Summarize the following court judgment. etition No. 348 52 of 1985. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. Shanti Bhushan G.L. Sanghi	 Prashant Bhushan	 Madan Lokur	 R. Satish	 V.K. Pandita	 and E.C. Agarwala for the Petitioners. Kapil Sibbal	 Mr. Awad Behari	 Mrs. Shobha Dikshit	 R.K Mehta	 B.R. Agarwala. Miss V. Menon	 Ravindru Bana	 A.K. Sanghi	 A.K. Srivastava and J.R. Das for the Respondents. G. Rath. Advocate General for the State of Orissa. Badri Das Sharma	 for the State of Rajasthan	 and A.V. Rangam	 for the State of Tamil Nadu. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BHAGWATI	 J. This writ petition is an offshoot of the decision rendered by us in Dr. Pradip Jain & Ors. vs Union of India and others. The main judgment in that case was delivered by us on 22nd June	 1984 and we held in that judgement that "wholesale reservation made by some of the State Governments on the basis of 'domicile ' or residence requirement within the state or on the basis of institutional preference for students who have passed the qualifying examination held by the University or the State	 excluding all students not satisfying this requirement	 regardless of merit" was unconstitutional and void as offending the equality clause of the Constitution. But after condemning such wholesale reservation	 we proceeded to observe that the very mandate of the equality clause viewed in the perspective of social justice	 would justify some extent of reservation based on residence requirement within the State or on institutional preference for students passing the qualifying examination held by the University or the State and addressing ourselves to the question as to what extent such reservation might be regarded as constitutionally permissible	 we said: "It is not possible to provide a categorical answer to this question	 for as pointed out by the policy statement of the Government of India	 the extent of such reservation would depend on several factors including opportunities for professional education in that particular area	 the extent of competition	 level of education development of the area and other relevant factors. It may be that 47 in a State where the level of educational development is woefully low	 there are comparatively inadequate opportunities for training in the medical speciality and there is large scale social and economic backwardness there may be justification for reservation of a higher percentage of seats in the medical colleges in the State and such higher percentage of seats in the medical colleges in the State and such higher percentage may not militate against "the equality mandate viewed in the perspective of social justice". So many variables depending on social and economic facts in the context of educational opportunities would enter into the determination of the question as to what in the case of any particular State	 should be the limit of reservation based on residence requirement within the State or on institutional preference. But	 in our opinion	 such reservation should in no event exceed the outer limit of 70 per cent of the total number of open seats after taking into account other kinds of reservations validly made. The Medical Education Review Committee had suggested that the outer limit should not exceed 75 per cent but we are of the view that it would be fair and just to fix the outer limit at 70 per cent. We are laying down this outer limit of reservation in an attempt to reconcile the apparently conflicting claims of equality and excellence". We pointed out that in the result "at least 30 per cent of the open seats shall be available for admission of students on All India basis irrespective of the State or University from which they come" and directed that "such admissions shall be granted purely on merit on the basis of either All India Entrance Examination or entrance examination to be held by the State". This was the decision given by us in regard to admissions to the MBBS and BDS courses. We proceeded to discuss the question of admissions to post graduate courses such as MD	 MS and the like. We I earned heavily on the observations made by Krishna Iyer J. in Jagdish Saran vs Union of India(1) as also on the recommendation by the Indian Medical Council and the opinion expressed by the Medical Education Review Committee where an opinion was clearly expressed that admissions to post graduate courses in any institution should be guided strictly by merit and should be open to candidates on all India basis. We also referred to the policy statement of the Government of India filed by the learned Attorney General where 48 the view was expressed categorically by the Government of India that so far as admissions to the institutions of post graduate colleges and such professional colleges are concerned	 they should be entirely on the basis of all India merit	 subject only to Constitutional reservations in favour of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes However	 taking into account broader considerations of equality of opportunity and institutional continuity in education which has its own importance and value	 we took the view that though residence requirement within the State should not be a ground for reservation in admissions to post graduate courses	 a certain percentage of seats may in the present circumstances	 be reserved on the basis of institutional preference "in the sense that a student who has passed M.B.B.S. course from a medical college may be given preference for admission to post graduate course in the same medical college or University but such reservation on the basis of institutional preference should not in any event exceed 50% of the total number of open seats available for admission to the post graduate course. " This Judgment was delivered on 22nd June	 1984	 but by that time	 admissions had already been made in the medical colleges attached to some of the Universities in the country and moreover it was felt that sometime would be required for the purpose of achieving uniformity in the procedure relating to admissions in various Universities. Some of the students seeking admission to the M.B.B.S. course in the academic year 1984 85	 therefore	 made an application to the Court in Civil Appeal No. 6392 of 1983	 Rita Nirankari vs University of Delhi	 that the Judgment delivered by us may be given effect only from the academic year 1985 86 We accordingly issued notice on the application to the learned advocates who had appeared on behalf of the various parties at the hearing of Dr Pradip Jain 's case as also to the Attorney General and after hearing them we came to the conclusion that "in view of the fact that all formalities for admission	 including the holding of entrance examination. have been completed in some of the States prior to the Judgment dated 22nd June 1984 and also since sometime would be required for making the necessary preparations for implementing the Judgment "it was not practicable to give effect to the judgment from the academic year 1984 85. We therefore directed that the judgment shall be implemented with effect from the academic year 1985 86. This order was made by us on 26th July 1984 and it was directed to form part of the main judgment dated 22nd June 1984. 49 Since it was made clear as far back as 26th July	 1984	 that our Judgment dated 22nd June	 1984	 shall be given effect from the academic year 1985 86	 we should have thought that the Government of India and Indian Medical Council would make the necessary arrangements for holding an All India Entrance Examination well in time for admissions to the M.B.B.S. course for the academic year 1985 86 so far as the minimum 30% open seats not reserved on the basis of residence requirement or institutional preference (hereinafter referred to as the minimum 30% non reserved seats) were concerned. But it seems that so far nothing has been done either by the Government of India or the Indian Medical Council and the fate of the students seeking admissions to the M.B.B.S. course for the academic year 1985 86 is in a state of total uncertainty. The State Governments have also been equally guilty of indifference and inaction in not taking any steps for the purpose of holding an entrance examination which would test the relative merits of the students seeking admission to the minimum 30% non reserved seats in the M.B.B.S. course in the medical colleges. Some of the State Governments and Universities	 we are informed	 are proposing to fill up the minimum 30% non reserved seats for the M.B.B.S. course on the basis of the marks obtained by the students at the qualifying examinations held by different States and or Universities	 total ignoring the fact that the standard of judging at these different qualifying examinations cannot	 by its very nature be uniform. Some Universities may be very liberal in their marking while some other may be strict. These would be no comparable standards on the basis of which the relative merits of the students can be judged. It would be wholly unjust to grant admissions to the students by assessing their relative merits with reference to the marks obtained by them	 not at the same qualifying examination where standard of judging would be reasonably uniform but at different qualifying examinations held by different State Governments or Universities where the standard of judging would necessarily vary and not be the same. That would indeed be blatantly violative of the concept of equality enshrined in Article 14 of the Constitution. We must	 therefore	 make it clear that no State Government or University or Medical College shall grant admission to students to fill the minimum 30% non reserved seats for the M.B.B.S. course	 on the basis of comparison of the marks obtained by them at different qualifying examinations. The admissions must be based one valuation of relative merits through an entrance examination which would be open to all qualified candidates through out the country. Such entrance examination should 50 in our opinion be held by the Government of India or the Indian Medical Council on an all India basis and admissions should be granted to the various medical colleges in the country on the basis of the marks obtained at such entrance examination and while granting admission any preference expressed by the students for any particular State or University or Medical College or Colleges shall be kept in mind	 and as far as possible	 effort shall be made to conform to such preferences so that the students who secure admissions are least inconvenienced and they are able to carry on their studies near their place of residence. There can be no constitutional impediment in the way of the Government of India or the Indian Medical Council for holding such entrance examination	 because the topic of education is in the Concurrent List. We are of the view that such entrance examination must be held by the Government of India or the Indian Medical Council because then there will be only one examination in which the students seeking admission to the M.B.B.S course will have to appear	 irrespective of the place where or the University or Medical College in which	 they are seeking admission is located. Today we are witnessing the highly distressing spectacle of students rushing from place to place to appear at entrance examinations which are being held in Delhi	 Chandigarh	 Bangalore and various other places. So much time	 money and energy of the students is wasted and in addition there is a gnawing anxiety at the almost chaotic uncertainty in regard to admission. It is therefore absolutely essential that there should be only one entrance examination common to all the medical colleges in the country and such entrance examination can be held only by the Government of India or the Indian Medical Council. That is why at the last hearing of the present writ petition	 we directed the Indian Medical Council to come forward with a positive scheme for holding an all India entrance examination for regulating admissions to the minimum 30% non reserved seats for the M.B.B.S. course. We hope and trust that at the next hearing of this writ petition	 the Indian Medical Council will produce a will thought out scheme for holding an all India entrance examination so that the necessary directions can be given by the court in regard to the holding of such entrance examination well in time before the next academic year begins in June/July 1985. Much time has already been lost and we are anxious that no further delay should occur	 because any delay now will jeopardise the future of the students seeking admissions to the M.B.B.S. course for the academic year 1985 86. 51 We would also like to clear up one misunderstanding which seems to prevail with some State Governments and Universities in regard to the true import of our judgment dated 22nd June	 1984. They have misinterpreted our judgment to mean that 30% of the total number of seats available for admission to M.B.B.S. course in a medical college should be kept free from reservation on the basis of residence requirement or institutional preference. That is a total mis reading of our judgment. What we have said in our judgment is that after providing for reservation validly made	 whatever seats remain available for non reserved categories	 30% of such seats at the least	 should be left free for open competition and admission to such 30% open seats should not be based on residence requirement or institutional preference but students from all over the country should be able to compete for admissions to such 30% open seats. To take an example	 suppose there are 100 seats in a medical college or University and 30% of the seats are validly reserved for candidates belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. That would leave 70 seats available for others belonging to non reserved categories. According to our judgment	 30% of 70 seats	 that is	 21 seats out of 70 and not 30% of the total number of 100 seats	 namely	 30 seats	 must be filled up by open competition regardless of residence requirement or institutional preference. So far admissions to 50% open seats not reserved on the basis of institutional preference (hereinafter referred to as 50% non reserved seats) for post graduate courses such as M.D.	 M.B. and the like are concerned	 we may point out that these admissions also cannot be made on the basis of marks obtained by the students at different M.B.B.S. examinations held by different universities	 since there would be no comparable standards by reference to which the relative merits of the students seeking admission to post graduate courses can be judged. It would not only be unfair and unjust but also contrary to the equality clause of the Constitution to grant admissions to 50% non reserved seats in the post graduate courses by mechanically comparing the marks obtained by the students at the M.B.B.S. examinations held by different Universities where the standard of judging would necessarily vary from University to University and would not be uniform. If admissions were to be made on this basis	 a less meritorious student appearing in the M.B.B.S. examination held by a University where the standard of evaluation is liberal would secure a march over a more meritorious student who appears in the M.B.B.S. examination where the standard of marking 52 is strict. We cannot therefore approve of admissions to 50% non reserved seats for the post graduate courses being made on the basis of marks obtained by the students at the different M.B.B.S. examinations held by different Universities. Such admissions would be clearly invalid as constituting denial of equality of opportunity. There can be no doubt that in order to meet the demands of the equality clause	 the admissions to 50% non reserved seats for the post graduate courses must be made on the basis of comparative evaluation of merits of the students through an entrance examination. Such entrance examination must be held by the Government of India or the Indian Medical Council sufficiently in advance before the term is due to commence for the post graduate courses. Here again the students seeking admission to post graduate courses can express their preference for any particular University or medical college or colleges as also for any speciality or specialities which they wish to take up for the post graduate course and admissions should be granted to the post graduate courses in various medical colleges in the country on the basis of marks obtained at such entrance examination and while granting admissions	 the preferences expressed by the students must be kept in mind and as far as possible	 effort should be made to conform to such preferences. We have directed the Government of India and the Indian Medical Council to put forward a positive scheme for holding an all India entrance examination for regulating admissions to the post graduate courses at the next hearing of the writ petition so that we can give necessary directions to the Government of India for holding such All India Entrance Examination which would be conducted in at least one centre in each State and which would be open to the students from all over the country. We may point out that having regard to the size of the population the number of students seeking admission and the extent of the geographical area of a State	 it might be desirable to have more than one centre in some State or States both in regard to admissions to the post graduate courses as also in regard to admissions to M.B.B.S. course. If for any reason the Government of India and the Indian Medical Council are unable to organise such All India Entrance Examination for admissions to the post graduate courses on account of paucity of the time now available to them	 a situation for which they are almost entirely to blame	 we may have to direct as the only possible alternative for the coming academic year	 an entrance examination to be held by each State Government or University for regulating admissions to 50% non reserved seats for the post graduate courses in the medical colleges situate within 53 that State or attached or affiliated to that University. But unquestionably no admissions can be allowed to be made on the basis of marks obtained at different M.B.B.S. examinations held by different universities. That takes to a consideration of the main question arising in the present writ petition. The question relates to the admissions to 50% non reserved seats for the post graduate courses in the Motilal Nehru Medical College	 Allahabad. Now in all the Medical Colleges in the State of Uttar Pradesh a student who wishes to join a post graduate course namely M.D.	 M.S. or like has necessarily to do house job for a period of one year after completion of internship and the house job has to be in a speciality which the student wishes to take up for the post graduate course. There are a few exceptions to this general rule	 as for example	 a student who has done house job in medicine is qualified for admission to the post graduate course in radiology. That is how petitioner No. 5 who had done house job in medicine could secure admission in the post graduate course for radiology. Then there are also cases where a student who has done house job in a particular speciality for six months and in another allied speciality for the remaining six months	 may be qualified for admission to the post graduate course in the former speciality. But	 by and large	 barring these few exceptional situations	 a student cannot qualify for admission to the graduate course in a particular speciality unless he has done house job in that speciality. A student therefore	 according to the rules prevailing in all the medical colleges in the State of Uttar Pradesh	 has to do house job for one year and then seek admission to the post graduate course which is of two years ' duration and he can take admission to the post graduate course only in the speciality in which he has done his house job. We are informed that this situation prevails also in the medical colleges of one or two other States. This system under which a student is first required to do house job in a speciality of his choice and then seek admission to the post graduate course which can be only in that speciality and in no other	 is likely to cause considerable hardship to the students	 because it is quite possible that a student who has done house job in a particular speciality may not come within the quota of 50% seats reserved on the basis of institutional preference and even so far as 50% non reserved seats are concerned	 he may be left out	 if he gets less marks at the entrance examination than another student who has chosen the same speciality for his house job. He obviously cannot get admission to the post graduate course 54 in another speciality even if he does better in the entrance examination than a student who has done house job in that speciality. His admission to the post graduate course would become dicey and one year spent by him in doing house job may turn out to be futile. That is why we find that in most of the States	 the post graduate course is of three years ' duration and during the first year	 the student is expected to do house job in the speciality in which he has been admitted to the post graduate course. This system is more advantageous to the students since it given an opportunity to the students to secure admission to the post graduate course in any speciality that is available	 on the basis of the marks obtained at the M.B.B.S. examination in case of 50% seats reserved on the basis of institutional preference and on the basis of marks obtained at the entrance examination in case of 50% non reserved seats. We would therefore recommend to the Indian Medical Council as also to the State of Uttar Pradesh and other States which follow the system of one year house job followed by two year post graduate course to uniformly adopt the system of three year post graduate course with house job in the first year. It is desirable that so far as post graduate education in the Medical Faculty is concerned there should	 as far as possible	 be uniformity throughout the country. The petitioners belong to a batch of students who did the M.B.B.S. course in Motilal Nehru Medical College	 Allahabad and who passed the M.B.B.S. examination held by the University of Allahabad in July 1982. The internship of one year which is obligatory in the case of every student passing the M.B.B.S. examination was completed by them in July 1983. The petitioners thereafter took up house job in the Motilal Nehru Medical College	 Allahabad. The case of the petitioners is that at the time when they took up their house job in July 1983	 the admissions to the post graduate courses were governed by the old rules which provided for reservation of 75% seats for students passing the M.B.B.S. examination from the same institution in which admission is sought that is	 on the basis of institutional preference with the remaining 25% seats open for students who had passed the M.B.B.S. examination from any Medical College in the State of Uttar Pradesh and who satisfied the residence requirement in the State of Uttar Pradesh. The petitioners said that so far as admissions to the post graduate courses for the academic year 1984 85 were concerned which academic year commenced in January 1984 the petitioners knew that having regard to the number of students who had completed their house 55 job in 1983 and who would therefore be eligible for admission to the post graduate course in the academic year 1984 85	 some seats in the post graduate courses for the academic year 1984 85 would remain vacant and would be available to the petitioners on completion of their house job in July 1984. These seats in the post graduate courses for the academic year 1984 85 would be available to the petitioners in addition to the seats in the post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 commencing from January 1985. The petitioners contended that on the basis of 75% of the seats for the academic years 1984 85 and 1985 86 being available to students passing the M.B.B.S examination from Motilal Nehru Medical College	 Allahabad an assumption which according to the petitioners they were entitled to make before the Judgment of this Court dated 22nd June 1984 the petitioners reasonably anticipated that if they took a particular speciality	 they would able to secure admission to the post graduate course in that speciality on the basis of institutional preference and basing themselves upon this anticipation	 they selected their speciality for the house job. The petitioners claimed that if the old rule of 75% and 25% had continued to prevail for the academic year 1985 86 and had not been set at naught by the Judgment of this Court dated 22nd June 1984	 they would have been able to secure admission to the post graduate course in the speciality chosen by them for the house job. But by reason of the reduction of the percentage reserved for institutional candidates from 75 to 50 commencing from the academic year 1985 86	 the petitioners could not secure admission to the post graduate course for the academic year 1985 86. The petitioners therefore urged that in those cases where the system of post graduate education adopted is to have house job for one year followed by a two year post graduate course	 it would be fair and just to give effect to our Judgment dated 22nd June 1984 so as to be applicable at the point of time when house job is taken up by the students with a view to securing admission to the post graduate course on completion of the house job. It was not the contention of the petitioner that the applicability of our Judgment dated 22nd June 1984 should be postponed beyond the academic year 1985 86 and they conceded that the Judgment may be given effect to from the academic year 1985 86 but they submitted that for the applicability of the Judgment the post graduate course should be deemed to commence from the time when the students take up house job in any particular speciality so that no injustice is done to them. 56 There is considerable force in this contention urged on behalf of the petitioners. We have directed by our order dated 26th July	 1984 that the Judgment delivered by us on 22nd June 1984 shall become effective from the academic year 1985 86 and we do not propose to postpone the operation of the Judgment beyond that academic year. But the question is as to how the principle laid down by us in the Judgment for regulating admissions to the post graduate courses is to be applied. So far as three year post graduate courses are concerned and in most of the Universities in the country we have three years post graduate courses there is no difficulty in giving effect to the Judgment from the academic year 1985 86. Whatever admissions are made to the three year post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 will be governed by the principle laid down in the Judgment. But difficulty of application arises in cases where	 as in the State of Uttar Pradesh and one or two other States	 the students do house job for one year and then seek admission to one or the other of the post graduate courses which are of two years ' duration. The admissions to the post graduate courses in such cases take place after the completion of the house job. Now if the principle laid down by us in the Judgment were to govern such admissions from the academic year 1985 86	 it would cause considerable hardship to the students who have selected house job in a particular speciality prior to the delivery of the Judgment on 22nd June	 1984	 on the basis of reasonable anticipation that	 according to the old rules governing admissions which prevailed prior to the date of the Judgment	 they would be able to secure admission to the post graduate course in the speciality chosen by them but who may now	 as pointed out in the paragraphs	 be unable to secure such admissions under the principle governing admissions laid down in the Judgment. Some of these students may legitimately complain that if they know that admissions to the post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 were going to be made on the basis of the new principles laid down in the Judgment and that only 50% of the seats were going to be available for institutional students	 they would have selected for their house job a speciality which would have brought them within the 50% quota of seats reserved on the basis of institutional preference. Now having chosen a particular speciality for the house job	 they cannot obtained admission to the post graduate course in any other speciality and consequently they can hope to get admission to the post graduate course only if an entrance examination is held and they secure better marks at the entrance examination then other students who have done house job in the same speciality. It is quite possible that in 57 the circumstances some less meritorious students might get admission to the post graduate course because they have done house job in some other speciality	 while more meritorious students may be left out on account of choice of the speciality. It would not therefore be fair and just to hold that in case of students who have taken up house job in a particular speciality prior to the delivery of the Judgment dated 22nd June	 1984	 their admissions to the two year post graduate course during the academic year 1985 86 should be governed by the new principle laid down in the Judgment. We would accordingly direct	 in order to meet the demand of equality and justice	 that in case of Universities and Medical Colleges	 where the system in vogue is to have one year house job in a particular speciality followed by admissions to a two year post graduate course in the same speciality	 the admissions to the two year post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 should be governed	 not by the new principle laid down in the judgment	 but the old rules which prevailed prior to the delivery of the Judgment	 provided the students seeking admissions had commenced their house job prior to the delivery of the Judgment on 22nd June 1984. If	 however	 the house job was commenced subsequent to the delivery of the Judgment on 22nd June 1984	 the admissions to the two year post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 would be governed by the new principle laid down in the Judgment. Now let us once again turn to the facts of the present case. The academic year 1984 85 commenced in January 1984 and on the basis of 75% seats being reserved for institutional candidates according to the rules of admission then prevailing in the State of Uttar Pradesh	 the students who completed their house job before January 1984 were admitted to the post graduate courses for the academic year 1984 85	 but since the number of students eligible for admission in that academic year were few	 some seats for the post graduate courses for the academic year 1984 85 remained unfilled. Some of the students belonging to the batch of the petitioners who completed their house job in July 1984 there upon filed writ petition No. 8362 of 1984 in the High Court of Allahabad contending that a large number of seats reserved for institutional students in the post graduate courses for the academic year 1984 85 were lying vacant and that they should be directed to be filled. The High Court by an order dated 28th September	 1984 gave interim direction that applications should be invited for the vacant seats for the academic year 1984 85. Pursuant to this interim direction	 applications were invited in September	 1984. Thereafter another direction was given 58 by the High Court on 13th November 1984 that the State Government shall "complete the admissions to the post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 on or before 2nd January 1985 in accordance with the rules" applicable to such admissions. It seems that following upon the earlier direction given by the High Court on 28th September 1984	 the State Government passed an order on 15th December 1984 directing that the admissions to the vacant seats in the post graduate courses for the academic year 1984 85 be made by 31st December 1984. This direction was carried out by the Principal of the Motilal Nehru Medical College and on the basis of 75% of the seats being reserved for institutional candidates and 25% being open to students from all medical colleges in the State of Uttar Pradesh subject to residence requirement	 the Principal granted admissions to the vacant seats in the post graduate courses for the academic year 1984 85. Unfortunately	 the petitioners could not secure admission in these vacant seats since there were more meritorious students who had done better in the M.B.B.S. examination than the petitioners. The admissions to these vacant seats were completed by 31st December 1984 as directed by the State Government by its order dated 15th December 1984. The petitioners do not complain against these admissions But their grievance is in regard to the admissions made to the post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86. These admissions were purported to be made on the basis of the new principle laid down in the Judgment dated 22nd June 1984 as understood by the Principal. What the Principal did was to grant admissions to 50% of the seats reserved on the basis of institutional preference by selecting institutional students on the basis of merit and having regard to the speciality in which they had done their house job and so far as the remaining 50% open non reserved seats were concerned	 the Principal admitted students coming from different parts of the country on the basis of the marks obtained by them at the different M.B.B.S. examinations in which they had appeared and passed. The result was that the petitioners could not secure admission to the seats in the post graduate courses even for the academic year 1985 86. It was under these circumstances that the petitioners filed the present writ petition challenging the admissions made for the academic year 1985 86. Now there can be no doubt that the grievance made by the petitioners is justified. The petitioners are right when they contend that having regard to the fact that the house job was started by them prior to the delivery of the Judgment on 22nd June 1984	 their admissions to the post graduate courses for the academic year 59 1985 86	 that being the academic year for which they became due to be considered	 should have been governed by the old rules which prevailed prior to the date of the Judgment and not by the new principle laid down in the Judgment. We have already started our reasons for taking this view and we need not reiterate those reasons. Of course the Principal of the Motilal Medical College cannot be blamed for granting admissions for the academic year 1985 86 in accordance with the new principle laid down by us in the Judgment	 since we had said in our order dated 26th July 1984 that the Judgment shall be effective from the academic year 1985 86 and on a literal interpretation of that order even	 admissions to the two year post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 would have to be in accordance with the new principle laid down in the judgment. But	 as pointed out above	 it would work considerable hardship and injustice if	 in case of students who have started house job prior to the delivery of the Judgment on 22nd June 1984	 admissions to the two year post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 were to be made on the basis of the rule enunciated in the Judgment. We must therefore hold that in the State of Uttar Pradesh and other States where the system of post graduate medical education adopted	 is to have one year house job followed by two year post graduate course	 students who started their house job prior to the delivery of the Judgment on 22nd June 1984 should be governed by the old rules prevailing prior to the date of the Judgment when seeking admission to the post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 but in case of students who started their house job after the date of the Judgment	 their admissions to the post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 should be governed by the new principle laid down in the Judgment. On this view	 75% of the seats in the post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 should have been made available to the institutional students and the case of the petitioners was that	 if that had been done	 the petitioners would have been able to secure admission as falling within the 75% quota. It was not seriously disputed on behalf of the respondents that if the old rules governing admissions had been applied	 the petitioners would	 save perhaps in a solitary case	 have been able to get admission to the post graduate courses. The petitioners were thus unjustly and improperly left out of the quota for institutional students on what was turned out to be erroneous view of the legal position. The petitioners also complained that even in regard to the 50% non reserved seats	 the petitioners were denied an opportunity of competing for them	 because no entrance examination was held either by the Government of India or by the State Government or 60 even by the concerned University for testing the relative merits of the students seeking admission to the post graduate courses. This complaint was made in the alternative on the premise that the admissions were governed by the new principle laid down in the Judgment. We have already pointed out that this premise was unjustified and the admissions were governed not by the new principle laid down in the Judgment but by the old rules which prevailed prior to the delivery of the Judgment. But even if the admissions were governed by the new principle laid down in the Judgment	 the Principal could not grant admissions to 50% non reserved seats in the post graduate courses without judging the relative merits of the candidates through a common entrance examination. The Principal was clearly wrong in granting admissions to 50% non reserved seats on the basis of the marks obtained by the candidates at the different M.B.B.S. examination held by different Universities. No admissions could be granted to 50% non reserved seats except through a common entrance examination where the relative merits of the candidates could be tested and a comparative evaluation could be made on the basis of a common standard. It is quite possible that if a common entrance examination had been held	 the petitioners or at least some of them might have been able to establish their superior merit as against those who happen to have been admitted on the basis of the marks obtained at the different M.B.B.S. examinations. We are therefore of the view that the admissions purported to have been made to 50% non reserved seats in the post graduate courses were invalid and the admissions should have been made in accordance with the old rules prevailing prior to the delivery of the Judgment on 22nd June 1984. But we are not inclined to strike down the admissions which have already been made. There are two reasons why we do not wish to disturb these admissions. In the first place	 the students who have already been admitted are not parties to the present writ petition and it would not be right to make any order striking down their admissions without giving them an opportunity of being heard. Secondly	 the admissions have been made as far back as January 1985 pursuant to an order of the High Court and the students who have been admitted have been prosecuting their studies since the last about three months and it would cause them immense hardship if their admissions were none to be disturbed. We do not therefore propose to strike down the admissions already made to the post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86. But at the same time we must not allow any injustice to be perpetrated on the petitioners. It would in 61 our opinion be fair and just that the petitioners should be able to get admission to the post graduate courses in the Motilal Nehru Medical College being the institution in which they did their M.B.B.S. course	 the reason being that if the old rules had been applied they would have been able to secure such admission. The State of Uttar Pradesh	 however	 contended that the number of students admitted to the post graduate courses in the various specialities was already in excess of that permitted by the Indian Medical Council and apart from any objection which may be raised by the Indian Medical Council	 the interest of higher education would suffer if the petitioners were directed to be admitted to the post graduate courses in the specialities respectively chosen by them for their house job. Now it is necessary to point out that the number of students admitted to the post graduate courses has turned out to be in excess of that authorised by the Indian Medical Council simply because the students admitted to the vacant seats in the post graduate courses for the academic year 1984 85 pursuant to the order of the High Court dated 28th September 1984 and the order of the State Government dated 15th December 1984 could commence their post graduate study only from January 1985 and the students admitted to the post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 also commenced their post graduate study at the same time with the result that both sets of students	 one admitted for the academic year 1984 85 and the other admitted for the academic year 1985 86 started and continued their post graduate study simultaneously and together and this resulted in the total number of students being in excess of that authorised by the Indian Medical Council. But if we take into account only the number of students admitted for the academic year 1985 86	 we do not think that by admitting the petitioners	 the teacher student ratio prescribed by the Indian Medical Council would be substantially breached. We may point out that even if the teacher student ratio is violated by granting admissions to the petitioners	 we would direct that this may be allowed to be done as an exceptional case	 because otherwise injustice would result to the petitioners and neither the Court nor the Indian Medical Council can be so insensitive as to shut its eyes to injustice. We would therefore direct that the petitioners shall be admitted to the post graduate courses in the specialities respectively chosen by them for their house job	 for the academic year 1985 86 either in the Motilal Nehru Medical College or in any of the other five medical colleges in the State of Uttar Pradesh	 at the option of the State Government. We are not finally disposing of the writ petition with this Judgment since directions have yet to be given by us in regard to the 62 holding of entrance examination both for admission to the M.B.B.S. course as also for admissions to the post graduate courses. We have already directed the Indian Medical Council to come forward with a positive scheme in regard to the holding of both these entrance examinations and we shall finally dispose of the writ petition after considering the scheme put forward by the Indian Medical Council and issuing the necessary directions to the Government of India and the State Governments and/or Universities for holding the necessary entrance examinations. A.P.J	 Petitions Partly allowed.

Prior to this judgment of the Supreme Court in Dr. Pradeep Jain 's case delivered on 22nd June	 1984	 admissions to the post graduate medical courses in the State of Uttar Pradesh were governed by the old rules which provided for reservation of 75% seats for students passing the MBBS examination from the same institution in which admission is sought	 that is on the basis of institutional preference with the remaining 25% seats open for students who had passed the MBBS examination from any medical college in the State of Uttar Pradesh and who satisfied the residential requirements in that State. In Dr. Pradeep Jain 's case the Supreme Court held that admission to post graduate course	 such as MD	 MS and the like	 should be entirely on the basis of all India merit	 subject only to Constitutional reservations in favour of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. However	 keeping in view equality of opportunity and institutional continuity in education a certain percentage of seats may be reserved on the basis of institutional preference "in the sense that a student who has passed MBBS course from a medical college may be given preference for admission to post graduate course in the same medical college or University but such reservation should not in any event exceed 50% of the total number of open seats available for admissions to the post graduate 42 course". Subsequently	 on 26th July	 1984 it was directed that the aforesaid judgment shall be implemented with effect from the academic year 1985 86. According to the rules prevailing in all the medical colleges in the State of Uttar Pradesh	 a student has to do house job for one year and then seek admission to the two year post graduate course	 barring some exceptions	 only in the speciality in which he has done his house job. The petitioners passed their MBBS examination in July 1982 from Motilal Nehru Medical College and completed obligatory internship of one year in July 1983. At that time admission to the post graduate medical courses were governed by the old rules. The petitioners could not secure admission to the post graduate medical courses for the academic year 1984 85 on the basis of the old rules. For the academic year 1985 86	 the Principal of the College granted admissions to 50% of the seats reserved on the basis of institutional preference by selecting institutional students on the basis of merit and having regard to the speciality in which they had done their house job and so far as the remaining 50% open non reserved seats were concerned	 he admitted students coming from different parts of the country on the basis of the marks obtained by them at the different MBBS examinations. Thus the petitioners could not secure admissions in the post graduate courses even for the academic year 1985 86. Therefore	 they filed the present Writ Petitions challenging the admissions made for the academic year 1985 86. The petitioners contended: (i) that when they completed their internship in July 1983 the admissions to post graduate courses were governed by the old rules and so far as admissions to academic year 1984 85 were concerned they knew that having regard to the number of students	 who had completed their house job in 1983 and would be eligible for admission to the post graduate courses in the academic year 1984 85	 some seats in the post graduate courses for the academic year 1984 85 would remain vacant and would be available to them on completion of their house job in July 1984 in addition to the seats in the post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86. On the basis of 75% seats for the academic years 1984 85 and 1985 86 being available to the students passing MBBS examination from Motilal Nehru Medical College they reasonably anticipated that if they took a particular speciality	 they would be able to secure admission to the post graduate course in that speciality on the basis of institutional preference and basing themselves upon this anticipation	 they selected their speciality for the house job. If the old rule of 75% and 25% had continued to prevail for the academic year 1985 86 and had not been set at naught by the judgment dated 22nd June 1984	 they would have been able to secure admission to the post graduate course in the speciality chosen by them for the house job. But by reason of the reduction of the percentage reserved for institutional candidates from 75 to 50 commencing from the academic year 1985 86	 they could not secure admission to the post graduate course for the academic year 1985 86. Therefore	 in those cases where the system of post graduate education adopted is to have house job for one year followed by a two year post graduate course	 the applicability of the judgment to the post graduate course should be deemed to commence from the time when the students take up house job in any particularly speciality and (ii) that even in regard to the 50% non reserved seats they were denied an opportunity 43 of competing for them	 because no entrance examination was held either by the Government of India or by the State Government or even by the concerned University for testing the relative merits of the students seeking admission to the post graduate courses. Partly disposing of the petitions	 ^ HELD: 1. Admissions to 50% open seats not reserved on the basis of institutional preference for post graduate courses can not be made on the basis of marks obtained by the students at different MBBS examination held by different Universities	 since there would be no comparable standards by reference to which relative merits of the students seeking admission to post graduate courses can be judged. In order to meet the demands of the equality clause	 the admissions to 50% non reserved seats for the post graduate courses must be made on the basis of comparative evaluation of merits of the students through an entrance examination	 to be held by the Government of India or the Indian Medical Council sufficiently in advance. The students seeking admission in MBBS course as well as in post graduate courses can express their preference for any particular University of Medical College or colleges as also for any speciality or specialities which they wish to take up for the post graduate course and admissions should be granted on the basis of marks obtained at such entrance examination and while granting admissions	 the preferences expressed by the students must be kept in mind and as far as possible	 effort should be made to conform to such preferences. [51 E F; 52 B D] 2. The Principal of the Motilal Nehru Medical College cannot be blamed for granting admissions for the academic year 1985 86 in accordance with the new principle since the order dated 26th July 1984 says that the judgment dated 22nd June 1984	 shall be effective from the academic year 1985 86 and on a literal interpretation of that order even admissions to the two years post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 would have to be in accordance with the new principle.[59 B C] 3. The grievance of the petitioners that even in regard to the 50% non reserved seats	 they were denied an opportunity of competing for them because no entrance examination was held for testing the relative merits of the students seeking admission to the post graduate courses	 is based on the premise that the admissions were governed by the new principle. This premise was unjustified and the admissions were governed not by the new principle but by the old rules. Even if the admissions were governed by the new principle	 the Principal was clearly wrong in granting admissions to 50% non reserved seats on the basis of the marks obtained by the candidates at the different MBBS examination held by different universities	 without testing the relative merits of the candidates on the basis of a common standard. The admissions purported to have been made to 50% non reserved seats in the post graduate courses were invalid.[59 H; 60 A B] 4 The admissions already made cannot be struck down because the students who have already been admitted are not parties to the present writ petitions and without giving them an opportunity of being heard their 44 admissions cannot be struck down. Secondly	 such admissions were made in January 1985 and since then the students are prosecuting their studies. Striking down their admissions at this stage would cause immense hardship to them. It would be fair and just if the petitioners are also allowed admission to post graduate courses in the Motilal Nehru Medical College on the basis of institutional preference according to old rules. The petitioners shall be admitted to the post graduate courses in the specialities respectively chosen by them for their house job	 for the academic year 1985 86 either in the Motilal Nehru Medical College or in any other five medical colleges in the State of Uttar Pradesh at the option of the State Government.[60 G H; 61 A; G H] 5. The judgment in the case of Dr. Pradeep Jain has been misinterpreted to mean that 30% of the total seats available for admission to MBBS course in a Medical College should be kept free from reservation on the basis of residence requirement or institutional preference. That is a total mis reading of that judgment. True import of that judgment is that after providing for reservation validly made	 whatever seats remain available for non reserved categories	 30% of such seats at the least	 should be left free for open competition and admission to such 30% open seats should not be based on residence requirement or institutional preference but students from all over the country should be able to compete for admissions to such 30% open seats. [51 A C] 6. Some of the State Governments and universities are proposing to fill up the minimum 30% non reserved seats for the MBBS course on the basis of marks obtained by the students at the qualifying examinations held by the different States and or Universities	 totally ignoring the fact that the standard of judging at these different qualifying examinations cannot	 by its very nature be uniform. It would be wholly unjust to grant admissions to students by assessing their relative merits with reference to the marks obtained by them	 not at the same qualifying examination where standard of judging would be reasonably uniform but at different qualifying examinations held by different State Governments or Universities where the standard of judging would necessarily vary and would not be the same. That would indeed be blatantly violative of the concept of equality enshrined in Article 14 of the Constitution. Therefore	 no State Government or University or Medical College shall grant admission to students to fill the minimum 30% non reserved seats for the MBBS course	 on the basis of comparison of the marks obtained by them at different qualifying examinations. The admissions must be based on evaluation of relative merits through an entrance examination which would be open to all qualified candidates throughout the country. Such entrance examination should be held by the Government of India or the Indian Medical Council on an all India basis and admissions should be granted to various Medical Colleges in the country on the basis of marks obtained at such entrance examination and while granting admission any preference expressed by the students for any particular State or University or Medical College or Colleges shall be kept in mind and; as far as possible	 efforts should be made to conform to such preferences so that the students who secure admission are least inconvenienced and they are able to carry on their studies near their place of residence. [49 D H; 50 A B] 45 7. There is no difficulty in giving effect to the judgment from the academic year 1985 86 so far as three year post graduate courses are concerned and the admissions will be governed by the principle laid down in the judgment. But in cases where students seek admissions to the post graduate courses of two years duration after the completion of the house job	 if the principle laid down in that judgment were to govern such admissions from the academic year 1985 86	 it would cause considerable hardship to the students who have selected house job in a particular speciality prior to the delivery of the judgment on 22nd June	 1984. In order to meet the demand of equality and justice it is directed	 that in case of Universities and Medical Colleges	 where the system in vogue is to have one year house job in a particular speciality followed by admissions to a two year post graduate course in the same speciality	 the admissions to the two year post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 should be governed	 not by the new principle laid down in the judgment	 but by the old rules which prevailed prior to the delivery of the judgment	 provided the students seeking admissions had commenced their house job prior to the delivery of the judgment on 22nd June 1984. If however	 the house job was commenced subsequent to the delivery of the judgment on 22nd June 1984	 the admissions to the two year post graduate courses for the academic year 1985 86 would be governed by the new principle laid down in the judgment. [57 A D] 8. In most of the States	 the post graduate course is of three years ' duration and during the first year	 the student is expected to do house job in the speciality in which i e has been admitted to the post graduate course. This system is more advantageous to the students since it gives an opportunity to the students to secure admission to the post graduate course in any speciality that is available	 on the basis of the marks obtained at the MBBS examination in case of 50% seats reserved on the basis of institutional preference and on the basis of marks obtained at the entrance examination in the case of 50% non reserved seats. It is	 therefore	 recommended to the Indian Medical Council as also to the State of Uttar Pradesh and other "states which follow the system of one year house job followed by two years post graduate course to uniformly adopt the system of three years post graduate course with house job in the first year. So far as post graduate education in the Medical Faculty is concerned there should	 be uniformity throughout the country. [54 B D] 9. All India Entrance Examination should be conducted in at least one centre in each State. Having regard to the size of population	 the number of students seeking admission and the geographic area of a State	 there may be more than one centre in some States both in regard to admissions to the post graduate courses and MBBS course. As directed earlier the Indian Medical Council should submit a positive scheme for holding an all India entrance examination for regulating admissions to the minimum 30% non reserved seats for MBBS course on the next hearing so that necessary directions could be issued for holding such entrance examination well in time before the next academic year begins in June or July	 1985. The writ petitions shall be finally disposed of after such directions are issued. [52 F; 50 E. 62 B] Dr. Pradeep Jain and Ors vs Union of India & Ors. ; explained and Jagdish Saran vs Union of India ; referred to. 46