Summarize the following court judgment. ivil Appeal No. 1832 of 1967. Appeal under section 116 A of the Representation of the People Act	 1951 from the judgment and order dated October 31	 1967 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court	 Indore Bench in Election Petition No. 40 of 1967. S.V. Gupte	 Rarneshwar Nath	 Mahinder Narainand	 Ravinder Nath for the appellant. Sarjoo Prasad and D.N. Misra for respondent No. 1. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by	 Mitter	 J. This is an appeal from a judgment of the Madhya Pradesh High Court by a returned candidate at an election to Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Ujjain North Constituency held in February 1967 declaring the election of the appellant void under section 98 of the Representation of the People Act (hereinafter referred to as the Act). There was no less than eight candidates at the said election	 five of whom polled very few votes. The result of the election so far as the other three were concerned was as follows: 1. Mahadev Govind Joshi	 the returned candidate secured 23	709 votes 2. Mrs. Hansaban Patel polled '10	767 		 3. Shri Bansidhar Azad polled 7	093 . The election petition was filed by the husband of the 2nd respondent	 Mrs. Hansaben Patel. In the petition numerous grounds were taken. for declaring the election of the appellant void under 424 the Act and no less than five issues with different sub heads were flamed by the court on August 31	 1967	 but at the final stage the hearing only the first issue was canvassed. The said issue reads as follows: "1. (a) Was the respondent No. 1 holding one or more of the three following offices of profit ? (i) his being included in the panel of lawyers prepared by the Central and Western Railway Administration; (ii) his holding the post of the president member of a tribunal constituted under section 73 of the M.P. Town Improvement Trusts Act	 1960; (iii) his holding the office of Professor of law in the Madhav College	 Ujjain on regular salary of Rs. 250 p.m.; (b) If so	 its effect ?" Before the trial Judge a number of documents were exhibited and some witnesses were examined. The learned trial Judge was of opinion that the appellant	 the successful candidate held an office of profit under Government being on the panel of lawyers prepared by the Central and Western Railway Administration and having been at the material time a Professor of Law in the Madhav College on a regular salary of Rs. 250 per month	 but he was not prepared to hold on the material before him that the appellant held the post of the President member of a Tribunal constituted under section 73 of the Madhya Pradesh Town Improvement Trust Act	 1960. The first alleged disqualification is based on a letter of appointment dated February 6	 1962 addressed by the Chief Commercial Superintendent to the appellant who accepted the conditions and terms of that letter by his reply within a few days thereafter. The letter of the Commercial Superintendent ' shows that the appellant 's name. was kept on the panel of Railway Pleaders for conducting suits filed against the Union of India in the courts of Ujjain on the terms and conditions therein 'mentioned. It is not necessary to recapitulate the terms excepting three or four to be mentioned presently. The first term showed that the appellant was ordinarily to be entrusted with cases up to valuation of rupees three thousand only. The ninth term imposed a condition on the appellant that he would not ' accept any briefs against. any Railway in any court. Clause (13) of the terms is really the most important one for our present purposes :and reads as follows : "You will be expected to watch cases coming up for hearing against this Railway in the various courts at 425 UJB and give timely intimation of the same to this office. H no instructions regarding any particular case are received by you	 will be expected to appear in the court and obtain an 	adjournment to save the exparte proceedings against this Railway in the court. You will be paid Rs. 5 for every such adjournment if you are not entrusted with the conduct of the suit later On. " The other terms deal mostly with the fees and the expenses to which the appellant would be entitled if he accepted the engagement. The question before us is	 whether by accepting the engagement	 the appellant could be said to have held an office of profit. The word 'office ' according to Webster 's New World Dictionary means	 inter alia	 "a function or duty assigned to someone	 specially as an essential part of his work or position	 a position of authority or trust especially in a Government	 Corporation etc." According to Jowitt 's Law Dictionary	 it means the right and duty to exercise an employment such as an office of a trustee	 executor	 guardian	 director	 Sheriff	 Judge etc. ' The expression 'office of profit ' finds a place in an old English Act	 namely	 the Act of Settlement	 1701	 section 3 of which provided that "no person having an office or place of profit under the Crown could be a member of the House of Commons. " The meaning of the expression came up for consideration by this Court in a recent case. The Statesman (Private) Ltd. vs H.R. Deb and others(x) decided on April 2	 1968. There	 a question arose as to whether the respondent	 H.R. Deb	 was qualified to hold a judicial office in India in terms of section 7 (3) of the Industrial Disputes Act. Under that provision "a person shall not be qualified for appointment as the presiding officer of a Labour Court	 unless inter alia. (d) he has held any judicial office in India for not less than seven years". The facts relating to the career of Mr. Deb as found by this Court were as follows. He was first appointed in 1940 as a Sub Deputy Collector and was vested with powers of a Third Class Magistrate. Thereafter	 he was vested with powers of a Second Class Magistrate	 and after a year or so with those of a First Class Magistrate. There seems to have been some difference of opinion between the Judges of the High Court on the point as to whether Mr. Deb held a judicial office or whether he merely discharged certain judicial functions. According to the judgment of this Court delivered by the learned Chief Justice "the dispute	 therefore	 really reduces itself to this: Does the Magistrate hold ' an "office?" An office means no more than a position to which certain duties are attached. " The learned Chief Justice also referred to the Judicial Officers Protection Act which (1) ; 3 Sup. CI/69 10 426 was enacted to protect not only Civil Judges but also Magistrates	 and observed that "office means a fixed position for performance of duties. " We may also refer to certain observations of the House of Lords in 'the case of Mcmillan vs Guest(1). There LOrd Wright in delivering his opinion said: 1 "The word "office" is of indefinite content. Its various meanings cover four columns of the New English Dictionary	 but I take as the most relevant for purposes of this case the following: "A position or place to which certain duties are "attached	 especially one of a more or less public character. " This was a case arising out of assessment under the Income tax Act. The appellant was a director of A. Wander	 Ld.	 a private company which was resident and controlled in the United Kingdom. He was appointed a director by the articles of association and had no contract of service with the company. Since 1919 he had been resident in the United States of America	 and in 1938 he became a naturalized American citizen. He had gone over to America to take over the management of a company in Chicago allied to the predecessors of A. Wander	 Ld.	 for whom he opened a Canadian office	 and concerned himself in the administrative and selling organization there. Copies of minutes;annual balance sheets etc. were regularly sent to the appellant in America	 but he attended no board meetings in England except one in 1931 and only one in Chicago in 1925. He was not required to attend board meetings of the English company	 and notices of such meetings were not sent to him. The question before the House of Lords was whether he held an office within the U.K. for the purposes of rule 6 of the Rules applicable to Sch. E to the Income Tax Act	 1918 and the House of Lords was of the view that he held an office and dismissed his appeal. If by "office" is meant the right and duty to exercise an employment or a position to which certain duties are attached as observed by this Court	 it is difficult to see why the engagement of the appellant in. this case under t	he letter of February 6	 1962 would not amount to the appellant s holding an office. By the said letter he accepted certain obligations and was required to discharge certain duties. He was not free to take a brief against the Railway Administration. Whether or not the Railway Administration thought it proper to entrust any particular case or litigation pending in the court to him	 it was his duty to watch all cases coming up for hearing against the Railway Administration and to give timely intimation of the same to the office of the Chief Commercial Superintendent. Even if no instructions regarding any particular case were given to him	 he was expected (1) 427 to appear in court and obtain an adjournment. In effect this cast a duty on him to appear m court and obtain an adjournment so as to protect me interests of the Railway. The duty or obligation was a continuing one so long as the railway did not think it proper to remove his name from the panel of Railway lawyers so long as he did not intimate to the Railway Administration that he desired to be free from his obligation to render service to the Railway. In the absence of the above he was bound by the terms the engagement to watch the interests of the Railway Administration	 give them timely intimation of cases in which they were involved and on his own initiative apply for an adjournment in proceedings in which the Railway had made no arrangement for representation. It is true that he would get a sum of money only he appeared but the possibility that the Railway might not engage him is a matter	 of no moment. An office of profit really means an office in respect of which a profit may accrue. It is not necessary that it should be possible to predicate of a holder of an office of profit that he was bound to get a certain amount profit irrespective of the duties discharged by him. Learned counsel for the appellant argued that the appellant was not a salaried employee of the Railway. He was not even bound to act for the Railways and if he thought it proper to accept a brief against the railway the Railway Administration could only take steps against him for breach of professional etiquette and nothing more. According to counsel	 he could only get remuneration in case he thought it proper to act on the terms of the letter and appeared in any case to support the cause of the Railway. In our view	 although it was open to the appellant to terminate the engagement at any time and he might even commit a breach of etiquette by accepting a brief against the Railway without formally putting an end to the engagement	 that would not detract from the position that he was in duty bound to work the Railway Administration and see that its causes did not suffer by default. So long as the engagement was not put an end to	 he was holding an office of profit in the Railway Administration	 and as such was disqualified for being elected to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh. The question as to whether the appellant was holding an office of profit under the Government of Madhya Pradesh as a Professor of Law in the Madhav College	 Ujjain is not altogether free from difficulty. This college was at first one owned and managed by the Government. In 1950 the appellant was invited by the Principal of the College to come and work as a lecturer. He did so for some time and his work was purely on the basis of an arrangement between himself and the Principal. In July	 952 the Principal wrote to the Education Department that the appellant should be formally appointed. Thereupon the Deputy Secretary	 Education Department	 wrote to the Director of Edu 428 cation on April 7	 1952 conveying sanction of the Rajpramukh to the appellant 's appointment on one year 's probation as a part time Professor of Law in Madhav College on a fixed salary of Rs. 250 per month with effect from the date he assumed his duties in a temporary capacity	 that is to say	 August 1	 1951. The appellant was employed only as a part time lecturer without increment or Provident Fund benefits. His appointment was never confirmed by any letter. It is	 however	 the common case of the parties that he continued to act as a lecturer in Law in Madhav College till July 1967. Up to March 1959 the College was not only a Government owned institution but one which was being managed from day to day directly by its Education Department. In 1959 there were certain changes in the management of the institution	 but without the Government relinquishing ownership or ultimate control. As a matter of fact	. an agreement was entered into on March 16	 1959 between the Governor of Madhya Pradesh and Vikram University Ujjain	 a body corporate formed under section 3 of the Madhya Bharat Vikram University Act	 1955	 regarding certain terms under which the Governor 'had offered to transfer to the University the management of the Madhav College	 together with its buildings and premises etc. for a period of five years in the fi.rst instance commencing from the 1st of April	 1959 and ending on the 31st March	 1964. The agreement also recorded that the University was to be in charge of the management for the said period subject to the terms and conditions therein mentioned. Under cl. (15) of the said terms and conditions "the existing members of the staff and other servants of the said college shall be treated as being on deputation to the University during its period of management and shall be deemed to have been deputed on the usual foreign service conditions	 retaining their lien in the State Educational Service. The University shall be liable to make payment of salaries and other allowances	 except the deputation allowance	 to the members of the staff and other servants of the said college	 in employment at the date of its transfer. " Under cl. (16) "the University shall be entitled to make fresh appointments in regard to the staff and other servants for the said college and	 on the University informing the Governor in this behalf	 the Governor shall take back within a period of three months from the date of receiving information from the University	 in the State Government 's service the members of the existing staff and other servants belonging to the said college at the time of execution of this agreement. " On March 31	 1964 a telegram was sent to the Vice Chancellor	 Vikram University recording that "pending Government decision on Sen Committee Report existing arrangement regarding Madhav College may continue on the same terms till 30th of June 1964. " There is a further letter dated July 17	 1964 showing that the Government had decided to. transfer the management of the 429 College and a regular transfer deed was in the course of preparation	 but 	actually there is nothing to show that a transfer deed was executed as contemplated. The position became complicated by reason of the fact that as a Government servant under the Fundamental Rules in force at the time of his appointment	 the appellant could continue in service only till he attained the age of 55. The age of superannuation was later increased to 58. But even on this basis the appellant had attained the age of 58 on June 30	 1964 and would be deemed to have retired from Government service unless a special order to continue him in service was made. No such order was	 as a matter of fact	 made. Under the Rules of the University a teacher could be continued in service up to the age of sixty but not beyond with this qualification that if a teacher reached the age of sixty during the currency of an academic session he might be permitted to continue in service and retire at the end of the session. The letters which passed between the Vikram University on the one hand and the Government of Madhya Pradesh and/or the appellant in this case on the other which form part of the record do not permit us to come to any conclusion as to the manner in which the employment of the appellant under the Government as a part time Professor of Law in Madhav College came to an end. On January 1	 1965 the Under Secretary to the Government of Madhya Pradesh	 Education Department	 wrote a letter to the Principal of Madhav College asking for information as to whether the appellant	 a part time Professor of Law	 was confirmed in his existing post. The record does not include any reply to this letter. On May 22	 1967 the Registrar of the University addressed a letter to the Principal	 Madhav College drawing his attention to the fact that in terms of el. 5 of Schedule B of Statute 7 B of the University Calendar the appellant would retire on June 30	 1967 as he had already attained the age of 60 years on 31st July 1966. The occasion for writing this letter is not quite clear unless it related to his election to the Legislative Assembly because by the last sentence of the letter the writer was asking the Principal as to whether the appellant had resigned from his post on his being elected as an M.L.A. On July 4	 1967 after the filing of the election petition	 the Registrar of Vikram University intimated to the appellant in writing that his services as part time Professor of Law would not be required with effect from the commencement of the academic session 1967 68 i.e. from Monday	 the 17th July 1967.The letter went on to add: "Your tenure as part time Professor of Law in Madhav College	 Ujjain has therefore ceased with effect from June 30	 1967. " By letter dated 31st July 1967 the Registrar of the University intimated the Secretary to the Government of Madhya Pradesh 430 Education Department	 that under instruction dated 31st March 1967 the University had been asked to maintain the status quo with respect to teachers transferred to the University until final terms and conditions of transfer were eftected and in the absence of any Government orders to the contrary	 the appellant also continued to remain in the service of the University. Finally	 the letter recorded that in terms of the rules of the University fixing 60 years as the age of superannuation for teachers	 the appellant had been informed that his services would not be required after 30th June 1967. It was during the hearing of the election petition that a letter dated 9th October 1967 came to be written by the Under Secretary to the Government of Madhya Pradesh	Education Department to the Registrar	 Vikram University that the appellant had ceased to be in Government service with effect from 30th June 1964 in terms .of the rule prescribing 58 years as the age of superannuation for Government servants. The last letter may legitimately be subject to a comment that efforts were being made to establish that the appellant had ceased to be in Government service after June 30	 1964. It is all the more surprising that the letter of October 9	 1967 should be written at such an opportune moment when more than two years before the Under Secretary was himself enquiring of the Principal as to whether the appellant had been confirmed in his existing post. Learned counsel for the appellant contended that after attaining the age of 58 the appellant must be treated as not in ernment service and as the University had the power to manage the affairs of the College	 in effect it retained him in exercise of its rights under the above mentioned rule but this would not make the appellant 's emp1oyment one under the Government. On the other hand	 it was contended by learned counsel for the resportdent that we should ignore these deeming provisions of the Fundamental Rules and hold that. as a matter of fact the appellant had continued in service till 1967 notwithstanding the Fundamental Rules of the Madhya Pradesh Government and the rules of the University which permitted the termination of his service before February 1967 but which were never resorted to. For the purpose of this case	 it is nor necessary to express any final opinion on the joint except to say that the contention put forward on behalf of the appellant seems to have great force. The appellant was only a temporary Government servant. lie had never 'become permanent. lie really had no lien on the post. He was sent on deputation to the University in 1959 and in the ordinary course of things such deputation would have come to an end in 1964 when he attained the are of superannuation. It was really for the Umversity. to ignore the fact. that he had been superannuated.in 1964 and.continue him in service	 but that would be an 431 act of the University and not of the Government. There is room for doubt as to whether in the circumstances mentioned above the appellant was holding an office Of profit under the Government as a Lecturer in law in the Madhav College by reason of the fact that no order was passed in respect of him at any time either by the Government or by the University until after the filing of the election petition. The last point of disqualification alleged was whether the appellant could be said to have been a holder of an office of profit by reason of his appointment as Chairman of the Improvement Trust Tribunal in Ujjain City. The appointment was gazetted in October 1966 by a notification to the effect that the State Government was pleased to constitute the Tribunal as specified below for the purpose of section 73 of the Madhya Pradesh Improvement Trusts Act	 1960	 for acquisition of land at Ujjain. President Shri M.C. Joshi	 Advocate	 Ujjain. Assessors. Shri Chand Narayan Rajdan	 Retired Traffic Superintendent Agar Light Railway Ujjain. The High Court in its judgment noted that there was no 'clear positive indication that the appellant had been consulted beforehand. There is certainly no evidence that he had acted on the appointment or that he had ever taken charge of the office. The finding of the High Court is that when the order was delivered at his house	 the appellant took it and did not inform anybody connected with the Trust	 or as for that matter	 the Government	 that the order had come to him by mistake and he was not "M. C. Joshi" as mentioned in the notification. The High Court gave	 the appellant what it terms "the benefit of doubt" on this alleged disqualification. But quite apart from the mistake as regards the name	 it is difficult to hold that the appellant held the office of profit as the President of the Tribunal. As noted already	 he had never been approached for the purpose nor had he ever signified his willingness to act under the terms of the notification. He had never taken charge of any office nor had he ever discharged any function with regard to the office. In the circumstances	 it would hardly be right to hold that he was holding an office of profit under the Government. On the materials before it the High Court was not prepared to hold 'that the appellant was the holder of an office of profit and on the facts of this case	 we do not feel called upon to disturb the finding. of the High Court. In the result	 the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. R.K.P.S Appeal dismissed.

The appellant 's election to the M.P. Legislative Assembly in February 1957 was challenged by an election petition mainly on the allegation 	that he was disqualified from being a candidate as he held certain offices of profit under the Government. The trial Judge allowed the election petition holding that the appellant held an office	 of profit under the Government being on the panel of lawyers prepared by the Central 'and Western Railway Administration and having been at the material time a Professor of Law in a Government College on a regular salary of Rs. 250 per month; it was also held that on the material before the court it could not be said that the appellant held the post of the President Member of a Tribunal constituted under section 73 of the Madhya Pradesh Town Improvement Trust Act	 1960. On appeal to this Court	 HELD: Dismissing the appeal: (i) "By office" is meant the right and duty to exercise an employment or a position to which certain duties are attached. The appellant held such an office by his enagagement on the	 basis of a letter of appointment dated February 6	 1962 addressed to him by ' the Chief Commercial Superintendent of the Railway and his reply thereto whereby he accepted certain obligations and was required to discharge. certain duties. lie was not free to take a brief against the Railway Administration. Whether or not the Railway Administration thought it proper to entrust any particular case to him	 it was his duty to watch 'all cases coming up fog hearing against the Railway Administration and to give timely intimation of the same to the office of the Chief Commercial Superintendent. Even if no instructions regarding any particular case were given to him	 he was expected to appear in court and obtain adjournment. In effect this cast a continuing duty on him to protect the interests of the Railway as long as his engagement continued. The fact that the appellant would be paid only if he appeared in a case and the possibility of the Railway 's not engaging him was a matter of no moment. An office of profit realy means an office in respect of which a profit may accrue. It is not necessary that it should be possible to predicate of a holder of an office of profit that he was bound to get a certain amount of profit irrespective of the duties discharged by him. [426 F 427 C] Although it was open to the appellant to terminate the engagement at any time and he might even commit a breach of etiquette by 'accepting a brief against the Railway without formally putting. an end to the engagement that would ' not detract from the position that he was in duty bound to work for the Railway Administration and see that it causes did not suffer by default. So long as the engagement was not put an end to	 he was holding an office of profit in the Railway Adminis 423 tration	 and as such was disqualified for being elected to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh. The Statesman (Private) Ltd. vs H.R. Deb and others ; ; Mcmillan vs Guest [1942] Appeal Cases 561; referred to. [427 E F] (ii) Although it was not necessary for the purpose of the present case to express any final opinion on the point	 on the facts	 there was great force in the appellant 's contention that he did not hold an office of profit by being a Professor of Law in a Government College on a salary of. Rs. 250 per month. The Management of the College in question had been handed ' over W the University The appellant was only a temporary Government servant. He had never become permanent nor had a 	lien on the post. He was sent on deputation to the University in 1959 and in the ordinary course of things such deputation would have come to an end in 1964 when he attained the age of superannuation. No order was passed in respect of him at any time either by the Government or by the University until after the firing of the election petition. [430 F 431 B] (iii) On the facts	 it was difficult to hold that the appellant held the office: of profit as the President of a Tribunal constituted under section 73 of the Madhya Pradesh Town Improvement Trust Act	 1950. He had never been approached for the purpose nor had he ever signified his willingness to act under the terms of the notification. He had never taken charge of 'any office nor had he ever discharged any function with regard to the office. [431 G]