Summarize the following court judgment. vil Appeal Nos. 207 208 (NT) of 1979. From the Judgment and Order dated 10th August	 1977 of the Kerala High Court in T.R.C. Nos. 61 and 62 of 1976. P.S. Poti and K.R. Nambiar for the Appellants. T.S. Krishnamoorthy Iyer	 S.B. Sawhney and V.B. Saharya for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by section RANGANATHAN	 J. 1. A very interesting question as to the principles of interpretation of legislation by incorporation or references arises for consideration in these appeals arising out of certain assessments to sales tax in Kerala. Section 9 of the Kerala General Sales Tax Act 1963 which came into force on 1.4.1963 granted exemption from sales tax on goods specified in the third Schedule to the said Act. These included the following: 5. Sugar as defined in item 1 of the First Schedule to the : 6. Tobacco as defined in item 4 of the First Schedule to the and 7. Cotton fabrics	 silk fabrics woollen fabrics and rayon or artificial silk fabrics as defined in item Nos. 19. 20	 21 and 22 respectively of the First Schedule to the . The question before us is whether	 in respect of the assessment years 1971 72 and 1972 73	 with which we are concerned	 the exemption given to `cotton fabrics ' under item 7 above should be restricted to `cotton fabrics ' as defined in the Central Excises & Salt Act	 1944 (`the 1944 Act ') as it stood on 1.4.1963 or whether it would also cover goods falling under the said definition after its amendment in 1969. Though we are concerned only with the interpretation of the Kerala General Sales Tax Act	 1963	 it is necessary PG NO 605 to refer back to the earlier history of some Central as well as State legislations: (i) We start with the 1944 Act. By this Act	 excise duty was levied on the manufacture or production of various types of goods enumerated in the First Schedule to the Act. Item 19 (originally item 12) of the First Schedule	 as it stood on 1.4.1963	 defined `cotton fabrics ' thus: "cotton fabrics `Cotton Fabrics ' mean all varieties of fabrics manufactured either wholly or partly from cotton and include dhoties	 sarees	 chadars	 bed sheets	 bed spreads	 counter panes and table cloths	 but do not include any such fabric xxx xxx xxx xxx Item 19 was amended by the Finance Act	 1969. After amendment	 it reads thus: "Cotton Fabrics `Cotton Fabrics ' means all varieties of fabrics manufactured either wholly or partly from cotton and includes dhoties	 sarees	 chaddars	 bed sheets	 bed spreads	 counter panes	 table cloths	 embroidery in the piece	 in strips or in motifs and fabrics impregnated or coated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials but does not include xxx xxx" (Underlining ourS ) The question set out earlier assumes importance because the respondents assessees deal in "P.V.C. Cloth"	 an item of goods which is clearly covered by the amended definition but perhaps	 not by the original one. (ii) In 1957	 there were certain legislations of Parliament affecting the levy of sales tax and excise duty. The first of these was the (C.S.T. Act) passed in pursuance of Article1e 286 (3) of the Constitution of India which reads thus: "Any law of a State shall	 in so far as it imposes or authorises the imposition of	 a tax on the sale or purchase PG NO 606 of goods declared by Parliament by law to be of special importance in inter state trade or commerce	 be subject to such restrictions and conditions in regard to the system of levy	 rates and other incidents of the tax as Parliament may by law specify. " The C.S.T. Act received the assent of the President on 24.12.56. section 14 of the Act declared certain goods to be goods of special importance in inter state trade or commerce. (hereinafter referred to as `declared goods '.) These included	 as on 1.4.1963	 the following: "(ii a) cotton fabrics	 as defined in Item No. 19 of the First Schedule to the Central Excises and Sait Act	 1944; xxx xxx xxx (vii) rayon or artificial silk fabrics	 as defined in Item No. 22 of the First Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act	 1944(1 0f 1944) (viii) sugar	 as defined in Item No. 1 of the First Schedule to the ( 1 of 1944) (ix) tobacco	 as defined in Item No. 4 of the First Schedule to the ( 1 of 1944) (x) woollen fabrics	 as defined in Item No. 21 of the First Schedule to the (xi) silk fabrics as defined in Item No 20 of the First Schedule to the . The definitions of the above goods were thus related to their definitions under the 1944 Act. section 15 of the Act imposed certain restrictions and conditions in regard to tax on sale or purchase of declared goods within a State. It may be mentioned that this section	 as originally enacted in 1956	 had been amended w.e.f. 6.6.1957. by Act 16 of 1957 and	 again	 by Act 31 of 1956	 w.e.f. 1.10.1958. (iii) About the same time as the C.S.T. Act	 Parliament also enacted the Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act	 1957 (`the 1957 Act '). The statement of objects and reasons of this Act reads as follows: PG NO 607 " The object of this legislation is to impose additional duties of excise in replacement of the sales tax levied by the Union and the States on sugar	 tobacco and mill made tex tiles and to distribute the net proceeds of these taxes	 except the proceeds attributable to Union Territories	 to the States. The distribution of the proceeds of the additional duties broadly followed the pattern recommended by the Second Finance Commission. Provision has been made that the States which levy a tax on the sale or purchase of these commodities after 1st April	 1958 to not participate in the distribution of the net proceeds. Provision is made in the Act for including these goods in the category of goods declared to be of special importance in inter state trade or commerce so that	 following the imposition of uniform duties of excise on them	 the rates of sales tax	 if levied by the State are subject from 1st April	 1958 to the restrictions in s 15 of the section 3 of this Act originally levied an additional excise duty on sugar tobacco	 cotton fabrics	 rayon or artificial silk and woollen fabrics and section 2(c) defined the above goods as having the meanings respectively assigned to them in item Nos. 8	 9	 12	 12A and 12B (subsequently changed as item 1	 4	19	12 and 22 respectively) of the First Schedule to the 1944 Act. It ma be mentioned here that the Finance Act 1961 had amended section 14 of the C.S.T. Act by including	 as item (xi): "silk fabrics as defined in item 20 of the First Schedule of the 1944 Act". It also simultaneously amended the 1957 Act by adding a reference to `silk fabrics ' in section 3 (1)	 in the definition clause section 2 (c) as well in the Schedule. However	 in 1968 when the was amended against by deleting the reference to `silk fabrics '; there was no corresponding amendment in the 1957 Act. The Finance (N0. 	 substituted the word "man made fabrics" for the words "rayon or artificial silk fabrics": w.e.f. 8.8.1977 and included a definition of he new expression in item 22 of the Schedule to the 1944 Act and the 1957 Act. section 7 of the Act	 as originally enacted	 declared that the goods declared to by of special importance would	 from 1.4.1968	 be subject to the restrictions and conditions specified in section 15 of the . This section was omitted	 w.e.f. 1.10.1958. by Act 31 of 1958 which also amended section 15 of the (iv) The levy of sales tax in Kerala was formerly governed by the (Act XI of 1125) PG NO 608 Malayalam Era 1125 corresponds to 1950 of the Gregorian Calendar. This Act was amended by the General Sales Tax (Amendment) Ordinance	 (No. 8 of 1957) w.e.f. 14.12.57	 the Ordinance being replaced by the General Sales Tax (Amendment) Act VII of 1958 with retrospective effect from the same date. This amendment Act inserted section 5A in the 1125 Act which exempted certain goods from the levy of sales tax. Sub section (1) of this section read thus: "5A. Exemption of the tax on the sale of mill made textile (other than pure silk)	 tobacco and sugar: (1) The sale by any dealer of (i) mill made textile	 other than pure silk	 (ii) tobacco	 and (iii) sugar; other than stock of such goods in his possession	 custody or control immediately before the 14th day of December	 1957	 shall	 as from that date	 be exempt from taxation under s . 3	 sub s . " Thus Act was replaced by the Kerala General Sales Tax Act	 1963 (`the 1963 Act ')	 as already mentioned w.e.f. 1.4.63. (v) We have already referred to section 9 and item 7 of the Third Schedule to the 1963 Act. The Kerala General Sales Tax (Second Amendment) Act	 (Act 16 of 1967) amended item 7 of 1963 Act to reads as follow w.e.f. 1.9.1967; "7. Cotton fabrics	 woollen fabrics and rayon or artificial silk fabrics as defined in item nos. 19	 21 and 22 respectively of the First Schedule to the Central Excises & Salt Act	 1944. In other words	 the exemption granted to `silk fabrics ' was taken away mention may also be made that by reason of a later amendment	 `silk fabrics ' was included as one of the items on which single point tax was leviable under the 1963 Act. This item	 in the First Schedule to the Act as it stood on 1.4.1980. read: PG NO 609 "101 `Silk fabrics '	 that is to say	 all varieties of fabrics manufactured either wholly or partly from silk including embroidery in piece	 in strips or in mofits	 but not including such fabrics on which duty of excise is leviable under sub section (1) of Section 3 of the Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act (Central Act 58 of 1957)". (vi) Reference may also be made to one more enactment	 though it has no direct bearing on the issue before us. This is the (Central Act 40 of 1978). This Act charged an additional duty of excise in respect of various goods specified in the Schedule to the Act over and above the duty chargeable on them under the 1944 Act. These goods included "cotton fabrics" "silk fabrics"	 "woollen fabrics 	man made fabrics and "wool tops" as defined in items 19	320	21	22 and 43 of the First Schedule to the 1944 Act. These are the relevant statutory provisions. On these the question to be considered is: What is the effect of the mention of the definition of "cotton fabrics" given in the 1944 Act in the Schedule to the 1963 Act? Does it attract only the said definition as on 1.4 1963 or also the subsequent amendments thereto? To appreciate the contentions urged	 it is necessary to make a brief reference to the principles of interpretation of an enactment which for purposes of convenience. refers to or incorporates a provision of another. These have been discussed in various earlier decision viz	 Secretary of State vs Hindustan Cooperative Insurance Society Ltd.	 [1931] 58 I .A. 259	 Collector of Customs vs Nathella Sampathu Chetty & another; 	 	 Ram Sarup vs State	 Ram Kirpal vs State. [1970] 3 S.C.R	 New Central Jute Mills Co. Ltd. vs The Assistant Collector. ; 	 State of Madhya Pradesh vs Narasimhan	 	 Bhajva vs Gopikabai	 ; 	 Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. vs Union	 and Western Coal Fields vs Special Area Development Authority. ; It unnecessary to make a detailed reference to these decisions. It is sufficient to say that they draw a distinction between referential legislation which merely contains a reference to or citation of	 a provision of another statue and a piece of referential legislation which incorporates within itself a provision of another statute. In the former case	 the provisions of the second statue	 along with all its amendments and variations from time to time	 should be read into the first statute. In the later case	 the position will be as outlined in Narasimhan	 [1976] 1 S.C.R. where after PG NO 610 referring to Secretary of State vs Hindustan Cooperative Insurance Society Ltd.	 [1931] 58 I.A. 259	 this Court summed up the position thus: "On a consideration of these authorities	 therefore	 it seems that the following proposition emerges: Where a subsequent Act incorporates provisions of a previous Act then the borrowed provisions become an integral and independent part of the subsequent Act and are totally unaffected by any repeal or amendment in the previous Act. This principle	 however	 will not apply in the following cases: (a) where the subsequent Act and the previous Act are supplemental to each other; (b) where the two Acts are in pari materia; (c) where the amendment in the previous Act	 if not imported into the subsequent Act also	 would render the subsequent Act wholly unworkable and ineffectual; and (d) where the amendment of the previous Act	 either expressly or by necessary intendment	 applies the said provisions to the subsequent Act." Applying the above principles to the facts of the present case	 the High Court in its judgment on a reference made to it under the 1963 Act (and reported in 4 1 S.T.C. 1) observed: "In the light of the principles thus formulated	 it seems unnecessary for us to labour the point whether we are confronted in these cases with a "reference" or "citation" on the one hand	 or an "incorporation" on the other	 of the definition of `cotton fabrics ' in item 19 of the Schedule 1 of the Central Excise and Salt Act	 into the provisions of Section 9 read with item No. 7 of the III Schedule of the General Sales Tax Act	 1963. If the definition was merely by way of `reference or 'citation '	 the referred or cited provision grows and shrinks with the changes in the parent. Even in the case of an incorporated definition while the general principle is that the incorporated definition PG NO 611 remains static and is unaffected by the developments or fluctuations of the parental source from which it was incorporated	 two of the well recognised exceptions formulated by the Supreme Court in State of M.P. vs M. V. Narasimhan; 	 seem to apply here	 that is	 exceptions (a) and (c)	 xxx. The concept of `cotton fabrics ' in the seems to be integrally linked with the provisions of the General Sales Tax Act and we do not think that we would be justified in regarding the latter Act as unaffected by the growing concept of the term `cotton fabrics ' in the . We feel too	 that unless the extended definition of the is imported into the Sales Tax Act	 the latter Act would become unworkable and ineffectual. Sri Potti	 learned counsel for the State of Kerala	 submitted that the P.V.C. cloth manufactured by the respondents in this case was not entitled to exemption from sales tax if the earlier definition of the 1944 Act	 before the amendment	 were to apply. He submitted that the 1963 Act has incorporated in its third schedule the definition of the 1944 Act as it stood at the time of its enactment and that this incorporation is unaffected by subsequent changes in the contested the correctness of the High Court 's observations that the concept of `cotton fabrics in the 1944 and 1963 Acts were integrally linked and that	 unless the extended definitions of the former were imported into the latter	 the latter Act would become unworkable and ineffectual. According to him	 the provisions of the CST Act and the 1957 Act have been unnecessarily brought into the discussion in order to forge a connection between the various enactments and in an attempt to lend strength to an argument that the exemption of an item of goods from the levy of sales tax by the State was correlated to the existence of a levy of additional excise duty in respect of those very goods under the 1957 Act. He submits that this argument is not tenable and that there is no connection between the 1944 Act	 the CST Act	 the 1957 Act and the 1963 Act. His submissions are these: (a) When the Kerala Act of 1125 M.E. was amended by Act VII of 1958 w.e.f. 14.12.1957	 the Kerala State Legislature was fully alive to the proposals to introduce the CST Act and the 1957 Act; nevertheless	 the description of items granted exemption from sales tax was worded differently and not correlated to the definitions of the 1944 Act; PG NO 612 (b) Silk fabrics were not eligible for exemption under the 1125 Act as amended in 1957 and remained liable to sales tax till 3 1.3.1963 though additional excise on them had been introduced w.e.f. 1.4.1963. The exemption from sales tax was conferred only on 1.4.1963 by the 1963 Act. Again	 this exemption was taken away w.e.f. 1.9.1967 although such fabrics continued to be subject to additional excise duty. Thus	 though it is true that	 between 14.12.1957 and 31.3.1961 there was sales tax but no additional excise duty on pure silk textiles and between 1.4.1863 and 31.8.1967 there was additional excise duty but no sales tax on silk fabrics	 it is equally true that between 1.4.1961 and 31.3.1963 and again after 1.9.1967 they are liable to both sales tax and additional excise duty. It is thus not possible to view the two levies as supplementary to	 or inter dependent on	 each other. (c) The 1963 Act only incorporates a definition contained in the 1944 Act. The 1957 Act is an independent Act	 applicable to some of the goods to which the 1944 Act are applicable. It has its own schedule	 the descriptions in which need not be though they generally are identical with those in the schedule to the 1944 Act. The 1944 and 1957 Acts may be somewhat inter linked but there is no justification to import that connection also for the purposes of the 1963 Act. (d) The objects and reasons of the 1957 Act explicitly state that the levy of additional excise duty on goods thereunder does not preclude the State legislatures from levying any sales tax on only	 such levy will be subject to the restrictions contained in the CST Act. (e) It should not also be overlooked that the 1963 Act is an enactment of a State legislature. To construe entry in its Schedule as authorising the applicability	 not merely of the then current definition of the 1944 Act but its future amendments as well	 will render it subject to the vice of excessive delegation. In this context	 our attention is drawn to the decisions of the Supreme Court in Shama Rao	 Gwalior Rayon	 11974] 2 SCR 345 and International Cotton	 To avoid such an infirmity we are asked to place a restrictive interpretation on the 1963 Act. even assuming for purposes of argument that it may be capable of a wider interpretation . PG NO 613 5. There is some force in these contentions	 but	 after hearing both counsel	 we are of opinion that the conclusion of the High Court should be upheld. In the first place	 we think it would be correct to say that the 1963 Act brings in the definitions of the 1944 act by way of reference or citation and not by way of incorporation. For	 a reading the Act shows that the Act intended to confer exemption on a number of goods set out in the Schedule. Of these	 since items 5 to 7 are defined in the 1944 Act	 the Act refers to those definitions to ascertain the scope of these items. There are no express words used by the statute which will justify an inference that the intention was to incorporate those definitions	 as standing on that date	 into the 1963 Act. That apart	 as pointed out by the High Court	 the question whether it is an instance of reference or citation as contrasted with incorporation pales into significance if all the Central and State enactments referred to at the outset are really part of an integrated scheme evolved to achieve a particular purpose. In this context	 Sri Krishnamurthy Iyer	 invited our attention to a passage from Hind Engineering Co. vs CST	 [1973] 31 STC 115	 dealing with an identical entry in regard to `cotton fabrics ' in Schedule of the Bombay Sales Tax Act	 1959	 where a deivision bench of the Gujarat High Court traced the genesis of the exemption of `cotton fabrics ' from the liability to sales tax. We do not think it necessary to extract the whole of it here	 particularly as the provisions of the Bombay legislations in this context and their history are not identical with those of the Kerala statute. It is clear	 however	 that the provisions of exemption from sales tax on the items with which we are concerned here and certain others cannot be understood in isolation but should be read in the background of certain historical developments pertaining to sales tax levy. These may now be briefly referred to. Article 286 of the Constitution of India imposed certain restrictions on the legislative powers of the States in the matter of levy of sales tax on sales taking place outside the State	 sales in the course of import or export	 sales in the course of interstate trade or commerce and sales of declared goods. The Sales Tax Acts in force in several States were not in conformity with the provisions of the Constitution and attempts to bring those laws to be in conformity with these provisions gave rise to a lot of litigation. This led to an amendment of Act. Clause (2) of the article	 as it stands	 since 11th September	 1956	 authorised Parliament to formulate principles for determining when sale or purchase of goods can be said to take place in the course of import or export or in the course of inter State trade or commerce Clause (3) was amended	 in terms already set out to restrict the powers of PG NO 614 a State to impose sales or purchase tax on declared goods. The C.S.T. Act	 1956 which came into force on 5:1.1957 formulated the principles referred to in Article 286(2). As already mentioned	 this Act was amended	 alia	 by Act 16 of 1957 w.e.f. 6.6. 1957 and by Act 31 of 1958 w.e.f. 1.10. 1958. section 14 listed the goods which are considered to be of special importance in inter state trade or commerce which included the six items set out earlier. section 15 of the Act	 as originally enacted	 was brought into force only w.e.f. 1.10.1958. It stipulated that levy of sales tax on declared goods should not be at a rate exceeding 2% or be levied at more than one point in a State. Before this section came into force	 it was amended by Act 16 of 1957 which retained the first restriction and	 so far as the second is concerned	 provided that the tax should be levied only on the last sale or purchase inside the State and even that should not be levied when that last sale or purchase is in the course of inter state trade or commerce as defined. Act 31 of 1958 amended section 15 to impose certain modified restrictions and conditions with the details of which we are not here concerned. These restrictions clearly entailed loss of revenue to the States and it was considered expedient and desirable to compensate the State for the proportionate loss of sales tax incurred by them. Thus	 even before section 15 was brought into force	 the Central Government decided to pass an Act to provide for the levy and collection of additional duties of excise on certain goods and for the distribution of a part of the net proceeds thereof among the State in pursuance of the principles of distribution recommended by the Second Finance Commission in its report dated 30.9.1957. This proposal to levy additional duties of excise on certain special goods was a part and parcel of an integrated scheme under which sales tax levied at different rates by the States on certain goods was ultimately substituted by the levy of additional duties of excise on such goods and the States were compensated by payment of a part of the net proceeds of the said additional levy on such goods. That this clearly was the genesis and object of the 1957 Act also appears from its objects and reasons set out earlier. Some of the items liable to excise duty were picked out from the Schedule to the 1944 Act. They were listed among the declared goods of section 14 of the CST Act and also made liable to additional excise duty under the 1957 Act. A perusal of the lists under these three enactments show that out of the items listed in the Schedule to the 1944 Act	 sugar	 tobacco	 cotton fabrics	 rayon or artificial fabrics and woollen fabrics were categorised as declared goods and subjected to additional excise duty. When the numerical order of these items in the 1944 Act (originally 8	 9	 12	 12A	 12B) came to be changed in 1960 (as 1	 4	 19	 22	 21) a corresponding change was effected in the 1957 Act. PG NO 615 `Silk fabrics ' as defined in item 20 of the 1944 Act was included in 1961 in the CST Act and the 1957 Act. The fact that `cotton fabrics ' though listed as item 12 in the Schedule to the 1944 Act was not brought into the list in section 14 till 1.10.1958 or that `silk fabrics ' was dropped from the list in section 14 w.e.f. 11.6.1968 though it continues in the Schedule to the 1944 Act does not alter the position that these three acts are interconnected and that certain goods taken out from the Schedule to the 1944 Act were to be subjected to the special treatment outlined in the CST Act and the 1957 Act. This may be so	 says Sri Potti	 but there is no justification to bring the 1963 Act into this group. His short point is that the State legislature is completely free within its domain. Its power to levy sales tax includes a power to levy a tax on sales of declared goods as well. Nor is such power inhibited by the levy of an additional excise duty on certain goods. The 1957 amendment to the 1125 Act made no reference even to the 1944 Act. The 1963 Act makes no reference either to the CST Act or to the 1957 Act. Sri Potti emphasises	 pointing out to the practical effects of the two legislations (the 1963 Act and the 1957 Act) to which attention has been invited already	 that it was not the policy of the Kerala State legislature to exempt from sales tax goods which suffered additional excise duty. The sales tax exemption is conferred on a totally independent basis. It is not linked to the fluctuations in	 or variation of	 the treatment under the CST Act and the 1957 Act. The description of items 5	 7 and 8	 by simply incorporating the definitions then readily available in the 1944 Act (not the CST Act or the 1957 Act)	 was not intended to bring about the result that these definitions should be read in the light of the changes that they may undergo for the purposes of the 1944 Act. Sri Potti is certainly correct in saying that the wordings of the Acts do not show an exact correlation between the liability to pay additional excise duty and the exemption from the levy of sales tax under the 1963 Act. But it would not be correct to say that the provisions of the latter can be interpreted without reference to the other two legislations. The CST Act has a definite impact on the manner and extent of sales tax levy	 in so far as declared goods are concerned for such levy cannot transgress the limitations and restrictions of section 15 thereof. section 15 applies in respect of goods listed in section 14 which	 in turn is linked to the list in the 1944 Act. The 1957 Act also has a bearing on the sales tax levy of various States. By levying sales tax on an item covered by the Schedule to the 1957 Act	 the State will have to forego its share on distribution of the proceeds of the additional excise duty levied. Whether it PG NO 616 should impose sales tax on an item of declared goods	 limited by the restrictions in section 15 of the CST Act and at the risk of losing a share in the additional excise duty levied in respect of those very items	 is for the State to determine. As pointed out by Sri Potti	 it was open to the Kerala Legislature to decide and it did so also that on some items there should be one or other of the levies or both of them and to modify these levies depending upon its own financial exigencies. But these factual or periodical variations do not detract from the basic reality that the policy of sales tax levy on declared goods has to keep in view	 and be influenced by	 the provisions of the CST Act and the 1957 Act. The reference to the 1957 Act definitions for purposes of grant of exemption in the 1963 Act as enacted originally as well as when the latter was amended in 1967 and the specific reference to the 1957 Act when the First Schedule to the 1963 Act was amended in 1980 are quite significant in this context. We therefore	 think that	 though the 1963 Act referred only to the definitions in the 1944 Act	 the entries in the Schedule have to be juxtaposed into the broad pattern or scheme evolved by the 1956 57 enactments set out earlier in the judgment. Doing so	 and even assuming that the reference in the items of the Schedule to the definitions in the 1944 Act is by way of incorporation and not reference	 one cannot escape the conclusion that the circumstances are covered by the exceptions outlined in Narasimhan; 	 They certainly fall within the scope of exception (a) mentioned therein and also fall within exception (c) if we read "unworkable and ineffectual" to take in also "unrealistic and impractical". We do not find much substance in arguments of Shri POtti based on Shama Rao This devision really concerned a delegation of power to the executive Government to decide contents of a legislation by allowing it a latitude in fixing a date for its commencement. It cannot be understood as an authority for the proposition that a State legislature can adopt only the existing provisions of a statutes passed by another legislature but not is future amendments and modifications. In the first place	 such a proposition will strike at the very root of the concept of referential legislation as explained in the decisions referred to above and the distinction drawn by them between cases of mere reference or citation on the one hand and of incorporation	 on the other. Secondly	 in Shama Rao only three of the five Judges expressed an opinion about this aspect of the case. Their view point was presented by Shelat J. in the following words: "The question then is whether in extending the Madras Act in the manner and to the extent it did under sec. (2)(1) PG NO 617 of the Principal Act the Pondicherry legislature abdicated its legislative power in favour of the Madras legislature. It is manifest that the Assembly refused to perform its legislative functions entrusted under the Act constituting it. It may be that a mere refusal may not amount to abdication if the legislature instead of going through the full formality of legislation applies its mind to an existing statute enacted by another legislature for another jurisdiction	 adopts such an Act and enacts to extend it to the territory under its jurisdiction. In doing so	 it may perhaps be said that it has laid down a policy to extend such an Act and directs the executive to apply and implement such an Act. But when it not only adopts such an Act but also provides that the Act applicable to its territory shall be the Act amended in future by the other legislature	 there is nothing for it to predicate what the amended Act would be. Such a case would be clearly one of non application of mind and one of refusal to discharge the function entrusted to it by the Instrument constituting it. It is difficult to see how such a case is not one of abdication or effacement in favour of another legislature at least in regard to that particular matter. " This conclusion has been explained and distinguished in the Gwalior Rayon	 case ; in which Khanna J and Mathew J delivered separate but concurring judgments. Khanna J. said: It would appear from the above that the reason which prevailed with the majority in striking down the Pondicherry Act was the total surrender in the matter of sales tax legislation by the Pondicherry Legislature in favour of the Madras Legislature. No such surrender is involved in the present case because of the Parliament having adopted in one particular respect the rate of local sales tax for the purpose of central sales tax. Indeed	 as mentioned earlier	 the adoption of the local sales tax is in pursuance of a legislative policy induced by the desire to prevent evasion of the payment of central sales tax by discouraging inter State sales to unregistered dealers No such policy could be discerned in the Pondicherry Act which was struck down by this Court. PG NO 618 Another distinction	 though not very material	 is that in the Pondicherry case the provisions of the Madras Act along with the subsequent amendments were made applicable to an area which was within the Union Territory of Pondicherry and not in Madras State. As against that	 in the present case we find that the Parliament has adopted the rate of local sales tax for certain purposes of the only for the territory of the State for which the Legislature of that State had prescribed the rate of sales tax. The central sales tax in respect of the territory of a State is ultimately assigned to that State under artcle 269 of the Constitution and is imposed for the benefit of that State. We would	 therefore	 hold that the appellants cannot derive much assistance from the above mentioned decision of this Court. " Methew J. observed: We think that the principle of the ruling in Shama Rao vs Pondicherry	 (supra) must be confined to the facts of the case. It is doubtful whether there is any general principle which precludes either Parliament or a State legislature from adopting a law and the future amendments to the law passed respectively by a State legislature or Parliament and incorporating them in its legislation. At any rate	 there can be no such prohibition when the adoption is not of the entire corpus of law on a subject but only of a provision and its future amendments and that for a special reason or purpose . " We think that the principle of the ruling in Shama Rao vs Pondicherry	 (supra) must be confined to the facts of the case. It is doubtful whether there is any general principle which precludes either Parliament or a State legislature from adopting a law and the future amendments to the law passed respectively by a State legislature or Parliament and incorporating them in its legislation. At any rate	 there can be no such prohibition when the adoption is not of the entire corpus of law on a subject but only of a provision and its future amendments and that for a special reason or purpose . We have attempted to show that the 1963 Act	 on a proper construction	 does indicate a policy that certain items which are subject to additional excise duty should be left out of sales tax levy except in cases where there is a specific indication or provision of the Act to the contrary. The Kerala State legislature cannot be said to have attracted the 1944 Act definitions with their future amendments blindly and without application of mind. On the other hand. it has been done in pursuance of a scheme	 a purpose and a policy. It cannot	 therefore	 be said that there has been any abdication of its legislative functions by the Kerala legislature. For the above reasons	 we are of opinion	 that the High Court was right in the view it took viz. that the scope of the exemption available under item 7 of the third PG NO 619 Schedule to the 1963 Act will vary according to the scope of the corresponding entry in the Schedule to the 1944 Act as it stands at the relevant time. So far as assessment years 1971 72 and 1972 73 are concerned	 the definition of `cotton fabrics ' in item 19 of the Schedule to the 1944 Act	 as amended by the Finance Act 1969 w.e.f. 1.4.1969	 will apply. Sri Krishnamurthy Iyyer for the assessees contended that it is possible to spell out	 from certain passages in the judgment of the High Court where judicial decisions are discussed	 an inference that the High Court was inclined to the view that PVC Cloth would be covered even by the previous unamended definition in the 1944 Act. He also attempted to support this view by citing certain cases. Sri Potti contested the correctness of both these arguments. In the view we have taken on the main issue	 we consider it unnecessary to go into this question. In any event	 the High Court has returned no specific answer to this issue which was clearly an aspect of the questions posed for its consideration by the Tribunal (at page 42 of the paper book) and	 even if we had accepted the contention of Sri Potti that only the definition as on 1.4.1964 works apply	 we would have perhaps only left it to the High Court to consider this aspect of the matter afresh. Sri Krishnamurthy Iyer also submitted that the certificate of fitness of appeal granted by the High Court (page l15 of the paper book) is defective inasmuch as it does not specify the substantial questions of law which	 in the view of the High Court	 needed consideration by this Court. But we do not think we need go into this aspect or reject the appeal as defective. Since the appeal does involve a substantial question of law of great importance (which we have discussed above)	 we have proceeded to dispose of the appeal on merits. In the result	 the appeal fails and is dismissed. We	 however make no order as to costs. R.P.D. Appeal dismissed.

Section 9 read with Third Schedule item 7 of the Kerala General Sales Tax Act 1963 granted exemption from sales tax to certain items including cotton fabrics. `Cotton fabrics ' was defined as having the same meaning as assigned to it in item 19 of the first Schedule to the . This definition of `cotton fabrics ' in 1944 Act was amended in 1969 by the Finance Act 1969. In 1957	 Parliament enacted the and Additional Duties of Excise ((Goods of Special Importance) Act	 1957 affecting the levy of sales tax and excise duty. Definition of `cotton fabrics ' occurring in the aforesaid Acts was also related to its definition under the 1944 Act. The respondent assessee was manufacturing PVC cloth	 an item of goods which was clearly covered by the amended definition but	 perhaps	 not by the original one. He claimed exemption from sales tax in respect of assessment years 1971 72 and 1972 73. On a reference made to the High Court under the 1963 Act	 it observed that the concept of `cotton fabrics ' in the seemed to be integrally linked with the provisions of the (General Sales Tax Act) the Act under which the levy of sales tax was governed	 prior to enforcement of the 1963 Act)	 and that it would not be regarding the latter Act as unaffected by the growing concept of the term `cotton fabrics ' in the Central Excise PG NO 601 PG NO 602 and Salt Act	 and that unless the extended definition of the imported into the Sales Tax Act	 the latter Act would become unworkable and ineffectual. In the appeals by certificate to this Court	 it was submitted on behalf of the State appellant that the PVC cloth manufactured by respondent was not entitled to exemption from sales tax if the earlier definition of the 1944 Act	 before the amendment	 was to apply	 and that the 1963 Act has incorporated in its Third Schedule the definition of the 1944 Act as it stood at the time of its enactment and that this incorporation is unaffected by the subsequent changes made in the 1944 Act	 that the concept of `cotton fabrics ' in the 1944 and 1963 Acts were not integrally linked and that it is not appropriate to say that unless the extended definition of the former were imported into the latter	 the latter Act would become unworkable and ineffectual. On the question whether the exemption given to `cotton fabrics ' in item 7 should be restricted to `cotton fabrics ' as defined in the 1944 Act as it stood on 1.4.1963 or whether it would also cover goods falling under the said definition after its amendment in 1969. Dismissing the appeals	 this Court	 HElD: ( 1 ) It would be correct to say that the 1963 Act brings in the definitions of the 1944 Act by way of reference or citation and not by way of incorporation. For a reading of the Act shows that the Act intended to confer exemption on a number of goods set out in the Schedule. Of these	 since items 5 to 7 are defined in the 1944	 Act	 the Act referes to those definitions to ascertain the scope of these items. There are no express words used by the statute which will justify an inference that the intention was to incorporate those definitions	 standing on that date into the 1963 Act. [613A C] Secretary of State vs Hindustan Cooperative Insurance Society Ltd.	 [1931] 58 I.A. 259; Collector of Customs vs Nathella .Sampathu Chetty & another; 	 ; Ram Sarup y. State; 	 ; Ram Kirpal vs States [ ; ; Ne Central Jute Mills Co. Ltd. vs the Assistant Collector	 ; ; Bhajva vs Gopikabai	 ; ; Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd vs Union	 ; and Western Coal Fields vs Special Area Development	 Authority	 ; 	 referred to. PG NO 603 (2) `Silk fabrics ' as defined in item 20 of the 1944 Act was included in 1961 in the CST Act and the 1957 Act. The fact that `cotton fabrics ' though listed as item 12 in the Schedule to the 1944 Act was not brought into the list in section 14 till 1.10.1958 or that `silk fabrics ' was dropped from the list in section 14 w.e.f. 11.6.1968 though it continues in the Schedule to the 1944 Act does not alter the position that these three Acts are inter connected and that certain goods taken out from the Schedule to the 1944 Act were to be subjected to the special treatment outlined in the CST Act and the 1957 Act.[615A B] (3) Though the 1963 Act referred only to the definitions in the 1944 Act	 the entries in the Schedule have to be juxtaposed into the broad pattern or scheme evolved by the 1956 57 enactments. Even assuming that the reference in the items of the Schedule to the definitions in the 1944 Act is by way of incorporation and not reference	 one cannot escape the conclusion that the circumstances are covered by the exceptions outlined in the decision of this Court in State of Madhya Pradesh vs Narasimhan! ; They certainly fall within the scope of exception (a) mentioned therein and also fall within exception (c) if `unworkable and ineffectual ' are read to take in also `unrealistic and impractical '. [616D E] (3) The 1963 Act on a proper constructions does indicate a policy that certain; items which arc subject to additional excise duty should be left out of sales tax levy except in cases where there is a specific indication or provision of the Act to the contrary. The Kerala State legislature cannot be said to have attracted the 1944 Act definition with their future amendments blindly and without application of mind. On the other hand	 it has been done in pursuance of a scheme	 a purpose and a policy. It cannot	 therefore. be said that there has been any abdication of its legislative functions by the Kerala Legislature. [618F G] B . Shama Rao vs The Union Territory of Pondicherry ; 	 distinguished. Gwalior Rayon Silk Mfg. (Wvg.) Co. Lnd. vs The Asslstant Commissioner of Sale 's Tax and Ors.	 	 referred to. (5) The High Court was right in the view it took viz.	 that the scope of the exemption available under item 7 of the Third Schedule to the 1963 Act will vary according to the scope of the corresponding entry in the Schedule to the 1944 Act as it stands at the relevant time. So far as assessment years 1971 72 and 1972 73 are concerned the definition of cotton fabrics in item 19 of the Schedule to PG NO 604 the 1944 Act	 as amended by the Finance Act 1969 w.e.f. 1.4.1969	 will apply. [618H; 619A B]