Summarize the following court judgment. ition Nos. 4195 and 4445 of 1978	 8831	 8942 of 1981	 342 717	 803 804	 1005 1242	 6501 6746	 2860 3049	 3169 71	 3413 63	 7133 35 of 1982. V.M. Turkunde and Naunit Lal for the petitioners in W.P. Nos. 4196/82	 6501 6746	 2860 3049	 342 717/82	 and 8831/81. S.S. Javali	 B.P. Singh and Raniit Kumar for the petitioners in W.P. Nos. 4445/78	 8942	 1005 1242	 3413 3463 and 7133 35/82. Sanjay Kaul and Ashok Panda for the petitioners in W.P. No. 3169/82. L.N. Sinha	 Attorney General and R.K. Garg for the respondent in W.P. Nos. 4195/82 and 4445/78. Altaf Ahmed for the respondents in all other matters. This challenge is met by the State of Jammu & Kashmir with the short answer that the impugned Act being a measure of agrarian reform	 Article 31A of the Constitution precludes a challenge to its validity on the ground that it violates the provisions contained in Articles 14	19 and 31. The petitioners are mostly small land holders owning agricultural lands in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. The Government of Jammu & Kashmir introduced several land reforms in the State	 beginning with Tenancy Act VII of 1948. Jagirs and Muafis were abolished under that Act as a result of which	 approximately 9()00 owners of agricultural lands lost their proprietary interest in about 4.5 lakh acres of land. The State Legislature thereafter passed the Tenancy (Amendment) Act VII of 1948	 the Tenancy (Amendment) Act of 1950	 the Big Landed Estates Abolition Act of 1950	 the Tenancy (Amendment) Arts of 1956	 1962 and 1965	 the J & K Tenancy (Stay of Ejectment) Proceedings Act 1966	 the Agrarian Reforms Act of 1972 and finally the impugned Act	 17 of 1976. The last named Act received the assent of the Governor on August 21	 1976. It was amended by the Amendment Act of 1978 which received the assent of the Governor on April 7	 1978. We will presently explain in brief the nature of the provisions of the impugned Act but	 before we do so	 it will be useful to acquaint oneself with the various steps which the Government of Jammu & Kashmir took in the direction of land reforms	 by passing the Acts to which we have referred earlier. After abolishing the Jagirs and Muafis by the Tenancy Act of 1948	 restrictions were placed on the right of the landlord to eject the tenant	 by the Tenancy (Amendment) Act of 1948	 The landlord was	 however	 given the right to resume the land from his tentant if he required it bona fide for personal cultivation subject to ceiling on his right of resumption. The Big Landed Estates Abolitions Act of 1950 was quite a revolutionary piece of legislation in the context of those times. A ceiling was placed by that Act on the holding of proper ties at 182 Kanals	 which comes roughly to 23 acres. The land in excess of the ceiling was expropriated without the payment of any compensation and the tiller of the soil became the owner of the excess land. By subsequent legislations	 tenants were given protec tion in the matter of rents	 certain classes of non occupancy tenants came to be regarded as protected tenants and landlords were given 539 a further opportunity for making applications for the resumption of land. Thousands of applications were filed by the landlords under the provisions of the Tenancy Amendment Act of 1965 for resumption of lands from tenants but	 later	 further proceeding in those applications were stayed. The Janki Nath Wazir Committee pointed out anomalies in the various measures taken by the State Legislature by way of the land reforms and it made recommendations in order to remove the inequities from which the land reforms legislation undertaken by the State suffered. The State Government constituted a Land Commission under the Chairmanship of the then Revenue Minister	 Syed Mir Kasim	 in 1963 to examine the Wazir Committee 's Report. In 1967	 the Sate Government appointed another Commission of Inquiry	 with Shri P.B. Gajendragadkar	 retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court	 as its Chairman. The Gajendragadkar Commission made various recommendations by its Report dated December 1968. It also pointed out the defects from which the Land Legislation in the Slate of Jammu & Kashmir suffered and suggested ways and means for removing them. This long and empirical process ultimately culminated in the enactment of the Act of 1976 which is impugned in these proceedings. It is impossible to accept the contention of Shri V.M. Tarkunde	 who appears on be half of the petitioners	 that by reason of certain provisions of the impugned Act which are not co related to agrarian welfare	 the Act cannot be said to be a measure of agrarian reform. The short title of the Act shows that it was passed in order to provide for transfer of lands to the tillers of the lands f or the purpose of better utilization of those lands Section 4 of the Act provides that all rights	 titles and interests in lands	 which were not cultivated personally in Kharif 1971	 shall be deemed to have been extinguished and shall vest in the State	 free from all encumbrances with effect from May i	 1973. By section 5	 all lands in excess of the ceiling area on September 1	 1971 vested in the State on May 1	 1973. Section 7 provides for the resumption of lands by the ex landlords for bonafide personal cultivation	 subject G to the conditions mentioned in section 7 (2). Section 9 provides for payment of rent by the tillers of the soil to the State for lands which have vested in the State. Section 11 provides for payment of the amount due on the outstanding mortgages on lands. Section 11 provided that lands which vest in the State under the impugned Act shall be deemed to have been acquired by the State	 for which payment shall be determined and made in accordance with the 540 provisions of Schedule III. Section 13 lays down restrictions on the utilization of lands of which tillers become owners. Section 14 prescribes for the optimum retainable area of the land	 section 15 deals with the manner of disposal of surplus land	 while section 17 imposes a prohibition on the transfer of lands. Chapter III of the Act deals with the jurisdiction of several revenue officers and Tribunals appointed under the Act and lays down the procedure which they are required to follow. Chapter IV contains supplemental provisions. Chapter V provides for penalties for the infringement of the provisions of the Act	 while Chapter VI provides for certain miscellaneous matters. Schedule III defines 'compensation ' to mean the sum of money payable for land at the market value	 while the word 'amount ' is defined to mean the sum of money payable in lieu of extinguishment of rights in land at rates other than the market rate. The maximum amount payable for the extinguishment of the rights of the landlords is Rupees one thousand per kanal. These and other cognate matters which are dealt with by the Act are essential steps in any well conceived scheme of agrarian reform. It is urged by learned counsel led by Shri Tarkunde and by Shri Sanjay Kaul who appeared in person	 that certain provisions of the impugned Act have no bearing upon agrarian reform and those provisions cannot have the protection of Article 31A. Section 7 of the Act is said to be one such provision. It provides by sub section (1) for the resumption of lands for bona fide personal cultivation by ex landlords but by sub section (2) it imposes certain conditions on the right of resumption. One of those conditions is that the applicant for resumption	 other than a member of the Defence Forces	 must	 within six months of the commencement of the Act	 take up normal residence in the village in which the land sought to be resumed is situated or in an adjoining village	 for the purpose of cultivating the land personally. The other provision of the Act on which special stress was laid by counsel for the petitioners is the one contained in clause (f) of section 7(2) which lays down certain criteria for determining the extent of land which may be resumed. Stated briefly	 where a person was entitled to rent in kind from the tiller during kharif 1971	 the extent of land resumable by such person has to bear the same proportion to the total land comprised in the tenancy as the rent in kind bears to the total produce; and where a person was entitled to rent in cash during Kharif 1971	 the extent of land resumable by him has to be regulated by the extent of rent in kind to which such rent in cash can be 541 commuted in accordance with the provisions of sub sections (3) and (8) of section 9. We are unable to hold that these and connected provisions of the impugned Act show that the Act is not a measure of agrarian reform. The question as to whether any particular Act is a measure of agrarian reform has to be decided by looking at the dominant purpose of that Act. In Ranjit Singh vs State of Pnnjab(1)	 it was held on a review of authorities that a large and liberal meaning must be given to the several expressions like 'estate '	 'rights in an estate ' and extinguishment and modification ' of such rights which occur in Article 31A. The decision in Kochuni(1) to which our attention was drawn by Shri Tarkunde	 was treated in Ranjit Singh as a special case which cannot apply to cases where the general scheme of legislation is definitely agrarian reform and under its provisions	 something ancillary thereto in the interests of rural economy has to be undertaken to give full effect to those reforms. In our case the dominant purpose of the statute is to bring about a just and equitable redistribution of lands	 which is achieved by making the tiller of the soil the owner of the land which he cultivates and by imposing a ceiling on the extent of the land which any person	 whether land lord or tenant	 can hold. Considering the scheme and purpose of the Act	 we cannot but hold that the Act is a measure of agrarian reform and is saved by Article 31A from the challenge under Articles 14	 19 or 31 of the Constitution. Article 31 has been repealed by the 44th Amendment with effect from June 20	 1979 and for future purposes it ceases to have relevance. Reduced to a constitutional premise	 the argument of the petitioners is that the particular provisions of the Act are discriminatory and are therefore violative of Article 14; that those provisions impose unreasonable restrictions on their fundamental rights and are therefore violative of article 19. This argument is not open to them by reason of article 31A. It may be mentioned that The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) order	 1954	 which was passed by the President of India in exercise of his powers under article 370 of the Constitution	 makes article 31A applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir with the modification that the proviso to clause (1) of that article stands deleted and for sub clause (a) of clause (2) the following sub clause is substituted: 542 "(a) "estate" shall mean land which is occupied or has been let for agricultural purposes or for purposes subservient to agriculture	 or for pasture	 and includes (i) sites of buildings and other structures on such land; (ii) trees standing on such land; (iii) forest land and wooded waste; (iv) area covered by or fields floating over water; (v) sites of jandars and gharats; (vi) any jagir	 inam	 muafi or mukarrari or other similar grant	 but does not include (i) the site of any building in any town area or village abadi or any land appurtenant to any such building or site	 (ii) any land which is occupied as the site of a town or village; or (iii) any land reserved for building purposes in a municipality or notified area or cantonment or town area or any area for which a town planning scheme is sanctioned. " The grievance of the petitioners is that not only do certain provisions of the Act militate against agrarian reform	 but those provisions will involve the State Government into payment of considerable 'amounts ' to land holders for the extinction and acquisition of their rights	 which would be far greater than the amounts which the State Government would be liable to pay under Acts like the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act	 1976. Agricultural lands which are situated within the limits of municipalities and Town Area Committees are also comprehend within the scope of the Act and the apprehension of the petitioners is that	 after the tillers become statutory purchasers of those lands	 they will be free to dispose them of at urban prices which have escalated sky high. Another facet of the same argument 543 is that no agrarian reform is involved in applying the impugned statute to lands situated in urban agglomerations. These arguments are not relevant for deciding the question as to whether the dominant purpose of the Act is agrarian reform. The payment of a larger compensation to land holders under a Land Reform Law than what would be payable under an Act like the Urban Ceiling Act does not lead to the conclusion that the former is not a measure of agrarian reform The extent and mode of payment of compensation for the extinction of a land holder 's right is a matter for the legislature to decide and the circumstance that the compensation or the amount fixed by the legislature in any given case is excessive	 will not make the law any the less a measure of agrarian reform. In the same manner	 the circumstance that the impugned statute is made applicable to agricultural lands situated within the limits of Local Authorities will not affect its character as a measure of agrarian reform. If any land situated in a developed area is used predominantly for the purpose of agriculture	 it is open to the legislature to include that land in a scheme of agrarian reform so as to make the tiller of that land its owner. The apprehension expressed by the petitioners that	 after becoming statutory owners of agricultural lands situated in developed areas on payment of a paltry price	 the tillers will part with those lands at a high price which lands in developed areas like urban areas fetch	 is hypothetical though not unreal. Not unreal	 because the temptation to trade in immovable property is common to agriculturists and non agriculturists alike. But the hypothetical possibility that the lands will be disposed of by to day 's tillers to morrow	 cannot affect the basic position that the Act is conceived in the larger interest of agrarian reform. Besides	 section 13 which places restriction on utilisation of lands	 section 17 which imposes restrictions to a limited extent on the transfer of such lands and section 14 which prescribes the optimum land which can be retained even by an erstwhile tenant are effective deterrents against profit oriented disposal of high priced lands. Before parting with this case	 we would like to observe that section 7(2) (b) of the Act creates an anomalous situation	 especially in the context of the definition of 'personal cultivation ' in section 2(12) of the Act. One of the conditions imposed by section 7(2) (b) on the right of a land holder to resume land is that	 unless he is a member of the defence forces	 he must take his residence in the 544 village in which the land is situated or in an adjoining village. "Personal cultivation" is defined in section 2(12) to mean cultivation by any member of one 's family or by a khana nishin daughter or a khana damad or a parent of the person or by other relations like the son	 brother or sister who are specified in the various clauses of section 2(12). Under clause (g) of section 2(12)	 a land holder who is a minor	 insane	 physically disabled	 incapacitated by old age or infirmity	 a widow or a person in detention or in person can cultivate the land through a servant or hired labourer under the personal supervision of his or her guardian or agent. If it is permissible to cultivate a land through another person as specified in clauses (b) to (g) of section 2(12)	 it is difficult to understand why residence in the village where the land is situated or in an adjoining village should be compulsory for all persons	 even for minors	 widows	 insane persons and persons in detention. The exception made by the legislature in favour of the members of defence forces ought to be extended to these other persons also	 The exclusion of a constitutional challenge under Articles 14	 19 and 31 which is provided for by Article 31A does not justify in equity the irrational violation of these articles. This Court did observe in Waman Rao(l) that: "It may happen that while existing inequalities are being removed	 new inequalities may arise marginally and incidentally" but the legislature has to take care to see that even marginal and incidental inequalities are not created without rhyme or reason. The Government of J & K would do well to give fresh consideration to the provisions contained in section 7 (2) and modify the provisions regarding residence in order that they may accord with reason and commonsense. Article 31A does not frown upon reason and commonsense For these reasons	 we uphold the constitutional validity of the Jammu and Kashmir Agrarian Reforms Act	 1976 and dismiss these petitions. There will be no order as to costs.

The petitioners challenged the constitutional validity of Jammu and Kashmir Agrarian Reforms Act	 17 of 1976 on the ground that the Act violated Articles 14	 19 and 31 of the Constitution. The petitioners contended that as the Act contained certain provisions which were not co related to agrarian welfare	 the Act could not be said to be a measure of agrarian reform and therefore not saved by Article 31A of the Constitution. Dismissing the petitions	 ^ HELD: The Act is a measure of agrarian reform and is saved by article 31A from the challenge under articles 14	 19 or 31 of the Constitution. [541 D] The question as to whether any particular Act is a measure of agrarian reform has to be decided by looking at the dominant purpose of that Act. In the instant case the dominant purpose of the statute is to bring about a just and equitable redistribution of lands	 which is achieved by making the tiller of the soil the owner of the land which he cultivates and by imposing a ceiling on the extent of the land which any person	 whether landlord or tenant	 can hold. The matters which are dealt with by the Act are essential steps in any well conceived scheme of agrarian reform. The decision in Kochuni was treated in Ranjit Singh as a special case which cannot apply to cases where the general scheme of legislation is definitely agrarian reform and under its provisions	 something ancillary thereto in the interests of rural economy has to be under taken to give full effect to those reforms. [541 A D	 541 D] Ranjit Singh vs State of Punjab	 ; and Kavalappara Rottarathil Kochuni & Ors. vs State of Madras & Ors.	 	 referred to. The circumstance that the Act is made applicable to agricultural lands situated within the limits of local authorities will not affect its character as a measure of agrarian reform. If any land situated in a developed area is used predominantly for the purpose of agriculture	 it is open to the legislature to 537 include that land in a scheme of agrarian reform so as to make the tiller of that land its owner. The hypothetical possibility that after becoming statutory owners of agricultural lands situated in developed areas on payment of a paltry price	 the tillers will part with those lands at a high price which lands in developed areas like urban areas fetch	 cannot affect the basic position that the Act is conceived in the larger interest of agrarian reform. The payment of a larger compensation to land holders under a land reform law than what would be payable under an Act like the Urban Ceiling Act does not lead to the conclusion that the former is not a measure of agrarian reform. [543 A F] Section 7(2)(b) of the Act creates an anomalous situation	 especially in the context of the definition of 'personal cultivation ' in section 2(12) of the Act. If it is permissible to cultivate a land through another person as specified in clauses (b) to (g) of section 2(12)	 there is no reason why residence in the village where the land is situated or in an adjoining village should be compulsory for all persons	 even for minors	 widows	 insane persons and persons in detention. The exception made by the legislature in favour of the members of defence forces ought to be extended to these other persons also. The exclusion of a constitutional challenge under Articles	 14	 19 and 31 which is provided for by Article 31A does not justify in equity the irrational violation or these articles. [543 G	 544 B D] Waman Rao & Ors. vs Union of India & Ors. ; 	 referred to.