Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 274 of 1967. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated November 18	 1965 of the Rajasthan High Court in D. B. Civil Writ Petition No. 336 of 1964. Brijbans Kishore and D. P. Gupta	 for the appellant. 432 G.C. Kasliwal	 Advocate General for the State of Rajasthan and K. Baldev Mehta	 for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Bhargava	 J. The appellant	 Unikat Sankunni Menon	 was in the service of the Rajasthan Government in the Secretariat after Rajasthan was constituted as a State. The pay and grades of the posts in the Secretariat were governed by the Rajasthan Civil Services (Unification of Pay Scales) Rules and Schedules framed by the Rajpramukh under Article 309 of the Constitution of India. Under those Rules	 an Assistant Secretary to Government drew pay in the scale of Rs. 250 25 400 E.B. 25 500 and was	 in addition	 entitled to a special pay of Rs. 501 . A Deputy Secretary to Government drew pay in the scale of Rs. 500 25 700 and was	 in addition	 entitled to a special pay of Rs. 100/ . Subsequently	 the Rajasthan Secretariat Service Rules	 1954 were framed by the Rajpramukh under Article 309 of the Constitution of India and were brought into force with effect from 10th January	 1955. Under these Rules	 the appellant became a member of the Rajasthan Secretariat Service (hereinafter referred to as "the R.S.S."). He was	 at that time	 holding the post of an Assistant Secretary which carried the time scale of Rs. 250 25 400 EB 25 500. He was also drawing a special pay of Rs. 75/ per month. By the notification dated 25th May	 1956	 the Rajpramukh	 again acting under article 309 of the Constitution of India	 promulgated Rajasthan Civil Services (Rationalisation of Pay Scales) Rules and Schedules	 1956. Under these Rules	 the grades of pay applicable to Deputy Secretaries and Assistant Secretaries were revised. The posts of Assistant Secretaries were shown as belonging to the ordinary time scale of the R.S.S.	 carrying the grade of Rs. 250 25 500 EB 25 750 with a special pay of Rs. 75/ . Further	 it was laid down that there will be selection posts for members of the R.S.S. which were indicated as posts of Deputy Secretaries to Government by putting this designation in brackets	 and a new scale of Rs. 500 30 740 EB30 800 50 900 without special pay was prescribed for these selection posts. In the remarks column	 there was a note that	 on promotion as Deputy Secretary	 an Officer will receive Rs. 5001 or a minimum increase of Rs. 150/ on his basic pay as Assistant Secretary whichever is higher. These were the Rules in force when	 on 10th January	 1959	 the appellant was appointed as Deputy Secretary. On that date	 he was drawing a salary of Rs. 475/p.m. in the ordinary time scale of the R.S.S. and was also getting a special pay of Rs. 75/ 	 as he was holding the post of an Assistant Secretary to Government. Consequently	 on his appointment as Deputy Secretary	 which was a selection post for the R.S.S.	 his salary was fixed at Rs. 650/ . Under the formula laid down in the remarks column	 mentioned above	 the salary admissible to him 433 came to Rs. 625/ 	 but	 since in the new grade fixed for the selection posts there was no stage at Rs. 625/ 	 his pay was fixed at Rs. 650/ at the next higher stage above the amount calculated in his case on the basis of the formula laid down in the remarks column. This procedure was adopted under the Government instructions. Subsequently	 the grades for the posts of Dy. Secretaries and Assistant Secretaries were again revised by the Governor of Rajasthan under the proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution by promulgating the Rajasthan Civil Services (Revised Pay) Rules	 1961. Under these Rules	 the grade applicable to Assistant Secretary to Government belonging to the R.S.S. was prescribed as Rs. 360 25 560 30 590 EB 30 860 900. The Rules also indicated that this revised scale had been prescribed as a result of merging the special pay in the grade pay itself. The grade for Deputy Secretaries to Government was also revised to Rs. 550 30 820 EB 30850 50 1 100. It appears that	 subsequently	 there was another revision of scales of pay in the year 1966	 and the latest grade applicable to the members of the R.S.S. holding the posts of Deputy Secretaries is Rs. 900 50 1500. Apart from these various Rules which	 from time to time	 were applicable to members of the R.S.S.	 we may also indicate the Rules that were applicable to members of the Rajasthan Administrative Service (hereinafter referred to as "the R.A.S.") when holding posts of Deputy Secretaries. Under the Rajasthan Civil Services (Unification of Pay Scales) Rules and Schedules	 1950	 which were in force until the year 1956	 a member of the R.A.S.	 on appointment as Deputy Secretary	 drew salary in the same grade of Rs. 500 25 700 with a special pay of Rs. 100/ in the same way as a member of the R.S.S. When the Rajasthan Civil Services (Rationalisation of Pay Scales) Rules & Schedules	 1956 came into force	 this principle was departed from. While laying down the grades of pay applicable to members of the R.A.S.	 their senior and junior scales were combined into one scale shown as the time scale of Rs. 250 25 500 EB 25 750 with a selection grade of Rs. 500 30 740 EB 30 800 50 900 which was to be admissible personally to Officers who had been appointed substantively earlier to the grade of Rs. 500 25 700 vide Government Orders issued on 9th April	 1951 and 19th January	 1955. Then	 it was further laid down that special pay would be admissible on certain posts to Officers of the R.A.S. on time scale or selection grade	 and	 amongst these	 were the posts of Deputy Secretaries to Government. The Rules prescribed a special pay of Rs. 1501 for the members of the R.A.S. when appointed to posts of Deputy Secretaries to Government. In the subsequent revision of grades under the Rajasthan Civil Services (Revised Pay Scales) Rules	 1961	 the grade of the R.A.S. was revised to Rs. 285 25 510 EB 25 560 30 800 for the ordinary time scale and Rs. 550 30 820 EB 30 850 50 950 for 4 3 4 posts in the senior scale	 together with a selection grade of Rs. 65050 1250. Under these Rules again	 it was laid down that an Officer of the R.A.S. holding a post in the senior scale on appointment as Dy. Secretary	 will be entitled to a special pay of Rs. 150/Under the last revision in 1966	 a member of the R.A.S.	 on appointment as Dy. Secretary	 was to draw salary in his regular time scale of Rs. 550 30 820 EB 30 850 50 1100	 subject to a minimum of Rs. 640/ 	 with a special pay of Rs. 1501 . In the case of a member of the R.A.S. holding a post in the selection grade applicable to his service	 he was to draw the pay in his selection 	grade with a special pay of Rs. 1501. Thus	 in the case of members of the R.A.S. appointed to posts of Deputy Secretaries	 a special pay remained admissible	 while the principle of granting special pay to members of the R.S.S. on appointment as Deputy Secretaries was abolished. It was on the basis of these Rules that the appellant filed a petition under article 226 of the Constitution before the High Court of Rajasthan claiming that the words "without special pay" in the Rajasthan Civil Services (Rationalisation of Pay Scales) Rules & Schedules	 1956 may be declared as invalid and violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The High Court dismissed the petition and	 consequently	 the appellant has now come up to this Court by special leave. The claim of the appellant has to be examined in two different aspects	. The first aspect is that the Rules	 as applicable from time to time to members of the R.S.S. on appointment to the posts of Deputy Secretaries	 were	 at no stage	 made less favourable than the Rules previously applicable. As has been mentioned earlier	 under the Rajasthan Civil Services (Unification of Pay Scales) Rules & Schedules	 1950	 a person serving in the Rajasthan Secre tariat	 on appointment as Deputy Secretary	 was placed in the time scale of Rs. 500 25 700 and was	 in addition	 entitled to a special pay of Rs. 100/ . When the Rules were revised for the first time under the Rajasthan Civil Services (Rationalisation of Pay Scales) Rules & Schedules	 1956	 a member of the R.S.S.	 working on the ordinary time scale as Assistant Secretary	 became entitled	 on ap pointment as Deputy Secretary	 to pay in the scale of Rs. 500 30740 EB 30 800 50 900. It is true that	 on such appointment under these Rules	 he was not entitled to any special pay; but the principle for fixation of pay given in the remarks column ensured that the pay admissible to the Officer would certainly be higher than the pay which would have been admissible if the earlier Rules had continued in force. The scale of pay prescribed for the post of Deputy Secretary was higher than the previous scale. Further	 on promotion as Deputy Secretary	 every Officer of the R.S.S. received a minimum increase of Rs. 1501/ on his basic pay as Assistant Scretary. The fact that the special pay as Assistant Secretary was 435 ignored in fixing the pay on appointment to the post of Deputy Secretary did not result in any reduction of the emoluments to be received under the new scales	 as compared with the emoluments which he would have received if the old scales had continued to remain in force. The subsequent revisions in 1961 and 1966 also observed this principle	 so that the Rajpramukh or the Governor of Rajasthan	 in promulgating these various Rules revising the pay scales applicable to Deputy Secretaries	 ensured that no revised Rule operated to the prejudice of a member of the R.S.S.	 as compared with the earlier Rules under which rights had vested in him. Further	 it was	 at no stage	 urged that the Rajpramukh or the Governor was incompetent to promulgate these revised Rules from time to time in exercise of his power under Article 309 of the Constitution. The Rules thus applicable to the member of the R.S.S. on appointment to the post of Deputy Secretary	 against which the appellant made his grievance in the High Court	 cannot be held to be vitiated in any manner	 if considered by themselves in the light of rights which the members of the R.S.S. possessed from time to time. The second aspect	 and the one on which reliance was mainly placed by learned counsel for the appellant in. this appeal	 is that the Rules	 on the face of them	 show that	 in the case of members of the R.S.S. appointed as Deputy Secretaries	 no special pay is admissible	 while special pay is admissible to members of the R.A.S. when holding similar posts. It is on the basis of this apparent differentiation that the appellant urged that Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution were violated when special pay was denied to the members of the R.S.S.	 while special pay was admissible to members of the R.A.S. There are two reasons why this grievance put forward on behalf of the appellant has to be rejected. The first is that the appellant comes to the post of a Deputy Secretary from the R.S.S.	 which is a service distinct and separate from the R.A.S. The methods of recruitment	 qualifications	 etc.	 of the two Services are not identical. In their ordinary time scale	 the two Services do not carry the same grades. Even the posts	 for which recruitment in the two Services is made	 are	 to a major extent	 different. The members of the R.S.S. are meant to be employed in the Secretariat only	 while members of the R.A.S. are mostly meant for posts which are outside the Secretariat though some posts in the Secretariat can be filled by members of the R.A.S. In such a case	 where appointment is made to the posts of Deputy Secretaries of government servants belonging to two different and separate Services	 there can arise no question of a claim that all of them	 when working as Deputy Secretaries	 must receive identical salaries	 or must neces sarily both be given special pay. It is entirely wrong to think that every one	 appointed to the same post	 is entitled to claim that be L5 Sup. CI/67 14 436 must be paid identical emoluments as any other person appointed to the same post	 disregarding the method of recruitment	 or the source from which the Officer is drawn for appointment to that post. No such equality is required either by article 14 or article 16 of the Constitution. This principle was explained by this Court first in the case of All India Station Masters ' and Assistant Station Masters ' Association & Others vs General Manager	 Central Railways and Others(1). In that case	 the question arose about the rights of promotion of Assistant Station Masters and Guards already employed in the Railway Service. The Assistant Station Masters claimed equality of opportunity for promotion qua the Guards on the ground that they were entitled to equality of opportunity in the matter of employment or appointment to any office of the State under article 16(1) of the Constitution. This Court held : "It is clear that	 as between the members of the same class	 the question whether conditions of service are the same or not may well arise. If they are not	 the question of denial of equal opportunity will require serious consideration in such cases. Does the concept of equal opportunity in matters of employment apply	 however	 to variations in provisions as between members of different classes of employees under the State ? In our opinion	 the answer must be in the negative. The concept of equality can have no existence except with reference to matters which are common as between individuals	 between whom equality is predicated. Equality of opportunity in matters of employment can be predicated only as between persons	 who are either seeking the same em ployment	 or have obtained the same employment." Proceeding further	 the Court held : "There is	 in our opinion	 no escape from the conclusion that equality of opportunity in matters of promotion	 must mean equality as between members of the same class of employees	 and not equality between members of separate	 independent classes." The same principle was later confirmed in the case of Kishori Mohanlal Bakshi vs Union of India(2). In that case	 persons appointed to Class 11 of Income tax Officers claimed that there was discrimination against them in the matter of pay scales	 as compared with Income tax Officers recruited direct to the Class I Service. The Court	 rejecting this argument	 held : "The only other contention raised is that there is discrimination between Class I and Class II Officers inasmuch as	 though they do the same kind of work	 their pay scales are different. This	 it is said	 violates article 14 of the Constitution. If this contention had any validity	 there could be no incremental scales of pay fixed dependent on the duration of an officer 's service. The abstract doctrine of equal pay for equal work has nothing to do with article 14. The contention that article 14 of the Constitution has been violated	 therefore	 fails. " The claim of the appellant in the present case that	 (1) 1. (2) A.I.R. 1962 S.C. 11 39. 437 on appointment as Deputy Secretary	 he must be held entitled to receive special pay on the ground of being placed on parity with the members of the R.A.S.	 has	 therefore	 to be rejected. The second ground	 which shows that the claim made on behalf of the appellant has no basis	 is that	 under the various Service Rules themselves	 a member of the R.S.S.	 on appointment as Deputy Secretary	 is given pay in a grade specially and separately fixed for the posts of Deputy Secretaries	 while a member of the R.A.S.	 is not placed in that grade at all. Thus	 under the latest Rules	 a member of the R.S.S.	 on appointment as Deputy Secretary	 draws salary in the grade of Rs. 900 50 1500. On the other hand	 a member of the R.A.S.	 appointed as Deputy Secretary	 is not granted pay in this scale. In his case	 he continues to draw his salary in the scale applicable to him in the R.A.S. and is allowed a special pay of Rs. 1501 . This special pay allowed to a member of the R.A.S. is	 therefore	 not in addition to the pay in the grade specially prescribed for the posts of Deputy Secretaries. That grade is much higher than the grade applicable to the member of the R.A.S. which continues to apply to him on his appointment as Deputy Secretary	 and it is only in addition to that lower time scale that a member of the R.A.S. is allowed the special pay of Rs. 1501 . It is thus clear that the method of fixation of salary for members of the two Services	 on appointment as Deputy Secretaries	 is quite different. A member of the R.S.S. is allowed a special higher grade	 while a member of the R.A.S. continues on his old scale and only gets an extra salary of Rs. 1501 per month. In such a case	 no question can arise of holding that a member of the R.S.S. must also be granted a special pay in addition to being placed in the higher grade of pay prescribed for the post of Deputy Secretaries when that post is held by the member of the R.S.S. In this connection	 learned counsel for the appellant drew our attention to Rule 7(3 1) of the Rajasthan Civil Service Rules	 1951	 framed under Article 309 of the Constitution	 defining special pay. The definition given in the Rule is that "Special Pay" means an addition of the nature of pay	 to the emoluments of a post or of a government servant	 granted in consideration of : (a) the specially arduous nature of the duties	 (b) a specific addition to the work or responsibility; or (c) the unhealthiness of the locality in which the work is performed. It was urged by learned counsel that	 if the post of Deputy Secretary was considered as involving specially arduous nature of duties for members of the R.A.S.	 there is no reason to hold that that post is not equally arduous for members of the R.S.S. and	 consequently	 there would be no justification for denying special pay 438 to members of the R.S.S. holding such a post	 when special pay is granted to members of the R.A.S. It appears to us that this submission is made on a misconception of the scope of this Rule. The Rule	 in defining special pay	 envisages an addition of the nature of pay to the emoluments of either a post or of a government servant and	 consequently	 it is clear that a special pay is to be granted	 if a person is appointed to a post which is specially arduous in nature as compared with the earlier post held by him. Similarly	 it may be granted to a government servant who is appointed to a post involving specially arduous duties as compared with the posts to be held by him ordinarily	 while continuing in the Service in which he holds his permanent appointment. Special pay does not arise out of any inherent quality of being arduous in nature of the post itself. Thus	 when special pay is granted to a member of the R.A.S. on appointment as Deputy Secretary	 the reason may be that the post is considered more arduous in nature than the post which would be held by him	 if he had continued on a regular post borne on the cadre of his Service. In the case of a member 	of the R.S.S.	 the post of a Deputy Secretary is already designated as a selection post for hi in and in view of this difference between the post to which he is appointed	 as compared with the post of an Assistant Secretary earlier held by him	 he is granted a special and higher grade	 so that there is no question of his being granted a special pay on the basis that the post of Deputy Secretary is more arduous in nature than the post of Assistant Secretary. The Rules	 	as framed	 are	 thus	 based on well recognised principles for granting salary to members of different Services	 even when they are appointed to the same post. In these circumstances	 no question arises of any discrimination under article 14 of the Constitution	 or 	of any denial of equality of opportunity under article 16 of the Constitution. The appeal has no force and is dismissed	 but	 in the circumstances of this case	 we make no order as to costs. R.K.P.S. Appeal dismissed.

Under the Rajasthan Civil Services (Unification of Pay Scales) Rules & Schedules	 1950	 a person serving in the Rajasthan Secretariat	 on appointment as Deputy Secretary	 was placed in a specified pay scale and was	 in addition	 entitled to a Special Pay. Under the same Rules a member of the Rajasthan Administrative Service	 on appointment as Deputy Secretary	 was also entitled to draw salary in the same pay scale and a similar Special Pay. The 1950 Rules were superseded by the Rajasthan Secretariat Service (Rationalisation of Pay Scales) Rules & Schedules	 1956	 by which it was provided that for Assistant Secretaries in the Secretariat Service there would be a number of selection posts of Deputy Secretaries on an increased pay scale without any Special pay Furthermore	 the scales applicable to the members of Administrative Service on appointment as Deputy Secretary were also 'revised upwards though not to the same extent as for those in the Secretariat Service and in their case the principle of Special Pay on such appointment was continued. The rules were revised again in 1961 and 1966 whereby higher pay scales were introduced to apply to members of each service on appointment to the post of a Deputy Secretary but the system of a special pay on such appointment	 was continued only for members of the Administrative Service. The appellant	 who was an Assistant Secretary in the Secretariat Service and had been promoted as a Deputy Secretary	 filed a petition under article 226 of the Constitution claiming that the words "without special pay" in the 1956 Rules	 applicable in respect of his Service may be declared invalid and violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The High Court dismissed the Petition. In the appeal to this Court it was contended	 inter alia that Articles 14 and 16 were violated because	 (i) the Rules	 on the fare of them	 showed that in the case of members of the Secretariat Service appointed as Deputy Secretaries	 no special pay was admissible	 while such pay was admissible to members of the Administrative Service when holding similar posts; and (ii) the definition of "Special Pay" in Rule 3(31) of the Rajasthan Civil Service Rule			 1951	 showed that it was meant to be additional pay in consideration	 inter alia	 of the specially arduous nature of duties and that if the post of Deputy Secretary was considered as involving such duties for members of the Administrative Service	 there was no reason to hold that the same post was not equally arduous for members of the Secretariat Service. HELD : There was no discrimination under Article 14 or any denial 4 3 1 of equality of opportunity under Article 16. (1) The Rules	 as applicable from time to time to members of the Secretariat Service on appointment to the posts of Deputy Secretaries	 were	 at no stage made less favourable than the Rules previously applicable to them and could not be held to be vitiated in any manner	 if considered by themselves in the light of rights which the members of the Secretariat Service possessed from time to time. [435C D; 438E F] The appellant came to the post of a Deputy Secretary from the Secretariat Service which is a service distinct and separate from the Administrative Service. The methods of recruitment qualification	 etc.	 of the two Services are not identical. In their ordinary time scale	 the two Services do not carry the same grades. Even the posts	 for which recruitment in the two Services is made	 are to a major "tent	 different. The members of the Secretariat Service are meant to be employed in the Secretariat only	 while members of the Administrative Service are mostly meant for posts which are outside the Secretariat though some posts in the Secretariat can be filled by members of that service. In such a case	 where appointment is made to the posts of Deputy Secretaries of government servants belonging to two different and separate Services	 there can arise no question of a claim that all of them	 when working as Deputy. Secretaries	 must receive identical salaries	 or must necessarily both be given special pay. It is entirely wrong to think that every one	 appointed to the same post	 is entitled to claim that he must be paid identical emoluments as any other person appointed to the same post	 disregarding the method of recruitment	 or the source from which the Officer is drawn for appointment to that post. No such equality is required either by article 14 or article 16 of the Constitution. [435F 436B] All India Station Masters ' and Assistant Station Masters ' Association & Others vs General Manager	 Central Railways and Others		 ; ; Mohanlal Bakshi vs Union of India A.I.R. 1962 S.C. 1139	 relied on. Furthermore	 under the various Service Rules themselves a member of the Secretariat Service on appointment as Deputy Secretary was allowed a special higher grade	 while a member of the Administrative Service continued on his old scale and only got an extra salary of Rs. 1501 per month by way of Special Pay. In such a case	 no question can arise of holding that a member of the Secretariat Service must also be granted a special pay in addition to being placed in the higher grade. 'Special Pay ' does not arise out of any inherent quality of being arduous in the nature of the post itself. Thus	 when special pay was granted to a member of the Administrative Service on appointment as Deputy Secretary	 the reason might be that the post was considered more arduous in nature than the post which would beheld by him	 if he had continued on a regular post borne on the cadre of his Service. In the case of an Assistant Secretary in the Secretariat Service	 the post of a Deputy Secretary was already designated as a selection post for him on a grade	 and there could be no question of his being granted a on the basis that the post Deputy Secretary is more arduous in nature than the post of Assistant Secretary [437D F; 438C E]