Summarize the following court judgment. ion No. 13508 of 1983 (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India) C. section Vaidyanathan for the Petitioner. Krishan Dayal	 N.C. Talukdar	 R.N. Poddar	 Y P. Rao	 A.K Sanghi and R. K. Mehta for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KHALID	 J. This is representative action brought on behalf of the Contract 'Labourers	 working with the Food Corporation of India	 the first respondent in the writ petition	 distressed by the unhelpful attitude of both the Central and the State Government in not redressing their grievances for either departmentalising them or in the alternative extending to them the benefit of the (for short 'The Act '). 153 The petitioners complaint is that the Central and the State Governments play hide and seek	 one pointing to the other as the appropriate Government under the provisions of the Act and thus denying to them what is their dues. The first respondent is the Food Corporation of India (herein after called 'The Corporation '); the second respondent: Union of India	 the third respondent: Chief Labour Commissioner (Central) and respondents 4 to 22	 various State Governments. The Corporation has been entrusted by the second respondent with the duty of procuring food grains and its movement and distribution throughout the country. The corporation employs for the discharge of this work three types of labourers: (1) departmentalised labour who are its regular employees; (2) direct paid labour; and (3) contract labour who are employed by the Corporation through the intermediery of contractors. The petitioners have been trying to pursuade the Corporation for progressive departmantalisation of its labour. They	 however	 did not succeed. Their grievance is that even the limited benefits available to them under the provisions of the Act have not been extended to them. By this writ petition they pray	 for a writ of mandamus either to the Union Government or to the State Governments	 to extend to them the benefits of the Act	 for a direction to the Corporation to pay them the same wages as are paid to the departmentalised labour and for other reliefs. In a detailed counter affidavit	 the Corporation has pleaded that the appropriate Government for the propose of the claims of the petitioners is the State Government and not the Central Government	 and that it is not practicable for the Corporation to employ the labour whom the petitioner represent as departmental labour since the nature of the operations are seasonal	 sporadic and varied from region to region	 that the work of the Corporation fluctuates in volume at different places and at different points depending upon the procurement	 movement and off take of food grains. It is farther stated that it is not easy for abolition of Contract labour employed by the Corporation since other like organisations connected with the Government of India also empley contract labourers and hence abolition af contract labour cannot be consideder in isolation for the Corporation alone. Among the State Governments:	 the 15th respondent (the State of Madhya Pradesh) and the 21st respondent (the State of Punjab) have filed their respective counter affidavits. 154 4. In its counter affidavits the State of Madhya Pradesh has stated that the said Government have framed rules under the Act (which came into force on 10.2 1971) for implementation of its provisions	 that the Act is being implemented in its entirety in the said State	 that it has constituted an independent State Advisory Contract Labour Board which was advising the State Government on such matters as are referred to it	 that it has also constituted a committee on 31st March 1981 in exercise of the powers conferred on it under Section 5 of the Act	 and that in the case of 22 branches	 prosecutions were launched for non compliance with the provisions of the Act 5 In the Counter affidavit filed on behalf of respondent No. 21	 (the State of Punjab) it is stated that the appropriate Government for the purpose of the Act for the regional office of the Corporation in the Punjab State	 is the State Government. Before considering the claims of the petitioners	 we will have a look at some of the provisions of the Act	 which if properly implemented would have	 in some measure at least	 satisfied the labour. Section 10 of the Act reads as follows: " 10. Prohibition of employment af contract labour (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act	 the appropriate Government may	 after consultation with the Central Board or	 as the case may be	 a State Board	 prohibit	 by notification in the Official Gazette	 employment of contract labour in any process operation or other work in any establishment. (2) Before issuing any notification under sub section (l) in relation to an establishment	 the appropriate Government shall have regard to the conditions of work and a benefits provided for the contract labour in that establishment and other relevant factors. such as (a) whether the process	 operation or other work is incidental to or necessary for the industry	 trade	 business	 manufacture or occupation that is carried on in the establishment; 155 (b) whether it is of perennial nature	 that is to say	 it is so of sufficient duration having regard to the nature of industry	 trade	 business	 manufacture or occupation carried on in that establishment; (c) whether it is done ordinarily through regular workmen in that establishment or an establishment similar thereto; (d) whether it is sufficient to employ considerable number of whole time workmen. Explanation If a question arises whether any process or operation or other work is of perennial nature	 the decision of the appropriate Government thereon shall be final. ' This section enables the appropriate Government by a suitable notification after making a study of the conditions laid down therein 1) to prohibit employment of contract labour in any 'process	 operation or other work ' in any establishment. The petitioners grievance is that despite several disputes and representations made to all the State Governments as well as the Union of India	 nothing has so far been done to give the benefit of Section 10 to be contract labour in the Corporation. This complaint appears to be justified. We will now examine the relevant provisions of the Act to find out as to which are the industries or establishments to which the Act applies and which is the appropriate Government in its contemplation	 on whom is entrusted the duty to ameliorate the conditions of labour. We read Section 1(4) (a)	 (b) and Proviso and Section 1(5) (a) and (b) and the Explanation: "1(4) It applies: (a) to every establishment in which twenty or more workmen are employed or were employed on any day of the preceding twelve months contract labour; (b) to every contractor who employs or who employ ed on any day of the preceding twelve months twenty or more workmen; 156 Provided that the appropriate Government may. after giving not less than two months ' notice of its intention so to do	 by notification in the Official Gazette	 apply the provisions of this Act to any establishment or contractor employing such number of workmen less than twenty as may be specified in the notification. (5)(a) It shall not apply to establishments in which work only of an intermittent or casual nature is performed. (b) If a question arises whether work performed in an establishment is of an intermittent or casual nature	 the appropriate Government shall decide that question after consultation with the Central Board or	 as the case may be	 a State Board	 and its decision shall be final. Explanation: For the purpose of this sub section	 work per formed in an establishment shall not be deemed to be of an intermittant nature. (i) if it was performed for more than one hundred and twenty days in the preceding twelve months	 or (ii) if it is of a seasonal character and is performed for more than sixty days in a year." Section 1(4) deals with the application of the Act to establishments and contractors answering to the description given therein. It was not disputed before us that the establishment in question and the contractors it employs come within the ambit of the provisions of this Act. However	 an investigation is necessary to collect factual details to ascertain whether the Corporation comes within the exemption indicated in clause 1(5) quoted above. Section 3 speaks of a Central Advisory Board to advise the Central Government on matters arising out of the administration of the Act and Section 4 speaks similarly of State Advisory Boards. Section 5 confers on the Central Board or the State Boards as the case may be the power to constitute committees for the proper implementation of the provisions of the Act. Section 7 requires registration of establishments to which the Act applies. On such registration	 the principal employer will get a certificate of 157 registration containing the necessary particulars. Chapter IV deals with the licence of a contractor and Chapter V. with the welfare and health of the contract labour. Chapter VI deals with penalties and procedure. The petitioners case is that though the Act came into force on 10 2 1971 no contractor has complied with the provisions of the Act and each of them has by infringement of the provisions of the Act rendered themselves liable to be prosecuted. Since the contractors have not got themselves licenced	 the labourers find it difficult to invoke the relevant provisions of the Rules to secure the benefits to them under the Act. Now the question as to which is the appropriate Government for the implementation of the provisions of the provisions of the Act can be considered. A decision on this question is necessary before any direction can be issued in this writ petition. The State Governments	 except those of State of Madhya Pradesh and Punjab	 have not filed their counter affidavits. In the writ petition the petitioners have indicated that the Central and the State Governments have taken up conflicting stand on this question. 11. 'Appropriate Government ' is defined in Section 2(1) (a) of the Act to read as under: "2(1) (a) "Appropriate Government means	: (1) in relation to (1) any establishment pertaining to any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government	 or pertaining to any such controlled industry as may be specified in this behalf by the Central Government	 or (ii) any establishment of any railway Cantonment Board	 major port	 mine or oil field	 or (iii)any establishment of a banking or insurance company	 (2) the Central Government	 158 in relation to any other establishment the Government of the State in which that other establishment is situated. " A bare reading will show that sub cls. (ii) and (iii) of sec. 2(1) (a) are not attracted in this case. The question then is whether various establishments of the Corporation spread all over the country could be said to be establishments pertaining to any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government or pertaining to any such controlled industry as may be specified in this behalf by the Central Government. Before we determine the width and ambit of sub cl. (i) of sub sec. (I) of sec. 2 (1) (a)	 it would be advantageous to refer to the definition of 'establishment ' set out in sec. 2 (I)(e). It reads as under: "2(1) (e) Establishment means (i) any office or department of the Government or a local authority	 or (ii) any place wher e any industry	 trade	 business	 manufacture or occupation is carried on. " We would be concerned with sub cl (ii) of Sec. 2 (1) (e) which provides that the establishment would be an establishment where any industry	 trade	 business	 manufacture or occupation is carried on. Thus various warehouses	 godowns and place alike set up by the Corporation would be establishments where the trade of the Corporation is being carried on. Could these establishments be said to be pertaining to an industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government ? Before we find out correct meaning of the expression 'any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government '	 it is necessary to draw attention to the definition of appropriate Government ' as set out in Section 2(a) (1) of the 	 which provides that 'appropriate Government ' means: (i) in relation to any industrial dispute concerning any industry carried on by or under the authority of Central Government (omitting the words not necessary for the present purpose. Or in relation to an industrial dispute concerning the Food Corporation Or India established under section 3. Or a Board of Management established for two or more 159 contiguous States under Section 16 of the Food Corporation Act	 1964. . 	 the Central Government. Obviously	 therefore	 for the purpose of 	 in relation to any industrial dispute concerning the Food Corporation of India	 the Central Government is the appropriate Government	 There is an express reference to the Food Corporation of India. If the Food Corporation of India was an establishment in an industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government	 it would be tautologous to specifically refer it and include it. It is a well established canon of statutory construction that legislature is known to avoid tautology and redundancy. If Food Corporation of India was an industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government	 it would have been comprehended in the first part of sub section (1) but that being not the position	 it was specifically referred to by name. Having examined this definition	 it is necessary to bring to fore the contra distinction between the definition of the expression 'appropriate Government ' in the and the definition in the Act under examination. It may be pointed out that the expression in the Act does not include by name the Food Corporation of India as the one in respect of which the appropriate Government would be the Central Government	 while it is mentioned so in the definition in the even though both the statutes use the general expression 'any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government. Having noticed this contra distinction	 let us examine the width and content of the expression 'any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government '. The matter is no more resintegra. In Heavy Engineering Mazdoor Union vs The State of Bihar and Ors.(1) this Court held that the expression 'any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government ' as used in the definition of expression 'appropriate Government ' in Section 2(a) (i) of the 	 would mean 'pursuant to the authority	 such as where an agent or a servant acts under or pursuant to the authority of his principal or master. ' This Court took notice of the fact that the entire share capital of the Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd	 was contributed by the Central Government and extensive powers were conferred on it and (1) [1969] 3 SCR 995 160 yet the Corporation was none other than a company and could not be said to be an industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government. Therefore	 the case would be covered by the residuary clause and the appropriate Government was held to be the State Government and the reference under Section 10 made by the State of Bihar was held valid and competent. Looking to the placement of the expression in the definition clause of the Act and the purpose for which it is enacted	 the expression 'any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government ' must receive the same interpretation as was done in the aforementioned case. In a recent decision of this Court in Rashtriya Mills Mazdoor Sangh	 Nagpur vs The Model Mills	 Nagpur and Anr. 	(l) to which both of us were parties	 while interpreting more or less an identical expression occurring in Section 32(IV) of the Bonus Act	 1965	 this Court held that in relation to an undertaking in textile industry in respect of which an authorised controller was appointed under the provisions of the Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act	 1951	 the appropriate Government was the State Government and not the Central Government observing that even where an authorised controller is appointed by the Central Government. it merely substitutes Board of Director of a company managing the industrial undertaking by an authorised controller appointed by the Central Government	 but the undertaking none the less remains an under taking managed under the provisions of the 	 and it could not be said to be an undertaking in any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government. The same approach holds good for the purpose of construction of the expression 'any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government ' under the Act. Let it be made clear that it was not suggested that the various establishments of the Corporation pertain to any controlled industry. 'therefore	 sub clause (i) of Sub section (1) of Section 2(a) of the Act is not attracted and therefore	 the case would be governed by the residuary provision in sub section (2) and the State Government would be the appropriate Government. The question as to which is the 'appropriate Government has been briefly dealt with in the counter affidavits filed by the Corporation	 State of Madhya Pradesh and the State of Punjab. In the counter affidavit filed by the Corporation	 it is stated that this (1) 161 question was examined by the Labour Ministry and that the said Ministry had clarified that the respective State Governments are the 'appropriate Governments ' for the Corporation 's establishments situated in the States. The Union of India	 the second respondent	 in its counter affidavit has also taken the stand that the 'appropriate Government ' for the purpose of the Zonal establishments situated in the respective States is the State Government and not the Central Government. The State of Punjab and the State of Madhya Pradesh have also stated in their respective counter affidavits that the 'appropriate Government ' for the purpose of the Act for the regional offices of the Corporation in their respective States is the State Government. These pleadings are indicative of the fact that the State Governments understood them to be the 'appropriate Government ' for the Zonal offices in their respective State. On the interpretation of the relevant Sections extracted above	 we hold that the 'appropriate Government ' for the purpose of this case pertaining to the regional offices and the warehouses in the respective States is the State Government and not the Central Government. However	 we are of the opinion that it may not be possible or proper for us to grant the reliefs prayed for by the petitioner in full on the materials on record. The materials are scanty and insufficient for a comprehensive adjudication of the claims of the petitioners and to grant them reliefs as prayed for. The Act contains provisions enabling the 'appropriate Government ' to get reports as to how to implement the provisions of the Act. The machinery provided for by the Act has not been brought into action in any State except the State of Madhya Pradesh. Under these circumstances. the only course open to us is to issue appropriate direction to the State Governments to constitute committees under Section 5 of the Act	 to make necessary enquiries	 and to submit a report as to whether it would be possible to abolish contract labour in the Corporation altogether In so doing	 we will have to exclude the State of Madhya Pradesh because the counter affidavit filed by that State shows that necessary action is being taken under the Act. Accordingly a writ of mandamus will be issued to all the State Governments except the State of Madhya Pradesh for appointing a committee under Section 5 of the Act within three months from 162 today to enquire whether contract labour in the Corporation should be abolished. The committee shall submit a report within four months of its constitution and the Government is directed to take action on such report within two months thereafter. The necessary expenses for the committees will be borne by the Corporation. Since the Madhya Pradesh Government has already constituted committees under Section 5	 the said State is directed to ask the committees so appointed to make its report expeditiously and to take appropriate action on the report as indicated above. The Corporation will be at liberty to place materials before the committees whether it comes within the exemption clause. The writ petition is allowed as indicated above with costs to the petitioner quantified at Rs. 2	000 pay able by the Corporation. S.R. Petition allowed.

The Food Corporation of India has been entrusted with the duty of procuring foodgrains and its movement and distribution throughout the country. The Corporation employs for the discharge of this work three types of labourers; (1) departmentalised labour who are its regular employees; (2) direct paid labour; and (3) Contract labour who are employed by the Corporation through the intermediary of contractors. The petitioners who come under the third category have been trying to pursuade the corporation for progressive departmentalisation of its labour Or in the alternative extending to them the benefits of the . By this writ petition they prayed for a writ of mandamus either to the Union Government or to the concerned State Governments	 to extend to them the benefits of the Act	 for a direction to the corporation to pay them the same wages as are paid to the departmentalised labour and other reliefs. The Corporation pleaded that the appropriate Government for the purpose of the claims of the petitioners working in its establishment in a State a is the concerned State Government and not the Central Government	 which stand was adopted by ihe 15th Respondent State of Madhya Pradesh and the 21st Respondent State of Punjab through their respective affidavits and therefore disowned its responsibility. The other States did not file their counter at all. Allowing the petition	 the Court	 151 ^ HELD: 1 Section 10 of the enables the appropriate Government by a suitable notification after making a study of the conditions laid down therein to prohibit employment of contract labour in any 'process	 operation	 or other work ' in any establishment. The petitioners	 complaint that despite several disputes and representations made to all the State Governments as well as the Union of India	 nothing has so fare been done to give the benefit of Section 10 to the contract labour in the Corporation by playing hide and seek	 one pointing to the other as the appropriate Government for redressal of their grievances is justified. [155D E] 2.1 On the interpretation of the relevant sections namely	 I (4)	 1 (5)	 2 (1) (a) and 2 (a) (e) of the Contract Labour Act	 1970 read with section 2 (a) (1) of the "appropriate Government" for the purpose of this case pertaining to the regional offices and warehouses of the Food Corporation of India in the respective States is the State Government and not the Central Government. [161D] 2.2 Section 1(4) deals with the application of the Act to establishments and contractors answering to the description given therein and certainly the establishment of the Food Corporation and the contractors it employs come within the ambit of the provisions of this Act. [156F] 2.3 Various warehouses	 godowns and places alike sot up by the Corporation would be establishments where the trade of the corporation is being carried on and within the meaning of the term "establishment" in section 2 (1) (e) (ii) of the Act. [158EI 2.4 It is a well established canon of statutory construction that legislature is known to avoid tautology and redundancy. If Food Corporation of India was an industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government	 it would have been comprehended in the first part of sub section (1) of Section 2 of the 	 but that being not the position	 it was specifically referred to by name. However	 the expression 'appropriate Government ' in the Contract Labour Act	 1970 does not include by name the Food Corporation of India as the one in respect of which the appropriate Government would be the Central Government	 while it is mentioned so in the definition in the even though both the statutes use the general expression 'any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government. ' [169C E] 2.5 Looking to the placement of the expression in the definition clause of the Contract Labour Act and the purpose for which it is enacted	 the expression 'any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government ' mean 'pursuant to the authority	 such as where an agent or a servant acts under or pursuant to the authority of his principal or master ' Since the various establishments of the Corporation do not pertain to any 152 controlled industry	 sub clause (1) of sub section (1) of section 2 (a) of the Act is not attracted and therefore	 the case would be governed by the residuary provision in sub section (2) and the State Government would be the appropriate Government. Further in the counter affidavit filed by `the Corporation it is stated that this question was examined by the Labour Ministry which had clarified that the respective State Governments are the 'appropriate Governments ' for the corporation 's establishments situated in the State. The Union of India has correctly taken a similar stand and the States of Punjab and Madhya Pradesh have also affirmed it. [160B; F;G; 161A B] Heavy Engineering Mazdoor Union vs The State of Bihar and Ors.	 11969] 3 SCR 995; Rashtriya Mills Mazdoor Sangh	 Nagpur vs The Model Mills	 Nagpur and Anr.	 	 applied. 3 In the instant case	 it will not be possible or proper for the Court to grant the reliefs prayed by the petitioner in full on the materials on record	 the materials being scanty and insufficient for a comprehensive adjudication of the claims of the petitioners. The Act contains provisions enabling the appropriate Government to get reports as to how to implement the provisions of the Act. The machinery provided for by the Act has not been brought into action in any State except the State of Madhya Pradesh. Therefore the course open lo the Court is to issue appropriate direction to the State Governments except Madhya Pradesh State to constitute committees within three months	 under section 5 of the Act to make necessary enquiries	 and to submit a report within four months of its constitution as to whether it would be possible to abolish contract labour in the Corporation altogether. [161 F G]