Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal No. 2411 of 1978. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and order dated 26 7 1978 of the Karnataka High Court in Writ Petition No. 10203/ 77. And ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petitions Nos. 4473 4474	 4415	 4488	 4528	 and 4539 of 1978. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution). D G. B. Rikar	 K. R. Nagaraja and Mrs. Gayathri Balee for the Petitioner (In WP. 4473 4474	 4488	 4539/78). R. B. Datar and Navin Sinha for the Petitioner (In WP. 4415 and 4528 and for Appellant in CA 2411/78). V. A. Sayield Mohammad and N. Nettar for the State of Karnataka and for Respondent No. 3 in WPs. 4473 4474	 4488	 4528 and 4539 and C.A. 2411/78. L. N. Sinha	 Attorney General	 K. K. Venugopal	 Additional Solicitor General	 V. A. Sayied Mohammad and Vineet Kumar for Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (in All W.P.s & C.A.). It would	 therefore	 be convenient to dispose them of by this common judgment. The short question involved in these cases is	 whether the employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators in the State of Karnataka acquired a vested right of absorption in service with the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation under sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the Karnataka Contract Carriages (Acquisition) ordinance 1976. 688 It will be convenient to refer in the first place to the legislative changes. On January 30	 1976 the Karnataka Contract Carriages (Acquisition) ordinance	 1976 was promulgated by the Governor of Karnataka under cl. (1) of article 213 of the Constitution. The said ordinance was promulgated with the object of acquiring contract carriages operating in the State and for certain matters connected therewith. On the same day	 i.e.	 on January 30	 1976 the State Government issued a notification under cl. 4(1) of the ordinance vesting every contract carriage owned or operated by such contract carriage operator	 along with permit	 in the State Government absolutely free from all encumbrances. On the same day	 the State Government made an order under sub cl. (1) to cl. 20 of the ordinance transferring all the contract carriages that vested in the State Government under the notification issued under sub cl. (1) to cl. 4 of the ordinance	 to the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (hereinafter referred to as 'the Corporation '). Sub clause (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance provided for absorption of certain categories of employees of contract carriage operators in the service of the Corporation. It also provided the ratio for absorption for different categories of employees that were entitled to be absorbed in the service of the Corporation. The ordinance was subsequently replaced by the Karnataka Contract Carriages (Acquisition) Act	 1976	 Which was published in the gazette on March 12	 1976. The ordinance was repealed by the Act	 and it re enacted the provisions of the repealed ordinance	 with a saving clause in sub section (2) of section 31	 for preservation of anything done or action taken. The Act was substantially in similar terms except for the difference that the ratio prescribed by proviso to sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance	 which laid down the categories of persons who could be absorbed in the service of the Corporation	 was substantially altered and a new ratio was inserted in the proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act. Otherwise	 sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act and sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance were identical in every respect. Under proviso to sub cl. (3) to cl. 20	 the total strength of the employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators allowable for absorption was 7.9 per vehicle	 while under proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act the same works out to 4.45 per vehicle. Further	 while under the ordinance conductors were entitled to be absorbed	 the ratio provided under the Act shows that conductors are not included in the categories of persons who can be absorbed in the service of the Corporation. 689 It appears that although as many as 785 contract carriages were A notified for acquisition	 only 601 vehicles were actually acquired. The change in the ratio of absorption from 7.9 per vehicle under sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance to 4.45 per vehicle under sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act adversely affected a large number of employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators. A large number of writ petitions were	 therefore	 filed in the High Court challenging the vires of the proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act on various grounds	 but by the judgment under appeal the High Court has repelled all the contentions. Thereafter	 the remaining writ petitions were all withdrawn. The appeal is against the judgment of the High Court and the employees have also directly approached the Court under article 32. Before dealing with the contention advanced in the appeal	 it is necessary to set out the relevant provisions. Sub clause (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance read as follows: "20.(3) Every person who is a workman within the meaning of the (Central Act 14 of 1947) and has been immediately before the commencement of this ordinance exclusively employed in connection with the acquired property	 shall '	 on and from the notified date	 become an employee of the corporation on the same terms and conditions applicable to the employees holding corresponding posts in the corporation. Any person not willing to become such an employee of the corporation shall be entitled to retrenchment compensation as provided in the : Provided that the number of workmen that shall become employees of the corporation under this sub section shall not exceed the following scale	 the junior most being excluded: Scale per vehicle 1. Drivers . . 1.5 2. Conductors . 2.65 3. Supervision . 0.125 4. Higher Supervision staff and Managers . 0.075 5. Ministerial and Secretariat staff . 0.8 6. Technical staff including Foreman . 2.75 690 Sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act	 which replaced sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance	 provides: "19.(3) Every person who is a workman within the meaning of the (Central Act 14 of 1947) and has been immediately before the commencement of this Act exclusively employed in connection with the acquired property	 shall	 on and from the notified date	 become an employee of the corporation on the same terms and conditions applicable to the employees holding corresponding posts in the corporation. Any person not willing to ' become such an employee of the Corporation shall be entitled to retrenchment compensation as provided in the . Provided that the number of workmen that shall become employees of the Corporation under this sub section shall not exceed the following scale	 the junior most being excluded: Scale per vehicle 1. Drivers . . . 1.5 2. Supervision staff and managers . 0.1 3. Ministerial and Secretariat Staff. 0.1 4. Technical staff including foreman. 2.75 4.45" The saving clause to be found in sub section (2) of section 31 of the Act	 so far as material	 runs thus: "31 (2) Notwithstanding such repeal: (i) anything done or any action taken under the said ordinance	 shall be deemed to have been done or taken under the corresponding provisions of this Act. " It is strenuously argued that it is clear from the language of subcl. (3) to cl. (20) of the ordinance that there was	 by operation of law	 automatic absorption of the employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators to the extent provided therein with effect from January 30	 1976	 the date on which the notification was issued under sub cl. (1) to cl. 4 and the date on which the Government made an order under sub cl. (1) to cl. 20. It is submitted that the words "shall become an employee of the Corporation"	 ill sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 are clear and unambiguous and they must result in the consequence that all persons employed in connection with the acquired 691 contract carriages	 became employees of the Corporation. It is said A that	 though the process of absorption may take time	 as and when the necessary steps were taken to fit in such employees falling within the categories mentioned in the proviso to sub cl. (3) to cl. 20	 their absorption relates back to the notified date	 i.e. January 30	 1976. In other words	 the submission was that the legal effect of absorption of such ' employees under sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance is automatic. That being so	 their right of absorption could not be whittled down by the subsequent enactment of the new proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act	 inasmuch as they had acquired a vested right to absorption in the ratio mentioned in sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance. C The ordinance promulgated by the Governor in the instant case was a 'legislative act ' of the Governor under article 213(1) and	 therefore	 undoubtedly a temporary statute	 and while it was still in force the Repealing Act was passed containing the saving clause in section 31(2) (i) providing that	 notwithstanding such repeal	 'anything done ' or any 'action taken ' under the repealed ordinance shall be deemed to have been done or taken under the corresponding provisions of the Act. The enquiry is	 therefore	 limited to the question whether anything was done or action taken under the repealed ordinance. If that be so	 a further question arises on the submission whether the words 'things done ' in section 31 (2) (i) reasonably interpreted can mean not only things done but also the legal consequences flowing therefrom. In considering the effect of an expiration of a temporary Act	 it would be unsafe to lay down any inflexible rule. It certainly requires very clear and unmistakable language in a subsequent Act of the legislature to revive or re create an expired right. If	 however	 the right created by the statute is of an enduring character and has vested in the person	 that right cannot be taken away because the statute by which it was created has expired. In order to see whether the rights and liabilities under the repealed ordinance have been put an end to by the Act	 'the line of enquiry would be not whether '	 in the words of Mukherjea J. in State of Punjab vs Mohar Singh(1)	 'the new Act expressly keeps alive old rights and liabilities under the repealed ordinance but whether it manifests an intention to ' destroy them '. Another line of approach may be to see as to how far the new Act is retrospective in operation. It is settled both on principle and authority	 that the mere right existing under the repealed ordinance	 to take advantage of the pro 11 visions of the repealed ordinance	 is not a right accrued. Sub section 692 (2) of section 31 of the Act was not intended to preserve abstract right conferred by the repealed (ordinance. The legislature has the competence to so re structure the ordinance as to meet the exigencies of the situation obtaining after the taking over of the contract carriage services. It could re enact the ordinance according to its original terms	 or amend or alter its provisions. What were the 'things done ' or 'action taken ' under the repealed ordinance ? The High Court rightly observes that there was neither anything done nor action taken and	 therefore	 the petitioners did not acquire any right to absorption under sub cl. (3) to cl. 20. The employees of the former contract carriage operators in normal course filled in the pro form giving their service particulars and reported to duty. This was in the mere 'hope or expectation ' of acquiring a right. The submission of these 'call reports ' by the employees did not subject the Corporation to a corresponding statutory obligation to absorb them in service. As a matter of fact	 nothing was done while the ordinance was in force. The Act was published on March 12	 1976. on May 29	 1976	 the Corporation sent up proposals for equation of posts to be filled in by the employees of the former contract carriage operators. The meeting of the Committee set up by the Government for laying down the principles for equation of posts and for determination of inter se seniority	 met on June 2	 1976. The Committee decided that even in the case of helpers cleaners	 there should be a 'trade test ' and ' the staff cleared by the Committee for the posts of helper 'B ' helper 'A ' and assistant artisans should be on the basis of their technical competence	 experience	 ability etc. The Committee also decided that all other employees of contract carriage operators who were	 eligible for absorption	 should be interviewed by that p Committee for the purpose of absorption on the basis of experience	 ability	 duties and responsibilities. These norms were not laid down till June 2	 1976. Till their actual absorption	 the employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators had only an incohate right. The distinction between what is	 and what is not a right preserved by the provisions of section 6 of the General Clauses Act is often one of great fineness. What is unaffected by the repeal of a statute is a right acquired or accrued under it and not a mere 'hope or expectation of '	 or liberty to apply for	 acquiring a right. In Director of Public Works vs Ho Po Sang( ') Lord Morris speaking for the Privy Council observed: "It may be	 therefore	 that under some repealed enactment	 a right has been given	 but that	 in respect of it	 some 693 investigation or legal proceeding is necessary. The right is then unaffected and preserved. It will be preserved even if a process of quantification is necessary. But there is a manifest distinction between an investigation in respect of a right and an investigation which is to decide whether so to right should be or should not be given. On a repeal the former is preserved by the Interpretation Act. The latter is not." (Emphasis supplied) It must be mentioned that the object of section 31(2) (i) is to preserve only the things done and action taken under the repealed Ordinance	 and not the rights and privileges acquired and accrued on the one side	 and the corresponding obligation or liability incurred on the other side	 so that if no right acquired under the repealed ordinance was preserved	 there is no question of any liability being enforced. Further	 it is significant to notice that the saving clause that we are considering in section 31(2) (i) of the Act	 saves things done while the ordinance was in force; it does not purport to preserve a right acquired under the repealed ordinance. It is unlike the usual saving clauses which preserve unaffected by the repeal	 not only things done under the repealed enactment but also the rights acquired thereunder. It is also clear that even section 6 of the General Clauses Act	 the applicability of which is excluded	 is not intended to preserve the abstract rights conferred by the repealed Ordinance. It only applies to specific rights given to an individual upon the happening of one or other of the events specified in the statute. Employees in excess of the scale prescribed for the categories specified under proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act are clearly not entitled for absorption. Though sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance provided for absorption of certain classes of employees in a particular ratio with effect from January 30	 1976	 it does not follow that there was an automatic absorption as from that date. Every such person eligible for absorption had to fulfill three conditions	 viz.	 (1) he had to be a workman within the meaning of the ; (2) he should have been immediately before the commencement of the ordinance	 exclusively employed in connection with the acquired property	 and (3) he had to come within the ratio provided in the proviso to sub cl. (3) to cl. 20. The whole object of inserting sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance was to obviate the unemployment of persons suitable for employment. For this purpose the Corporation had necessarily to screen the applicants. It is necessary to mention that cl. 5 of the Ordinance	 which corresponds to section 5 of the Act	 provided that every contract carriage 8 625SCI/79 694 operator shall within 15 days from the notified date or within such further time as the State Government may allow	 furnish to the State Government or any officer authorised by it in this behalf	 complete particulars among others of persons who were in their employment immediately before the notified date. It was only after such information was received that steps had to be taken for the purpose of ascertaining as to who were entitled to be absorbed in the service of the Corporation in accordance with sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance. The authorities after collecting the necessary information had to determine not only the corresponding posts to which the erstwhile employees of the contract carriage operators could be absorbed in the service of the Corporation but also their relative seniority	 for the purpose of excluding the employees who were in excess of the scale for the purpose of absorption. As sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 itself provides that a person who is not willing to become an employee of The Corporation is entitled to retrenchment compensation as provided for in the 	 the authorities were also required to ascertain as to whether the employee	 who was entitled to be absorbed in service	 was willing to become an employee of the Corporation or not. It was only if the employee was willing to be absorbed in the service of the Corporation that the Corporation could absorb him in service	 provided the other conditions specified in sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 were satisfied. Thus it is clear that several steps had to be taken by the authorities before identifying and determining the persons who could be absorbed in the service of the Corporation	 in accordance with sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance. The very fact that all these Various steps were necessary to be taken	 which necessarily takes time	 shows that automatic absorption of the employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators was not legally permissible. When the ordinance came to be replaced by the Act	 the Corporation felt that the number of employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators was too large for its requirements. The legislature	 therefore	 stepped in and reduced the scale of absorption in the proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 from 7.9 per vehicle to 4.45 per vehicle. This is	 in our judgment	 sufficient for the determination of the appeal. But	 as we have formed a clear opinion on the other aspect	 we do not hesitate to express that opinion. That contention is of this nature. It is pointed out that the employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators acquired vested right to absorption in the service of 695 the Corporation by virtue of sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the repealed ordinance with effect from January 30	 1976	 which cannot be taken away by the proviso to sub section (3) of section 19. Even if contrary to the decision reached by us	 it were possible to hold that they had some kind of such right	 that right is expressly taken away by the legislature. The contention does not take note of the fact that by sub section (1) of section 1 the Act was brought into force with effect from January 30	 1976	 i.e.	 the date on which the ordinance was promulgated. The Act substitutes a 'new ' proviso in sub section (3) of section 1 in place of the old proviso to sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance	 altering the whole basis of absorption. The new proviso is given a retrospective effect	 and it now holds the field from the notified date i.e.	 January a 30	 1976. The proviso in sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 laying down a particular ratio of absorption	 is pro tanto avoided by an express enactment of a 'new ' proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 which is entirely inconsistent with it. When an ordinance is replaced by an Act which is made retrospective in operation	 anything done or any action taken under the ordinance stand wholly effected. In the result	 the appeal as well as the writ petitions must fail and are dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs. N.V.K. Appeal and Petitions dismissed.

The Karnataka Contract Carriage (Acquisition) ordinance	 1976 was promulgated on January 30	 1976 with the object of acquiring the contract carriages operating in the State. Sub clause (3 ) to cl. 20 of the ordinance provided for absorption of certain categories of employees of contract carriage operators in the service of the Corporation	 and the ratio for absorption for the different categories of employees that were entitled to be absorbed. On the same day	 the State Government made an order under sub cl. (I) to cl. 20 of the ordinance transferring the contract carriages that vested in the State Government to the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation. This ordinance was subsequently replaced by the Karnataka Contract Carriages (Acquisition) Act	 1976 which was published in the Gazette dated March 12	 1976. The ordinance was repealed by the Act	 which re enacted the provisions of the repealed ordinance	 with a saving clause in sub section (2) of section 31 for presentation of any thing done or any action taken. The Act was substantially in similar terms	 except for the difference that the ratio prescribed by proviso to sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance which laid down the categories of persons who could be absorbed in the service of the Corporation	 was substantially altered and a new ratio was inserted in the proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act. Otherwise	 sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act and sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance were identical in every respect. Under the Proviso to sub cl. (3) to cl. 20	 the total strength of the employees of the erstwhile Carriage operators allowable for absorption was 7.9 per vehicle while under the proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act	 the ratio worked out to 4.45 per vehicle. Further	 while under the ordinance	 conductors were entitled to be absorbed	 the ratio provided under the Act showed that conductors were not included in the categories of persons who could be absorbed in the service of Corporation. The change in the ratio of absorption from 7.9 per vehicle under. sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance to 4.45 per vehicle under sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act adversely affected a large number of employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators who filed writ petitions in the High Court	 685 challenging the vires of the proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 of the Act	 which dismissed the writ petitions. In the appeal and the writ petitions to this Court the question for consideration was	 whether the employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators in the State of Karnataka acquired a vested right of absorption in the service with the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation under sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the Karnataka Contract Carriage (Acquisition) ordinance 1976. Dismissing the appeal and writ petitions; ^ HELD: 1. The High Court rightly observed that there was neither anything done nor action taken and	 therefore	 the petitioners did not acquire any right to absorption under sub cl. (3) to cl. 20. [692 C] 2. The ordinance promulgated by the Governor in the instant case was a 'legislative act ' of the Governor under article 213(1) and	 therefore	 undoubtedly a temporary statute	 and while it was still in force the repealing Act was passed containing the saving clause in section 31(2)(i) providing that	 notwithstanding such repeal	 'anything done ' or any 'action taken ' under the repealed ordinance shall be deemed to have been done or taken under the corresponding provisions of the Act. [691 C D] 3. In considering the effect of an expiration of a temporary Act	 it would be unsafe to lay down any inflexible rule. It requires very clear and unmistakable language in a subsequent Act of the legislature to revive or re create an expired right. If	 however	 the right created by the statute is of an enduring character and has vested in the person	 that right cannot be taken away because the statute by which it was created has expired. In order to see whether the rights and liabilities under the repealed ordinance have been put an end to by the Act	 'the line of enquiry would be not whether the new Act expressly keeps alive old rights and liabilities under the repealed ordinance but whether it manifests an intention to destroy them. Another line of approach may be to see as to how far the new Act is retrospective in operation. [691 F G] State of Punjab vs Mohar Singh	 ; 	 referred to 4. (i) Sub section (2) of section 31 of the Act was not intended to preserve abstract rights conferred by the repealed ordinance. The legislature had the competence to so re structure the ordinance as to meet the exigencies of the situation obtaining after the taking over of the contract carriage services. It could re enact the ordinance according to its original terms	 or amend or alter its provisions. [692 A] (ii) When the ordinance came to be replaced by the Act	 the Corporation felt that the number of employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators was too large for its requirements. The legislature	 therefore stepped in and reduced the scale of absorption in the proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 from 7.9 per vehicle to 4.45 per vehicle. [694G] 5. The object of section 31(2)(i) is to preserve only the things done and action taken under the repeated ordinance and not the rights and privileges acquired and accrued on the one side	 and the corresponding obligation or liability 686 incurred on the other side	 so that if no right acquired under the repealed ordinance was preserved	 there is no question of any liability being enforced. It is unlike the usual saving clauses which presented unaffected by the repeal	 not only things done under the repealed enactment but also the rights acquired thereunder. [693 C	 D] 6. (i) Every person eligible for absorption had to fulfil three conditions	 viz.	 (1) he had to be a workman within the meaning of the ; (2) he should have been	 immediately before the commencement of the ordinance	 exclusively employed in connection with the acquired property	 and (3) he had to come within the ratio provided in the proviso to sub cl. (3) to cl. 20. The whole object of inserting sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance was to obviate the unemployment of persons suitable for employment	 for which purpose	 the Corporation had necessarily to screen the applicants. [693 G] (ii) It was only if the employee was willing to be absorbed in the service of the Corporation that the Corporation could absorb him in service	 provided the other conditions specified in sub cl. (3 ) to cl. 20 were satisfied. [694 E] (iii) Thus it is clear that several steps had to be taken by the authorities before identifying and determining the persons who could be absorbed in the service of the Corporation	 in accordance with sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance	 which indicates that automatic absorption of the employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators was not legally permissible. [694 F] 7. The distinction between what is and what is not a right presented by the provisions of section 6 of the General Clauses Act. is often one of great fineness. What is unaffected by the repeal of a statute is a right acquired or accrued under it and not a mere 'hope or expectation of '	 or liberty to apply for acquiring a right. [692 G] Director of Public Works vs Ho Po Sang	 [1962] 2 All. ER 721 PC	 referred to. The Act substitutes a 'new ' proviso in sub section (3) of section 19 in place cf the old proviso to sub cl. (3) to cl. 20 of the ordinance	 altering the whole basis of absorption. The new proviso is given a retrospective effect	 and it holds the field from the notified date i.e.	 January 30	 1976. The proviso in subcl. (3) to cl. 20 laying down a particular ratio of absorption	 is pro tanto avoided by an express enactment of a 'new ' proviso to sub section (3) of section 19 which is entirely inconsistent with it. When an ordinance is replaced by an Act which is made retrospective in operation	 anything done or any action taken under the ordinance stand wholly effected. [695 C] 9. (i) The employees of the former contract carriage operators in normal course filled in the pro forma giving their service particulars and reported to duty. This was in the mere 'hope or expectation ' of acquiring a right. The submission of these 'call reports ' by the employees did not subject the Corporation to a corresponding statutory obligation to absorb them in service. [692 C] (ii) The meeting of the Committee set up by the Government for laying down the principles for equation of posts and for determination of inter sc seniority	 met on June 2	 1976. The Committee decided that even in the 687 case of helpers cleaners	 there should be a 'trade test ' and the staff cleared by the Committee for the posts of helper 'B '	 helper 'A ' and assistant artisans should be on the basis of their technical competence	 experience	 ability etc. The Committee also decided that all other employees of contract carriage operators	 who were eligible for absorption	 should be interviewed by that Committee for the purpose of absorption on the basis of experience	 ability duties and responsibilities. These norms were not laid down till June 2	 1976 Till their actual absorption	 the employees of the erstwhile contract carriage operators had only an inchohate right. [692 E F]