Summarize the following court judgment. No. 5 (N) of 1974. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India). Soli J. Sorabjee	 Harish N Salve	 A.K. Verma	 K.J. John	 Srinivasamurthy	 Ms. Naina Kapur	 J.B. Dadachanji and Joel Pares for the Petitioners. Shanti Bhushan and A.V. Rangam for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VENKATACHALIAH	 J. In these writ petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution of India	 three electric supply undertakings in the State of Tamil Nadu	 namely	 Vellore Electric Corporation Ltd.	 Nagapatam Electric Supply Co. Ltd.	 and Kumbakonam Electric Supply Corporation Ltd.	 challenge the constitutional validity of the Tamil Nadu Private Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act	 1973	 ( 'Act ' for short) on the ground that the 'Act '	 which envisages the acquisition of the Electric Supply Undertak ings of three petitioners	 as violative of Articles 14	 19(1)(f)	 19(1)(g) and 31 of the Constitution. These writ petitions were heard along with Writ Petition (Civil) Nos. 457 and 458 of 1972	 pertaining to the acquisi tion of Tinsukhia Electric Supply Co. Ltd.	 and Dibrugarh Electric Supply Co. Ltd.	 under the provisions of the Tin sukhia and Dibrugarh Electric Supply Undertakings (Acquisi tion)Act	 1973	 (Assam Act 1973) and the main contentions touching the constitutionality of such State laws	 providing for acquisition of private electricity undertakings inde pendently of and without recourse to the option to purchase envisaged by the terms of licences and under the provisions Sections 6	 7 and 7A of the Electricity Act 1910 are con sidered in the main judgment in the said WP 481 Nos. 457 & 458	 separately rendered today. The scheme and the broad features of The Tamil Nadu Private Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act	 1973	 which received the assent of the President on 30th September	 1973	 are that the "Act" enables and provides for the acquisition of the private undertakings engaged in the business of supplying electricity to the public other than those belonging to and are under the control of the State Electricity Board or the local authorities. Section 2 of the Act declares that the "Act" is for giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing of the Directive Principles	 specified in clauses (b) & (c) of Article 39 of the Constitution of India. Section 3 is the interpretation clause. Section 4 empowers the State Govern ment to declare	 by order in writing	 that any undertaking shall vest in Government on the date specified in such order. The proviso to Section 4 enables the Government to modify	 by advancing or postponing	 the date originally fixed in such order	 or the modified date; or to cancel such order. The proviso is	 however	 subject to a limitation which is in terms following: "So	 however	 that no such order shall be modified or cancelled after the undertaking has vested in the Government but such cancel lation shall not be deemed to prevent the Government from taking any proceeding de novo in respect of such undertaking under this Act." The mode of promulgation and the incidence and consequence of an order under sub section (1) of Section 4	 are envisaged in subsection (3) (4) & (5) of Sections 4 and 6 of the Act. Sub sections (3)	 (4) and (5) of Section 4 provide: "(3) Every order under sub section (1) shall be (a) served on the licensee in the prescribed manner; and (b) published in such manner as the Government may deem fit. (4) On the vesting date the under taking	 to which the order under sub section (1) relates	 shall	 subject to the provisions of section 6	 stand transferred to	 and vest in	 the Government. 482 (5) Every licensee who	 after the vesting date	 was in possession of	 or deriv ing any benefit from the undertaking vested in the Government under sub section (1)	 shall be liable to pay to the Government	 for the period	 after such vesting	 for which he was in such possession or deriving such benefit	 an amount as compensation for the use	 occupa tion or enjoyment of that undertaking as the prescribed authority may fix in the prescribed manner. Such authority shall take into consid eration such factors as may be prescribed. " We shall refer to Section 6 and its impact at an appropriate stage later. Section 5 of the "Act" envisages the "amount" to be given to the licensee on whom an order has been served under Section 4 and provides for its determination on two alterna tive basis Basis (A) or Basis (B) as may be chosen by the licensee in the exercise of the option given under Section 8. Section 7(1) contemplates and requires the appointment of an 	Accredited Agent" by the licensee within three months of service of the order under Section 4(1). Such accredited agent is required within one month of his appointment or with such further time as may be granted by Government	 signify the choice of the Basis for the determination of the "Amount". Section 8(2) says that the choice of the Basis once intimated shall not be open to revision except with the concurrence of the Government. 'Basis (A) ' provides that the amount to be given shall be equivalent to 12 times of the average net annual profits of the undertaking during a period of any five Account years at the option of the licen see within a period of seven consecutive account years immediately preceding the vesting date. 'Basis (B) ' contem plates a different mode of determination of the amount. It provides for payment of the aggregate value of the sums specified in clauses (i) to (ix) of sub section (2) of Section 5. Section 10 speaks of the deduction that the Government is entitled to make for the amount. They are specified at clauses (a) to (i) of Section 10. Section 11 provides for the manner of payment of the "Amount". Section 13(1) renders any dispute "in respect of any of the matters in clauses (a) to (e) of Section 13(1)" arbitrable. The Arbitrator is required	 by Section 11(2)	 to be a District Judge or a person who is a retired District Judge or a retired High Court Judge. Chapter III of the Act	 comprising Sections 14	 15	 16 and 17 contemplate and provide for the termination of agree ments between the licensee on the one hand and the managing agent or the managing 483 director	 as the case may be	 on the other; the continuation under the Government or the Electricity Board	 of services of persons on the staff of the licensee taking an inventory of the assets and for information in regard to the documents maintained by the licensee and other incidental matters. Sections 18 and 19 of Chapter IV deal with offences	 penalties and procedure therefore Chapter V	 comprising Sections 20	 21	 22	 23 and 24	 deals with miscellaneous matters. Two sections in Chapter V are of particular rele vance. Section 22(i)	 inter alia	 provides that no provi sions of Electricity Act	 1910	 or the Electricity Supply Act	 1948	 in so far as such provisions are inconsistent with any of the provisions of the Act	 shall have any ef fect. Section 23 refers to and deals with the action initi ated under the earlier State law viz.	 the Tamil Nadu Elec tric Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act	 1954	 (Tamil Nadu Act 29 of 1954) which is repealed by the 'Act '. Sub section (1) of Section 23 says that the said Act 29 of 1954 shall cease to apply to any undertaking as defined in Section 3(12) of the 'Act ' which has "not vested with and taken possession of by the Government under the provisions of the 1954 Act" before the commencement of the 1973 Act. Sub section (2) and (3) of Section 23 envisage and provide for situations where some action had been initiated by the 1954 Act but such action had not culminated in the vesting of the undertaking and possession thereof being taken over by Government. Sub section (2) and (3) of Section 23 provide: "(2) Notwithstanding anything con tained in the 1954 Act	 if	 in pursuance of any order under sub section (1) of section 4 of the 1954 Act in respect of any undertaking as defined in section 3 (12) of this Act	 the Government have not taken possession of such undertaking before the commencement of this Act that order shall lapse and be of no effect and such undertaking shall not vest and shall be deemed never to have vested in the Govern ment under the 1954 Act and in respect of such undertaking it shall be lawful for the Govern ment to make an order under subsection (1) of section 4 of this Act and the provisions of this Act shall accordingly apply to such undertaking." "(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in the 1954 Act	 where	 in respect of any undertaking as defined in section 3(12) of this Act	 the Government have postponed the date of vesting under the proviso to sub section (1) of 484 section 4 of the 1954 Act	 that undertaking shall not vest	 and shall be deemed never to have vested	 in the Government under the 1954 Act	 notwithstanding the expiration of a period of one year from the date originally fixed under sub section (1) of section 4 of the 1954 Act and in respect of such undertak ing it shall be lawful for the Government to make an order under sub section (1) of section 4 of this Act	 and the provisions of this Act shall accordingly apply to such undertaking." The provisions of Section 23 acquire particular signifi cance in the case of the Kumbakonam Electric Supply Corpora tion Ltd. and Nagapatam Electric Supply Co. Ltd.	 petition ers in W.P. 14 & 15 of 1974	 as	 indeed	 proceedings for the acquisition of the undertakings of these two companies had been initiated under the 1954 Act but full effectuation thereof had been interrupted by the interlocutory orders made by courts in proceedings in which these two companies had challenged the validity of the 1954 Act. Section 23 of the present 'Act ' seeks legislatively to set at naught such legal consequences as might come to be considered as ensuing from the action taken under the earlier 1954 Act. Some contentions urged in these cases centre round what the petitioners refer to as some irreversible	 vested rights according to them under the earlier proceedings under the 1954 Act. The Vellore Electric Corporation Ltd.	 petitioner in WP No. 5(N) of 1974	 was granted on 14.5.1929 by the Govern ment of the then Presidency of Madras under the provisions of the 	 (1910 Act ' for short)	 for the supply of. electrical energy within the municipal limits of Vellore town which was later extended to cover the adjacent area of Ranipet. Clause 12 of the licence envisages the option to the Government to purchase the licensee 's undertaking on the expiry of 30 years from the commencement of the licence or if licence is renewed thereafter on expi ration of every subsequent period of 20 years	 during the continuance of the licence. At the relevant time when the order under Section 4(1) was made	 the remaining period of the licence was upto 14.5. The State Government in exercise of powers under Section 4(1) of the Act made an order dated 30.10.1973	 served on the petitioner on 5.11. 1973 fixing 1.12.1973 (which was later postponed to 7.1.1974) as the date of vesting. The facts in W.P. 14 of 1974 are the following: 485 The petitioner	 the Kumbakonam Electric Supply Corpora tion Ltd.	 a public limited company	 then engaged in the business of distribution and supply of electrical energy in the Taluks of Kumbakonam and Papanasam and a portion of Thanjavur Taluk	 in the District of Thanjavur in the State of Tamil Nadu	 was granted a licence dated 15.4.1930 under the 	 by the Government of the then Presidency of Madras. The initial period of the licence was 20 years with a provision for renewal for further peri ods of 7 years each. At the time the impugned order under Section 4(1) of the "Act" was made	 in relation to the Electricity Supply Undertaking of this company	 the unex pired period of the licence was up to 15.4.1978. On 12.1.1968	 the State Government in exercise of its power under Section 4(1) of the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act	 1954	 made an order for the taking over of the undertaking. The petitioner company filed a writ petition No. 704 of 1968 in the High Court of Madras	 challenging the constitutional validity of the 1954 Act under which the order was made. That writ petition was dis missed on 31.7.1968. The Writ Appeal No. 338 of 1968	 filed by the petitioner was also dismissed by the Division Bench. The petitioner preferred	 by special leave	 an appeal to this Court in CA 119 of 197 1. During the pendency of the proceedings before the High Court and before this Court	 petitioner had had the benefit of interlocutory orders	 "staying delivery of possession of the undertaking". Howev er	 the petitioner withdrew the appeal	 according to it	 on the suggestion of the Government With a view to facilitating negotiations for a settlement. However	 on 30.9.1973	 the 'Act ' in the present proceed ings came into force. As noticed earlier	 sub section (2) and (3) of Section 23 of the 'Act ' statutorily abrogates the effect	 incidents and consequences of all earlier proceed ings taken under the 1954 Act	 except in cases where the vesting and the taking over of possession of the undertaking had already occurred before 30.9.1973. The order under Sec tion 4(1) of the 1973 Act in the case of the petitioner in WP 14 of 1974 was made on 30.10.1973 declaring 1.12.1973 as the date of the vesting. In WP No. 15 of 1974	 the first petitioner	 the Nagapatnam Electric Supply Co. Ltd.	 a public limited compa ny	 was the grantee of a licence	 dated 22.8.1933	 under the 	 by the then Government	 Presi dency of Madras	 for the supply of electricity in the areas specified in the grant. The initial period of the . licence was 20 years with a provision for renewal for further peri ods of 486 7 years each. At the time the order under Section 4(1) impugned in the writ petition was made	 the unexpired period of the licence was upto 22.8.1974. As in the case of Kumbak onam Electric Supply Corporation Ltd.	 so in the present case	 Government in purported exercise of powers under Section 4(1) of the earlier Act	 viz.	 the Tamil Nadu Elec tricity Supply Undertaking (Acquisition) Act	 1954	 had made an order on 12.1.1968 declaring that the undertaking of the petitioner shall vest in the Government with effect from 15.7.1968. The petitioner also challenged the constitutional validity of the 1954 Act in WP No. 703 of 1968 in the High Court of Madras. The writ petition was dismissed in Madras High Court on 3.7.1968. The Writ Appeal 337 of 1968 pre ferred by the company before a Division Bench of the High Court	 also came .to be dismissed. The Company preferred	 by special leave	 CA No. 120 of 1971 before this Court. During the pendency of the proceedings in the High Court and in the appeal before this Court	 there were interlocutory orders	 staying delivery of possession of the undertaking. The appeal before this Court was however	 withdrawn by the company on 5.10. 1972. Thereafter	 1973 Act came into force. As stated earli er	 SectiOn 23 of the 'Act ' sought to nullify the effect. of the action taken under the 1954 Act and a fresh order dated 30.10.1973 under Section 4(1) of 1973 Act came to be promulgated declaring that the undertak ing of the . petitioners would vest in Government with effect from 1.12.1973. The three petitioner companies assail the constitu tional validity of the 'Act ' as also the orders made under Section 4(1) in the individual cases. We have heard Sri Hansh Salve	 learned counsel for the petitioners in the three petitions and Shri Shanti Bhushan	 learned Senior Advocate for the State of Tamil Nadu and its authorities. The challenge in the main	 is to the constitu tionality of the "Act"	 on the basis of discrimination as between the procedures for take over contained in Section 6 and 7 of the Electricity Act	 1910	 on the one hand and the less advantageous	 so far as licencee is concerned	 con tained in the present 'Act '. However	 some specific provi sions are also challenged as arbitrary and unreasonable. The contentions in support of the petitions urged at the hearing of these petitions of which (b) & (c) are particular to WP Nos. 14 and 15 of 1974 may be noticed and formulated thus: 487 "(a) that the legislative declaration in Section 2 of the 'Act ' that the legislation is for giving effect to the Directive Principles of State Policy	 specified in clauses (b) & (c) of Article 39 of the Constitution is invalid	 it being merely a pretext to undo and take away the petitioners ' legitimate entitle ment to the payment of market value as provid ed in the terms of the licence read with Section 6 and 7 of Electricity Act	 19 10	 and	 accordingly	 the legislation does not attract the constitutional validity from challenge under Article 31 C of the Constitu tion; (b) that	 pursuant to the order made under Section 4(1) of the 1954 Act petitioners ' undertakings stood vested in Government in the year 1968 and the concomitant right to receive compensation as determinable under and in terms of the 1954 Act was came to be vested in the petitioners and got crystalized into a 'chose in action ' and that in the circum stances the impugned 'Act ' which in effect and substance acquires only these "choses in action"	 and not the undertakings as such which had already vested under the 1954 Act; (c) that Section 23(2) of the Impugned Act in so far it seeks to undo the legal incidents and consequences of the order made which provided a less disadvantageous standards for the determination of the amount and the im pugned orders which seeks to declare that the said undertakings vest again in Government this time pursuant to order pro mulgating under Section 4(1) of the impugned Act is violative of Article 14	 19(1)(g) and 31 (as the latter Articles then stood) being a fraud on the power to acquire; (d) that the 'Act ' is violative of Article 14 of the Constitution in as much as it seeks to confer upon the Government an alternative and discriminatory power of attaining the same end	 namely	 the acquisition of petitioners ' undertakings on terms more advantageous to the Government and more disadvantageous to the petitioners than those contained in the Elec tricity Act 1910; that the direct effect of the impugned Act is to extinguish the rights conferred upon the petitioners to carry on a lawful business in terms of the subsisting licences in their favour and is violative of Article 19(1)(f) (as it then stood) and 19(1)(g): 488 (e) that	 at all events	 Section 4(5) of the Act which renders a licencee	 who after the vesting date was in possession of	 or deriving any benefit from	 the undertaking liable to pay to Government compensation for the use occupation enjoyment of the undertak ing is arbitrary and violative of Articles 14 and 31; (f) that clause 5(2)(i) of the Act which excludes from the compensation of the 'Amount ' works paid for by the consumers is violative of Article 19(1)(g) and Article 31; (g) that Section 10(d) providing for deduc tion from the 'Amount ' sums due to the Govern ment or the Electricity Board by the licencee account of electricity supplied by Government is arbitrary	 as the provision empowers deduc tions of even sums bona fide disputed by the licencee of debts. (h) that	 while proviso to Section 6(e) enables debts	 mortgages and obligations of the licencee to attach to the "amount" to be given under the Act. Section 10 again envis ages the same 'amount ' to be deducted from the 'amount '	 leading to a possible double recov ery of the same debt; (i) that Section 10(f) providing for deduc tion of loss sustained by Government by reason of any property belonging to the undertaking not having been handed over at the marketvalue of the property is unreasonable in as much as under Basis B. Such Market value is not but only the book value is the basis of determina tion of the amount; (j) that provisions of Section 8 which prescribes a period of one month during which the accredited representative has to exercise a right of auction is unreasonably short	 rendering the procedure prescribed for the choice of the Basis of determination of the 'Amount unfair and arbitrary. ' 7. Re: Contentions (a)	 (b)	 & (c): These contentions could be dealt with together. The principal argument is that that there is no rational and direct nexus between the objects of the Act and the Direc tive Principles of (1) State Policy adumorated in clauses (b) & (c) of Article 39 in as much as the 489 impugned Act was brought forth only to avoid the conse quences of the terms of the licences and the beneficent provisions of Section 6	 7 and 7 A of the Electricity Act 1910. If there is	 thus	 no protection to the law of Article 31 C	 then its provisions would clearly violate Articles 14	 19 and 31. These contentions have to be examined with reference to the provisions of the Constitution as they stood in 1973. Article 31 C was introduced by Section 3 of the Constitution (25th Amendment) Act 1971 with effect from 20.4.1972. Arti cle 31 C	 before the expansion of its scope by the 42nd Amendment	 protected a law giving effect to the Policy of the State towards implementing the principles specified in Clauses (b) & (c) of Article 39. Article 31 itself had not then been deleted but its scope had been considerably cut down and a law providing for acquisition of property	 even if it did not have the protection of Article 31 C	 could not be tested with reference to the adequacy of the 'amount ' payable for the acquisition. The 'just equivalent ' or ful lindemnification principle had been done away with and the question of the adequacy of the amount was rendered non justiciable. It was strenuously urged on Sri Salve that the impugned Act had no rational and direct nexus with the objects of clauses (b) & (c) of Article 39 as the covert but easily discernible purpose of the Act was to deny to the petition ers ' their rights under terms of the licence and the benefit of Sections 6	 7 & 7(A) of the 1910 Act. A somewhat similar ' contention was urged in WP Nos. 457 & 458 of 1972 where a similar legislation of the State of Assam was challenged. The contention is noticed in our judgment in those appeals thus: " . the acquisition of the two undertak ings are challenged by the petitioner on several grounds	 the principal attack	 howev er	 being that the legislations	 brought forth	 as they were	 in the wake of the pri vate negotiations and the exercise of the option to purchase	 are not bona fide	 but constitute a mere colourable exercise of the legislative power and that	 at all events the real objects of the two legislations have no direct and reasonable nexus to the objects envisage in clause (b) of Article 39 of the Constitution and that a careful and critical discernment of the context in which the legis lation was brought forth would lay bare before the judicial eye that what was sought to be acquired was not "undertakings" of the two companies but really the difference between the "market value" of the 490 undertakings which the State had agreed	 under the private treaties	 to pay and what	 in any event	 the State was obliged to pay under the provisions of Section 7A	 as it then stood on the one hand and the "Book Value" of the undertaking	 which the law seeks to substitute on the other. If the protective umbrella of Article 31 C is	 thus	 out of the way	 the 'amount ' payable under the impugned law	 it is urged	 would be illusory even on the judicial ly accepted tests applied to Article 31(2) as it then stood " " . . Learned Counsel submitted that in order to decide whether a Statute is within Article 31 C or not	 the Court has to examine the nature and character of the legis lation and if upon such scrutiny it appears that there is no nexus between the legislation and the principles in Article 39(b) the legis lation must be held to fall outside the pro tection of Article 31 C . " The contention was not accepted. Repelling it	 we observed in the course of the judgment in WP Nos. 457 & 458 of 1972: "The proposition of Sri Sorabjee	 in princi ple	 is	 therefore	 unexceptionable; but the question remains whether	 upon the application of the appropriate tests	 the impugned statute fails to measure up to the requirements of the Constitution to earn the protection under Article 31 C . . " "It is not disputed that the elec tricity generated and distributed by the undertakings of the petitioner companies constitute "material resources of the communi ty" for the purpose and within the meaning of Article 39(b)." " . The idea of distribution of the material resources of the community in Article 39(b) is not necessarily limited to the idea of what is taken over for distribution amongst the intended beneficiaries. That is one of the modes of "distribution". Nationalisation is another mode . " "On an examination of the scheme of the impugned law the conclusion becomes inescapable that the legislative measure is one of na tionalisation of the undertakings and the law is eligible for and entitled to the protection of Article 31 C." 491 Referring to the contention in that case that not every provision of a law can and need to eligible for the protection of Article 31 C and that; accordingly	 the provisions as to the quantification of the amount which were meant to achieve an oblique motive and inter dicting and extinguishing rights to receive market value under the 1910 Act would not attract the protection of Article 31 C	 It was held: " . We are afraid this contention pro ceeds on an impermissible dichotomy of the components integral to the idea of nationali sation. The economic cost of social and eco nomic reform is	 perhaps	 amongst the most vexed problems of social and economic change and constitute the core element in Nationali sation. The need for constitutional immunities for such legislative efforts at social and economic change recognise the otherwise unaf fordable economic burden of reforms . . " "It is	 therefore	 not possible to divorce the economic considerations or compo nents from the scheme of the nationalisation with which the former are inextricably inte grated. The financial cost of a scheme of nationisation lies at its very heart and cannot be isolated. Both the provisions relat ing to the vestitute of the undertakings in the State and those pertaining to the quanti fication of the "Amount" are integral and inseparable parts of the integral scheme of nationalisation and do not admit of being considered as distinct provisions independent of each other. These observations fully answer the contention of Sri Salve in regard to the question whether impugned Act at tracts protection of Article 31 C or not. If Article 31 C comes in	 Articles 14	 19 and 31 go out. The second limb of the Contention (a) is that the im pugned Act seeks to take over petitioners ' undertakings which had already vested in Government under the 1954 Act. It is	 no doubt	 true that appropriate orders had been made under Section 4(1) of 1954 Act. Sri Salve contends that by the operation of law	 the undertakings of the two petition ers	 namely	 Kumbakonam Electric Supply Corporation Ltd. and Nagapatnam Electric Supply Co. Ltd. became vested in Govern ment and that Section 23 of the present Act virtually creates an artificial divestitive event and seeks to re invest it again in Govern 492 ment by the device under the impugned Act with the sole object of cutting down the quantum of the "amount". Sri Salve pointed out that Section 5 of the 1954 Act envisaged three alternative Bases Basis A	 Basis B	 and Basis C and that under Basis A the amount equal to 20 times of the average net annual profit of the undertaking during a period of five consecutive accounting years immediately preceding the vesting date was payable. The number of years ' purchase value is	 Sri Salve says	 now reduced to 12 by the impugned Act. Shri Salve submits that the amount payable under the 1973 Act is wholly illusory. Shri Shanti Bhushan	 learned Senior counsel for the State	 submitted that if it is held that the legislation has the protection of Article 31 C	 barring the question of legislative competence all other attacks based on Articles 14 and 19 and 31 cannot be countenanced. Sri Shanti Bhushan submitted that all the contentions that the petitioners advance in support of their challenge to the validity of the Act rest	 in the ultimate analysis	 on Articles 14	 19 and 31 which is precisely what Article 31 C forbids. So far as legislative competence is concerned	 Shri Shanti Bhushan submitted that it is referable to Entry 42 of List III and with Presidential assent	 the legislation prevails over any other law and	 therefore	 no question of lack of legislative competence can be urged. Learned counsel submitted that the contentions urged by the petitioners	 in the last analysis	 would amount to this: that a legislation which offends Articles 14. 19 and 31. would not be a valid law at all and would	 therefore	 not be eligible to protec tion Article of 31 C. If a law satisfies the demand of Article 14	 19 and 31 then such a law	 says learned counsel	 would not need the protection of Article 31 C at all and that such an approach would render Article 31 C itself meaningless. In regard to the Contention (d)	 Sri Shanti Bhushan would say that it proceeds on a factual fallacy. There cannot	 it is urged a vesting of the undertaking in the Government under the 1954 Act unless the concept of vesting has and is accompanied by	 the plenitude of the legal inci dents and consequences of such vesting for purposes of the implementation of the 1954 Act. When the delivery of posses sion of the undertaking pursuant to the alleged vesting under the 1954 Act had been interdicted by the High Court and the Supreme Court by orders of stay	 at the instance of the petitioners	 the exercise under the 1954 Act became infructuous and the present stance of the petitioners is merely an attempt to exploit to their own advantage a situa tion emerg 493 ing from the consequences of their own actions. That apart	 the contention (d)	 says counsel	 is really one based on Articles 14	 19 and 31 and the protection of Article 31 C to the Act would	 in any event	 disallow any such attack. On a consideration of the matter	 we think that all the Contentions (a)	 (b)	 (c) and (d) are covered in one form or the other our pronouncement in WP Nos. 457 and 458 of 1972. We are also of the opinion that Sri Salve 's contention that what was sought to be acquired was mere "choses in action" is not sound. In any event	 the decision of this Court in State of Madhya Pradesh vs Ranojirao Shinde & Anr.	 ; relied upon by Shri Salve to contend that choses in action could not be acquired would require to be read with later pronouncement in Madan Mohan Pathak vs Union of India & Ors.	 ; It is not necessary	 however	 to pronounce on this point as in our view what was acquired were not merely choses inaction but the undertak ings themselves. Contentions (a)	 (b) and (c) accordingly fail and are held and answered and against the petitioners. Re: Contention (d): The submission of learned counsel on the point is that the impugned Act confers upon the State Government an alter native procedure	 concurrently with the one envisaged in Sec. 6 of the Electricity Act	 19 10	 for attaining the same end viz.	 the acquisition of an Electricity Undertaking. It is urged that Sec. 6 of the 1910 Act has been held to amount to conferment of power upon the authorities to take away the property of the licensee. The option under Sec. 6 is really statutory and in its essential nature the power is not distinguishable from the State 's power to acquire an indi vidual 's property which really is and forms the basis of the impugned Act. It appears to us that there are certain fallacies basic to the argument. The special nature of the subject matter of the grant in relation to distribution in the community of such material resources be it electricity	 water	 gas or other essential amenities of life was recognised by this Court. The following observations of the United States Supreme Court in New Orleans Gaslight Co. vs Louisiane Light & Heat Producing & Mfg. Co.	 ; were referred to: "the manufacture and distribution of gas by means of 494 pipes	 mains and conduits placed under legis lative authority in the public ways of a municipality	 is not an ordinary business in which everyone may engage as of common right upon terms of equality; but is a franchise relating to matters of which the public may assume control . . " and said: " . . It thus appears that American Lawyers describe the business of supplying energy as well as the business of supplying water and gas as a franchise	 and it also appears that	 in granting licence or sanction to a person to engage in such busi ness	 a condition is usually imposed for the compulsory acquisition of the business when the licence or sanction comes to an end". [See The Okara. Electric Supply Co. Ltd. vs The State of Punjab	 AIR If the impugned law is within the legislative competence of the State Legislature as indeed it must be held to be the State law	 with the Presidential assent	 prevails and is not over borne by the Central law. The impugned State law	 by its 22nd Section	 expressly excludes the operation of any provision of the Electricity Act	 1910	 in so far as such provision is inconsistent with the provisions of the State Law. The constitutional immunity afforded to the State law prevents any challenge to it on grounds based on Article 14 or 19. We have held that the State law has such protection. The contention (d) has thus	 no foundation. It has to fail. Re: Contention (e): 12. This pertains to the liability of the licensee to account to Government in respect of possession of and any benefit derived from the undertaking after the date of the vesting. This provision is assailed as arbitrary and uncon stitutional. There is nothing unreasonable about this provi sion which merely recognises the obligation of a licensee to account for its acts in relation to a property which has already vested in Government. There is no substance in this contention either. Re: Contention (f): This contention arises in the context of Sec. 5(2)(i) of the Act. In 495 computing the amount payable under "Basis B" the aggregate value of the sums specified in several clauses of 1 Sec. 5(2) has to be taken. 5(2)(i) while requiting the book value of all "completed works in beneficial use pertaining to the undertaking and handed over to the Government" to be taken	 however	 excludes therefrom works paid for by the consumers. The contention of the petitioners is that the "works paid for by the consumer" is also the property of the licensee and cannot legitimately be excluded. A substantial ly similar contention was urged and has been considered and negatived at para 29 of our judgment in WP Nos. 457 and 458 of 1972. The reasons stated by us in negativing the conten tion in that case fully answer the present point. Contention (f) is also insubstantial. Re: Contention (g): Section 10(d) envisages	deduction from the amount pay able towards and on account of arrears of electricity charges payable by the licensee to the Government or the Electricity Board. as the case may be	 for the supply of Electricity made by them to the licensee. This is a legiti mate item of deduction. But	 the point Shri Salve sought to put across is that 	even a disputed and untenable. claim in that behalf becomes entitled to deduction. There is no justification for this apprehension. Section 13(1)(e) makes such a dispute as one of the arbitrable disputes and no deduction of a disputed claim can be justified by Government if the arbitrator who is or has been a District Judge or a retired High Court Judge holds that the deduction is unjus tified. Contention (g) has no substance either. Re: Contention (h): The grievance sought to be made out on the matter is that while Section 6(2) of the Act has the effect of vesting all the assets specified in Sec. 6(2)(i)(b) in Government free from encumbrances and the proviso to Sec. 6(2) renders the amount payable to the licensee as substituted security for the debts	 mortgages and obligations in substitution of the assets vesting in Government	 however	 Sec. 10(e) ren ders one species of such debt viz	. sums due to the Govern ment or the Electricity Board	 liable to be deducted from the amount. Shri Salve contends that this would make for a double recovery of the same debt. This	 we are afraid	 is a wrong way of looking at the two provisions. If a debt is deducted from the "amount"	 .the debt is satisfied and is extinguished and no further debt remains outstanding to get itself attached to and became an encumbrance upon the sub stituted 496 security viz.	 the 'amount '. 6(2) and Sec. 10(e) must be construed harmoniously and in a reasonable manner. There is no scope for any apprehension of a possible double recov ery of the same debt. There is no substance in contention (h). Re: Contention (i): The point of the matter is that sec. 10(f) entitles the deduction of the market value of any "property" or "right" which vests in Government and which is not delivered by the licensees to Government. The grievance of the petitioner is that while recovery of "market value" is sought to be made for non delivery of the item	 however	 in computing the "amount" only the "book value" of such "property" or "right" is taken into account. This	 it is contended	 is an instance of application of double standards and is	 therefore	 arbi trary. We see no substance in this contention. The measure of the reimbursement for an asset withheld by the licensee is the corresponding expenditure to be incurred by Govern ment for replacement which	 in eminently conceivable cases	 could be the market value of the asset which is so withheld by the licensee and which has to be replaced to keep the undertaking functioning. There is no substance in this contention either. Re: Contention (j): Shri Salve submitted that the accredited representative is	 under sec. 8(1)	 given only a month 's time from the date of his appointment to signify the choice under section 5 as to of the basis of determination of the amount. The time granted	 it is said	 is unreasonably short. The argument clearly overlooks the clause 'or such further time as may be granted by the Government ' occurring in Section 8(1). If the exercise of this power is arbitrary or capricious the licen see has remedies in Administrative Law. But the provision itself cannot be held to be bad. There is no substance in this contention either. Certain other subsidiary contentions were urged at the hearing. All these matters have been elaborately consid ered in our judgment in Writ Petn. Nos. 457 and 458 of 1972 arising out of the Assam legislation. We have not found any merit in them. However	 there is one aspect which merits considera tion. Shri Salve submitted that the petitioners in Writ Petn. No. 5(N) of 1974	 who initially	 on 16.1.1974	 had opted for basis A had sought a change to basis B by their application dated 4.10.1977. On 2.2.1978	 497 Government refused to permit the change. Shri Salve submits that a serious and indeed	 irreparable hardship has been occasioned to the petitioners by this arbitrary refusal. In these writ petitions we have dealt with questions of consti tutionality leaving the questions of construction of the provisions to the appropriate authorities. However	 having regard to the checkered history of the proceedings	 it appears to us that Shri Salve 's submission deserves to be accepted. Accordingly	 the order of the Government dated 2.2.1978 refusing a change in the basis for determination of the amount is set aside and the Government is directed to consider and dispose of the application dated 4.10.1977 afresh within two months from today. We make it clear that the Government shall not unreasonably withhold the permis sion for the change. In the result	 subject to the direction in para 19 supra relating to W.P. No. 5(N) of 1974	 we find no sub stance in these writ petitions which are dismissed. There will be no order as to costs. T.N.A. Petitions dismissed.

The petitioner companies viz.	 Veilore Electric Corpora tion Ltd.	 Kumbakonam Electric Supply Corporation Ltd. and Nagapatam Electric Supply Corporation Ltd. were grantee of licences under the by the Government of the then Presidency of Madras for supply of electrical energy in their respective areas. In exercise of its power under Section 4(1) of the Madras Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act	 1954	 the State Government issued orders dated 12.1.1968 taking over the undertakings of the Petitioner Companies viz.	 Kumbakonam Electricity Supply Company and Nagapatam Electric Supply Company declaring that their undertakings shall vest in the Government with effect from the dates specified in their respective orders. These two petitioner companies filed writ petitions in the High Court of Madras challenging the constitutional validity of the 1954 Act	 which were dismissed. The Writ Appeals filed by them were also dismissed by a Division Bench of the High Court. Thereafter appeals were filed in this Court	 which were however	 later withdrawn. Though proceedings for the acquisition of the undertak ings of these two companies had been initiated under the 1954 Act but full effectuation thereof had been interrupted by the interlocutory orders made by the courts staying delivery of possession of the undertaking. Subsequently the Tamil Nadu Private Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act	 1973 came into force which	 inter alia	 nul 477 lifted the effect of the action taken under the the State Government issued fresh orders under Section 4(1) of 1973 Act declaring that the undertakings of these two petitioner companies shah vest in Government with effect from 1.12.1973. A similar order was passed b.v the State Government under Section 4(1) of 1973 Act in respect of the third petitioner company viz. Vellore Electric Corporation Ltd.	 declaring that the undertaking of this company shall vest in the Government with effect from 7.1.1974. By an order dated 2.2.1978 the State Government also rejected the application of the petitioner Vellore Electric Corporation seeking a change in the basis for determination of amount from basis A to basis B under the 1974 Act. Writ Petitions were filed in this Court under Article 32 of the Constitution by the three affected companies chal lenging the constitutional validity of the Tamil Nadu Pri vate Electricity Supply Undertakings (Acquisition) Act	 1973	 as well as the orders made under Section 4(1) on the ground that the 'Act '	 which envisages the acquisition of the Electric Supply Undertakings of petitioners as violative of Articles 14	 19(1)(f)	 19(1)(g) and 31 of the Constitu tion. Dismissing the Writ Petitions	 HELD: 1. The electricity generated and distributed by the undertakings of the petitioner companies constitute "material resources of the community." for the purpose and within the meaning of Article 39(b). 1.1 The idea of distribution of the material resources of the community in Article 39(b) is not necessarily limited to the idea of what is taken over for distribution amongst the intended beneficiaries. That is one of the modes of "distribution". Nationalisation is other mode. 1.2 On an examination of the scheme of the impugned law the conclusion becomes inescapable that the legislative measure is one of nationalisation of the undertakings and the law is eligible for and entitled to the protection of Article 31 C. 1.3 The economic cost of social and economic reform is	 perhaps	 amongst the most vexed problems of social and economic change and constitute the core element in National isation. The need for constitutional immunities for such legislative efforts at social and economic 478 change recognise the otherwise unaffordable economic burden of reforms. It is	 therefore	 not possible to divorce the economic consideration or components from the scheme of the nationalisation with which the former are inextricably integrated. The financial cost of a scheme of nationalisa tion lies at its very heart and cannot be isolated. Both the provisions relating to the vestitute of the undertakings in the State and those pertaining to the quantification of the 'Amount ' are integral and inseparable parts of the integral scheme of nationalisation and do not admit of being consid ered as distinct provisions independent of each other. Tinsukia Electric Supply Co. Ltd. vs State of Assam	 [1989](3) S.C.C. 709; applied. 1.4 In view Of the fact that what was acquired in the instant case were not merely "choses in action" but the undertakings themselves	 it is not necessary to go into the question whether a "choses in action" can at all be ac quired. State of Madhya Pradesh vs Ranojirao Shinde & Anr.	 ; and Madan Mohan Pathak vs Union of India & Ors.	 ; ; referred to. The subject matter of the grant in relation to dis tribution in the community of such material resources be it electricity	 water	 gas or other essential amenities of life has a special nature. New Orleans Gaslight Co. vs Louisiane Light & Heat Producing & Mfg. Co.	 ; ; The Okara Electricity Supply Co. Ltd. vs The State of Punjab	 A.I.R. 1960 S.C. 284; referred to. 2.1 The impugned law is within the legislative compe tence of the State Legislature and such State law	 with the Presidential assent	 prevails and is not over borne by the Central law. The impugned State law	 by its 22nd section	 expressly excludes the operation of any provisions of the Electricity Act	 1910	 in so far as such provision is incon sistent with the provisions of the Stare Law. The Constitu tional immunity afforded to the State law prevents any challenge to it on grounds based on Article 14 or 19. 3. There is nothing unreasonable about the provision which merely recognises the obligation of a licensee to account for its acts in relation to a property which has already vested in Government. There 479 fore Section 4 which pertains to the liability of the licen see to account to Government in respect of possession of and any benefit derived from the undertaking after the date of the vesting is not arbitrary and unconstitutional. The deduction envisaged by Section 10(d) from the amount payable towards and on account of arrears of elec tricity charges payable by the licensee to the Government or the Electricity Board as the case may be for the supply of Electricity made by them to the licensee is a legitimate item of deduction. It cannot be held to be arbitrary on the apprehension that even a disputed and untenable claim in that behalf becomes entitled to deduction. Section 13(1)(e) makes such a dispute as one of the arbitrable disputes and no deduction of a disputed claim can be justified by the Government if the arbitrator who is or has been a District Judge or a retired High Court Judge holds that the deduction is unjustified. If a debt is deducted from the "amount"	 the debt is satisfied and is extinguished and no further debt remains outstanding to get itself attached to and becomes an encum brance upon the substituted security viz.	 the 'amount '. Section 6(2) and Section 10(e) must be construed harmonious ly and in a reasonable manner. There is no scope for any apprehension of a possible double recovery of the same debt. Therefore the Act cannot be challenged on the ground of possible double recovery of the same debt under Section 6(2) and Section 10(e). The measure of the reimbursement for an asset with held by the licensee is the corresponding expenditure to be incurred by Government for replacement which	 in eminently conceivable cases	 could be the market value of the asset which is so withheld by the licensee and which has to be replaced to keep the undertaking functioning. Therefore Section 10(f) cannot be held to be arbitrary on the ground that it is an instance of application of double standards because while recovery of "market value" is sought to be made for non delivery of the item whereas in computing the "amount" only the "book value" of such "property" or "right" is taken. It cannot be said that the accredited representative is	 under Section 8(1)	 given only a month 's time from the date of his appointment to signify the choice under Section 5 as to the basis of determination of the amount. Section 8(1) also provides 'or such further time as may be granted by the Government '. If the exercise of this power is arbi trary or capricious the licensee has remedies in Administra tive 480 Law. But the provision itself cannot be held to be bad or invalid on the ground that time granted under the Section to signify choice under Section 5 is unreasonably short. The order of the Government dated 2.2.1978 rejecting the application of the Petitioner	 Vellore Electric Corpora tion and refusing a change in the basis for determination of amount from basis A to basis B is set aside and the Govern ment is directed to consider the matter afresh.