Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal No. 3121 of 1981. From the Judgment and Order dated 28 9 1979 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Misc. Petition No. 408 of 1978. M.K. Ramamurthi and H.S. Parihar for the Appellants. Maheshwari T. V.S.N. Chari and R.N. Poddar for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KHALID	 J. The question involved in this appeal brings to fore how the equality doctrine embodied in the Constitution of India is attempted to be flouted by some authorities under cover of artificial divisions	 dividing persons doing the same work into two 103 groups without any justification and denying to one group by way of pay and emoluments what the other group gets. We do not propose to examine the width of the quality provisions contained in article 39(d) in all its manifold aspects but would like to restrict it in its application to the facts of this case	 in our attempt to see whether the High Court was justified or not	 in declining relief to the petitioners. Now the facts: This appeal by special leave is directed against the Judgment of a Division Bench of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Jabalpur in Miscellaneous Petition No. 408 of 1978	 dismissing the petition challenging the Order of the Government of India accepting the recommendations of the Third Pay Commission dividing Senior Draughtsmen into two groups with different pay scales	 which according to the appellants violated Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The Appellants Nos. 1 to 8 are Senior Draughtsmen in the Ordnance Factories under the Ministry of Defence	 Department of Defence Production and the Director General of Ordnance Factories. Appellants Nos. 1 to 5 were promoted on different dates to the post of senior Draughtsman when they were working as Draughtsmen. Appellants Nos. 6	 7 & 8 were directly recruited as Senior Draughtsmen in the Vehicle Factory	 Jabalpur on different dates. Appellant No. 9 is a registered Association of the Employees working in the Design/Drawing Office of the Defence Establishments under the Ministry of Defence	 etc. There are 33 establishments under the Ministry of Defence Production and Director General of ordnance Factories	 Calcutta. In these establishments	 there are two categories of Drawing Office Staff; (1) Senior Draughtsman and (2) Draughtsman. Senior Draughtsmen are either directly recruited or promoted from the post of Draughtsmen. At all relevant times	 all the Senior Draughtsmen throughout the above establishments	 were drawing the same pay scale. The first and the second Pay Commission set up by the Government of India	 recommended same scales of pay for all the Senior Draughtsmen. A Third Pay Commission was set up by the Government of India under the Chairmanship of Shri Raghubar Dayal	 a retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India and consisting of three other members. One of the recommendations of this Pay Commission	 related to the scales of pay of Draughtsmen and Senior Draughtsmen	 104 Draughtsmen were to be in the scale of Rs. 330 560 while the Senior Draughtsmen were divided into two groups with two scales of pay	 Rs. 330 560 and Rs. 425 700. It is this division of Senior Draughtsmen that was under challenge before the High Court. Representations were made by the Petitioner against this grouping by the Third Pay Commission	 and they pleaded that there should not be any discrimination in the pay scales of Senior Draughtsmen as was recommended by the Third Pay Commission. Similar representations were made by others also like Senior Rate Estimator	 Senior Rate Fixer	 Senior Planner and Supervisor etc. Some representations were accepted by the Government but not the representations made by the appellants ' Association. Aggrieved by this unhelpful attitude of the Government in not accepting their representation	 the appellants moved the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution	 Their case before the High Court was that Senior Draughtsmen discharged identical duties and performed similar work. That being so there was little or no justification in putting 50% of them in a higher scale of pay and 50% others in a lower scale of pay. This grouping was without any intelligible differentia. The High Court referred to a decision of this Court in Kishori Mohanlal Bakshi vs Union of India(1) and sought support from it to deny relief to the petitioners. That was a case where the grouping of Income tax Officers as Class I and class II with different scales of pay and different channel of Promotion was questioned. This Court observed in that Judgment as follows: "It might very well be that "matters relating to employment or appointment to any office" in article 16(1) are wide enough to include the matter of promotion. Inequality of opportunity for promotion as between citizens holding different posts in the same grade may	 therefore	 be an infringement of article 16. Thus	 if of the Income tax Officers of the same grade	 some are eligible for promotion to a superior grade	 and others are not	 the question of contravention of article 16(1) may well arise. But no such question can arise at all when the rules make Income tax Officers of Class I	 eligible for appointment as Assistant Commissioner	 but make 105 Income tax Officers of Class II eligible for promotion as Income tax Officers of Class I but not for promotion to the post of Assistant Commissioners. There is no denial in such a case of equality of opportunity as among citizens holding posts of the same grade. As between citizens holding posts in different grades in Government service there can be no question of equality of opportunity. article 16 does not forbid the creation of different grades in the Government service. The abstract doctrine of equal pay for equal work has nothing to do with article 14. article 14	 therefore	 cannot be said to be violated whose the pay scales of Class I and Class II Income tax Officers are different though they do the same kind of work. Incremental scales of pay can be validly fixed dependent on the duration of an officers service. " The High Court also referred to the decisions of this Court in State of Punjab vs Joginder Singh(1)	 Unikat Saakunni Menon vs State of Rajasthan(2) and State of Mysore & Anr. vs P. Narsingh Rao(3) in which cases also certain grouping of employees were challenged as violative of article 14 & 16	 which challenge was repelled by the Supreme Court. The High Court relied upon these decisions and held that "It is therefore evident that it was open to the Government to fix two different pay scales for Senior Draughtsmen	 and that It was for the Government to decide what pay scale should be provided to the different. classes of employees and simply because they have been provided different pay scales that would not amount to discriminations. " The High Court was told that all the Senior Draughtsmen did the same kind of work and discharged same or similar duties and that therefore there was no justification for a distinction being made between the two classes of Senior Draughtsmen	 providing two different pay scales on the basis of seniority	 Denial of the higher scale of pay to one class of Senior Draughtsmen	 only on the ground of length of service was	 according to the appellants	 wrong. The Government brought in this classification	 by its Order dated 1 7 1978	 directing that only Senior Draughtsmen	 holding that post on 31 12 1972	 would be given the Senior scale and not 106 those who did not hold that post on 31 12 1972. This basis	 the appellants	 contended was unsupportable. These contentions did not appeal to the High Court. While repelling the arguments of the Petitioners	 the High Court observed that "The petitioners are unable to show a single authority in support of their contention that all the persons doing the same work are entitled to same scale of pay. " It is the correctness of this decision that falls to be decided in this appeal. Before discussing the factual matrix of the case	 we will refer to the Order passed by the Government of India on 27th January	 1978	 which brought into effect this difference in the pay scale. The said Order reads as follows: "The undersigned is directed to refer to Sl. No. 32 of Part D	 Section I	 in the First Schedule to the Civilians in Defence Services (Revised Pay) Rules	 1973 and to say that the President is pleased to decide that	 as recommended by the Third Pay Commission in para 81	 Chapter 14	 of their report	 half the number of posts of Draughtsman in the DGOF Organisation on the present pay scale of Rs. 205 7 240 8 280 will be placed in the revised scale of Rs. 425 15 500 EB 15 560 20 700 and the remaining half in the revised scale of Rs. 330 10 380 EB 12 500 EB 15 560. . . . . On their allocation to the revised scale of Rs. 425 700 and Rs. 350 560	 the existing Draughtsman in the present pay scale of Rs. 205 280 who are brought on to the revised scale of Rs 330 560 would continue to retain their present designation as a personal to them. The placement of the existing Draughtsman in the higher revised pay scale of Rs. 425 700 will be on the basis of seniority	 subject to the rejection of the unfit. Any administrative instruction that may be considered necessary may be issued by you. These orders will take effect from 1 1 73. " It is pursuant to this Order that the change in the emoluments of the petitioners ' group of Draughtsmen was effected. 107 It has to be borne in mind that this differentiation is not based on any intelligible ground. The group of Draughtsmen entitled to the higher scale of pay	 is not selected by any process nor is it based on any merit cum seniority basis	 but is based only on seniority cum fitness. There is no denial anywhere that both these types of Draughtsmen do the same work and discharge the same functions and duties. According to the recommendations of the Third Pay Commission	 a Draughtsman has to get Rs. 330 10 380 EB 12 500 EB 15 560	 while Senior Draughtsman	 like the appellants	 who have become so on promotion	 will continue to get the same scale of pay and not the higher scale of pay. In other words	 the promoted persons like the appellants	 are without any monetary benefit to them. The pay that they would get as Senior Draughtsman	 would be the same as a Draughtsman would get under the Third Pay Commission. That is	 for the same work and same functions	 the appellants would get less pay than the other group of Senior Draughtsmen. The explanation is that this division is based on seniority. This cannot be accepted as sufficient to meet the requirements of law. By seniority	 a Senior Draughtsman will get higher pay with the increments that he earns proportionate to the number of years he is in service. Here that is not the case. It is the classification of the Senior Draughtsmen into two groups	 that is responsible for the higher pay. For this classification	 the Government must be able to satisfy the Court of certain other tests which are non existent	 in this case	 since it is not in dispute that Senior Draughtsmen	 belonging to the two Divisions	 do equal and same work. In view of the total absence of any plea on the side of the respondents	 that the Senior Draughtsmen who are placed in the advantageous group	 do not perform work and duties more onerous or different from the work performed by the appellants group	 it will have to be held that this grouping violates Article 14 of the Constitution. The High Court did not have the advantage of a decision of this Court in Randhir Singh vs Union of India & Ors.(1)	 to which one of us was a party	 which evolved the equality doctrine embodied in Article 39(d) and read Article 14 into it; while considering the complaint of a driver who was originally in the Army but later employed as a driver constable in Delhi Police Force under the Delhi Administration and who was denied the same pay as was available to the other drivers in the service of the Delhi Administration. This Court 108 allowed the Writ Petition and directed the concerned authorities to pay the petitioners in that case	 salary at least equal to the Drivers of the Railway Protection Force. Disagreeing with the plea	 put forward by the Union of India this Court observed as follows: "The Counter Affidavit does not explain how the case of the drivers in the police force is different from that of the drivers in other departments and what special factors weighed in fixing a lower scale of pay for them. Apparently in the view of the respondents	 the circumstance that persons belong to different departments of the Government is itself a sufficient circumstance to justify different scales of pay irrespective of their identity of their powers	 duties and responsibilities. We cannot accept this view. If this view is to be stretched to its logical conclusion	 the scales of pay of officers of the same rank in the Government of India may vary from department to department notwithstanding that their powers duties and responsibilities are identical. We concede that equation of posts and equation of pay are matters	 primarily for the Executive Government and expert bodies like the Pay Commission and not for Courts but we must hasten to say that where all things are equal	 that is where all relevant considerations are the same	 persons holding identical posts may not be treated differentially in the matter of their pay merely because they belong to different departments. Of course	 if officers of the same rank perform dissimilar functions and the powers	 duties and responsibilities of the posts held by them vary	 such officers may not be heard to complain of dissimilar pay merely because the posts are of the same rank and the nomenclature is the same. " This Court however observed that a differential treatment in appropriate cases can be justified	 when there are two grades based on reasonable grounds	 and stated as follows: "It is well known that there can be and there are different grades in a service	 with varying qualification for entry into a particular grade	 the higher grade often being a promotional avenue for officers of the lower grade. The higher qualifications for the higher grade	 which may be 109 either academic qualifications or experience based on length of service reasonably sustain the classification of the officers into two grades with different scales of pay. The principle of equal pay for equal work would be an abstract doctrine not attracting article 14 if sought to be applied to them." With respect we agree with the conclusion arrived at in the above Judgment	 that where all relevant considerations are the same	 persons holding identical posts and discharging similar duties should not be treated differently. The case on hand is much stronger than the facts of the Randhir Singh 's case. In that case	 the drivers belonged to two different departments. In this case	 the Senior Draughtsmen	 divided into two groups are in the same department doing identical and same work. It is not a case of different grades created on the ground of higher qualification either academic or otherwise or an entitlement by any other criteria laid down. The justification for this classification is by the mere accident of an earlier entry into service. This cannot be justified. The above decision of this Court has enlarged the doctrine of equal pay for equal work	 envisaged in Article 39(d) of the Constitution of India and has exalted it to the position of a fundamental right by reading it alongwith Article 14. This exposition of law had given rise to some whispering dissent in that the doctrine had been extended beyond permissible limits. The observations that the abstract doctrine of equal pay for equal work has nothing to do with article 14	 in the Judgment in Kishori Mohanlal Bakshi vs Union of India (supra)	 rendered by a Constitution Bench of this Court it is contended	 may perhaps run counter to the observations in the decision referred above. We do not think it necessary on the facts of this case to dwelve at length upon the effect of this observation on a wider campus of service jurisprudence in the context of equal pay for equal work which will have to be attempted in an appropriate case. For the purposes of the case on hand	 it is sufficient to note that the classification between two groups of Senior Draughtsmen is 110 without any basis. They do the same work	 they perform the same duties	 and as such the ratio of the decision in Randhir Singh 's case applies to this case with greater force. The Order passed by the Government of India on 27th January	 1978	 implementing this classification violates article 14 of the Constitution and has to be struck down and we do so. In our opinion	 it would be a great injustice to continue the appellants on the scales of pay of Draughtsmen even after promotion as Senior Draughtsmen	 which is destructive of all incentive and initiative in the service. In our Judgment	 the High Court was in error in declining relief to the appellants. We accordingly	 set aside the Judgment of the High Court and allow this appeal and direct the Union of India to fix the scale of pay of appellants at Rs. 425 15 50 EB 15 560 20 640 EB 20 700. The appellants will be entitled to costs from the respondent No. 1. M.L.A. Appeal allowed.

Senior Draughtsmen in the Ordnance Factories under the Ministry of Defence are either directly recruited or promoted from the post Draughtsmen. At all relevant times all the Senior Draughtsmen throughout the above establishments were drawing the same pay scale of Rs. 205 280. While revising the pay scale of various categories of employees	 the Third Pay Commission recommended that the Draughtsmen should be placed in the scale of Rs. 330 560. The Pay Commission also recommended that the Senior Draughtsmen should be divided into two groups and half the number of posts of Draughtsmen in the above organisations on the present pay scale of Rs. 205 280 be placed in the revised scale of Rs. 425 700 on the basis of seniority and the remaining half in the revised scale of Rs. 330 560. Pursuant to the aforesaid recommendation	 the Government of India by its Order dated 1st July	 1978 directed that only those senior Draughtsmen who were holding that post on 31st December	 1972 would be given the senior scale of pay i.e. Rs. 425 700. The appellants who are senior Draughtsmen made representation to the Government of India against this grouping by the Third Pay Commission. As the representations were not accepted	 the appellants challenged the Order of the Government before the High Court in a Writ Petition contending that all the Senior Draughtsmen did the same kind of work and discharged same or similar duties and therefore there was no justification for distinction being made amongst the Senior Draughtsmen	 providing two different pay scales on the basis of seniority. The High Court dismissed the petition holding that it was open to the Government to fix two different pay scales for Senior Draughtsmen and that it was for the Government to decide what pay scale should be provided to the different classes of employees. 102 Allowing the appeal	 ^ HELD: (1) Where all relevant considerations are the same	 persons holding identical posts and discharging similar duties should not be treated differently. Therefore the Order passed by the Government of India implementing the impugned recommendation of the Third Pay Commission dividing the Senior Draughtsmen into two categories with two different pay scales on the basis of seniority violates Article 14 of the Constitution and is struck down. Randhir Singh vs Union of India and Ors. ; 	 followed. In the instant case the group of Draughtsmen entitled to the higher scale of pay is not selected by any process nor is it based on any merit cum seniority basis	 but is based only on seniority cum fitness. Moreover	 the Senior Draughtsmen divided into two groups are in the same Department doing identical and same work. It is not a case of different grades created on the ground of higher qualification either academic or otherwise or an entitlement by any other criteria. Thus the classification between the two groups of Senior Draughtsmen is without any basis. In view of the total absence of any plea on the side of the respondents that the Senior Draughtsmen who are placed in the advantageous group	 do not perform work and duties more onerous or different from the works performed by the appellants group	 it will have to be held that this grouping violates Article 14 of the Constitution. [107 E F] Kishori Mohanlal Bakshi vs Union of India	 A.I.R. 1962 S.C. 1139; State of Punjab vs Joginder Singh	 ; ; Unikat Sankunni Menon vs State of Rajasthan A.I.R. ; State of Mysore and Anr. vs P. Narsingh Rao ; 	 distinguished.