellant had anything to do with it. Dr. Miss Aneeja stated that the appellant was present till the visit of Dr. Variava was over and this is borne out by the reply of the appellant	 because in the inland letter he mentioned the time of the death which the telegram did not convey to him and which he could have only known if he was present in the hospital. We believe Dr. Miss Aneeja when she says that the appellant was present at the hospital	 and the circumstances of the case unerringly point to the conclusion that he knew of the demand for a postmortem examination. Though Dr. Mouskar and the appellant denied that they met	 there is reason to believe that the appellant knowing of the postmortem examination would not go away without seeing that the postmortem examination was duly carried out or was given up. Dr. Mouskar and the appellant both admitted that they were together in the same class in 1934 in the S P. College	 Poona	 though both of them denied that 495 they were acquainted with each other. Dr. Mouskar stayed in Poona from 1922 to 1926	 1931 to 1936 and 1948 to 1951. The appellant was practising at Poona as a doctor	 and it is improbable that they did not get acquainted during Dr. Mouskar 's stay	 belonging	 as they do	 to the same profession. Dr. Mouskar further tried to support the appellant by saying that at 1 p.m. when he saw the case papers the entry about acetone was read by him. He forgot that in the examinationin chief he had stated very definitely that he had not read the case papers fully and had only seen the top page. When he was asked for his explanation	 he could not account for his conduct in the witness box	 and admitted his mistake. There are two other circumstances connected with Dr. Mouskar	 which excite considerable suspicion. The first is that he mentioned hysterical fits as the illness from which Laxmibai suffered when Dr. Ugale had questioned it and postmortem had been asked for to establish the cause of death. The next is that the call book of the hospital for the period was not produced by him as long as he was in office. When he retired	 the call book was brought in by his successor	 and it established the very important fact that it was not Dr. Saify	 the Registrar	 who was summoned but Dr. Shah	 who had also signed the call book in token of having received the call. Dr. Mouskar 's conduct as the Resident Medical Officer in having the postmortem examination cancelled was a great lapse	 and it is quite obvious to us that the finding by the two Courts below that this was done at the request of the appellant is the only inference possible in the case. The alternative suggestion in the argument of the appellant 's counsel that Dr. Mouskar thought that Dr. Variava was making " a mountain out of a mole hill " and that " the reputation of the hospital was involved " does not appeal to us	 because if that had been the motive	 Dr. Mouskar would have talked to Dr. Variava and asked him to revise his own opinion. The cancellation of the requisition for postmortem examination came to Dr. Variava as a surprise	 because he stated that he had heard nothing about it. 496 From the above analysis of the evidence	 we accept the following facts: The appellant was present in the hospital till the death of Laxmibai	 and in his presence	 Dr. Variava examined Laxmibai and questioned the diagnosis of Dr. Miss Aneeja and gave the instructions for the postmortem examination. Dr. Variava 's stay was only for 15 minutes	 and at the end of it	 Laxmibai expired. The statement of the appellant that he caught the 10 30 train from Bombay to Poona because he was asked by the Matron to leave the female ward	 and that he was going back to get a female attendant from Poona	 is entirely false. He took no action about a female attendant either in Bombay or in Poona	 and he could not have left by the 10 30 train if he was present in the hospital till 11 30 a.m. We are also satisfied that Dr. Miss Aneeja did not cancel the endorsement about the postmortem examination on her own responsibility. She was ordered to do so. We are also satisfied that it was not Dr. Saify who had given this order	 but it must have been Dr. Mouskar	 who did so. We are also satisfied that Dr. Mouskar did not induce Dr. Miss Aneeja to cancel the postmortem by sending the case papers through the call boy of her Ward	 but she was summoned to the office	 to the door of which she admits she had gone. We are	 therefore	 in agreement with the two Courts below that Dr. Mouskar caused these changes to be made	 and that Dr. Miss Aneeja did not have the courage to name the Resident Medical Officer	 and lied by introducing the name of Dr. Saify. We are also satisfied that Dr. Mouskar and the appellant were acquainted with each other not only when they were in College together but they must have known each other	 when Dr. Mouskar was residing at Poona. The cancellation of the postmortem examination was caused by the appellant	 because Dr. Mouskar 's explanation on this part of the case is extremely unsatisfactory	 and his failure to consult Dr. Variava	 if it was only a hospital matter	 is extremely significant. The appellant 's immediate exit from the hospital and the telegram to him at Poona show that Dr. Mouskar knew where the appellant was to be 497 found. The telegram conveyed to the appellant that the postmortem was not to be held	 because it said that the body should be immediately removed. Now	 the appellant	 as we have said	 took no action about Laxmibai 's death and kept this information to himself. He did not also arrange for the removal of the body. He sent an inland letter which	 he knew would take a day or two to reach the hospital. He knew that the body would be lying unclaimed at the hospital	 and that the hospital could not hold the body for ever without taking some action. The appellant is a doctor. He has studied in medical institutions where bodies are brought for dissection purposes	 and he must be aware that there is an Anatomy Act	 under which unclaimed bodies are handed over to Colleges after 48 hours for dissection. He also knew that the cause of death would become more and more difficult to determine as time passed on	 and it is quite clear that the appellant was banking on these two circumstances for the avoidance of any detection into the cause of death. He had also seen to it that the postmortem examination would not be made	 and he knew that if the body remained unclaimed	 then it would be disposed of in accordance with the Anatomy Act. He wrote a letter which he knew would reach the hospital authorities	 and he named a fictitious brother who	 he said	 could not arrive before the 16th from Calcutta. This delay would have gained him three valuable days between the death and any likely examination	 and if the body remained unclaimed	 then it was likely to be disposed of in the manner laid down in the Anatomy Act. The anticipations of the appellant were so accurate that the body followed the identical course which he had planned for it	 and it is an accident that ten days later a postmortem examination was made	 because an observant peon noticed some mark on the neck which he thought	 was suspicious. But for this	 it would have been impossible to trace what happened to Laxmibai	 because the hospital papers would have been filed	 the body dissected by medical students and disposed of and the relatives and friends kept in the dark about the whereabouts of Laxmibai by spurious letters. 498 This brings us to another piece of conduct which we have to view. When Laxmibai boarded the train	 she had a bedding and a bag with her	 which she was seen carrying at the Par by Patil (P. W. 60) on the night she left Poona. There is a mass of evidence that Laxmibai was in affluent circumstances	 and always wore on her person gold and pearl ornaments. There is also evidence that she had taken Rs. 50 from Virkar the night she travelled	 and presumbly she was carrying some more money with her	 because she had to consult a specialist in Bombay and money would be required to pay him. When she reached the hospital in the company of the appellant	 she had no ornaments on her person	 no money in her possession and her bag and bedding had also disappeared. As a matter of fact	 there was nothing to identify her or to distinguish her from any other indigent woman in the street. There is no explanation which any reasonable person can accept as to what happened to her belongings. It is possible that the bag and the bedding might have been forgotten in the hurry to take her to the hospital	 but her gold ornaments on her person could not so disappear. The appellant stated that he noticed for the first time in the taxi that she had no ornaments on her person; but there would be no need for him to notice this fact if Laxmibai started without any ornaments whatever. In view of the fact that Laxmibai 's entire property soon passed into the hands of the appellant	 it is reasonable to hold that he would not overlook the valuable gold and pearl ornaments in this context. Further	 the absence of the ornaments and other things to identify Laxmibai rendered her anonymity complete	 in so far as the hospital was concerned	 unless information to that end was furnished by the appellant only. In the event of Laxmibai 's death in the hospital	 no complication would arise if she did not possess any property and the body would be treated as unclaimed	 if none appeared to claim it. In addition to the stripping of the lady of her belongings	 the appellant took measures to keep her 499 identity a close secret. No doubt	 he gave her name as " Indumati "	 but he added to it her maiden surname in a garbled form. According to Dr. Ugale	 the name given was " Paunshe ". In every one of the other papers	 the name appears to have been corrected by the addition of some letter resembling Ilk " but not in the case papers. Dr. Ugale swore that he had not heard the name " Paunshe " before	 though his mother tongue is Marathi	 and he is himself a Maharashtrian. He	 therefore	 asked the appellant to spell the name	 and he was definite that the name was written as spelt by the appellant. There is	 however	 other evidence coming from the appellant himself to show that he did not give the correct maiden surname of Laxmibai	 because in the letter he wrote to the hospital he only stated that there was an extra " u " in the name as entered in the papers but did not mention anything about " k ". His solicitude about the name and its spelling in the case papers clearly shows that his mind even under the stress of these circumstances was upon one fact only that the name should remain either " Paunshe " or " Panshe " and not become " Ponkshe ". Indeed	 one would expect the appellant to have given the name " Laxmibai Karve " or " Indumati Karve " instead of " Indumati Ponkshe "	 and much less	 " Indumati Paunshe ". There must be some reason for the appellant choosing the maiden surname	 even if he gave the correct maiden name. The reason appears to be this: Either he had to say at the hospital that he did not know the name	 or he had to give some name. If he said that he did not know the name	 it would have caused some suspicion	 and the matter would then have been entered in the emergency police case register. This is deposed to by the doctors in the hospital. By giving the name	 he avoided this contingency. By giving a garbled name	 he avoided the identity	 if by chance that name came to the notice of some one who knew Laxmibai. His intention can only be interpreted in the light of his subsequent conduct and the use to which be put this altered name. We have already seen that he did the fact of death from every 500 one and wrote to people that the woman was alive. He had two opportunities of correcting this name which he had noticed very carefully on the case papers. The first was when he wrote the letter to the hospital in which he insisted that " u " should be omitted but did not add " k ". The other was when on the 16th the police questioned him and he stated that he did not know who the woman was. He also gave the age of the woman wrongly	 and perhaps	 deliberately : see the correction and overwritings in the inland letter he wrote on November 14	 1956. Immediately after the death of Laxmibai	 he misappropriated a sum of Rs. 5	000 by presenting two documents	 Exs. 285 and 286	 without disclosing to the Bank that the person who had issued the cheque was no more. All this subsequent conduct gets tied to his conduct in giving the name as " Indumati Paunshe " or " Panshe "; and it shows a foreknowledge of what was to happen to Indumati at the hospital. It also shows a preparation for keeping the fact of her death hidden from others to facilitate the misappropriation of her property	 which as we know	 eventually took place starting from November 15	 that is to say	 two days following her death. No explanation worth considering exists why this name was given	 and the effort of the counsel for the appellant that he was probably on intimate terms with Laxmibai and chose to call her by her maiden name rather than her married name is belied by the fact that in every document in which the name has been mentioned by the appellant	 he has adderssed her as Laxmibai Karve and not as Indumati Ponkshe. There is no evidence that this elderly lady was anything more than a foolishly trusting friend of this man who took advantage of her in every way. Then	 there is the conduct of the appellant in not disclosing to the hospital authorities the entire case history of Laxmibai and the treatment which he had been giving her as her medical attendant. Instead of telling the doctor all the circumstances of her health	 he told him that the woman was suffering from hysterical fits	 which fits	 according to the 501 evidence in the case	 did not recur after 1948. He also did not give any particulars of the onset of unconsciousness in the train. Even the fact that Laxmibai had suffered from diabetes for some years was not mentioned	 and this shows that he was intent upon the medical attendants in the hospital treating the case from a scratch and fumbling it	 if possible. To him	 it appears to us	 it was a matter of utter indifference what treatment was given to her	 an attitude which he continued to observe even after his patient had died. In our opinion	 therefore	 the conduct at the hospital appears significantly enough to suggest that he anticipated that Laxmibai was doomed	 and he was intent upon seeing to it that no one but himself should know of her death and that a quiet disposal of her body should take place. We may mention here one other fact	 and that is that the G.T. Hospital	 is situatted at a distance of 5 or 6 furlongs from the Victoria Terminus Station	 whereas the St. George 's Hospital is said to be only 50 feet away from the main entrance. Why an unconscious woman was carried first on a stretcher and then in a taxi to this distant hospital when she could have been carried straight to the hospital on the stretcher itself	 is not explained. There is of course	 this significant fact that at the St. George 's Hospital he would not have been able to pull his weight with the medical authorities	 which he was able to do with Dr. Mouskar because of his acquaintance with him. This choosing of the hospital is of a piece with the choosing of an inconvenient train which would make detection difficult	 arrival at the hospital when it would be closed except for emergency cases	 and the patient likely to be waited upon by a raw and inexperienced doctor in the early hours of the morning. We	 however	 cannot say this too strongly	 because it is likely that Laxmibai herself chose to travel by a night train. But the whole of the conduct of the appellant prior to the death of Laxmibai appears to be of a piece with his conduct after her death	 and we are satisfied that even before her entry into the hospital	 the appellant had planned this line of conduct. 64 502 Our findings thus substantially accord on all the relevant facts with those of the two Courts below	 though the arrangement and consideration of the relevant evidence on record is somewhat different. It is now necessary to consider the arguments which have been advanced on behalf of the appellant. The first contention is that the essential ingredients required to be proved in all cases of murder by poisoning were not proved by the prosecution in this case. Reference in this connection. is made to a decision of the Allahabad High Court in Mst. Gujrani vs Emperor (1) and two unreported decisions of this Court in Chandrakant Nyalchand Seth vs The	 State of Bombay(2) decided on February 19	 1958	 and Dharambir Singh vs The State of Punjab (3) decided on November 4	 1958. In these cases	 the Court referred to three propositions which the prosecution must establish in a case of poisoning: (a) that death took place by poisoning; (b) that the accused had the poison in his possession ; and (c) that the accused had an opportunity to administer the poison to the deceased. The case in Dharambir Singh V. The State of Punjab (3) turned upon these three propositions. There	 the deceased had died as a result of poisoning by potassium cyanide	 which poison was also found in the autopsy. The High Court had disbelieved the evidence which sought to establish that the accused had obtained potassium cyanide	 but held	 nevertheless	 that the circumstantial evidence was sufficient to convict the accused in that case. This Court did not	 however	 accept the circumstantial evidence as complete. It is to be observed that the three propositions were laid down not as the invariable criteria of proof by direct evidence in a case of murder by poisoning	 because evidently if after poisonidgthevictim	 the accused destroyed all traces of the body	 the first proposition would be incapable of being proved except by circumstantial evidence. Similarly	 if the accused gave a victim something: to eat and the victim died immediately on the ingestion of that food with symptoms of poisoning and (1) A.I.R. 1933 All. 394. (2) Cr. A. No. 120 Of 1957. (3) Cr. k. No. 98 of 1958. 503 poison	 in fact	 was found in the viscera	 the requirement of proving that the accused was possessed of the poison would follow from the circumstance that accused gave the victim something to eat and need not be separately proved. There have been cases in which conviction was maintained	 even though the body of the victim had completely disappeared	 and it was impossible to say	 except on circumstantial evidence	 whether that person was the victim of foul play	 including poisoning. Recently	 this Court in Mohan vs State of U. P. (1) decided on November 5	 1959	 held that the proof of the fact of possession of the poison was rendered unnecessary	 because the victim died soon after eating pedas given by the accused in that case	 and he had not partaken any other food likely to contain poison. In Dr. Palmer 's case (2) 	 strychnine was not detected	 and the accused was convicted by the jury after Lord Chief Justice Campbell (Cresswell	 J. and Mr. Baron Alderson 	 concurring) charged the jury that the discovery of the poison on autopsy	 was not obligatory	 if they were satisfied on the evidence of symptoms that death had been caused by the ministration of the strychnine. The conduct of Palmer	 which was also significant	 was stressed inasmuch as he had attempted to thwart a successful chemical analysis of the viscera	 and had done suspicious acts to achieve that end. In Dr. Crippen 's case (3)	 the conduct of the accusedafter the death of Mrs. Crippen in making the friends and relatives believe that Mrs. Crippen was alive was considered an incriminatory circumstance pointing to his guilt. No doubt	 in Dr. Crippen 's case (3)	 the body was found and poison was detected	 but there was no proof that Dr. Crippen had administered the poison to her	 that being inferred from his subsequent conduct in running away with Miss Le Neve. In the second case of this Court	 the poison was availiable to the victim	 and it was possible that she had taken it to end an unhappy life. The cases of this Court which were decided	 proceeded upon their own facts	 and though the three (1) Cr. A. No. 108 of 1959. (2) Notable Trials Series. (3) Notable Trials Series. 504 propositions must be kept in mind always	 the sufficiency of the evidence	 direct or circumstantial	 to establish murder by poisoning will depend on the facts of each case. If the evidence in a particular case does of not justify the inference that death is the result of poisoning because of the failure of the prosecution to prove the fact satisfactorily	 either directly or by circumstantial evidence	 then the benefit of the doubt will have to be given to the accused person. But if circumstantial evidence	 in the absence of direct proof of the three elements	 is so decisive that the Court can unhesitatingly hold that death was a result of administration of poison (though not detected) and that the poison must have been administered by the accused person	 then the conviction can be rested on it. In a recent case decided in England in the Court of Criminal Appeal (Regina vs Onufrejczyk (1)	 the body of the victim was not found at all. And	 indeed	 there was no evidence that he had died	 much less was murdered. The accused 's conduct in that case which was held decisive	 was very similar to the conduct of the present appellant. He was in monetary difficulties	 and the victim was his partner	 whom he wished to buy out but did not have the money to do so. One fine day	 the partner disappeared	 and his body was not found	 and it was not known what had happened to him. The activities of the accused after the disappearance of his partner were very remarkable. To people who enquired from him about his partner	 he told all manner of lies as to how a large and dark car had arrived in the night and that three men bad carried off his partner at the point of a revolver. To a sheriff 's officer he stated that his partner had gone to see a doctor. He also asked a lady to send him some sham registered letters and forged other documents. Lord Chief Justice Goddard stated the law to be that in a trial for murder	 the fact of death could be proved by circumstantial evidence alone	 provided the jury were warned that the evidence must lead to one conclusion only	 and that even though there was no body or even trace of a body or any direct evidence as to (1) [1955] 1.Q.B 388. 505 the manner of the death of a victim	 the corpus delicti could be held to be proved by a number of facts	 which rendered the commission of the crime certain. pertinent to remember that Lord Goddard observer during the course of argument that there was no virtue in the words " direct evidence "	 and added: "It would be going a long way	 especially these days when we know what can be done with acid	 to say that there cannot be a conviction without some proof of a body. If you are right you have to admit that a successful disposal of the body could prevent a conviction. " It is obvious that Lord Goddard had in mind the case of John George Haigh (1) who	 as is notorious	 disposed of bodies by steeping them in acid bath	 destroying all traces. It is	 in this context	 instructive to read a case from Now Zealand to which Lord Goddard also referred	 where the body of the victim was never found	 The King vs Horry (2 ). The statement of the law as to proof of corpus delicti laid down by Gresson	J. (concurred in by Fair	 A.C.J.	 Stanton	 J. and Hay	 J.) was approved by Lord Goddard with one slight change. The statement of the law (head note) is as follows : " At the trial of a person charged with murder	 the fact of death is provable by circumstantial evidence	 notwithstanding that neither the body nor any trace of the body has been found	 and that the accused has made no confession of any participation in the crime. Before he can be convicted	 the fact of death should be proved by such circumstances as render the commission of the crime morally certain and leave no ground for reasonable doubt: the circumstantial evidence should be so cogent and compelling as to convince a jury that upon no rational hypothesis other than murder can the facts be accounted for." Lord Goddard did not agree with the words " morally certain " and stated that he would have preferred to say " such circumstances as render the commission of the crime certain." (1) Notable Trials Series. (2) [1952) N.Z.L.R. 111. 506 The same test has been applied by Wills in his Book on Circumstantial Evidence	 and the author has quoted the case of Donellan (1)	 where the conduct of Donellan in rinsing out a bottle in spite of the wife of the victim asking him not to touch those bottles	 was treated as a very significant evidence of guilt. Butler	 J.	 charged the jury that: " if there was a doubt upon the evidence of the physical witnesses they must take into their consideration all the other circumstances either to show that there was poison administered or that there was not	 and that every part of the prisoner 's conduct was material to be considered. " Similarly	 in Donnall 's case (2 )	 Abbot	 J.	 according to Wills	 in summing up	 said to the jury that: "there were two important questions: first did the deceased die of poison? and if they should be of opinion that she did	 then whether they were satisfied from the evidence that the poison was administered by the prisoner or by his means. There were some parts of the evidence which appeared to him equally applicable to both questions	 and those parts were what related to the conduct of the prisoner during the time of the opening and inspection of the body; his recommendation of a shell and the early burial; to which might be added the circumstances	 not much to be relied upon	 relative to his endeavours to evade his apprehension. His Lordship also said	 as to the question whether the deceased died by poison	 I in considering what the medical men have said upon the one side and the other	 you must take into account the conduct of the prisoner in urging a hasty funeral and his conduct in throwing away the contents of the jug into the chamber utensil '." In Rex vs Horry (3)	 where the entire case law in England was presented for the consideration of the Court	 it was pointed out by the Court that there was no rule in England that corpus delicti must be proved by direct evidence establishing the death of the person (1) Gurneys Rep. (1781) (2) (3) [1952] N.Z.L.R. 111. 507 and further	 the cause of that death. Reference was made to Evans vs Evans(1)	 where it was ruled that that corpus delicti might be proved by direct evidence or by " irresistible grounds of presumption ". In the same case	 it has been pointed out that in New Zealand the Court upheld numerous convictions	 where the body of the victim was never found. The rule of law stated by Sir Matthew Hale in Pleas of the Crown Vol. 2	 p. 290 that " I would never convict any person of murder or manslaughter	 unless the fact were proved to be done	 or at least the body found dead " was not accepted in this and other bases. Lord Goddard also rejected the statement as one of universal application	 in the case to which we have already referred. The case of Mary Ann Nash(2) is illustrative of the proposition that even though the cause of death may not appear to be established by direct evidence	 the circumstances of the case may be sufficient to infer that a murder has been committed. In that case	 the prisoner had an illegitmate son	 5 years old. There was evidence to show that the mother desired to put the child out of her way. One day in June	 1907	 the mother left the house and returned without the child. She made several statements as to what had happened to the child	 which were found to be untrue. As late as April 1908	 the body of a child was discovered in a well. Decomposition had so far advanced that even the sex of the child could not be determined. There was nothing therefore to show whether death was natural or violent	 or whether it had occurred before or after the body was put into the well. The case was left to the jury. On appeal	 it was contended that there being no proof how death took place	 the judge should not have left the case to the Jury but ought to have withdrawn it. Lord Chief Justice delivering the judgment of the Court of Appeal referred to the untrue statements of the prisoner about the wherebouts of the child	 and observed as follows: " All these statements were untrue. She bad an object in getting rid of the child	 and if it had been (1) 161 E.R. 466	 491. (2) 508 lost or met with an accidental death	 she had every interest in saying so at once. It is said there is no evidence of violent death	 but we cannot accept that Mr. Goddard cannot have meant that there must be proof from the body itself of a violent death. In view of the facts that the child left home well and was afterwards found dead	 that the appellant was last seen with it	 and made untrue statements about it	 this is not a case which could have been withdrawn from the jury. " There is no difference between a trial with the help of the jury and a trial by a Judge in so far as the appraisement of evidence is concerned. The value of the evidence in each case must necessarily be the same. If the case of Mary Ann Nash (1) could be left to the jury	 here too the case has been decided by the two Courts below concurrently against the appellant on evidence on which theY could legitimately reach the conclusion whether an offence of murder had been established or not. A case of murder by administration of poison is almost always one of secrecy. The poisoner seldom takes another into his confidence	 and his preparations to the commission of the offence are also secret. He watches his opportunity and administers the poison in a manner calculated to avoid its detection. The greater his knowledge of poisons	 the greater the secrecy	 and consequently the greater the difficulty of proving the case agaisnt him. What assistance a man of science can give he gives; but it is too much to say that the guilt of the accused must	 in all cases	 be demonstrated by the isolation of the poison	 though in a case where there is nothing else such a course would be incumbent upon the prosecution. There are various factors which militate against a successsful isolation of the poison and its recognition. The discovery of the poison can only take place either through a postmortem examination of the internal organs or by chemical analysis. Often enough	 the diagnosis of a poison is aided by the information which may be furnished by relatives and friends as to the symptoms 1 161 E R. 466 491 509 found on the victim	 if the course of poison has taken long and others have had an opportunity of watching its effect. Where	 however	 the poision is administered in secrecy and the victim is rendered unconscious effectively	 there is nothing to show how the deterioration in the condition of the victim took place and if not poison but disease is suspected	 the diagnosis of poisoning may be rendered difficult. In Chapman 's case(1)	 the victim (Maud Marsh) was sent to Guy 's Hospital	 where the doctors diagnosed her condition to be due to various maladies including cancer umatism and acute dyspepsiaIt is clear that doctors can be deceived by thesymptoms of poison into believing tHat they have a genuine case of sickness on hand. In Dr. Palmer 's case (2)	 two medical witnesses for the defence diagnosed the case from the symptoms as being due to Angina Pectoris or epilepsy with tetanic complications. The reason for all this is obvious. Lambert in his book "The Medico Legal Post Mortem in India (pp. 96	99.100) has stated that the pathologist 's part in the diagnosis of poisoning is secondary	 and has further observed that several poisons particularly of the synthetic hypnotics and vegetable alkaloids groups do not leave any characteristic signs which can be noticed on postmortem examination. See Modi 's Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology	 13th Edn.	 pp. 450 451 and Taylor 's Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence	 Vol. ll	p. 229. The same is stated by Otto Saphir in his book " Autopsy " at pp. 71 and 72. In Dreisbach 's Handbook of Poisons. 1955	 it is stated that pathological findings in deaths from narcotic analgesics are not characteristic. He goes further and says that even the laboratory findings are non contributory. The position of the pathologist who conducts a postmortem examination has been summed up by Modi in Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology	 13th edn. 	 p. 447 as follows: " In order to make a probable guess of the poison and to look for its characteristic postmortem appearances	 it is advisable that a medical officer	 before (1) Notable Trials Series. (2) Notable Trials Series. 65 510 commencing a postmortem examination on the body of a suspected case of poisoning	 should read the police report and endeavour to get as much information as possible from the relatives of the deceased regarding the quality and quantity of the poison administered	 the character of the symptoms with reference to their onset and the time that elapsed between the taking of the poison and the development of the first symptoms	 the duration of the illness	 nature of the treatment adopted	 and the time of death. He will find that in most cases the account supplied by the police and the relatives is very meagre	 or incorrect and misleading. His task is	 therefore	 very difficult	 especialy when many of the poisons except corrosives and irritants do not show any characteristic postmortem signs and when bodies are in an advanced state of decomposition . ". Similarly	 Gonzales in Legal Medicine and Toxicology states at p. 629: " The question of whether or not a negative toxicologic examination is consistent with death by poison can be answered affirmatively	 as may persons overcome by carbon monoxide die after twenty four hours	 at which time the gas cannot be determined in the blood by chemical tests. Likewise	 the organs of individuals who have been poisoned by phosphorus may not contain the toxic substance respons ible for death if they have managed to survive its effects for several days. Many conditions seriously interfere with the toxicologic examination	 such as postmortem decomposition . We need not multiply authorities	 because every book on toxicology begins with a statement of such a fact. Of course	 there is a chemical test for almost every poison	 but it is impossible to expect a search for every poison. Even in chemical analysis	 the chemical analyser may be unsuccessful for various reasons. Taylor in his Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence	 Vol. 11	 p. 228 gives three possible explanations for negative findings	 viz.	 (1) the case 511 may have been of disease only; (2) the poison may have been eliminated by vomitting or other means or neutralised or metabolised; and (3) the analysis may have been faultily performed. Svensson Wendel in Crime Detection has stated at p. 281 that: " Hypnotics are decomposed and disappear very quickly some even in the time which elapses between the administration and the occurrence of death. Circumstantial evidence in this context means a combination of facts creating a net work through which there is no escape for the accused	 because the facts taken as a whole do not admit of any inference but of his guilt. To rely upon the findings of the medical man who conducted the postmortem and of the chemical analyser as decisive of the matter is to render the other evidence entirely fruitless. While the circumstances often speak with unerring certainty	 the autopsy and the chemical analysis taken by themselves may be most misleading. No doubt	 due weight must be given to the negative findings at such examinations. But	 bearing in mind the difficult task which the man. of medicine performs and the limitations under which he works	 his failure should not be taken as the end of the case	 for on good and probative circumstances	 an irresistible inference of guilt can be drawn. In the present case	 the effort of the appellant has been to persuade the Court that the death of Laxmibai was possibly the result of disease rather than by poison. During the course of the case and the appeal	 various theories have been advanced and conflicting diagnoses have been mooted. The case of the appellant has wavered between death by diabetic coma and by hypoglycemia	 though relying upon the condition of the arteries and the aorta and the rigidity of the neck 	 suggestions of coronary complications and renal failure have also been made. We have shown above that this was not a case of diabetic coma	 because of the absence of the cardinal symptoms of diabetic coma. This also is the opinion of Dr. Variava and Dr. Mehta	 though Dr. Jliala	 for reasons which we have indicated	 accepted it. The appellant argued again the case 512 from the angle of diabetic coma	 but later veered in favour of hypoglycemia. This change noticeable not only in the arguments before us but also throughout the conduct of the case is merely to confuse the issue	 and create	 if possible	 a doubt	 which would take the mind away from the surrounding circumstances	 and focus it only upon the medical aspect of the case. Full advantage has been taken of the findings of Dr. Ugale and Dr. Miss Aneeja	 which suggest partly an onset of diabetic coma	 partly of hypoglycemia	 and partly of renal failure. There is no true picture of any one disease. The rigidity of the neck was not reflected in the chemical analysis of the cerebro spinal fluid and was negatived	 in so far as renal failure is concerned	 by the negative findings about albumin. Diabetic coma stood ruled out by the presence of the Babinsky sign and the suddenness of the onset	 the negative aspect of acetone breath and the rather remarkable failure of the specific treatment given for it to have worked any change. Driven from these considerations to such doubtful suggestions as coronary complications of which no physical evidence was found by Dr. Jhala	 the appellant put his case 'on hypoglycemia	 and relied upon the fact that at the hospital 40 units of insulin intravenously and another 40 units subcutaneously were administered. Medical text books were quoted to show that in the case of hypoglycemic coma the introduction of even a small quantity of insulin sometimes proves fatal. The learned AdvocateGeneral stoutly resisted this move	 which was at variance with the case as set out before the High Court	 because it is obvious enough that if one accepted the theory of hypoglycemic coma	 the only injections of insulin causing such shook would be proved to have been given at the hospital and not by the appellant. Here	 the position	 however	 is not so difficult for the State	 because Laxmibai was found to have 4 oz. of pasty meal in her stomach	 and with food inside her	 the possibility of hypoglycemia taking place naturally was extremely remote. If it was hypoglycemic coma due to excessive administration of insulin	 then it must have been administered prior to its onset	 and who could have 513 given it but the appellant ? Even though coma supervenes suddenly	 the patient passes through symptoms of discomfort	 and Laxmibai would have told the appellant about it in the train. The appellant mentioned nothing of this to Dr. Ugale. If an excessive dose of insulin was given by the appellant	 the question of intent would arise	 and the conduct shows the intention. There were no pronounced symptoms of hypoglycemia either. Laxmibai just passed from unconsciousness to death without the manifestation of any of the signs associated with the syndrome of hypoglycemic death. It is also to be remembered that hypoglycemic coma is generally overcome by the administration of a very small quantity of glucose (5 or10 grams of glucose orally): Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus by Joslin	 Root and White	 p. 350. The 40 units given intravenously were mixed with 20 C. C. of glucose and carried the palliative with them. Even otherwise	 Laxmibai was receiving glucose by intragastric drip	 and during the three and a half hours	 there should have been an improvement. The surprising part is that the administration of the insulin and glucose brought about no visible symptoms in the patient either for better or for worse. She passed into death	 and the inference can only be that she did not die of these diseases of which she was either suspected or for which she was treated but of something else	 which could not answer to the treatment given to her. Dreisbach in his Handbook on Poisons at p. 27 has stated that coma also results from the action of several poisons. Depressants	 sedatives and hypnoties all cause death by coma (ibid. p. 201). The symptoms	 according to the author	 are sleepiness	 mental confusion	 unsteadiness rapidly followed by coma with slow shallow respiration	 flaccid muscles and absent deep reflexes. The difference between coma due to disease and coma as the result of poisons is stated by him in the following words: Coma from poisoning presumably results from some interference with brain cell metabolism. In attempting to combat the effects of drugs which induce coma	 remember that no agents are known 514 which will specifically overcome the metabolic derangements of drug induced coma. The mechanism of action of cerebral stimulant drugs is also unknown	 but these drugs presumably act by depressing some inhibiting function in the cell. There is no evidence that any stimulants specifically oppose the cellular metabolic depression induced by the depressant drugs such as the barbiturates. " No specific antidote is known for the sedative and hypnotic drugs. (Ibid. p. 202). The condition of Laxmibai clearly indicated an impairment of the central nervous system. It is no doubt true that in some cases of coronary thrombosis	 coma supervenes; but it is idle to suggest in the present case that Laxmibai was afflicted by this type of coma	 because Dr. Jhala who performed the postmortem examination and opened the coronary arteries found no evidence of thrombosis. According to Otto Saphir	 a myocardial infarct is easily detected. (Autopsy	 pp. 301 302). Coma in Laxmibai 's case	 as we have shown above	 was not the result either of acidosis	 hypoglycemia	 renal failure or meningial irritation. Her liver	 pancreas and kidney were found to have no pathological lesions	 and it is significant that no question was even attempted to establish that the opinion of Dr. Jhala on this part of the case was incorrect. Learned counsel for the appellant suggested that the examination by Dr. Jhala might have been superficial	 and might not have included a microscopical examination of sections of some of the vital organs normally affected by diabetes. This suggestion	 in our opinion	 ought to have been put forward during the cross examination of the witness	 and it is unfair now to suggest that the opinion that no lesions were found was based on either improper or inadequate examination. We hold that Dr. Jhala performed the examination adequately	 and he was also helped by his assistants. Here	 we pause to ask a question why the appellant brought up the question of hysterical fits at all. He could have said that Laxmibai was a diabetic	 and that it was likely she had coma by reason of that 515 disease. The suggested diagnosis given by the appellant was so unlikely that Dr. Ugale questioned it then and there. There is nothing in the Wanlesswadi T.B. Sanatorium papers or in Dr. Sathe 's evidence to show that Laxmibai had hysterical fits after her hysterectomy operation. No suggestion was made to the doctors in Court that Laxmibai might have had hysterical fits. The condition of the muscles and the absence of deep reflexes clearly show that this was just another piece of deception. It is not possible to hold that the appellant gave the full particulars to Dr. Miss Aneeja. No suggestion was made to her or to Dr. Ugale that any information other than what was noted in the case papers was furnished. There is no case for holding 'that Laxmibai had a relapse of hysterical fits. It would	 therefore	 appear that Laxmibai 's condition was not due to any disease	 because diseases inducing coma generally leave some trace behind	 and also respond to medication. No doubt	 in some cases the pathological findings after death from diabetic coma have been negative	 but the question is if this was such a case. We have	 on the one hand	 the fact that numerous poisons causing coma leave no identifiable trace in the victim after death	 and	 on the other	 that sometimes the autopsy does not disclose any discoverable signs in a patient who dies after an attack of diabetic coma or disease. The appellant can be presumed to have had knowledge of these poisons. The appellant challenged the Advocate General to show from any standard book that the symptoms found by the doctors accorded with any known poison. Here	 it must also be remembered that a man with knowledge may manipulate not one but more drugs to achieve his purpose	 and the cardinal signs of poisoning on the victim may	 as a result	 be either obliterated or	 at least significantly modified. We give one example on 	which a certain amount of knowledge is possessed even by laymen. A poison of which one of the symptoms would be the contracting of the pupils of the eyes may be side tracked by putting into the eyes of the victim a drug like atropine	 which by its local 516 action dilates the pupils. We give this example	 because most of us know the action of atropine on the eyes	 and because the example also shows how easily a person with knowledge may confuse the symptoms by a simple trick. We are not suggesting that this is what has happened in this case; but when we have to deal with a case of crime versus natural death	 we cannot overlook the possibility of some ingenious artifice having been used to screen the action. If Laxmibai died in circumstances which prima facie admit of either disease or homicide by poisoning	 we must look at the conduct of the appellant who brought her to the hospital	 and consider to what conclusion that conduct unerringly points. If the appellant as an honest medical man had taken Laxmibai to the hospital and she had died by reason of disease	 his conduct would have been entirely different. He would not have taken her to the hospital bereft of property with which she started from home; he would not have given a wrong or misleading name to cover her identity; he would not have given a wrong age and wrong history of her ailments; he would not have written a letter suggesting that she had a brother in Calcutta	 which brother did not exist; he would not have abandoned the corpse to be dealt with by the hospital as an unclaimed body; he would not have attempted to convince the world that she was alive and happily married; he would not have obtained her property by forgeries	 impersonation and other tricks indulged in both before and after her death; but he would have informed her relatives and done everything in his power to see that she was properly treated and stayed on to face whatever inquiry the hospital wished to make into the cause of death and not tried to avoid the postmortem examination and would not have disappeared	 never to reappear. His prevarications about where ' Laxmibai was	 make a big and much varied list	 and his forgeries cover scores of documents. In the words of Baron Parke in Towell 's case (1): Circumstantial evidence is the only evidence which can in cases of this kind lead to discovery. (1)(1854) ; 517 There is no way of investigating them except by the use of circumstantial evidence; but it most frequently happens that great crimes committed in secret leave behind them some traces	 or are accompanied by some circumstances which lead to the discovery and punishment of the offender. Direct evidence of persons who saw the fact	 if that proof is offered upon the testimony of men whose veracity you have no reason to doubt is the best proof; but	 on the other hand	 it is equally true with regard to circumstantial.evidence	 that the circumstances may often be so clearly proved	 so closely connected with it	 or leading to one result in conclusion	 that the mind may be as well convinced as if it were proved by eye witnesses. " The appellant in this case took some risk in taking Laxmibai to the hospital arid in giving his name there; and these aspects were	 in fact	 stressed as arguments in the case. As regards the first part	 the argument overlooks that what appears to us to be a risk might not have so appeared to the appellant	 who might have been sure of his own ability to screen himself. To him	 the death of Laxmibai at the hospital without discovery of poison would be the greatest argument in his favour that he had acted honestly. The second argument is equally unacceptable to us. The appellant could not take the risk of a false name and address	 if he was intending that the body should be disposed of as unclaimed. By giving his own address he could keep the strings in his own hands. If he gave an address and no reply came from that address	 the hospital would suspect foul play. If he gave the address of Laxmibai	 people in Poona would know of this mysterious death	 and they would remember the death of Purshottam alias Arvind in 1954. At that time also a postmortem examination on the body of Arvind was held (see	 evidence of Ramachandra (P. W. 1))	 and the explanation of the appellant given in writing on January 22	 1954	 is set out below in his own words: " My name is Anant Chihtaman Lagu	 age. years	 residing at No. 431/5	 Madiwale Colony	 Poona	 on 66 518 being questioned state that I am the family doctor of Karve family in H. No. 94 95	 Shukrawar. The deceased Purshottam Anant Karve belongs to that family. He came from Bombay to Poona on Saturday	 the 16th January	 1954. He had come to me on Sunday	 the 17th February	 1954	 for medicine for weakness. I treated him for 2 clays	 on 17th and 18th. He had neither told me that there was poisoning in his stomach	 nor did I detect any even when I examined and treated him. He became unconscious 5 hours before his death. He was taken to the Sassoon Hospital at 9 p.m. on 18th January	 1954. He was taken to the Sassoon Hospital because his disease was increased in unconsciousness and also because his mother as also myself and Dr. Joshi were of the same opinion. He died there in about 30 to 45 minutes. The fact that there was deliberate poisoning by somebody	 was neither revealed in my examination nor did Purshottam Karve speak to me anything about it during the time I treated him 2 days before. What exactly was the cause of death could not be revealed during my treatment. I do not know if somebody is on bad terms with him. There are rumours about suicide but there is no reason or any circumstance whatsoever for doing so. " A false address would have started enquiries at the hospital end. Laxmibai 's own address would have started speculation in Poona. It was for this reason that the appellant had to choose another place and to trim between fact and fiction so that he might be able to deal with the matter himself Of course	 Laxmibai did have an address of her own which could have been given	 and which did not cease to be her address because she had got an attack of coma	 from which people are known to recover. These arguments	 however	 are of no avail	 in view of the appellsnt 's entire conduct now laid bare	 which conduct has been proved to our satisfaction to have begun not after the death of Laxmibai but much 	earlier. This conduct is so knit together as to make a net work of circumstances pointing only to his guilt	 519 The case is one of extreme cunning and premeditation. The appellant	 whose duty it was to care for this unfortunate lady as a friend and as her medical adviser	 deliberately set about first to ingratiate himself in her good opinion	 and becoming her confidant	 found out all about her affairs. All this time he was planning to get at her property after taking her life. He did not perpetrate his scheme at Poona	 where the death might have brought a host of persons to the hospital. He devised a diabolical scheme of unparalleled cunning and committed an almost perfect murder. But murder	 though it hath no tongue	 speaks out sometimes. His method was his own undoing; because even the long arm of coincidence cannot explain the multitude of circumstances against him	 and they destroy the presumption of innocence with which law clothed him. In our judgment	 the two Courts below were perfectly correct in their conclusion that the death of Laxmibai was the result of the administration of some unrecognised poison or drug which would act as a poison	 and that the appellant was the person who administered it. We	 accordingly	 confirm the conviction. As regards the sentence of death passed on the appellant by the Sessions Judge and confirmed by the High Court	 it is the only sentence that could be imposed for this planned and cold blooded murder for gain	 and we do not interfere with it. The appeal fails	 and it will be dismissed. SARKARJ. In my opinion this appeal should be allowed. The appellant was tried by the Sessions Judge	 Poona	 on a charge under section 302 of the Indian Penal Code for the murder of Laxmibai Karve on November 13	 1956	 by administering poison	 to her and was convicted and sentenced to death. His appeal to the High Court at Bombay against the conviction and sentence failed. He has now appealed to this Court with special leave. The evidence against the appellant is all circumstantial. The question to be decided in this appeal is 520 whether that evidence is such that the only reasonable conclusion from it is that the appellant was guilty of the charge brought against him. Laxmibai Karve	 the deceased	 was the widow of one Anant Karve who was a businessman of Poona. Laxmibai was married in 1922 at the age of eleven to Anant Karve	 then a widower. Her maiden name was Indumati Ponkshe. After her marriage she was given the name Laxmibai but was also called Indumati or Indutai or Mai Karve or simply Mai. It does not appear that after her marriage she had been known by her father 's surname of Ponkshe	 a fact the significance of which will appear later. Anant Karve had a son named Vishnu by his first wife. By Laxmibai he bad two sons	 Ramchandra and Purshottam also called Arvind. Anant Karve died in 1945 leaving a will. By his will he gave Laxmibai a right of residence in tree rooms in his dwelling house at No. 93 95	 Shukrawar Peth	 Poona and a right to receive Rs. 50 per month from the rent of that house which was in part let out	 and made certain other bequests to her. He devised the rest of his properties to his sons. Besides what she had received from her husband	 Laxmibai in 1954 inherited the properties of Purshottam who had died interstate and unmarried in that year. She further inherited a large sum of money and gold ornaments of considerable value from her mother	 Girjabai	 who had died in 1946 or 1947. She bad also considerable valuable ornaments of her own. Her total assets amounted in 1956 to about Rs. 80	000. Part of her liquid assets were held in shares and debentures in limited companies. She had also certain moneys in an account in her name in the Bank of Maharashtra. A considerable sum was due to her from one Joshi to whom she had given a loan. After the death of her husband	 differences cropped up between Laxmibai and her elder SOD	 Ramchandra. In 1946 Ramchandra started living separately from his mother in the same house and used to take his food in a hotel In October 1952	 Ramchandra joined military 521 service as a craftsman and left Poona. Since joining service till the death of Laxmibai he was not residing at Poona but came there now and then. In May 1956	 Laxmibai got Ramchandra married. After her husband 's death Laxmibai lived in the three rooms in premises No. 93 95	 Shukrawar Peth	 Poona	 in which she had been given a right of residence by her husband 's will. Her younger son Purshottam also appears to have gone out of Poona on service in 1953	 and he died in January 1954. Since then Laxmibai had been living all by herself. She had however certain relatives in Poona. The appellant is a medical doctor. He and his brother B. C. Lagu	 also a doctor	 had been the family physicians of Anant Karve during his life time and attended him in his last illness. After his death the appellant continued to be Laxmibai 's family doctor. It is clear from the evidence that Laxmibai had great trust and confidence in the appellant and depended on him in all matters concerning her moneys and investments. It was he who went to the Bank for withdrawing and depositing moneys for her. In 1955 he actually took on rent a big hall in premises No. 93 95	 Shukrawar Peth for his personal use and had been in occupation of it since then. Laxmibai did not possess very good health. She had developed a tuberculous lesion some twenty years before her death but it had healed. She was a chronic diabetes patient since 1946 and started having hysterical fits since 1939. She suffered from menorrhagia and metrorrhagia since 1942. On April 11	 1948	 Dr. Ghorpure	 a surgeon performed an operation on her which is described in these terms: Abdomen opened by mid line sub umbilical incision Subtotal hysterectomy done. ovary cysticpunctured Appendicectomy. Abdomen closed after exploring other viscera which were normal. In 1949 she suffered from pyorrhoea and had her teeth taken out. In 1950 the tuberculous affection became active and on June 15	 1950	 she consulted Dr. Sathe	 a lung specialist	 who found that there was tuberculous 522 affection of the left lung and he recommended a line of treatment. This treatment was carried out by the appellant but apparently did not achieve much result. On July 13	 1950	 she got herself admitted into the Wanlesswadi Tuberculosis Sanatorium at Miraj in Bombay for treatment of the tuberculosis. Two thoracoplasty operations were performed on the left lung and she was recommended a third such operation which she was unwilling to undergo and left the hospital at her own desire. In the course of these operations nine of her ribs on the left side were removed. The report given by this hospital on November 17	 1950	 reads thus: Patient was admitted on 13th July	 1950. X Ray on admission showed extensive filtration on the left side with a large cavity in the upper zone; the right side was within normal limits. She had diabetes with high blood sugar which was controlled by insulin. Two stages of thoracoplasty operation on the left side were done and there was good clearing of disease but there was a small residual cavity seen and the third stage operation was advised. The patient is leaving at her own request against medical advice. Her sputum is positive. There is no evidence that after she left Wanlesswadi Sanatorium she had any relapse of any of her previous illnesses earlier recounted. It appears from the evidence of her relation one Datar	 a medical man	 that Laxmibai had been completely invalid being a frank case of tuberculosis of both the lungs but in November 1956	 her health was good and she was cooking her food and moving about in the house. The other evidence also shows that she was carrying on her daily avocations of ' life in a normal way at that time. After her death her body was found to be well nourished. She had however to have ordinary medical attention constantly and the diabetes had continued though controlled. The appellant treated her all along and the fees paid to him appear debited to Laxmibai 's account. I have so far been stating the earlier history of the case and now come to the more immediate events. On November 8	 1956	 Laxmibai had Rs. 5	275 09 in her 523 account in the Bank of Maharashtra. On a date between November 8 and 10	 she signed two papers the first of which was a notice to the Bank reading I desire to withdraw an amount exceeding Rs. 1	000 up to about Rs. 5	000 in the next week from My savings Bank Account" and the other was a withdrawal slip or cheque and it read	 " Pay Bearer the sum of Rupees Five thousand only which please debit to the 2account of Laxmibai Anant Karve". None of these papers bore any date and the	 bodies of them	 were in the appellant 's handwriting. These papers were made over by Laxmibai to the appellant and he did not present them to the Bank till after her death. On November 12	 1956	 the appellant paid to the credit of Laxmibai 's account in the Bank a dividend warrant dated November 10	 1956	 for Rs. 2	607 6 0 drawn in her favour by a company on the Bank of Maharashtra	 after signing her name on the back of it himself. The appellant had fixed up an engagement with Dr. Sathe of Bombay	 who has been named earlier	 for November 13	 1956	 at 3 p.m. for examining Laxmibai. On November 8	 1956	 Bhave	 a relation of Laxmibai	 called on Laxmibai and found the appellant there. Laxmibai told him that she proposed to go to Bombay with the appellant for consulting Dr. Sathe for her health and that she would be returning in four or five days. On November 10 or 11	 she saw a lawyer Karandikar	 also a relation	 and informed him that she intended to go to Bombay with the appellant for consulting a physician. About the same time Champutai	 daughter of Bhave mentioned earlier	 came to Laxmibai 's house to invite her to attend the birthday party of her son which had been fixed for November 13. Laxmibai told Champutai that she was going to Bombay and if she was able to come back in time	 she would attend the party. At about 8 p.m. on November 12	 Laxmibai went to Virkar	 who was a tenant of the house where she lived	 and informed him that she was going to Bombay by the night train to consult a doctor and requested him to pay Rs. 50 on account of the rent then due for meeting the expenses of the 524 journey to Bombay. The amount was paid by Virkar to her. She told Virkar that she expected to return to Poona after three or four days. About the same time she met Pramilabai	 another tenant of the house	 and told her that she was going to Bombay with the appellant by the night train to consult Dr. Sathe. A little later she was seen by a third tenant Krishnaji	 standing in front of the house with a small bag and bedding. Krishnaji also saw the appellant on the road going away from the house. All these people have said that they found Laxmibai in a good state of health and going about performing her normal avocations of life. There was a passenger train leaving Poona for Bombay at 10 p.m. Laxmibai and the appellant went by this train to Bombay on November 12	 1956. Though the appellant denied this	 the Courts below have found that they travelled in the same compartment. The train reached Victoria Terminus Station	 Bombay	 at 5 10 a.m. on November 13. Laxmibai had then gone into a comatose condition. The appellant procured a stretcher and carried her into a taxi with the help of porters and took her to Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital	 usually called for short G.T. Hospital	 which is about six furlongs from the station. They reached the hospital at about 5 45 a.m. Laxmibai was taken to the Outdoor Department where Dr. Ugale	 the Casualty Officer in charge	 admitted her 'into the hospital. According to Dr. Ugale	 the appellant told him that the name of the unconscious woman was Indumati Paunshe and her age was forty. The appellant gave as the address of the patient the address of his own dispensary at Poona	 namely	 " C/o Dr. Lagu 20 B	 Shukrawar	 Gala No. 12	 Poona 2 ". Dr. Ugale said that the appellant at his request spelt the name "Paunshe" and he took it down as spelt by the appellant. On enquiry about the history of the patient by Dr. Ugale the appellant told him that the patient suddenly became unconscious in the train while coming from upcountry and that there was a history of similar attacks frequently before. Dr. Ugale also said that the appellant told him that he thought that the case was one of hysterical fit from 525 which she frequently suffered. He did not tell Dr. Ugale that the patient suffered from any other disease. He said that he had brought the unconscious woman to Bombay for getting her examined by a specialist and that she was his patient. Dr. Ugale entered in the appropriate record of the hospital called the case paper	 all that the appellant told him and what he himself had noticed. As a result of his own examination Dr. Ugale found that the patient was making some involuntary movement	 the corneal reflex was absent	 the pupils were normal and reactive. He found nothing abnormal in the cardiovascular system or the respiration. There was a clerk sitting by the side of Dr. Ugale when the appellant was speaking to him and he made the necessary entries in another record of the hospital. In that record the name of the patient appears as Indumati Pankshe. Dr. Ugale examined the person of Laxmibai and found no ornament or cash on her. Within four or five minutes of the time that she arrived at the Out door Department of the hospital	 Laxmibai was removed to Ward No. 12. Dr. Anija	 a young woman doctor	 who had passed out the previous June	 was then the House Physician in attendance at that ward. The appellant accompanied Laxmibai to the ward and introduced himself to Dr. Anija as Dr. Lagu	 which is his name. He told her that while travelling in a train from upcountry the patient had got unconscious and therefore he had brought her straight from the station to the hospital and that before the journey the patient was alright. He further said that the patient had similar attacks before. The appellant also told Dr. Anija that he was the family physician of the patient and a family friend and spoke of some of the illnesses from which the patient had earlier suffered. Dr. Anija made some notes in the case paper of what she heard from the appellant and then examined the patient	 the result of which she also similarly noted in the case paper. Thereafter	 according to Dr. Anija	 she tested the patient 's urine in a laboratory attached to the ward and recorded the finding on the case paper. She then administered some stimulant and oxygen and also 67 526 gave an injection of 40 units of insulin as she thought	 ' as a result of the urine test	 that the case was one of diabetic coma. There is some dispute as to whether the urine was examined by Dr. Anija at this time and as to when the entries on the case paper of the results of the examination had been made. This will be discussed later. Dr. Anija examined the urine of the patient for the second time at about 8 30 a.m. and that also disclosed a certain quantity of Sugar. She said that she then sent a call to the Registrar of the ward	 who was her immediate superior	 to come and see the case. The Registrar came and	 according to Dr. Anija	 directed that the patient be given another 40 units of insulin with 20 c.c. of glucose by intravenous injection and that she be also given " intra gastric glucose drip " and this was done at about 9 a.m. At about 11 a.m. the HonorarY Visiting Physician	 Dr. Variava	 came to the hospitals Dr. Anija told him that it was a case of diabetic coma. Dr. Variava then himself examined the patient and thereafter asked Dr. Anija why she thought it to be a case of diabetic coma	 to which Dr. Anija replied that she did so because there was sugar present in the urine. Dr. Variava then asked her whether she had examined the urine for acetone to which she replied that she had not. Dr. Variava thereupon reprimanded her by saying " How can you diagnose a case of diabetic coma without ascertaining acetone in the urine ?" Thereafter under the directions of Dr. Variava	 Dr. Anija again tested the urine and showed it to Dr. Variava who thought that the urine contained a slight trace of acetone. Shortly after this urine test the patient	 that is	 Laxmibai expired. It was then about 11 30 a.m. Dr. Variava then told Dr. Anija that he did not think that the case was one of diabetic coma and that therefore he wanted a postmortem examination of the body of the deceased. Dr. Anija then made a note on the case paper stating " Asked for postmortem " and put her signature below the entry. She did not then put down anything in the column there about the final diagnosis. Dr. Variava did not wait to see the entry about 527 postmortem being made by Dr. Anija but left to attend other cases. It is clear that the appellant was present in the hospital up to the time of the death Of Laxmibai though in his statement in the trial Court he had denied this. There is no evidence as to how long he remained in the hospital after Laxmibai 's death but it is clear that he was in Poona on November 14. There was arrangement in the hospital for conducting postmortem examinations. The case papers along with note " Asked for postmortem " had been sent by Dr. Anija to the Resident Medical Officer of the hospital	 Dr. Mouskar. It was his duty to arrange for the postmortem examination. The case paper came to Dr. Mouskar 's office at 1 p.m. but he did not proceed to make any arrangement for having a postmortem examination held. Instead	 at about 2 p. m. he sent an official telegram to the appellant at Poona at the address which he had given to Dr. Ugale and which was recorded in the case paper. The telegrams was in these words: " Indumati expired arrange removal reply immediately. " On November 14	 the appellant wrote from Poona a letter in reply to the telegram. This letter was in these terms: " I have already telegraphed to the brother of Shrimati Indumati Panshe at Calcutta	 earliest he will reach Bombay on the 15th November	 1956	 Thursday. His name is Govind Vaman Deshpande; he will enquire as Indumati Panshe. I have seen the name of the patient entered in the Ward Book as Indumati Pannshe as 'n ' extra. Please correct ' it. I am writing all these things in connection of a case woman aged 30 35 years admitted in G. T. Hospital at 6 a.m. on Tuesday 13th November	 1956	 and expired the same day at about 11 a.m. Shri Govind Vaman Deshpande will take the body and do the necessary funeral function according to Hindu rites. " Laxmibai had in fact no brother of the name of Govind Vaman Deshpande and in fact the appellant 528 had sent no telegram as he stated in the letter. The statements in the letter were all false. The letter was received in the office of Dr. Mouskar in the afternoon of November 15. Not having received any reply from the appellant to his telegram	 Dr. Mouskar on November 14	 at about 4 p. m.	 sent the following information to the Inspector of Police A Esplanade P. section	 Bombay. Sir	 I am to state that Smt. Indumati Paunshe	 Hindu	 female	 aged 40 years was admitted in Ward No. Xll for treatment of hysterical fits on 13th November	 1956	 at 5 45 a. m. She died on the same day at 11 30 a.m. The address given at the time of admission is as follows: C/o Dr. Lagu	 20B	 Shukrawar	 Gala No. 12	 Poona 2. A telegram on the above address has already been sent	 but without any response. It is therefore requested that the body may please be removed and taken to the J. J. Hospital Morgue for avoiding decomposition. " A copy of this letter was sent to the Coroner for information. The letter was written as in the G. T. Hospital there was no air conditioned morgue and there was one in the J. J. Hospital. On receipt of this letter the police immediately wrote to the Coroner for permission to remove the body from the G. T. Hospital to the J. J. Hospital. The permission was granted by the Coroner at about 7 50 p.m. on the same day. The body was thereupon removed from the G. T. Hospital to the J. J. Hospital morgue at about 9 p.m. on November 14. On the same day	 that is	 November 14	 at about 9 30 p. m. the police again wrote to the Coroner stating that it had received a report from the Resident Medical Officer	 G. T. Hospital of the death of one Indumati Paunshe	 referring evidently to the letter which Dr. Mouskar had earlier on the same day written to the 529 police	and that Indumati appeared to have no relatives in Bombay and further that the cause of death was not certified and requesting in the circumstances that an inquest over the death might be held. What happened about this request will be stated later. On November 15	 the Bombay police sent a wireless message to the police at Poona intimating that on November 13	 one Indumati Paunshe	 who had been admitted to the G.T. Hospital for treatment of hysterical fits	 had died on the very day in the hospital and her address was " C/o Dr. Lagu	 20B	 Shukrawar	 Gala No. 12	 Poona 2 " and asking that enquires might be made at the above address and the relatives might be asked to claim the dead body which was lying unclaimed. Pursuant to this message	 the Poona police interviewed the appellant at Poona on November 16	 when he made the following statement: "On November 12 he left Poona for Bombay by the 10 p.m. train and had gone off to sleep. Towards the end of the journey when he started preparing to get down at Bombay	 he found one woman fast asleep. From other passengers he came to know that her name was Indumati Paunshe about 35 years of age and she had a brother serving in Calcutta. When other passengers got down at Victoria Terminus Station in Bombay	 the woman did not awake. He thereupon looked at her keenly and found her senseless. Being himself a doctor he thought it his duty to take her to the hospital and so took her to the G. T. Hospital in a taxi. As he had taken that woman to the hospital	 the Casualty Medical Officer took his address. He had no more information about the woman. She was not his relation and he was not in any way responsible for her. " The statement so made by the appellant was received by the Bombay police from the Poona police on November 17. I now come back to the events that were happening at Bombay. I have earlier stated that the case paper had not initially given the final diagnosis as to the 530 cause of Laxmibai 's death but bore the endorsement "Asked for postmortem ". At some stage	 as to which the evidence is conflicting and which I will have to discuss later	 the endorsement " Asked for postmortem " was crossed out and the words "diabetic coma " were written on the case paper as the caus of the death of the patient. Both of these alterations had been made by Dr. Anija who put her signature under the crossed out entry. Dr. Mouskar on November 15	 sent to the Coroner a certificate of the death of the patient Indumati in the G. T. Hospital stating therein diabetic coma as the cause of her death. By this time the alteration in the case paper had clearly been made	 crossing out the direction as to postmortem examination and stating therein diabetic coma as the cause of death. On the same day	 that is	 November 15	 the police wrote a letter to Dr. Mouskar	 apparently in ignorance of the death certificate issued by him	 requesting him to send per bearer the cause of the death of " Indumati ". This letter was sent with a copy	 the idea being that the original would be retained by the Hospital and the copy returned with an acknowledgement of the receipt of the original made on it. Both these were however produced from the police custody without any endorsement by the hospital acknowledging the receipt of either. The copy bore the following remark	 "Diabetic coma	 Dr. N. section Variava	 G. T. Hospital. " It is clear on the evidence that the endorsement had not been made by Dr. Variava. Dr. Anija also denied having made it though before the police she admitted that the words " Diabetic coma " had been written by her. Dr. Mouskar said that neither the original nor the copy had ever come to him and he thought that the endorsement "Diabetic coma" might be in Dr. Anija 's hand writing but he could not say by whom the words "Dr. N.S. Variava	 G. T. Hospital" had been written adding that the words " Dr. N. section Variava " had not been written by Dr. Variava. The question as to who made the endorsement will be discussed later. On receipt of the death certificate from Dr. Mouskar	 the Coroner 's office made on the letter of the police 531 dated November 14	 asking an inquest to be made	 which I have earlier mentioned	 an endorsement directing that no inquest was necessary as the Resident Medical Officer	 G. T. Hospital had certified the cause of death and had issued the death certificate. On November 19	 the Coroner 's office directed that the dead body might be disposed of as unclaimed after taking a photograph of it. A photograph of the dead body was duly taken on the same day. In the mean time the Grant Medical College had written to the Coroner on November 17	 for authority to take over certain unclaimed dead bodies lying in the J.J. Hospital mortuary	 for dissection purposes and thereupon the Coroner made an order directing that the dead bodies might be made over to the Grant Medical College. Pursuant to this order	 the dead bodies	 which included that of Laxmibai	 were then made over to the Grant 	Medical College on November 20	 1956. When the dead body of Laxmibai was about to be taken to the dissection hall	 some scratches on the neck were detected. The Professor of Anatomy of the College did not thereupon allow the body to be dissected and brought the discovery to the notice of the police. The police then wrote to the Coroner that in view of this	 a postmortem and an inquest might be held. Accordingly	 under the instructions of the Coroner	 Dr. Jhala	 Police Surgeon	 Bombay	 held a postmortem examination of the body of Laxmibai on November 23. He found no sign of decomposition in the body nor any characteristic smell of any recognisable poison. He also found the scratches on the neck to be postmortem. Dr. Jhala sent the viscera to the Government Chemical Examiner who sent the report of his examination on December 19	 1956	 wherein he stated that he was unable to detect any poison in the viscera. Thereupon	 Dr. Jhala submitted his postmortem report stating that in his opinion death could have occurred on account of diabetic coma. In the meantime	 after the postmortem examination	 the body of Laxmibai had been made over to the Hindu Relief Society for cremation on November 24 and the cremation had been duly carried out. 532 It is now necessary to go back to Poona and relate what the appellant did after Laxmibai 's death. To describe it summarily	 the appellant did not give any one the information of Laxmibai 's death but on the contrary. represented that she was alive and moving about from place to place and in the meantime misappropriated most of her moneys. I will now give some details of his activities in relation to Laxmibai 's moneys. It will be remembered that about November 8	 the appellant had taken from Laxmibai a notice to the Bank for withdrawal of money and a withdrawal slip	 none of which bore any date. The appellant inserted on the notice of withdrawal the date November 15	 1956	 and lodged it in the Bank on the same day or soon thereafter. On the withdrawal slip he inserted the date November 19	 1956	 and on November 20	 presented it to the Bank and drew out a sum of Rs. 5	000 from Laxmibai 's account. He subsequently put in to the credit of her account diverse cheques and by April 1957	 bad drawn out by forging her signature practically the whole amount in her credit totalling about Rs. 10	000 including the sum of Rs. 5	000 withdrawn on November 20	 1956. The appellant also embarked on a systematic course of forgeries of the signature of Laxmibai on various fabricated documents	 including share transfer deeds	 as a result of which	 before the end of 1957	 he misappropriated a large part of the liquid assets belonging to Laxmibai 's estate. When some of the forged signatures of Laxmibai had been doubted by the authorities to whom they had been presented with the object of being acted upon	 the appellant even went to the length of getting a woman to falsely impersonate Laxmibai before a Magistrate and thereby procured the latter to certify forged signatures of Laxmibai as genuine signatures. He also clandestinely denuded Laxmibai 's flat of its entire contents. None of her ornaments has been recovered after her death. In the meantime	 he had been falsely representing to various persons	 including all friends and relatives of Laxmibai	 that he had met her on several dates after November 13	 when she was already 533 dead. He manufactured various letters purported to be written by her from distant places in India and addressed to her relatives in Poona stating that she was going round on a pilgrimage. Eventually	 he fabricated letters purported to have been written by her to her relatives in which it was stated that she had married one Joshi and bad settled down in a place called Rathodi near Jaipur and did not intend to return to Poona. There is in fact no place of the name of Rathodi. His idea in manufacturing these letters was to create a false impression in the minds of Laxmibai 's friends and relatives that she was still alive and this he did with the object of gaining time to misappropriate her properties. It is not necessary to go into the details of this part of the conduct. The substance of it is that he made full use of the situation arising out of Laxmibai 's death to misappropriate by all kinds of dishonest means most of her properties and to facilitate the misappropriation assiduously spread the story that she was alive. It may be stated that the appellant was put on his trial on charges of misappropriation and other allied charges and found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment for life. The long absence of Laxmibai had gradually made her relatives grow suspicious about her fate and they approached the police but no trace of Laxmibai could be found. Several petitions were sent to the higher police officers and also to the Chief Minister of Bombay. In the end	 the matter was entrusted to Mr. Dhonde	 Deputy Superintendent of Police	 C. I. D.	 Poona	 for enquiry. Mr. Dhonde made various investigations and eventually on March 13	 1958	 interrogated the appellant. The appellant then told him that be had taken Laxmibai to the G. T. Hospital	 Bombay	 and admitted her there	 and that she died there on November 13	 1956. The police made enquiries at the G. T. Hospital and was able to find the clothes which Laxmibai wore when she died. These were identified by Laxmibai 's relations. The photograph of the dead body of Laxmibai also helped to prove her identity. After certain further enquiries	 the police sent up the 68 534 appellant for trial on a charge of murder of Laxmibai with the result I have earlier mentioned. The prosecution case is that the appellant caused the death of Laxmibai by administering to her a poison which was undetectable. On the evidence in this case it has to be held	 as the Courts below have done	 that there are poisons which cause death but are undetectable. I do not wish to be understood as saying that death by poisoning cannot be proved without proof of detection of poison in the deceased person 's system after his death. I quite agree that the circumstances may be such that the only reasonable conclusion that can be drawn is that death was an unnatural death. In this view of the matter	 I do not consider it necessary to discuss the cases cited at the bar and in the judgments of the Courts below. They are all illustrative of the proposition that a crime can be proved by circumstantial evidence	 a proposition which I fully accept. In one of them	 namely	 Regina vs Onufrejczyk(1) guilt was held proved from the circumstances of the case notwithstanding that there was no body or trace of a body	 or any direct evidence as to the manner of death of a victim. The legal proposition that arises in the present case may be put in the words of Wills in his treatise on Circumstantial Evidence which has been quoted in the judgment of the High Court: It would be most unreasonable and lead to the grossest injustice	 and in some circumstances to impunity for the worst of crimes	 to require	 as an imperative rule of law	 that the fact of poisoning shall be established by any special and exclusive medium of proof	 when that kind of proof is unattainable	 and specially if it has been rendered so by the act of the offender himself. No universal and invariable rule	 therefore	 can be laid down; and every case must depend upon its own particular circumstances; and the corpus delicti must	 like anything else	 be proved by the best evidence reasonably capable of being adduced	 and by such an amount and combination of relevant facts	 whether direct or circumstantial	 as to establish the factum probandum (1) [1955] 1 Q. B. 388. 535 to the exclusion of every other reasonable hypothesis. (7th Ed.	 p.	385) ". In the present case	 therefore	 the circumstances must be such that no other conclusion than that Laxmibai died of poisoning and that the poison was administered by the appellant	 can reasonably be drawn. The Courts below have found that the circumstances of this case fully establish this. I have come to a different conclusion. In my view	 the circumstances are not such that from them the only reasonable conclusion to be drawn is that Laxmibai died of poisoning. If that conclusion cannot be drawn	 of course no question of the appellant having poisoned her arises. I may also say that if Laxmibai could be said to have died of poisoning	 I would have no reason to disagree with the view of the Courts below that it was the appellant who had administered the poison. I proceed now to consider the question whether Laxmibai had died of poisoning. I do not suggest that poison had to be found in her system. In my view	 if it could be established in this case that Laxmibai had died an unnatural death the conclusion would be inevitable that that unnatural death had been brought about by poison; no other kind of unnatural death could be possible on the facts of this case. The real question in this case then is whether Laxmibai had died an unnatural death. I think the Courts below also considered that to be the only question in this case. I have earlier said that no poison was detected in the postmortem examination. So far as direct evidence of the cause of death goes	 which in this case is all opinion evidence	 we have the evidence of three doctors. All that Dr. Variava said was that death was not due to diabetic coma. The Courts below have accepted this evidence and I find no reason to take a different view. Then there is Dr. Jhala	 who conducted the postmortem examination. He had stated in the port mortem examination report that the cause of death was diabetic coma. In his evidence in Court he said that the opinion stated in his report was not based on his pathological findings and that the proper way of describing the cause of 536 death would be by stating " death by diabetes with complications ". He also referred to certain complications such as	 atheroma of aorta with slight sclerosis of coronary. In the end he was asked by the Court	 " Would you agree with the view that the proper opinion on the pathological data available before you should have been that the cause of death was not ascertainable or could not be ascertained ?" His answer was	 " My answer is that on pathological data I would agree to the answer proposed. We have however to see the clinical data also. " On the clinical data he would have said that death was due to diabetes with complications	 but he conceded that that opinion was somewhat speculative. These two doctors there fore did not suggest that death was due to any unnatural cause. Dr. Variava did not in his evidence say that he had directed the postmortem examination to be done because he suspected any foul play. It would appear that be did not suspect any foul play for he did not require the case to be marked as a medico legal case. The most important direct evidence as to the cause of death and on which the prosecution has greatly relied	 is the	 opinion of Dr. Mehta who appears to be a medical man of some eminence. All the papers connected with the illnesses of Laxmibai and the postmortem examination report bad been given to him and he had made a thorough study of them. The net result of this study would appear from his evidence	 the relevant part of which I think it right now to set out. He said: " On a careful consideration of the entire material placed before me I am definitely of the opinion that the cause of death of Indumati Paunshe as mentioned in the case record and the Coroner 's inquest	 viz.	 diabetic coma	 cannot be true. In my opinion	 the cause of death may probably be due to: (1)Administration of some unrecognisable poison	 i.e.	 some poison for the detection of which there are no definite chemical tests. (2)Administration of some recognisable poison for which there are chemical tests	 but which tests 537 could not be obtained on account of deterioration of the poison remaining in the dead body which was kept in the morgue for considerable time after death without postmortem being performed and which was already undergoing decomposition prior to the actual postmortem examination as is clear from the absence of rigor mortis. Rigor mortis is means stiffening of muscles. The above opinion that the probable cause of death may be due to administration of poison is further fortified by the fact that the postmortem did not reveal any definite pathological lesion to account for the sudden rapid death of the deceased. The question then arises whether she died a natural death	 i.e.	 due to any other disease or diseased condition. The postmortem notes do not show anything abnormal beyond congestion of organ is and tubercular focus in the left lung. Congestion of organs occurs in majority of the cases after death of the person and particularly more so when so many days have elapsed between death and postmortem examination. Some decomposition is bound to be going on. There is still possibility of death being due to poison in spite of the fact that the poison was not detected in the postmortem examination. Two reasons can be assigned for non detection of poison: (1) There are no definite chemical tests for each and every poison. There are some poisons which cannot be detected on chemical analysis. (2) There may be a recognisable poison in the sense that there are tests for its detection. But the poison may not be detected on account of deterioration of the poison remaining in the body for a considerable time before the postmortem examination and it has undergone decom. position or oxidation. . . The possibility of death being due to poisoning cannot be ruled out. " 538 I do not think that the Courts below thought that the evidence of Dr. Mehta established that death must have been due to an unnatural cause. If they did	 I find myself unable to agree with them. The substance of Dr. Mehta 's evidence is that death may " probably be due to " some poison	 " the probable cause of death maybe due to administration of some poison"	 the posibility of death being due to poisoning cannot be ruled out. It will have been seen that Dr. Mehta posed a question whether Laxmibai had died a natural death. That question he did not answer beyond stating that the postmortem examination did not show anything abnormal beyond congestion of organs and a tubercular focus in the left lung and that such congestion of organs occurs in the majority of cases after death. It is clear that Mr. Mehta could not say with conviction that death had been caused by poisoning nor that death could not have been due to natural causes. The net result of the evidence of the medical experts is clearly that it cannot be said with definiteness how death was caused. In this view	 nothing really turns on the fact that shortly prior to her death Laxmibai was found to have been in good health	 which of course can only mean as good a health as a confirmed invalid like her could have. It cannot be definitely inferred from the fact that she was in good health that she had not died a natural death. If such an inference was possible	 the doctors who gave evidence would have given a clear opinion but this they did not. In this state of the evidence the Courts below have founded themselves on various circumstances of the case	 most of which I have earlier related	 in coming to the conclusion that Laxmibai bad met with an unnatural death. These circumstances I now proceed to consider. The first thing that I wish to discuss is the fact that after Laxmibai 's death the appellant started on a systematic career of misappropriating her assets. I am unable to conclude from this that the appellant had caused her death. It is reasonably possible to think that he made use of the opportunity that came is way on Laxmibai 's death to misappropriate her 539 properties and had not caused her death. The fact that the appellant deliberately kept back the information of Laxmibai 's death from her relatives and falsely created the impression in their minds that she was alive	 does not advance the matter. This was clearly done with a view to give him time in which to carry out his scheme of misappropriating her properties. I quite concede however that these circumstances may take on a different colour from other circumstances	 but I have found no such circumstance. The next circumstance is the conduct of the appellant in obtaining from Laxmibai her signatures on the undated notice of withdrawal to the Bank and the withdrawal slip. The bodies of these documents are in the handwriting of the appellant. The Courts below have thought that the appellant obtained the signatures of Laxmibai on blank papers and filled them in the forms they now stand after the death of Laxmibai and utilised them to misappropriate her moneys. They came to this conclusion from the fact that these documents were admittedly without dates and had been subsequently dishonestly utilised. It has been held from this that the appellant had during her life time a design on her moneys and therefore it becomes likely that he caused her death. I am unable to agree with this conclusion. It would be difficult to hold from the fact that the appellant had a design on Laxmibai 's moneys that he had also a design on her life or that her death was	 an unnatural death. But apart from that there is reason to think that when Laxmibai signed these documents their bodies had already been written up. That reason is this. It will be remembered that on November 12	 1956	 the appellant had put to the credit of Laxmibai 's account in the Bank a dividend warrant in her favour for Rs. 2	607 6 0. The balance to the credit of her account on November 12	 1956	 became as a result of this deposit	 Rs. 7	882 15. Now it is obvious that if the appellant had filled in the bodies of the notice of withdrawal and the withdrawal slip after the death of Laxmibai he would not have mentioned the amounts therein as Rs. 5	000 but would have increased it to a 540 figure nearer the balance because he undoubtedly had set about to misappropriate the moneys in that account and in fact he actually withdrew almost the entire balance in that account later by forging Laxmibai 's signatures on other appropriate documents. Therefore	 it seems to me that the bodies of the notice of withdrawal and the withdrawal slip had been written out before Laxmibai put her signatures on them. Furthermore	 the evidence clearly establishes that even during Laxmibai 's life time the appellant used to present to the Bank cheques signed by Laxmibai for withdrawal of moneys and signed on the reverse of such cheques in acknowledgement of receipt of the moneys. He also used to deposit moneys in the Bank to the credit of her account. It is quite possible that the two documents mentioned had come into the appellant 's possession in the usual course of managing Laxmibai 's banking affairs. The fact that Laxmibai had not put dates on the documents would indicate that it was not intended that they would be presented to the Bank immediately for there is no reason to think that Laxmibai had not noticed that the documents did not bear any date. She seems to have been quite a capable woman managing her own affairs well. The Courts below have thought that there was no need for her to have wanted to withdraw such a large amount. The appellant said that she wanted to invest the money if)	 some fixed deposit which would have yielded a higher return but he actually lent it to a friend whom however he refused to name. The Courts below have disbelieved the appellant 's case. Even so it does not seem to me possible to hold that Laxmibai did not want to withdraw any moneys and the appellant had fraudulently got her to put her signatures on blankpapers. I have earlier given my reason for this. It was not necessary for the appellant to have got her to sign blank papers and there is nothing to show that she would have done that even if the appellant had asked her. I may here mention that no adverse inference can be drawn from the fact that the appellant put in the 541 dividend warrant to the credit of Laxmibai 's account: it proves no guilt. But it is said that the appellant forged the name of Laxmibai on the back of it. The High Court thought that this forgery proves that the appellant had during the lifetime of Laxmibai entertained the intention to misappropriate her property. I am wholly unable to see how that conclusion could be reached from this or how in fact the forgery proves anything against the appellant. By the forgery	 as it is called	 the appellant was putting the money into the account to which it lawfully belonged; he did not 	thereby give it a different destination. Furthermore	 he need not have signed her name himself. In the normal course Laxmibai would have signed it herself if asked to do so and given it to the appellant for being sent to the credit of her account. There is no reason to think that she would not have signed it if the appellant had asked her to do so. The dividend warrant was in Laxmibai 's favour and had been drawn on the Bank of Maharashtra. It was being put to her credit in the same Bank. The Bank was therefore not likely to scrutinise with any care the payee 's signature on the dividend warrant. That may have been nature reason why it was left to the appellant to sign Laxmibai 's name on the dividend warrant for putting it into the Bank. But whatever view is taken I cannot see how it helps at all in solving any question that arises in this case. The trial Court found it a riddle and did not rely on it. Next	 it is said that the appellant falsely denied that he travelled in the same compartment with Laxmibai on their journey to Bombay. The denial was no doubt false. But it had been made at the hearing. He had admitted to the doctors at the hospital and to the Poona police on November 16	 1956	 that he and the deceased had travelled in the same compartment. This falsehood therefore does not establish that the death of Laxmibai was an unnatural death	 a question which I am now investigating. The fact that they travelled in the same compartment may no doubt have given him an opportunity to administer poison to her and to that extent it is of course relevant	 542 It is also said that there was a hospital called St. George 's Hospital within a few yards of the Victoria Terminus Station but the appellant took the unconscious Laxmibai to the more distant G. T. ofHospital with an ulterior purpose. That purpose it is said was that in the G. T. Hospital his friend Dr. Mouskar	 was the Resident Medical Officer and the appellant wanted to secure his help	 if necessary	 in preventing the discovery of the crime that he had committed. The appellant said that he chose the G. T. Hospital as he was familiar with it but not with the St. George 's Hospital. This seems to me to be too insignificant a thing. The St. George 's Hospital was no doubt very near	 but the G. T. Hospital was not very far away either. There is nothing to show that the appellant knew that Dr. Mouskar was on duty on the day in question. There is neither any evidence to show how much the two were friendly or how far Dr. Mouskar would have gone to help the appellant. Furthermore	 as the appellant had administered a poison which was undetectable	 it is not clear what help he anticipated he would require from Dr. Mouskar. Again	 he must have known that as the Resident Medical Officer	 Dr. Mouskar was not in charge of the treatment of patients in the hospital but only performed administrative functions and that the unconscious Laxmibai would have to be treated by other doctors. It cannot be said that if these other doctors found anything wrong	 Dr. Mouskar could have done much to help the appellant. So it seems to me impossible to draw any inference against the appellant from the fact that he had taken the unconscious Laxmibai to the comparatively distant G. T. Hospital. It is then pointed out that when Laxmibai was admitted to the G. T. Hospital	 she had no ornaments on her person and no moneys with her and even her bag and bedding had disappeared. It is suggested that the appellant had removed them and that this again proves that he had conceived the idea of misappropriating her properties even during her life time which supports the theory that he caused her death. Now the bedding and bag can be dismissed at once	 543 There is no evidence as to what they contained. They were of small sizes. It is reasonable to think that in the bag Laxmibai had taken a few wearing apparels which she might need for her stay in Bombay which the evidence shows she thought would not be of more than four days. The box and the bedding	 must	 therefore	 have been of very insignificant value. As regards ornaments	 the evidence is that usually she wore certain ornaments which might be of some value. None of the witnesses	 however	 who saw her the day she left Poona	 has said that they found ornaments on her person. It is not at all unlikely that as she was going to Bombay and was not sure where she would have to put up there	 she had as a measure of safety	 taken off the ornaments she usually wore	 before she left Poona. Then again	 if the appellant had taken off the ornaments from the person of Laxmibai he must have done it in the train or while taking her to the hospital. Now it is too much to assume that in the compartment in which they were travelling there were no other passengers. The removal of the ornaments would have been noticed by the other passengers or if done later	 by the stretcher bearers or the taxi driver. None of these persons was called. Neither is there any evidence that any search for them had been made. Therefore	 it seems to me that on the evidence on record it cannot be said definitely that the appellant removed any ornaments from the person of the unconscious Laxmibai. With regard to the money	 she must have brought some with her to meet her expenses in Bombay. It is more than likely that she had entrusted the moneys to the appellant for safety which the appellant never returned. There is no evidence that she had more than Rs. 50 with her and there is no reason to think that she was carrying a large sum. The disappearance of the money does not prove that the appellant had conceived the design of getting rid of her. Then we find the appellant describing Laxmibai in the Hospital by the name 'Indumati Paunshe '. It is said he did this to prevent her identity being discovered after her death and that this shows that he had 544 already poisoned her and knew that she was going to die. Now	 so far as the name Indumati is concerned	 that was one of her names. The papers that the appellant maintained in connection with Laxmibai 's treatment show that he mostly called her by that name and never called her Laxmibai. He said that he was used to calling her by her maiden name of Indumati Ponkshe and gave that name to Dr. Ugale by sheer force of habit. Dr. Ugale however said that as he did not follow the surname he asked the appellant to spell it and took it down as spelt	 namely	 as " Paunshe "	. The Appellant denies that he gave the name Paunshe but says he said " Ponkshe ". The appellant 's version receives support from the fact that the hospital clerk who also took down the name for another record of the hospital as the appellant was giving it to Dr. Ugale	 took it down as " Indumati Pankshe ". Therefore	 there is some doubt whether Dr. Ugale heard the name correctly. However that may be	 I doubt if the name Paunshe indicates that the appellant gave it with a view to prevent disclosure of identity. It is said that his plan was to disappear after Laxmibai 's death so that her body would become unclaimed and be disposed of as such. If that were Bo	 then nothing would turn on the name. It is only when people came to know that a woman of the name of Indumati Paunshe had died that the question as to who she was would have &risen. In view of the fact that the appellant had given Indumati 's address as care of himself at Poona	 it would be known that she belonged to Poona. I am very doubtful if an enquiry made at Poona for Indumati Paunshe would have kept back the real identity. Indumati or Laxmibai had disappeared mysteriously; her maiden name was Ponkshe. People interested in her would surely have been led by the name Indumati Paunshe to enquire if it was Laxmibai Karve. So it seems to me that if the appellant had really wanted that the woman he took to the hospital should never be discovered to have been Laxmibai	 he would have used a totally different name. I am unable to hold that the use of the name " Indumati Paunshe " is any clear evidence of the guilty intention of the appellant. In this connection I have to refer to the 545 appellants letter of November 14	 1956	 to the G. T. Hospital in which he pointed out that in the hospital record the name had been taken down as " Pannshe " that is s	 with an extra " n " and this should be corrected. By this time the appellant had clearly conceived the idea that the news of the death of Laxmibai should be prevented from becoming public. He had also misled the hospital authorities by informing them that Indumati 's brother would arrive to take over her body; as already stated	 she had no brother. Therefore this attempted correction in the name by deleting the extra " n " is really irrelevant; the extra " n " would not in any event have made the discovery of the identity of the dead person easier. What led the appellant to make this attempt cannot however be ascertained. Then I have to consider the fact that the appellant told Dr. Ugale that Laxmibai had become unconscious of a hysterical fit and she had a history of similar attacks before. It is said that this story about hysterical fit is false and had been conceived to hide the fact that she had been poisoned. The appellant had denied that he had mentioned hysterical fit to Dr. Ugale and said that he had only stated that she had suddenly become unconscious. That he had mentioned sudden onset of unconsciousness in the train is admitted by Dr. Ugale. It is somewhat curious that the appellant would have mentioned both " hysterical fit " and " patient suddenly became unconscious in the train ". It is significant that "hysterical fit" was entered in the case paper by Dr. Ugale under the head " Provisional Diagnosis " a thing	 for which I think	 the doctor in charge has some responsibility. It may also be stated that Dr. Anija did not	 say that the appellant mentioned hysterical fit to her. In these circumstances I have some doubt if the appellant had in fact mentioned hysterical fit " to Dr. Ugale. I will however proceed on the basis that the appellant did mention hysterical fit to Dr. Ugale. Now	 there is evidence that for nine years upto 1948 Laxmibai had suffered from hysterical fits. There is no 546 evidence one way or the other whether she had such fits thereafter. If she had not	 the prosecution could have easily produced evidence of it. The only evidence on which the prosecution relied was that of Laxmibai 's son	 Ramachandra. All that he said was that between 1943 and 1948 his mother suffered from fits and that in 1956 when he had come to Poona for his marriage his mother was not suffering from fits. 'Now	 Ramachandra does not appear to have much knowledge of his mother 's health. He did not even know what kind of fits these were nor that his mother suffered from diabetes. Apart from the nature of his evidence	 it has to be remembered that he was living separtely from his mother since 1946 and was away from Poona since 1952. It cannot therefore be said that it would have been improbable for the appellant to have thought that Laxmibai had a relapse of a hysterical fit. I now come to the fact that the address of Laxmibai given by the appellant to the hospital authorities was his own address. It is said that he did so deliberately to ensure all communications concerning her from the hospital coming to him; that he knew that Laxmibai was going to die and wanted that nobody else would know of her death. I find some difficulty in appreciating this. I do not see what communication could be addressed by the hospital authorities to Laxmibai after her death or when she was lying ill in the hospital. Further there was no other address which the appellant could have given. Laxmibai lived alone in her flat and when she was away	 there would be no one there to receive any communication addressed to her at that address. Her only son Ramachandra was away from Poona. She was clearly more friendly with the appellant than with her other relatives	 none of whom was a very near relative. In these circumstances and particularly as he had taken Laxmibai to Bombay it seems only natural that he would give his own address. Again if he had given Laxmibai 's own address	 that would have served his purpose as well for he had a room in her house and because of his friendly relation with 547 Laxmibai	 would have been in charge of her flat in her absence as he in fact was. It would not have been difficult for him to ensure that any letters that came 'for Laxmibai would reach him. He could also have given an entirely false name and address and disappeared from the scene altogether; the body of Laxmibai would then	 whether there was postmortem examination or not	 have been disposed of in due time as an unclaimed body and nobody would have ever known what had happened to Laxmibai. Indeed	 it is the prosecution case that this was the appellant 's plan and things happened just as he had planned and that is why he deliberately brought Laxmibai to the hospital and gave his own address. What strikes me is that this plan would have worked with any false address given. I am therefore unable to think that the fact that the appellant gave his own address is a circumstance which can be reasonably explained only on the hypothesis of his guilt. I come now to the most important circumstance on which the Courts below have strongly rested their conclusion. It is said that the endorsement made on the hospital case paper reading " Asked for postmortem " under the direction of Dr. Variava had been crossed out and under the heading " Cause of death " in that paper the entry " diabetic coma " had been interpolated. The Courts below have found that it is the appellant who had procured these alterations to be made with the help of his friend Dr. Mouskar. If this is so	 then no doubt it would be a very strong circumstance pointing to the guilt of the appellant for the only reasonable explanation of this act would be that he wanted to prevent a postmortem examination which might reveal that Laxmibai had been poisoned. As I have already said	 the alterations had no doubt been made. But in my view	 there is no evidence whatever to show that the appellant had anything to do with them. Before state my reasons for this view	 it is necessary to set out the relevant evidence on this point. Dr. Anija admits that she made the alterations but she says that she did it in these circumstances: After 548 she had made the endorsement "Asked for postmortem " on the case paper	 she asked the sister in charge of the ward to send 'the case paper to Dr. Mouskar whose duty it was to do the needful as regards the postmortem examination	 and herself followed Dr. Variava on a round of the wards	 which took her about an hour. About 12 30 p.m. she proceeded to Dr. Mouskar 's office to make enquiries as to when the postmortem examination was to be held. She met Dr. Saify	 the Registrar of Unit No. 1 of the hospital in which Ward No. 12 was included	 outside Dr. Mouskar 's office. Dr. Saify had the case paper in his hand and he told her that Dr. Mouskar thought that there was no need for holding a postmortem examination as the case had been treated as one of diabetic coma and also asked her to cancel the direction about the postmortem examination and to show in the column meant for cause of death	 " Diabetic coma ". As Dr. Saify was her official superior	 she accordingly carried out his directions and made the alterations in the case paper as required. I will now refer to Dr. Mouskar 's evidence on this aspect of the case which was as follows: The case paper relating to Laxmibai came to his office at 1 p.m. on November 13. At that time the endorsement " Asked for postmortem " was still there and diabetic coma had not been shown as the cause of death. There was arrangement in the hospital for postmortem examination but he did not proceed to arrange for it immediately as on the face of it it was not a medico legal case nor a road side case. It was the invariable practice to ask for the permission of the Coroner for holding the postmortem examination in all cases but before doing so it was necessary in nonmedico legal cases to get the permission of the relatives of the deceased for holding the postmortem examination. In that view of the matter at 2 p.m. he sent the telegram to the appellant at his address as appearing in the case paper. He never met the appellant in the hospital. On the next day	 that is	 November 14	 about 4 p.m. he wrote to the police to remove the dead body to their air conditioned morgue in the J. J. Hospital 549 for better preservation as no reply to the telegram had been received. till then. He sent a copy of this letter to the Coroner. On the morning of November 15	 somebody from the Coroner 's office rang him up and asked him about the final diagnosis. He thereupon sent the case paper through a ward boy to Unit No. 1 with an oral message either to the Honorary physician		 the Registrar or the Assistant Houseman as to whether they were able to tell him about the final diagnosis and whether they still insisted on postmortem examination. He did this as there was no final diagnosis uptil then and as the physicians often changed their minds in a non medico legal case. After about half an hour the case paper came back to him and he found that the final diagnosis had been stated as " Diabetic coma " and the endorsement "Asked for postmortem" had been crossed out. He then wrote out the death certificate and sent it to the Coroner. The Courts below have disbelieved both Dr. Anija and Dr. Mouskar as to their respective versions regarding the manner in which the	 case paper had been altered. It has to be noticed that a art from the evidence of these two doctors	 there is no other evidence on this question. The Courts below have held that the alteration was made by Dr. Anija at the direction of Dr. Mouskar and that Dr. Mouskar had been persuaded to give that direction by the appellant whose friend he was	 on a representation that he	 the ' appellant	 was the patient 's old family doctor and knew the case to be one of diabetic coma and that it would save the family humiliation if the dead body was not cut up for a postmortem examination. They also held that the alteration was made on November 13	 soon after the death of Laxmibai and before the appellant had left Bombay for Poona. They have further held that Dr. Mouskar got the alteration made as a friendly act for the appellant and that he was in no way a conspirator in the crime. There is no direct evidence to support this finding but it has been inferentially arrived at from the evidence of these two doctors. The reasons on which this finding is based may be thus stated: (a) Dr. Mouskar was an old friend of the 70 550 appellant; (b) both Drs. Anija and Mouskar had lied with regard to this part of their evidence; (c) Dr. mouskar 's conduct after the death of Laxmibai and his evidence in court showed that he wanted to assist the appellant; (d) Dr. Anija being very much junior to Dr. Mouskar had been prevailed upon by the latter to give false evidence; and (e) lastly	 that no 'one excepting the appellant could have been interested in avoiding the postmortem examination. As to the first reason	 the only evidence on this question is that of Dr. Mouskar. All that he said was that in 1934 he and the appellant had studied Inter Science in a college in Poona together and that he had stayed in Poona for three different periods	 namely 1922 26	 1931 36 and 1948 51. He also said that while studying together he had come to know the appellant by name but had never talked to him and had never come in contact with him since 1934. The Courts below have disbelieved the later part of the evidence of Dr. Mouskar and have held that he and the appellant were friendly. This finding does not seem to me to be based on strong grounds. No reason has been given as to why Dr. Mouskar should be disbelieved. The prosecution led no evidence to show that the two were friendly. No witness has been found to say that the two were seen talking to each other in the hospital. It has not been noticed	 that the difference in age between the two was twelve years. I will take the	 next three reasons together. They are that Drs. Anija and Mouskar had both lied and that the conduct and the evidence of Dr. Mouskar showed that he wanted to help the. appellant and lastly	 that Dr. Anija gave false evidence only as she dared not estrange Dr. Mouskar who held a much higher position. There is no doubt that Dr. Anija told lies. The first lie was that she had tested the urine at 6 30 a.m. for acetone. She also interpolated into the case paper an entry showing that she had found acetone in the urine which she said she examined at 6 30 a.m. Dr. Variava said that he took her to task for diagnosing the case as diabetic coma without having tested the urine for acetone	 which she told him she had not 551 that acetone had been found on the first examination of urine was not there when he saw it at about 11 a.m. The second lie which Dr. Anija said was that she put through a telephone call to Dr. Variava about 7 a.m. and told him about the symptoms she had found and that she had been giving insulin. She said that Dr. Variava agreed with her diagnosis and asked her to continue the treatment she had started. That this is untrue	 will appear from the fact that Dr. Variava denied that this talk had taken place. Dr. Variava 's recollection is supported by the fact that on arrival at the hospital he doubted if the case was of diabetic coma and the treatment given was the correct one. Further	 there is a call book in the hospital on which telephone calls made by the house physicians are entered. There is no entry there showing a call having been made by Dr. Anija on Dr. Variava. The third lie that she said was that it was Dr. Saify who told her outside Dr. Mouskar 's office to make the alteration in the case paper. It has been clearly established that Dr. Saify was not on November 13 in Bombay at all. He was then on leave and in Indore. I come now to Dr. Mouskar. No ' art of his evidence has been directly found to be false. The Courts below have disbelieved him on improbabilities. The first improbability they found was in Dr. Mouskar 's explanation that he did not arrange for the postmortem examination immediately as he considered the permission of the Coroner and the relatives of the deceased necessary before holding the postmortem examination and that this was the invariable practice in non medico legal cases. I do not know why it should be said that this practice is improbable. The prosecution did not lead any evidence to show that there was no such practice as spoken to by 'Dr. Mouskar. That the Coroner 's permission had to be taken would be borne out by the fact as appearing in the correspondence	 that the police asked the Coroner to hold an inquest as the cause of death was not known. The Courts below referred to the telegram that Dr. Mouskar sent to the appellant at about 2 p.m. on November 13 and observed that if Dr. Mouskar had delayed the postmortem examination only in order to obtain the 552 consent of the relatives	 then the telegram would not have asked the appellant to arrange for the removal of the dead body. Dr. Mouskar said that he had intended to ask for the permission to hold the postmortem examination when the appellant appeared on receipt of his telegram. The Courts below have not accepted this explanation. It does not seem to me that this explanation is so absurd that it must be rejected. No other view would fit in with the circumstances of the case. This I will explain now. It has to be remembered that the finding of the Courts below is that Dr. Mouskar was not in any sense a conspirator with the appellant in the crime. The learned Advocate General of Bombay	 who appeared for the respondent	 also made it clear that he did not suggest that Dr. Mouskar was in any conspiracy. On the evidence on the record it would be impossible to hold that Dr. Mouskar was in any conspiracy with the appellant. There is no reason whatever for him to have done that. There is no evidence of such friendship between the appellant and Dr. Mouskar from which it can possibly be inferred that Dr. Mouskar would have become a party to secreting a diabolical crime committed by the appellant. The trial Court expressly held	 "I do not think that at that time Dr. Mouskar realised that there was anything suspicious about the death of Laxmibai	 nor do I think that he was aiding or abetting the suppression of truth by cancelling the postmortem examination. " The High Court also took the same view. We then come to this that if Dr. Mouskar had procured the cancellation of the direction for postmortem examination	 he had done so without thinking that there was anything suspicious about the death of Laxmibai	 and only to oblige his friend	 the appellant	 by saving the family of the; deceased from humiliation by cutting up her body. Now that being so	 when Dr. Mouskar got the direction cancelled at the appellant 's request	 he would naturally expect the appellant to take charge of the body and to remove it for cremation. Evidently	 the appellant had disappeared for otherwise Dr. Mouskar would not have sent him a telegram to Poona. What would.have been the normal reactions then of an 553 innocent man in Dr. Mouskar 's position? He would have been very much surprised. He would have thought that he had been let down. It is not too much to think that he would have grown suspicious. As an innocent man	 as he has been found to be	 the only thing he could then possibly have done was to have restored the direction for postmortem examination and to proceed to take steps to have it held. I cannot imagine that an innocent man in such circumstances would have acted otherwise. It will be remembered that the appellant 's reply to the telegram was not received for over two days and in the meantime Dr. Mouskar did nothing in the matter. I find it impossible to hold that Dr. Mouskar	 innocent as he was	 would have waited all this time and done nothing about the postmortem examination at all. It would have been impossible for him then to have asked if the doctors in charge of the case still wanted a postmortem examination as he actually did. If he was not a party to any conspiracy with the appellant	 I cannot think it possible for him to have sent the telegram to Poona asking the appellant to remove the body after he had been innocently made to obtain a cancellation of the direction and found that the appellant had disappeared. I may also add that if the appellant had duped Dr. Mouskar and procured him to obtain a cancellation of the direction for postmortem examination	 it would be extremely unlikely for him to have taken the risk of disappearing from the hospital without making any arrangement for the disposal of the body for then he could not be sure 	whether the postmortem would be held or not. It would have been more natural for him to have taken over the body and cremated it. That would not have affected his design	 as alleged by the prosecution	 to have evidence of the natural death of Laxmibai created and to have kept back the know] edge of her death from her relatives. I therefore think that the telegram instead of showing that Dr. Mouskar had already obtained a cancellation of the direction for postmortem examination rather indicates that that direction had not till then been cancelled as is Dr. Mouskar 's own evidence. This makes the explanation 554 of Dr. Mouskar as to why he sent the telegram a very probable explanation. Now	 there are other things which would support Dr. Mouskar 's evidence. On November 14	 about 4 p.m. he wrote to the police intimating them that a Hindu female named Indumati Panshe who had been admitted into the hospital on November 13 at 5 45 a.m. for treatment of hysterical fits had died the same day at 11 30 a.m. ' He further stated in that letter that a telegram had been sent to the address given at the time of the admission of the patient but without a response and requested that the dead body might be removed to the J. J. Hospital morgue. This would indicate two things. First	 that Dr. Mouskar was surprised at having received no answer from the appellant to his telegram and that being so	 if he had been innocently induced to get the case paper altered	 he would not have permitted the alteration to remain there. The second thing it shows is that Dr. Mouskar even in the afternoon of November 14 referred to hysterical fits as the illness of the patient. This would be impossible if the prosecution case is true	 namely	 that at about 1 p.m. on November 13	 Dr. Mouskar had procured Dr. Anija to state in the case paper that the cause of death was diabetic coma. The next thing that the Courts below have found against Dr. Mouskar is that his story of having received a telephone call from the Coroner 's office on the morning of November 15 asking for the final diagnosis of the case was unbelievable. I find no reason to disbelieve Dr. Mouskar. His evidence is strongly supported by the death certificate which he issued on that date stating diabetic coma as the cause of death. There is no reason to think that Dr. Mouskar would have issued this certificate on the 15th unless he had been asked about the cause of death. Furthermore	 the police on that date had actually wanted to know the cause of death as will appear from their letter of November 15. If the police could ask	 I do not see why the Coroner 's office could not. In that letter the police asked Dr. Mouskar to send per bearer the cause of death to enable them to dispose of the dead body. I have earlier referred to this letter. It is on a copy 555 of this that the endorsement " Diabetic coma	 Dr. N. section Variava	 G. T. Hospital" had been made. There is no other explanation as to why Dr. Mouskar sent the death certificate on this date and not on any other date. Indeed	 if he was under the impression that the appellant or a relative of the deceased would come and take charge of the body for cremation	 as the prosecution case must be	 then he would not have issued the death certificate for that was wanted only to enable the police to dispose of the dead body. Therefore it seems to me likely that Dr. Mouskar had been asked by the Coroner about the cause of death. Now if he was so asked	 it does not strike me as wholly improbable that he asked the physicians in charge whether they were then in a position to state the cause of death or still insisted on a postmortem examination. It has to be remembered that till then no suspicion attached to the case. Dr. Mouskar said that he had seen the physicians change their opinion in such matters and had therefore asked whether a postmortem examination was still required. It has also to be remembered that Dr. Mouskar had no knowledge that the direction for postmortem examination had been given by Dr. Variava. All that he knew was that such a direction appeared over the signature of Dr. Anija. It does not seem to me improbable that Dr. Mouskar on being asked by the Coroner to state the cause of death would have enquired of the physicians in charge about it. If this version is not true	 then the only other probable theory would be that the alteration in the case paper had been made at 1 p.m. on November 13	 which as I have earlier said	 cannot be accepted in view of the telegram and the other records in this case. It was also said that Dr. Mouskar 's version cannot be accepted for it was not possible for him to make enquiries about the cause of death through a ward boy. I think this would be too insignificant a ground for disbelieving Dr. Mouskar. I may now deal with the letter of the police dated November 15 to Dr. Mouskar asking for the cause of the death. It will be remembered that this letter was sent along with a copy of it and on the copy the endorsement " Diabetic coma	 Dr. W. section Variava. 556 G. T. Hospital " had been made. Dr. Mouskar denied that these letters ever came to him. The Courts below have been unable to accept his denial. Their view is that it is Dr. Mouskar who got the endorsement set out above	 to be made and is falsely denying it. I am unable to appreciate why Dr. Mouskar should falsely deny it. He was innocent. He had on that date issued the death certificate. He could easily have admitted the fact	 if he had made the endorsement or got it made. Now it seems to me that there is no evidence that the letter was produced before Dr. Mouskar. In normal course	 as spoken to by police Inspector Kantak	 who had written this letter	 the original would have been retained at the office of Dr. Mouskar and only the copy would have come back to the police with an acknowledgment of the receipt of the original endorsed on it. That did not happen. Both the copy and the original were received back by Kantak. The bearer who was sent to deliver the letter was not called. There is therefore no evidence whatever that the letters were actually delivered or what had actually happened. On the contrary	 the return of both copies to the police would show that they had not been delivered to Dr. Mouskar for if the letter had been deliver ed	 then there is no reason why Dr. Mouskar would not have given a formal reply to it stating that diabetic coma was the cause of death. He would have had no difficulty in doing so because on the same day he sent the death certificate mentioning diabetic coma as the cause of death. He had no reason to take to subterfuge and to get the words " Diabetic coma. Dr. N. section Variava. G T. Hospital " written on the copy by somebody. It would therefore appear that there is no reason to disbelieve Dr. Mouskar when he said that he bad not received the letters and had nothing to do with the endorsement made on the copy of the letter. What might have happened was that the death certificate having been earlier issued	 some clerk in the office returned these letters and by way of an informal communication of the cause of death made the endorse. ment on the copy. It may be stated here that Dr. Anija admitted to the police that the words " Diabetic coma " in the endorsement had been written by her 557 but in court she denied that she had written them. This is another instance which makes me greatly doubt her veracity. It may be that she had written the words " Diabetic coma " and got some one else to write out the rest of the endorsement. I come now to the last fact which the Courts below have thought fit to disbelieve	 in the evidence of Dr. Mouskar. I have earlier mentioned that when Laxmibai was lying unconscious in Ward No. 12	 Dr. Anija had sent for the Registrar. Dr. Anija stated that the Registrar whom she sent for was Dr. Saify. This is untrue for	 as I have already said	 it has been proved clearly that Dr. Saify was not in Bombay at all on that day. Now it appears that the hospital kept a call book in which a House Physician wanting to call the Registrar would make an entry and send it to the Registrar. This call book was produced on September 2	 1958	 and it showed that Dr. Anija had herself written down the name of Dr. Shah as the Registrar whom she was calling. What therefore had happened was that Dr. Saify being away on leave to the knowledge of Dr. Anija	 she had sent the call to Dr. Shah. This call book conclusively proves that Dr. Anija 's statement that she had been told by Dr. Saify	 the Registrar	 to make the alteration in the case paper is false. Dr. Mouskar had said in his evidence that he could not trace this call book. The Courts below have thought that he was lying and was deliberately preventing this call book from coming to light so that Dr. Anija might not be contradicted by her own writing that it was Dr. Shah whom she had sent for which in its turn would show that her story that it was Dr. Saify who had asked her to make the alteration in the case paper was false. Now Dr. Mouskar 's evidence was concluded on August 25	 1958	 and he had retired from the office of the Resident Medical Officer on August 14 preceding. Dr. Anija 's evidence was taken down on August 18 and August 19	 1958. 1 do not see why if the call book was considered to be of that importance	 the police could not produce it after Dr. Mouskar had left office. It was actually produced from the hospital and must have been lying there all the time. The next thing to be noticed is that there is 558 nothing on the record to show that Dr. Mouskar was interested in establishing that Dr. Saify was on duty on November 13 and therefore prevented the call book from being produced. In fact	 Dr. Mouskar in his evidence about Dr. Saify stated that " he was not working in the hospital on the 13	 14 and 15 November. 	 I think also that he was not staying in his quarters during that period and I did not see Dr. Saify on these days at all." Therefore	 there is no basis for suggesting that Dr. Mouskar deliberately prevented the production of the call book. I may here state that there is nothing in the evidence of Dr. Mouskar which goes to show that he was supporting Dr. Anija in any of her lies. The Courts below have excused the lies of Dr. Anija in the view that she had told them as she dared not estrange Dr. Mouskar. Again	 there seems to me to be no basis for this finding. There is nothing on the record to show that Dr. Anija expected anything from Dr. Mouskar or would have been in any difficulty if she had told the truth even at the risk of putting Dr. Mouskar in a difficult situation. There is no evidence that Dr. Anija had any talk directly with Dr. Mouskar concerning the case of the unconscious Laxmibai and therefore she could not and did not directly contradict anything that Dr. Mouskar said. Again	 it is clear from the evidence that Dr. Anija had left the hospital on January 31	 1957. She had worked there without any remuneration. There is no evidence that she had anything to do with the hospital or its Resident Medical Officer	 after she had left the hospital. Again	 on the date that Dr. Anija gave evidence	 Dr. Mouskar had already retired from his office at the hospital. In these circumstances	 I find no justification for the conclusion that Dr. Anija had lied only out of fear of Dr. Mouskar. I might also point out that the only lie in Dr. Anija 's evidence which the Courts below thought she said out of fear or at the persuasion of Dr. Mouskar was her statement that it was Dr. Saify who had told her that Dr. Mouskar had wanted the direction as to postmortem examination crossed out and diabetic coma written as the cause of death. I have earlier stated that dr. Mouskar has gone against this part of 559 Dr. Anija 's evidence by saying that Dr. Saify was not in Bombay on the day in question. It is clear therefore that it was not Dr. Mouskar who had wanted that Dr. Anija should interpose Dr. Saify between him and her in the matter of the direction for altering the case paper. Further	 if Dr. Mouskar really wanted that Dr. Anija should put the blame for the alteration on somebody else	 then Dr. Anija would not have mentioned that Dr. Saify told her that Dr. Mouskar	 had wanted the alteration. She would simply have said that it was at Dr. Saify 's order only that she made the alteration or put the responsibility on Dr. Shah. The Courts below have been unable to explain why Dr. Anija brought in Dr. Saify at all. I think this is capable of an explanation as I will show later. The net position therefore is that Dr. Anija was clearly lying; there is no clear proof that Dr. Mouskar had lied at all. On the contrary	 his evidence and conduct would seem to be consistent with the contemporaneous record and there is no material on which it can be found that Dr. Anija told the lies as she was afraid of Dr. Mouskar. I come now to the last reason on which the Courts below found that it must have been the appellant who procured the alteration in the case paper. It has been said that no one else was interested in getting that done. I take it that this does not mean a finding that the appellant was interested in getting the alteration made for then of course his guilt would already have been assumed. What it means is that if it is not possible to find reasonably that any one else was interested in getting the alteration made	 then it would fit in with the theory that the appellant had committed the crime and therefore was interested in getting the alteration made. The real question is	 can it be reasonably said on the evidence that there was no one other than the appellant who could be interested in getting the alteration made ? I think it cannot. On the facts established and without making any assumption one way or the other	 it seems to me very probable that it was Dr. Anija who was interested in preventing the postmortem examination and therefore in making the interpolations on the case paper. I will now state m reasons for this view. 560 I have earlier stated that Dr. Anija examined the urine of the patient at 6 30 a.m. on November 13. There is an entry with regard to it in the case paper	 which reads 'Sugar + + + Albumin Acetone + + There is little reason to doubt that Dr. Anija did examine the urine at that time for sugar	 for otherwise she was not likely to have started the insulin injections. She gave two of these	 one at 6 30 a.m. and the other at about 9 a.m. Dr. Variava 's recollection is that when the case paper was shown to him about 11 a.m. the entry "Sugar + + + Albumin " was there but the entry " Acetone + + " was not there and that Dr. Anija told him that she had not examined the urine for acetone. The entry " Acetone + + " was clearly interpolated in the case paper later. It wasbecause she had not tested the urine for acetone but had none the less started the treatment for diabetic coma that Dr. Variava had taken her to task and asked her to test the urine for acetone. All this clearly shows that Dr. Anija had interpolated the entry " Acetone + + " at some later time. The trial Court thought that Dr. Mouskar having invented the theory of diabetic coma " must have also thought it necessary to make entries regarding the presence of acetone + +. in the case record " to support this false diagnosis. This is nobody 's case. Such a finding would necessarily mean that Dr. Mouskar was in conspiracy with the appellant to hide the crime by creating evidence in support of natural death of the patient. The findings of the trial Court that Dr. Mouskar was innocent and that he had procured Dr. Anija to make the entry " Acetone + + " cannot stand together. The latter ending must be rejected as it is purely inferential. The High Court did not find that the entry " Acetone + + " had been made by Dr. Anija at the persuasion of Dr. Mouskar. But it appears to have taken the view that Dr. Anija having been induced by Dr. Mouskar to state diabetic coma as the cause of death	 herself incorporated before the papers were submitted to the Coroner an entry with regard to the examination of the urine in the case paper and in that entry included " Acetone + + ". Whether the High Court is right in its view that the entire entry as to the result 561 of urine test at 6 30 a.m. of November 13	 1956	 had been made in the case paper later is a matter which I need not discuss. The only question is who made the entry " Acetone + + " and when. I may state here that the papers were sent to the Coroner at the time Of the postmortem examination	 namely		 on November 22	 1956. According to the High Court	 therefore	 the entry " Acetone + + " had been made by Dr. Anija on her own and Dr. Mouskar had nothing to do with it and that Dr. Anija made the entry not at about 1 p.m. on November 13	 1956	 when she crossed out the direction for postmortem examination and wrote out diabetic coma as the cause of death but almost nine days later. The High Court did not accept that part of Dr. Mouskar 's evidence where he said that he was positive that the entry " Acetone + + " was in the case paper when it reached him at 1 p.m. on November 13. Earlier he had said that he had not read the case paper fully when it first came to him. Dr. Mouskar was plainly making a mistake. It is nobody 's case that it was then there. Even on the prosecution case it was added sometime later	 that is	 when after the receipt of the case paper Dr. Mouskar had been persuaded by the appellant to procure a cancellation as to the direction for postmortem examination. We then come to this that the entry " Acetone + +" had been made by Dr. Anija on her own. If she did this	 she must have had some reason for it. I cannot imagine that reason being anything else excepting to create evidence in support of her diagnosis of diabetic coma. The next lie which Dr. Anija spoke and which I wish now to refer	 is the false story of her telephone talk with Dr. Variava at about 7 a.m. She said that she then informed Dr. Variava about the condition of the patient and that she had started insulin injection and further that Dr. Variava told her to continue the treatment. I have earlier said that this statement was a clear falsehood and given reasons for this view. It is nobody 's case	 and it could not be	 that Dr. Mouskar had asked her to tell this lie. Why then did she do so? Again	 the only possible reason that I can think of is the same that I have given earlier	 namely	 that she was keen on 'creating evidence in support of the line of treatment that she had given to 562 the patient. She had been treating the patient as a case of diabetic coma. It is clear from her evidence and of course from that of Dr. Variava	 that he had reprimanded her for adopting that line of treatment without having tested the urine for acetone. She had clearly made a mistake in the treatment of the case and this might have put her in a difficulty with the hospital authorities and also in her future professional career. It was clearly her interest to see that her mistake was not finally established as a result of the postmortem examination which had been directed by Dr. Variava. In these circumstances	 she was under a great temptation to prevent the postmortem examination which might have revealed her mistake. It must be remembered that she had just started on her professional career and was a very young person. I am unable therefore to hold that	 apart from the appellant there was no one else who could have been interested in crossing out the direction as to postmortem examination and inserting diabetic coma as the cause of death. In the circumstances that I have mentioned	 it seems quite probable that Dr. Anija had made the alteration in the case paper entirely on her own and to save herself from the possible effects of her mistake. It also seems probable to me that Dr. Anija had made the alterations on November 15	 when Dr. Mouskar had sent the case paper through the ward boy for ascertainment of the cause of death. I have earlier said that Dr. Anija had falsely introduced Dr. Saify as the person who had told her that Dr. Mouskar had wanted the direction as to postmortem examination to be crossed out and diabetic coma to be stated as the cause of death. I have also said that Dr. Mouskar did not support Dr. Anija as to the presence of Dr. Saify in the hospital on the day in question. Why then did Dr. Anija introduce the name of Dr. Saify ? I have said that the Courts below have not been able to find any explanation as to why Dr. Anija introduced the name of Dr. Saify. It seems to me that when the alteration which she had made on her own	 was found out in the course of the investigation	 she had to give some explanation as to why she had made it. She thought of saying that she did it under the orders of Dr. Mouskar who was very 563 much her senior and whom she was bound to obey. But she also realised that Dr. Mouskar was sure to deny that he had asked her to make the alteration and as against his	 her evidence was not likely to be accepted. It was therefore that she hit upon the idea of interposing Dr. Saify in between her and Dr. Mouskar in the hope that Dr. Saify being also a very young person	 there was some chance of her evidence being accepted as against his. Apart from that there does not appear to be any other explanation as to why Dr. Anija introduced the name of Dr. Saify. She had clearly forgotten while inventing this story that Dr. Saify was away on leave but that of course makes no difference for if she had remembered it	 she might have named somebody else	 probably Dr. Shah or Dr. Patel who worked in Unit No. 2 of the Hospital. Then it has to be remembered that Dr. Anija admitted to the police that she had written out the words " Diabetic coma " on the letter from the police of November 15	 asking for the cause of death and this she later denied. All this would make more probable the view that it was Dr. Anija who in order to prevent the detection of the mistake made by her in the treatment of Laxmibai had the endorsement "Asked for post 	 mortem " crossed out and inserted in the case paper diabetic coma as the cause of death and that she had not been asked by Dr. Mouskar to make the alteration in the case paper. I think it right to state here that it cannot be said that Dr. Shah was also to blame for the wrong diagnosis of diabetic coma. Dr. Anija said that pursuant to her call the Registrar came at about 8 45 a.m. and approved of her diagnosis and advised a further insulin injection of 40 units. She also said that the Registrar wrote on the case paper the words "Inj. Insulin 40 units Iv. glucose 20 c.c. " By " the Registrar " she was of course referring to Dr. Saify. It is clear from the call book that it was Dr. Shah	 who was the Registrar of Unit No. 2 who had been sent for by Dr. Anija. Dr. Shah said in his evidence that he must have gone to the patient pursuant to the call but he had no recollection of the case at all. He denied that the entry " Inj. Insulin 40 units Iv. glucose 20 c.c. "was in his hand writing. Dr. Patel who was 564 officiating as the Registrar of Unit No. 1 in the absence of Dr. Saify on leave	 also denied that that entry was in his handwriting. Dr. Shah said from the sequenceof time noted in the call book and the case paper	 that he must have gone to the ward before 6 30 a.m. According to Dr. Shaw he could not have seen the case paper when he called because he was not the Registrar of Unit No. 1. He admitted that he must have advised Dr. Anija	 about the case. What the advice was we do not know. It is clear however that Dr. Anija had started treating the case as diabetic coma and given 40 units of insulin before she sent for the Registrar. Indeed according to her	 the Registrar	 who must have been Dr. Shah	 arrived at 8.45 a.m. So we get that Dr. Anija started treatment of diabetic coma and gave insulin prior to 6 30 a.m. and her statement that the Registrar wrote down the direction for a second insulin injection of 40 units at 8 45 a.m. is false. It is therefore clear that the treatment given to the unconscious Laxmibai had been under the judgment of Dr. Anija alone. It would follow that Dr. Shah had no responsibility for that treatment. This is also supported by the fact that Dr. Anija did not tell Dr. Variava that Dr. Shah had also thought it to be a case of diabetic coma. There is another circumstance against the appellant which must now be noticed	 and that is that the appellant left the hospital soon after the death of Laxmibai without showing the least care as to what happened thereafter. This conduct considered with the appel. lant 's letter of November 14	 1956	 stating falsely that " Indumati 's " brother would come to take over her body and further considered with the subsequent conduct of the appellant in fraudulently misappropriating the deceased Laxmibai 's money clearly indicates that immediately after the death of Laxmibai the appellant had conceived the idea of misappropriating her properties. It has been suggested that it would be somewhat strange that the dishonest intention cropped up in the appellant 's mind so suddenly and therefore it is reasonable to think that he had entertained that design even during the lifetime of Laxmibai. The Courts below have accepted that suggestion. I cannot say that that is an unreasonable view to take. 565 But supposing the appellant had during Laxmibai 's lifetime cast a covetous eye on her properties	 would that be enough to justify a finding that her death had been an unnatural death ? I do not think it would. The design may provide a motive for murder; but the murder	 that is	 in this case an unnatural death	 cannot be proved by it. That design does not exclude the possibility that Laxmibai died a natural death and the appellant made full use of the opportunity thereby provided to carry his design into effect. I think I should mention here one other aspect of the case. The trial Court observed that the symptoms found in the record as to the last illness and death of Laxmibai all clearly pointed to the conclusion that death was due to hypoglycemia and that hypoglycemia might be one of the possible causes of her death. The trial Court however held that there was nothing to show in the symptoms that hypoglycemia could have been of spontaneous origin though the matter was not very clear. It would seem that the trial Court thought that the hypoglycemia had been induced by two injections of insulin given by the appellant to Laxmibai sometime on November 12. The trial Court for this purpose relied on the evidence of Shantabai a maid servant employed by Laxmibai	 who said that on November 12	 the appellant gave Laxmibai two injections. This maid servant was deaf and dumb and her evidence must be of doubtful value. However that may be	 there is nothing to show that death was caused by hypoglycemia brought about by the two injections given by the appellant	 assuming that he had given them. It has to be remembered that in the hospital Laxmibai was given two further injections of insulin of 40 units each. It may be that these injections really caused her death. That is a possibility which on the finding of the trial Court cannot be brushed aside. Now	 if that is so	 then clearly the appellant is not responsible for the death of Laxmibai. He had done nothing to induce Dr. Anija or any of the other doctors in the hospital to give more insulin to Laxmibai. There is no evidence to that effect. Dr. Anija was clear in her evidence that she never consulted Dr. Lagu regarding the diagnosis that death was due to diabetic. I need not further into this aspect of the 566 matter for all that I wish to point out is that the trial Court had thought that hopoglycemia might be the cause of death. The High Court	 thought that it was not possible in view of the absence of evidence about the time taken for insulin to induce hypoglycemia to hold that death was due to hypoglycemia induced by a massive dose of insulin. It seems to me that if there was no evidence	 that was the fault of the prosecution and not of the appellant. In all cases and particularly in a case of this kind	 it is the duty of the prosecution to prove that the death was an unnatural death and exclude by evidence completely	 the possibility of death having been caused by some instrumentality other than the appellant. This is another reason for saying that it has not been clearly established in this case that Laxmibai 's death was an unnatural death or has been caused by the appellant. I have so long been discussing the facts which are supposed to lead towards the guilt of the appellant. I propose now to deal with some of the facts which seem to be in his favour. The prosecution case is that the appellant had in the train administered to her an undetectable poison which caused her death. Now	 if the appellant had done that	 he must have made a plan for it before he started on the journey to Bombay with her from Poona. It seems unlikely that if he had done that	 he would have made no effort to keep it a secret that he was taking her to Bombay. The evidence is clear that he made no such effort. The next fact that has to be faced by the prosecution is that the railway compartment would be a most unusualplace in which to administer a poison. The appellant could not have expected that there would be a compartment for Laxmibai and himself in which there would be no other passenger. Indeed the trial Court thought that there must have been other passengers in that compartment. That being so	 it becomes improbable that the appellant had planned to poison her in the train. Again	 it has been proved as a fact by Dr. Sathe himself that the appellant had made an appointment with him for November 13. Was it necessary for him to have done this if he knew that Laxmibai would die before the hour fixed with Dr. Sathe ? Further	 if he had administered 567 a poison to Laxmibai	 would he have taken her to a. public hospital? That would have been impossible unless the appellant was perfectly certain that the poison was absolutely undetectable. That requires a great deal of knowledge of poisonous drugs which there is no evidence to think the appellant possessed. But assume that the appellant was so certain that the poison would never be detected	 why then should he have worried about the postmortem examination at all? If it is found that the appellant had not prevented the postmortem examination being held	 there would be very little on which to base his conviction for the murder of Laxmibai by poisoning. Nor can it be said that the appellant was not sure whether the poison would be detected or not	 but none the less took the risk of taking the unconscious Laxmibai to the G. T.hospital in the hope that if any difficulty arose	 he could rely on Dr. Mouskar to help him. There is no evidence on which we can hold that Dr. Mouskar would have helped him if any suspicion as to Laxmibai 's death having been caused by poision had arisen. It has to be remembered that Dr. Mouskar was not doing the work of a physician in the hospital but was in charge only of the administration. All these are very strong circumstances indicating that the appellant had not administered any poison to Laxmibai on the train. Very cogent reasons would be required to dispel the presumption in favour of the appellant arising from them. I find no such reasons in the case. In the net result the circumstances appear to me to be these. First	 the appellant had a design during Laxmibai 's lifetime to misappropriate her properties. This only supplies the motive for causing her death but does not prove that the death which occurred	 was an unnatural death. Secondly	 the appellant did not give to the hospital the correct name of Laxmibai : the name given however was not such as from it her identity could never have been discovered. Thirdly	 the appellant gave his own address instead of that of Laxinibai. It seems to me that that was a natural thing for him to have done in the circumstances of the case for there would have been no one in Laxmibai 's flat to receive her letters and there there was no other address which the appellant could have 568 given. Further	 the address given necessarily connected the appellant with the last hours of Laxmibai 'slife a conduct not very probable in a person who had brought about her death. The theory that that address was given only to ensure that communications from the hospital concerning the dead Laxmibai should reach the appellant is not very plausible. It is clear that if the appellant had not given his own address	 the only other address he could possibly have given would have been Laxmibai 's address. I am unable to appreciate what communication the hospital could have sent to Laxmibai at her address after her death or when she lay in the hospital. In any event	 the appellant would have had no difficulty in getting hold of any such communication sent to Laxmibai 's own address. Fourthly	 the appellant told Dr. Ugale that Laxmibai had had a hysterical fit. It is doubtful whether he said so	 and also whether	 if he did	 it was purposefully false. What purpose it served is not clear. The appellant did not mention hysterical fit to the doctor in charge of the treatment nor did he do anything to induce her to take a different line of treatment from that which she had adopted. He did nothing to induce any idea in her mind as to the cause of the illness or the disease. In these circumstances it does not seem possible to hold that hysterical fit had been mentioned by the appellant to prevent detection of the fact that Laxmibai had been poisoned. Lastly	 come the series of the appellant 's acts from immediately after Laxmibai 's death indicating his intention to acquire her properties and the acquisition thereof by deception and forgery. These cannot prove that Laxmibai died an unnatural death. Considering them all together	 I am unable to think that the only reasonable conclusion possible is that Laxmibai died an unnatural death. In my view the prosecution has failed to prove the guilt of the appellant. In the result I would allow the appeal. BY COURT. In accordance with the opinion of the majority	 the appeal is dismissed. Appeal dismissed.

At the trial of a person for murder by alleged poisoning	 the fact of death by poisoning is provable by circumstantial evidence	 notwithstanding that the autopsy as well as the chemical analysis fail to disclose any poison; though the cause of death may not appear to be established by direct evidence	 the medical evidence of experts and the circumstances of the case may be sufficient to infer that the death must be the result of the administration to the victim of some unrecognised poison or drug which acts as a poison	 and a conviction can be rested on circumstantial evidence provided that it is so decisive that the court can unhesitatingly hold that the death was not a natural one. Per section K. Das and M. Hidayatullah	 jj. Where the evidence showed that the appellant who was the medical adviser of the deceased	 deliberately set about first to ingratiate himself in the good opinions of his patient and becoming her confidant	 found out all about her affairs and gradually began managing her affairs	 that all the time he was planning to get at her property and had forged her signature on a dividend warrant and had obtained undated cheque from her and then under the guise of helping her to have a consultation with a specialist in Bombay took her in a train	 and then brought the patient unconscious to a hospital bereft of all property with which she had started from home and gave a wrong name to cover her identity and wrong history of her ailments	 that after her death he abandoned the body to be dealt with by the hospital as an unclaimed body	 spread the story that she was alive and made use of the situation to misappropriate all her properties	 and that he tried by all means to avoid postmortem examination and when questioned gave false and conflicting statements	 held that if the deceased died in circumstances which prima facie admit of either disease or homicide by poisoning one must look at the conduct of the appellant both before and after the death of the deceased	 that the corpus delicti could be held to be proved by a number of facts which render the commission of the crime certain	 and that the medical evidence in the case and the conduct of the appellant unerringly pointed to the conclusion that the death of the deceased was the result of the administration of some unrecognised poison or drug which would act as a poison and that the appellant was the person who administered it. 461 Per Sarkar	 J. If it could be established in this case that the deceased had died an unnatural death	 the conclusion would be inevitable that unnatural death had been brought about by poison	 but the circumstances were not such that from them the only reasonable conclusion to be drawn was that the deceased died an unnatural death. Held	 that the prosecution had failed to prove the guilt of the appellant. Regina vs Onufrejczyk	 [1955] 1 Q.B. 388	 The King vs Horry	 [1952] N.Z.L. 111	 Mary Ann Nash 's case	 (1911) 6 Cr. R. 225 and Donnall 's case	 	 considered and relied on.