Summarize the following court judgment. iminal Appeal No. 80 of 1970. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 23rd October	 1969 of the Delhi High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 61 of 1069 (Murder Reference No. 3 of 1969) Harjinder Singh and section Sodhi	 for the appellant G. Das and R. N. Sachthey	 for the respondent 695 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by CHANDRACHUD	 J. This appeal by special leave is directed against a judgment of the High Court of Delhi: confirming the conviction of the appellant under section 302 of the Penal Code but reducing the sentence of death imposed on him by the learned Additional Sessions Judge	 Delhi to life imprisonment. The charge against the appellant is that on the night between the 17th and 18 August	 1968 lie committed the murder of one Ram Kumar. On April 11	 1968 Ram Kumar	 his brother Shiv Kumar	 their mother and the appellant left Kanpur for Moradnagar. On	April 15 Ram Kumar	 Shiv Kumar and the appellant left Moradnagar for Delhi for purchasing a secondhand motor cycle. Shiv Kumar went back to Moradnagar for catching a bus to Kanpur. At about 7 15 p.m. on April 15	 1968 Ram Kumar and the appellant booked a room at Hindustan Hotel	 Ballimaran	 Delhi. They signed their names in the hotel register and entered therein their Kanpur address. On the 16th they were admittedly together and while in search of a motor cycle they met Abdul Hafeez	 Babu Khan and Om Prakash. On the 17th morning Ram Kumar and the appellant struck a deal with Babu Khan and Om Prakash agreeing to purchase from them a motor cycle for Rs. 1	000/ . Ram Kumar paid a sum of Rs. 251 by way of advance and the sellers agreed to 	deliver the motor cycle in the evening. At about 6 p.m. on the 17th evening Babu Khan and Om Prakash went to Hindustan Hotel with the motor cycle and met Ram Kumar	 who told them that he was short of money by three or four hundred rupees and that he had sent the appellant to get the amount from his (the appellant 's) Ustad. Babu Khan and Om Prakash waited till about 9 30 p.m. but the appellant did not turn up and so they went away with the motor cycle. The case of the prosecution is that at about 12 30 a.m. on the night between the 17th and 18th the deceased Ram Kumar and the appellant were seen going to their hotel room by Lal Chand	 a partner of the hotel. It is further alleged that at about 10 a.m. on the 8th morning	 Lal Chand and his brother Tek Chand saw the appellant locking the room and leaving the hotel. On April 20th	 the hotel premises were full of a foul smell and thereupon the lock of the room which was occupied by Ram Kumar and the appellant was broken open. Inside the room was found the dead body of Ram Kumar with two stab injuries	 one near the right eye brow and the other near the right ear and nine contused lacerated wounds on the scalp	 each injury being brain deep. According to medical evidence the stab injuries were caused with a pointed	 sharp edged weapon 	while the other injuries were caused by a hard	 blunt substance. Soon after the discovery of Ram Kumar 's dead body Lal Chand lodged the First Information Report at the Lahori Gate police station stating that two	 persons who had entered their names as Nasim Mahazroo and Ram Kumar occupied a room in his hotel on April 15	 696 that he had seen them entering the room at about 10 30 p.m. of the night between 17th and 18th April and that the younger of the two (namely Nasim	 the appellant) had locked the room at about 10 a.m. on the 18th and had not returned since then. The First Information Report then refers to the circumstances in which the dead body of Ram Kumar was found in the room. The appellant could not be found at Kanpur where he normally resides and it was on May 4	 1968 that he was arrested at Gaya (Bihar) in the house of his sister. On a search of that house an attache case containing clothes	 a spanner set	 an allenkey set and a connecting	 rod are said to have been recovered. According to the prosecution. 	 the appellant committed the murder of Ram Kumar with the motive of committing theft of about six or seven hundred rupees which he had kept with him for purchasing the motorcycle. The appellant admitted that he was on friendly terms with Ram Kumar and that they had gone to Delhi for purchasing a motor cycle. He also admitted that Ram Kumar agreed to purchase the motor cycle from Babu Khan and Om Prakash	 that a sum of Rs. 25/ was given to Om Prakash by way of advance	 that he	 the appellant	 was asked by Ram Kumar to raise some money from his Ustad to make up the price of the motor cycle and that during his absence	 Om Prakash and Babu khan had come to the hotel but had	 left before he reached the hotel. The version of the appellant is that he was unable to get the required amount from his Ustad and therefore on reaching the hotel at about 9 p.m. on the 17th he told Ram Kumar that be would go to Kanpur and bring the amount. He claims to have left for Kanpur by the 9 45 p.m. train reaching there at 6 a.m. on the 18th. He obtained a sum of Rs. 450/ on April 19 from one Rafi and arrived in Delhi on the evening of April 20. He says that be went to Ballimaran where the Hindustan Hotel is situated and on hearing rumors that a person was murdered in the hotel and that his name was involved in it he Bed to Gaya out of fear. He denied that any of the incriminating articles were recovered from his sister 's house. This is a case of circumstantial evidence and it is therefore necessary to find whether the circumstances on which the prosecution relies are capable of supporting the sole inference that the appellant is guilty of the crime of which he is charged. The circumstances	 in the first place	 have to be established by the prosecution by clear and cogent evidence and those circumstances must not be consistent with the innocence of the accused. For determining whether the circumstances established on the evidence raise but one inference consistent with the guilt of the accused	 regard must be had to the totality of the circumstances. Individual circumstances considered in isolation and divorced from the context of the overall picture emerging from a consideration of the diverse circumstances and their conjoint effect may by themselves appear innocuous. It	 is only when the various circums tances are considered conjointly that it becomes possible to understand and appreciate their true effect. If a person is seen running 697 away on the heels of a murder	 the explanation that he was fleeing in panic is apparently not irrational. Blood stains on the clothes can be attributed plausibly to a bleeding nose. Even the possession of a weapon like a knife can be explained by citing a variety of acceptable answers ' But such circumstances cannot be considered in watertight compartments. If a person is found running away from the scene of murder with blood stained clothes and a knife in his hand	 it would	 in a proper context	 be consistent with the rule of circumstantial evidence to hold that he had committed the murder. The circumstances on which the High Court relies are these (1) that on April 15	 1968 the appellant and the deceased .Ram Kumar arrived at Delhi for purchasing a motorcycle; (2) that on the evening of the 15th they occupied Room No. 2 in the Hindustan Hotel	 Delhi; (3) that on the 16th	 the two were together and were looking out for a secondhand motor cycle; (4) that on the 17th the deceased agreed to purchase a	 motor cycle from Babu Khan and Om Prakash and paid a sum of Rs. 25/ to Om Prakash by way of advance. The motor cycle needed repairs and the sellers agreed to deliver it in. the evening; (5) that the price of the motor cycle was fixed at Rs. 1000/but the deceased was short of money by about Rs. 400/ ; (6) that on the evening of the 17th Babu Khan and Om Prakash went to the hotel to deliver the motor_cycle when the deceased told them that the appellant had gone to bring the money from his Ustad. Babu Khan and Om	 Prakash waited till about 9 p.m. and since the appellant had hot returned till then they left with the motor cycle; (7) that Lal Chand (P.W. 1)	 a partner of the hotel saw the appellant and the deceased coming to the hotel at about 12 30 a.m.; (8) that at about 10 a.m. on the 18th Lal Chand and his brother Tek Chand (P.W. 2) who run the hotel in partnership saw the appellant locking Room No. 2 and leaving the hotel; (9) that the appellant went to Kanpur on the 18th and got new clothes stitched for himself from a tailor there on	 payment of Rs. 60/ as tailoring	 charges. Appellant was generally in poor financial circumstances; (10) that during his stay at Kanpur the appellant stayed at 'Himachal Hotel ' in an assumed name. 'section N. Gander. He booked a room in the hotel at 5 30 p.m. on the 18th and left the hotel at 4 p.m. on the 19th; 698 (11) that the appellant was traced at Gaya	 Bihar	 on May 4.1968 in the house of his sister. On a search of that house a 'connecting rod ' having stains of human blood was recovered along with other articles. There is clear and un controverted evidence to show that the deceased bad	 a sum at least of about Rs. 700/ with him	 that he wanted .to purchase a motorcycle	 that he and the appellant were occupying Room No. 2 in the Hindustan Hotel	 that it was agreed to purchase a motor cycle for Rs. 1000/ from Babu Khan and Om Prakash and that the deceased had deputed the appellant on the 17th evening to get the deficit amount of about Rs. 300./ from the latter 's Ustad. These facts were never disputed and are not in dispute before us eithe r. The crucial point of time at which the prosecution and the defence part company is the mid night between the 17th and the 18th. Lal Chand has stated in his evidence that at about 12 30 a.m. he saw the deceased and the appellant entering Room No. 2. It was urged by the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant that Lal Chand may have made a mistake in identifying the. companion of the deceased but we see no foundation for this submission. Lal Chand is a proprietor of the Hindustan Hotel and he was neither interested in the deceased nor did he have any grudge against a customer like the appellant. It is significant that in the First Information Report which Lal Chand lodged at the Lahori Gate police station on the evening of the 20th	 he has specifically mentioned that he saw the deceased and the appellant entering the room at about 12 30 a.m. on the night between the 17th and the 18th. At the time when that Report was lodged no one had any clue to the murder and Lal Chand could not have started building up a theory of his own so as to implicate the appellant falsely. The evidence of Lal Chand shows that the appellant and the deceased spent the night in Room No. 2. Counsel for the appellant also challenged the evidence of Lal Chand and Tek Chand that they saw the appellant locking the room at about 10 a.m. on the 18th and leaving the hotel. This fact is also specifically mentioned in the First Information Report which	 in our opinion. is a highly significant circumstance. The case of the appellant is that he left Delhi at about 9.45 p.m. on the 17th and therefore be could not have been seen locking the room at 10 a.m. on the 18th. The evidence of Chhedi Lal	 the Manager of Yasin Tailors	 Kanpur	 is relied upon as showing that the appellant was in Kanpur at least at about 2 pm. on the 18th and therefore he could not have left Delhi as late as at 10 a.m. The train takes more than 8 hours to cover the 'distance between Delhi and Kanpur. Chhedi Lal was obviously trying to offer a helping hand to the	 appellant but even then his evidence does not show that the appellant had delivered the cloth to him at 2 p.m	 on the 18th. In answer to	 a question put by the learned Sessions Judge	 Chhedi Lal stated that he did not remember the exact time when the cloth was delivered to him by the appellant and that the 'Cloth may have been delivered at any time between 12 noon and 8 p.m. 699 on the 18th. The Sessions Court and the High Court were therefore. 	 right in accepting the evidence of Lal Chand and Tek Chand that the appellant locked the room at about 10 a.m. and left the hotel. These two circumstances are by themselves sufficient to determine the guilt of the appellant. The appellant and the deceased occupied a room in the Hindustan Hotel	 they were seen entering the room together at mid night between the 17th and 18th and the appellant locked the room on the 18th morning and left the hotel. From that room was discovered the dead body of. Ram Kumar on the 20th. The sum of Rs. 700/ which the deceased had on him was found missing and at the Kanpur end	 the appellant was indulging in what for a man of his means was a spree of extravagance. He obtained terylene cloth and paid a bill of Rs. 60/ to the tailor while his friend was lying dead at Delhi. The appellant is supposed to have gone to. Kanpur to obtain the deficit sum of Rs. 300/ and if he was truly on such a bona fide mission	 it passes comprehension that he should have stayed in the Himachal Hotel	 Kanpur in the false name of section N. Gander. The conduct of the appellant after his arrival at Kanpur on the 18th is a valuable link in the chain of causation. He knew that the.amount was required by his friend urgently and that his friend was waiting for him in Delhi. On his own showing	 he had a merry time.in Kanpur and according to him it was on the 20th that he went back to Delhi. And what should he have done ?. He says that he went to	 Ballimaran locality where the Hindustan Hotel is situated and then to the hotel itself. Having come to know there that he was being involved in a murder which had taken place in the hotel	 he claims to	 have fled to Gaya	 out of sheer fear. This explanation is wholly irrational and is false. He and the deceased were on intimate terms and there is evidence showing that the deceased and his family used to treat him as of their own kin. If he were innocent	 he would have in quired about his benefactor in a moment of sorrow and would not have.run away under the magic spell of a strange sense of fear. Added to the weight of these circumstances is the discovery of the blood stained connecting rod from the house of the appellant 's sister. That discovery was challenged before us because the two witnesses who acted as Panchas to the seizure memo turned hostile and the prosecution was left to depend on the testimony of two police officers to prove the discovery. That the two witnesses turned hostile was not surprising because both of them are closely related to the appellant. It would have been better if the prosecution had examined the other Panch	 Sayyed Habib ul Rab	 who is described as a retired Judge in the Memo of Seizure. The Investigating Officer	 however was not asked as to why he was not examined and we see no warrant for assuming that the witness though available was. deliberately kept back. The postmortem report shows that on the person of the deceased were found two stab injuries and nine contused lacerated wounds. 700 The nature of the injuries shows that two different weapons were used in the commission of Ram Kumar 's murder. But in the light of the various circumstances discussed above	 it is impossible to accept the inference pressed upon us on behalf of the appellant that not only were two different weapons used but at least two persons had participated in the commission of the murder. Even granting that there was more than. one person	 there is no doubt that the appellant had ;participated and was a key figure in the commission of the crime. We therefore dismiss the appeal and confirm the order of conviction and sentence. P.B.R. Appeal dismissed.

The appellant and the deceased who were friends	 came to Delhi to purchase a motor cycle and stayed in a hotel. The deceased fell short of money and the appellant promised to get it	 from someone known to him. Two prosecution witnesses saw the deceased and the appellant entering the room of the 'hotel 	on the night of the occurrence and the appellant leaving the hotel room in the morning on the following day. Two days later the room was broken open and the dead body of the deceased was recovered. The appellant was arrested at Gaya in his sister 's house and an attache case containing clothes	 a spanner set	 an allenkey set and a connecting rod were recovered from him. The appellant was convicted under section 302 Penal Code. by the Sessions Judge. In appeal the High Court reduced the sentence to life imprisonment. Dismissing the appeal to this Court	 HELD : In a case of circumstantial evidence it is necessary to find whether the circumstances on which the prosecution relies are capable of supporting the sole inference that the appellant is guilty of the crime of which he is charged. The circumstances have to be established by the prosecution by clear and cogent evidence and those circumstances must not be consistent with the innocence of the accused. For determining whether the. circumstances established on evidence raise but one inference consistent with the guilt of the accused	 regard must be had to the totality of the circumstances. Individual circumstances considered in isolation and divorced ' from the context of the overall picture emerging from a consideration of the diverse circumstances and their conjoint 	effect may by themselves appear innocuous. It is only when the various circumstances are considered conjointly that it becomes possible to understand and appreciate their true effect. ' [696G H] In the instant case	 the circumstances that	 the appellant and the deceased who occupied a room in the hotel were seen entering the room together at midnight on the night of the occurrence	 the appellant was seen locking the room and leaving. the hotel	 the dead body was recovered from the room	 the appellant was found indulging in what for a man of his means was a spree of extravagance	 and a blood stained connecting rod was recovered from the house of the appellant 's sister where he was found	 all point to 	 the guilt of the accused.