Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 322 of 1963. Appeal from the Judgment and order dated April 1	 1958 of the former Bombay High Court in Miscellaneous Application No. 327 of 1957. K.N. Rajagopala Sastry and R. N. Sachthey	 for the appellant. 74 Bishan Narain	 section P. Mehta	 J. B. Dadachanji	 0. C. Mathar and Ravinder Narain	 for the respondent. April 30	 1964. The Judgment of the Court was	 delivered by SHAH J. M/s Lal and Company hereinafter called the assessee carry on business in Bombay as commission agents. In the course of assessment proceedings for the year 1954 55 the assessee 's books of account were examined by the Income tax Officer and it was noticed that the assessee had business connections with certain non resident parties. On March	 12	 1957	 the Income tax Officer issued a notice calling upon the assessee to show cause why in respect of the assessment year 1954 55 the assessee should not be treated under section 43 of the Indian Income tax Act	 1922	 as an agent in respect of twenty five non resident parties named in the notice. The assessee denied that he had "direct dealings" with any non resident party and that in any event the proposed action was barred because the period prescribed for initiation of proceeding had expired	 and requested the Income tax Officer to drop the proceeding. The Income tax Officer B III Ward	 Bombay issued on March 27	 1957	 a notice under section 34 of the Indian Income tax Act for assessment of the assessee as an agent of the twentyfive named non resident parties. The assessee submitted a return showing his income as "nil". The Income tax Officer held that the transactions disclosed from the books of account of the assessee clearly showed that the assessee "had regular business connection with" non resident parties	 that through the assessee those non resident parties were receiving income	 profits and gains	 and section 43 was clearly applicable to the assessee there being definite business connection between the assessee and the named non residents. He therefore treated the assessee as agent of the non resident parties	 under section 43 of the Act. The Income tax Officer also rejected the contention of the assessee that action under section 34 was barred at the date of the notice issued to the assessee. Relying upon the first proviso to section 34(1) (b) (iii) inserted by the Finance Act	 1956	 the Income tax Officer held that the Legislature had 75 by amendment extended the "time limit in clear and express terms so as to cover" action under section 34 against a person on whom the assessment or reassessment is to be made as an agent of a non resident person under section 43 of the Act for the assessment year 1954 55	 and accordingly assessed the income of the assessee at Rs. 60	684	 estimating the income of the parties residing outside the taxable territories	 in the absence of accounts to be Rs. 50	000. The asessee then :filed a petition under article 226 of the Constitution in the High Court of Judicature at Bombay praying that a writ in the nature of mandamus or prohibition do issue restraining and prohibiting the Income tax Officer from giving effect to or taking any steps or proceedings by way of recovery or otherwise in pursuance of the orders of assessment. The assessee pleaded	 inter alia	 that the proceedings for assessment under section 34 of the Act commenced by the Income tax Officer after the expiry of one year from the end of the assessment year 1954 55 were without the authority of law. The High Court of Bombay	 following its earlier judgment in section C. Prashar vs Vasantsen Dwarkadas(1) held that at the date when the notice was issued	 by reason of the proviso which was in operation under section 34(1) in respect of the assessment year 1954 55 the notice was out of time and that the period provided thereby could not be extended by the Finance Act of 1956 so as to authorise the Income tax Officer to issue a notice for assessment or reassessment of the assessee as statutory agent of a party	 residing outside the taxable territory. In the view of the High Court the notice dated March 27	 1957	 was invalid	 and a valid notice being a condition precedent to the exercise of jurisdiction under section 34	 the proceeding under section 34 was not maintainable. Against the order of the High Court issuing writs prayed for by the assessee	 with certificate of fitness this appeal is preferred by the Income tax Officer	 Bombay. In order to appreciate the contention raised by the assessee and which has found favour with the High Court	 it is necessary to refer to the relevant provisions of section 34	 76 as they stood before the section was amended by the Finance Act	 1956. The clauses relevant prescribing the period within which notice may be issued read as follows: (1) (a) If x x x (b) x x x he may in cases falling under clause (a) at any time within eight years and in cases falling under clause (b) at any time within four years of the end of that year	 serve on the assessee	 x x x a notice containing all or any of the requirements which may be included in a notice under sub section (2) of section 22 and may proceed to assess or re assess such income	 profits or gains or recompute the loss or depreciation allowance; x x x Provided that (i) x x x (ii) x x x (iii) Where the assessment made or to be made is an assessment made or to be made on a person deemed to be the agent of non resident person under section 43	 this sub section shall have effect as if for the periods of eight years and four years a period of one year was substituted. " By section 18 of the Finance Act	 1956	 section 34 was extensively amended and cl. (iii) of the proviso was substituted by the following proviso: "Provided further that the Income tax Officer shall not issue a notice under this sub section for 	any year after the expiry of two years from that year if the person on whom an assessment or reassessment is to be made in pursuance of the notice is a person deemed to be an agent of non resident person under section 43." Initially a notice of assessment or re assessment under section 34(1) against a person deemed to be an agent of a non 77 resident person under section 43 could not be issued after the expiry of one year from the end of the year of assessment: under the amended section this period was extended to two years from the end of the relevant assessment year. In the course of assessment to income tax for the year 1954 55 the relevant law applicable prescribed that a notice of assessment or re assessment against a person deemed to be an agent under section 43 could not be issued after the expiry of one year from the end of the assessment year. That period expired on March 31	 1956	 and after that date no notice could be issued	 relying upon the law as it stood before amendment for assessment or re assessment treating the assessee as an agent of a non resident under section 43. But the Income tax Officer sought recourse to the amended provision which gave him a period of two years from the end of the assessment year	 for initiating assessment proceedings	 and the authority of the Income tax Officer to so act is challenged by the assessee. Section 18 of the Finance Act	 1956	 is	 it is common ground	 not given retrospective operation before April 1	 1956. The question then is	 whether the Income tax Officer may issue a notice of assessment to a person as an agent of a non resident party under the amended provision when the period prescribed for such a notice had before the amended Act came into force expired? Indisputably the period for serving a notice of re assessment under the unamended section had expired	 and there was in the Act as it then stood	 no provision for extending the period beyond the end of one year from the year of assess ment. The Income tax Officer could therefore commence a proceeding under section 34 on March 27	 1957	 only if the amended section applied and not otherwise. The amendin Act came into force after the period provided for the issue of a notice under section 34 before it was amended had expired. It is true that there was no determinable point of time between the expiry of the prescribed time within which the notice could have been issued against the assessee under section 34 proviso (iii) before it was amended. But there was no overlapping period either. Prima facie	 on the expiry of the period prescribed by section 34 as it originally stood	 there was no scope for issuing a notice unless the 78 Legislature expressly gave power to the income tax Officer to issue notice under the amended section notwithstanding the expiry of the period under the unamended provision or unless there was overlapping of the period within which notice could be issued under the old and the amended pro vision. But counsel for the Commissioner submitted that at no time was the Income tax Officer bereft of authority to issue a notice under section 34 of the Indian Income tax Act	 1922. He submitted that till the mid night of March 31	 1956	 notice could be issued in exercise of the powers con ferred by section 34 proviso (iii) before it was amended and notice of assessment or re assessment could also be issued under the amended provision immediately thereafter in exercise of the powers conferred by section 18 of the Finance Act	 1956. Counsel relied upon the rule contained in section 5(3) of the General Clauses Act that unless the contrary is expressed	 a Central Act or Regulation shall be construed as coming into operation immediately on the expiration of the day preceding its commencement. It was submitted that this is merely a statutory recognition of the rule which is well settled that where a statute names a date on which it shall come into operation	 it shall be deemed to come into force immediately on the expiration of the previous day and the law does not take into consideration fractions of a day. Reliance was placed by counsel upon Tomlinson vs Bullock( ') and English vs Cliff(2). In Tomlinson 's case( ') the question was whether an order of affiliation could be made on an application made in respect of a child born at any time of the day an August 10	 1872 under the Bastardy Act	 35 & 36 Vict. c. 65. In an application made for an order of affiliation	 it was held that the order could competently be made in respect of a child born at any time of the day on the 10th of August	 1872	 because the Act in the contemplation of law for this purpose came into effect from the commencement of the day on which it received the royal assent	 and that normally an Act which comes into operation becomes law as soon as it commences. In English vs Cliff (2) it was held by the Court of Chancery (1) (2) 79 that the trustees under a deed of settlement dated May 13	 1892	 who stood possessed of an estate during the term of twenty one years from the date of settlement upon trust to apply the rents and profits mentioned therein and who were authorised at the expiration of the said period to sell the estate could competently sell it and their action was not liable to be challenged as infringing the rule of per petuity. It was held in that case that the determination of the term of twenty one years and the conunencement of the trust for sale arising at one and the same moment	 the trust was not void for remoteness on the ground that it was limited to take effect at the expiration of the term. Neither of these cases has	 in our judgment	 any application to the principle applicable in the present case. The power to issue a notice under the unamended Act came to an end on March 31	 1956. Under that Act no notice could thereafter be issued. It is true that by the amendment made by section 18 of the Finance Act	 1956	 a notice could be issued within two years from the end of the year of assessment. But the application of the amended Act is subject to the principle that unless otherwise provided if the right to act under the earlier statute has come to an end	 it could not be revived by the subsequent amendment which extended the period of limitation. The right to issue a notice under the earlier Act came to an end before the new Act came into force. There was undoubtedly no determinable point of time between the expiry of the earlier Act and the commencement of the new Act; but that would not	 in our judgment	 affect the application of this rule. Reliance was also placed by counsel for the Commissioner upon the rule which has prevailed in the Supreme Court of the United States of America that "a new statute should be construed as a continuation of the old one with the modifications contained in the new one	 although it formally repeals the old statute	 when it re enacts its substantial provisions and the two statutes are almost identical." Bear Lake & River Water Works & irrigation Company and Jarvis Conklin Mortgage Trust Company vs William Garland and Corey Brothers & Co.( '). It appears (1) I64 U.S. 1 80 to have been recognised in the Supreme Court of the United states of America in Pacific Mail section section Co. vs jolifee(1) that repeal in terms of a former statute does not necessarily indicate an intention of the legislature thereby to impair right which had arisen under the act which was repealed. As the provisions of the new act took effect simultaneously with the repeal of the old one	 the Supreme Court held that the new one might more properly be said to be substituted in the place of the old one	 and to continue in force	 with modifications	 the provisions of the old act	 instead of abrogating or annulling them and re enacting the same as a new and original act. Apart from the question whether the rule so enunciated is applicable to the interpretation of Indian statutes	 in this case we are not concerned with re enactment of a statute. The statute abrogates one rule of limitation	 and enacts another rule with a limited retrospective operation. To such a case the rule enunciated by the Supreme Court of America	 assuming it applies	 attributing to the Legislature an intention to continue in force the provisions of the old Act	 with a modification	 so as to give to the new statute in substance operation retrospectively from the date on which the old statute was enacted	 can have no application. We do not think that any such intention may be attributed to the Legislature in enacting section 18 of the Finance Act	 1956 so as to make it the basis of a liability to taxation after the expiry of the period prescribed in that behalf by the Legislature . Counsel also submitted that section 34 lays down a rule of limitation for commencing an action for assessment or re assessment	 and that in the absence of an express provision to the contrary	 a statute of limitation in operation at a given time governs all proceedings from the moment of its enactment	 even though the cause of action on which the proceeding was based came into existence before the Act was enacted. Equating a proceeding under section 34 of the Indian Income tax Act with a suit or a proceeding in a civil court	 counsel said that the law of limitation being a law of procedure	 assessment proceedings including proceedings for re assessment are governed by the law in force (1) 69 U.S. 81 at the date on which they are instituted	 and that the rule that the repeal of a statute without express words or clear implication in the repealing statute	 cannot take away a right vested in a party acquired under the repealed statute when it was in force	 is a rule of prescription and not of procedure	 and notwithstanding general observations to the contrary in certain decisions	 applies only to those actions in which by the determination of the period prescribed	 a right to institute an action for possession of property is extnguished. Counsel relies in support of the plea on Baleswar vs Latafat(1). It is unnecessary to dilate upon this argument in any detail	 or to enter upon an analysis of the numerous cases which were mentioned at the Bar to determine whether the rule that without an express pro vision	 or a clear implication arising from the amending statute rights acquired under the repealed statute by the determination of the period of limitation prescribed thereby cannot be deemed to be revived	 applies to suits for posses sion only. It may be sufficient to make two comments on the argument. The rule has in fact been applied to suits other than suits for possession: e.g. Mahomed Mehdi Faya vs Sakinabai(2) (a suit for restitution of conjugal rights); M. Krishnaswami Nalcker vs A. Thiruvengada Muddaliar(3) (a suit for recovery of a debt); Shambhoonath Saha vs Guruchurn Lahiri (4) (an application for execution); and Nepal Chandra Roy Chowdhury vs Niroda Sundari Ghose(5) (an application for setting aside an ex parte decree). Again soon after it was delivered the the authority of Baleswar 's case( ') was weakened by the judgment in Jagdish vs Saligram(6) where the Court doubted the correctness of the earlier view. A proceeding for assessment is not a suit for adjudication of a civil dispute. That an income tax proceedings it; the nature of a judicial proceeding between contesting parties	 is a matter which is not capable of even a plausible argument. The Income tax authorities who have power to assess and recover tax are notacting as judges deciding a (1) I.L.R. 24 Pat. 383 (3) A.I.R. (1935) mad. 245(4) I.L.R. (5) I.L.R. (6) I.L.R. 24 Pat. 391 51 S.C. 6. 82 litigation between the citizen and the States: they are administrative authorities whose proceedings are regulated by statute	 but whose function is to estimate the income of the taxpayer and to assess him to tax on the basis of that estimate. Tax legislation necessitates the setting up of machinery to ascertain the taxable income	 and to assess tax on the income	 but that does not impress the proceeding with the character of an action between the citizen and the State: The Commissioner of Inland Revenue vs Sneath(1); and Shell Company of Australia Ltd. vs Federal Commissioner of Taxation( '). Again the period prescribed by section 34 for assessment or re assessment is not a period of limitation. The section in terms imposes a fetter upon the power of the Income tax Officer to bring to tax escaped income. It prescribes different periods in different classes of cases for enforce ment of the right of the State to recover tax. It was observed by this Court in Ahmedabad Manufacturing and Calico Printing Co. Ltd. vs section C. Mehta. income tax Officer and another( '): "It must be remembered that if the Income tax Act prescribes a period during which tax due in any particular assessment year may be assessed	 then on the expiry of that period the department cannot make an assessment. Where no period is prescribed the assessment can be completed at any time but once completed it is final. Once a final assessment has been made	 it can only be reopened to rectify a mistake apparent from the record (section 35) or to reassess where there has been an escapement of assessment of income for one reason of another (section 34). Both these sections which enable reopening of back assessments provided their own periods of time for action but all these periods of time	 whether for the firs assessment or for rectification	 or for reassess ment	 merely create a bar when that time passe( (1) 164 (2) [1931) A.C. 275 (3) [1963] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 92	117 118 83 against the machinery set up by the Incometax Act for the assessment and levy of the tax. They do not create an exemption in favour of the assessee or grant an absolution on the expiry of the period. The liability is not enforceable but the tax may again become exigible if the bar is removed and the taxpayer is brought within the jurisdiction of the said machinery by reason of a new power. This is	 of course	 subject to the condition that the law must say that such is the jurisdiction	 either expressly or by clear implication. If the language of the law has that clear meaning	 it must be given that effect and where the language expressly so declares or clearly implies it	 the retrospective operation is not controlled by the. commencement clause. " Counsel for the Commissioner sought to derive some support from Income tax Officer	 Companies District I	 Calcutta and another vs Calcutta Discount Company Ltd.( ') in which Chakravartti C.J.	 dealing with the effect of the Income tax and Business Profits Tax (Amendment) Act	 1948	 observed: "The plain effect of the substitution of the new section 34 with effect from 30th March	 1948 is that from that date the Income tax Act is to be re ad as including the new section as a part thereof and if it is to be so read	 the further effect of the express language of the section is that so far as cases coming within cl. (a) of sub section (1) are concerned all assessment years ending within eight years from 30th March	 1948 and from subsequent dates	 are within its purview and it will apply to them	 provided the notice con templated is given within such eight years. What is not within the purview of the section is an assessment year which ended before eight years from 30th March	 1948. (1) 84 But it may be recalled that the amending Act of 1948 with which the Court was concerned in Calcutta Discount Company 's case(1) came into force on September 8	 1948	 but section 1(2) prescribed that the amendment in section 34 of the Income tax Act	 1922	 shall be deemed to have come into force on March 30	 1948	 and the period under the unamended section within which notice could be issued under section 34(3) against the assessee company ended on March 31	 1951. Before that date the amending Act came into operation	 and at no time had the right to re assess become barred. In considering whether the amended statute applies	 the question is one of interpretation i.e.	 to ascertain whether it was the intention of the Legislature to deprive a taxpayer of the plea that action for assessment or re assessment could not be commenced	 on the ground that before the amending Act became effective	 it was barred. Therefore the view that even when the right to assess or re assess has lapsed on account of the expiry of the period of limitation prescribed under the earlier statute	 the Income tax Officer can exercise his powers to assess or re assess under the amending statute which gives an extended period of limitation	 was not accepted in Calcutta Discount Company 's case( '). As we have already pointed out	 the right to commence a proceeding for assessment against the assessee as an agent of a non resident party under the Income tax Act before it was amended	 ended on March 31	 1956. It is true that under the amending Act by section 18 of the Finance Act	 1956	 authority was conferred upon the Income tax Officer to assess a person as an agent of a foreign party under section 43 within two years from the end of the year of assessment. But authority of the Income tax Officer under the Act before it was amended by the Finance Act of 1956 having already come to an end	 the amending provision will not assist him to commence a proceeding even though at the date whenhe issued the notice it is within the period provided by that amending Act. This will be so	 notwithstanding the fact that there has been no determinable point of time between the expiry of the time provided under the old Act and the (1) 85 commencement of the amending Act. The Legislature has given to section 18 of the Finance Act	 1956	 only a limited retrospective operation i.e.	 upto April 1	 1956	 only. That provision must be read subject to the rule that in the absence of an express provision or clear implication	 the Legislature does not intend to attribute to the amending provision a greater retrospectivity than is xpressly mentioned	 nor to authorise the Income tax Officer to commence proceedings which before the new Act came into force had by the expiry of the period provided	 become barred. The appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed.

The appellant company was carrying on business in Bombay as commission agents. In the course of assessment proceedings for the year 1954 55	 the Income tax Officer noticed from the ssee 's boo s of account that the assessee had business connections with certain nonresident parties and found that the transactions disclosed that through the assessee those non resident parties were receiving income	 profits and gains. He considered that section 43 of the Indian Income tax Act	 1922	 was applicable to the assessee and issued on March 27	 1957	 a notice under section 34 of the Act for assessment of the assessee as an agent of the said non resident parties. The assessee pleaded	 inter alia	 that the proceedings intiated by the Income tax Officer under section 34 were barred since the notice issued by him was after the expiry of one year from the end of the assessment year 1954 55	 but the Income tax Officer rejected the contention relying on the amendment made to the proviso to section 34(l)(b)(iii) by the Finance Act	 1956	 under which the period of one year was changed to two years. The amendment was given retrospective operation upto April 1	 1956	 but since the power to issue a notice under the unamended Act had come to an end on March 31	 1956	 the question was whether the Income tax Officer could issue a notice of assessment to a person as an agent of a non resident party under the amended provision when the period prescribed for such a notice had before the amended Act came into force expired. HELD:The proceedings initiated by the Income tax Officer by the notice dated March 27	 1957	 were barred; the authority of the Incometax Officer under the Indian Income tax Act before it was amended by the Finance Act of 1956 having come to an end	 the amending provision would not entitle him to commence a proceeding even though at the date when he issued the notice it was within the period provided by the amendment. Notwithstanding the fact that there was no determinable point of time between the expiry of the time provided under the old Act and the commencement of the Amendment Act	 in the absence of an express provision or clear implication	 the legislature could not be said to have intended to attribute to the Amending provision a greater retros pectivity than was expressly mentioned.