Summarize the following court judgment. Appeals Nos. 895 and 896 of 1968. Appeals under section 116 A of the Representation of the People Act	 1951 from the judgment and order dated January 29	 1968 of the Bombay High Court in Election Petition No. 6 of 1967. R. Jethamalani and H. N. Hingorani and K. Hingorani	 for the appellant (in C. A. No. 895 of 1968). C. K. Daphtary	 A. K. Sen	 K. section Cooper and K. Hingorani	 for the appellant (in C. A. No. 896 of 1968). A. section R. Chari	 Porus A. Mehta	 section B. Naik	 Kumar Mehta	 R. Nagaratnam and K. Rajendra Chaudhuri	 for respondent No. 1 (in both the appeals). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Hidayatullah	 C.J. In the last General Election to Parliament from the Bombay South Parliamentary constituency eight candidates had offered themselves. The answering respondent Mr. George Fernandez secured 1	47	841 votes as against his nearest rival Mr. S.K. Patil who secured 1	18	407 votes. The remaining candidates secured a few thousand votes between them. The result of the poll was declared on February 24	 1967. and Mr. George Fernandez was returned. An election petition was filed by Mr. Samant N. Balakrishna	 an elector in the constituency. It challenged the election of Mr. Fernandez and was ostensibly in the interest of Mr. section K. Patil. The election petition was keenly contested and Mr. section K. Patil gave his full support to the petition. The election petition failed and it was dismissed with an order for costs against the election petitioner and Mr. section K. Patil. Two appeals have now been filed against the judgment of the Bombay High Court	 one by the election petitioner and the other by Mr. section K. Patil. They have been heard together and this judgment will dispose of both of them. The petition was based on numerous grounds which were	 set out in paragraph 2 of the petition. These grounds were shown separately in sub paragraphs A to J. Sub paragraphs A to D dealt with the invalidity of the election for non compliance with s	 62 of the Representation of the People Act and articles 326 and 327 of the Constitution. These concerned the secrecy of ballot (A)	 registering of some voters in two constituencies (B)	 omission of qualified voters from electoral rolls (C) and impersonation by persons for dead or absent voters (D). These	 four grounds 609 were given up in the High Court itself and we need not say anything about them. Sub paragraphs E to J contained allegations of corrupt practices. The petition was accompanied by four annexures Nos. A to D which were extracts from newspapers on which the charge of corrupt practices was based. The grounds may now be noticed in detail. Sub paragraph E dealt with statements made at a meeting dated February 16	 1967 at Shivaji Park by Jagadguru Shankaracharya charging Mr. section K. Patil with complicity in arson of November 7	 1966 at New Delhi and attack on the residence of the Congress President with injuries caused to people. In these articles from the 'Maratha ' and the 'Blitz ' extracts of which were quoted and annexed as Annexure A	 Mr. Patil was described as hypocrite	 insincere and dishonest. Similar speeches by Mr. Madhu Limaye	 (	another candidate of the S.S.P. by which party Mr. Fernandez was sponsored) were relied upon. The statements were "inspired by Mr. Fernandez" and "with his consent and for his benefit". It was said that they amounted to a corrupt practice under section 123(4) of the Representation of the People Act. In Sub paragraph F	 a statement of Jagadguru Shankaracharya on cow slaughter was made the ground of attack. It was to the effect that Mr. section K. Patil only pretended to support the anti cow slaughter movement but had done nothing in furtherance of it. It was contended that the cow was used as a religious symbol and the speeches offended against the Election Law as stated in section 123 (3). These statements were also said to be inspired by Mr. Fernandez and were made with his consent and for his benefit. Sub paragraph G referred to speeches of Mr. Fernandez and his workers with his knowledge and consent. In those speeches Mr. Fernandez is said to have described Mr. section K. Patil as the enemy of Muslims and Christians who only professed to discourage slaughter of cows and he Was charged with interfering with the articles of faith of the Muslims and Christians and seeking expulsion of Muslims to Pakistan. This was said to offend against section 123(3A) of the Representation of the People Act. In Sub paragraph H it was alleged that the 'Maratha ' pub lished a false statement to the effect that Mr. section K. Patil had paid rupees 15 lacs to Mr. Jack Sequeira to undo the efforts of Maharashtrians for incorporation of Goa in Maharashtra. The extract from the 'Maratha ' of January 25	 1967 was annexed as exhibit B. The speech of Mr. H. R. Gokhale who published a similar statement	 was also referred to. These were made the grounds of complaint under section 123 (4) of the Representation of the People Act. 610 In Sub paragraph 1 four issues of the 'Maratha ' of the 5th and 31st January	 1967 and 5th and 8th of February	 1967 were exhibited as exhibit C. It was stated in the first two that the Shiv Sena supported the Maharashtra traitor Sadoba Patil and that the Shiv Sena was really Sadoba Sena. A cartoon showing Mr. section K. Patil as Vishwamitra and the leader of Shiv Sena as Menka with the caption 'Sadoba denies that he has no connection with Shiv Sena like Vishwamitra Menka episode"	 was the third. The last of these articles was headed "harassment from Gondas of Sadoba Patil Shiv Sena in the service of Sadhshiv (section K. Patil)". These statements were said to be false and made by the 'Maratha ' in favour of respondents other than respondent No. 2 (Mr. section K. Patil) or at any rate on behalf of Mr. Fernandez. These were said to prejudice the minority communities and thus to offend section 123(4) of the Representation of the People Act. The statements were said to be made with the knowledge and consent of Mr. Fernandez and for his benefit. In Sub paragraph J three issues of 'Maratha ' of the 24th	 28th and 31st December 1966 were referred to. In the first it was stated that "Shri section K. Patil will go to Sonapur in the ensuing election. Fernandez says in his Articles Patil mortgaged India 's Freedom with America by entering into P. L. 480 agreement and Mr. Patil had no devotion	 love	 respect for this country at all." In the second Mr. Patil was described as Nagibkhan of Maharashtra. The third was a cartoon in which Shankaracharya was depicted as saying "Cow is my mother. Do not kill her" and Patil section K. as saying "Pig is my father". These extracts were annexed as exhibit D. Then followed a paragraph in which was said : "Similar false statements in relation to Respondent No. 2 's character and conduct were published in several issues of Maratha Daily" from December 12	 1966 to February 21	 1967 and 33 issues were mentioned by date. These were also said to be exhibit D. This was the original material on which the petition filed on April 7	 1967 was based. Mr. Fernandez filed his written statement on June 14	 1967 and Mr. section K. Patil on July 4	 1967. Later five amendments were asked for. By the first amendment	 which was orally asked and allowed	 reference to the 33 articles was altered and they were said to be contained in exhibit E instead of exhibit D. exhibit E was then introduced and gave the list of 33 articles in the 'Maratha ' and one article in the Blitz	 and the extracts on which reliance was placed. On July 4	 1967 an application for amendment was made seeking to add two Sub paragraphs 2 K and 2 L. 2 K is not pressed now and need not be mentioned. By 2 L the petitioner asked for addition to the list of corrupt practices of a reference to an article dated November 5	 1966 in the Blitz. This article was written by Mr. Fernandez. 611 On September 12	 1967	 an application was made for seven additions to paragraph 2J. Seven incidents were sought to be included. Of these four were ordered by the Court to be included in 2 J on September 15	 1967 as Sub sub paragraphs (i) to (iv) and three were rejected. In the first of the Sub sub paragraphs so	 included	 a speech at a public meeting at Shivaji Park by Mr. Fernandez on January 31	 1967 was pleaded in which Mr. Fernandez is said to have made a statement that even God could not defeat the second respondent (Mr. section K. Patil) because unlike the second respondent God was not dishonest. It was also alleged that Mr. section K. Patil won elections by "tampering with the ballot boxes or substituting the same". These statements were said to be made by Mr. Fernandez deliberately and maliciously and that he believed them to be false or did not believe them to be true. The report of the speech was quoted from the 'Maratha ' of February 1	 1967 and was included as part of exhibit E. In the second Sub sub paragraph a Press Conference at Bristol Grill Restaurant on February 9	 1967 addressed by Mr. Fernandez was referred to. At that Conference Mr. Fernandez charged Mr. section K. Patil with "unfair and unethical electioneering practices" and as illustrations of his methods mentioned the release of 70 dangerous characters from jail on parole and the suspension of externment orders against some and the allowing of some other externed persons to return	 were alleged. It was also said that these persons were being used by Mr. Patil in his campaign. Extracts from the issues of the 'Maratha ' of the 10th and 11th February	 1967 were made part of annexure E. In the third Sub sub paragraph a public meeting at Sabu Siddik Chawl	 of ' February 10	 1967 was referred to. At that meeting	 it wag alleged	 Mr. Fernandez described Mr. Patil as an "American Agent	 Dada of Capitalists and Creator of Shiv Sena. " All these statements were said to be false and to reflect upon personal character and conduct of Mr. Patil and thus to be corrupt practices under section 123 (4) of the Representation of the People Act. the fourth paragraph a meeting of January 8	 1967 at Chowpati	 presided over by Mr. Fernandez was referred to. Mr. Madhu Limaye was said to have addressed that meeting and referred to the incident of November 7	 1966. These statements were also	 said to be false and to materially affect the prospects of Mr. Patil. In this Sub sub paragraph it was also alleged that Mr. P. K. Atrey	 Editor and Proprietor of the 'Maratha	 Jagadguru Shankaracharya and Mr. Madhu Limaye were agents of Mr. Fernandez and had made these statements in his interest and with his consent. The petitioner also asked for addition of three other grounds of corrupt practices	 which the Court did not allow to be included. Paragraph 2 L to which we have referred was an article by Mr. Fernandez. It was captioned as a fight against political 612 thuggery" and included the following passage which was made the basis of the following charge : "These men (including the 2nd Respondent) from the hard core of the coterie which control the destinies of the nation	 even decides who should be the Prime Minister and who should not be	 hounds out the few honest Congressmen from Public life	 props up the Aminchand Pyarelal and Chamanlal and supports them in all their misdeeds and puts a premium on dishonest businessmen and industrialists. " This allegation was said to suggest dishonesty in Mr. Patil. The other amendments which were disallowed referred to a speech at Dr. Vigas Street on February 27	 1967	 a speech by Dr. Lohia at Chowpati on January 1	 1967 published in 'Andolan ' of January 9	 1967 and a Press Conference by Mr. Madhu Limaye at Bristol Grill Restaurant on December 10	 1966. Prior to the application for amendment certain events had happened to which it is necessary to refer. On April 7	 1967 the office objected that the originals of Exs. A	 B	 C and D ha not been filed. The remark of the office is as follows : "Exhibits A	 B	 C	 D are mere repetitions of what is mentioned in the body of the petition. Is it not necessary to annex the original copies of the said newspaper?" Mr. Kanuga	 one of the Advocates for the petitioner replied to the objection as follows : "We undertake to file the original issues and official translations later as the same is (sic) with the Chief translator	 High Court	 Bombay before the service of Writ of Summons". Till July 3	 1967 no effort seems to have been made to file the originals. On that date the 'Rozanama ' read as follows "Mr. Jethmalani applies for leave to amend the petition by pointing out that 'D ' in last sentence of paragraph 2 on page 12 of the petition be corrected and read as 'E ' and to annex reports in original P. C. leave to amend granted. " The issues were settled on the same day and particulars were asked for. On July 7	 1967 the 'Rozanaina ' read as follows "Mr. Gurushani tenders the original of the exhibits A (Coll) to Exhibit E (Coll) mentioned in para 2J of page 1 1 of the petition. " A chamber summons was taken out because the particulars were not supplied and on August 4	 1967 the particulars were furnish 613 ed. It was then on September 12	 1967 that the application for seven amendments was made	 four of which were allowed and three were rejected. This was by an order dated September 15	 1967. Before dealing with this appeal it is necessary to clear the question of the amendments and whether they were properly allowed. This question consists of two parts; the first is one of fact as to what was exhibited with the petition as materials on which the petition was based. The case of the petitioner before us is that in support of 2J copies of relevant newspapers were filed with the petition. This is denied on behalf of the answering respondent. Mr. Daphtary 's contention is that if the originals of the 'Maratha ' had not been filed an objection would have been taken in the court and none was taken. Even witnesses were examined and cross exhibited with reference to the statements and the originals must have been in court. This	 in our opinion	 is not decisive. The first witness to be examined was the petitioner himself. Evidence commenced on August 25	 1967. The petitioner proved the copies of the newspapers and they were marked as exhibits. By that date the copies of the 'Maratha ' had already been filed and the petitioner in his evidence referred to all of them. The cross examination	 therefore	 also referred to these documents. Nothing much turns upon the want of objection because (as is well known) objection is not taken to some fatal defect in the case of the other side since the party	 which can take the objection	 wants to keep it in reserve. It is true that if the objection had been taken earlier and had been decided the petitioner would have had no case to prove on the new allegations and might not have led some evidence. But we cannot hold from this that any prejudice was caused to him. After all it was his responsibility to complete his allegations in the petition by inclusion of the copies of the 'Maratha ' and the other side cannot be held to have waived its objection since that objection was in fact raised and has been answered in the High Court. The Rozana mas clearly show that the copies of the 'Maratha ' were not filed with the election petition but much later and in fact beyond the period of limitation. Mr. Daphtary characterises the Rozanamas as inaccurate but the internal evidence in the case shows that the Rozanamas were correctly recorded. The petition quoted some of the offending statements in the newspapers and exhibited them as Exs. A to D. In the petition these 10 extracts are to be found in Sub paragraphs 2E	 H	 I and J. The change of Exs. D to E and the filing of E show that the extracts which were with the translator were referable to those extracts already mentioned in the petition and not those mentioned in the last paragraph of 2J. It will be noticed that 614 that paragraph refers to 33 numbers of the 'Maratha '. Extracts from those were furnished only on July 3	 1967 when exhibit E was separately filed and according to the Rozanama	 the originals were filed on July 7	 1967. Mr. Kanuga could not have referred to all the 33 issues of the 'Maratha '. Only 10 extracts from the 'Maratha ' were in Exs. A to D and of these eight are included in the list of 33 numbers of the 'Maratha ' in the last paragraph of 2J. If they were already filed	 Mr. Kanuga would have said so and not promised to file them later. He mentions in his note that they were with the translation department and would be filed later. If all the 33 issues of the 'Maratha ' were already filed there would be no occasion for the office objection and the reply of Mr. Kanuga could apply to two numbers only. They were the issues of 25th January and 5th February	 1967. The office noting shows that not a single original was filed with the petition. This appears to us to be correct. We are satisfied that 10 issues of the 'Maratha ' from which extracts were included in the petition in Exs. A to D were the only numbers which were before the translator. Mr. Kanuga 's remark applies to these 10 issues. The other issues which were mentioned in the last paragraph of 2J numbering 33 less 8 were neither in the translator 's office nor exhibited in the case. Hence the amendment of the second reference from D to E and the request to file original issues. It seems that when the petition was filed a list was hurriedly made of all the issues of the 'Maratha ' to which reference was likely and that list was included in the last portion of 2J. But no attempt was made either to specify the offending portions of the newspapers or to file the extracts or the original issues. All this was done after the period of limitation. No incorporation of the contents of the articles by reference can be allowed because if a newspaper is not exhibited and only the date is mentioned	 it is necessary to point out the exact portion of the offending newspaper to which the petition refers. This was not done. We have to reach this conclusion first because once we hold that the issues of the 'Maratha ' or the extracts referred to in the petition were not filed	 the plea as to what was the corrupt practice is limited to what was said in the body of the petition in paragraph 2J and whether it could be amended after the period of limitation was over. The attempt today is to tag on the new pleas to the old pleas and in a sense to make them grow out of the old pleas. Whether such an amendment is allowable under the Election Law is therefore necessary to decide. Mr. Daphtary arguing for the appellant contends that he was entitled to the amendment since this was no more than an amplification of the ground of corrupt practice as defined in section 123(4) and that the citation of instances or giving of additional parti 615 culars of which sufficient notice already existed in 2J as it originally stood	 is permissible. According to him	 under section 100 the petition has to show grounds and under section 83 there should be a concise statement of material facts in support of the ground and full particulars of any corrupt practice alleged. He submits that under section 86(5) particulars can be amended and amplified	 new instances can be cited and it is an essence of the trial of an election petition that corrupt practices should be thoroughly investigated. He refers us to a large body of case law in support of his contention. On the other hand	 Mr. Chari for Mr. Fernandez contends that there was no reference to the speeches by Mr. Fernandez in the petition. The cause of action was in relation to the publication in the 'Maratha ' and not in relation to any statement of Mr. Fernandez himself and that the amendment amounts to making out a new petition after the period of limitation. To decide between these rival contentions it is necessary to analyse the petition first. Paragraph 2J as it originally stood	 read as follows : "The Petitioner says that false statements in relation to character and conduct of the Respondent No. 2 were made by the 1st Respondent and at the instance and connivance of the ' 1st. Respondent	 Maratha published the following articles	 as set out hereinafter. The petitioner says that the said allegations are false and have been made with a view to impair and affect the prospects of Respondent No. 2 's elections to Lok Sabha. Some of the extracts are : etc." (Emphasis added). Here three issues of the 'Maratha ' of 24th	 28th and 31st December	 1966 were referred to. Of the extracts	 the last two make no reference to Mr. Fernandez. The first spoke thus "Maratha Dated 24 12 66. Pages 1 and 4. Shri section K. Patil will go to Sonapur in the ensuing election. Fernandez says in his Articles Patil mortgaged India 's Freedom with America by entering into P.L. 480 agreement and Mr. Patil had no devotion	 love	 respect for this country at all." Then followed this paragraph: "Similar false statements in relation to Respondent No. 2 character and conduct were published in Maratha Daily dated 12th December	 1966	 17th December	 23rd December	 24th December	 28th	 29th and 31st December issues	 January issues dated 4	 5	 7th	 10th	 18th	 20th	 21st	 28th	 30th and 31st. February issues	 616 1st	 2nd	 3rd	 6th	 7th	 8th	 10th	 11th	 14th	 15th	 16th	 17th	 18th	 19th	 20th	 21st. . These reports in original are filed and true translation are marked exhibit D to the petition. " We have already held that the newspapers mentioned in the last paragraph were not filed with the petition but on July 7	 1967 after the period of limitation was over. The allegations thus were that Mr. Fernandez made the false statements and they were published in the 'Maratha ' at his instance and with his connivance. There is no mention of any speech at Shivaji Park	 or at Sabu Siddik Chowk or at Dr. Vigas Street or the press inter view at Bristol Grill Restaurant. All these statements which are now referred to were said to be made by Mr. Fernandez himself. By the amendment a charge of corrupt practice was sought to be made for the first time in this form. In the original petition (Sub paragraph 2J) there was no averment that Mr. Fernandez believed these statements to be false or that he did not believe them to be true and this was also sought to be introduced by an amendment. It may	 however	 be mentioned that in an affidavit which accompanied the election petition this averment was expressly made and the appellants desire us to read the affidavit as supplementing the petition. By another application for amendment the petitioner sought to add a paragraph that the 'Maratha '	 Jagadguru Shankaracharya and Mr. Madhu Limaye were agents of Mr. Fernandez within the Election Law. By yet another application reference to an article in the 'Blitz ' was 'Sought to be included as Sub paragraph 2L. At the conclusion of the arguments on this part of the case we announced our decision that the amendment relating to the speeches of Mr. Fernandez at Shivaji Park	 Sabu Siddik Chowk and Dr. Vigas Street and his Press Conferences at Bristol Grill Restaurant and the article in the 'Blitz ' ought not to have been allowed but that the amendment relating to the agency of the 'Maratha ' etc. and that seeking to incorporate the averment about the lack of belief of Mr. Fernandez were proper. We reserved our reasons which we now proceed to give. The subject of the amendment of an election petition has been discussed from different angles in several cases of the High Courts and this Court. Each case	 however	 was decided on its own facts	 that is to say	 the kind of election petition that was filed	 the kind of amendment that was sought	 the stage at which the application for amendment was made and the state of the law at the time and so on. These cases do furnish some guidance but it is not to be thought that a particular case is intended to cover all situations. It is always advisable to look at the statute first to see alike what it authorises and what it prohibits. 617 Section 81 of the Representation of the People Act	 1951 enables a petitioner to call in question any election on one or more of the grounds specified in section 100(1) and section 101 of the Act. The petition must be made within 45 days from the date of election. Sections 100 and 101 enumerate the kind of charges which	 if established	 lead to the avoidance of the election of a returned candidate and the return of some other candidate. The first sub section of section 100** lays down the grounds for dec *"81. Presentation of petitions. (1) An election petition calling in question any election may be presented on one or more of the grounds specified in sub section (1) of section 100 and section 101 to the High Court by any candidate at such election or any elector within forty five days from	 but not earlier than	 the date of election of the returned candidate	 or if there are more than one returned candidate at the election and the dates of their election are different	 the later of those two dates. Explanation In this sub section	 'elector ' means a person who was entitled to vote at the election to which the election petition relates	 whether he has voted at such election or not. (2) (3) Every election petition shall be accompanied by as many copies thereof as there are respondents mentioned in the petition and every such copy shall be attested by the petitioner under his own signature to be a true copy of the petition." **"100. Grounds for declaring election to be void. (1) Subject to the provisions of sub section (2) if the High Court is of opinion (a) that on the date of his election a returned candidate was not qualified or was disqualified	 to be chosen to fill the seat under the Constitution or this Act or the 	 or (b) that any corrupt practice has been committed by a returned candidate or his election agent or by any other person with the consent of a returned candidate or his election agent; or (c) that any nomination has been improperly rejected; or (d) that the result of the election	 in so far as it concerns a returned candidate	 has been materially affected. (i) by the improper acceptance of any nomination	 or (ii) by any corrupt practice committed in the interests of the returned candidate by an agent other than his election agent	 or (iii) by the improper reception	 refusal or rejection of any vote or the reception of any vote which is void	 or (iv) by any non compliance with the provisions of the Constitution or of this Act or of any rules or orders made under this Act	 the High Court shall declare the election of the returned candidate to be void. (2) If in the opinion of the High Court	 a returned candidate has been guilty by an agent	 other than his election agent	 of any corrupt practice but the High Court is satisfied : (a) that no such corrupt practice was committed at the election by the candidate or his election agent	 and every such corrupt practice was committed contrary to the orders	 and without the consent	 of the candidate or his election agent; (c) that the candidate and his election agent took all reasonable means	 for preventing the commission of corrupt practices at the election	 and 618 learning an election to be void. These include corrupt practices committed by the candidate	 his election agent and any person with the consent of the returned candidate or his election agent. The second sub section lays down an additional condition which must be satisfied before the election can be declared to be void even though the corrupt practice is committed by an agent other than the election agent. Section 101* sets forth the grounds on which a candidate other than the returned candidate may be declared to have been elected. Section 101 actually does not add to the grounds in section 1 00 and its mention in section 81 seems some what inappropriate. Sections 100 and 101 deal with the sub stantive law on the subject of elections. These two sections circumscribe the conditions which must be established before an election can be declared void or another candidate declared elected. The heads of substantive rights in section 100(1) are laid down in two separate parts : the first dealing with situations in which the election must be declared void on proof of certain facts	 and the second in which the election can only be declared void if the result of the election in so far as it concerns the returned candidate	 can be held to be materially affected on proof of some other facts. Without attempting critically to sort out the two classes we may now see what the conditions are. In the first part they are that the candidate lacked the necessary qualification or had incurred disqualification	 that a corrupt practice was committed by the returned candidate	 his election agent or any other person with the consent of a returned candidate or his election agent or that any nomination paper was improperly rejected. These are grounds on proof of which by evidence	 the election can be set aside without any further evidence. The second part is conditioned that the result of the election	 in so far as it concerns a returned candidate	 was materially affected by the improper acceptance of a nomination or by a corrupt (d) that in all other respects the election was free from any corrupt practice on the part of the candidate or any of his agents	 then the High Court may decide that the election of the returned candidate is not void." *"101. Grounds for which a candidate other than the returned candidate may be declared to have been elected. If any person who has lodged a petition has	 in addition to calling in question the election of the returned candidate	 claimed a declaration that he himself or any other candidate has been duly elected and the High Court is of opinion (a) that in fact the petitioner or such other candidate received a majority of the valid votes; or (b) that but for the votes obtained by the returned candidate by corrupt practices the petitioner or such other candidate would have obtained a majority of the valid votes	 the High Court shall after declaring the election of the returned candidate to be void declare the petitioner or such other candidate	 as the case may be	 to have been duly elected." 619 practice committed in his interest by an agent other than an election agent or by the improper reception	 refusal or rejection of votes or by any noncompliance with the provisions of the Constitution or of the Representation of the People Act or rules or orders made under it. This condition has to be established by some evidence direct or circumstantial. It is	 therefore	 clear that the substantive rights to make an election petition are defined in these sections and the exercise of the right to petition is limited to the grounds specifically mentioned. Pausing here	 we may view a little more closely the provisions bearing upon corrupt practices in section 100. There are many kinds of corrupt practices. They are defined later in section 123	 of the Act and we shall come to them later. But the corrupt practices are viewed separately according as to who commits them. The first class consists of corrupt practices committed by the candidate or his election agent or any other person with the consent of the candidate or his election agent. These	 if established	 avoid the election without any further condition being fulfilled. Then there is the corrupt practice committed by an agent other than an election agent. Here an additional fact has to be proved that the result of the election was materially affected. We may attempt to put the same matter in easily understandable language. The petitioner may prove a corrupt practice by the candidate himself or his election agent or someone with the consent of the candidate or his election agent	 in which case he need not establish what the result of the election would have been without the corrupt practice. The expression "Any other person" in this part will include an agent other than an election agent. This is clear from a special provision later in the section about an agent other than an election agent. The law then is this : If the petitioner does not prove a corrupt practice by the candidate or his election agent or another person with the consent of the returned candidate or his election agent but relies on a corrupt practice committed by an agent other than an election agent	 he must additionally prove how the corrupt practice affected the result of the poll. Unless he proves the consent to the commission of the corrupt practice on the part of the candidate or his election agent he must face the additional burden. The definition of agent in this context is to be taken from section 123 (Explanation) where it is provided that an agent "includes an election agent	 a polling agent and any person who is held to have acted as an agent in connection with the election with the consent of the candidate. " In this explanation the mention of "an election agent" would appear to be unnecessary because an election agent is the alter ego of the candidate in the scheme of the Act and his acts are the acts of the candidate	 consent or no consent on the part of the candidate. 620 Having now worked out the substantive rights to the making of the petition	 we may now proceed to see what the corrupt practices are. Since we are concerned only with one such corrupt practice	 we need not refer to all of them. For the purpose of these appeals it is sufficient if we refer to the fourth sub section of section 123. It reads : "123. The following shall be deemed to be corrupt practice for the purposes of the Act (4) The publication by a candidate or his agent or by any other person	 with the consent of a candidate or his election agent	 of any statement of fact which is false	 and which he either believes to be false or does not believe to be true	 in relation to the personal character or conduct of any candidate	 or in relation to the candidature	 or withdrawal	 of any candidate	 being a statement reasonably calculated to prejudice the prospects of that candidate 's election. This corrupt practice may be committed by (a) the candidate (b) his agent	 that is to say (i) an election agent (ii) a polling agent (iii) any person who is held to have acted as an agent in connection with the election with the consent of the candidate. (c) by any other person with the consent of the candidate or his election agent. We are concerned in this appeal with (a) and (b) (iii) men tioned in our analysis. In the original petition the allegations were made on the basis of corrupt practices committed by a person alleged to have acted as an agent with Mr. Fernandezs consent. In the amendment application the allegation is that the candidate himself committed the corrupt practice under this subsection. As we pointed out earlier the difference between the original petition and the amendments will lie in the degree of proof necessary to avoid the election. If the corrupt practice is charged against an agent other than the election agent	 a further burden must be discharged	 namely	 that the result of the election was 621 materially affected. If	 however	 the corrupt practice is charged against the candidate personally (there is no election agent involved here)	 this further proof is not required. Another difference arises in this way. In section 100 (1) (b) the word 'agent ' is not to be found. Therefore an agent other than an election agent will fall to be governed by the expression 'any other person '. To get the benefit of not having to prove the effect of the corrupt practice upon the election the consent of the candidate or his election agent to the alleged practice will have to be established. Again for the establishment of the corrupt practice under section 123 (4)	 from whatever quarter it may proceed	 the election petitioner must establish (a) publication of a statement of fact	 and (b) the statement is false or the person making it believes it to be false or does not believe it to be true	 and (c) that the statement refers to the personal character and conduct of the candidate	 and (d) is reasonably calculated to prejudice the candidate 's prospects. It appears	 therefore	 that it is a question of different burdens of proof as to whether the offending statement was made by the candidate himself or by an agent other than an election agent. Having dealt with the substantive law on the subject of election petitions we may now turn to the procedural provisions in the Representation of the People Act. Here we have to consider sections 81	 83 and 86 of the Act. The first provides the procedure for the presentation of election petitions. The proviso to sub section alone is material here. It provides that an election petition may be presented on one or more of the grounds specified in sub section (1) of section 100 and section 101. That as we have shown above creates the substantive right. Section 83* then provides that the *Section 83. (1) An election petition (a) shall contain a concise statement of the material facts on which the petitioner relies : (b) shall setforth full particulars of any corrupt practice that the petitioner alleges	 including as full a statement as possible of the names of the parties alleged to have committed such corrupt practice and the date and place of the commission of each such practice; and (c) shall be signed by the petitioner and verified in the manner laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure	 1908 for the verification of pleadings : (provided that where the petitioner alleges any corrupt practice	 the petition shall also be accompained by an affidavit in the prescribed form in support of the allegation of such corrupt practice and the particulars thereof. (2) Any y schedule or annexure to the petition shall also be singed by the peti tioner and verified in the same manner as the petition. L10Sup./69 5 622 election petition must contain a concise statement of the material facts on which the petitioner relies and further that he must also setforth fun particulars of any corrupt practice that the Petitioner alleges including as full a statement as possible of the names of the parties alleged to have committed such corrupt practice and the date and place of the commission of each such practice. The section is mandatory and requires first a concise statement of material facts and then requires the fullest possible particulars. What is the difference between material facts and parti culars? The word 'material ' shows that the facts necessary to formulate a complete cause of action must be stated. Omission of a single material fact leads to an incomplete cause of action and the statement of claim becomes bad. The function of particulars is to present as full a picture of the cause of action with such further information in detail as to make the opposite party understand the case he will have to meet. There may be some overlapping between material facts and particulars but the two are quite distinct. Thus the material facts will mention that a statement of fact (which must be set out) was made and it must be alleged that it refers to the character and conduct of the candidate that it is false or which the returned candidate believes to be false or does not believe to be true and that it is calculated to prejudice the chances of the petitioner. In the particulars the name of the person making the statement	 with the date	 time and place will be mentioned. The material facts thus will show the ground of corrupt practice and the complete cause of action and the particulars will give the necessary information to present a full picture of the cause of action. In stating the material facts it will not do merely to quote the words of the section because then the efficacy of the words 'material facts ' will be lost. The fact which constitutes the corrupt practice must be stated and the fact must be correlated to one of the heads of corrupt practice. Just as a plaint without disclosing a proper cause of action cannot be said to be a good plaint	 so also an election petition without the material facts relating to a corrupt practice is no election petition at all. A petition which merely cites the sections cannot be said to disclose a cause of action where the allegation is the making of a false statement. That statement must appear and the particulars must be full as to the person making the statement and the necessary information. Formerly the petition used to be in two parts. The material facts had to be included in the petition and the particulars in a schedule. It is inconceivable that a petition could be filed without the material facts and the schedule by merely citing the corrupt practice from the statute. Indeed the penalty of dismissal summarily was enjoined for petitions which did not comply with the requirement. Today the particulars need not be separately included in a schedule but the distinction remains. The entire and complete cause of action must be in the 623 petition in the shape of material facts	. the particulars being the further information to complete the picture. This distinction is brought out by the provisions of section 86 although the penalty of dismissal is taken away. Sub section (5) of that section provides (5) The High Court may	 upon such terms as to costs and otherwise as it may deem fit	 allow the particulars of any corrupt practice alleged in the petition to be amended or amplified in such manner as may in its opinion be necessary for ensuring a fair and effective trial of the petition	 but shall not allow any amendment of the petition which will have the effect of introducing particulars of a corrupt practice not previously alleged in the petition. " The power of amendment is given in respect of particulars but there is a prohibition against an amendment "which will have the effect of introducing particulars if a corrupt practice not previously alleged in the petition. " One alleges the corrupt practice in the material facts and they must show a complete cause of action. If a petitioner has omitted to allege a corrupt practice	 he cannot be permitted to give particulars of the corrupt practice. The argument that the latter part of the fifth sub section is directory only cannot stand in view of the contrast in the language of the two parts. The first part is enabling and the second part creates a positive bar. Therefore	 if a corrupt practice is not alleged	 the particulars cannot be supplied. There is however a difference of approach between the several corrupt practices. If for example the charge is bribery of voters and the particulars give a few instances	 other instances can be added; if the charge is use of vehicles for free carriage of voters	 the particulars of the cars employed may be amplified. But if the charge is that an agent did something	 it cannot be amplified by giving particulars of acts on the part of the candidate or vice versa. In the scheme of election law they are separate corrupt practices which cannot be said to grow out of the material facts related to another person. Publication of false statements by an agent is one cause of action	 publication of false statements	 by the candidate is quite a different cause of action. Such a cause of action must be Alleged in the material facts before particulars may be given. One cannot under the cover of particulars of one corrupt practice give particulars of a new corrupt practice. They constitute different causes of action. Since a single corrupt practice committed by the candidate	 by his election agent or by another person with the consent of the candidate or his election agent is fatal to the election	 the case must be specifically pleaded and strictly proved. If it has not been pleaded as part of the material facts	 particulars of such 624 corrupt practice cannot be supplied later on. The bar of the latter part of the fifth sub section to section 86 then operates. In the petition as 'originally filed the agency of Jagadguru Shankaracharya	 Mr. Madhu Limaye and the Maratha (or Mr. Atrey) was the basis of the charge and the candidate Mr. Fernandez was left out. No allegation was personally made against him. The only allegations against him personally were contained in paragraph 2G. There it was said that Mr. Fernandez had made certain speeches to the effect that Mr. Patil was against the Muslims and Christians. No evidence was led and they were not even referred to at the hearing before us. The next reference in 2J is to statements of Mr. Fernandez. and published by the Maratha. These were specified and only three such statements were included. Since the gist of the election offence is the publication of false statements	 the charge is brought home to the candidate through the publication by the Maratha. It is to be remembered that even the allegation that in doing so the Maratha acted as the agent of Mr. Fernandez	 itself came by way of an amendment which we allowed as it completed the cause of action and is per missible. The bar of section 86(5) (latter part) does not apply to it and under Order VI rule 17 of the Code of Civil Procedure	 which is applicable as far as may be	 such an amendment can be made. Similarly the allegations that such statements were false or were believed to be false or were not believed to be true by the Maratha (i.e. Mr. Atrey) and that they were calculated to prejudice Mr. Patills chances and did so	 were allowed by us to be added as completing the cause of action relating to a corrupt practice already alleged. But we declined to allow to stand the amendments which had the effect of introducing	 new corrupt practices relating to the candidate himself which had not been earlier pleaded. This kind of amendment is prohibited under the law when the amendment is sought after the period of limitation. The learned Judge in the High Court did not keep the distinction between material facts and particulars in mind although the language of the statute is quite clear and makes a clear cut division between the two. He seems to have been persuaded to Such a course by a reading of the rulings of this Court and the High Courts. These same rulings were presented before us and we may now say a few words about them. The learned Judge in the High Court has relied upon Harish Chandra Bajpai vs Triloki Singh(1) and deduced the proposition that where the petition sets out the corrupt practice as a ground	 instances of the corrupt practices may be added subsequently and even after the period of limitation of filing the petition is over. Following that case the learned Judge has allowed the (1) ; 625 amendments as corrupt practice under section 123 (4) was alleged in the original petition. We shall come to that case last of all. It seems to have played a great part in moulding opinion in India on the subject of amendment of pleadings in the Election Law. To begin with it must be realised that as is stated in Jagan	 Nath vs Jaswant Singh and Others(1) the statutory requirements of the law of Election in India must be strictly observed. It is pointed out in that case that an election contest is not an action at law or a suit in equity but a purely statutory proceeding unknown to common law and that the court possesses no common law power. Although the power of amendment given in the Code of Civil Procedure can be invoked because section 87 makes the procedure applicable	 as nearly as may be to the trial of election petitions	 the Representation of the People Act itself enacts some rules	 which override the Civil Procedure Code. General power of amendment or the power derived from the Code of Civil Pro cedure must be taken to be overborne in so far as the election law provides. In a large number of cases it has been laid down by the High Courts in India that the material facts	 must make out a charge and it is only then that an amendment to amplify the charge can be allowed or new instances of commission of corrupt practice charged can be given. If no charge is made out in the	 petition at all the addition of particulars cannot be allowed to include indirectly a new charge. This was laid down in Din Dayal vs Beni Prasad and Another (2)	 Balwan Singh vs Election Tribu nal	 Kanpur and Others(3) by the Allahabad High Court	 in T. L. Sasivarna Thevar vs V. Arunagiri and Others (4 ) by the Madras High Court and in Hari Vishnu Kamath vs Election Tri bunal	 Jaipur and Another(5) by the Madhya Pradesh High Court. All these cases rely upon Harish Chandra Bajpai 's case (6) to which we have referred. Harish Chandra Bajpai 's case (6) was based on an English case Beat vs Smith (7 ). In that case it was held that under the Parliamentary Election Act of 1868 it was enough to allege generally in the petition that "the respondent by himself and other persons on his behalf was guilty of bribery	 treating and undue influence before	 during and after the election. " A summons was taken out calling upon the petitioner to deliver better particulars of "other persons". Willes	 J. after consulting Martin	 B and Blackburn	 J. ordered better particulars. It was contended that the petition should be taken off the files since the particulars were lacking. Section 20 of that Act only provided that an election petition should be in such form and should state such matters as may be prescribed. Rule 2 prescribed that the petition should state (i) the right of the petitioner to petition and (ii) and should state the holding and result (1) (2) (3) 15 5E.L.R. 199. (4) (5) (7) L.R. 4 C.P. 115.(6) 11957] S.C.R. 370 626 of the election and then should briefly state such facts and grounds relied on to sustain the prayer. Rule 5 prescribed the form which required facts to be stated. Bovill	 C.J.	 said that the form of the petition was proper and it was quite useless to state anything further. But in Bruce vs Odhams Press Ltd.(1) the Court of Appeal distinguished 'material facts ' from 'particulars ' as they occurred in Order XIX of the Rules of the Supreme Court of England. The words there were material facts and particulars and the distinction made by Scott	 L.J. bears out the distinction we have made between 'material facts ' and 'Particulars ' as used in section 83 of our statute. The same view was also expressed in Phillips vs Phillips(2). The observations of Brett	 L.J. in that case also bear out the distinction which we have made. It appears that this distinction was not brought to the	 notice of this Court in Harish Chandra Bajpai(3) case. The rules on the subject of pleadings in the English statute considered in Beal 's case(4) were different. We have in our statute an insistence on a concise statement of material facts and the particulars of corrupt practice alleged. These expressions we have explained. However	 it is not necessary to go into this question because even on the law as stated in Harish Chandra Bajpai 's(3) case the amendment allowed in this case cannot be upheld. We shall now notice Harish Chandra Bajpai 's(3) case a little more fully. In that case the material allegation was that the appellants "could in the furtherance of their election enlist the support of certain government servants" and that the appellant No. 1. had employed two persons in excess of the prescribed number for his election purposes. No list of corrupt practices was attached. Thereafter names were sought to be added. The amendment was allowed by the Tribunal after the period of limitation and the addition was treated as mere particulars. It was held by this Court that an election petition must specify "grounds or charges" and if that was done then the particulars of the grounds or charges could be amended and new instances given but go new ground or charge could be added after the period of limitation. The reason given was that the amendment "introducing a new charge" altered the character of the petition. Venkatarama Iyyar	 J. emphasised over and over again that new instances could be given provided they 'related to a 'charge ' contained in the petition. The result of the discussion in the case was summarised by the learned Judge at page 392 as follows : "(1) Under section 83(3) the Tribunal has power to allow particulars in respect of illegal or corrupt prac (1) (2) (3) ; (4) L.R. 4 C.P. 115. 627 tices to be amended	 provided the petition itself specifies the grounds or charges	 and this power extends to permitting new instances to be given. (2) The Tribunal has power under O.Vl	 r. 17 to order amendment of a petition	 but that power cannot be exercised so as to permit new grounds or charges to be raised or to so alter its character	 as to make it in substance a new petition	 if a fresh petition on those allegations will then be barred. " What is meant by 'ground or charge ' was not stated. By "ground" may be meant the kind of corrupt practice which the petitioner alleges but the word "charge" means inclusion of some material facts to make out the ground. Applying the same test (although without stating it) the learned Judge pointed out that the charge made in the petition was that the appellants 'could ' in furtherance of their election enlist the support of certain government servants and it meant only an ability to enlist support but the 'charge ' which was sought to be levelled against the candidate later was that he had in fact enlisted the said support. The learned Judge observed at page 393 as follows : "the charge which the respondent sought to level against the appellants was that they moved in public so closely with high dignitaries as to create in the minds of the voters the impression that they were favoured by them. We are unable to read into the allegations in para 7 (c) as originally framed any clear and categorical statement of a charge under section 123(8)	 or indeed under any of the provisions of the Election law. " The allegation in the statement was described as worthless and further it was observed at page 395 as follows : "But even if we are to read 'could ' in para 7 (c) as meaning 'did '	 it is difficult to extract out of it a charge under section 123(8). The allegation is not clear whether the Government servants were asked by the appellants to support their candidature	 or whether they were asked to assist them in furtherance of their election prospects	 and there is no allegation at all that the Government servants did	 in fact	 assist the appellants in the election. On these allegations	 it is difficult to hold that the petition in fact raised a charge under section 123 (8). It is a long jump from the petition as originally laid to the present amendment	 wherein for the first time it is asserted that certain Mukhiasno Mukhias are mentioned in the petition assisted the appellants in furtherance of their election prospects	 and that thereby the corrupt practice mentioned 628 in section 123 (8) had been committed. The new matters introduced by the amendment so radically alter the character of the petition as originally framed as to make it practically a new petition	 and it was not within the power of the Tribunal to allow an amendment of that kind.	 ' It would appear from this that to make out a complete charge the facts necessary must be included in relation to a 'ground ' as stated in the Act. Merely repeating the words of the statute is not sufficient. The petitioner must specify the ground i.e. to say the nature of the corrupt practice and the facts necessary to make out a charge. Although it has been said that the charge of corrupt practice is in the nature of quasi criminal charge	 the trial of an election petition follows the procedure for the trial of a civil suit. The charge which is included in the petition must	 therefore	 specify the material facts of which the truth must be established. This is how the case was understood in numerous other cases	 some of which we have already referred to. In particular see J. Devaiah vs Nagappa and Others(1) and Babulal Sharma vs Brijnarain Brajesh and Others(2). Three other cases of this Court were also cited. In Chandi Prasad Chokhani vs State of Bihar(3) it was held that the powers of amendment were extensive but they were controlled by the law laid down in the Representation of the People Act. It was again emphasised that a new ground or charge could not be made the ground of attack as that made a new petition. In Bhim Sen vs Gopali and Others(4) the scope of Harish Chandra Bajpai 's(5) case was considered and its narrow application was pointed out. Indeed in that case the observations in Harish Chandra Bajpai 's(5) case were not followed to the utter most limit. In Sheopat Singh vs Ram Pratap(6) the only allegation was that the appellant (Hariram) got published through him and others a statement but there was no allegation that Hariram believed the statement to be false or did not believe it to be true. It was held that in the absence of such averment it could not be held that there was an allegation of corrupt practice against Hariram. The publication with guilty knowledge was equated to a kind of mens rea and this was considered a necessary ingredient to be alleged in the petition. From our examination of all the cases that were cited before us we are satisfied that an election petition must set out a ground or charge. In other words	 the kind of corrupt practice which was perpetrated together with material facts on which a charge (1) (2) 1958 Madhya Pradesh 175 (F.B.). (3) (4) (5) ; (6) ; 629 can be made out must be stated. It is obvious that merely repeating the words of the statute does not amount to a proper statement of facts and the section requires that material facts of corrupt practices must be stated. If the material facts of the corrupt practice are stated more or better particulars of the charge may be given later	 but where the material facts themselves are missing it is impossible to think that the charge has been made or can be later amplified. This is tantamount to the making of a fresh petition. Reverting therefore to our own case we find that the allega tion in paragraph 2J was that Mr. Fernandez made some state ments and the 'Maratha ' published them. Extracts from the 'Maratha ' were filed as Exhibits. Since publication of a false statement is the gist of an election offence the charge was against the 'Maratha '. If it was intended that Mr. Fernandez should be held responsible for what he said then the allegation should have been what statement Mr. Fernandez made and how it offended the election law. In 2J itself only three statements were specified and two of them had nothing to do with Mr. Fernandez and the third was merely a news item which the 'Maratha ' had published. There was no reference to any statement by Mr. Fernandez himself throughout the petition as it was originally filed. In fact there was no charge against Mr. Fernandez which could have brought the case within section 101 (b) of the Act. The attempt was only to make out the case under section 100 (1) (d) against the 'Maratha ' (or Mr. Atrey) pleading Mr. Atrey as agent of Mr. Fernandez. That too was pleaded in the amendments. The result is that the case gets confined to that of a candidate responsible for the acts of his agent. In the argument before us Mr. Chari for Mr. Fernandez conceded the position that Mr. Atrey could be treated as the agent of Mr. Fernandez. We are therefore relieved of the trouble of determining whether Mr. Atrey could be held to be an agent or not. The trial Judge was also satisfied that Mr. Atrey could be held to have acted as the agent of Mr. Fernandez. The case as originally pleaded fell within section 100(1) (d) with the additional burden. Although Mr. Daphtary was content to prove that the consent of Mr. Fernandez was immaterial as the corrupt practice of his agent was equally fatal to the election and attempted to prove his case under section 100 (1) (d) of the Act	 Mr. Jethamalani who took over the argument from him contended that the case fell to be governed by section 101 (b) that is to say	 of any person who did the act with the consent of Mr. Fernandez. It is therefore necessary to pause here to decide	 whether Mr. Atrey had the consent of Mr. Fernandez to the publications in his newspaper. The difference between Mr. Daphtary 's argument and that of Mr. Jethamalani lies in this. In the latter the consent of the 630 candidate must be proved to each corrupt practice alleged	 in the former there is only need to prove that a person can be held to have acted as an agent with the consent of the candidate. An agent in this connection is ;not one who is an intermeddler but one acting with the consent	 express or implied	 of the candidate. According to Mr. Jethamalani when an agent works regularly for a candidate the consent to all his acts must be presumed and he contends that the court was wrong in requiring proof of prior consent to each publication. On the other hand	 Mr. Chari 's case is that when Mr. Atrey acted as an agent and when he did not act as an agent	 is a question to be considered in respect of each publication in the 'Maratha '. According to him it is not sufficient merely to say that Mr. Atrey was an agent because Mr. Atrey was also editor of the newspaper and in running his newspaper his activities were his own and not on behalf of Mr. Fernandez. Mr. Jethamalani relies strongly upon the case of Rama Krishna (C.A. No. 1949 of 1967 decided on April 23	 1968) and Inder Lall Yugal Kishore vs Lal Singh(1). Rama Krishna 's case was decided on its special facts. There the agent was one who had been employed regularly by Rama Krishna not only in the last election but also in two previous elections. Rama Krishna stated that the arrangements for his election were completely left in that agent 's hands. The agent had got printed some posters which had defamed the candidate and these posters were exposed on the walls. Rama Krishna admitted that he had seen these posters and also that he had paid for the posters when the bill was presented to him. In fact he included the amount in his return of election expenses. It was from these combined facts that the consent of Rama Krishna to the corrupt practice of. making false and defamatory statements was held proved. The case therefore is not one in which the person while acting in a different capacity makes a defamatory statement. In the case from Rajasthan the rule laid down was that the association of persons or a society or a political party or its permanent members	 who set up a candidate	 sponsor his cause	 and work to promote his election	 may be aptly called the agent for election purposes. In such cases where these persons commit a corrupt practice unless the exception in section 100(2) apply the returned candidate should be held guilty. We shall consider this question later. Before we deal with the matter further we wish to draw attention to yet another case of this Court reported in Kumara Nand vs Brijmohan Lal Sharma(2). In that case section 123(4) was analysed. It was held that the belief must be that of the candidate himself. The word "he" in the sub section where it occurs for the first time was held to mean the candidate. This Court observed as follows (1) A.T.R. (2) ; 631 "The sub section requires : (i) publication of any statement of fact by a candidate	 (ii) that fact is false	 (iii) the candidate believes it to be false or does not believe it to be true	 (iv) the statement is in relation to the personal character or conduct of another candidate; and (v) the said statement is one being reasonably calculated to prejudice the prospects of the other candi date 's election. (See Sheopat Singh vs Ram Pratap(1) This case thus lays down that the person with whose belief the provision is concerned is ordinarily the candidate who	 if we may say so	 is responsible for the publi cation. The responsibility of the candidate for the publication arises if he publishes the thing himself. He is equally responsible for the publication if it is published by his agent. Thirdly he is also responsible where the thing is published by any other person but with the consent of the candidate or his election agent. In all three cases the responsibility is of the candidate and it is ordinarily the candidate 's belief that matters for this purpose. If the candidate either believes the statement to be false or does not believe it to be true he would be responsible under section 123(4). In the present case. the poem was not actually read by the appellant	 but it was read in his presence at a meeting at which he was presiding by Avinash Chander. In these circumstances. the High Court was right in coming to the conclusion that the recitation of the poem by Avinash Chander at the meeting amounted to the publication of the false statement of fact contained in it by another person with the consent of the candidate	 and in this case	 even of his election agent who was also present at the meeting. 	 But the responsibility for such publication in the circumstances of this case is of the candidate and it is the candidate 's belief that matters and not the belief of the person who actually read it with the consent of the candidate. What would be the position in a case where the candidate had no knowledge at all of the publication before it was made need not be considered for that is not so here. It is not disputed in this case that the statement that the respondent was the greatest of all thieves	 was false. It is also not seriously challenged that the appellant did not believe it to be true. The contention that Avinash Chander 's belief should have been proved must therefore fail. " From this case it follows that to prove a corrupt practice in an agent is not enough	 the belief of the candidate himself must (1) ; 632 be investigated with a view to finding out whether he made a statement which he knew to be false or did not believe to be true. When we come to the facts of the case in hand we shall find that most of the statements were made by a newspaper editor in the normal course of running a newspaper. Some of the passages which are criticised before us were made as news items and some others were put in the editorial. It is to be remembered that the newspaper ran a special column called "George Femandez 's Election Front". No article or comment in that column has been brought before us as an illustration of the corrupt practice. A newspaper publishes news and expresses views and these are functions normal to a newspaper. If the same news appeared in more than one paper	 it cannot be said that each editor acted as agent for Mr. Fernandez and by parity of reasoning a line must be drawn to separate the acts of Mr. Atrey in running his newspaper and in acting as an agent. Mr. Atrey was not a wholetime agent of Mr. Fernandez so that anything that he said or did would be treated as bearing upon the belief of Mr. Fernandez as to the truth of the statements made by Mr. Atrey. Therefore	 every act of Mr. Atrey could not be attributed to Mr. Fernandez so as to make the latter liable. We have therefore to analyse these articles to find out which of them answers the test which we have propounded here. But the fact remains that the case was pleaded on the basis of corrupt practices on the part of an agent but by the amendment the candidate was sought to be charged with the corrupt practices personally. As there was no such charge or ground in the original petition and as the application for amendment was made long after the period of limitation was over the amendment could not be allowed. Accordingly we ruled out the amendments concerning the personal speeches of Mr. Fernandez and the article in the 'Blitz '. After we announced our conclusion about the amendments Mr. Daphtary with the permission of the Court left the case in the hands of Mr. Jethamalani and the argument to which we have already referred in brief was advanced by him. As pointed out already Mr. Jethamalani attempted to prove that the case would be governed by section 100 (1) (b) that is to say that the statements in the 'Maratha ' were published with the consent of Mr. Fernandez. Mr. Jethamalani deduced this from the course of events and argued that on proof of the corrupt practices committed by the 'Maratha '	 Mr. Fernandez would be personally liable. He based himself on the following	 facts. He pointed out that Mr. Fernandez had admitted that he desired that the newspapers should support his candidature and therefore must have been glad that the 'Maratha ' was Supporting him. and the articles in the 'Maratha ' were uniformly for the benefit of Mr. Fernandez. Sampurna Maharashtra Samiti was also supporting the candidature of Mr. Fernandez and the 'Maratha ' had made common cause with the Sampurna Maha 633 rashtra Samiti	 the offices of both being situated in the same building which was also Mr. Atrey 's residence. Mr. Atrey was the editor of the 'Maratha ' and Chairman of the Sampurna Maharashtra Samiti. Mr. Atrey was also a candidate supported by the Sampuma Maharashtra Samiti. Mr. Fernandez and Mr. Atrey had a common platform and they supported each other in their respective constituencies. The 'Maratha ' carried a column "George Femandez 's Election Front" which was intended to 'be a propaganda column in favour of Mr. 'Fernandez. He contended that Mr. Fernandez could not be unaware of what Mr. Atrey was doing. He pointed out several statements of Mr. Fernandez in which he sometime unsuccessfully denied the knowledge of various facts. He contended lastly that Mr. 'Fernandez had social contacts with Mr. Atrey and could not possibly be unaware that Mr. Atrey was vociferously attacking Mr. Patil 's character and conduct. Mr. Jethamalani therefore argued that there was knowledge and acquiescence on the part of Mr. Fernandez and as there was no repudiation of what the 'Maratha ' published against Mr. Patil	 Mr. Fernandez must be held responsible. The learned trial Judge in his judgment has given a summary of all these things at page 695 and it reads "To sum up	 it is clear from the above discussion that respondent No. 1 is a prominent member of the SSP	 that the SSP is ' a constituent unit of the SMS	 that both Acharya Atrey and respondent No. 1 participated in the formation of the SMS that they both participated in the inauguration of the election campaign by the SMS	 that the SMS	 carried on election propaganda for candidates supported by it including respondent No. 1	 that Acharya Atre was the president of the Bombay Unit of the SMS and was a prominent and a leading member thereof	 that each of them addressed a meeting of the constituency of the other to carry on election propaganda for the other	 that Acharya Atre through the columns of his newspaper Maratha carried on intensive and vigorous campaign for success of candidates supported by the SMS including respondent No. 1	 that Acharya Atre started a special feature in Maratha under the heading "George Fernandez Election Front". These factors amongst others show that Acharya Atre had authority to canvass for respondent No. 1	 that be made a common cause with respondent No. 1	 for promoting 'his election	 that to the knowledge of respondent No. 1 and for the purpose of promoting his election	 he (Atre) canvassed and did various things as tended to promote his election. This in law is sufficient to make Acharya Atre an agent of respondent No. 1	 as that term is understood under the election law. " 634 Mr. Jethamalani contended in further support that there was a clear similarity in the statements and utterances of Mr. Fernandez and Mr. Atrey. He inferred a high probability of concept between them. In this connection he referred in particular to the speech of Mr. Fernandez at Shivaji Park and the conduct of Shanbhag	 one of his workers	 in following up what Mr. Fernandez had said. We shall refer to this last part later on which a considerable part of the time of the Court was spent	 although we had ruled out the amendment with regard to the speech at Shivaji Park. Mr. Jethamalani referred to the following cases among others in support of his contention that consent in such circumstances may be assumed : Nani Gopal Swami vs Abdul Hamid Choudhury and Another(1)	 Adams and Others vs Hon. E.F. Leveson Gower (2) Christie vs Grieve(3) and W. F. Spencer; John Blundell vs Charles Harrison(4). There is no doubt that consent need not be directly proved and a consistent course of conduct in the canvass of the candidate may raise a presumption of consent. But there are cases and cases. Even if all this is accepted we are of opinion that consent cannot be inferred. The evidence proves only that Mr. Atrey was a supporter and that perhaps established agency of Mr. Atrey. It may be that evidence is to be found supporting the fact that Mr. Atrey acted as agent of Mr. Femandez with his consent. That however does not trouble us 'because Mr. Chari admitted that Mr. Atrey can be treated as an agent of Mr. Fernandez. It is however a very wide jump from this to say that Mr. Fernandez had consented to each publication ;as it came or ever generally consented to the publication of items defaming the character and conduct of Mr. Patil. That consent must be specific. If the matter was left entirely in the hands of Mr. Atrey who acted solely as agent of Mr. Fernandez something might be said as was done in Rama Krishna 's case(5) by this Court. Otherwise there must be some reasonable evidence from which an inference can be made of the meeting of the minds as to these	 publications or at least a tacit approval of the general conduct of the agent. If we were not to keep this distinction in mind there would be no difference between section 100(1)(b) and 100(1)(d) in so far as an agent is concerned. We have shown above that a corrupt act per se is enough under section 100 (1) (b) while under section 100 (1) (d) the act must directly affect the result of the election in so far as the returned candidate is concerned. Section 100(1) (b) makes no mention of an agent while section 100 (1) ( (d) specifically does. There must ' be some reason why this is so. The reason is this that an agent cannot make the candidate responsible unless the candidate has consented or the act of the (1) (2) 1 O 'Malley and Hardcastle 218. (3) 1 O 'Malley and Hardcastle 251. (4) 3 O 'Malley and Hardcastle 148. (5) C.A. No. 1949 of 1967 decided on April 23	1968. 635 agent has materially affected the election of the returned candidate. In the case of any person (and he may be an agent) if he does the act with the consent of the returned candidate there is no need to prove the effect on the election. Therefore	 either Mr. Jethamalani must prove that there was consent and that would mean a reasonable inference from facts that Mr. Fernandez consented to the acts of Mr. Atrey or he must prove that the result of the election was seriously affected. If every act of an agent must be presumed to be with the consent of the candidate there would be no room for application of the extra condition laid down by section 1 00 ( 1 ) (d)	 because whenever agency is proved either directly or circumstantially	 the finding about consent under section 1 00 ( 1 ) (b) will have to follow. We are clearly of opinion that Mr. Jethamalani 's argument that section 100 (1) (b) applies can only succeed if he establishes consent on the part of Mr. Fernandez. We have already pointed out that Mr. Atrey was also the editor of a newspaper which	 as Mr. Patil has himself admitted	 was always attacking him. Mr. Atrey had opened a column in his newspaper to support Mr. Ferandez 's candidature. Although nine articles appeared in the column between December 3	 1966 to February 2	 1967	 not a single false statement from this column has been brought to our notice. There was not even a suggestion that Mr. Fernandez wrote any article for the 'Maratha ' or communicated any fact. It is also significant that although Mr. Atrey addressed meetings in the constituency of Mr. Fernandez	 not a single false statement of Mr. Atrey was proved from his speeches on those occasions. The petitioner himself attended one such meeting on February 4	1967	 but he does not allege that there was any attack on his personal character or conduct. The learned trial Judge has also commented on this fact. We think that regard being had to the activities of Mr. Atrey as editor and his own personal hostility to Mr. Patil on the issue of Sampuma Maharashtra Samiti	 we cannot attribute every act of Mr. Atrey to Mr. Fernandez. Mr. Chari is right in his contention that Mr. Atrey 's field of agency was limited to what he said as the agent of Mr. Fernandez and did not embrace the field in which he was acting as editor of his newspaper. It is also to be noticed that Mr. Atrey did not publish any article of Mr. Fernandez	 nor did he publish any propaganda material. The meeting at Shivaji Park about which we shall say some thing presently	 was not held in Mr. Fernandez 's constituency. The similarity of ideas or even of words cannot be pressed into service to show consent. There was a stated policy of Sampuma Maharashtra Samiti which wanted to	 join in Maharashtra all the areas which had not so far been joined and statements in that 636 behalf must have been made not only by Mr. Atrey but by several other persons. Since Mr. Atrey was not appointed as agent we cannot go by the similarity of language alone. It is also very significant that not a single speech of Mr. Fernandez was relied upon and only one speech of Mr. Fernandez namely	 that at Shivaji Park was brought into arguments before us came by an amendment which we disallowed. The best proof would have been his own speech or some propaganda material such as leaflets or pamphlets etc. but none was produced. The 'Maratha ' was an independent newspaper not under the control of the Sampurna Maharashtra Samiti or the S.S.P. which was sponsoring Mr. Fernandez or Mr. Fernandez himself. Further we have ruled out news items which it is the function of the newspaper to publish. A news item without any further proof of what had actually happened through witnesses is of no value. It is at best a secondhand secondary evidence. It is well known that reporters collect information and pass if on to the editor who edits the news item and then publishes it. In this process the truth might get perverted or garbled. Such news items cannot be said to prove themselves although they may be taken. into account with other evidence if the other evidence is forcible. In the present case the only attempt to prove a speech of Mr. Fernandez was made in connection with the Shivaji Park meeting. Similarly the editorials state the policy of the newspaper and its comment upon the events. Many of the news items were published in other papers also. For example Free Press Journal	 the Blitz and writers like Welles Hengens had also published similar statements. If they could not be regarded as agents of Mr. Fernandez we do not see any reason to hold that the 'Maratha ' or Mr. Atrey can safely be regarded as agent of Mr. Fernandez when acting for the newspaper so as to prove his consent to the publication of the defamatory matter. We are therefore of opinion that consent cannot reasonably be inferred to the publications in the 'Maratha '. We are supported in our approach to the problem by a large body of case law to which our attention was drawn by Mr. Chari. We may refer to a few cases here : Biswanath Upadhaya vs Haralal Das and Others(1)	 Abdul Majeed vs Bhargavan (Krishnan) & otherS(2)	 Rustom Satin vs Dr. Sampoornanand and Others(3)	 Sarla Devi Pathak vs Birendra Singh & OtherS(4)	 Krishna Kumar vs Krishna Gopal(5)	 Lalsing Keshrising Rehvar vs Vallabhdas Shankerlal Thekdi and Others(6)	 Badri Narain Singh and Others vs Kamdeo Prasad Singh and Another (7) and Sarat Chandra Rabba vs Khagendranath Nath and others(8). It is not necessary to (1) (2) A.I.R. 1963 Kerala 18. (3) (4) (5) A.I.R. (6) A.I.R. 1967 Gujarat 62. (7) A.I.R. 1961 Patna 41. (8) ; 637 refer to these cases in detail except to point out that the Rajasthan case dissents from the case from Assam on which Mr. Jehamalani relied. The principle of law is settled that consent may be inferred from circumstantial evidence but the circumstances must point unerringly to the conclusion and must not admit of any other explanation. Although the trial of an election petition is made in accordance with the Code of Civil Procedure	 it has been laid down that a corrupt practice must be proved in the same way as a criminal charge is proved. In other words	 the election petitioner must exclude every hypothesis except that of guilt on the part of the returned candidate. or his election agent. Since we. have held that Mr. Atrey 's activities must be viewed in two compartments	 one connected with Mr. Fernandez and the other connected with the newspaper we have to find out whether there is an irresistible	 inference of guilt on the part of Mr. Fernandez. Some of the English cases cited by Mr. Jethamalani are not a safeguide because in England a distinction is made between "illegal practices" and "corrupt practices". Cases dealing with "illegal practices" in which the candidate is held responsible for the acts of his agent are not a proper guide. It is to be noticed that making of a false statement is regarded as "illegal practice" and not a "corrupt practice" and the tests are different for a corrupt practice. In India all corrupt practices stand on the same footing. The only difference made is that when consent is proved on the part of the candidate or his elec tion agent to the commission of corrupt practice	 that itself is sufficient. When a corrupt practice is committed by an agent and there is no such consent then the petitioner must go further and prove that the result of the election in so far as the returned candidate is concerned was materially affected. In Bayley vs Edmunds	 Byron and Marshall(1)	 strongly relied upon by Mr. Daphtary the publication in the newspaper was not held to be a corrupt practice but the paragraph taken from a newspaper and printed as a leaflet was held to be a corrupt practice. That is not the case here. Mr. Patil 's own attitude during the election and after is significant. During the election he did not once protest that Mr. Fernandez was spreading false propaganda	 not even when Mr. Fernandez charged his workers with hooliganism. Even after the election Mr. Patil did not attribute anything to Mr. Fernandez. He even said that the Bombay election was conducted with propriety. Even at the filing of the election petition he did not think of Mr. Fernandez but concentrated on the 'Maratha '. Mr. Daphtary sought to strengthen the inference about con sent from the inter connection of events with the comments in the 'Maratha '. He refers to the news item appearing in the (1) L10Sup./69 6 638 'Times of India ' of February 10	 1967 in which the letting loose of bad characters was alleged to be commented upon by Mr. Fernandez. He connected this with the activities of Shanbhag who wrote to the Election Commission and then pointed out that the 'Maratha ' came out with it. But if the 'Times of India cannot be regarded as the agent no more can the 'Maratha '. A newspaper reporting a meeting does so as part of its own activity and there can be no inference of consent. What was necessary was to plead and prove that Mr. Fernandez said this and this. Then the newspaper reports could be taken in support but not independently. Here the plea was not taken at all and the evidence was not direct but indirect. Mr. Jethamalani referred to some similarity in the reaction of the 'Maratha ' and Mr. Fernandez to the events. The Babu bhai Chinai incident was said to be a fake by both the 'Maratha ' and Mr. Fernandez	 the Sayawadi meeting (not pleaded) was said to be followed by similar statements in the 'Maratha '	 the Bristol Grill Conference was reported in the 'Maratha '. All this shows that the rival party believed in certain facts but it does not show that the 'Maratha ' was publishing these articles with Mr. Fernandez 's consent. In fact this argument has been wrongly allowed. Before this there was not so much insistence upon consent as thereafter. Now it may be stated that mere knowledge is not enough. Consent cannot be inferred from knowledge alone. Mr. Jetha malani relied upon the Taunton case(1) where Blackburn. J. said that one must see how much was being done for the candidate and the candidate then must take the good with the bad. There is difficulty in accepting this contention. Formerly the Indian Election Law mentioned 'knowledge and connivance ' but now it insists on consent. Since reference to the earlier phrase has been dropped it is reasonable to think that the law requires some concrete	 proof	 direct or circumstantial of consent	 and not merely of knowledge and connivance. It is significant that the drafters of the election petition use the phrase 'knowledge and connivance ' and it is reasonable to think that they consulted the old Act and moulded the case round 'knowledge and connivance ' and thought that was sufficient. We cannot infer from an appraisal of the evidence of Mr. Fernandez that he had consented. His denial is there and may be not accurate but the burden was to be discharged by the election petitioner to establish consent. If Mr. Fernandez suppressed some other facts or denied them	 there can be no inference that (1) 1 O 'Malley and Hardcastle 181	 185. 639 his denial about knowledge of the articles in the 'Maratha ' was also false. M. Fernandez denied flatly that he saw the articles explaining that there was no time to read newspapers	 a fact which has the support of Mr. Patil who also said that he had no time to read even cuttings placed by his secretary for his perusal. We may say here that we are not impressed by the testimony of Mr. Fernandez and we are constrained to say the same about Mr. Patil. We cannot on an appraisal of all the materials and the arguments of Mr. Daphtary reach the conclusion that Mr. Fernandez was responsible for all that Mr. Atrey did in his newspaper or that his consent can be inferred in each case. The most important argument was based on the meeting at Shivaji Park on January 31	 1967 where Mr. Fernandez spoke. As the subject of the charge in the original petition did not refer to this speech and we disallowed the amendment	 Mr. Jethamalani attempted to reach the same result by using the speech as evidence of consent to the publication of the report in the 'Maratha '. Here we may say at once that the speech could not be proved because it was not pleaded. Much time was consumed to take us through the evidence of witnesses who gave the exact words of Mr. Fernandez. Mr. Fernandez was alleged to have said that Mr. Patil was not honest and won elections by changing ballot boxes. Mr. Fernandez did not admit having made the speech. Four witnesses Tanksale	 Bhide	 Khambata and Bendre who alleged that they were present at the meeting deposed to this fact. We have looked	 into their evidence and are thoroughly dissatisfied with it. Ramkumar	 a reporter was also cited. He covered the meeting for the 'Indian Express ' but his newspaper had not published this part and Ramkumar was examined to prove that it was deleted by Rao the Chief Reporter. The evidence of Ramkumar was so discrepant with that of Rao that the trial Judge could not rely on it and we are of the same opinion. The fact that in exhibit 56 Mr. Fernandez had spoken of the 'ways and means ' of winning elections of Mr. Patil cannot be held to be proof nor the activities of Shanbhag in arranging for a watch of the ballot boxes. Every candidate is afraid that the ballot boxes may be tampered with and there is no inference possible that because Mr. Fernandez or Shanbhag 'his worker took precautions	 Mr. Fernandez must have made a particular speech. It was said that Randive in his evidence admitted that Mr. Fernandez made such comments. We do not agree. His version was different. There is reason to think that there was an attempt to suborn witnesses and make them support this part of the case or to keep away from the witness box. One such attempt was made on Randive. We are not impressed by the witnesses who came to disprove the petitioners case but that does not improve it either. It seems that attempts were being made to enlist support for such a contention and the evidence shows that the wit 640 nesses were not free from influence. It is not necessary to go into the evidence on the other side such as that of Dattu Pradhan and Prafulla Baxi. They do not impress us either. We are	 accordingly not satisfied that Mr. Fernandez made any such comment. If he did that would be a ground of the very first importance to an election petition. It is a little surprising that it was alleged so late and appears to be an after thought and intended to put into the mouth of Mr. Fernandez one of the statements of the 'Maratha '. Consent to the making of the statement in the 'Maratha ' had	 therefore	 to be proved and there is no such proof. For the same reasons we cannot regard Jagadguru Shankara charya or Mr. Madhhu Limaye as the agents of Mr. Fernandez. The evidence regarding their agency itself is nonexistent and there is no material on which consent can be presumed or inferred. The result of the foregoing discussion is that this case will have to be judged of under section 1 00 ( 1 ) (d) and not under section 100 (1) (b). In the arguments before us Mr. Chari conceded that some of the articles contain false statements regarding the character and conduct of Mr. Patil. He mentioned in this connection five articles. It is	 not	 therefore	 necessary to examine	 each of the 16 articles separately. If the conditions required by section 100	 (1) (d) read with section 123 (4) are satisfied	 a corrupt practice avoiding the election will be established. The first condition is that the candidate 's belief in the falsity of the statements must be established That was laid down by this Court in Kumara Nand vs Brijmohan Lal Sharma(1). The second condition is that the result of the election in so far as Mr. Fernandez is concerned must be shown to be materially affected. Thus we have not only to see (a) that the statement was made by an agent	 (b) that it was false etc.	 (c) that it related to the personal character and conduct of Mr. Patil	 (d) that it was reasonably calculated to harm his chances but also (e) that it in fact materially affected the result of the election in so far as Mr. Fernandez was concerned. Of these (a) and (c) are admitted and (b) is admitted by Mr. Fernandez because he said that he did not believe that there was any truth in these statements. The question next is whether they were calculated to affect the prospects of Mr. Patil. Here there can be no two opinions. These articles cast violent aspersions and were false as admitted by Mr. Fernandez himself. The course of conduct shows a deliberate attempt to lower his character and so they must be held to be calculated to harm him in his election. So far the appellants are on firm ground. Even if all these findings are in favour of the appellants	 we cannot declare the election to be void under section 100(1) (d) (ii) unless we reach the further conclusion that the result of the election in so (1) ; 641 far as Mr. Fernandez was concerned had been materially affected. The section speaks of the returned candidate when it should have really spoken of the candidate who was defamed or generally about the result. However it be worded	 the intention is clear. The condition is a prerequisite. Mr. Jethamalani argued that the words "materially affected" refer to the general result and not how the voting would have gone in the absence of the corrupt practice. According to him section 94 of the Act bars disclosure of votes and to attempt to prove how the voting pattern would have changed	 would involve a violation of section 94. According to him the court can give a finding by looking to the nature of the attacks made	 the frequency and extent of publicity	 the medium of circulation and the kind of issue that was raised before the voters. He contends that to tell the Maharashtrians that Mr. Patil paid a bribe to the voters of Goa to keep it centrally administered	 to call Mr. Patil a Najibkhan of Maharashtra i.e. a traitor	 to dub him as the creator of Shiv Sena which terrorized the minorities	 to describe him as a goonda and leader of goondas who organised attacks on voters	 to charge him with the responsibility of attack on Parliament and the Congress President 's residence and to describe him as dishonest to the extent of switching ballot boxes	 is	 to materially affect the result of the voting. According to him these circumstances furnish a _good basis for the finding that the result of the election was positively affected and nothing more is needed. According to Mr. Jethamalani the capacity of Mr. Atrey when making these violent attacks was irrelevant as he was acting in support of the canvass of Mr. Fernandez. Mr. Jethamalani further submits that different false state ments were intended to reach different kind of voters. The Maharashtrians were affected by the Goa and border issues	 the minorities by the Shiv Sena allegations	 the law abiding citizens by the allegations about goondaism. Thus there must have been a land slide in so far as Mr. Patil was concerned and there must have been corresponding gain to Mr. Fernandez. He relies upon Hackney case(1) where Grove	 J. made the following observations at pages 81 and 82 "I have turned the matter over in my mind	 and I cannot see	 assuming that argument to express the meaning of that section	 how the tribunal can by possibility say what would or might have taken place under different circumstances. It seems to me to be a problem which the human mind has not yet been able to solve	 namely	 if things had been different at a certain period	 what would have been the result of the concatenation of events upon that supposed change of circum (1) 2 O ' Malley and Hardcastle 's Election Reports 77. 642 stances. I am unable at all events to express an opinion upon what would have been the result	 that is to say	 who would have been elected provided certain matters had been complied with here which were not complied with. It was contended that I might hear evidence on both sides as to how an elector thought he would have voted at such election. That might possibly induce a person not sitting judicially to form some sort of vague guess	 out that would be far short of evidence	 which ought to satisfy the mind of a judge of what any individual who might express that opinion would really do under what might have been entirely changed circumstances. But	 besides that	 one of the principles of the Ballot Act is that voting should be secret	 and voters are not to be compelled to disclose how they voted except upon a scrutiny after a vote has been declared invalid. Notwithstanding that	 I am asked here	 assum ing the construction for which Mr. Bowen contends to be correct	 to ascertain how either the 41	000 electors of this Borough	 or any number of them	 might have wished to vote had they had the opportunity of doing so	 and what in that event would have been the result of the election. It seems to me that such an inquiry would not only have been entirely contrary to the spirit of the Act	 but also that it would be a simple impossibility. I should	 therefore	 say that even if the wording of the Act	 taking it literally and grammatically	 required me to put sucha construction upon it	 it would lead to such a manifest absurdity (using now the judicial term which has generally been used with reference to the construction of statutes) that unless I were in some way imperatively obliged	 and unless the Act could by no possibility admit of any other construction	 I should not put a construction upon it which really reduced the matter to a practical impossibility. Such a construction would practically render it necessary	 in the case of any miscarriage at an election	 however great the miscarriage might be (if	 that is to say	 only a very small number of persons had voted	 and all the rest of tile Borough had been entirely unable to vote) that the judge should then enquire as to how the election would have gone. As I ventured to remark in the course of the argument	 where a miscarriage of this sort took place it would be virtually placing the election not in the hands of the constituency	 but in the hands of the election _judge	 who is not to exercise a judgment as to who is to be the member	 but who is only to see whether the election has been properly conducted according to law." 643 Justice Grove then gave the meaning of the provision at page 85 as follows : "If I look to the whole	 and to the sense of it as a whole	 it seems to me that the object of the Legislature in this provision is to say this an election is not to be upset for an informality or for a triviality	 it is not to be upset because the clerk of one. of the polling stations was five minutes too late	 or because some of the polling papers were not delivered in a proper manner	 or were not marked in a proper way. The objection must be something substantial	 something calculated really to affect the result of the election. I think that is a way of viewing it which is consistent with the terms of the section. So far as it seems to me	 the reasonable and fair meaning of the section is to prevent an election from becoming void by trifling objections on the ground of an informality	 because the judge has to look to the substance of the case to see whether the informality is of such a nature as to be fairly calculated in a reasonable mind to produce a substantial effect upon the election." Mr. Jethamalani invites us to apply the same test and in the light of his facts to say that the result of the election in so far as Mr. Fernandez is concerned was materially affected. On the other hand	 Mr. Chari relies upon the facts that there was a difference of 30	000 votes between the two rivals and as many as 38	565 votes were cast in favour of the remaining candidates. He says that Mr. Patil had contested the earlier elections from the same constituency and the votes then obtained by him were not more in faithless. He says it is impossible to say how much Mr. Patil lost or Mr. Fernandez gained by reason of the false statements and whether the affected voters did not give their votes to the other candidates. He argues that the best test would be to see what Mr. Patil 's reactions were on hearing of his defeat. In this connection he referred to exhibit 120 in which Mr. Patil commented on the elections in Bombay being orderly. In exhibit 128 he said that the voters of Bombay had rejected him and that he has disappointed his supporters and they must pardon him	 and that he must have been punished for some sin committed by him. Mr. Chari says that never for a moment did Mr. Patil attribute his defeat to false propaganda by Mr. Fernandez or his supporters	 which if it had been a fact Mr. Patil would have lost no time in mentioning. All this shows that Mr. Patil maintained his position in this constituency. Mr. Fernandez had earlier announced that be would organise support for himself from those who had voted in the past for his rivals 	 or had refrained from voting and this Mr. Fernandez was successful in achieving. Mr. Chari relies upon the rulings of this Court where it has been laid down how the 644 burden of proving the affect on the election must be discharged. He referred to the case reported in Vashist Narain Sharma V. Dev Chandra(1) and Surendra Nath Khosla vs Dilip Singh(2) and the later rulings of this Court in which Vashist Narain 's(1) case has been followed and applied. In our opinion the matter cannot be considered on possibility. Vashist Narain 's(1) case insists on proof. If the margin of votes were small something might be made of the points mentioned by Mr. Jethamalani. But the margin is large and the number of votes earned by the remaining candidates also sufficiently huge. There is no room	 therefore	 for a reasonable judicial guess. The law requires proof. How far that proof should go or what it should contain is not provided by the Legislature. In Vashist 's(1) case and in Inayatullah vs Diwanchand Mahajan	 (3) the provision was held to prescribe an impossible burden. The law has however remained as before. We are bound by the rulings of this Court and must say that the burden has not been successfully discharged. We cannot overlook the rulings of this Court and follow the English ruling cited to us. To conclude and summarize our findings : We are satisfied that Mr. Atrey as the Editor of the 'Maratha ' published false statements relating to the character and conduct of Mr. Patil	 calculated to harm the prospects of Mr. Patil 's election	 that Mr. Atrey was the agent of Mr. Fernandez under the election law	 but there is nothing to prove that he did so with the consent of Mr. Fernandez	 nor can such consent be implied because in making the statements Mr. Atrey was acting as the editor of his own newspaper the 'Maratha ' and not acting for Mr. Fernandez. We are further satisfied that the petitioner has failed to establish in the manner laid down in this Court	 that the result of the election was materially affected in so far as Mr. Fernandez was concerned. We are also satisfied that if the petitioner had pleaded corrupt practices against Mr. Fernandez personally (which he did not) the result might have been different. The election petition was it considered and left out the most vital charges but for that the petitioner must thank himself. In the result the appeals failed and as already announced earlier they are dismissed with costs. V.P.S. Appeal dismissed. (1) ; (2) (3) 	 235 236.

Under section 81 of the Representation of the People Act	 1951	 an election can be challenged by means of an election petition filed within 45 days of the date of election	 on the grounds specified in section 100(1). Section 100 (1) (b) and (d) (ii) deal with corrupt practices	 and section 123 sets out what shall be deemed to be corrupt practices. To establish the corrupt practice under section 123(4) the election petitioner must prove : (a) the publication of a statement of fact by (i) a candidate	 or (ii) his agent	 or (iii) any other person with the consent of the candidate or his election agent; (b) that the statement is false or the candidate believes it to be false or does not believe it to be true; (c) that the statement refers to the personal character and conduct of another candidate; and (d) that it is reasonably calculated to prejudice that other candidate 's prospects of election. Under the Explanation to the section	 the word 'agent ' includes an election agent	 a polling agent or any person who is held to have acted as an agent in connection with the election with the consent of the candidate. If the corrupt practice is committed by the returned candidate or his election agent	 under section 100(1) (b)	 the election is avoided without any further condition being	 fulfilled	 but if the petitioner relies on a corrupt practice committed by any other agent other than an election agent the petitioner must prove that it was committed with the consent of the returned candidate or his election agent as required by section 100(1) (b)	 or	 that the corrupt practice which was committed in the interests of the returned candidate materially affected the result of the election in so far as it concerned the returned candidate. [617 A B; 618 B D] Section 83 requires that the petition must contain a concise statement of the material facts on which the petitioner relies and the fullest possible particular of the corrupt practice alleged. 'Material facts ' and 'particulars ' may overlap but the word 'material ' shows that the ground of corrupt practice and the facts necessary to formulate a complete cause of action must be stated. The function of the Particulars is to present as full a picture of the cause of action as to make the opposite party understand the case he will have to meet. Under section 86(5)	 if a corrupt practice. is alleged in the petition the particulars of such corrupt practice may be amended or amplified for ensuring a fair and effective dial	 that is	 more and better particulars of the charge may be given later	 even after the period of limitation; but if a corrupt practice is not previously alleged in the petition	 an amendment which will have the effect of introducing parti 604 culars of such a corrupt practice will not be permitted	 after the period of 'limitation	 because	 it would be tantamount to the making of a fresh petition. Merely repeating the words of the statute does not amount to a proper statement of material facts where the allegation of corrupt practice is the making of a false statement. The false statement must appear in the petition. if the corrupt practice is the publication of an article in a newspaper no incorporation of the contents by reference can be allowed	 for	 if a newspaper is not exhibited and only the date is mentioned	 the material fact	 namely	 the exact offending portion of the newspaper	 would not have been stated. If the charge is that an agent did something	 it cannot be amplified by giving particulars of acts on the part of the candidate or vice versa	 because	 in the scheme of: election law	 publication of false statements by an agent is one cause of action and publication of false statements by a candidate is quite a different cause of action. They are separate corrupt practices which cannot be said to grow out of the material facts related to another person. Since a single corrupt practice committed by the candidate or by his election agent	 or by any other person with the consent of the candidate or his election agent is fatal to the election	 the case must be specifically pleaded and strictly proved; if not	 such corrupt practice cannot be alleged later on after the period of limitation [619 C H; 621 B D; 622 A D	 F G; 623 E H; 629 A B] In the present case	 the election of the first respondent to Parliament from Bombay South Parliamentary constituency	 was challenged by the appellant (an elector in the constituency) on the ground that corrupt practices were committed. The result of the poll was declared on February 24	 1967. The first respondent secured 1	47	841 votes and his nearest rival	 the second respondent	 secured 1	18	407 votes. The petition was filed on April 7	 1967. The corrupt practice alleged was that the first respondent made some speeches	 and that the first respondent and two others	 with the consent and for the benefit of the first respondent	 made false statements	 casting aspersions on the character and conduct of the second respondent	 and that those and other false statements were published as news items in the daily newspaper 'Maratha '. Extracts from the newspapers were annexed. It was also stated that similar false statements were published in some other issues of the newspaper but no attempt Was made either to specify the offending portions of the newspapers or to file the extracts or the original issues	 but only the dates were given. There was also no averment that the first respondent believed the statements to be false or did not believe them to be true. After the period of limitation	 the originals of all the issues of the newspapers were filed and after the examination of the election petitioner as a witness	 applications for amendment were made. The High Court allowed the following amendments : (a) Speeches attributed to the first respondent and a speech said to have been made at a meeting	 when the first respondent presided	 casting aspersions on the second respondent	 to be included among the list of corrupt practices. Reports of those speeches appeared in the issues of the 'Maratha ' which were filed later. (b) An article in the 'Blitz	 written by the first respondent defamatory of the second respondent also to be included in the list of corrupt practices. (c) An averment that the editor of the newspaper 'Maratha ' and the first respondent believed the statements to be false or that they did not believe them to be true. And (d) an averment that the editor of the newspaper and the two others were the agents of the first respondent. The High Court however	 dismissed the election petition. [614 E F; 616 B] In appeal to this Court	 on the questions : (1) Whether all or any of the amendments should be allowed; (2) Whether the editor of the 'Maratha ' and the two others committed corrupt practices under section 100 605 (1) (b) by publishing the statements about the second respondent with the consent of the first respondent and (3) Whether the result of the election in so far as it concerned the first respondent was materially affected by the publication as required by section 100(1) (d) (ii)	 HELD: (1) The amendments relating to the speeches of	 the first respondent and his article in the Blitz should not be allowed; but the amendments relating to the agency of the editor of the 'Maratha ' and the two others	 and that seeking to incorporate the averment about the lack of belief of the editor of 'Maratha and the first respondent should be allowed. [616 E G] In the petition as originally filed	 the agency of the editor of 'Maratha	 and the two others was the basis of the charge and the first respondent was left out. Only one allegation was made personally against the first respondent namely that he made some speeches but that was not relied upon and no evidence regarding it was adduced. The other allegation in the original petition was that he made some statements	 and that the 'Maratha ' published them; and the extracts from the 'Maratha were filed as exhibits. Since publication of a false statement is the gist of the election offence the charge was against the 'Maratha	 and its editor. If it was intended that the first respondent should be held responsible then the allegation should have been what statement he made and how it offended the election law. 'Mere was however no reference to any statement by the first respondent himself throughout the petition as it was originally filed and in fact there was no charge against him. During the election the second respondent did not once protest that the first respondent was spreading false propaganda and even after election he did not attribute anything to the first respondent. Therefore	 the amendments which had the effect of introducing new corrupt practices relating to the candidate himself which had not been pleaded earlier should not be allowed	 as that kind of amendment	 sought after the period of limitation	 is prohibited under the law. But the allegation that in publishing the statements in the 'Maratha ' its editor acted as the agent of the first respondent	 that the statements were false or were believed to be false by the first respondent and the editor	 and that they were calculated to prejudice the second respondent 's chances and did so prejudice	 should be allowed. They are merely particulars to be added for completing the cause of action relating to a current practice already alleged. The result is that the 'case is confined to that of a candidate sought to be made responsible for the acts of his agent other than an election agent. [620 G; 624 A F; 632 A B] Jagan Nath vs Jaswant Singh	 	 Bhim Sen vs Gopali	 	 Chandi Prasad Chokani vs State of Bihar	 	 Sheopat Singh vs Ram Pratap	 ; and Kumara Nand vs Brij Mohan	 [1967]1 2 S.C.R. 127	 followed. Harish Chandra Bajpai vs Triloki Singh	 ; 	 explained. Din Dayal vs Beni Prasad	 	 Balwant Singh	 ;vs Election Tribunal	 	 Sasivarna Thevar vs Arunagiri	 	 Hari Vishnu Kamath vs Election Tribunal	 	 Devaiah vs Nagappa	 A.I.R. 1965 Mys. 102	 Babulal Sharma vs Brijnarain Brajesh	 A.I.R. 1958 M.P. 175 (F.B.)	 Beal vs Smith L. R. 1 5; Bruce vs Odhams Press Ltd. and Phillips vs Phillips	 	 referred to. (2) Regard however being had to the activities of the editor of 'Maratha ' as editor and his own personal hostility to the second respon L10Sup./69 4 606 dent	 every act of the editor could not be attributed to the first respondent. The editor 's field of agency must be limited to what he said as the agent of the first respondent and would not embrace the field in which he as acting as editor of his newspaper unless the first respondent 's con sent to the corrupt practices was established. [636 E F; 638 B C] Consent need not be directly proved and could be inferred from circumstantial evidence	 such as a consistent course of conduct of the candidate. But the circumstances must point unerringly to the conclusion and must not admit of any other explanation. Although an election petition is tried in accordance with the Civil Procedure Code	 a corrupt pra ctice must be proved in the same way as a criminal	charge is proved. English cases dealing with illegal practices in which the candidate is held :responsible for the acts of his agent	 are not a proper guide	 because English law	 unlike Indian law	 makes a distinction between 'illegal practices ' and 'corrupt practices '. Fourth the consent of the candidate must 'be specific and must be proved for each corrupt practice. If every act of an agent is presumed to be with the consent of the candidate there would be no room for the application of the extra condition laid down by section 100(1)(d)	 namely	 the material effect on the result of the election	 be 	cause	 whenever agency is proved either directly or circumstantially	 the finding about consent under section 100(1) (b) will hive	 to follow. [637 A H] In the present case	 though the newspaper ran a special column as an 	election front of the first respondent	 no article or comment in that column was relied on for proving a corrupt practice. It was not even suggested that the first respondent wrote any article for the 'Maratha. The statements which were relied on as corrupt practices we 're made by the editor of the newspaper in the normal course of running a newspaper	 as news items or in the editorial. They stated the policy of the newspaper and its comments upon the events. Many of the news items 	appeared. in more than one paper. If it could not be said that the editors of each of those papers acted as an agent for the first respondent there is no reason for	 holding that the editor of 'Maratha ' alone acted as such agent. It was not as if the matter was left entirely in the hands of the 	editor who acted as a whole time agent or solely as the agent of the first respondent	 nor is it a case of some persons setting up the first respondent as a candidate and sponsoring his cause. The editor did not publish any propaganda material such as leaflets or pamphlets. Therefore	 though the editor was a supporter and agent of the first respondent	 it could not be said that the first respondent consented to each publication as it appeared or even generally consented to the publication of items defaming the character and conduct of the second respondent. The first respondent denied knowledge of the. articles. From his false suppression of some other facts and denial of others	 it could not be said that his denial of knowledge of the articles in the 'Maratha ' was also false. But even if he had knowledge	 it would not be sufficient	 because	 the law requires some concrete proof	 direct or circumstantial	 of consent	 and not merely 'of knowledge or connivance. Further	 no such inference regarding the first respondent 's consent could be drawn from the comments and speeches attributed to the first respondent by the 'Maratha ' and other newspapers or from any similarity of ideas or language	 because	 news items when published are garbled versions and cannot be regarded as proof of what actually happened or was said without other acceptable evidence through prom witnesses. [629 B H; 630 A B: 632 F H; 633 A D; 634 A H; A G; 636 AD; 638 A G; 639 A B] As regards the other two persons	 even evidence regarding their agency was non existent and there was no material on which the first respondent 's consent to their statements could be presumed or inferred. [640 A B] 607 Therefore	 since the consent of the candidate to the corrupt Practice was not proved the case will have to be judged under section 100 (1) (d) (ii) and not under section 100(1)(b). [640 D] Rama Krishna 's case	 C.A. No. 1949/67 dated 234 68	 Inder Loll Yugal Kishore vs Lal Singh	 A.I.R. 1961 Raj. 122	 Gopal Swami vs Abdul Hamid Chowdhury	 A.I.R. 1959 Assam 200	 Adams vs Hon. E. F. Leveson Gower	 1 O 'Malley & Hardcastle 218	 Christie vs Grieve	 1 O 'Malley & Hardcastle 251	 Spencer	 John Blundell vs Charles Harrison	 3 O 'Mally & Hardcastle 148	 Biswanath Upadhava vs Haralal Das	 A.I.R. 1958 Assam 97	 Abdul Majeed vs	 Bhargavan	 A.I.R. 1963 Kerala 18	 Rustom Satin vs Dr. Sampoornanand 	 Sarala Devi Pathak T. Birendra Singh	 	 Krishna Kumar vs Krishna Gopal	 A.I.R. 1964 Raj. 21	 Lai Singh vs Vallabhdas	 A.I.R. 1967 Guj. 62	 Badri Narain vs Kantdeo Prasad	 A.I.R. 1961 Pat. 41	 Sarat Chandra vs Khagendranath	 ; and Taunton 's case	 I O 'Malley & Hardcastle 181	 185	 referred to. Bayley vs Edmunds	 Byron & Marshall 	 distinguished. (3) To bring a case under section 100(1) (d) (ii) it is not sufficient to prove that a person acted as an agent with the consent of the candidate. The petitioner will have to establish that the conditions required by section 100(1).(d)(ii) and section 123(4) are satisfied	 that is : (a) that a false statement was made by an agent	 (b) that the first respondent did not believe	 the statement to be true or believed it to be false; (c) that it related to the personal character and conduct of the second respondent; (d) that it was reasonably calculated to harm the chances of the second respondent; and (e) that it in fact materially affected the result of the election in so far as the first respondent was concerned. Conditions (a)	 (b) and (c). were admitted by the first respondent and	 since the articles cast violent aspersions on the second respondent and showed a deliberate attempt to lower his character	 condition (d) was also satisfied. But as condition (e) was not satisfied	 the election petition should be dismissed. [640 D H] Even after considering the nature of attacks made on the second respondent	 the frequency and extent of publicity	 the medium of circulation and the kinds of issues raised before the voters	 it could not be said	 in the circumstances of this case	 that the result of the. election in so far as the first respondent was concerned was materially affected. The matter could not be decided on possibilities or on a reasonable judicial guess	 because	 the law requires proof	 and though section 100(1) (d) casts a difficult burden on the election petitioner	 that burden must be successfully discharged by him. [641 B D; 644 B D] There was a large difference (about 30	000) between the votes received by the two rival candidates	 namely the first and second respondents	 and as many as 38	565 votes were cast in favour of the remaining candidates and it is impossible to say how much the second respondent lost or first respondent gained by reason of the false statements. After the election the second respondent never for a moment attributed his defeat to the false propangada of the first respondent or his supporters and even said that the election was conducted with propriety. [64 3 E H; 644 D F] Vashist Narain Sarma vs Dev Chandra	 ; 	 Surendra Nath Khosla vs Dalip Singh	 and Inayatullah vs Diwanchand Mahajan	 	 235	 236	 followed. Hackney 's case	 2 O 'Malley and Hardcastle	 77	 referred to. 608