Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal No. 1396 of 1982. Appeal by Special leave from the Award dated the 26th July	 1980 of Shri A.K. Thorat	 Industrial Tribunal	 Maharashtra	 Bombay passed in Reference (IT) No. 54 of 1980. M.K. Ramamurthi	 P. Gaur	 Jitendra Sharma for the Appellants. G.B. Pai	 O.C. Mathur	 section Kumaran	 Ms. Meera Mathur	 D.N. Misra for the Respondents. The following Judgments were delivered by CHINNAPPA REDDY	 J. : The workmen of the Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited	 Bombay raised an Industrial dispute with regard to the retirement age of the clerical staff employed in the Refinery Division of the Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited at Bombay. The demand of the workmen was that the retirement age of the clerical staff of the Refinery Division at Bombay must be raised from 55 years to 60 years in keeping with the 'trend ' in the Bombay region. The Company resisted the demand on the ground that in all similar oil companies	 the retirement age of the clerical 255 staff engaged in the Refinery Division had never been fixed at 60 years. Before the Industrial Tribunal	 Maharashtra at Bombay to whom the dispute was referred for adjudication	 neither party led any oral evidence. The workmen relied upon several decisions of this court to establish that the trend of industry in Bombay was to fix the retirement age of the clerical staff at 60 years	 while the company contented itself by filing a statement showing the age of retirement of clerical staff employed in various oil companies. The Industrial Tribunal found as a fact that the wage scales of the company were not much better than the wage scales of other comparable concerns. The Industrial Tribunal also noticed that the age of retirement of the clerical staff of the company in its Marketing Division both at Bombay and other places was fixed at 58 years. The Industrial Tribunal	 therefore	 held that there was no valid reason why the retirement age of the clerical staff employed in the Refinery Division should not be raised at least to 58 years. But having regard to the circumstance that the clerical staff employed in the Refinery Division had already been granted	 under a settlement	 the benefits of Provident Fund and Gratuity and having further regard to the fact that while the number of members of the clerical staff employed in the Refinery Division was 148 only	 there were as many as 1095 workmen in the non clerical category	 who would also surely raise a dispute to revise their retirement age	 the Industrial Tribunal thought that in the interest of industrial harmony	 it would be proper to raise the retirement age of the clerical staff to 58 years only and not to 60 years. The workmen have preferred this appeal under article 136 of the Constitution. As before the Industrial Tribunal	 so too before us	 the workmen relied on the 'trend ' in the Bombay region while the company relied on the position in other oil companies. In fixing the age of retirement	 several factors have to be taken into consideration. These factors have been explained at length in Guest	 Keen	 Williams Private Ltd. vs P.J. Sterling & Ors.	 Dunlop Rubber Company Limited vs Workmen & Others	 Imperial Chemical Industries (India) Pvt. Ltd. vs Workmen	 British Paints (India) Ltd. vs Its Workmen	 G.M. Talang 256 vs Shaw Wallace & Co. ' and Burmah Shell Oil Storage of Distributing Company of India Ltd. vs Their Workmen. Guest	 Keen Williams Private Ltd. vs P. J. Sterling & Others was a case from Calcutta and it may not be useful to discover the trend in the Bombay region. However	 some of the relevant factors to be taken into account in fixing the age of superannuation have been stated and we may usefully extract the observations made by the learned judges in that case. It was said: "In fixing the age of superannuation industrial tribunals have to take into account several relevant factors. What is the nature of the work assigned to the employees in the course of their employment ? What is the nature of the wage structure paid to them ? What are the retirement benefits and other amenities available to them ? What is the character of the climate where the employees work and what is the age of superannuation fixed in comparable industries in the same region ? What is generally the practice prevailing in the industry in the past in the matter of retiring its employees ? These and other relevant facts have to be weighed by the tribunal in every case when it is called upon to fix an age of superannuation in an industrial dispute. " The 'trend ' of industry in the Bombay region to raise the age of retirement from 55 to 60 years was noticed by this court in Dunlop Rubber Company vs Workmen & Others	 Imperial Chemical Industries (India) Pvt. Ltd. vs Workmen	 British Paints (India) Ltd. vs Its Workmen	 G.M. Talang vs Shaw Wallace & Co. and Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distributing Company of India Ltd. vs Their Workmen. In the Dunlop Rubber Company case	 the Tribunal noticed that the trend in the Bombay region was to raise the age of retirement to sixty years for clerical staff and	 accordingly	 raised the age of the clerical staff of the company to sixty years	 notwithstanding the fact that in the previous agreement	 the retirement age was 257 fixed at 55 years. The Supreme Court upheld the award as it accorded with the prevailing conditions in many concerns in that region. One of the submissions made to the Supreme Court was that the clerical staff of the company employed in Bombay was a small minority of the total clerical staff employed by the company through out India	 that in the case of the large majority employed outside Bombay	 the age of retirement was 55 and	 therefore	 the retirement age of the small minority of workmen employed in Bombay should not be raised from 55 to 60 years. It was argued that the company was an All India concern and occupied a special position	 and it was	 therefore	 desirable and proper that no change should be made to benefit a small minority of workmen employed in Bombay. The submission was repelled by the Supreme Court and it was observed: "There is no doubt that in the case of an all India concern it would be advisable to have uniform conditions of service through out India and if uniform conditions prevail in any such concern they should not be lightly changed. At the same time	 it cannot be forgotten that industrial adjudication is based	 in this country at least	 on what is known as industry cum region basis and cases may arise where it may be necessary in following this principle to make changes even where the conditions of service of an all India	 concern are uniform. Besides	 however	 desirable uniformity may be in the case of all India concerns	 the Tribunal cannot abstain from seeing that fair conditions of service prevail in the industry with which it is concerned. If	 therefore	 any scheme	 which may be uniformly in force through out India in the case of an all India concern	 appears to be unfair and not in accord with the prevailing conditions in such matters	 it would be the duty of the tribunal to make changes in the scheme to make it fair and bring it into line with the prevailing conditions in such matters	 particularly in the region in which the tribunal is functioning irrespective of the fact that the demand is made by only a small minority of the workmen employed in one place out of the many where the all India concern carries on business. " It will be seen that great emphasis was laid on the conditions prevailing in the region even to the extent of overriding the conditions 258 of service of other workmen in the employment of the very company elsewhere. In Imperial Chemical Industries (India) Pvt. Ltd. vs The Workmen	 Gajendragadkar	 J observed: "It is generally recognised in industrial adjudication that where an employer adopts a fair and reasonable pension scheme that would play an important part in fixing the age of retirement at a comparatively earlier stage. If a retired employee can legitimately look forward to the prospect of earning a pension then the hardship resulting from early compulsory retirement is considerably mitigated; that is why cases where there is a fair and reasonable scheme of pension in vogue would not be comparable or even relevant in dealing with the age of retirement in a concern where there is so much pension scheme". In that case it was submitted by the Attorney General who appeared for the company that the company was an All India concern and it was of great importance that the terms and conditions of service prevailing in several branches of the company all over the country should be stable and uniform and that in the matter of retirement the company had uniformly fixed the age of retirement at 55 since 1950 and this arrangement should not be disturbed because it would inevitably upset the age of retirement in all other branches. It was also submitted that the Tribunal had raised the age of retirement from 55 to 58 and that the Supreme Court should not interfere with the decision of the Tribunal and further raised it to 60. It was also urged that the general terms and conditions provided by the company to its employees were very liberal and that the industrial concerns in Bombay where the age of retirement had been fixed at 60 were not comparable to the company and	 therefore	 no importance should be attached to the trend disclosed by those companies. All these submissions were rejected by the court on the primary consideration that the recent trend in the Bombay area clearly appeared to be to fix the age of retirement at 60. In British Paints India Limited vs Its Workmen	 this court expressed the view that there had been a general improvement in the standard of health in the country and that longevity had increased and therefore	 fixation of age of retirement at 60 years appeared to 259 be quite reasonable in the circumstance. The court	 further observed that the age of retirement at 55 years was fixed in the last century in Government service and had become the pattern for fixing the age of retirement every where. The court then said: "But time in our opinion has now come considering the improvement in the standard of health and increase in longevity in this country during the last fifty years that the age of retirement should be fixed at a higher level	 and we consider that generally speaking in the present circumstances fixing the age of retirement at 60 years would be fair and proper	 unless there are special circumstances justifying fixation of a lower age of retirement". In G.M. Talang vs Shaw Wallace & Co. reference was also made to the report of the Second Pay Commission which had referred to the age of retirement in 48 countries of the world and to the report of the Norms Committee	 a Committee on which both employers and employees of the Bombay region were represented	 which had said: "After taking into consideration the views of the earlier Committees and Commissions including these of the Second Pay Commissions the report of which has been released recently	 we feel that the retirement age for workmen	 in all industries	 should be fixed at 60 years. Accordingly the norm for retirement age is fixed at 60". The comment of the court on the report of the Norms Committee was: "This considered opinion of a Committee on which both employers and employees were represented emphasised the fact that in the Bombay region	 at least there is a general agreement that the age of retirement should be fixed at 60. " In the Burmah Shell Oil Company case	 this court observed. "In fixing the age of superannuation the most important factor that has to be taken into consideration is the trend in a particular area. That position is made clear by this court in Talang (G M ) and Others vs Shaw Wallace & Co. Ltd. There is no denying the fact 260 that life expectation has greatly increased in recent years due to healthier living conditions	 better food and improved medical facilities though we have still a long way to go in that regard. Under modern conditions	 speaking generally	 the efficiency of workmen is not impaired till about 60 years. The needs of a workman are likely to be greater between the age of 50 to 60 years as during that period he has to educate his children	 marry his daughters	 in addition to maintaining his family. If one looks at the word trend it is obvious that the age of superannuation is gradually pushed up. . . . . . . . . . . . .As we said earlier	 in the matter of fixing the age of superannuation	 the trend in a particular area is the most important factor	 though in the matter of determining the other conditions of service of workmen	 the principle of region cum industry is by and large the determinative factor. . . . . . . . . ."From the various decisions rendered by this court and by the tribunals	 it is obvious that the trend is to raise the age of superannuation. It is also clear from those decisions that so far as Bombay	 Calcutta and Delhi areas are concerned	 the trend appears to raise the age of superannuation to 60 years. " On the facts of the case	 however	 the court noticing that in the appellant company	 there was a fair pension scheme for the clerical staff	 fixed the age of superannuation in their case at 58 years	 while leaving untouched the decision of the Tribunal fixing the retirement age of other workmen at 60 years. It is to be noticed that the four cases which related to the Bombay region were all of the early sixties. Two decades have passed	 Industrial and labour conditions do not remain stagnant despite the passage of time. Industrial labour relations need revision from time to time to fit and suit changing conditions. That there was an upward trend to raise the age of retirement to sixty in the early sixties may not necessarily mean that the same trend has continued till today. But	 in the present case	 the company did not plead that there was any reversal of the trend nor did Shri G.B. Pai	 learned counsel for the company	 urge before us that there was any such reversal of the trend. On the other hand	 it may very well be said 261 that there has been much progress in the last two decades in the matter of better living conditions and availability of medical and health facilities and	 therefore	 a further raise of the age of retirement may be considered necessary and justified. Shri Pai rightly did not urge before us that there was any reversal of the trend in the Bombay region and we are	 therefore spared from going into that question. In the Dunlop Rubber Company Case and in the Imperial Chemical Industries Case	 the Supreme Court primarily relied on the trend in the region and in the Burmah Shell oil Company case	 the Court observed that the trend in a particular area was the most important factor in the matter of fixing the age of superannuation. Another factor which appears to be receiving importance in certain circles is the rising rate of unemployment amongst the younger generation. The effect of increasing or decreasing the age of retirement on the rate of unemployment in the younger generation and on the household economics of the older generation is a matter for deep study and investigation. There is no evidence before us on these points. Nowadays	 as pointed out in the Burmah Shell oil Company 's case and other cases	 because of better conditions of living and availability of medical and health facilities	 the average span of life has increased and a person between 55 and 60 years of age is alert	 active	 hale and healthy and may be said to be at the prime of his life. That is also the time when he has to meet several financial commitments and demands. To retire him at that age may mean virtually to throw him to the wolves. Can the nation afford to have on its hand several families unable to fully support themselves ? Can the nation afford to throw away the knowledge and experience of these people by retiring them when they are still capable of turning out some years of good work ? On the other hand	 can the nation afford to have an army of unemployed	 youngmen	 necessarily leading bitter and frustrated lives ? Can the nation afford to allow them to fritter away their energies in unhealthy pursuits to which they may be tempted ? But then arises the broader question	 is the retirement of men of experience at an age when they are still useful to the community the proper solution to the problem of unemployment among the young ? Is it not an unimaginative solution ? Is not the solution the creation of greater employment opportunities	 by increasing production and its modes ? All these are questions which are difficult to answer though everyone has an opinion	 often ad hoc. These questions require deep investigation	 research and study. We cannot properly answer them nor is there any evidence on these points. The counsel	 we must say in fairness	 refrained 262 from arguing that the retirement age should not be raised because of the rising rate of unemployment and we also refrain from expressing any opinion. The workmen were content to rely on the undoubted trend as revealed by the decisions of this court and the company was content to rely on the comparative statement of retirement age of clerical staff in other oil companies. We are compelled to decide this case on the limited material available to us and we	 therefore	 confine the decision to the facts of the case. The Tribunal noticed that the age of retirement of the clerical staff of the company in its Marketing Division was 58 years and observed: "Similarly	 it is apparent that the company has fixed the age of retirement of the clerical staff in its Marketing Division	 both in Bombay and other places at 58 years. I do not find any valid reason while the concerned workmen should be denied a raise in the age of their retirement at least to the extent of 58 years." So according to the Tribunal	 the retirement age of the clerical staff of the Refinery Division had to be increased at least to 58 years	 since the retirement age of the clerical staff of the Marketing Division of the Company had been fixed at years. The relevant and outstanding fact which the Tribunal failed to notice here was that the clerical staff of the Marketing Division have a pension scheme while the clerical staff of the Refinery Division have no such scheme. The general terminal benefits on attaining the age of superannuation are pension	 gratuity and provident fund. It is not in dispute that while the clerical staff of the Marketing Division have all three terminal benefits	 the clerical staff of the Refinery Division are not entitled to any pension. This must necessarily have an impact on the raising of their retirement age. Therefore	 without travelling outside the very company	 we think that the Industrial Tribunal fell into a serious error in failing to notice that there was no pension scheme in the case of clerical staff of the Refinery Division while there was such a scheme in the case of a clerical staff of the Marketing Division. On the material available to us	 we think that the retirement age in the case of clerical staff of the Division should be fixed at 60 years. Shri G.B. Pai	 learned counsel for the Respondent Corporation drew our attention to the circumstances that the new scales of pay 263 of the clerical staff of the Refinery Division of the Respondent Corporation compared favourably with the scales of pay of the clerical staff of other refineries elsewhere in Indian and were higher than the scales of pay of the clerical staff of the Marketing Division of the Respondent Corporation itself. Shri Pai	 however would not go so far as to say that the scales of pay were so designed taking into account the provision for pensionary benefits or the lack of it. He could not do so for the obvious reason that it would be an irrelevant consideration unless he could assert that the wage structure took into account the 'capacity for savings ' factor. Again	 obviously	 he could not so assert as that was never the company 's case and also in view of the rising universal inflationary trend of which we are bound to take judicial notice. The differing nature and conditions of work may well be the reason for the different scales of pay. We assume nothing and so we make no comment one way or the other in the absence of evidence. It is enough for the present purpose to say that the Tribunal did not base its conclusion on this circumstance. Shri Pai invited our attention to the circumstance that in other refineries elsewhere in India	 the retirement age of clerical staff has generally been fixed at 58. But we are primarily concerned with the trend in the Bombay region. In matters of this nature	 greater importance must naturally be given to the regional factor That was why in the Dunlop case	 emphasis was laid on the "prevailing conditions	 particularly in the region"	 in the Imperial Chemical Industries case	 the trend in the Bombay region was considered the most vital factor and in the Burmah Shell case	 it was stressed that in fixing the age of superannuation	 the most important factor that had to be taken into consideration was the trend in the particular area. We may add here that in applying the region cum industry formula	 the emphasis to be placed on region or industry depends upon varying factors. In Greaves Cotton and Co. Ltd. vs Their workmen	 this Court observed that where the number of industries of the same kind in a particular region was small	 it was the regin aspect of the industry cum region formula which assumed importance particularly in the case of clerical and subordinate staff. Reference was made to Workmen of Hindustan Motors vs Hindustan Motors and French Motor Car Company vs their Workmen and it was said: 264 "Where there are a large number of industrial concerns of the same kind in the same region	 it would be proper to put greater emphasis on the industry part of the industry cum region principle as that would put all concerns on a more or less equal footing in the matter of production costs and therefore	 in the matter of competition in the market and this will equally apply to clerical and subordinate staff whose wages and dearness allowance also go into calculation of production costs. But where the number of comparable concerns is small in a particular region and therefore	 the competition aspect is not of the same importance	 the region part of the industry cum region formula assumes greater importance particularly with reference to clerical and subordinate staff and this was what was emphasised in the French Motor Car Company case where the company was already paying the highest wages in the particular line of business and therefore comparison had to be made with as similar concerns as possible in different lines of business for the purpose of fixing wage scales and dearness allowance. The principle therefore which emerges from these two decisions in that in applying the industry cum region formula for fixing wage scales the tribunal should lay stress on the industry part of formula if there are a large number of concerns in the same region carrying on the same industry; in such a case in order that production cost may not be unequal and there may be equal competition	 wages should generally be fixed on the basis of the comparable industries	 namely	 industries of the same kind. But where the number of industries of the same kind in a particular region is small	 it is the region part of the industry cum region formula which assumes importance particularly in the case of clerical and subordinate staff	 for as pointed out in the French Motor Car Company case there is not much difference in the work of this class of employees in different industries. " In French Motor Car Co. vs Their workmen	 an argument was advanced that the appellant company was paying the highest wage scales in a particular line of business in which it was engaged and there was	 therefore	 no justification for increasing the wage scales 265 by comparison with wage scales in other lines of business. This argument was rejected with the following observations: "We are of opinion that this argument cannot be accepted	 for it would then mean that if a concern is paying the highest wages in a particular line of business	 there can be no increase in wages in that concern whatever may be the economic conditions prevailing at the time of dispute. It seems to us	 therefore	 that where a concern is paying the highest wages in a particular line of business	 there should be greater emphasis on the region part of the industry cum region principle	 though it would be the duty of the industrial court to see that for purposes of comparison such other industries in the region are taken into account as are as nearly similar to the concern before it as possible. Though	 therefore	 in a case where a particular concern is already paying the highest wages in its own line of business	 the industrial courts would be justified in looking at wages paid in that region in other lines of business	 it should take care to see that the concerns from other lines of business taken into account are such as are as nearly similar as possible	 to the line of business carried on by the concern before it." In Workmen of Orient Paper Mills Ltd. vs Orient Paper Mills Ltd	 this Court relying on the French Motor Car Company case held that where two other paper industries in the region are of recent origin and their profits were smaller	 it was the duty of the Industrial Tribunal not to compare the appellant company with those companies	 but to compare the same with other industries in the region	 three of which were collieries	 two cement companies	 on a steel plant and one aluminium factory. These decisions make it clear that where there are no comparable industries in the region	 the regional aspect of the region cum industry formula must be given precedence. That was what was done in the Dunlop Rubber Co.	 the Imperial Chemical Industries and the Burmah Shell oil Co. cases. Rightly	 therefore	 the Tribunal did not rest its conclusion on this factor. 266 Shri Pai informed us that even in the case of the clerical staff of the Marketing Division	 there is no longer any pension scheme for those that have joined the Corporation after nationalisation. This again was not one of the grounds on which the Tribunal rested its conclusion and we wish to say no more about it	 as we do not want to jeopardise any claim that the workmen may have on that basis or any answer that the Management may have in that regard. In the result the appeal is allowed and the retirement age of the clerical staff of the Refinery Division of the company is fixed at 60 years	 There will be no order as to costs. VARADARAJAN	 J. This appeal by special leave is directed against the award dated 1.7.1980 made by the Industrial Tribunal	 Bombay in I. T. No. 84 of 1980 raising the age of retirement of the clerical employees of the Refineries Division of the respondent from 55 years to 58 years in so far as it rejected the claim of the appellants to the age of retirement being raised to 60 years. The dispute referred to the Industrial Tribunal	 Bombay was between the Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited	 Bombay (for short "Company") and their Workmen represented by the Burmah Shell Refineries Clerical Staff Union (for short "first union") and the Petroleum Workmen 's Union (for short "second union"). The Company has a marketing division and a refinery division at Bombay. The age of retirement of the clerical employees of the Company is 58 years in the marketing division and 55 years in the refinery division. The question for consideration by the Tribunal was whether the age of retirement of the clerical employees of the Company 's refinery division should be raised to 60 years from 55 years. The retirement age of the clerical employees of the refinery division had been fixed at 55 years by a settlement dated 31.10.1973 which was to be in force for a period of four years and thereafter until it is terminated in accordance with the provisions of s.19(2) of a the . The period of four years fixed in that settlement expired on 31.10.1977 and the first union terminated that settlement in so far as it related to the age of retirement of the clerical employees of the refinery division by a notice dated 6.4.1979 after making a demand by a notice dated 15.1.1979 on the Company to raise the age of retirement of these clerical employees to 60 years. The first union 's contention according to its claim statement was that the model standing orders provide for the age of retirement of the clerical employees being 60 years and there is a 267 trend in the Bombay region to fix the age of retirement of clerical employees at 60 years and in the comparable concerns as well as in the marketing division of the Company itself the age of retirement of the clerical employees is above 55 years and	 therefore	 the present age of retirement of the clerical employees of the refinery division is low and should be raised from 55 years to 60 years with effect from the date of the reference. The second union put forward almost similar grounds in its claim statement filed in support of the demand of the clerical employees of the refinery division. The Company denied in its statement of defence that the model standing orders framed by the Central Government provide for the age of retirement being 60 years and contended that the settlement dated 31.10.1973 was a package deal arrived at in consideration of the union agreeing inter alia to the age of retirement being fixed at 55 years and the Company revised certain benefits which would not have been revised otherwise. The Company disputed the correctness of the grounds relied upon by the unions in support of their claim for raising the age of retirement of the clerical employees of the refinery division to 60 years. The Tribunal rejected the Company 's contention that the reference itself is not competent in view of the said settlement dated 31.10.1973 as being untenable. That question is not in dispute in this appeal. The parties filed a joint statement before the Tribunal saying that they do not want to let in any oral evidence. The Company and the first union produced their respective comparative statements. In addition to the comparative statement	 strong reliance was placed by the unions on what is called the trend in the Bombay region to fix the age of retirement at 60 years. The Company 's comparative statement showed that on 1.4.1980 there were 148 clerical employees and 1095 non clerical employees in the Company and provided information in regard to wage scales and other benefits such as provident fund and gratuity and admitted that the age of retirement of the clerical employees in the Company 's marketing division at Bombay is 58 years while that of the clerical employees of the Company 's refinery division at that place is only 55 years. It was contended for the Company before the Tribunal that the wage scales of the clerical employees covered by this reference are far better than those of similar categories of employees in comparable 268 concerns and that the Company took a generous view in the settlement dated 31.10.1973 and arrived at a package deal and revised the benefits of the employees taking into consideration the agreement of the employees to continue the age of retirement of the clerical employees of the refinery division at 55 years. The Tribunal found that the contention regarding the settlement being a package deal in regard even to the age of retirement after taking other benefits into consideration was not without substance and observed that it is	 however	 not sufficient to reject the demand of the clerical employees of the refinery division for raising the age of retirement in toto and that it has to be taken into account while considering the extent to which the age of retirement should be raised. The following observation made by this Court in Guest Keen Williams Private Ltd. vs Sterling and others was noticed by the Tribunal: "In fixing the age of superannuation the Industrial Tribunals have to take into account several relevant factor. What is the nature of the work assigned to the employees in the course of their employment ? What is the nature of the wage structure paid to them ? What are the retirement benefits and other amenities available to them ? What is the character of the climate where the employees work and what is the age of superannuation fixed in comparable industries in the same region ? What is generally the practice prevailing in the industry in the past in the matter of retiring its employees ? These and other relevant facts have to be weighed by the tribunal in every case	 when it is called upon to fix an age of superannuation in an industrial dispute. " The Tribunal noticed also the following observation made in a later decision of this Court in the case of Burmah Shell (Delhi Region): "In fixing the age of superannuation the most important factor that has to be taken into consideration is the trend in a particular area. That position is made 269 clear by this Court. There is no denying the fact that life expectation has greatly increased in recent years due to healthier living conditions	 better food and improved medical facilities though we have still a long way to go in that regard. Under modern conditions	 speaking generally	 the efficiency of workmen is not impaired till about 60 years. The needs of a workman are likely to be greater between the age of 50 and 60 years	 as during that period	 he has to educate his children	 marry his daughters	 in addition to maintaining his family. If one looks at the word trend	 it is obvious that the age of superannuation is gradually pushed up." The Tribunal commented upon the lack of evidence relating to the various factors indicated in the above passage in the present case and has arrived at its decision as follows: "The only material placed before me pertains to the wage scales in existence in the industries in the region and more so comparable industries. The wage scales of the Company and those of other comparable concerns do not show that the wage scales of the Company are much better. Similarly	 it is apparent that the Company has fixed the age of retirement of the clerical staff in its Marketing Division	 both in Bombay and other places 58 years. I do not find any valid reason why the concerned workmen should be denied a raise in the age of their retirement at least to the extent of 58 years. I have already observed that the concerned workmen have been granted benefits of retirement by way of provident fund and gratuity under the Settlement. It is also to be borne in mind that there are about 1095 workmen in the non clerical category. They may also raise a dispute about the revision of their retirement age. Here	 neither party has placed on the record the extent of additional financial burden consequent upon the grant of the demand in terms it is made. To keep harmony amongst the workmen of the Company employed in its Marketing Division and Refinery	 it is proper to raise the age of retirement of the concerned workmen to 58 years	 and not to 60 years in terms of the demand. For the aforesaid reasons	 the age of retirement of the clerical staff is fixed at 58 years. " 270 Unfortunately	 very limited material is available on record for arriving at a decision in this case. Before the Tribunal comparative statements regarding the wage scales and other benefits such as gratuity and provident fund and age of retirement were produced by the Company and the first union and the unions relied upon the trend in the Bombay region to fix the age of retirement of employees at 60 years. In this Court Mr. M.K. Ramamurthi	 Senior Counsel appearing for the appellants invited this Court 's attention to and heavily relied upon some decisions of this Court in which that trend has been noticed. The Tribunal also noticed the decision of this Court in the Burmah Shell (Delhi region 's) case (supra) in which also reference has been made to the trend as seen from the passage in that judgment extracted earlier. Mr. G.B. Pai	 Senior Counsel appearing for the Company admitted before this Court as had been done even before the Tribunal that there is no pension scheme for the clerical employees of the refinery division of the Company with whom we are concerned in this case. He also admitted that there is a pension scheme in regard to clerical employees of the Company 's marketing division at Bombay. But he submitted that scheme is restricted to only employees who had joined service before the date of nationalisation of the oil companies and does not relate to those who joined service after that date. The fact that the pension scheme relating to the marketing division applies to only employees who had joined service in the Company before the date of nationalisation is not disputed by Mr. Ramamurthi. It is true that the Tribunal has not noticed the fact that there is such a pension scheme for some of the Company 's employees in the marketing division at Bombay. Mr. Pai drew this Court 's attention to comparative statements produced by the Company as exhibits 'A ' and 'B ' with the counter affidavit filed in the special leave petition in this Court. They are referred to in paras 15 and 17 of that counter affidavit. No objection was raised by Mr Ramamurthi to Mr. Pai drawing this Court 's attention to those comparative statements. One of those statements shows the salaries of junior and senior clerical employees in all the oil companies (corporations) in this country. It is seen from that statement that there are four oil companies in this country	 namely	 Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited.(Caltex)	 Indian Oil Corporation Limited	 Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited. The pay scales of junior clerical employees of the Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited are Rs. 890.50 Rs. 1498.50 in the marketing division and Rs. 995.25 Rs. 1348.60 in the refinery division. Those scales compare favourably with the pay scales of similar employees 271 in the Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (Caltex) and Indian oil Corporation Limited. But the pay scales of junior grade clerical employees of the respondent company Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited are better in the refinery division with which we are concerned in this appeal then those in the Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited	 for the pay scales in the respondent Company are Rs. 924.23 Rs. 1597.17 in the marketing division as on 1.3.1980 and Rs. 1093.92 Rs. 1809.96 in the refinery division at Bombay as on 1.4.1980. In the comparative statement there is a note that the grade of Rs.1093.92 Rs. 1809.96 is the lowest grade in the clerical cadre as per the subsisting settlement and that individuals have	 however	 not yet been fitted that grade because of various disputes. There can be no doubt that once the individuals are fitted in that grade they will be entitled to payment according to that scale as from 1.4.1980. So far as senior grade clerical employees are concerned the scales of pay are Rs. 1012.50 Rs.1727.50 in the marketing division and Rs.1359.56 Rs. 2040.20 in the refinery division of the Hindustan petroleum Corporation Limited and Rs. 1215 Rs. 220 in the marketing division and Rs. 1212 .(for those who joined service after 8.8.1978 Rs. 2126 (for those who joined service prior to 8.8.1978). These scales of pay compare favourably with the scales of pay in the Indian oil Corporation Limited. But the sales of pay of the respondent company are much better as they are Rs. 1171.91 Rs. 1960.59 in the marketing division as on 1.3.1980 and Rs. 1352.30 Rs. 2510.46 in the refinery division at Bombay has on 1.4.1980. Thus it is seen that the pay scales of junior grade clerical employees and senior grade clerical employees of the Company in the refinery division at Bombay	 namely	 Rs. 1093.92 Rs. 1809.96 as on 1.3.1980 and Rs. 1352.30 Rs. 2510.46 as on 1.4.1980 compare favourably with the pay scales of junior grade clerical employees in the marketing division of the Company at Bombay	 namely	 Rs. 924.23 Rs. 1597.17 and Rs. 1171.91 Rs. 1960.59 as on 1.3.1980 respectively. Therefore	 the Company 's contention before the Tribunal that higher pay scales were fixed for the clerical employees in the refinery division at Bombay in the settlement dated 31.10.1973 in view of their agreement to continue the age of retirement at 55 years is not without substance as stated by the Tribunal in its judgment. In this Court also Mr. Pai submitted that higher pay scales have been fixed for the clerical employees in the refinery division of the Company at Bombay taking into consideration that there is no pension scheme for them and their agreement to continue the age of retirement as 58 whereas the retirement age for the clerical employees of the marketing division at Bombay for 272 whom there is a pension scheme in regard to those who entered service prior to the date of nationalisation is 58. The learned counsel fairly conceded that it could not be stated with certainty that the difference in the pay scales of the clerical employees in the refinery division and marketing division at Bombay fully takes care of the absence of a pension scheme for the clerical employees of the refinery division. It was not contended by Mr. Ramamurthi that the workload of the clerical employees in the refinery division is greater than that of the clerical employees in the marketing division of the Company at Bombay. Therefore	 in considering the absence of a pension scheme for the clerical employees of the Company in the refinery division one has to take note of the fact that the pay scales of those employees are more advantageous and compare favourably with the pay scales of clerical employees of the Company in the marketing division at Bombay. The trend strongly relied upon by Mr. Ramamurthi has no doubt to be taken into account for fixing the age of retirement of the employees. But according to the decision in Burmah shell (Delhi region) case (supra) referred to above	 it is only one of the factors which have to be taken into account in fixing the age of retirement though in that decision it has been stated to be the most important factor	 (Several other factors) are mentioned in this Court 's judgment in Guest Keen Williams Private Limited vs Sterling and others (supra) and they are the nature of work assigned to the employees	 the wage structure of the employees	 the retirement benefit and other amenities available to the employees	 the nature of climate where the employees work and the age of superannuation fixed in comparable industries in the region. The employees in this case should have placed the other materials also before the Tribunal for justifying their claim for raising the age of retirement from 55 years to 60 years. They have not placed any of those factors before the Tribunal apart from relying upon the trend mentioned above. The trend must	 undoubtedly	 be in comparable industries. The employees in this case have not placed any material on record to show that there is any trend in the refinery division of any other oil company in the Bombay region to fix the age of retirement of clerical employees at 60 years. They have relied upon the trend generally and not in any comparable industry. There is no evidence to show that there is any other refinery in the Bombay region than that of the company. On the other hand	 the Company has placed before this Court a comparative statement regarding the age of retirement of clerical employees in all the refineries in this country. That statement produced with 273 the counter affidavit filed in the Special Leave Petition shows that the age of retirement is 60 years only in the marketing division of the Indian oil Corporation Limited	 that it is 58 years in the refinery division of that Corporation and that in all the other Corporations including the respondent Company after the age of retirement was raised to 58 years from 55 years by the Tribunal it is 58 years both in the marketing division and the refinery division. Thus	 the trend in the refinery divisions of the Corporation throughout the country is to fix the age of retirement of the clerical employees at 58 years. It is not possible to accept the appellants ' contention that the age of retirement should have been raised by the Tribunal to 60 years on the basis solely of the "trend in the Bombay region". There is nothing in the award of the Tribunal to show that the employees contended before it that the "trend in the Bombay region" heavily relied upon by them	 could be general in nature and not in comparable industries in the region. ' No such argument was advanced even in this Court by Mr. Ramamurthi	 on behalf of the appellants. Consequently the Company did not have any opportunity of meeting any such contention that the trend in the region need not be in comparable industries (not necessarily similar industries) but may be general and is yet binding on the Company. It is significant to note that the clerical employees in the marketing division of the Company at Bombay have till now not raised any demand for raising their age of retirement to 60 years from 58 years. Therefore	 on the question of trend also it is seen that the employees concerned have not placed any material on record to hold that in their case the trend should be taken as being towards fixing the age of retirement at 60 years. The Tribunal has taken all factors into consideration including the absence of a pension scheme for the employees in question except the fact that there is a pension scheme for the clerical employees in the marketing division of the Company at Bombay who had joined service prior to the date of nationalisation in raising the age of retirement of the Company 's clerical employees in the refinery division at Bombay to 58 years from 55 years at par with the age of retirement of the clerical employees in the Company 's marketing division at Bombay. Even under the Tribunal 's award challenged in this appeal the employees concerned are better placed than their counter parts in the marketing division who have joined service after the date of nationalisation of oil companies in regard to wage scales. There is no material on record to show the quantum of disadvantage to which the employees in question are subjected by the absence of a pension scheme compared with the section of clerical employees of the Company 's marketing division at Bombay 274 who have the benefit of a pension scheme in addition to gratuity and provident fund benefits to which alone the employees concerned in this appeal are entitled as retirement benefits. In these circumstances	 there is no satisfactory reason for interfering with the Tribunal 's award raising the age of retirement of the clerical employees of the Company 's refinery division at Bombay from 55 years to 58 years at par with the age of retirement of the clerical employees of the Company 's marketing division at Bombay and declining to raise it to 60 years as demanded by the employees. The appeal accordingly fails and is dismissed but without costs. H.S.K. Appeal allowed.

An industrial dispute with regard to the raising of the age of retirement of the clerical staff employed in the Refinery Division of the respondent oil Company at Bombay from 55 to 60 years was referred to the Industrial Tribunal. The workmen contended that there was a trend in the Bombay region to fix the age of retirement of clerical employees at 60 years and in the comparable concerns as well as in the Marketing Division of the Company itself the age of the clerical employees was above 55 years. The Company contended that the wage scales of their clerical employees were far better than those of similar categories of employees in comparable concerns and that the company took a generous view in the settlement dated 31 10 1973 and arrived at a package deal and revised the benefits of the employees taking into consideration the agreement of the employees to continue the age of retirement of the clerical employees of the Refinery Division at 55 years. Neither party led any oral evidence but filed their respective comparative statements. The Tribunal found as a fact that the wage scales of the Company were not much better than the wage scales of other comparable concerns. The Tribunal also noticed that the age of retirement of the clerical staff of the Company in its Marketing Division both at Bombay and other places was fixed at 58 years. But the Tribunal found that the Company 's contention regarding the settlement being a package deal in regard even to the age of retirement after taking other benefits into consideration was not without substance and observed that it was	 however	 not sufficient to reject the workmen 's demand in toto and that it had to be taken into account while considering the extent to which the age of retirement should be raised. Having regard to the circumstances of the case and in the interest of industrial harmony	 the Tribunal raised the age of retirement to 58 years only. In appeal to this Court the workmen relied on the 'trend ' in the Bombay region while the Company relied on the position in other oil Companies. 252 Allowing the appeal and fixing the age of retirement at 60 years	 by majority. HELD (Per Desai and Chinnappa Reddy	 JJ.) In fixing the age of superannuation	 the most important factor that has to be taken into consideration is the trend in a particular area. From the various decisions rendered by this Court and by the Tribunals	 it is obvious that in the early sixties the trend in the Bombay region was to raise the age of superannuation to 60 years. Industrial and labour conditions do not remain stagnant despite the passage of time. Industrial labour relations need revision from time to time to fit and suit changing conditions. That there was an upward trend to raise the age of retirement to 60 in the early sixties may not necessarily mean that the same trend has continued till today. [259 H; 260 D E; 260 G H] Guest	 Keen	 Willians Private Ltd. vs P. J. Sterling & Ors. ; ; Dunlop Rubber Company Limited vs Workmen & Ors. ; ; Imperial Chemical Industries (India) Pvt. Ltd. vs Workmen ; ; British Paints (India) Ltd. vs Its workmen [1961] 2 S.C.R. 523; G.M. Talang vs Shaw Wallace & Co. ; Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distributing Company of India Ltd. vs Their Workmen [1970] I LLJ 363	 referred to. In the instant case	 the Company did not plead that there was any reversal of the trend nor did the Company urge that there was any such reversal of the trend. On the other hand	 it may very well be said that there has been much progress in the last two decades in the matter of better living conditions and availability of medical and health facilities and	 therefore	 a further raise of the age of retirement may be considered necessary and justified. [260 H; 261 A] In the instant case while raising the retirement age of the clerical staff of the Refinery Division to 58 years instead of 60 years since the retirement age of the clerical staff of the Marketing Division of the Company had been fixed at 58 years	 the Tribunal fell into a serious error in failing to notice the relevant and outstanding fact that the clerical staff of the Marketing Division have a pension scheme while the clerical staff of the Refinery Division have no such scheme. The general terminal benefits on attaining the age of superannuation are pension	 gratuity and provident fund. It is not in dispute that while the clerical staff of the Marketing Division have all the three benefits	 the clerical staff of the Refinery Division are not entitled to any pension. This must necessarily have an impact on the raising of their retirement age. On the material available the Court thinks that the retirement age in the case of clerical staff of the Refinery Division should be fixed at 60 years. [262 E H] In applying the region cum industry formula the emphasis to be placed on region or industry depends upon varying factors. Where there are no comparable industries in the region	 the regional aspect of the region cum industry formula must be given precedence. G] Greaves Cotton and Co. Ltd. vs Their Workmen 1964 (I) L.L.J. 342; Workmen of Hindustan Motors vs Hindustan Motors 1962 (II) L.L.J. 352; 253 French Motor Car Company vs Their Workmen 1962 (II) L.L.J. 744; Workmen of Orient Paper Mills Ltd. vs Orient Paper Mills Ltd. 1969 (II) L.L.J. 398 referred to: It is observed that nowadays	 because of better conditions of living and availability of medical and health facilities	 the average span of life has increased and a person between 55 and 60 years of age is alert	 active	 hale and healthy may be said to be at the prime of his life. That is also the time when he has to meet several financial commitments and demands. To retire him at that age may mean virtually throwing him to the wolves. Can the nation afford to throw away the knowledge and experience of these people by retiring them when they are still capable of turning out some years of good work and have on its hand several families unable to fully support themselves ? On the other hand	 can the nation afford to have an army of unemployed youngmen necessarily leading bitter and frustrated lives by allowing them to fritter away their energies in unhealthy pursuits to which they may be tempted ? But then arises the broader question	 is the retirement of men of experience at an age when they are still useful to the community the proper solution to the problem of unemployment among the young ? Is not the solution the creation of greater employment opportunities	 by increasing production and its modes ? All these questions are difficult to answer and require deep investigation	 research and study. [261 D H] (Per Varadarajan	 J. Though the trend in a particular area is the most important factor to be taken into account for fixing the age of retirement of employees	 it is only one of the several factors like the nature of work assigned to the employees	 the wage structure of the employees	 the retirement benefits and other amenities available to the employees	 the nature of climate where the employees work and the age of superannuation fixed in comparable industries in the region. Moreover	 the trend must undoubtedly be in comparable industries. [272 D E; F] Guest Keen Williams Private Ltd. vs Sterling and Ors. 1959 (II) L.L.J. 405; Burmah Shell (Delhi region) (1971) (I) L.L.J. 363 referred to. In the present case	 the employees have not placed any material on those factors before the Tribunal apart from relying upon the trend in the Bombay region. They have also not placed any material on record to show that there is any trend in the Refinery Division of any other oil company in the Bombay region to fix the age of retirement of clerical employees at 60 years. They have relied upon the trend generally and not in any comparable industry. There is no evidence to show that there is any other Refinery in the Bombay region than that of the Company. From the comparative statements filed by the Company	 it appears that the trend in the Refinery Division of the Company throughout the country is to fix the age of retirement of the clerical employees at 58 years. There is nothing in the award of the Tribunal to show that the employees contended before it that the "trend in the Bombay region" heavily relied upon by them	 could be general in nature and not in comparable industries in the region. [272 F; G; 273 B C] 254 Unfortunately	 very limited material is available on record for arriving at a decision in this case. The comparative statements filed by the Company show that the pay scales of junior grade clerical employees in the Refinery Division of the respondent company are better than those in another oil company. The pay scales of junior grade clerical employees and senior grade clerical employees of the company in the Refinery Division at Bombay compare favourably with pay scales of junior grade clerical employees and senior grade clerical employees in the Marketing Division of the Company at Bombay Therefore	 in considering the absence of a pension scheme for the clerical employees of the Company in the Refinery Division one has to take note of the fact that the pay scales of those employees are more advantageous and compare favourably with the pay scales of clerical employees of the company in the Marketing Division at Bombay. There is no material on record to show the quantum of disadvantage to which the employees in question are subjected by the absence of a pension scheme compared with the section of clerical employees of the Company 's Marketing Division at Bombay who have the benefit of a pension scheme in addition to gratuity and provident fund benefits to which alone the employees concerned in this appeal are entitled as retirement benefits. In those circumstances	 there is no satisfactory reason for interfering with the Tribunal 's award raising the age of retirement of the clerical employees of the Company 's Refinery Division at Bombay from 55 years to 58 years. [270 A; 271 A; E F; 272 B C; 273 H; 274 A B]