Summarize the following court judgment. titions Nos. 4038	 4147	 4148	 4149	 4150	 4202	 4204	 4207	 4213	 4215	 4222	 4224	 4227	 4232	 4236	 4246	 4249	 4251	 4259	 4311	 4343 & 4347 of 1978. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution). V. M. Tarkunde	 P. H. Parekh	 C. B. Singh and Mukul Mudgar for the Petitioners in W.P. Nos. 4038 and 4244/78. Yogeshwar Prasad	 Mrs. Rani Chhabra and Miss M. Bali for the Petitioners in W.P. Nos. 4147 4150	 4207	 4232 and 4343/78. B. R. Kapur and section K. Sabharwal for the Petitioners in W.P. Nos. 4213	 4215	 4246	 4249	 4311	 4224 and 4227/78. O. P. Sharma for the Petitioners in W.P. Nos. 4222	 4259/78. Pramod Swarup for the Petitioner in W.P. 4347/78. Shreepal Singh for the Petitioner in W.P. 4236/78. M. P. Jha for the Petitioner in W.P. 4251/78. M. C. Bhandare (In W.P. 4204 and 4227/78 only) Mrs. section Bhandare	 A. N. Karkhanis and Miss Malini Poduval for R. 3 (In W.P. 4204	 4227/78) and for R. 3 in 4215 and for R. 3 4 in 4249/78. G. L. Sanghi (In W.P. 4038/78 only) section K. Mehta	 K. R. Nagaraja	 P. N. Puri and G. Lal for Municipality (rr) in W.P. 4038	 4207	 4215	 4249	 4227. Hardev Singh and R. section Sodhi for the State of Punjab in (W.P. 4038/78). Bishamber Lal for the State of Punjab in (W. P. 4147/78). 848 Naunit Lal for Municipal Committee (R.6) in W.P. 4249 and for r. 4 in 4227/78. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KRISHNA IYER	 J. This heavy bunch of writ petitions impeaching the validity of a tax on foreign liquor raises a few familiar legal riddles. A rupee per bottle sold within every municipal town or city is the impugned levy	 meant	 according to the Punjab Government	 to serve the twin purposes of replenishing the resources of municipal bodies reduced by house tax exemptions and of weaning drinkers from overly consuming foreign liquor as a prohibitionist gesture. To pick the pocket of every spirituous bibber of the higher brackets by a tiny tax may be but a feeble homage to article 47 of the Constitution	 and to finance welfare projects with this tainted tax may be queer Gandhiana. The will to enforce 'dry ' sobriety in society and to abolish massive human squaller by fleecing the fat few	 is made of sterner stuff	 maybe. But matters of means and ends	 of police and morality	 are largely for the legislature and validity is the province of the court. We let slip the observation only because	 from a certain angle	 these dual grounds make odd companions and add to the credibility gap	 although our focus is solely on the legality of the levy. It is better to begin with the story of the tax under challenge. The petitioners are all licensees to trade in foreign liquor including Indian made foreign liquor. They are either wholesalers or retailers and pay excise duty and other fees and taxes including sales tax under the general sales tax law which imposes a levy of 10 per cent	 on sales of foreign liquor. There are also octroi levies of 10 per cent	 and educational tax of 2 per cent	 and these add up to a considerable burden; but the commodity taxed is foreign liquor	 Indian made or other	 whose consumer usually belongs to the well to do sectors. The municipalities of Punjab are governed by two enactments. The numerous little ones are statutory bodies created and controlled by the Punjab Municipal Act	 1911 and the few large ones by the Punjab Municipal Corporation Act	 1976 (the Act	 for brevity	 hereafter). For our purposes	 the provisions run on identical terms and so we will take up the latter statute which compresses into one section a plurality of sections in the former	 and set out the common scheme to study the critical issues raised. Arguments have been addressed only on this basis. The immediate facts which have launched the litigative rocket need to be narrated now to get a hang of the core questions in their correct perspective. The State of Punjab	 in April 1977	 under its statutory 849 power [section 90(4)] required the various municipal bodies in the State to impose a tax on the sale et al	 of foreign liquor at the rate of Re. 1/ per bottle with effect from May 20	 1977. The municipal authorities having tarried too long or totally failed to take action pursuant to this directive	 the State directly entered the fiscal arena and issued a Notification under section 90(5) dated May 31	 1977	 which reads thus: "Whereas the Government of Punjab	 in exercise of the powers conferred by sub section (4) of section 90 of the Punjab Municipal Corporation Act	 1063 A PSLG 77/12170	 dated 11th April	 1977	 required of the Municipal Corporation of Ludhiana in Punjab to impose tax on the sale of "Indian made Foreign Liquor" at the rate of rupee one per bottle	 by the 20th May	 1977. And Whereas	 the Municipal Corporation of Ludhiana has failed to carry out the aforesaid order of the Punjab Government within the stipulated period. Now	 therefore	 in exercise of the powers conferred by sub section (5) of section 90 of the Punjab Municipal Corporation Act	 1976	 the President of India is pleased to impose/modify the tax on the sale of "Indian made Foreign Liquor" within the Municipal Corporation of Ludhiana at the rate of rupee one per bottle. The tax shall come into force with effect from 1st June	 1977. L.S. BINDRA Joint Secretary to Govt. Punjab Local Government Department" This notification	 issued under section 90(5) read with section 90(2)(b) of the Act	 was later modified marginally but survives substantially. The petitioners (licensees) challenge its vires both as contrary to the statutory provision (section 90) and as violative of the Constitution. The triple shapes of the fatal constitutional pathology are that (a) section 90 (2)(b) of the Act suffers from the vice of excessive delegation or legislative abdication; (b) there are no guidelines for the exercise of the vagariously wide fiscal power of the corporation or Government which make it too unreasonable to be salvaged by article 19(5) and too arbitrary to be 'equal ' under article 14; and (c) the order itself is vitiated by multiple infirmities. The principal invalidatory charge	 based on the Act	 is that section 90(4) interdicts any tax 'already imposed '. The present tax is on sales and there is	 under the general sales tax law	 already a like levy on sales of foreign liquor in the State	 and so the second fiscal venture is beyond Government 's power. We have to consider these grounds of attack on the notification which are the emphatic submissions of 850 Shri Tarkunde who led the arguments. There are more subsidiary submissions urged by other counsel on a lower key	 though	 but we have to deal with them too in due course. Briefly	 they are (a) that in picking out for taxation	 from the broad spectrum of luxury goods or intoxicants	 foreign liquor alone	 discrimination has been practised	 (b) that even assuming that Government can exercise the power of the municipal body	 it may not do so without adhering to the procedural fairness implied in the Explanation to section 90(2) applicable to municipal bodies and (c) that unequals are being treated equally because the tax of Re. 1/ bottle at a flat rate disregards germane considerations like the price of the liquor or the degree of alcoholic content. A feeble plea that the tax is bad because of the vice of double taxation and is unreasonable because there are heavy prior levies was also voiced. Some of these contentions hardly merit consideration	 but have been mentioned out of courtesy to counsel. The last one	 for instance	 deserves the least attention. There is nothing in article 265 of the Constitution from which one can spin out the constitutional vice called double taxation. (Bad economics may be good law and vice versa). Dealing with a somewhat similar argument	 the Bombay High Court gave short shrift to it in Western India Theatres(1). Some undeserving contentions die hard	 rather survive after death. The only epitaph we may inscribe is: Rest in peace and don 't be re born ! If on the same subject matter the legislature chooses to levy tax twice over there is no inherent invalidity in the fiscal adventure save where other prohibitions exist. Likewise	 the plea that a flat rate of Re. 1/ per bottle	 be it brandy or other stronger beverage or be it Rs. 50/ or Rs. 500/ per bottle	 cannot be seriously pressed. In the field of taxation many complex factors enter the fixation and flexibility is necessary for the taxing authority to make a reasonably good job of it. Moopil Nair 's case(2) does not discredit as unconstitutional anathema all flat rates of taxation. Maybe	 in marginal cases where the virtual impact of irrationally uniform impost on the same subject is glaringly discriminatory	 expropriatory and beyond legislative competence	 different considerations may arise; but to condemn into invalidity a tax because it is levied at a conveniently flat rate having regard to the commodity or service which has a high range of prices and the minimal effect on the overall price	 its easy means of collection and a variety of other pragmatic variables	 is an absurdity	 especially because in fiscal matters large liberality must be extended to the Government having regard to the plurality of criteria 851 which have to go into the fiscal success of the measure. Of course	 despite this forensic generosity	 if there is patent discrimination in the sense of treating dissimilar things similarly or vice versa	 the court may treat the tax as suspect and scrutinise its vires more closely. In the present case	 intoxicating liquids falling in the well known category of foreign liquors form one class and a flat minimal rate of Re. 1/ per bottle has no constitutional stigma of inequality. It is so easy to conceive of innumerable taxes imposed in this manner in the daily governance of the country that illustrations are unnecessary. As excisable articles go	 foreign liquor is a distinct category and absence of micro classification within the broad genus does not attract the argument of inequality. Likewise	 picking and choosing within limits is inevitable in taxation. The correct law is found in East India Tobacco Co.(1) "It is not in dispute that taxation laws must also pass the test of Art 14. That has been laid down recently by this Court in Moopil Nair vs The State of Kerala. But in deciding whether a taxation law is discriminatory or not it is necessary to bear in mind that the State has a wide discretion in selecting the persons or objects it will tax	 and that a statute is not open to attack on the ground that it taxes some persons or objects and not others. It is only when within the range of its selection	 the law operates unequally	 and that cannot be justified on the basis of any valid classification	 that it would be violative of article 14. The following statement of the law in Willis on "Constitutional Law" page 587	 would correctly represent the position with reference to taxing statutes under our Constitution: "A State does not have to tax everything in order to tax something. It is allowed to pick and choose districts	 objects	 persons	 methods and even rates for taxation if it does so reasonably. . The Supreme Court has been practical and has permitted a very wide latitude in classification for taxation." (See also Abdul Shakoor & Co. case)(2). The foreign liquor levy does not fail on this score. Shri Yogeshwar Prasad urged that section 90(2) obligated the municipal body to offer an opportunity to the residents of the city to file objections to the tax proposed and consider them before finalising 852 the impost. This fair procedure must attach to the exercise of the power even under section 90(5); and since that has not been done the impugned notification must fail. It is clear from section 90 that the scheme is that if the municipal corporation wishes to impose a tax under section 90(2) it must go through the due process indicated in the Proviso and secure Government 's approval. But if Government is to exercise its power under section 90(5) no such procedural fetter is found in the Section. Maybe	 that power is different from procedure for its exercise; but unless the statute insists	 it is impossible for the court to imply invitation of objections and consideration thereof from the residents. For this simple reason	 there is no merit in the submission. Whether the failure to hear before fixing a tax has a lethal effect upon the fiscal power of the Government under section 90(5) also is of little moment although urged by the same counsel. May be	 it is desirable that the State acquaints itself with the actual sentiments of the denizens of the local area before imposing tax on them. But it is not inherent in the constitutional requirements for the exercise of the State 's power of taxation that objections should be called for and considered. 'No taxation without representation ' is a slogan with a different dimension and has nothing to do with a levy by a government controlled by an elected legislature exercising its power of taxation. We are unable to accede to the contention that representations from the residents not having been invited the taxation notification is bad in law. What is wholesome is different from what is imperative. Indeed	 we are left with the two major arguments addressed by Shri Tarkunde and echoed or endorsed by other counsel. Even here	 we may dispose of the submission based on the wording in section 90(4)	 namely	 that taxing power under section can be exercised in respect of a particular impost only if that species of tax is "not already imposed". The power under section 90(4) is permissible only if the tax is new and not already imposed. The petitioner 's argument is that the tax is on sales and is clearly a sales tax. There is already a sales tax on foreign liquor at the rate of 10 per cent	 under the Punjab General Sales Tax Act	 1948. So the present rupee tax is a second round in breach of the forbiddance in section 90(4). Simple enough	 if the expression 'not already imposed ' in section 90(4) is a ban on further tax whatever the statute; but if the taboo is not on the topology of the tax but limited to the specific statute the contention is specious. And it takes little reflection to hold the latter to correct view. We must remember the statutory setting and the placement of the provision. section 90 occurs in Chapter VIII headed 'Taxation '. That Section prim 853 arily empowers municipal corporations to levy taxes. section 90(1) specifies a number of items many of which are taxed also at State level	 e.g. lands	 vehicles. section 90(2) is so widely worded that many taxes covered by it would already have been occupied field at the State or even Central level. The municipal body may not have any index of taxes already imposed by other bodies and they are many. section 90 would then be a precarious power	 often an exercise in futility and frequently a litigative trap. No. That is not the meaning of the prohibition `not already imposed '. The Government exercises the power of the corporation under section 90(5) and cannot enter what is forbidden ground for the latter. And what is forbidden is that the municipal body shall not repeat the same tax	 if it has imposed that tax earlier under that Act. The injunction is plain and is confined to repetition of those taxes which the municipality has already imposed. If the Corporation has not already imposed the tax proposed	 the embargo is absent. It is of no moment that some other body	 including the State Legislature has already entered the field. The question is : has the municipal committee or corporation	 under this Act	 already exacted a similar tax? If it has	 the second exercise is anathema. Nobody has a case that the corporation has earlier taxed foreign liquor under this Act. Therefore	 the submission has no substance and we reject it. The sole surviving ground of invalidation pressed by the petitioners which deserves serious examination is what we have outlined right at the outset	 viz.	 that on the face of section 90(2)	 (3)	 (4) and (5) read together	 unconstitutionality is writ large	 in the sense of naked and uncanalised power with every essential legislative function surrendered to the humour and hubris of the State Executive. If this charge be true the consequence is in no doubt. The vice of unreasonableness and arbitrariness are manifestations of the same vice as has been pointed out in P. N. Kaushal etc.(1). An examination of excessive delegation of legislative power takes us to the scheme of the Act and insight into the dynamics of municipal administration. Certain fundamentals must be remembered in this context and then the text of the provision understood in the constitutional perspective. The Founding Document of the nation has created the three great instrumentalities and entrusted them with certain basic powers legislative	 judicative and executive. Abdication of these powers by the concerned instrumentalities	 it is axiomatic	 amounts to betrayal of the Constitution itself and it is intolerable in law. This means that the legislature cannot self efface its 854 personality and make over	 in terms plenary	 the essential legislative functions. The legislature is responsible and responsive to the people and its representatives	 the delegate may not be and that is why excessive delegation and legislative hara kiri have been frowned upon by constitutional law. This is a trite proposition but the complexities of modern administration are so bafflingly intricate and bristle with details	 urgencies	 difficulties and need for flexibility that our massive legislatures may not get off to a start if they must directly and comprehensively handle legislative business in all their plenitude	 proliferation and particularisation. Delegation of some part of legislative power becomes a compulsive necessity for viability. If the 500 odd parliamentarians are to focus on every minuscule of legislative detail leaving nothing to subordinate agencies the annual output may be both unsatisfactory and negligible. The Lawmaking is not a turnkey project	 ready made in all detail and once this situation is grasped the dynamics of delegation easily follow. Thus	 we reach the second constitutional rule that the essentials of legislative functions shall not be delegated but the inessentials	 however numerous and significant they be	 may well be made over to appropriate agencies. Of course	 every delegate is subject to the authority and control of the principal and exercise of delegated power can always be directed	 corrected or cancelled by the principal. Therefore	 the third principle that emerges is that even if there be delegation	 parliamentary control over delegated legislation should be a living continuity as a constitutional necessity. Within these triple principles	 Operation Delegation is at once expedient	 exigent and even essential if the legislative process is not to get stuck up or bogged down or come to a grinding halt with a few complicated bills. It is apt to excerpt here an oft quoted observation from Vasantlal Maganbhai Sanjanwala affirmed in Devi Das Gopal Krishnan & Ors(1) : "The Constitution confers a power and imposes a duty on the legislature to make laws. The essential legislative function is the determination of the legislative policy and its formulation as a rule of conduct. Obviously it cannot abdicate its functions in favour of another. But in view of the multifarious activities of a welfare State	 it cannot presumably work out all the details to suit the varying aspects of a complex situation. It must necessarily delegate the working out of details to the executive or any other agency. But there is a danger inherent in such a process of delegation. An over 855 burdened legislature or one controlled by a powerful executive may unduly overstep the limits of delegation. It may not lay down any policy at all; it may declare its policy in vague and general terms; it may not set down any standard for the guidance of the executive; it may confer an arbitrary power on the executive to change or modify the policy laid down by it without reserving for itself any control over subordinate legislation. This self effacement of legislative power in favour of another agency either in whole or in part is beyond the permissible limits of delegation. It is for a Court to hold on a fair	 generous and liberal construction of an impugned statute whether the legislature exceeded such limits. But the said liberal construction should not be carried by the Courts to the extent of always trying to discover a dormant or latent legislative policy to sustain an arbitrary power conferred on executive authorities. It is the duty of the Court to strike down without any hesitation any arbitrary power conferred on the executive by the legislature. " Such being the basics	 accepted by presidential profusion of this Court	 we have to examine whether any essential legislative function has been transplanted into the hands of Government or corporation by the Act	 whether the delegation itself is an entrustment of overboard power	 so unguided that the delegate may run amok and do what is arbitrary	 unreasonable and violative of Articles 14 and 19 of the Constitution. Taxation is exaction and even expropriation and	 therefore	 the right to property is in peril when a fiscal measure is afoot. Article 10 comes into play when law is made for purposes of taxation and that law must comply with Part III. Arbitrariness must be excluded in the law	 for	 if power is arbitrary it is potential inequality and article 14 is fatally allergic to inequality before the law. These generalities take us to the particularities of the present case. Shri Tarkunde turned the forensic fusillade on the total absence of guidance and regulation anywhere in the statute	 expressly or implicitly	 and on a true construction	 according to him	 a blanket power has been vested by section 90 on the corporation and	 indubitably	 on the Government. The jurisprudence of delegation of legislative power	 as earlier mentioned	 has been the subject matter of this Court 's pronouncements. In the absence of the rate of taxation being indicated by the Legislature	 Shri Tarkunde and other counsel appearing on either side drew our attention to Liberty Cinema	(1) the land mark case on the point. The later decisions have affirmed the principle in Liberty Cinema. But 856 before we enter into a fuller discussion we may concretize the specific contention urged by counsel for the petitioners. Section 90(1) sets out certain items for taxation by the corporation. The taxes so levied are to be utilised for the purposes of the Act. Therefore	 there is a clear directive contained in the provision about the purpose and limit of the tax. What is needed for the purposes of the Act by way of financial resources may be levied by the corporation. Beyond that	 No. If the corporation has a fancy for spending money on purposes unconnected with the Act and seeks to levy a tax for the fulfillment of such extra statutory objects the mis adventure must fail. Moreover	 the items on which taxes may be imposed are also specified. Thus	 the legislature has fixed the purpose of the taxation	 the objects of the taxation and the limits of the taxation. In short	 section 90(1) is a textbook illustration of valid delegation by the legislature. The offending area is approached as we move down to sub section (2) (b) which enables the corporation "to levy any other tax which the State Legislature has power to impose under the Constitution". The fiscal area is obviously specious and so the question directly arises whether this over broad provision accords with or exceeds the principles of delegation. Sub section (3) leaves the rates of levy to be specified by the Government and the legislature	 argue petitioners ' counsel	 has given no indication of the minima or the maxima of such rates. Can such non fixation of at least the maximum rate of taxation be upheld or does it enable the delegate to usurp the essential functions of the legislature ? When we proceed further to sub section (5)	 the Government is clothed with the power to notify the tax which the corporation shall levy and	 in exercising this power	 not even the wholesome obligation of receiving representations could considering objections	 contained in the Proviso to section 90(2)	 is present. Can such untrammeled power	 liberated from local pressures and intimate appreciation of municipal needs	 be sanctioned as within the deligible ambit ? These are the substantial grounds of attack which we have to consider presently. Back to the Liberty Cinema case (supra)	 Sarkar	 J. who spoke for the majority overruled the contention that the levy in question was a fee and held that it was a tax and addressed himself to the question of excessive delegation of legislative functions to the municipal corporation "because it left it entirely to the latter to fix the amount of the tax and provided no guidance for that purpose". While what constitutes an essential feature cannot be delineated in detail it certainly cannot include a change of policy. The legislature is the master of legislative policy and if the delegate is free to switch policy it may be usurpation of legislative power itself. So we have 857 to investigate whether the policy of legislation has been indicated sufficiently or even change of policy has been left to the sweet will and pleasure of the delegate in this case. We are clearly of the view that there is fixation of the policy of the legislation in the matter of taxation	 as a close study of section 90 reveals; and exceeding that policy will invalidate the action of the delegate. What is that policy ? The levy of the taxes shall be only for the purposes of the Act. Diversion for other purposes is illegal. Exactions beyond the requirements for the fulfillment of the purposes of the Act are also invalid. Like in section 90(1)	 section 90(2) also contains the words of limitation `for the purposes of this Act ' and that limiting factor governs sub sections (3)	 (4) and (5). Sub section (3) vests nothing new beyond sub sections (1) and (2). Sub section (4) does not authorise the government to direct the corporation to impose any tax falling outside sub section (1) or sub section (2). Sub section (5) also is subject to a similar circumscription because the Government cannot issue an order to impose a tax outside the limitation of sub section (1) or sub section (2). Thus	 the impugned provision contains a severe restriction that the taxation leviable by the corporation	 or by the Government acting for the corporation	 shall be geared wholly to the goals of the Act. The fiscal policy of section 90 is manifest. No tax under guise of section 90(2) (b) can be charged if the purposes of the Act do not require or sanction it. The expression "purposes of this Act" is pregnant with meaning. It sets a ceiling on the total quantum that may be collected. It canalises the objects for which the fiscal levies may be spent. It brings into focus the functions	 obligatory or optional	 of the municipal bodies and the raising of resources necessary for discharging those functions nothing more	 nothing else. In Liberty Cinema (supra) it was contended that the rate of tax was an essential feature of legislation and if the power to fix it were abandoned it amounted to abdication of legislative power. After an exhaustive examination of the judgments of this Court	 Sarkar	 J. reached the conclusion that there was clear authority "that the fixing of rates may be left to the non legislative body". The matter does not end here	 since the delegate may under guise of this freedom tyrannies and exact exorbitant sums which the legislature would hardly have intended. If this possibility exists and there is no guideline given to the non legislative body in the matter of fixation of rates	 the result may be a frustration of the legislative object itself. For this reason	 the Court in the Liberty Cinema (supra) case observed as axiomatic : "No doubt when the power to fix rates of taxes is left to another body	 the legislature must provide guidance for such 858 fixation. The question then is	 was such guidance provided in the Act ? We first wish to observe that the validity of the guidance cannot be tested by a rigid uniform rule; that must depend on the object of the Act giving power to fix the rate. It is said that the delegation of power to fix the rates of taxes authorised for meeting the needs of the delegate to be valid	 must provide the maximum rate that can be fixed	 or lay down rules indicating that maximum. We are unable to see how the specification of the maximum rate supplies any guidance as to how the amount of the tax which no doubt has to be below the maximum	 is to be fixed. Provision for such maximum only sets out a limit of the rate to be imposed and a limit is only a limit and not a guidance. It seems to us that there are various decisions of this Court which support the proposition that for a statutory provision for raising revenue for the purposes of the delegate	 as the section now under consideration is	 the needs of the taxing body for carrying out its functions under the statute for which alone the taxing power was conferred on it	 may afford sufficient guidance to make the power to fix the rate of tax valid." (Pp. 493 494) In the Western India Theatres case (supra) the power given to the corporation (of the city of Poona)	 in terms very wide	 to levy "any other tax" came to be considered from the point of view of abdication of legislative function. The negation of this argument was based on the key words of limitation contained therein	 namely	 "for the purposes of the Act" and it was held "that this permits sufficient guidance for the imposition of the tax." In Devi Das Gopal Krishnan & Ors. (supra) this Court again considered a similar contention. The crucial passage in the judgment of Sarkar	 J. was there extracted with approval by Subba Rao	 C.J. : "It (the Municipal Corporation) has to perform various statutory functions. It is often given power to decide when and in what manner the functions are to performed. For all this it needs money and its needs will vary from time to time	 with the prevailing exigencies. Its power to collect tax	 however	 is necessarily limited by the expenses required to discharge those functions. It has	 therefore	 where rates have not been specified in the statute	 to fix such rates as may be necessary to meet its needs. That	 we think	 would be sufficient guidance to make the exercise of its power to fix the rates valid. "#R#(Pp. 562 563) 859 In the Municipal Corporation of Delhi(1) case	 the proposition that where the power conferred on the corporation was not unguided	 although widely worded	 it could not be said to amount to excessive delegation	 was upheld. Delegation coupled with a policy direction is good. Counsel emphasised that the court had made a significant distinction between the local body with limited functions like a municipality and Government : "The needs of the State are unlimited and the purposes for which the State exists are also unlimited. The result of making delegation of a tax like sales tax to the State Government means a power to fix the tax without any limit even if the needs and purposes of the State are to be taken into account. On the other hand	 in the case of a municipality	 however large may be the amount required by it for its purposes it cannot be unlimited	 for the amount that a municipality can spend is limited by the purposes for which it is created. A municipality cannot spend anything for any purposes other than those specified in the Act which creates it. Therefore in the case of a municipal body	 however large may be its needs	 there is a limit to those needs in view of the provisions of the Act creating it. In such circumstances there is a clear distinction between delegating a power to fix rates of tax	 like the sales tax	 to the State Government and delegating a power to fix certain local taxes for local needs to a municipal body. A review of these authorities therefore leads to the conclusion that so far as this Court is concerned the principle is well established that essential legislative function consists of the determination of the legislative policy and its formulation as a binding rule of conduct and cannot be delegated by the legislature. Nor is there any unlimited right of delegation inherent in the legislative power itself. The legislature must retain in its own hands the essential legislative functions and what can be delegated is the task of subordinate legislation necessary for implementing the purposes and objects of the Act. Where the legislative policy is enunciated with sufficient clearness or a standard is laid down	 the courts should not interfere. What guidance should be given and to what extent and whether guidance has been given in a particular case at all depends on a consideration of the provisions of the parti 860 cular Act with which the Court has to deal including its preamable. Further it appears to us that the nature of the body to which delegation is made is also a factor to be taken into consideration in determining whether there is sufficient guidance in the matter of delegation." ". . . . . It is too late in the day to contend that the jurisprudence of delegation of legislative power does not sanction parting with the power to fix the rate of taxation	 given indication of the legislative policy with sufficient clarity. In the case of a body like a municipality with functions which are limited and the requisite resources also limited	 the guideline contained in the expression "for the purposes of the Act" is sufficient	 although in the case of the State or Central Government a mere indication that taxation may be raised for the purposes of the State may be giving a carte blanche containing no indicium of policy or purposeful limitation. In a welfare State allowing in privations	 the total financial needs may take us to astronomical figures. Obviously that will be no guideline and so must be bad in law. Something more precise is necessary; some policy orientation must be particularised Shri Tarkunde relied on this differentiation in attacking section 90(6) of the Act. He argued that had the municipal corporation done the job there would have been some guidance from the section. But when the Government did it	 it did not have any such restraint and could	 therefore	 run berserk. We do not appreciate this contention as we will explain at a later stage. Suffice it to say that flexibility in the form the legislative guidance may take	 is to be expected. Wanchoo	 C.J. explained : "It will depend upon the circumstances of each statute under consideration; in some cases guidance in broad general terms may be enough; in other cases more detailed guidance may be necessary. As we are concerned in the present case with the field of taxation	 let us look at the nature of guidance necessary in this field. The guidance may take the form of providing maximum rate of tax upto which a local body may be given the discretion to make its choice	 or it may take the form of providing for consultation with the people of the local area and then fixing the rates after such consultation. It may also take the form of subjecting the rate to be fixed by the local body to the approval of Government which acts as a watch dog on the actions of the local body in this matter on behalf of the legislature. There may be other ways in which guidance may 861 be provided. But the purpose of guidance	 whatsoever may be the manner thereof	 is to see that the local body fixes a reasonable rate of taxation for the local area concerned. So long as the legislature has made provision to achieve that reasonable rates of taxation are fixed by local bodies	 whatever may be the method employed for this purpose provided it is effective	 it may be said that there is guidance for the purpose of fixation of rates of taxation. The reasonableness of rates may be ensured by fixing a maximum beyond which the local bodies may not go. It may be ensured by providing safeguards laying down the procedure for consulting the wishes of the local inhabitants. It may consist in the supervision by Government of the rate of taxation by local bodies. So long as the law has provided a method by which the local body can be controlled and there is provision to sec that reasonable rates are fixed	 it can be said that there is guidance in the matter of fixing rates for local taxation. As we have already said there is pre eminently a case for delegating	 the fixation of rates of tax to the local body and so long as the legislature has provided a method for seeing that rates fixed are reasonable	 be it in one form or another	 it may be said that there is guidance for fixing rates of taxation and the power assigned to the local body for fixing the rates is not uncontrolled and uncanalised. It is on the basis of these principles that we have to consider the Act with which we are concerned. (pp. 269 270) In the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (supra) case it was significantly observed : "According to our history also there is a wide area of delegation in the matter of imposition of taxes to local bodies subject to controls and safeguards of various kinds which partake of the nature of guidance in the matter of fixing rates for local taxation. It is in this historical background that we have to examine the provisions of the Act impugned before us." (p. 271) Both the sides relied on certain important criteria contained in the judgment of Wanchoo	 C.J.	 especially because it is a Bench of seven Judges and the ratio therein laid down has considerable authority and binds us. Dealing with municipal bodies and the nature and 862 content in that Municipal Act	 the court observed what is instructive for us in the present case : "This is in our opinion a great check on the elected councillors acting unreasonably and fixing unreasonable rates of taxation. This is a democratic method of bringing to book the elected representatives who act unreasonably in such matters. It is however urged that section 490 of the Act provides for the supersession of the Corporation in case it is not competent to perform or persistently makes default in the performance of duties imposed upon it by or under the Act or any other law or exceeds or abuses its power. In such a case the elected body may be superseded and all powers and duties conferred and imposed upon the Corporation shall be exercised and performed by such officer or authority as the Central Government may provide in this behalf. It is urged that when this happens the power of taxation goes in the hands of some officer or authority appointed by Government who is not accountable to the local electorate and who may exercise all the powers of taxation conferred on the elected Corporation by the Act. " "Another guide or control on the limit or taxation is to be found in the purposes of the Act. The Corporation has been assigned certain obligatory functions which it must perform and for which it must find money by taxation. It has also been assigned certain discretionary functions. If it undertakes any of them it must find money. Even though the money that has to be found may be large	 it is not	 as we have already indicated	 unlimited for it must be only for the discharge of functions whether obligatory or optional assigned to the Corporation. The limit to which the Corporation can tax is therefore circumscribed by the need to finance the functions	 obligatory or optional which it has to or may undertake to perform. It will not be open to the Corporation by the use of taxing power to collect more than it needs for the functions it performs. " "Another limit and guideline is provided by the necessity of adopting budget estimates each year as laid down in section 109 of the Act. That section provides for division of the budget of the Corporation into four parts i.e. general	 electricity supply	 transport	 water and sewage disposal. The budget will show the revenue and expenditure and those 863 must balance so that the limit of taxation cannot exceed the needs of the Corporation as shown in the budget to be prepared under the provisions of the Act. These four budgets are prepared by four Standing Committees of the Corporation and are presented to the Corporation where they are adopted after debate by the elected representatives of the local area. Preparation of budget estimates and their approval by the Corporation is therefore another limit and guideline within which the power of taxation has to be exercised. Even though the needs may be large	 we have already indicated that they cannot be unlimited in the case of the Corporation	 for its functions both obligatory and optional are well defined under the Act. Here again there is a limit to which the taxing power of the Corporation can be exercised in the matter of optional taxes as well	 even though there is no maximum fixed as such in the Act." (Pp. 271 273) In the present case it was the State Government	 not the municipal corporation	 which fixed the rate; but the Government did only what the Corporation ought to have done. It acted for the purposes of the corporation 's finances and functions and not to replenish its own coffers. In the Municipal Corporation of Ahmedabad City	(1) a further point fell for consideration which has some relevance to the present set of arguments. Shri Tarkunde submitted that even if the provision requiring the sanction of the Government for the rate fixed by the corporation were a guideline and a control indicative of a legislative policy	 that was absent in the impugned levy since the Government directly acted. Shelat	 J. negatived a kindred submission: ". .It is impossible to say that when a provision requiring sanction of the Government to the maximum rate fixed by the Corporation is absent	 the rest of the factors which exist in the Act lose their efficacy and cease to be guidelines. Furthermore	 if the Corporation were to misuse the flexibility of the power given to it in fixing the rates	 the State legislature can at any moment withdraw that flexibility by fixing the maximum limit up to which the Corporation can tax. Indeed	 the State Legislature has now done so by section 4 of Gujarat Act	 8 of 1968. In view of the decisions cited above it is not possible for us to agree with counsel 's contention 864 that the Act confers on the Corporation such arbitrary and uncontrolled power as to render such conferment an excessive delegation. "(1) We have no hesitation in holding that the law is well settled and none of the canons governing delegation of legislative power have been breached in the present case. We will explain a little more in detail	 with specific reference to the scheme of the Act	 why we hold that the tax is valid and does not suffer from the infirmity of excessive delegation. The thrust of Shri Tarkunde 's argument is that even if	 in the light of Liberty Cinema (supra) and later rulings	 guidelines are found in section 90 (2) of the Act	 the notified impost being by the State Government did not have the benefit of such guidelines. The local body knew precisely the local needs and the cost of such local services. Like wise	 the local councillors would be responsive and to local lobbies and be restrained from reckless taxes. None of these controls were operational when Government acted or directed. Moreover	 the absence of the wholesome obligation to receive and pay regard to objections [Proviso to section 90(2)] removed the procedural check envisaged by the Legislature. These criticisms highlight the role of Government in the setting of section 90(5) and its competence to be acquainted with the needs of municipal denizens	 the finances of the local body and the like. It must be remembered that as between two interpretations that which sustains the validity of the law must be preferred. A close look at the schematic provisions and administrative realities is very revealing. Is Government innocent of the total needs of municipal bodies and indifferent to the legitimate pressures of its denizens ? An overview of local self government may set the perspective. The statutory pattern of municipal government is substantially the same all over the country. The relevant legislation fabricates these local bodies	 invests them with corporate personality	 breathes life into them	 charges them with welfare functions	 some obligatory	 some optional	 regulates their composition through elected representatives	 provides for their finances by fees and taxes and heavily controls their self government status through a Department of the State Government in various ways	 including direction and correction	 sanction and supersession. Consequentially the law clothes the State Government with considerable powers over almost every aspect of municipal work 865 ing Local self government	 realistically speaking	 is a simulacrum of article 40 and democratically speaking	 a half hearted euphemism	 for in substance	 these elected species are talking phantoms with a hierarchy of State officials hobbling their locomotion. Their exercises are strictly overseen by the State Government	 their resources are precariously dependent on the grace of the latter and their	 functions are fulfilled through a chief executive appointed by the State Government. Floor level democracy in India is a devalued rupee	 article 40 and the evocative opening words of the Constitution	 notwithstanding. Grass roots never sprout until decentralisation becomes a fighting creed	 not a pious chant. What happens to Panchayats applies to municipalities. This description has critical relevance to the cases on hand because one of the propositions underlying the major arguments advanced before us is that while municipal bodies know their needs and respond to local pressures and tailor their taxes accordingly	 the distant State Government is neither aware nor responsive and the impugned tax measure is bad because the pragmatic and policy guidelines of (a) the local people 's welfare requirements vis a vis available municipal finances	 and (b) people 's pressurising proximacy and municipality ' correctional reaction to undue tax burdens are absent when the power is exercised by a remote control board niched in the State Secretariat. But if the picture is of a powerless talking shop of elected councillors passing resolutions but all the do 's and don 'ts	 sanctions and approvals	 countermands and even supersession of the Council itself reside in the State Government	 the effective voice	 the meaningful responses	 the appreciation of budgetary needs and gaps and need for grants and a host of other responsibilities can be traced to the Government. Such is the backdrop to the discussion of the issues raised. Now let us scan the Act from this angle. Corporations are created for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of the Act and they are charged with municipal administration (see section 4). So	 corporations cannot do anything beyond the purposes set out in the statutory provisions. This itself is a statutory restriction on action. The composition of the body corporate is by periodically elected councillors (see section 5) and this feature ensures responsive action. The powers necessary for municipal government are spelt out as also the obligatory and discretionary functions (see Chapter III). Now come certain other aspects of local self government. The entire executive power of the corporation vests in the Commissioner who is appointed by Government. This means that the Corporation Council takes a back seat in the municipal administration see sections 47	 866 52 et al. Section 54 brings the Government into the expenditure picture. The municipal staff also is	 in a way	 under Government control (section 71). Money shall be spent by the municipality only according to budget provisions and budget estimates shall be submitted to Government for approval which has the power to modify them. Thus	 the financial control over the corporation by Government is a statutory fact. Now we may consider the mode of raising tax revenue. Any non traditional tax (i.e. which falls under section 90(2) of the Act) has to be with the prior approval of Government. Indeed	 affirmative direction to impose taxes may be issued by the Government to the local body and if the addressee is indifferent the Government itself may impose the tax and the corporation shall levy such tax. Sub section (6) enables Government to make other tax payments to municipal bodies. Municipal borrowings require government sanction	 municipal accounts shall be audited by government auditors. Chapter XXII provides for further government control upto even supersession of the corporation itself. Even the resolutions of corporations may be suspended by Government and its proceedings annulled or modified. There is a whole army of governmental minions in the department of local self government to sit upon	 check	 oversee and control municipal doings that the elective element becomes a decorative parlour. This conspectus of provisions brings into bold relief the anaemic nature of municipal autonomy. Full blooded units of self government	 reflecting full faith in decentralised democracy uninhibited by a hierarchy of bureaucrats is the vision of article 40. While the Gandhian goal is of a shining crescent on a starry sky the sorry reality is that our municipalities vis a vis government are wan like a full moon at midday. This study of the statutory scheme shows that	 in large measure	 municipal councils reign	 municipal commissioners rule; local self government is an experiment in directed democracy by the bureaucracy	 article 40	 notwithstanding. State Governments master mind municipal administration in broad policies and even in smaller details and legally can suspend resolutions and supersede the organ itself. Municipal legislation sanctions this Operation Mask. If pluralism and decentralisation are to strengthen our democracy more authority and autonomy	 at least experimentally	 must be vested in local bodies. To day	 prompt elections when periods expire are rare; councillors exist	 debate	 resolve	 but power eludes them. Even so	 municipal maya also counts ceremonially and otherwise. 867 To set the record straight	 we must state that many municipal bodies do exercise their limited powers properly and serve the public without nagging interference by Government officials. Municipalities are realities	 often precarious	 though. This statutorily sanctified comprehensive oversight by Government weaken the assumption of Shri Tarkunde that State Governments know little of the needs and respond remotely to the pressures of the locality and that the guidelines stressed in the rulings cited above vanish when Government directly operates under section 90(5). The finances	 budgetary estimates and many aspects of the affairs of each municipal body	 reach the Government	 channelled through its minions	 and	 by force of statute	 are approved	 sanctioned	 modified or reversed by the State Secretariat. So	 there is not much force in the submission that under section 90(5) governmental action may be a blind man 's buff	 not intelligent appreciation. Secondly	 under section 90(5) Government acts to augment municipal revenues and so will	 understandably	 inform itself of the needs of the corporation and	 on fiscal economics	 'of what the traffic will bear '. The statutory strategy also ensures this. First	 a directive is given	 obviously after considering relevant matters. Only if indifference or intractability is displayed	 the fiscal sword of section 90(5) is unsheathed. Moreover	 there is overall control by the legislature	 sometimes	 ineffective	 sometimes meaningful. It is familiar knowledge that there are a number of institutionalised means by which the legislature exercises supervision and control over municipal matters. Broadly speaking	 they are: (a) through inter relations	 (b) by discussions and debates	 (c) by approval or otherwise of rules and orders	 and (d) by financial control when the budget is presented. A study of the legislative proceedings in the various States of the country brings out many of these means of control (see Indian Administrative System	 edited by Ramesh K. Arora & Co. Chapter 17). In a sense	 the general municipal administration comes under fire in the House on many occasions	 including during the debate on the Governor 's Address. Financial control and supervision by the legislators come up when budget proposals which contain allocation for municipal administration are presented to the House and at the time of the Appropriations Bill. Moreover	 the Public Accounts Committee	 the Estimates Committee and like other bodies also make functional probes into municipal administration fiscal and other. There may be a big gap between the power of control and its actual exercise but it is also a fact that in a general way the political echelons in Government and the bureaucracy in turn are influenced in their policies by the criticisms 868 of the municipal administration on the floor of the House and through other representations. We cannot	 therefore	 dismiss the legal position that there is control by the Legislature over Government in its supervision of municipal administration therefore	 delegated legislation cannot be said to be uncontrolled or unchecked by the delegator. This discussion is of critical importance in view of the argument put forward by Shri Tarkunde that when Government exercises power under section 90(6) it is a law unto itself	 unbridled and uncontrolled by the Legislature. We may now refer to a few decisions which have been brought to our notice by counsel appearing for the municipal bodies and the State of Punjab to make out that the needs of municipalities and the pressures of local people are within the ken of the State Government and they also respond like municipal bodies and guide themselves in the manner corporations do. More importantly	 excessive delegation stands negatived because of legislative control over Government. Even in the Liberty Cinema case	 (supra) the control by Government over the municipal administration was relied upon as a policy guideline and it is an a fortiori case if the Government itself takes action	 responsible and responsive as it is to the elected representatives of the House. Great stress was laid on Papiah 's case(1) which dealt with subordinate legislation elaborately and upheld the validity of a provision where	 superficially viewed	 too wide a power had been delegated. Mathew	 J. speaking for the court	 gave considerable latitude to the Legislature in delegating its power and referred to many prior rulings. He quotes Subba Rao	 C.J. to say: "An over burdened Legislature or one controlled by a powerful executive may unduly overstep the limits of delegation. It may not lay down any policy at all; It may declare its policy in vague and general terms; it may not set down any standard for the guidance of the executive; it may confer an arbitrary power on the executive to change or modify the policy laid down by it	 without reserving for itself any control over subordinate legislation. This self effacement of legislative power in favour of another agency either in whole or in part is beyond the permissible limits of delegation. "(2) 869 Nevertheless	 this observation was neutralised by another made by Hegde	 J. in Bishar Dayal (1): "However much one might deplore the 'New Despotism ' of the executive	 the very complexity of the modern society and the demand it makes on its Government have set in motion forces which have made it absolutely necessary for the Legislatures to entrust more and more powers to the executive. Text book doctrines evolved in the 19th Century be come out of date. " Mathew	 J. proceeded to cover English cases and reached the conclusion: "The legislature may also retain its control over its delegate by exercising its power of repeal. This was the basis on which the Privy Council in Cobb & Co. vs Kropp(2) upheld the validity of delegation of the power to fix rates to the Commissioner Transport in that case." (P.613) The learned Judge quoted the Privy Council(3) which held that the Legislature was entitled to use any agent or machinery that it considered for carrying out the object and the purposes of the Acts and to use the Commissioner for Transport as its instrument to fix and recover the licence and permit fees	 provided it preserved its own capacity intact and retained perfect control over him; that as it could at any time repeal the legislation and withdraw such authority and discretion as it had vested in him	 it had not assigned	 transferred or abrogated its sovereign power to levy taxes	 nor had it renounced or abdicated its responsibilities in favour of a newly created legislative authority and that	 accordingly	 the two Acts were valid	 Lord Morris of Borth y Gest said: "What they (the legislature) created by the passing of the Transport Acts could not reasonably be described as a new legislative power or separate legislative body armed with general legislative authority (see R. vs Burah	 Nor did the Queensland Legislatare 'create and endow ' with its own capacity a new legislative power not created by the Act to which it owes its own existence (see In re the Initiative and Referendum Act (1919) A.C. 945 at 946)." 870 The point to be emphasised and this is rather crucial is the statement of their Lordships that the legislature preserved its capacity intact and retained perfect control over the Commissioner for Transport inasmuch as it could at any time repeal the legislation and with draw the authority and discretion it had vested in him	 and	 therefore	 the legislature did not abdicate its functions. The proposition so stated is very wide and sweeping. By that standard	 there is nothing unconstitutional about section 90(5) of the Act. In the course of the argument certain observations of this Court were read to the effect that there was always a check by the courts on unconstitutional misuse of delegated power and that	 in itself with out more	 was good enough to make the delegation good. So stated	 the proposition may be perhaps too wide to be valid; for any naked delegation may then be sustained by stating that the court is there as the watch dog. We do not have to go that far in the present case and so we make no final pronouncement on this extension of delegations jurisprudence. We must state	 while concluding that Punjab & Haryana High Court has overruled similar contentions on grounds which have our approval [see AIR 1977 P&H 297 and 74 PLR We are conscious that constitutional legitimation of unlimited power of delegation to the Executive by the Legislature may	 on critical occasions	 be subversive of responsible government and erosive of democratic order. That peril prompts us to hint at certain portents to our parliamentary system	 not because they are likely new but because society may have to pay the price some day. As a back drop to this train of thoughts a few statements from a working paper presented by Prof. Upendra Baxi of the Delhi University at a recent seminar may be excerpted: ". law making remains the	 more or less	 exclusive prerogative of a small cross section of elites. This necessarily affects both the quality of the law made as well its special communication	 acceptance and effectivity. It also reinforces the highly centralised system of power. It is time that we considered the desirability and feasibility of building into the law making processes a substantial amount of public participation." 871 "People 's participation in the enforcement and implementation of the law is also not actively sought	 sponsored or structured by the State. Equally now is the idea that there should be a "social audit" of major legislations by the beneficiaries or	 more generally	 the consumers of legal justice." ". The situation in regard to delegated legislation the volume of which is immensely greater than that of usual legislation	 is even more alarming. The Indian Parliament enacted from the period 1973 to 1977 a total of 302 laws; as against this the total number of statutory orders and rules passed in the same period was approximately 25	414. Corresponding figures for States and union territories are not just available but the number of rules issued under the delegated legislation powers may well be astronomical. " Plenary powers of law making are entrusted to elected representatives. But the political government instructed by the bureaucracy	 by and large	 gets bills through with the aid of the three line whip. Even otherwise	 legislators are some times innocent of legal skills; and complex legislations call for considerable information and instruction. The law making sequence leaves much to subordinate legislation which	 in practical terms	 means surrender to the surrogate	 viz.	 the bureaucracy which occupies commanding heights within the Secretariat. The technocracy and the bureaucracy which mostly draft subordinate legislation are perhaps well meaning and well informed but insulated from parliamentary audit	 isolated from popular pressure and paper logged most of the time. And units of local self government are reduced to a para babel mechanisms	 what with a pyramid of officialdom above them. The core of Shri Tarkunde 's argument	 even though rejected in legal terms by force of precedents	 has a realistic touch to the effect that municipal administration in the matter of taxation	 if taken over by Government as under section 90(5) of the Act	 becomes administration by the barrel of the Secretariat pen. The doctrine of delegation	 in its extreme positions	 is fraught with democracy by proxy of a coterie	 of which the nation	 in its naivete	 may not be fully cognizant. Therefore	 the system of law making and performance auditing needs careful	 yet radical	 re structuring	 if participative	 pluralist Government by the People is not to be jettisoned. We have laid down the law and obeyed the precedents but felt it necessary to lay bare briefly the political portents implicit in the extent law	 for action by the national leadership betimes. Who owns and operates India	 that is Bharat ? That disturbing interrogation becomes deeply relevant 872 as we debate and decide the jurisprudence of delegation of power and vicarious exercise and so we have pardonably ventured to make heuristic hints and to project new perspectives. The journey 's end is in sight. The discussion has come to a close. The notification suffers from no infirmity. The writ petitions stand dismissed. Costs one set. (to the state) P.H.P. Petitions dismissed.

The Municipalities of Punjab are governed by two enactments. The numerous little ones are statutory bodies created and controlled by the Punjab Municipal Act	 1911 and few large ones by the Punjab Municipal Corporation Act	 1976. For the purpose of the present petitions the provisions run on identical terms. The State of Punjab in April	 1977 required the various municipal bodies in the State to impose tax on the sale of Indian made foreign liquor @ Re. 1/ per bottle w.e.f. 20 5 1977. The Municipal authorities having failed to take action pursuant to the directive the State of Punjab directly issued a notification under sec. 90(5) of the Punjab Municipal Corporation Act	 1976 and similar provision of the Municipal Act	 1911. The petitioner challenged the constitutional validity of the said statutes and levy on the following grounds: 1. Section 90(2)(b) of the Act suffers from the vice of excessive delegation or legislative abdication. There are no guidelines for the exercise of the wide fiscal power of the Corporation or Government which make it too unreasonable to be salvaged by article 19(5) and too arbitrary to be equal under article 14. The order imposing the tax itself is vitiated because: (a) It seeks to impose the tax which is already imposed and	 therefore	 violates section 90 (4); (b) There is double taxation; (c) It levies too heavy taxation; (d) Picking out from the broad spectrum of luxury goods or intoxicants the Indian made foreign liquor amounts to discrimination; (e) No opportunity of being heard was given; (f) Unequals are being treated equally by imposing Re. 1/ per bottle irrespective of the type of liquor taxed	 price of the liquor and alcoholic content. Dismissing the appeal. ^ HELD: (1) There is nothing in article 265 of the Constitution prohibiting double taxation. [850 D] 846 Cantonment Board Poona vs Western India Theatres Ltd.	 AIR 1954 Bom. 261 approved. (b) The plea that flat rate of Re. 1/ per bottle be it on brandy or other stronger beverage or be it Rs. 50/ or Rs. 500/ per bottle cannot be seriously pressed. In the field of taxation many complex factors enter the fixation and flexibility is necessary for the taxing authority. [850E F] Moopil Nair (K.T.) vs State of Kerala	 ; ; East India Tobacco Co. vs State of A.P.	 ; at 406; A. Hajee Abdul Shakoor & Co. vs State of Madras. ; at 230 referred to. (2) If the Municipal body proposed to impose a tax it is required to offer an opportunity to the residents of area. No such procedural fetter is to be found under sec. 90(5) if the levy is imposed by the State Government. It is impossible for the Court to imply invitation of objections. 'No taxation without representation ' is not applicable to a Government controlled by an elected legislature exercising its power of taxation. [852B	 C	 D] (3) Sec. 90(4) talks of tax not already imposed. The Sales Tax imposed by the state legislature under the Punjab General Sales Tax Act 1948 is no bar to the present levy. Section 90 deals with the levy of taxes for Municipal Corporation. The injunction is confined to repetition of the taxes which the Municipality has already imposed. If the Corporation has not already imposed the tax. the embargo is absent. It is of no moment that some other body	 including the State Legislature has already entered the field. The question is has the Municipal Committee or Corporation under this Act already exacted a similar tax ? [852F	 H	 853BC] (4) The Founding Document of the nation has created the three great instrumentalities and entrusted them with certain basic powers legislative	 judicative and executive. Abdication of these powers by the concerned instrumentalities	 amounts to betrayal of the constitution and it is intolerable in law. The legislature cannot delegate the essential legislative functions. The legislature is responsible to the people and its representative	 the delegate may not be and this is why excessive delegation have been frowned upon by constitutional law. However	 the complexities of modern administration are so bafflingly intricate and bristle with details	 urgencies difficulties and the need for flexibility is such that our legislature may not get off to a start if they must directly and comprehensively handle legislative business in all their plenitude and particularisation. Delegation of some part of legislative power becomes a compulsive necessity for viability. Of course	 every delegate is subject to the authority and control of the principal and exercise of delegated power can always be directed or cancelled by the Principal. Therefore	 even if there be delegation	 parliamentary control over delegated legislation should be a living continuity as a constitutional necessity. [853GH	 854A	 B	 C	 D	 E] Devi Das Gopal Krishnan & Ors. vs State of Punjab & Ors. 	 ; at 565; P. N. Kaushal etc. vs vs Union of India & Ors. ; ; Corp. of Calcutta & Anr. vs Liberty Cinema	 referred to. The taxes levied under the Act can be utilised only for the purpose of the Act. There is a clear purpose contained in the provisions about the purpose and limit of the tax. What is needed for the purpose of the Act by way of financial resources may be levied by the Corporation. Beyond that not. Moreover the 847 items on which taxes may be imposed are also specified. Thus the legislature has fixed the purpose of the taxation	 objects of the taxation and limits of the taxation. [856A B] It is too late in the day to contend that the jurisprudence of delegation of legislative power does not sanction parting with the power to fix the rate of taxation	 given indication of the legislative policy with sufficient clarity. [860 B] When the Government is imposing taxes for the Municipality the Government is bound to know what ought to have been done by the Municipality. The whole scheme of the statute shows that Government has an important role to play in the running of the municipalities. The financial control over the corporation is with the State Government. [865E] As between the two interpretations that which sustains the validity of law must be preferred. [864E] M. K. Papiah & Sons vs The Excise Commr. & Anr.	 ; ; Sita Ram Bishambhar Dayal vs State of U.P.	 ; referred to.