Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 424 of 1958. Appeal from the judgment and decree dated April 25	 1950	 of the Madras High Court in A. section No. 67 of 1947. K. Bhimasankaram and. K.R. Chaudhuri. for the appellants. T. V. R. Tatachari	 for respondents Nos. 1 to 3. P. Ram Reddy	 for respondent No. 9. M. R. Krishna Pillai for respondent No. 24. September 18. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SHAH J. One Thammiah had two sons Gangaraju and Ramayya and four daughters Ammanna	 Sesbamma	 Gangamma and Bbavamma	 of these	 the two sons and the daughter Ammanna .died during Thammiab 's life time. Gangaraju left him surviving his widow Cbetamma and Ramayya his widow Venkamma. Ammanna was survived by her son Rudrayya	 who was brought up by Thammiah. Thammiah died in 1885	 Seshamma in 1904	 Gangamma in 1930 and Bhavamma in 1935. After the death of Bhavamma	 Paddaraju (herein after called the plaintiff)	 son ' of Gangamma filed Suit No. 53 of 1944 in the court of the Subordinate 655 Judge at Rajamundhry against the descendants of Seshamma and Ammanna for a decree for partition and separate possession of a third share in 17 lands	 described in Schedule B to the plaint as "agricultural land and measuring in the aggregate 51 acres 72 cents in Patta No. 12 in village Pandalpaka in Pitbapur Zamindari" and in Schedule IC ' described as three houses with sites thereof in village Pandalpaka	. To this suit Jaggarayudu and Paddaraju	 sons of Venkataraju brother of the plaintiff were impleaded as defendants 31 and 32. The plaintiff claimed that Thammiah owned occupancy rights in the ryoti lands in the Pithapuram Zamindari and that after Thammiab 's death the lands were managed with the permission of the plaintiff and his brother Venkataraju	 in the first instance	 by the two daughters in law of Thammiah Chetamma and Rammanna	 son of Seshamma and their "possession and management was on behalf of heirs and persons entitled to maintenance out of the estate" and that the right to sue for ' partition accrued on the death of Bhavamma on March 18	 1935. The suit was resisted by the descendants of Seshamma and Annamma principally on the plea that in the lands described in Schedule "B 'Thammiah had not proprietary right and that occupancy right therein accrued to Rudrayya and Veeriah (husband of Seshamma) by virtue of the Madras Estates Lands Act	 1908. It was also pleaded that Thammiah had made an oral will devising his estate in favour of Veeriah who was his illatom son in law and Rudrayya in equal shares. This plea about the oral will was negatived by the Court of First Instance and	 the High Court and need no longer be consi dered	 because it is not canvassed be fore us in this appeal. The trial Court held that Thammiah had no proprietary interest in the lands in Schedule 'B ' and on that view decreed the plaintiff 's claim for partition of the houses and sites described in Schedule IC ' only and awarded a third share to him	 656 another third share to Ramanna and the remaining third share collectively to defendants 31 and 32sons of Venkataraju. in appeal	 the High Court of Madras modified the decree of the trial court holding that in the agricultural lands Thammiah had occupancy rights which on his death devolved on his surviving daughters	 and directed that those lands be also partitioned	 and that a third share be awarded to the plaintiff and a third share to defendants 31 and 32 together with mesne profits from March 18	1935. the date of Bhavammas death. With certificate under article 133	 this appeal is preferred by the descendants of Seshamma and Ammanna. The principal question which falls to be determined in this appeal is whether Thammiah had	 as claimed by the plaintiff	 occupancy rights in the lands described in Schedule 'B '	 or as the contesting defendants contend	 Thammiah was an annual tenant of the zamindar and that after his death the lands were held on similar tenure by different members of the family of Thammiah and that the occupancy right was acquired by Rudrayya and Veeriah by virtue of the Madras Estates Lands Act	 1908. The lands are within a permanently settled zamindari under Madras Regulation XXV of 1802	 and it is common ground that Thammiah was cultivating the entire area of the lands during his life time. There is no evidence indicating that his possession was ever disturbed during his life time. There is again no evidence about the commencement of the occupation of Thammiah or his pre decessors : commencement of their occupation is therefore lost in antiquity. The lands are described in the various documents	 to which we will presently refer	 as "jeeroyati landie ' Thammiah as "jeeroyati ryot"	 and after his death his daughters in law and grandson Ramanna were similarly described. Three documents Exts. D 1	 D 2 and D 3which establish that Thammiah was cultivating the lands throw important light on the problem under 657 discussion. Exhibit D 1 is a muchilika dated July St 1	 1883	 executed by Thammiah in favour of the zamindar. Exhibits D 2 and D 3 are similar muchilikas dated respectively August 10	 1884	 and July 15 1885. Each of these muchilikas is in respect of the seventeen pieces of lands described in Schedule "B ' and the 'cist ' settled is Rs. 419/8/ . The terms of the three muchilikas are identical. Thammiah is described in the muchilikas as "jeeroyati ryot" and the lands are described as "jeeroyati pampus". It is recited in the muchilikas "I have executed and delivered this muchilika agreeing that I should pay the said cist amount of Rs. 419/8/every fasli according to the instalments mentioned hereunder to the Officials on your behalf and to obtain receipts;. . . that during the last year of the term	 I should not raise gingelly or chiruyeru crop on these pampus but that I should leave sufficient land for purposes of garden cultivation and seed beds; that I should not cut down any	 kind of trees without your permission; that I should not raise permanent gardens or construct houses on these lands without your permission; that I should not cause damage to these lands so as to make them unfit for cultivation purposes; that if at the of the term you should lease out these pampus to anyone	 whom you like	 for a cist amount advantageous to you	 I should not raise objection thereto; that if you had leased out these lands to other ryots for the ensuing year after the expiry of the term	 and if 'the said ryots should carry on necessary works for purposes of cultivation during the ensuing year by way of ploughing seed beds	 sowing seeds and planting tender sugarcane even before the expiry of this term	 I should leave sufficient land to them without raising any objection whatsoever. " By the covenants of the muchilikas Thammiah had undoubtedly undertaken not to raise certain crops	 nor to cut trees	 nor to put up permanent constructions and had also undertaken to give certain facilities to other tenants 658 inducted in the lands by the zamindar. The evidence does not justify the inference that Thammiah was inducted on the land by Ext. There is even no evidence that the land was acquired from the	 zaminder by the members of Thammiab 's family or that the ancestors of Thammiah were not on the land before the zamindari rights accrued to the zamindar. It is also not didputed that land 1	 in zamindaries in the Madras Presidency were even held in occupancy right by many ryots before the Madras EstateB Lands Act	 1908	 was enacted. As observed in Venkata Narasimha Naidu vs Dandamudi Kotayyo(1) at 301 that "there is absolutely no ground for laying down that the rights of ryots in zamindaries invariably or even generally had their origin in express or implied grants made by the zamindar. The view that in the large majority of instances	 it originated otherwise is the one most in accord with the history of agricultural land holding in this country. For	 in the first place	 sovereigns	 ancient or modern	 did not here set up more than a right to a share of the produce raised by raiyats in lands cultivated by them	 however much that share varied at different. times. And	 in the language of the Board of Revenue which long after the Permanent Settlement Regulations were passed	 investigated and reported upon the nature of the rights of ryots in the various parts of the Presidency	 "whether rendered in service	 in money or in kind and whether paid to rajas	 jagirdars	 zamindars	 poligars	 mutadars	 shrotiemdars	 inamdars or to Government officers	 such as tehaildars	 amildars	 amins or thannadars	 the payments which have always been made are universally deemed the due of Government. . Therefore to treat such a payment by cultivators to zamindars as 'rent ' in the strict sense of the term and to imply therefrom the relation of landlord and tenant so as to let in the presumption of law that a tenancy in general is one from year to year	 would be to introduce (1) Mad.a 299. 659 a mischievous fiction destructive of the rights of great numbers of the cultivating classes in this province who have held possession of their lands for generations and generations. " It was also observed in that case (at p. 303)	 "	It thus seem unquestionable that prima facie a zamindar and a raiyat are holders of the melvaram and kudivaram rights	 respectively. When	 therefore	 the former sues to eject the latter	 it is difficult to see why the defendant in such a case should be treated otherwise than defendants in possession are generally treated	 by being called upon	 in the first instance	 to prove that they have a right to continue in possessions The right to occupy land under the revenue system prevailing in Madras may arise by reason of the customs in the district in which they are situate. In any event	 there is no presumption that the holder of the land under a Zamindar is a tenant at will. In each case the rights of the ryot have to be ascertained in the light of the facts proved. In Appa Rau vs Subbanna (1)	 Muttusami Ayyar and Wilkinson	 JJ.	 were called upon to consider whether a zamindari ryot could mortgage his interest in his holding. It was observed in that case that " 'According to the course of decisions	 therefore	 in this presidency the landlord may determine the tenancy if there is a contract	 express or implied	 by exercising his will in accordance with his obligations; that there is no presumption in favour of a tenancy at will; that an occupancy right may exist by customs; that a pattadar or raiyat in a mitta is entitled to continue in possession so long as he regularly pays rent 'and has a saleable interest	 and that by reason of special circumstances in evidence the onus of proof may be shifted	 even in regard to a permanent occupancy right	 from the tenant to the landlord. " The court also observed that it would be 		monstrous to hold that every tenant in a zamindari is presumably a tenant at will". (1) (1889) 1. L. R. 660 In Vencata Mahalakshmamma vs Ramajogi (1)	 a zamindar served a notice upon the defendant	 who was a cultivating ryot in the zamindari calling upon him to deliver possession of his holding	 and on default of compliance sued to evict him from his holding. The defendant pleaded that he and his ancestors had been "jiroyati ryots" of the holding from times immemorial. According to the High Court	 the zamindar having failed to prove that the ryot 's tenancy had commenced under the zamindar or his ancestors	 the suit should be dismissed. The court observed that "in cases. in which the raiyats ' holding is not shown to have commenced subsequent to the permanent settlement	 and when upon the evidence	 it is possibly as ancient as the zamindari itself	 the principle laid down with reference to tenancies which admittedly commenced under the zamindar" had no application	 and that "in such cases it is not unreasonable to hold that the onus of showing that the tenancy commenced under the plaintiff or his ancestors rests on the zamindar	 and that until he shows it	 the zamindar may be fairly presumed to have been the assignee of Government revenue	 and the tenant liable to pay a fair rent and entitled to continue in possession as long as be regularly pays rent. In Yenkata Narasimha Naidu vs Dandamudi Kotayya(2)	 which we have already referred	 it was held that a ryot in a permanently settled estate is prima facie not a mere tenant from year to year but the owner 1 of the kudivaram right in the land he cultivates	 and in a suit in ejectment	 the zamindar "is to prove that the kudivaram right in the disputed land subsequently passed to the defendant or some person through whom he claims under circumstances which give the plaintiff the right to eject. " The Court observed that there is no substantial analogy between an	 English tenant and an Indian ryot for the right of ryots came into existence ' (2) Mad. 661 mostly	 not under any letting by the Government of the day or its assignees	 the zamindars	 but independently of them	 according to the Indian: traditions such right were generally acquired by	 cultivators entering upon land	 improving it and. making it productive. After referring to the judgment of Turner	 C. J.	 and Muttusami Ayyar	 J.	 in Siva Subramanya vs The Secretary of State for India(1)	 that the Hindu jurisprudence rested private property	 on occupation as owner	 and to Secretary of State vs Vira Rayan(2) that the right to the possession of lands acquired by the first person who makes a beneficial use of the soil	 it was observed that the well known division in the	 Madras Presidency of the great interests in land under two main beads of the melvaram interest and the kudivaram interest made the holder of the kudivaram right	 far from being a tenant of the holder of the melvaram right	 a co owner with him. In Cheekati Zamindar vs Banasooru Dhora and others(3)	 Shephard	 J.	 observed at p. 322	 "Many of the occupants of zamindari lands are not tenants in the proper sense of the word	 and the fair presumption is that	 when new occupants are admitted to the enjoyment of waste or abandoned lands	 the intention is that they should enjoy on the same terms as those under which the prior occupants of zamindari lands held. It is open to the zamindar to rebut the presumption. He may show as was shown in Achayya vs Hanumantrayudu (4) that the usual condition of things does not prevail in his estate or he may adduce evidence as to the particular contract made between him and his tenant. In other words	 he may show that the terms of the contract were different from those which ordinarily prevail between a zamindar and the occupant of zamindari lands. " Subrahmania Ayyar	 J. observed	 "Practically the whole of the agricultural land there (1) mad. (2) Mad. (3) (1899) 1. L. R. (4) (1891) 1. L. R. 662 is not cultivated by persons who merely hire it for a limited time. The raiyats most generally hold by no derivative tenure. And even where the right to cultivate passes to them from zamindars the payment made by them	 in the absence of a contract	 is regulated by custom in the last resort	 as provided in section 11 of the Rent Recovery Act. The raiyats are generally entitled to hold the lands for a unlimited time	 that if; as long as they wish to retain it subject to the performance of the obligations incident to the tenure. Nor can it be said that this is true only in regard to so much of the land in the hands of the raiyats as cannot be shown to have been obtained by them from zamindars. For in the case of lands which have been relinquished by the former occupants or which have been lying waste from time immemorial	 they too	 when taken up by a raiyat	 are treated exactly on the same footing as land into the possession of which it is not shown that the raiyat was let in by a zamindar	 and the raiyat holds possession of them for an indefinite period". In Kumbham Lakshmanna and others. vs Tanjirala Venkateswarlu and Others (1)	 the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council held that in a suit to eject the tenant of an inamdar from his holding the burden is on the plaintiff to make out a right to evict by proving that the grant included both the melvaram and the kudivaram interests	 or that the tenants or their predecessors were let into possession by the inamdar under a terminable lease. The dispute in that case was between inamdars and a tenant and had to be decided by the Civil Court	 for having regard to the definition in a. 3(2) (d) of the Madras; Estates Land Act	 1908	 the Act did not apply to inamdars. By section 6 of the Act it having been provided that "	every ryot now in possession or who shall hereafter be admitted by a landholder to possession of ryoti land situated in the estate of such landholder shall have a permanent right of occupancy in his holding	 (1) (1949) L. It. 76 T. A. '202. 663 all tenants in possession of land at the date on which the Act came into operation, were declared to be holders of permanent occupancy rights, but the Act did not justify the inference that the holders prior to that date did not and could not hold occupancy rights. The Privy Council was of the view that in any action by an inamdar to evict his tenants and by a zamindar prior to 1908 to evict his raiyats from their holdings, the burden was on the plaintiff to make out the right to evict by proving that the grant included both the melvaram and the kudivaram interests or that the holders of land or their predecessors were let into possession by the inamdar or the zamindar under a terminable lease. The Privy Council judgment, therefore, recorded its approval to the view expressed in the earlier cases to which we have referred. But counsel for the respondents contended that this was not a suit between a zamindar and a ryot and the rule as to the onus of proof in a suit as between a zamindar and a ryot did not apply where the suit was filed by a person like the plaintiff claiming a share in the occupancy right in land in possession of the defendants, and unless the plaintiff establishes affirmatively that the common ancestor was before 1908 in possession as an occupancy tenant, his suit must fail. We do not think that this is a permissible approach. The presumption which arises in a suit by a zamindar against a ryot for possession of the letter 's holding, rests not on the narrow ground of burden that whoever alleges title and claims relief on that footing must establish it ; the presumption has its roots in the system of land tenure and in custom of the area in which the lands are situate, and applies in a suit between persons claiming under the ryot, as well as in a suit against the ryot by the zamindar. Counsel for the respondent relied upon certain circumstances which appeared from the evidence 664 as lending support to the plea of the contesting defendants that the lands were not held by Thammiah in occupancy right. Reliance was placed upon the covenant in Exts. D 1, D 2 and D 3 that the zamindar may on the expiry of the year of the muchilika, let out the lands to any tenant at cist" advantageous to the	 zamindar. It is true that in Exts. D 1	 D 2 and D 3 it is recited that if at the end of the terms of the muchilika the zamindar should lease out the land to any one for a "cist" advantageous to hina	 Thammiah would not object thereto	 and he further agreed that he would leave sufficient land	 without raising any objection	 for the ryot to carry out the necessary work for cultivation during the ensuring year. But such a covenant is by itself not sufficient to justify the inference that the ryot 's tenure was precarious. It appears that since the decision of the Madras High Court in Chockaling Pilli vs Vythealinga Pundara Sunnady (1) that neither the rent Recovery Act	 nor the regulations operated to extend a tenancy beyond the period secured by the express or implied terms of the contract creating it	 the zamindars were accustomed to take muchilika or other writings from their ryots admitting notwithstanding the true nature of their rights	 that their tenure was restricted or precarious. In Vencata Mahalakshmamma vs Ramajogi (2)	 in dealing with a muchilika executed by a ryot for a period of one year only	 Muttusami Ayyar J.	 observed	 "Neither a patta nor a muchalka granted or executed under Act VIII of 1865 during the continuance of the holding is conclusive evidence that the holding is a tenancy from year to year. A patta or muchalka is ordinarily nothing more than a record of what the tenant has to pay for a particular year with reference to the pre existing relation of landlord and tenant. The fact cannot also be lost sight of that the zamindar is always a man of education	 status and influence and often exercises (1) (2) (1892) 1. L. R. 665 revenue power and control over the village records. On the other hand	 the raiyats are illiterate persons and it would be easy enough to get them sign anything as long as there is no attempt to interfere with their actual occupation and enjoyment of the land.". It would be unreasonable	 therefore	 to attach any undue important to the recitals of the	 nature contained in Exts. D 1	 D 2 and D 3. The Privy Council in Kumbham Lakshmamma 's case referred to the practice among zamindars of taking muchilikas from ryots negativing the existence of the occupancy rights as being prevalent and to the judicial recognition of such a practice in Peravali Kotayya V. Pnnopalli Ramakrishnayya (2) and Zamindar of Chella palli vs Rajalapati Somayya (3). The Judicial Committee referred with approval to the observations of Wallis	 C.J.	 in the latter case to the effect : "In this connection it is to be borne in mind that numerous instances have come before the courts in which subsequent to the decision of in inserting in pattas and muchilikas terms negativing the existence of occupancy right". and pointed out that they could not neglect the consideration that a ryot so long as he is not evicted	 might be prepared to sign anything and that the evidential value of such a contract should be judged accordingly. It is true that if there were some reliable or substantial evidence to show that the tenancy had commenced after the zamindari rights accrued or that 'otherwise the tenant 's right was restricted	 the value to be attached to the reci tals of 'the nature set out may be greater ; but there are no circumstances in this case lending strength to the recitals contained in Exts. D 1	 D 2 and D.3. After the death of Thammiah	 muchilikas were obtained 'and pattas granted by the zamindar not in favour of the daughters ' of Thammiab	 who were under the Hindu Law his heirs	 but in favour (1) (1949) L. R. 76 I. A. 202. (2) (4) 666 of his daughters in law	 in the first instance	 and thereafter	 in favour of one of the daughters in law and Ramanna	 grandson of Thammiah. These documents are Exts. D 4	 D 5	 D 5 (a)	 D 6 and D 8. Ext 1 @ 4 is a muchilika executed on August 15	 1891 by Venkamma and Chetamma	 daughters inlaw of Thammiah. D 5 is another ' muchilika executed on August		 15	 1893 by Venkamma and Chetamma. Each of these muchilikas is for period of one year. D 5 (a) is a patta executed on October 10	 1893 by the zamindar corresponding to muchilika Ext. exhibit D 6 is a patta executed on May 21	 1904	 by the zamindar in favour of Chetemma and Ramanna minor by his guardian Veeriah and there% is Ext. D 8 which is a patta dated January 16	 1906 also in favour of Chetamma and Ramanna. All these muchilikas and pattas related to the same seventeen pieces of land which were originally in the possession of Thammiah	 and the covenants thereof are identical. It is true that in respect of the first two inuchilikas the ryots were Chetamma. and Venkamma	 and in Exta. D 6 and D 8; the ryots were Chetamma and Ramanna. Counsel for the defendants asks us to infer from Exts. D 4 to D 8 that the zamindar had at the end of the year for which the muchilikas or pattas were executed exercised his right of eviction and had taken possession of the lands and had given them to other persons of his own choice. But it is difficult to draw that inference in the absence of any reliable evidence that the zamindar had evicted ryots who had executed the muchilikas and had then inducted fresh ryots on the land. The reason why Venkamma was omitted after 1893 from the muchilikas and pattas of the land and in her place Ramanna was substituted will be presently mentioned. After the death of Thammiah	 his rights in the land would undoubtedly devolve by the law of inheritance upon his surviving daughters with limited interest. But the fact that muchilikas were taken from persons who were strictly not heirs according to Hindu law	 but were still 667 representatives of the family	 will not justify an inference that the right of the original ryots were extinguished and fresh rights in favour of persons who executed muchilikas were created. The two daughters in law Chetamma and Venkamma after the death of Thammiah	 continued to live in the. family house together with Sesharama. Veerayya and Rudriah	 and it is not unlikely that the zamindar regarded the two daughters in Law as representatives of the family and took muchilikas from them. there is no warrant for the inference that they were inducted on the land in independent right by the zamindar arid not as representatives of the descendants of Thammiah. The learned Judges of the High Court observed that "in 1895 (when Ext. D 4 was executed) in country parts like Pandalpaka	 it is too much to assume such a second knowledge of Hindu law. Besides	 Venkamma and Chetamma were	 admittedly	 living a	long with Veerliah and Rudrayya and Ramanna and Bhavamma during Thammiah 's life time	 and continued to live in that some 'house after his death . So	 we have no doubt that the Maharaja of Pittapur	 the zamindar	 never intended.in the least to take away the B Schedule lands from Tammayya 's heirs and given them to Venkamma and Chittemma who were not heirs and we hold that he renewed the patta in favour of these two windows	 as they were considered by him to be representing Tammayya 's estate	 being his widowed daughters in law. our view	 this in the circumstances of the case	 is a correct inference. It appears that after 1895 there arose disputes between Veeriah and Venkamma and it was arranged to provide maintenance to Venkamma out of the estate of Thammiab. 	 Ext. P 1 dated May 16	 1.899 records the terms on which maintenance was granted. This document has a very importal Lt bearing on the question which falls to be decided in this appeal. 1 b is received i@.a E2:t. P 1 that all the properties of Thammiah had	 devolved		 after 668 his death	 upon his "dowbitras" (daughter 's sons)	 Rudriah and Ramanna and that the two "dowhitras" were bound to maintain the widowed daughters in law Chetamma and Venkamma and that accordingly they. were being ' maintained	 but a Venkamma was unwilling to live in the family house	 it. Was decided to give her for maintenance expenses Rs.25 and 240 kunchams of white paddy per year besides a house	 for residence. This deed recites that out of the estate of Thammiah the two widows Chetamma and Venkamma were in fact being maintained that the estate was inherite I by Rudriah and Ramanna	 and recognises the right of the widows to receive maintenance out of the estate. There is no evidence on the record that besides the lands mentioned in Schedule 'B ' there was any other agricultural land of which Thammiah was possessed and which had devolved upon Rudriah and Ramanna. It is admittedly out of the property of Thammiah which had devolved upon Rudriah and Ramanna that maintenance was agreed to be given	 and if Thammiah was not possessed of any property other than the lands in Schedule "B '	 Ext. P 1 must lend strong support to the inference that the lands in Schedule 'B ' were regarded at the date of the maintenance deed as belonging to the estate of Thammiah out of which Venkamma was entitled to maintenance. The assumption that the property had	 devolved upon Rudriah and Ramanna is evidently not true. long as the daughters or any of them were alive	 they were	 according to the Hindu law applicable to the Madras Presidency	 owners	 though for their lifetime only	 of the estate left	. by Thammiah. P 1 does therefore land support to the case of the plaintiff that the property was regarded as belonging to the family in which all persons who were living in the house of Thammiah	 including the two daughters in law.	 had;	 interest. After. maintenance was provided to Venkamma by Ext. P 1 her name was omitted from the muchilikas and the pattas subsequently Pattas D 6 and 669 D 8 are as we 'have already stated	 'in favour of Chetamma and Ramanna. It is true that rent was enhanced by the zamindar from time to. time under the muchilikas. During the life time of Thammiah the annual rent was Rs. 419 8 0 and it .remained unchanged	 but after his death the rent	 even though the area 0f the land continued to be ' the same	 was enhanced to Rs. 481 8 0 under Ext. There is some error in totaling tip the amount of rent		 but the enhancement of rent by Rs. 52 is substantially the result of alteration of rent of Sr. No. 315. Originally the rent of Sr. No. 315 was Rs. 29 3 9: it was enhanced to Rs. 81 3 9. under Ext. D 5 the rent is Rs 537 (it should have	 been Rs. 473)	 but that again	 is the result of some error in totaling	 the only enhancement being in respect of No. 358 which was increased from Rs. 5 to Rs. 6 8 0. 'In Ext	 D 6 of the year 1904 the rent of this land was enhanced to Rs. 60 8 0 and rent in respect of	 Sr. No. '315 was enhanced to Rs. 91 3 9. The High Court has held that this enhancement of rent of the two lands Nos. 315 and 358 was presumably because the lands were irrigated	 and	 having regard to the circum stances	 we think the inference of the High Court is correct. Enhancement of rent of the lands from time to time does not lend support to the inference that fresh pattas and muchilikas were not in recognition of the previous rights. It is	 pertinent to note that in the records of the zamindar all the muchilikas in respect of the lands bore No. 12	 during the life time of Thammiah and after his death they bore No. 23. The circumstance that the same area of land remained in the occupation continuously of the family of Thammiah under Exts. D 1 to D 8 for a period exceeding 25 years also lends support to the plea of the plaintiff. It is true that by his notice Ext. D 7 the zamindar called upon Ramanna and Chetamma to vacate. the kumatam (which term is translated by the learned counsel for the respondent as home farm) lands of the extent of 51 acres 72 cents. But by the year 670 1905 it was well known that legislation of the nature	which was ultimately enacted as the Madras Estate Land Act	 1908	 was on the legislative anvil and no reliance can be placed upon the statements made in the notice which does 'not appear to have been followed by proceedings	 for enforcement of the claim to possession. It is common wound that on January 16	 1906	 the zamindar issued in favour of Chetamma and Ramanna a patta in respect of the same lands.for an annual rental of Rs. 578 4 0	 rent having been enhanced in respect of Sr. No. 46 and 358 only. The High Court placed strong reliance upon the circumstances that in all the muchilikas and pattas the lands were described as "jeroyati lands" and the tenants were described as "joroyati ryots". The High Court observed that "jeroyati ryot" was a well known term indicating prima: facie posses sion of occupancy rights. However	 the state of the authorities in the Madras High Court to which cur attention his been invited does not justify as in expressing any definite opinion on that plea. In Zamindars of Bodokimidy vs Badankayala Bhimayya(1)	 Curgenven	 J. held that the phrase "on jirayati tenure ' is only used where occupancy rights exist. But beyond the bare statement in the judgment that "the phrases" on jirayati tenure being so far as my experience goes	 only used where occupancy rights exist"	 there is no further elaboration in the judgment. In (Ivaturi) Lingayya Ayyavaru vs Kandula Guningiah (2)	 Wallace	 J.	 without referring to the earlier judgment of Curgenven	 J.	 observed that the term "jeroyatidar" did not imply that; the executant was an occupancy ryot. Here also no reasons appear to have been given in support of the view. In Dadamudy Tatayya vs Kelachina Venkatasubbarayya Sastri (3)	 Devadoss	 J.	 in the course of hearing in appeal called for a finding from the (1) A.I.R 927 Mad. (2) A.I.R. 1928 Mad. 58. (3) A.I.R. 1928 Mad. 671 trial Court as to the meaning of the word jeroyati" as used in the Vuyyur Zamindari and as to the meaning of the expression "savaram jeroyiti" used in documents in that estate. The Subordinate Judge recorded evidence on the question referred to him	 and observed after referring to Brown 's Dictionary and Wilson 's Glossary	 that the word " 'jeroyiti land" may mean "cultivable or arable land"	 but it was only the context that must decide which meaning was to be given to the word. He also observed that the word " 'jeroyiti" especially when prefixed to the word " 'right" or hakku had come to mean "rights of occupancy". This report of the Subordinate Judge	 it appears	 was accepted by the High Court. These are the only decisions of the Madras High Court to which our attention was invited. The task of this Court	 in ascertaining the special meaning which an expression used in the revenue administration and by the residents of a certain area has acquired	 is indeed difficult. If the expression "jeerayot" is a local variation of "Zeerait" used in the revenue administration	 especially in Northern India	 it may mean " assessed" land	 or "agricultural" land. On the material.% placed	 we are unable to express any definite opinion on this part of the ease of the plaintiff. To summarise	 there is no evidence to show that occupation of the lands by Thammiah commenced under the zamindar ; and there is no evidence as to the terms on which Thammiah or his predecessors were inducted on the lands: the commence ment of the tenancy and the terms there of are lost in antiquity	 but Thammiah and his descendants are proved to have continued in possession of land uninterruptedly till the enactment of the Madras Estates Land Act	 1908. In the light of the presumption that the zamindar is	 unless the contrary is proved	 the owner of the melvaram and the ryot the owner of the kudivaram the inference is irresistible that Thammiah was the holder of the 672 occupany rights in the lands and that these rights devolved 'upon	. his successors and that the	 occupancy rights in the lands were not acquired by virtue of the provisions of Madras Act 1 of 1908. Before parting with the case a minor question relating to mesne profits awarded to the plaintiff 	and defendants 31 and 32 must be mentioned. By his plaint the plaintiff claimed mesne profits in respect of his share for three years prior to the date of the suit. He valued the claim for mesne profits at Rs. 3	800 past profits on plaintiffs 1/3rd share for two years 1940 and 1941 at Rs. 2	280 and past mesne profits on plaintiff 's 1/3rd shares for the year 1942 at Rs.1	520. The trial court dismissed the plaintiff 's suit as to his share in property described in Schedule 'B '. The High Court in awarding a third share to the plaintiff and another third share to defendants 31 and 32 collectively also awarded past mesne profits from the 18th of March	 1935	 i.e.	 the date of the death of Bhavamma	 alone with future mesne profits regarding the shares in the B and the C Schedules properties. But the High Court could not award mesne profits prior to August	 1940 which had never been claimed by the plaintiff in the suit. We therefore modify the decree of the High Court and direct that mesne profits 1940. Subject to that modification the decree passed by the High Court is affirmed and the Appeal is dismissed with costs payable by the contesting defendants to the plaintiff. Appeal dismissed subject to modification.

The lands in question which were within the permanently settled Zamindari in the then presidency of Madras	 belonged to T who	 during his lifetime	 was cultivating the lands. He died in 1885 leaving behind	 inter alia	 three daughters. After the death of the three daughters	 the last having died in 1935	 the sons of one of them instituted a suit against the descendants of the other two for partition and separate possession of a third share	 inter alia in the lands in question on the footing that T owned occupancy rights in the lands. The suit was resisted on the plea that T had	 no proprietary right in the lands	 that he was only an annual tenant of the Zamindar	 that after his death the lands were held on similar tenure by different members by his family and that occupancy rights were acquired by those members of his family who were in possession of the lands when the Madras Estates Land Act	 1908	 came into force in 1908. There was no evidence to show that the occupation of the lands by T commenced under the Zamindar	 nor was there any evidence as to the terms on which he or his predecessors were inducted on the lands	 the commencement of the tenancy and the terms thereof being lost in antiquity	 but he and his descendants were proved to have continued in possession of the lands uninterruptedly till the enactment of the Madras Estates Land Act	 1908. Held	 that in cases in which a ryot 's holding is not shown to have commenced subsequent to the permanent settlement	 the presumption is that Zamindar was only the holder 654 of the melvaram being the assignee of the Government revenue	 and that the kudivaram in the land belonged to the ryot who Was entitled to continue in possession as long as he paid the rent regularly; and that this principle was applicable equally in a Suit between persons claiming under the ryot as in a suit against the ryot by the Zamindar. Case law relating to the rights of ryots in Zamindaries in the Madras Presidency reviewed. Held	 further	 that T was the holder of the occupancy rights in the lands	 	 that these rights devolved upon his successors and that the said occupancy rights were not acquired by virtue of the provisions of the Madras Estates Land Act	 1908.