Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 2296 of 1970. On appeal by Certificate from the Judgment and Decree dated 17th August	 1963 of the High Court of Patna from Original Decree No 248 of 1955 D. Goburdhan for the Appellant J. P. Goyal and R. A. Gupta for the Respondents The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VENKATARAMIAH	 J. This appeal by certificate under Article 133 (1) (a) of the Constitution arises out of an action in tort for damages 531 for trespass and unauthorised interference by the defendants with the A proprietary interest of the plaintiff. The defendants were the State of Bihar and J.P. Mukherjee	 an officer in the service of the Bihar Government. The plaintiff	 Prithwi Chand Lall Choudhary was the karta of a Hindu joint family which owned extensive properties collectively known as the "Raj Nazarganj". The said properties were spread over the District of Purnea and some other districts in the State of Bihar as also in the State of West Bengal. The plaintiff was the recorded proprietor of several tauzis situated in the Districts of Purnea and Monghyr and also the proprietor of several tenures and patnis within the said Districts. The plaintiff was liable to pay about Rs. 2	50	000 by way of taxes	 cesses etc. annually. In the year 1949	 the Bihar Legislature passed a law known as the Bihar State Management of Estates and Tenures Act	 1949 (Bihar Act XXI of 1949) (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act ') to provide for the management of estates and tenures in the Province of Bihar. It received the assent of the Governor General on September 29	 1949 and was published in the Bihar Gazette Extraordinary of October 17	 1919. On the coming into force of the Constitution of January 26	 1950	 the Act was certified by the President in exercise of his powers conferred by Article 31 (6) of the Constitution. The said certificate which was published in Notification No. 43/3/50 Judicial dated March 11	 1950 read as follows: "that the said Act shall not be called in question in any court on the ground that it contravenes the provisions of clause (2) of Article 31	 or has contravened the provisions of sub section (2) of section 299 of the Government of India Act	 1935. " Clauses (2) and (6) of Article 31 which are relevant for these cases as they stood at the commencement of the Constitution read as follows: "31. (1) (2) No property	 moveable or immovable	 including any interest in	 or in any company owning	 any commercial or industrial undertaking	 shall be taken possession of or 532 acquired for public purposes under any law authorising the taking of such possession or such acquisition	 unless the law provides for compensation for the property taken possession of or acquired and either fixes the amount of the compensation	 or specifies the principles on which	 and the manner in which	 the compensation is to be determined and given. . . . . . (6) Any law of the State enacted not more than eighteen months before the commencement of this Constitution may within three months from such commencement be submitted to the President for his certification; and thereupon	 if the President by public notification so certifies	 it shall not be called in question in any court on the ground that it contravenes the provisions of clause (2) of this article or has contravened the provisions of sub section (2) of section 299 of the Government of India Act	 1935. " A persual of the provisions of the Act shows that it was intended to bring about a reform in the land distribution system of Bihar for the general benefit of the community. l`he taking over of the management and control over land was found to be necessary as a preliminary step towards the implementation of the Directive Principles of State Policy. The Act was similar in nature to the Bihar Land Reforms Act (Act XXX of 1950)	 the constitutional validity of which was considered by this Court in The State of Bihar v Maharajadhiraja Sir Kameshwar Singh of Darbanga Ors (1) The object of the Act was to bring the Government face to face with the cultivators of the soil in order to facilitate the further reform of abolition of zamindari. It was also intended to make provision for better irrigation facilities and to prevent realisation of excessive rent or revenue from the cultivators. The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Act published in the Bihar Gazette said: "For some years past there has been wide spread anti zamindari agitation amongst the cultivators of the province leading to frequent agrarian troubles. These troubles	 as is well known	 owe their origin to the feeling of dissatisfaction that the tenants have against the landlords owing to the (1) 533 latter 's failure to provide for the upkeep of irrigational facilities	 to the realisation of abwab	 to the enhancement of rents and to ejectment from holdings and other similar causes. The landlord 's apathy towards the upkeep of the irrigational facilities has been considerably accentuated recently on account of the large scale commutation of rents in kind into cash rents. In the interest of all concerned and particularly in order to further the programme of Grow More Food	 it has become necessary to assume the management by Government of estates and tenures. Hence this Bill. It is proposed under Government management to make adequate arrangements for saving the cultivators from the harassment to which they are often subjected at present by the amlas of the zamindars	 to save them from the ruinous financial drain of litigation for the recovery of arrears of rents and above all to benefit them by providing for irrigation facilities. After making payment for objects specified in the Bill and reserving a reasonable balance for cost of management	 the net surplus will be paid over to the proprietors. " Section 3 to 5 c f the Act were in Chapter 11 of the Act. Section 3 provided as follows : "3. (1) The Provincial Government may	 by notification declare that the estates or tenures of a proprietor or tenure holder	 specified in the notification	 shall be placed under the management of the Provincial Government	 and on the publication of the said notification	 the estates or tenures of such proprietor or tenure holder shall	 so long as the notification remains in force	 be deemed to have been placed under the management of the Provincial Government with effect from the date of the commencement of management. (2) The notification under sub section (1) shall (a) specify such particulars of the estates or tenures as may be prescribed; (b) specify the period for which the estates or tenures shall be placed under the management of the Provincial Government; and 534 (c) vest the management of such estates or tenures in a person who shall be an officer not below the rank of Deputy Collector (hereinafter called the Manager) (3) The notification under sub section (1) shall be published in the Official Gazette and a copy of such notification shall be sent by registered post	 with an acknowledgment due	 to the proprietor of the estates recorded in the general registers of revenue paying or revenue free lands maintained under the Land Registration Act	 1876	 or in case such estates are not recorded in any such registers	 and in the case of tenure holders	 to the proprietor or tenure holder of the estates or tenures	 as the case may be	 if the Collector of the district is in possession of a list of Such proprietors or tenure holders together with their addresses (4) The publication and posting of such notification	 where such notification is sent by post	 in the manner provided in sub section (3)	 shall be conclusive evidence of the notice of the declaration to the proprietor or tenure holder whose estates or tenures are affected by the notification under sub section (1) and of the service of such notice on the proprietor or tenure holder 7 ' Section 4 of the Act laid down the consequences of the issue of a notification in respect of any estate or tenure. It provided inter alia that (a) the proprietor or tenure holder shall cease to have any power of management of his estates or tenures and (b) subject to the provisions of sections 7	 8	 9	 10. 11 and 12	 the Manager shall take charge of such estates or tenures together with such buildings	 papers and other properties appertaining to the estates or tenures	 as in the opinion of the Manager are essential for the proper management of the estates or tenures. Section 5 of the Act read as follows: "5. The Manager may	 by a written order	 require the proprietor or tenure holder or his agents and employees on a date to be specified in such order to produce before him such documents	 papers or registers relating to the estates or tenures of such proprietor or tenure holder or to furnish him with such information as the Manager may deem necessary for the management of the estates or tenures: 535 Provided that the proprietor or tenure holder shall have A the option to comply with such written order either himself or through authorised agent." Chapter III of the Act contained the special provisions regarding trust estates or tenures	 homesteads and lands used for agricultural and horticultural purposes and certain buildings comprised in estates or tenures placed under the management of the Provincial Government. Chapter IV of the Act authorised the removal of mortgagees and lessees in possession of an estate or tenure. Chapter V contained provisions regarding the filing of claims by secured creditors and other persons in possession of the estate or tenure	 determination of liabilities and preparation of scheme for their liquidation. Chapter VI of the Act provided for the filing of claims by creditors other than secured creditors. Chapter VII made provisions for granting protection from sale of certain estates. Chapter VIII of the Act contained detailed provisions regarding the management of the estates by the Manager. Section 22 of the Act which was in Chapter VIII provided that 'every Manager shall manage the property committed to him diligently and faithfully and shall	 in every respect	 act to the best of his judgment '. Chapter IX of the Act provided for an appeal to the order of prescribed authority against the Manager. Chapter X made provision for the constitution of Estates and Tenures Management Advisory Committee and their functions. Sections 30 and 31 of the Act which were in Chapter XI of the Act barred the jurisdiction of courts regarding matters referred to therein. They read as under: "30. Notwithstanding anything contained in any law or anything having the force of law	 the declaration of the Provincial Government under sub section (1) of section 3 and the order of the Manager under sub section (1) of section 13 or where on appeal has been preferred	 the order of the appellate authority under section 27	 shall	 subject to the provisions of this Act	 be final and shall not be questioned in any Court; and so long as the management of the estates and tenures by the Provincial Government continues	 it shall not be lawful for any court to pass any order or do anything which may in any way interfere or have the effect of interfering with such management by the Provincial Government. No suit or other legal proceeding shall lie in any court against the Crown or any servant of the Crown or 536 against any person acting under the orders of a servant of the Crown for	 or on account of	 or in respect of	 anything done or purporting to be done in good faith under this Act or in respect of any alleged neglect or omission to perform any duty devolving on the Provincial Government or any of the officers subordinate to it and acting under this Act or in respect of the exercise of	 or the failure to exercise	 any power conferred by this Act	 on the Provincial Government or any officer subordinate to it and acting under this Act	 except for the loss or the misapplication occasioned by the wilful default or gross negligence of any officer of the Provincial Government." Chapter XII of the Act contained some miscellaneous provisions regarding suits and appeals by or against the proprietor or tenure holder during the period of management by the Government. Section 33 in Chapter XIII of the Act provided for relinquishment of management of an estate taken over by the Government and other consequential matters. The other parts of the Act contained provisions regarding other miscellaneous matters. By a notification dated November 19	 1949 issued under section 3 (1) of the Act the estate of the plaintiff i.e. the 'Raj Nazarganj Estate ' was taken under the management of the State Government. J P Mukherjee	 defendant No. 2	 who was the Additional Collector of Darbhanga	 was appointed as the Manager of the said estate. In the meanwhile the Maharajadhiraja of Darbhanga	 Sir Kameshwar Singh filed a suit in the Civil Court challenging the validity of the Act as his estate also had been similarly notified under section 3 (1) of the Act. That suit was withdrawn by the Patna High Court being tried in its Extraordinary Original Civil Jurisdiction. That suit was decided on June 5	 1950. The judgment of the High Court in that suit is reported as M.D. Sir Kameshwar Singh vs State of Bihar.(1) By that judgment the Patna High Court declared that the Act was ultra vires and wholly void and an injunction was issued restraining the State Government from enforcing the Act. Against that judgment	 the State of Bihar preferred an appeal before this Court. But the plaintiff in the case before us	 however	 on the basis of the judgment of the High Court demanded on June 9	 1950 that he should be put back in possession of the estate whose management had been taken over from him. On July 3	 1950 the then Collector by his letter informed the plaintiff (1) I.L.R. '29 Patna 790. 537 that the Government had decided to relinquish charge of the estates A and tenures of the plaintiff and that the plaintiff should cooperate in taking over charge by July 15	 1950. On July 6	 1950 the Government had already cancelled the notification s issued under section 3 (1) of the Act. The charge of collection papers was handed by the middle of July	 1950. The abstracts and synopsis of accounts were given on August 7	 1950. About Rs. 1	 46	00" had been collected on behalf of the estate during the Government 's management. After the estate was thus handed over to him	 the plaintiff filed a suit on September 21	 1951 in the court of the Subordinate Judge	 Purnea for damages of Rs. 2	00	000 for wrongful and illegal interference with the plaintiff 's estates and tenures and for other consequential reliefs. The plaint proceeded on the basis that the Act was unconstitutional as declared by the High Court earlier and that taking over of the possession and management of the estate etc. was illegal. The plaintiff pleaded that the Act having been declared void	 the defendants were liable for not only the amount of loss actually suffered by the plaintiff but were also liable to recoup the amount spent by them during their management of the estate which was wrongful. It was alleged that the action of the defendants suffered from negligence	 bad faith and malice. The plaint claimed that the defendants were liable jointly and severally as tort feasors for all such losses suffered by him. In paragraph 27 of the plaint the plaintiff set out broadly the grounds of his claim thus: (a) that due to gross negligence and wilful default the defendants contravened the provisions of section 3 (1) in notifying and taking possession of part only of plaintiff interests in Estates and Tenures and in omitting to notify other parts of his Estates and Tenures on the first occasion when the notification dated November 19	 1949 was issued the Government was unable to realise all the rents and other dues	 (b) that due to wrong notification and omission to notify all parts of his Estates and Tenures and also on account of amalgamated rentals maintained by the plaintiff in respect of his estates and tenures	 the plaintiff could not fully realise the balance share of unnotified estates and tenures	 (c) that certain rents and decrees had been allowed to become barred by time and (d) that on account of non payment of Agricultural Income Tax and consequent imposition of penalty which was no doubt reduced to Rs. 2	000 on appeal the Estate suffered a loss of Rs. 2	000 He also pleaded that on account of the issue of wrong collection certificates by defendant No. 2 and his staff the plaintiff had suffered some loss which was yet to be ascertained. 538 In the written statement the defendants traversed all the material allegations in the plaint. They pleaded inter alia that the notification was issued in November	 1949 on the basis of the requisition of the Collector	 P.K.J. Menon and that defendant No. 2 was appointed as Manager by that notification. The allegations of negligence	 bad faith and malice were denied. The defendants pleaded that on the basis of information available in the records of the Government the notification was issued in November	 1949 and at the request of the plaintiff after verification second notification was issued on March 16	 1950	 and that plaintiff requested for the issue of the second notification in order to escape the processes of law which had been taken out against him by his creditors and to shield his entire properties from the creditors. In fact the Government appointed the very collecting agents who were working under the plaintiff and after the management was handed back he reappointed them as his collecting agents. The plaintiff had accepted without protest the final accounts which had been prepared at the end of the period of management. Tauzis Nos. 7/8	 30 and 38 about which there was some dispute remained all along with the plaintiff and the collection papers pertaining to them were made over to defendant No. 2 only in the latter part of April	 1950 and if no collection could be made prior thereto in the said area till then the defendants could not be blamed. The defendants pleaded that they had bona fide carried out their duties. One fact which requires to be noted here is that the plaint did not have any reference to the effect of section 31 of the Act which is set out above	 but it proceeded on the basis that the Act was unconstitutional. At the conclusion of the trial	 the trial court held that the cost of management incurred by defendant No 2 over and above 12.1/2% of gross collection was excessive and the dependents should refund such excess amount. Secondly	 it held that the mistake in not notifying all the shares held by the plaintiff in Tauzis Nos. 718 and 3 at the first instance resulted in non collection of the dues and the plaintiff thereby had suffered. The trial court held that the defendants being trespassers	 the plaintiff owed no duty to them to make available to them the separated Jamabandi to facilitate collection of dues in the said Tauzis. The trial court	 therefore	 held that the defendants should reimburse the plaintiff the amount he would have been able to collect from those tauzis during the period of their management. Similarly	 the defendants were liable to make good the loss caused on account of arrears or decrees which had been allowed to become barred. The trial court directed that a commissioner should enquire into the above items. Accordingly a preliminary decree was passed. 539 Against the said preliminary decree the defendants filed an appeal before the High Court. When the appeal came up before a Division bench of the High Court	 the defendants contended that the decision of the High Court in which the Act had been declared as unconstitutional required to be reconsidered by the High Court in view of some later decisions of this Court. Accordingly the Division Bench referred the case to a larger Bench on July 14	 1962. The case was then heard by a Full Bench of five learned Judges of the Patna High Court. By its judgment dated February 15	 1963 the Full Bench overruled the earlier decision in MD. Sir Kameshwar Singh vs State of Bihar (supra) and declared that the Act was constitutional. The appeal was then referred back to the Division Bench for disposal in accordance with the opinion of the Full Bench. The Division Bench which finally heard the appeal was of the view that though it was open to the State to notify only a fraction of an estate under section 3 (1) of the Act yet the defendants were not absolved from the duty of taking appropriate steps for the preparation of suitable collection papers in respect of the notified shares in Tauzis Nos. 718 and 300. It held that the defendants were liable to compensate the plaintiff for not preparing the collection papers in time. The Division Bench further held that even though the plaintiff had been told to file suits for rents in respect of unnotified share of the estate	 the defendants were negligent in the matter of issuing certificates for recovery	 some Of which were later on struck off. The Division Bench also held that the material on the record did not indicate that necessary steps were taken by defendant No. 2 with regard to pending suits and execution proceedings and there was every 17 probability that loss had been suffered by the plaintiff on account of the inaction or failure to continue pending proceedings which amounted to wilful default and gross negligence. The Division Bench agreed with the trial court that the defendants were liable to reimburse the plaintiff to the extent of Rs. 2	000 levied as penalty for non payment of Agricultural Income Tax. In so far as the cost of management of Rs. 43	507 which was in the order of 30 per cent of the gross collection was concerned while the trial court had allowed 12.112 per cent	 the Division Bench allowed 25 per cent of the gross collection. In other words the Division bench found that about Rs. 8	000 had been incurred as cost of management in excess of what was authorised. The Division Bench found that the plaintiff was entitled to it. The Division Bench held that section 31 of the Act did not give protection in respect of loss which was caused by wilful 540 default and gross negligence. The appeal of the defendants was accordingly dismissed. The cross objections of the plaintiff regarding certain matters disallowed by the trial court were also dismissed Aggrieved by the decree passed by the High Court	 the State of Bihar applied for a certificate under Article 133 (1) (a) of the Constitution in S.C.A. No. 137/63 on the file of the High Court to file an appeal before this Court. On the HIGH Court granting the certificate accordingly on December 10	1961	 the State of Bihar has filed the above appeal. The plaintiff also applied for a similar certificate in S.C.A No. 1/64 on the file of the High Court to file an appeal against the decree in so far as it had gone against him. The High Court granted in his case also a similar certificate by She same order on December 10	1964 but the said certificate was later on cancelled by the High Court on July 6	 1965. Thus the said proceedings came to an end. We are now concerned with only the appeal field by the State of Bihar. In this appeal	 the constitutionality of the Act is not questioned before us. On going through the record of the case	 we find that the following facts are established. The notification issued on November 19	1949 under section 3 (1) of the Act referred to the name of the proprietor	 the name of the estate	 tauzi numbers of the estate and the share of the proprietor in the tauzis. Defendant No. 2	 J.P. Mukherjee who was then the Additional Collector of Purnea was appointed as the Manager of the estate. On December 14	 1949	 the plaintiff was informed by the Collector at Purnea that the management of the estate was to commence from December 30	 1949 and that he should produce before the Manager a list of villages included in the estate and also the Jamabandis	 Karchas and Wasil Baukis upto date before December 27	1949 and also to make over a complete and clear list of the papers showing Jamabandis of each village	 the arrears collected and the arrears outstanding before the commencement of the management under the Act. He was requested to cooperate in the matter and was also informed that if he did not do so the responsibility for any loss would be his. On December 27	 1949 the plaintiff wrote a letter to the Collectorate. In that he stated that the work of handing over papers properly of a big and complicated estate was not an easy task and it would certainly take a considerable number of days to complete it. He pointed out that the Government had committed an error in taking over the management of only 2A 11A 2C 2K 541 share out of Tauzi No 7/8 under the notification	 because the collection papers had been maintained for 5 12. 1 /2 and odd share in respect said of the said tauzi. He pleaded that unless the whole of 5 12.1/2 share was notified	 the work of separation of the notified share from the notified share could not be completed even within a period of six months. He	 therefore	 asked for the modification of the notification. Then we find that the plaintiff had met the Collector many times when the affairs of the estate were discussed. On March I 1	195 '	 the Collector wrote the following letter to the plaintiff: "District Office	 Purnea The 11th March. 1950 My dear Raja Saheb	 1. With reference to our discussions on the 7th March. 1950	 the following action may be taken with regard to the notified and unnotified portions of your estate as agreed to between us. We will not be taking over the unnotified portion until the notification is made. As soon as a notification is made we will take over these portions. Meanwhile in order to see that no limitation occurs with regard to any rent payable to you	 you are requested to prepare a copy of arrear list for the unnotified portions. With regard to Tauzi No. 7	 sufficient number of Tahsildars and other staff required may be employed after selection on the 14th of March	 1950	 at Kishanganj	 by the Additional Collector and by your Circle Officer. A certain number of these	 according to the proportion that is notified will be selected by the Additional Collector and paid by Government. You are requested to employ a certain number according to the proportion of the unnotified interest. These staff together may be put on the job of preparing the arrear list. If notification is made before the Tamadi Day	 we will arrange to issue certificates in respect of arrears due. however	 notification for some reason or other is not made	 542 then we will arrange to file joint suits for these arrears before the Tamds Day. Yours sincerely	 sd/ (Illeg ) 13/3 Raja P.C. Lal Choudhuri	 C.B.E. Nazarganj Palace	 Purnea City. " A supplementary notification was issued on March 16	 1950 as desired by the plaintiff. Then we find that there is some further discussion and correspondence between the plaintiff and the Manager. On April 7	1950	 the Manager wrote to the plaintiff that he had been able to persuade the Government to advance Rs. 35	000 to meet the expenses of suits to be field for recovery of rents due to the estate. The plaintiff replied to that letter on the same date appreciating the step taken by the Government in advancing Rs. 35	000 as loan to the estate. On April 14	1950	 the Manager sent a telegram to the plaintiff stating that since he had not cooperated in sending the previous records of cases in time in respect of Tauzi No. 7/8	 it was not possible to file joint suits in respect of both the notified share and the unnotified share and that he was responsible for filing Tamadi suits in respect of the unnotified share in Tauzi No. 718. The defendant No. 2 in his evidence has stated that he could not make any collection in Tauzis Nos. 7/8 and 30 prior to the second notification because the collection papers were with the plaintiff and they were actually received by him on April 24	.1950. In the lengthy cross examination of defendant No. 2 we do not find any material which would discredit his evidence or which would show that he had either acted in excess of his powers or mala fide. We also find that a large number of suits had been filed for recovery of the arrears due to the estate and merely because some of the suits were dismissed on merits or on the ground that some of the persons sued were dead or not traceable	 it cannot be said that there was lack of bona fides on the part of the Manager. By the middle of July	 1950	 the management of the estate itself was relinquished. From the foregoing	 we find that it could not be said that there was want of good faith on the part of either the Government or defendant No. 2 who was the Manager. If a certain share in a tauzi had not been notified on the first occasion it again cannot be said as having been done either mala fide or deliberately to harm the plaintiff. We shall now deal with the specific findings recorded by the Division Bench of the High Court. 543 The first ground on which the Division Bench has held that the A defendants were liable to pay damages is that defendant No. 2 had failed to get the collection papers prepared in respect of Tauzis Nos. 7/8 and 30 in time and thus caused loss to the plaintiff. it may be stated here that the Division Bench accepted and we think rightly in view of the definition of the expression 'tenure ' in section 5 of the Act that it was open to the Government to notify even a fraction of a tenure under section 3 (1) of the Act It	 however	 omitted to notice that the plaintiff had failed to discharge his duty imposed on him under section 5 of the Act which provided that the Manager could by a written order require the proprietor or tenure holder or his agents and employees on a date to be specified in such order to produce before him such documents or papers or registers relating to the estate or tenure concerned or to furnish him with such information as he may deem necessary for the management of the estate or tenure. In the present case defendant No. 2 did call upon the plaintiff to submit the documents from which it was possible to find out the ability of persons in respect of the notified share in Tauzis Nos. 718 and 30. The plaintiff pleaded that he had not maintained such separate set of ' accounts and that it would take a long time to prepare it. He	 how ever	 produced the registers by the end of April	 1950 only	 after the remaining shares were also notified. Hence if the collection papers were not prepared till then by defendant No 2 in time it was not on account of any negligence on the part of defendant No. 2. On the other hand he recommended that the unnotified share also should be notified as desired by the plaintiff and such notification was also issued. By the time steps could be taken to prepare the collections papers the Act had been struck down by the High Court. Then steps were taken to hand over the estate back to the plaintiff. It is difficult to agree with the High Court that there was any wilful default or gross negligence on the part of defendant No. 2 in this regard. With regard to the charge that defendant No. 2 had filed a large number of certificate cases	 some of which were later on struck off	 the observation of the High Court itself supports that there was no negligence on the part of defendant No. 2 but on the other hand the plaintiff was responsible for it. The High Court has observed thus: "It appears that it was on the basis of some arrears list submitted by the plaintiff of defendant No. 2 and without subjecting it to proper scrutiny	 that a large number of certificate cases were hurriedly filed by the defendants at the time of the Tamadi in the middle of April 1950	 and	 it was. 544 therefore	 not strange that quite a large number of them had subsequently to be struck off	 with the result that a considerable portion of the arrears of rents and profits of the plaintiff 's estate remained unrealised and became time barred. It is manifest that the loss caused to the plaintiff 's estate on this account was due to the inaction of defendant No. 2 amounting to wilful default and gross negligence on his part. The responsibility for such loss must undoubtedly lie with the defendants." (underlining by us) The High Court omitted to notice that the certificate cases had been filed though hurriedly on the basis of the arrears list submitted by the plaintiff	 himself. In the circumstances it is difficult to charge defendant No. 2 with wilful default or gross negligence on a complaint by the plaintiff. Further the High Court did not refer in the course of its judgment at least to a few such cases which showed that there was gross negligence. The High Court overlooked that nearly 7	000 certificate cases had to he filed in a short period. On the material before us we are not satisfied that the above ground has been made out against the defendants. The third ground that defendant No. 2 had not diligently attended to any pending proceeding is also not made out since no specific case is dealt with by the High Court which prima facie established that charge. With regard to the penalty of Rs. 2	000 imposed for non payment of the Agricultural Income Tax it is seen that a penalty of Rs. 5	000 was first imposed as the plaintiff was unable to pay the Agricultural Income Tax in time because he could not collect arrears in time. In fact on the intervention of the Collector it was reduced to Rs. 2	000. Even then it was too remote to the management of the notified estate by defendant No. 2. The trial court had held that it was due to the issue of a wrong notification at the first instance. But when once it is conceded that the first notification was not an unauthorised one the defendants could not be held liable for reimbursing the penalty of Rs 2	000 paid by the plaintiff. In so far as the cost of management is concerned	 the dispute is confined to about Rs. 8000. It is seen that the estate had to be returned prematurely to the plaintiff Owing to the judgment of the High 545 Court declaring the Act as unconstitutional within a period of about seven months. But since defendant No. 2 had offered to refund any expenditure incurred in excess of 25% of the gross collections to the plaintiff	 defendant No. I has to pay back Rs. 8	000 to the plaintiff. It is seen that in present case while the trial court proceeded on the basis that the Act was unconstitutional that the defendants were trespassers on the plaintiff 's estate and that the plaintiff owed no duty to them	 the Division Bench of the High Court which finally disposed of the appeal failed to give due attention to section 31 of the Act which had been held to be constitutional earlier. Section 31 of the Act provided that no suit or other legal proceeding would lie in any court against the State Government or against any servant of the State Government or against any person acting under the orders of a servant of the State Government for or on account of or in respect of anything done or purporting to he done in good faith under the Act or in respect of any alleged neglect or omission to perform any duty devolving on the State Government or any of the officers subordinate to it or acting under the Act or in respect of the exercise of or on failure to exercise any power conferred by the Act on the State Government or any officer subordinate to it and acting under the Act	 except for the loss or the misapplication occasioned by the wilful default or gross negligence of any officer of the State Government. Under section 4 (22) of the Bihar and Orissa General Clauses Act	 1917	 a thing shall be deemed to be done in 'good faith ' where it is in fact done honestly	 whether it is done negligently or not. There is no ground to hold that either the State Government or any of the officers acting under it in performance of their duties under the Act had not acted honestly either in issuing the notification under section 3 (l) of the Act on November 19	1949 by which only parts of Tauzis No. 7/8 and 30 had been notified or in not preparing separate collection statements before April	 1950. the mistake appears to have occurred because the plaintiff himself had acquired the said Tauzis in installments. Further as soon as the error was pointed out steps were taken by defendant No. 2 to get the unnotified share also notified and the Government issued a notification accordingly within about four months. It is b cause the plaintiff did not hand over even the consolidated collection statements by April	 l950	 the separate collection statements could not be got prepared by defendant No. 2 by April	 1950 and even according to the plaintiff himself it would have taken six months to prepare separate collection statements on the basis of the consolidated statements. It is not shown that either the State Government or any of its officers knew before hand that the plaintiff 546 had maintained a consolidated statement of accounts and that deliberately in order to cause loss to the plaintiff the first notification had been issued in respect of a portion of Tauzis Nos. 7/8 and 30. These facts constituted a good defence under Section 31 of the Act against any claim based on any alleged neglect or omission since there was no proof of any wilful default or gross negligence on the part of the defendants. There was also no proof of deliberate abuse of statutory power nor of usurpation of a power which the authorities knew that they did not possess. In the circumstances the claim for damages on all counts should fail except with regard to the claim for Rs. 8	000 which had been incurred as cost of management in excess of what was authorised by law. For the foregoing reasons	 we set aside the judgment and decree by the trial court and the judgment and decree dated August 17	 1963 passed by the Division Bench of the High Court and pass a decree against defendant No. 1	 the State of Bihar directing it to pay the plaintiff 's legal representatives a sum of Rs. 8	000/ with interest thereon at 6 per cent per annum from the date of suit i.e. September 21	 1951 till the date of payment. The rest of the claim in the suit is dismissed. Parties shall bear their own costs in all the courts. The appeal is accordingly allowed in part. S.R. Appeal allowed.

By a Notification dated November 19	 1949 issued under section 3(1) of the Bihar State Management of Estates and Tenures Act	 1949 (Bihar Act XXI of 1949)	 as duly certified by the President under clause (6) of Article 31 of the Constitution	 the estate of the Prithwi Chand Lall Choudhary called "Raj Nazarganj" spread over the District of Purnea and some other districts in the State of Bihar as also in the State of West Bengal	 was taken under the management of the Bihar State Government. One J.P. Mukherjee who was the Additional Collector of Darbhanga was appointed as the Manager of the estate. In the meanwhile	 the Maharajadhiraja of Darbhanga Sir Kameshwar Singh filed a civil suit challenging the validity of the Act as his estate was also similarly notified under the said section. The Patna High Court withdrew that Suit to its own file for being tried in its Extra ordinary Original Civil Jurisdiction and by its judgment dated June 5	 1950 reported as M D. Sir Kameshwar Singh V. State of Bihar ILR 29 Patna 790	 declaring the Act to be ultra vires and wholly void	 issued an injunction restraining the State Government from enforcing the Act. Against that judgment the State of Bihar preferred an appeal to the Supreme Court. However	 on the basis of the judgment of the High Court	 Prithwi Chand Lall Choudhary demanded on June 9	 1950 that he should be put back in possession of the estate whose management had been taken over from him. On July 3	 1950 the then Collector by his letter informed Choudhary that the Government had decided to relinquish charge of the estates and tenures and that Choudhary should co operate in taking over charge by July 15	 1950. On July 6	 1950 the Government cancelled the Notification issued under section 3(1) of the Act. The charge of collection papers was handed over by the middle of July	 1950 to Choudhary. The abstracts and synopsis of accounts were given on August 7	 1950. About Rs. 1	46	000/had been collected on behalf of the estate during the Government 's management. After the estate was thus handed over to him	 Choudhary filed a suit on September 21	 1951 in the Court of the Subordinate Judge	 Purnea	 for damages of Rs. 2	00	000 for wrongful and illegal interference with his estates and tenures and for other consequential reliefs	 528 Broadly the grounds of the claim were (a) that due to gross negligence .	 and wilful default the appellant herein	 contravened the provisions of section 'S 3(1) in notifying and taking possession of part only of Choudhary 's interest in Estates and Tenures and in omitting to notify other parts of his Estates and Tenures on the first occasion when the Notification dated November 19	 1949 was issued the Government was unable to realise all the rents and other dues	 (b) that due to wrong Notification and omission to notify all parts of his Estates and Tenures and also on account of amalgamated rentals maintained by the Respondent in respect of his estates and tenures he could not fully realies the balance share of unnotified estates and tenures	 (c) that certain rents and decress had been allowed to become barred by time	 (d) that on account of non payment of Agricultural Income Tax and consequent imposition of penalty which was no doubt reduced to Rs. 2	000 on appeal the Estate suffered a loss of Rs. 12	000 and	 (e) that on account of issue of wrong collection certificates by Collector and his staff the respondent had suffered some loss which was yet to be ascertained. It was alleged that the action of the appellant suffered from negligence	 bad faith and malice and the appellant alongwith its Manager as tortfeasor was jointly and severally for all such losses suffered by him. The appellant traversed all the material allegations in the plaint and the plea was one of bona fides carrying out of their duties under the Act. The Trial Court which proceeded on the basis that the Act was unconstitutional	 and the appellant was a trespasser on the respondents ' estate held: (1) that the cost of management incurred by the Collector over and above 12 1/2% of the gross collection was excessive	 and therefore	 the State should refund such excess amount; (2) that the mistake in not notifying all the shares held by Choudhary in Tauzis Nos. 7/8 and 30 at the first instance resulted in non collection of the dues and Choudhary thereby had suffered; (3) that the State being trespassers	 Choudhary owed no duty to make available to them the separated Jamabandi to facilitate collection of dues in the said Tauzis	 and therefore	 the State should reimburse Choudhary the amount he would have been able to collect from those tauzis during the period of their management	 and also to make good the loss caused on account of arrears or decreaes which had been allowed to become barred. The Trial Court	 accordingly	 passed a preliminary decree and directed that a Commissioner should enquire into the above items. Against the said preliminary decree the State	 filed an appeal before the High Court. At the instance of the State and on a reference by the Division Bench hearing the appeal	 a Full Bench of the Court reconsidered the decision reported in ILR 29 Patna 790	 by its judgment dated February 15	 1963 overruled the said decision	 and declared that the Act was constitutional. Thereafter the Division Bench finally heard the appeal and took the view that though it was open to the State to notify only a fraction of an estate under section 3(1) of the Act	 yet	 it was not absolved from the duty of taking appropriate steps for the preparation of suitable collection papers in respect of the notified shares in Tauzis No. 7/8 and 30. The Division Bench held that the State was liable to compensate Choudhary for not preparing the collection papers in time; (i) that even though Choudhary had been told to file suits for rents in respect of unnotified share of the estate	 the State were negligent in the matter of issuing certificates for recovery	 some of which were later on struck off; (ii) that the material on 529 the record did not indicate that necessary steps were taken by the Collector with regard to pending suits and execution proceedings and there was every probability that loss had been suffered by Choudhary on account of the inaction or failure to continue pending proceedings which amounted to wilful default and gross negligence; (iii) that the State was liable to reimburse Choudhary to the extent of Rs. 2	000 levied as penalty for non payment of Agricultural Income Tax; (iv) in so far as the cost of management of Rs. 43	507 which was in the order of 30 per cent of the gross collection was concerned about a sum of Rs. 8	000 (=25% of the gross collection) had been incurred as cost of management in excess of what was authorised and that (Choudhary was entitled to it; and (v) that section 31 of the Act did not give protection in respect of loss which was caused by wilful default and gross negligence. The appeal of the State and the cross objections of Choudhary regarding certain matters disallowed by the trial Court were	 accordingly	 dismissed. Hence the State Appeal by certificate. Allowing the appeal in part	 the Court C ^ HELD 1.1 The Bihar State Management of Estates and Tenures Act	 1949 (Bihar Act XXI of 1949) was intended to bring about a reform in the land distribution system of Bihar for the general benefit of the community. The taking over of the management and control over land was found to be necessary as a preliminary step towards the implementation of the Directive Principles of State Policy. Therefore	 section 31 of the Act provided that no suit or other legal proceeding would lie in any Court against the State Government or against any servant of the state Government or against any person acting under the orders of a servant of the State Government for or on account of or in respect of anything done or purporting to be done in good faith under the Act or in respect of any alleged neglect or omission to perform any duty devolving on the State Government or any of the officers subordinate to it or acting under the Act	 or in respect of the exercise of or on failure to exercise any power conferred by the Act on the State Government or any officer subordinate to it and acting under the Act	 except for the loss or the misapplication occasioned by the wilful default or gross negligence of any officer of the State Government. Under section 4(22) of the Bihar and Orissa General Clauses Act	 1917	 a thing shall be deemed to be done in 'good faith ' where it is in fact done honestly	 whether it is done negligently or not. [532E; 545C E] 1.2. In the instant case	 there was no proof of deliberate abuse of statutory power nor of usurpation of a power which the authorities knew that they did not possess. It cannot be said that either the State Government or any of the officers acting under it in performance of their duties under the Act had not acted honestly either in issuing the Notification under section 3(1) of the Act	 on November 19	 1949 by which only parts of Tauzis Nos. 7/8 and 30 had been notified or in not preparing separate collection statements before April 1950. Further	 the following facts	 namely	 (a) the respondent himself had acquired the said Tauzis in instalments; (b) as soon as the error was pointed out steps were taken by the Manager to get the unnotified share also notified and the Government issued a Notification accordingly within about four months; (c) on account of not handing over by the respondent even the consolidated collection statements by April 1950	 the separate collection statements could not be got prepared by the Manager 530 By April 1950; (d) even according to the respondent himself if would have taken six months to prepare separate collection statements on the basis of the consolidated statements; and (e) unawareness of the State Government or any of its officers before hand that the respondent had maintained a consolidated statement of accounts on the date of issue of the first Notification in respect of a portion of Tauzis Nos. 718 and 30	 constituted a good defence under section 31 of the Act against any claim based on any alleged neglect or omission since there was no proof of any wilful default or gross negligence on the part of the defendants. [545F H; 546A B] 1.3. In the instant case; (i) the claim for damages on all counts should fail except with regard to the claim for Rs. 8	000 which had been incurred as cost of management in excess of what was authorised by law. With regard to the penalty of Rs. 2	000 imposed for non payment of the Agricultural Income Tax when once it was conceded that the first notification was not unauthorised one	 the State could not be held liable for reimbursing the penalty of Rs. 2	000 to the respondent; (ii) It cannot be said that the Manager acted in excess of his powers vested under the Act of 1949 or mala fide. Lack of bona fides cannot be attributed to him merely because some of the suits out of a large number of suits filed for recovery of the arrears due to the Estate	 were dismissed on merits or on the ground that some of the persons sued were dead or not traceable. In fact nearly	 7	000 certificate cases had to be filed in a short period and hurriedly on the basis of arrears list submitted by the respondent himself and by the middle of July 1950 the management of the state itself was relinquished. Further if a certain share in a tauzi had not been notified on the first occasion it again cannot be said as having been done either mala fide or deliberately to harm the respondent. The Manager therefore	 could not be charged for wilful default or gross negligence in as much as in view of the definition of the expression 'tenure ' in section 2(k) of the	 Act it was open to the government to notify even a fraction of a tenure under section 3(1) of the Act; (iii) Since the respondent himself failed to discharge his duty imposed the State cannot be made liable to any damages on the ground that the Manager had failed to get the collection papers prepared in respect of Tauzis Nos. 718 and 30 in time and thus caused loss to the respondent. [546C; 544G; 542F G; 543A B]