Summarize the following court judgment. (Crl.) No. 116 of 1990. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India). R.K. Garg	 N.D. Garg	 Rajiv Kr. Garg and P.C. Choudhary for the Petitioner. U.R. Lalit and Ms. Kamini Jaiswal for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VERMA	 J. The short question arising for decision by us is the true meaning of Sub section (2) of Section 427 of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 1973 and its effect. For an Offence of murder committed on 17.9.1978 the petitioner	 Ranjit Singh	 was convicted under Section 302 I.P.C. by the Sessions Judge on 6. 3.1979 and sentenced to life imprisonment which was confirmed by the High Court of Punjab & Haryana. While the petitioner was on parole after his conviction and sentence for first murder	 he was tried for the second murder committed On October 25	 1980 and convicted under Section 303 I.P.C. This conviction was altered to one under Section 302 I.P.C. and for the second murder	 also the petitioner was sentenced by this Court on 30.9. 1983 to life imprisonment instead of death sentence. This Court while disposing of the. petitioner 's appeal	 in this manner	 directed as under: 746 "We feel that life imprisonment would be the proper sentence that should be imposed upon the appellant. We accordingly reduce the sentence of death imposed upon him and	 sen tence him to suffer rigorous imprisonment for life. However	 since the present murder was committed by him within a span of one year of his earlier conviction and that too when he was released .on parole we are clearly of the view that the instant sentence of imprisonment for life awarded to him should not run concur rently with his earlier sentence Of life imprisonment. We therefore	 direct that in case any remission or commutation in respect of his earlier sentence is granted to him the present sentence should .commence thereafter. " The petitioner has now filed this Writ Petition under Arti cle 32 of the Constitution for issuance of a suitable writ or direction to correct	the above direction given in the 0order dated September 30	 1983 to bring it in consonance with Section 427(2) Cr. P.C. and consequently for his re lease on the ground that both life sentences had to run concurrently in accordance with Section 427(2) Cr. P.C. and he is entitled to relief because he has undergone fourteen years sentence of imprisonment with remissions at the time of filing the Writ Petition on February 19	 1990. This is how the question of construction of Section 427(2) Cr. P.C. arises in the present case. Section 427 of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 1973 is as under: "427. Sentence on offender already sentenced for another offence (1) When a person already undergoing a sentence of im prisonment is sentenced on a subsequent con viction to imprisonment or imprisonment for life	 such imprisonment ' or imprisonment for life shall commence at the expiration of the imprisonment to which he has been previously sentenced	 unless the Court directs that the subsequent sentence shall run concurrently with such previous sentence: Provided that where a person	 who has	 been sentenced to imprisonment by an order under Section 122 in default of furnishing security is	 whilst undergoing such sentence	 sentenced to imprisonment for an offence committed prior to the making of such order	 the latter sen tence shall commence immediately. 747 (2) When a person already undergoing a sentence of imprisonment for life is sen tenced on a subsequent conviction to. impris onment for a term or imprisonment for life	 the subsequent sentence shall run concurrently with such previous Sentence . ' ' Shri R.K. Garg	 learned counsel for the petitioner strenu ously urged that this Court 's above quoted direction in the judgment dated 30.9.1983 passed in Criminal Appeal No. 418 of 1982 while affirming the conviction under Section 302 I.P.C. for the second murder and imposing the punishment of life imprisonment for it 'also amounts to directing that the two sentences of life imprisonment are tO run consecutively and not concurrently which is in direct conflict with Sub section (2) of Section 427 Cr. P.C. He 	urged that the life 'span of a person Could be only one and therefore 	any subsequent life sentence must run concurrently and not consecutively which is the clear mandate :of Section 427(2). On this basis	 it was	 urged that this Court 's direction in the above manner on the petitioner 'S conviction for the second offence of murder is contrary to Section 427(2) of the Code 01 Criminal Procedure	 1973. This is the basis of the reliefs claimed on behalf of the .petitioner. In reply	 Shri U.R. Lalit. appearing. on behalf of respondents	 con tended that the direction of this Court properly construed is not contrary to Section 427(2) Cr. P.C. and	 therefore	 the question of issuing any writ or directions claimed by the petitioner does not arise. We may straightaway mention that the question of grant of relief under Article 32 of the Constitution does not arise on the above facts. The petitioner 's incarceration is the result of a valid judicial order and	 therefore	 ' there can be no valid claim to the infringement of any fundamental right which alone can be the foundation for a writ under Article 32 of the COnstitution. The only question	 it ap pears	 therefore	 is about the correct construction of the direction given by this Court in its judgment dated 30.9.1983 in Criminal Appeal No. 418 of 1982 in the fight of the true meaning of Section427(2) Cr. The meaning of a sentence of imprisonment for life is no longer res integra; It was held by a Constitution Bench in Gopal Vinayak Godse vs The State of Maharashtra and Others	 ; that a sentence of transportation for life or imprisonment for life must prima facie be treated as transportation Or imprisonment for the whole of the remain ing period of the convicted person 's natural life. It was further held: 748 "Unless the said sentence is commut ed or remitted by appropriate authority under the relevant provisions of the Indian Penal Code or the Code of Criminal Procedure	 a prisoner sentenced to life imprisonment is bound in law to serve the life term in prison. " The contention that a sentence of life imprisonment was to be treated as a sentence of imprisonment for a fixed term was expressly rejected. This view was followed and reiterat ed in Maru Ram vs Union of India & Ant.	 [1981] 1 S.C.R. 1196 while considering the effect of Section 433A introduced in the Code of Criminal Procedure	 1973 with effect from 18.12.1978. The Constitution Bench in Maru Ram summarised one of its conclusions as under: "We follow Godse 's case (supra) to hold that imprisonment for life lasts until the last breath	 and whatever the length of remissions earned	 the prisoner can claim release only if the remaining sentence is remitted by Govern ment. " Another conclusion in Maru Ram was that the mandatory mini mum of 14 years ' actual imprisonment prescribed by Section 433A which has supremacy over the Remission Rules and short sentencing statutes made by the various States will not operate against those whose cases were decided by the trial court before the 18th December	 1978 when Section 433A came 'into force but Section 433A would apply to those sentenced 'by the trial court after 18.12.1978 even though the offence was committed prior to that date. From these decisions it is obvious that the mandatory minimum of 14 years '. actual imprisonment prescribed by Section 433A is applicable to petitioner in respect of both sentences of life imprisonment since the conviction by the trial court even for the first murder was after 18.12.1.978	 the second offence itself being committed after '18.12.1978. There is no dispute that the mandatory minimum of 14 years ' actual imprisonment	 as required by Section 433A even for the first sentence of life imprisonment	 has not been served out by the petitioner and	 therefore	 irrespective of the points raised in this petition on the basis of Section 427(2) Cr. P.C. the petitioner cannot claim relief much less a writ under Article 32 of the Constitution in the absence of the remaining sentence being remitted by the Government. This alone is sufficient to refuse any relief under Article 32 of the Constitution. The question now is of the meaning of Section 472(2) Cr. P.C	 and its effect	 in the present case	 in view of the above quoted direc 749 tion Of this Court in its judgment dated 30.9.1983. Sub section (1) of Section 427Cr. P.C. provides for the situation when a person already undergoing a sentence of imprisonment is sentenced on a subsequent conviction to imprisonment or life imprisonment. In other words	 Sub section (1) of Section 427 Cr. P.C. deals with an offender who while undergoing sentence for a fixed term is ' subse quently convicted to imprisonment for a fixed term or for life. In such a situation	 the first sentence	 being for a fixed term	 expires on a definite date which is known when the subsequent conviction is made. 	 Sub section (1) says that in ' such a situation	 the date of expiry of the first sentence which the offender is undergoing being known	 ordinarily the subsequent sentence would commence at the expiration of the first term of imprisonment unless the Court .directs the subsequent sentence to run concurrently with the previous sentence. Obviously	 in cases ' covered by Sub section (1)where the sentence is for a fixed ' term	 the subsequent sentence Can be consecutive unless directed to run concurrently. Sub section (2)	 on the other hand	 pro vides for an offender "alreadly undergoing sentence of imprisonment for life" who is sentenced on a subsequent conviction to imprisonment for a term or for life. It is well settled since the decision of this Court in Gopal Vinayaka Godse and reiterated in Maru Ram that imprisonment for life is a sentence for the remainder or the life of the offender unless the remaining sentence is commuted or remit ted by the appropriate authority. This being so at the.stage of sentencing by the Court On a subsequent conviction	 the earlier sentence of imprisonment for life must be understood in this manner and	 therefore	 there can be no question of a subsequent sentence of. impriosnment for a term or for life running consecutively which is the general rule laid down in Sub . section (1) of Section 427. As rightly contended 'by Shri Garg	 and not disputed by Shri Lalit	 the earlier sentence of imprisonment for life being understood to mean as sentence to serve the remainder of life in prison unless commuted or remitted by the appropriate authority and a person having only one life ' span	 the sentence on a subse quent conviction of imprisonment for a term or imprisonment for life can only be superimposed to the earlier life sen tence and certainly not added to it since extending the life span of the offender or for that 'matter anyone is beyond .human might. It is this obvious situation which is stated in sub section (2) of Section 427 since the general ' rule enunciated in sub section (1) thereof is that without the Court 's direction the subse . quent sentence will. not run concurrently	 but consecutively. The only situation in which no direction of the Court is needed to make the subse quent sentence run concurrently with the previous sentence is 750 provided for in Sub section (2) which has been enacted to avoid any possible controversy based on Sub section. (1) if there be no express direction of the Court to that effect. Sub section (2) is in the nature of anexCeption to the general rule enacted in Sub section (1) of Section 427 that 'a sentence on subsequent conviction commences on expiry of the first sentence unless the Court directs it to run concurrently. The meaning and purpose of Sub sections (1) & (2)of Section 427 and the object of en	acting Sub section ?)is	 therefore	 Clear. We are not required to say anything regarding the practical. effect of remission or commutation of the sentences since that question does not arise in the present case. The limited controversy before us has been indicated. The only question now is of 'the meaning and effect of the above quoted direction in this Court 's judgment dated 30.9.1983 It is obvious that the direction .of this Court must be con strued to harmonise with Section 427(2) Cr. P.C. which is the statutory mandate apart from being the obvious truth. The subsequent sentence of imprisonment for life has	 there fore	 to run concurrently with the read as sentenceof imprisonment for life awarded to the petitioner. Thed exercise is to construe the last sentence in the direction which re under: "We	 therefore	 direct that in case any remission or commutation .in respect of his earlier sentence is grant ed to him the present sentence should commence thereafter. " It is in the background of this ultimate direction that the proceeding portion has to be read. This last sentence in the direction means that in case	 any remission or commutation is granted in respect of the earlier. sentence. of life imprisonment alone then the benefit of that remission or .commutation will not ipso facto be available in respect of the sub. sequent sentence of life imprisonment which would continue to be unaffected by the remission or commuta tion in respect of the earlier sentence alone. In other WordS	 the operation of the superimposed subsequent sen tence	 of life imprisonment shall not be wiped out .merely because in respect of the corresponding earlier sentence of life imprisonment any remission or commutation has been granted by the appropriate authority. The consequence is that the petitioner would not 'get any practical 'benefit of any remission or commutation respect of his earlier sentence because of the superimposed subsequent life sen tence unless the same corresponding benefit in respect of the subsequent sentence. is also .granted tO the petitioner. It is in this manner that the direction is given for the	 two Sentences of life impri 751 sonment not to run concurrently. The ultimate direction contained in the last sentence is obviously for this purpose. So construed the direction of this Court in the judgment dated 30.9.1983 in Criminal Appeal No. 418 of 1982 fully harmonises with Section 427(2) Cr. P.C. This is the clarification we make of this Court 's judgment dated 30.9. 1983 in Criminal Appeal No. 4 18 of 1982. We have already stated that this petition 'for the issuance of a writ Under Article 32 of the Constitution is untenable. We have	 there ' fore	 treated it as a petition for clarification of the judgment dated 30.9.1983 in Criminal Appeal No. 418 of 1982. Accordingly	 the petition is disposed of with this clarifi cation. R.P. Petition disposed of.

The petitioner who was convicted under section 302 IPC on 6.3.1979 and sentenced to life imprisonment; was also tried for a second murder committed while he was on parole after his conviction and sentence for the first murder	 and was convicted under section '303 IPC. Altering the conviction to one under section 302 IPC	 for the second murder this Court sentenced him to life imprisonment instead of death sentence and by its judgment dated 30.9.1983 directed that in case any remission and commutation in respect of his earlier sentence 'was granted	 the latter sentence should commence thereafter. The petitioner filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution. praying for his release on the ground that both the life sentences had to run concurrently in accord ance with section 1427(2) Cr. P.C.	 and as he had undergone 14 years sentence of imprisonment with remissions at the time of filing the writ petition on .February 19	 1990	 he was entitled to be released. 'It was contended that this Court 's direc	 tion dated 30.9.83 was .contrary to section 427(2) of the Code of Criminal 743 Procedure	 1973 since it amounted to directing that the two sentences of life imprisonment were to run consecutively and not concurrently. On behalf of the respondents it was contended that the direction of this Court	 properly construed	 was not contrary to.s. 427(2) Cr. P.C. and	 therefore	 the question of issuing any writ or directions as claimed by the peti tioners did not arise. Disposing of the petition treating it as one for clari fication of the judgment dated 30.9.1983 this Court	 HELD: 1.1 A sentence of transportation for life or imprisonment for life must prima facie be treated as trans portation or imprisonment for the whole of the remaining period of the convicted person 's natural life unless the remaining sentence is 'commuted or remitted by the appropri ate authority. This being so at the stage of sentencing by the Court on a subsequent conviction	 the earlier sentence of imprisonment for life must be understood in this manner and	 therefore	 there can b no question of a subsequent sentence of imprisonment for a term or for life running consecutively which is the general rule laid down in sub s (1) ors. 427	 Cr. P.C. [747G; 749D E] 1.2 The earlier sentence of imprisonment for life being under stood to mean as sentence to serve the remainder of life in prison unless commuted or remitted by the appropri ate authority and a person having only one life span	 the sentence on a subsequent conviction of imprisonment for a term or imprisonment for life as envisaged by section 427(2) of the Cr. P.C.	 can only be superimposed to the earlier life sentence and certainly not added to it since extending the life span of the offender or for that matter anyone is beyond human might. [749F G] It cannot be said that a sentence of life imprisonment is to b treated asasentence of imprisonment for a fixed term. [748B] Gopal Vinayak Godse vs The Stateof Maharashtra & Ors.	 ; and MaruRam vs Union of India & Anr.	 ; 	 followed. 2.1 The operation of the superimposed subsequent sen tence of Iife imprisonment should not be wiped out merely because in respect of to correspondingI earlier sentence of life imprisonment any remission or commutation was granted by the appropriate.authority. [75lF G] 744 2.2 In the instant case	 the last sentence in the direc tion meant that in case	 any remission or commutation was granted in. respect. of the earlier sentence of life impris onment alone then the benefit of that remission or commuta tion would not ipso facto be available in respect of the subsequent sentence of life imprisonment which would contin ue to be unaffected by the remission or commutation in respect of the earlier sentence alone. The consequence would be that the petitioner would not get any practical benefit of any remission or commutation in respect of his earlier sentence because of the superimposed subsequent life sen tence unless the same corresponding benefit in respect of the subsequent sentence was also granted to the petitioner. It was in this manner that the direction 'was given for the two sentences of life imprisonment not to run concurrently. [750E H; 751A] The subsequent sentence of imprisonment for life had	 therefore	 to run concurrently with the earlier sentence of imprisonment for life awarded to the petitioner. [750C D] 3. The general rule enunciated in sub	section (1) of section 427 Cr. P.C. is that without the Court 's direction the subsequent sentence will not run concurrently but consecu tively. [749G] The only situation in which no direction of the Court is needed to make the subsequent sentence run concurrently with the previous sentence iS provided for in sub	section (2) which has been enacted to avoid any possible controversy based on sub	section (1) if there being no express direction of the Court to that effect. [749G H; 750A] Sub	section (2) is in the nature of an exception to the general rule enacted under sub section (1) of section 427 0Cr. P.C. [T50A] 4.1 The mandatory minimum of 14 years ' actual imprison ment prescribed by section 433A Cr. P.C. which has supremacy over the Remission Rules and short sentencing statutes made by the various States would not operate against those whose cases were decided by the trial court before the 18th Decem ber	 1978 when section 433A Cr. P.C. 'came into force but the section would apply to those sentenced by the trial court after 18.12.1978 even though the offence was committed prior to that date. [748D E] Maru Ram vs Union of India & Anr.	 ; 	 followed. 745 4.2 In the instant case	 section 433A Cr. P.C. was applicable to petitioner in respect of both sentences of life imprison ment since the conviction by the trial court even for the first murder was after 18.12.1978	 the second offence itself being committed after 18.12.1978. The mandatory minimum of 14years ' actual imprisonment as required by section 433A even for the first sentence of life imprisonment was not served out by the petitioner	 and	 therefore	 irrespective of the points raised in the instant petition on the basis of section 427(2) Cr. P.C. the petitioner could not claim relief much less a writ under Article 32 of the Constitution in the absence of the remaining sentence being remitted by the Government. [748E G] 5. The petitioner 's incarceration was the result of a valid judicial order and	 therefore	 there could be no valid claim to the infringement of any fundamental right which alone could be the foundation for a writ under Article 32 of the Constitution. [747E F]