Summarize the following court judgment. ivil Appeal No. 2969 of 1983 etc. From the Judgment and Order dated 17.5. 1982 of the Delhi High Court in Civil Writ No. 1231 of 1979. G. Ramaswamy	 Additional Solicitor General	 Govinda Mukhoty	 Dr. Y.S. Chitale	 V.D. Misra	 M.K. Ramamurthi	 N.C. Talukdar	 Mrs. C.M. Chopra	 B.P. Maheshwari	 R.S. Rama	 M.A. Krishnamurthy	 N.L. Kakkar	 Dr. Meera Aggarwal and R.C. Misra for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by NATARAJAN	 J. The genesis for these appeals by special leave	 the special leave petition and the petition under Article 32 of the Constitution is the grant of pay scales at the rates recommended by the Shiv Shanker Committee for the employees of the Delhi Electricity Supply Undertaking to only a section of the ministerial staff of the New Delhi Municipal Committee who happened to be working in the elec tricity wing of the said Committee at the relevant time. There is a good deal of factual material and historical background to be covered 816 for a full and proper appreciation of the contentions of the appellants and the petitioners on the one hand and the respondents on the other in these appeals and petitions. We will	 therefore	 concern ourselves with that exercise before taking up the contentions of the parties. In the Union Territory of Delhi there are two main civic bodies viz. the New Delhi Municipal Committee (for short of NDMC) and the Delhi Municipal Corporation (for short the MCD). The NDMC comprises of New Delhi as it existed prior to 1947 and was constituted under the Punjab Municipal Act	 1911. The NDMC discharges all civic functions including supply of water and electricity in the areas falling within its jurisdiction. In 1957 the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act came to be enacted and in pursuance thereof	 the Delhi Municipal Corporation was constituted amalgamating within itself a few other smaller civic bodies which existed inde pendent of the NDMC and the resultant position was that the rest of the areas fell within the jurisdiction of the Munic ipal Corporation of Delhi. The NDMC	 forming a compact unit	 had divided its civic work into various departments. Besides engaging technical staff the NDMC engaged non technical staff such as Municipal staff	 clerks etc	 for working in the various departments including the electricity and water supply departments. In so far as the non technical staff are concerned	 they con stitute one unified cadre and are liable to transfer from one department to another. They are governed by a common channel of seniority. in respect of each class of employees with common seniority list. The set up of the MCD is	 however	 different since the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act provides for the constitu tion of three separate and independent wings viz. the elec tricity	 the general and the water. sewage and disposal wings. The electricity wing came to be designated as the Delhi Electricity Supply Undertaking (hereinafter referred to as DESU) and is governed by an independent budget and headed by a separate and independent General Manager and its employees are governed by a separate cadre and a separate seniority list. The general wing of the MCD performs the other general civic duties and functions. The third wing is concerned with the distribution of water and the disposal of sewage etc. and it is also independent of the general wing. To satisfy the demands of the employees of the MCD	 NDMC etc. the Government accepted the report of the Third Pay commission 817 appointed by it and the pay scales	 as recommended by the Pay Commission were accepted by the NDMC as well as the general wing of the MCD. The technical staff of DESU claimed higher scales of pay as they were not satisfied with the pay scales recommended by the Pay Commission. The Government	 therefore	 constituted a Committee known as the Shiv Shanker Committee (hereinafter the S.S. Committee for short) to go into the question of revision of pay scales etc. of the technical staff alone of DESU and the Committee submitted its report in 1973. The non technical or ministerial staff of DESU who were not covered by the report of the S.S. Committee demanded and agitated that they should also be granted pay at the rates recommended by the S.S. Committee. The DESU conceded the demand of the minisiterial staff at its meetings held in May 1973 and decided to revise the pay scales of the non technical staff also working in DESU to the level recommended by the S.S. Committee. Since the technical and ministerial staff working in DESU were granted the SS Committee pay scales by the MCD	 the NDMC was of the view that the technical and ministerial staff working in the electricity wing of NDMC should also have the benefit of revised pay scales recommended by the SS Committee. This view was taken on the assumption that the staff working in the electricity wing of the NDMC were performing the same or similar functions and duties as those performed by the staff of DESU and hence parity of pay and allowances should be maintained. Accordingly	 the NDMC passed a Resolution No. 154 on 19	10	1973 that the benefits of pay and allowances as per SS Committee Report be given to the staff of the electricity wing of NDMC. By another Reso lution dated 7. 1. 1974 the NDMC decided to give the benefit of the revised pay scales with effect from i.4.72 to fall in line with the actions of the DESU. The grant of SS Committee pay scales to only those members of the ministerial staff working in the electricity wing brought about discontentment amount the staff working in the general wing of the NDMC. They claimed they should also be paid at the rates prescribed by the SS Committee and not as per the scales of pay recommended by the Third Pay Commission. Two of the employees of the general wing filed a writ petition W. No. 307 of 1974 against NDMC and the Delhi. Administration praying for quashing of the Resolution dated 7.1. 1974 for implementing the earlier Resolution passed in favour of the staff 01 the electricity wing. Prakash Narain	 J. (as he then was) did not quash the Resolution but instead issued. a writ of prohibition against the NDMC not to imple ment the Resolution. The learned Judge held that 818 the Resolution was discriminatory in nature but since the staff working in the electricity wing had not been made parties and furthermore the petitioners had not filed the petition In a representative capacity	 the proper course would be to forbear the implementation of the Resolution by the NDMC till such time the NDMC considered afresh the question of the revision of pay scales for all sections of the ministerial staff in accordance with law. In compliance with the directions of the learned Judge the NDMC considered the matter afresh and taking into con sideration its financial constraints. it passed a revised Resolution on 25.6.75 which resulted in all the non techni cal staff being treated equal and being granted uniform pay scales at the rates recommended by the Third Pay Commission and not at different rates for different wings. This resolu tion lead to discontent amount the ministerial staff of the electricity wing since their pay scales were reduced to the rates recommended by the Third Pay Commission. Consequently	 some of the affected members of the electrical wing filed a writ petition CW No. 1388 of 1975 before the Delhi High Court challenging the Resolution of the NDMC dated 25.6.75. The High Court disposed of the writ petition on 18.2.77 on the assurance given by the NDMC that the whole position would be reviewed after giving all the parties including the ministerial staff of the electricity wing due notice of the matter. As against the judgment of Prakash Narain	 J. the NDMC also filed a Letters Patent Appeal. However	 in view of the subsequent Resolutions that had been passed the NDMC withdrew itself from the appeal. But at the instance of some of the affected employees of the electricity wing who had got themselves impleaded as appellants	 the appeal was allowed on the short ground that the judgment of the learned single judge could not be sustained as it bad been rendered without all the necessary parties being before the court. The two staff members of the general wing who had origi nally filed CW No. 307 of 1974 filed a Special Leave Peti tion (SLP No. 3597 of 1978) against the judgment of the Division Bench of the Delhi High Court in LPA No. 78 of 1975. This Court dismissed the special leave petition in limine with an observation that it was hoped that the NDMC would comply with the direction of the Delhi High Court that it should evolve a formula satisfactory to all sections of the ministerial staff working in the different wings of the NDMC and if the revised scheme formulated by the NDMC was not satisfactory to any section of the staff	 it would be open to the affected party to seek appropriate reliefs from the High Court once again. 819 The NDMC after giving opportunity to all sections of the employees to make their representations. passed a resolution on 27.6. 1978 constituting the electricity wing with effect from 1.5.78 or such subsequent date as may be fixed with 28 posts of pump drivers	 two posts of welders. 3 posts of carpenters and one post of pump mechanic and 496 posts of ministerial staff and to give all of them scales of pay as per SS Committee Report. The NDMC further resolved as fol lows: "D. 496 posts referred to above will be treated as ex cadre posts and will be filled on deputation basis on rotation	 the period of deputation in one spell being three years. These posts will be in SS Committee 's scales and will carry the benefit of ex gratia of DESU pattern. E. An equal number of posts may be created in general wing to form deputation reserve. The employees holding the ex cadre posts from the date of constitution of the wing will be entitled to have their pay fixed in the SS Committee scales or would draw deputation allowance as permissible under normal rules. During the period of deputation they will continue to remain as members of the unified cadre and will be eligible for promotion to higher posts on that basis. While the existing vacancies in the ex cadre categories will be filled straightaway on seniority cum option basis	 the existing incumbents will hold the ex cadre posts for a period of three years from the date of consti tution of the wing on deputation basis. On expiry of the three years	 one third of them with longest stay will be replaced every year by transfer from the general wing on the basis of seniority cum option. Such of the existing incumbents who become due for promotion to higher post will have to forego their deputa tion	 if they accept the promotion and will be transferred to general wing. " The above resolution was not to the liking of the ministeri al staff working in the electricity wing and hence one Shri R. Chaudhary and 190 other staff members in the electricity wing filed a Writ Petition CW No. 4072 of 78 under Article 32 of the Constitution before this Court but withdrew the same as the Court was not inclined to grant admission. Thereafter three petitions under Article 226 of the 820 Constitution viz. CW Nos. 1231. 557 & 280 of 1978 came to be filed in the Delhi High Court. In CW No. 1231 of 1979	 some of the petitioners were Junior Engineers (Civil) some of the petitioners were Assistant Engineers (Civil) and some of the petitioners were Draftsman (Civil). While the grievance of the ministerial staff among the petitioners was that they should be treated on par with the ministerial staff of the electricity wing in the matter of pay and allowances the grievance of the Junior and Assistant Engineers (Civil) and Draftsman (Civil) was that none of their posts was borne on the cadre of the electricity wing albeit on a transferable basis as there is no difference between the Civil Engineers and the Electrical Engineers as they attend to the civil engineering works in the electricity wing also and it is for that reason the civil engineers in DESU have been equated with the electrical engineers. In so far as CW No. 280 of 1979 is concerned	 the peti tion pertained to the grant of ex gratia payment to only a section of the NDMC employees. Ever since 1972	 the employ ees and their unions were demanding ex gratia payment on the ground. that since the employees of DESU were being paid ex gratia amount	 they should also be paid likewise. The Delhi Administration	 by its letter dated 1.2.72 permitted the NDMC to make ex gratia payment to the employees of the electricity wing on the same lines as was being followed in DESU. Similarly	 on 7.2.1973	 the Delhi Administration permitted the grant of ex gratia payment to the employees working in the Water Supply & Sewage Disposal wing of the NDMC also on the ground their counterparts in the Water Supply & Sewage Disposal undertaking in the MCD were being paid ex gratia amount. The ministerial staff in the general wing who were not granted the ex gratia payment raised a protest. Eventually	 the NDMC passed a resolution at its meeting held on 25.7. 1977 that ex gratia payment be made to all employees of common categories such as clerks	 superin tendents etc. and that the payment be made subject to the conditions that the employees will refund the amount if the proposal was not approved by the Delhi Administration. Subsequently	 it turned out that the Delhi Administration did not approve the proposal of paying ex gratia amount to all the employees as the expenditure would cast a heavy burden on the finances of the NDMC and furthermore it will lead to similar demands being raised by employees in the other local bodies of Delhi. Consequently	 the NDMC called upon the staff of the general wing to refund the ad hoc payment of Rs.300 given by way of advance towards ex gratia payment. To challenge the negation of ex gratia payment to them CW No. 280 of 1978 was filed. 821 The High Court rendered a common judgment covering all the three Writ Petitions. The High Court took the view that the contention of the ministerial staff that all of them. irrespective of the department of their work should be paid as per SS Committee Report failing which none should be paid at that rate was an extreme stand and cannot therefore be accepted. The High Court was of the opinion that the im pugned resolution of the NDMC was acceptable to the extent it reflected the desire of the NDMC to grant SS Committee scales of pay to as a large section of the staff as possible and to that extent the resolution was a beneficial measure for the ministerial staff. The High Court also held that since the NDMC wanted to equate the electricity wing with the DESU	 it is but proper that only those members of the ministerial staff who were prepared to work in the electric ity wing can be given the SS Committee pay scales and not the others	 who preferred to remain in the general wing itself. However	 in so far as the decision of the NDMC to introduce a system of deputation on rotational basis to the electricity wing is concerned	 the High Court was of the view that the proposal may work hardship to the ministerial staff both ways i.e. in seniority being overlooked at the time of the deputation posting and secondly in the emolu ments getting reduced after the period of deputation was over and as such a more fair and equitable formula in ac cordance with service jurisprudence should be evolved. In accordance with that view	 the High Court evolved the fol lowing formula to be adopted by the NDMC: "We	 therefore	 feel that in accordance with the equality principle the proper approach would be that SSC scale will be given amongst the ministerial staff only to those persons (a) who would opt to work in the electricity department. (b) it would be given strictly in accordance with the seniority	 i.e. to say the option will first be asked from the senior persons and if they are agreeable to work in the electricity wing they will be posted there and be eligible to get the higher SSC scale. If and when any vacancy arises either because of promotion or retirement or any other eventual ity the post will be filled up on the same principle of seniority cum option. Thus a unified principle and rule will apply to all the ministerial staff	 namely that the senior most person working in the electricity cell will be eligible to get the SSC scale. No question of discrimination will thus arise	 because the electricity cell will be automati cally manned by the senior most of the minis terial staff. Thus no 822 ministerial staff is discriminated against because each would be eligible in his own turn of seniority. This would really amount to as if a separate department of the electricity wing has been constituted." The High Court	 while therefore upholding the order of the NDMC modified the placement of the ex cadre posts in the over all set up and also suggested the manner in which the posts should be filled up viz. on the basis of seniority cum option. Thereby	 the High 'Court has done away with the rotational system every three years and further directed that since the higher scale of pay was linked up with the service rendered in the electricity wing	 the SSC scales should be paid to all those who had worked in the electrici ty wing during the period subsequent to June 75 till 30.5.82	 that such payment will not amount to discriminatory payment and that after 30.5.82 the postings should be made in accordance with the seniority cum option formula. In so far as the engineers (Civil) and draftsman (Civil) are concerned	 the High Court declined to sustain their grievance. The High Court noticed that the Junior Engineers (Civil) have no common seniority with the electrical engi neers in the electricity wing	 that the posts are not inter changeable and that they cannot draw comparison from the employment pattern of engineers in DESU because the DESU was a separate and independent entity unlike the electricity wing of the NDMC	 that the nature of duties performed by the electrical engineers and civil engineers was different and for all these reasons the High Court held that the civil engineers cannot seek parity with the electrical engineers in the electricity wing in the matter of pay scales. The last question to be dealt with by the High Court pertained to the refusal to grant ex gratia payment to the staff of the general wing. The High Court saw justification in the payment of ex gratia payments to the employees in the electricity wing and the water supply and sewage disposal wing alone because of the nature of their duties and because of the precedent afforded by the MCD in granting such pay ment to the staff of the DESU and the Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Department. However	 the High Court took into consideration the long delay that had occurred and the hardship that would result to the employees of the general wing by complying with the order of refund and therefore directed the NDMC to treat the payment of Rs.300 "as one time special ad hoc payment not serving as a precedent" and refrain from recovering the said amount. 823 It is in this situation the appeals and petitions have come to be filed. CA No. 2969 of 1973 has been filed by the members of minisiterial staff in the general wing to contend that instead of restricting the payment of SS Committee pay scales to the 496 ex cadre posts in the electricity wing and directing the NDMC to fill up those posts on the basis of seniority cure option	 the High Court should have directed the NDMC to give the SS Committee pay scales to all the members of the ministerial staff. Likewise the appellants would contend that the High Court should have directed the NDMC to pay them also ex gratia payment and should not have directed the NDMC to treat the ad hoe payment "as one time special ad hoc payment" and refrain from recovering the said amount. The NDMC in turn has filed two appeals CA No. 2971 of 1983 and CA No. 2970 of 1983. The former appeal has been filed against that part of the judgment relating to CW 1231 of 1979 wherein the High Court had directed payment at SS Committee 's scales for the period June 1975 to May 1982 and also directed ministerial posts in the electricity wing to be filled up on seniority cum option basis instead of a three years deputation basis on rotational system. Likewise the direction of the High Court to give up the proceedings for recovery of the ad hoc payment towards ex gratia payment is also impugned in the appeal. Civil Appeal No. 2970 Of 1983 is directed against that portion of the judgment relat ing to CW 557 of 1979 which has been filed by the non tech nical staff of the electricity wing praying for payment of arrears of pay for the total period subsequent to the sanc tion. CA No. 6074 of 1983 has been filed by the Assistant Engineers (Civil) & Junior Engineers (Civil) to contend that the High Court should have sustained their claim for parity with the electrical engineers in the electricity wing and directed the NDMC to pay them also at the SS Committee pay scales and also to give them ex gratia payment as in the case of all the persons employed in the electricity wing. SLP NO. 11270 of 1982 has been filed by some of the staff members in the general wing to contend that since the NDMC constituted an integrated unit with common fund	 common budget etc.	 the High Court ought not to have sustained the payment of exgratia amount to only those persons working in the electricity wing and should have made the payment ap plicable for all or to none. As common questions are raised in this petition	 special leave is granted and the appeal shall be assigned a number. WP NO. 9256 of 1983 has been filed by the Assistant & Junior Engineers (Civil) to contend that there cannot be any discrimination between Civil Engi neers and Electrical Engineers and as such they are as much entitled as the electrical engineers to be paid according to SS Committee pay scales and also for payment of ex gratia amount. 824 We will now take up for consideration the merit of the contentions of the parties in the appeals and petitions. As we propose to deal with the several contentions of the parties in the course of our discussion in the judgment	 we do not think it necessary to set out the contentions of the parties separately. We will first take up for consideration the case of the appellants in CA No. 2969 of 1983 viz. the ministerial staff in the general wing of the NDMC. Mr. Mukhoty learned counsel for the appellants urged before us that the electricity wing of the NDMC is not a distinct and independent unit entitled to have its own scales of pay and secondly the ministerial staff of the NDMC belong to a unified cadre and the staff members are liable to transfer from one branch of the NDMC to another and as such the NDMC cannot create a cadre within a cadre and fix different scales of pay for those in the carved out cadre. It was further urged by him that the nature of the duties performed by the ministerial staff in all the three wings of the NDMC is more or less similar	 if not identical	 and hence the well established rule of equal pay for equal work should govern the staff members. In support of his argument the learned counsel relied on the decisions of this Court in Randhir Singh vs Union of India	 ; ; Dhirendra Chamoli vs State of U.P.	 and P. Rarnachandra Iyer vs Union of India	 ; Controverting the arguments of Mr. Mukhoty	 Mr. Misra	 learned counsel for the NDMC and Mr. Ramamurthy	 learned counsel for the non technical staff working in the electri cal wing	 argued that the Government or any State within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution has a right under law to create new departments or new cadres with different scales of pay and hence the appellants. cannot impugn the action of the NDMC in treating the ministerial staff in the electrical wing differently and giving them pay scales as per SS Committee Report. In support of their arguments	 the learned counsel placed reliance on the decisions in Reserve Bank of India vs N.C. Paliwal	 ; & Reserve Bank of India vs C.N. Sahasranaman	 [1986] (Suppl.) SCC 143. On a consideration of the matter we find the grievance of the ministerial staff of the general wing to be well founded. Admittedly	 the ministerial staff in the NDMC constitute a unified cadre. The recruitment policy for the selection of the ministerial staff is a common one and the recruitment is also done by a common agency. They are gov erned by a common seniority list. The ministerial posts in the three 825 wings of the NDMC viz. the general wing	 the electricity wing and the water works wing are interchangeable posts and the postings are made from the common pool according to administrative convenience and exigencies of service and not on the basis of any distinct policy or special qualifica tions. Therefore	 it would be futile to say that merely because a member of the ministerial staff had been given a posting in the electricity wing	 either due to force of circumstances or due to voluntary preferment	 he stands on a better or higher footing.or in a more advantageous position than his counter parts in the general wing. It is not the case of the respondents that the ministerial staff in the electricity wing perform more onerous or more exacting duties than the ministerial staff in the general wing. It therefore follows that all sections of the ministerial staff should be treated alike and all of them held entitled to the same scales of pay for the work of equal nature done by them. This Court has held in Randhir Singh 's case that the mere fact that persons belong to different departments of the Government cannot by itself be a sufficient circumstance to justify different scales of pay and that "where all things are equal	 that is	 where all relevant considerations are the same	 persons holding identical posts may not be treated differentially in the matter of their pay merely because they belong to different departments. " In Dhirendra Chamoli 's case	 the principle was reiterated and it was held that when "the persons engaged by the Nehru Yuvak kendras performed the same duties as those performed by class IV employees appointed on regular basis against sanctioned posts	 it is difficult to understand how the Central Govern ment can deny to those employees the same salaries and conditions of service as class IV employees regularly ap pointed against sanctioned posts. To the same effect is the decision rendered in P. Ramachandra Iyer 's case which relat ed to discriminatory treatment being meted out to three Professors employed by the Indian Council of Agriculture Research. It is relevant at this juncture to scrutinise the reason which impelled the NDMC to pass the resolution in 1973 for giving the SS Commitee pay scales to the staff of the elec tricity wing alone. The only reason which prompted the NDMC to pass the resolution was that since DESU had implemented the SS Committee pay scales for its technical and non tech nical staff	 the NDMC should also follow suit in so far as its electricity wing is concerned. In doing so	 the NDMC had failed to bear in mind several distinguishing features between its set up and the set up of the DESU and its staff pattern and the staff pattern of DESU. The NDMC	 as already stated	 is governed by the Punjab Municipal Act while DESU is governed by the Delhi Municipal 826 Corporation Act	 1957. The set up of the NDMC is that of an integrated unit comprising all the three wings while the set up under the Municipal Corporation Act of the MCD is that its three wings have to function as distinct and independent units. Such being the case	 the DESU is a separate and independent unit of MCD and constitutes an independent body. The DESU has its own budget and consequently it has freedom of action without reference to the other units. In contrast	 the NDMC 's revenues is the income derived from all the three wings of it and the expenses are governed by a common budg et. Having regard to all these factors	 there is no room whatever for treating the electricity wing of the NDMC on part with the DESU and adopting the pattern of pay scales implemented by DESU. Apart from the difference in the set up	 it has also to be borne in mind that the ministerial staff in the NDMC are comprised in a unified cadre and the posts in the three wings are transferable and interchange able which is not so in the case of the staff of the DESU. If regard is had to all these factors	 the decision taken up the NDMC originally to place the non technical staff in the electricity wing on a higher footing and give them alone the SS Committee pay scales cannot be legally sustained. The action of the NDMC clearly suffered from the vice of arbi trariness and discrimination. That takes us to the validity of the further resolutions passed by the NDMC. When it was directed by the High Court to reconsider the matter in the light of the grievances expressed by the staff of the general wing	 the NDMC decided to make 496 posts in the electricity wing ex cadre posts and fill up those posts on deputation basis combined with a rotational system to be enforced once in every three years. By the revised resolution	 fair distribution of higher pay benefits was sought to be given to all the ministerial staff	 but nevertheless the vice of discrimination as be tween the staff of the electricity wing and the staff of the general wing continued to persist. The resolution only sought to provide all the members of the staff the benefit of the higher scales of pay for a period of three years at some point of time in their service provided they opted to serve in the electricity wing but it did not provide an answer for the criticism that there was no justification to treat the ministerial staff in the electricity wing on a higher footing than the rest of the staff and give them a higher scale of pay. Secondly	 the proposal would perpetuate the imbalance in the pay scales between different sections of the staff working in the three wings of the NDMC. Third ly	 the system of deputation would lead to a long period of wait for large sections of the staff before getting postings in the electricity wing on deputation basis. Fourthly	 the staff members would have to 827 forego the higher scales of pay and come back to the lesser scales when the period of deputation was over. Lastly	 the insistence on the staff members being entitled to deputation service in the electricity wing only if they exercised their option to work in that wing introduces an element of compul sion amont the members comprised in a unified cadre. These factors vitiated the revised proposal of the NDMC to make 496 posts as ex cadre posts and to fill them up on deputa tion basis by adopting a rotational cum option system. The High Court realised in some measure the vitiating features present in the revised scheme evolved by the NDMC. However	 instead of deprecating the scheme in its entirety	 the High Court has tried to formulate a scheme of its own. The High Court has taken the view that the 496 posts ex caderised in the electricity wing can be treated as special or senior posts which can be filled up on the basis of seniority cum option. The High Court	 apart from laying itself open to the criticism that it had gone beyond its powers in formulating a new scheme	 has failed to provide for equal benefits for all the members of the ministerial staff. If the electricity wing is to be filled up on the basis of seniority cum option	 those who had served earlier in the electricity wing would get a distinct advantage over the rest of the ministerial staff including the senior members of the matter of higher pay scales. Besides	 the seniority cum option system would give greater benefit to some and lesser benefit to some depending upon their age etc. Moreover	 the insertion of the option clause would introduce an element of compulsion and make it appear that the staff working in the electricity wing perform more onerous and more skilled duties and hence they stand on a higher footing. It would also lead to packing all the senior members of the staff in the electricity wing and denuding the other two wings of the services of the senior ministeri al staff. For all these reasons we find the scheme formulat ed by the High Court also cannot be sustained or accepted. The NDMC itself had fully realised at one point of time that its original resolution was not fair to all the members of the ministerial staff and hence it reconsidered the matter and resolved that the benefit of higher pay should either be given to all the staff or to none and as its finances did not permit the former option	 it was obliged to adopt the latter option and hence all the staff members would be uniformly paid at pay scales recommended by the Third Pay Commission. The NDMC was however forced by the Delhi Municipal Administration to treat the electricity wing as a different unit and to restrict the grant of higher pay scales only to that unit. In as much as the ground put 828 forward by the NDMC to discriminate between the ministerial staff in the general wing and the electricity wing is lack of funds and not on the ground of any distinction between the two wings	 the NDMC has no legal ground to project in justification of its action in making the posts in the electricity wing as ex cadre posts and giving the benefit of SS Committee pay scales only to persons serving in those posts. We are	 therefore of the view that the appellants in CA No. 2969 of 1983 are entitled to succeed in their appeal. We will deal with the manner in which they should be given relief	 after considering the other appeals and petitions. Our next concern will be to deal with CA No. 6074 of 1983 and WP No. 9266 of 1983 which have been filed by the Junior Engineers (Civil) and Assistant Engineers (Civil). Their grievance is that though they are on par with the Electrical Engineers except that the nature of their techni cal services differ	 their services are treated as inferior or as less skillful and they are deprived the benefit of SS Committee pay scales. They would contend that the civil engineering works designed and executed by them constitute an integral part of the work of the electrical wing and hence they cannot be discriminated in the matter of fixation of their scales of pay. The last contention is that since the NDMC has followed the DESU pattern of scales of pay	 the Civil Engineers are also entitled to the SS Committee pay scales because the DESU pays its civil engineers according ly. Dr. Chitale appearing for the Civil Engineers strenuous ly argued that since the Civil Engineers have been equated with the Electrical Engineers by DESU	 the NDMC also must give parity of treatment for all the Civil Engineers and give them the benefit of the higher scales of pay. We do not feel persuaded to accept the contention of Dr. Chitale. The case of the Civil Engineers does not stand on the same footing as that of the ministerial staff. This is because of several factors adverted to below. As has been pointed out by the High Court the Civil Engineering department is a separate and self contained one and the civil engineers are transferred within the civil engineering unit itself i.e. from one division to another by the Chief Engineer (Civil). The Civil Engineers posted in the water works division are not paid according to the SS Committee pay scales. The Junior Engineers (Civil) do not have any common seniority with the electrical engineers and the posts are not inter transferable. All the engineers	 in which ever wing or department they are posted	 are paid according to the pay scales recommended by the Third Pay Commission. There is no discrimination in payment of salary as between them. Merely because some of the Civil Engineers 829 are assigned to do civil engineering works in the electrici ty wing they cannot be heard to say that they are not dif ferent from the electrical engineers and that they should be paid higher scales of pay. In the matter of promotions etc. they are governed by the common seniority list maintained for Civil Engineers. As such their posting to the electrici ty wing cannot make them a separate class by themselves. It is of no avail to the Civil Engineers to compare themselves with the Civil Engineers working in DESU because DESU is a separate and distinct unit and all the engineers working therein constitute a single unit. Unlike in the case of the ministerial staff	 there is no disparity of scales of pay between Civil Engineers working in the electricity wing and the Civil Engineers working in the other wings. Such being the case the appellants and petitioners herein have no basis to contend that they have been discriminated in the matter of fixation of pay scales. We are therefore of the view that C.A. No. 6074 of 1983 and W.P. No. 9266 of 1983 should fail. We are lastly left with the controversy regarding the payment of ex gratia amount by the NDMC only to those em ployees who are working in the electricity wing and the water works wing. We have already set out the history as to how ex gratia payment was sanctioned to the staff members of the electricity wing and then the water works wing and why it was not extended to the general wing etc. By way of an adhoc arrangement	 the NDMC had given an advance of Rs.300 for the period ending with 31.3. 1976 subject to the approv al of the Delhi Administration. As the Delhi Administration declined to give its approval	 the NDMC called upon the concerned staff to refund the ad hoc payment of Rs.300 in fifteen monthly instalments. To challenge the denial of ex gratia payment to them	 the affected staff had filed CW No. 2807 of 1979. The High Court	 it may be remembered	 had sustained the stand of the NDMC but nevertheless directed the NDMC to treat the adhoc payment as a special payment and to desist from recovering it. We are unable to appreciate the reasoning of the High Court and sustain its conclusion on this aspect of the matter. The High Court has failed to see that no rational or acceptable reason is put forward for justifying the ex gratia payment only to the ministerial staff working in the electricity wing and the water works wing and denying the same to the staff working in the general wing. The only reason given is that the payment of ex gratia amount is patterned on the lines of the DESU and the Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Undertaking of the MCD. 830 The pattern of payment adopted by the MCD cannot have any binding force on the NDMC because the three units of MCD are different and distinct entities whereas the three wings of the NDMC are interdependent wings of an integrated Municipal Committee. Therefore	 in the absence of justifiable reasons of a compulsive nature the payments	 whether as salary or as ex gratia amount have to be on the same and equal basis and not differently for the different wings of the NDMC. In fact	 what all we have said regarding the payment of uniform pay at the scales recommended by SS Committee would squarely apply to the payment of ex gratia amount also. Hence CA No. 2969 of 1983 and SLP No. 11270 of 1982 (S.C.A. No. 1688 of 1987) deserve to succeed. In the light of our conclusion	 the two appeals CA NO. 2971 and 2970 of 1983 filed by the NDMC have to fail in so far as the main issues are concerned. Mr. Misra	 learned counsel for the NDMC contended before us that it was open to the NDMC to constitute different cadres among its employees as laid down in Paliwal 's case and furthermore the grant of SS Committee pay scales and ex gratia payments to all the employees would seriously affect the finances of the NDMC. The decisions in Reserve Bank of India vs C. Paliwal (supra) & Reserve Bank of India vs C.N. Sahasranaman (supra) relied on by Mr. Misra are of no assistance in this case because what we are concerned is whether diferent pay scales and allowances can be given to a section of the staff when they belong to a unified cadre and are governed by common re cruitment policy	 common seniority list and common transfer policy. It was urged by the learned counsel that the High Court was not justified in directing payment at the SS Committee pay scales for the employees of the electricity wing from June 1975 to May 1982 as that would result in the NDMC paying Rs.51	98	079 and in addition the payment of the arrears calculated on the difference in pay with reference to the SS Committee pay scales for the period between 1.4.1972 to 30.9.1973 would cost another Rs.7	30	062 thus in all casting a financial burden of more than Rs.50 lakhs on the NDMC. In the view we propose taking of the matter in the light of our conclusions	 this grievance does not call for discussion. Mr. Ramamurthy	 learned counsel appearing for the mem bers of the staff working in the electricity wing voiced forth the grievance of those employees. The straight and simple argument of the learned counsel was that in the controversy between the ministerial staff of the general wing on the one hand and the NDMC on the other	 the staff of the electricity wing who had been granted revised pay scales at the SS 831 Committee rates have not been paid their due share of the salary and that they are entitled to be paid salary at the revised rate from 1.4.1972 failing which at least from 1982 onwards. The argument though appealing by itself cannot be accepted because then it would mean that the staff members of the electricity wing would be scoring an advantage over their fellow employees in the general wing merely because they were by accident or by compulsion working in the elec tricity wing at the relevant time the impugned resolutions came to be passed by the NDMC. In the result we hold that all the ministerial staff working in the NDMC are entitled to get pay scales as per SS Committee Report and likewise all of them are entitled to be given ex gratia payment. The grant of SS Committee pay scales to only the staff working in the electricity wing or the grant of ex gratia payment to only the staff working in the electricity wing and the water works wing cannot be legally sustained as it suffers from the vice of discrimina tion. As a consequence of these findings it follows that there should be uniformity not only in the payment of the SS Committee pay scales and the ex gratia amount to the staff working in all the wings or departments of the NDMC but the payment should also be made from a date common to all. However	 having regard to the long lapse of time and the financial implications involved in the matter it will not be fair and proper to direct the NDMC to pay all the members of the staff at SS Committee rates from 1.4.72 to 30.9.73 and from June 1975 to May 1982. But at the same time we cannot also totally deprive the staff	 particularly those who have been looking forward to receiving higher scales of pay granted by the NDMC	 and the benefit of the ex gratia pay ments. We	 therefore	 direct that the sum of Rs.59	 10	160 and the agreed amount of ex gratia payment be equally dis tributed	 among a11 the members of the staff	 with such adjustments by deductions as may be required to be made in the case of persons who have received payment in excess of their share under the above said formula. In so far as payment of uniform salary to all the ministerial staff as per SS Committee pay scales and payment of ex gratia amount is concerned	 the NDMC will give effect to our judgment with effect from 1st June 1982 since the High Court 's direction for payment extends upto the end of May 1982 and in respect of which payment we have directed the amount involved to be distributed equally among all the ministerial staff and not confine it to the ministerial staff of the electricity wing alone. Taking into consideration the financial commitment involved for the NDMC	 it is permitted to pay the difference in the scales of pay and ex gratia amount between the period 1.6.82 to 31.7.87 in three 832 equated instalments within a period of 15 months from the date of our judgment. The Delhi Administration will give the necessary sanction to the NDMC for disbursement of funds and payment of arrears and future pay in accordance with our judgment. In the result CA No. 2969 of 1983 and (SLP No. 1127 of 1982) numbered as CA No. 1688. of 1987 will stand allowed to the extent relief is given. CA Nos. 2970 of 1983 and 2971 of 1983 filed by the NDMC and CA No. 6074 of 1983 and WP No. 9266 of 1983 filed by the engineers (civil) will stand dismissed. There will be no order as to costs in all the appeals and the writ petition.

In the Union Territory of Delhi there are two main civic bodies viz. the New Delhi Municipal Committee and the Delhi Municipal Corporation. The NDMC was constituted under the Punjab Municipal Act	 1913 to discharge all civic functions including supply of water and electricity in the area fall ing within its jurisdiction. The Delhi Municipal Corporation was constituted in pursuance of the Delhi Municipal Corpora tion Act	 1957. The NDMC forming a compact unit	 had divided its civic work into various departments. Besides technical staff	 it also engaged nontechnical staff such as Municipal staff	 clerks etc. The non technical staff constituted one unified cadre	 liable to transfer from one department to another with common seniority. The set up of the MCD was	 however	 different consisting of three separate and independent wings viz. the electrici ty	 the general and the water	 sewage and disposal wings. The electricity wing was designated as the Delhi Electricity Supply Undertaking and its employees were governed by a separate cadre and seniority list	 Similarly	 the general wing	 performing other general civic duties and functions	 and the third wing concerning with distribution of water and disposal of sewage etc. To satisfy the demands of the employees of the MCD	 NDMC etc. the Government accepted the recommendations of the Third Pay Commission. The New Delhi Municipal Committee as well as the general wing of the Municipal Corporation	 Delhi accepted the pay scales recommended by the Third Pay Commis sion. However	 the tech 809 nical staff of Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking were not satisfied and claimed higher scales of pay. The Government	 therefore	 constituted a Committee known as the Shiv Shankar Committee to go into the question of revision of pay scales etc. of the technical staff of the DESU. The Committee submitted its report in 1973. Subsequently	 the DESU agreed to revise the pay scales of the non technical staff also to the level recommended by the S.S. Committee. The New Delhi Municipal Committee	 by its Resolution dated 19.10.73	 decided to give the benefit of the revised scales to the technical and ministerial staff working in its electricity wing as	 in its view	 such staff were performing same or similar functions and duties performed by the staff of DESU and hence parity should be maintained	 and by Reso lution dated 7.1.1974	 it decided to give the benefit with effect from 1.4.72. Two of the employees of the general wing filed a writ petition before the High Court for quashing the Resolution dated 7.1.1974 which sought to implement the earlier Resolu tion of 19.10.1973. The HighCourt held that the Resolution was discriminatory in nature	 and restrained the implementa tion of the Resolution till the NDMC considered afresh the question of revision of pay scales for all sections of the ministerial staff after giving an opportunity to them. In compliance with the above directions	 the NDMC passed a revised Resolution dated 25.6.1975 treating all the non technical staff as equal and granting uniform pay scales at the rates recommended by the Third Pay Commission and not at different rates for different wings. This Resolution was again challenged by some of the affected members of the electricity wing before the High Court	 which disposed it of on the assurance given by the NDMC that the whole position would be reviewed after giving all the parties including the ministerial staff of the electricity wing due notice of the matter. The Letters Patent Appeal	 originally filed by the NDMC	 and in which some of the affected employees of the electric ity wing had got themselves impleaded as appellants	 was allowed and the judgment of the Single Judge was set aside as it had been rendered without all the necessary parties being before the Court. The Special Leave Petition filed in the Supreme Court by two staff members of the general wing was dismissed in limine. The NDMC	 after giving opportunity to all sections of the emp 810 loyees to make their representation passed a Resolution on 27.6.78 constituting the electricity wing w.e.f. 1.5.78 composed of pump drivers	 welders	 carpenters	 mechanics and 496 posts of ministerial staff	 carrying scales of pay as per the S.S. Committee report and benefit of exgratia on DESU pattern	 and treated these as ex cadre posts and to be filled on deputation basis on rotation	 for a period of three years in one spell. Three writ petitions were filed in the High Court con tending (a) that the ministerial staff should be treated on par with their counterparts in the electricity wing in the matter of pay and allowances	 (b) that	 as there was no difference between the civil and electrical engineers	 civil engineers should be equated with the electrical engineers on DESU pattern	 and (c) that since the employees of DESU were being paid ex gratia amount the staff in the general wing should also be paid likewise. The High Court	 while upholding the order of the NDMC	 modified the placement of the ex cadre posts in the overall set up. It evolved a Scheme according to which the S.S. Committee scales were to be given only to those who opted to work in the electricity department and the posts were to be filled on the basis of seniority cum option. It further directed that since higher scales of pay was linked with the service rendered in the electricity wing	 S.S. Committee scales should be paid to all those who had worked in the electricity wing during the period subsequent to June 1975 till 30th May	 1982	 that such payment would not amount to discriminatory payment and that after the 30th May	 1982 the postings should be done in accordance with senioritycum option formula. It also held that the civil engineers could not seek parity with electrical engineers in the electricity wing in the matter of pay scales as the junior engineers (Civil) had no common seniority with the electrical engi neers in the electricity wing	 that the posts were not interchangeable and that they could not draw comparison with the employment pattern of DESU because it was a separate and independent entity unlike the electricity wing of the NDMC and that the nature of the duties performed by the electri cal engineers and civil engineers was different. Upholding the refusal of the NDMC to grant ex gratia payment to the staff of the general wing	 it directed the NDMC to treat the amount already paid "as one time special ad hoc payment not serving as a precedent." 811 In the appeals before this Court it was contended on behalf of the ministerial staff in the general wing that the electricity wing was not a distinct and indepen`dent unit entitled to have its own scales of pay	 that the ministerial staff of the NDMC belonged to a unified cadre and the staff members were liable to transfer from one branch to another and	 as such	 the NDMC could not create a cadre within a cadre and fix a different scale of pay for those in the carved out cadre	 that the nature of duties performed by the ministerial staff in all the three units was more or less similar	 if not identical	 and hence the well established rule of equal pay for equal work should govern the staff members	 that instead of restricting the payment of S.S. Committee pay scales to the 496 ex cadre posts in the elec tricity wing and directing the NDMC to fill up those posts on the basis of seniority cum option	 the High Court should have directed the NDMC to give the S.S. Committee pay scales to all the members of the ministerial staff and also pay ex gratia payment and should not have directed the NDMC to treat the adhoc payment as one time special adhoc payment and refrain from recovering the said amount. The NDMC	 in turn. filed two appeals against the High Court judgment directing the payment at S.S. Committee scales for the period from June 1975 to May	 1982 and fill ing up the ministerial posts in the electricity wing on seniority cum option basis instead of a three years deputa tion basis on rotational system and payment of arrears of pay etc. and for giving up the proceedings for recovery of the adhoc payment towards ex gratia payment and contending that the Government or any State within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution had a right under law to create new departments or new cadres with different scales of pay and hence the appellants could not impugn the action of the NDMC in treating the ministerial staff in the elec trical wing differently and giving them pay scales as per S.S. Committee Report. On behalf of some of the staff members in the general wing	 it was contended that since the NDMC constituted an integrated unit with common fund	 common budget etc.	 the High Court ought not to have sustained the payment of ex gratia amount to only those persons working in the electric ity wing and water works wing and should have made the payment applicable to all or to none. In the writ petition and appeal filed on behalf of the Assistant and Junior Engineers (Civil)	 it was contended that there could not be any discrimination between civil engineers and electrical engineers and since the NDMC fol lowed the pattern of scales of pay adopted by DESU 812 which paid the Civil Engineers according to S.S. Committee pay scales they were as much entitled as the electrical engineers to be paid according to the S.S. Committee pay scales and also for payment of ex gratia amount. Allowing the appeals of the employees in the general wing and dismissing the appeals and WP of NDMC and the engineers (civil)	 this Court	 HELD: 1.1 All sections of the ministerial staff should be treated alike and all of them should be entitled to the same scales of pay for the work of equal nature done by them. [825C] 1.2 Merely because a member of the ministerial staff had been given a posting in the electricity wing either due to force of circumstances or due to voluntary preferment	 he cannot stand on a better or higher footing or in a more advantageous position than his counterparts in the general wing. The ministerial staff in the NDMC constitute a unified cadre with a common recruitment policy	 a common recruitment agency a common seniority list	 and the posts in the three wings are inter changeable and postings are made from the common pool according to administrative convenience and exigencies of service and not on the basis of any distinct policy or special qualification. [825B	 824H	 825A] 1.3 The only reason which prompted the NDMC to pass the resolution was that since DESU had implemented the S.S. Committee pay scales for its technical and non technical staff	 the NDMC should also follow suit in so far as its electricity wing is concerned. In doing so	 the NDMC had failed to bear in mind several distinguishing features between its set up and the set up of the DESU and its staff pattern and the staff pattern of DESU. [825G] The NDMC is governed by the Punjab Municipal Act	 while the DESU is governed by the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act	 1957. The set up of the NDMC is that of an integrated unit comprising all the three wings while the set up under the Municipal Corporation Act of the MCD is that its three wings have to function as distinct and independent units. Such being the case	 the DESU is a separate and independent unit of MCD and constituted an independent body. The DESU has its own budget and consequently it has freedom without reference to the other units. In contrast	 the NDMC 's revenue is the income derived from all the three wings of it and the ex penses are governed by a common 813 budget. Apart from the diference in the set up	 the ministe rial staff in the NDMC are comprised in a unified cadre and the posts in the three wings are transferable and inter changeable which is not so in the case of the staff of the DESU. [825H	 826A] 1.4 There is no room whatsoever for treating the elec tricity wing of the NDMC on par with the DESU and adopting the pattern of pay scales implemented by DESU and the deci sion taken by the NDMC originally to place the non technical staff in the electricity wing on a higher footing and give them alone the S.S. Committee pay scales cannot be legally sustained. The action of the NDMC clearly suffered from the vice of arbitrariness and discrimination. [826B D] 2.1 The NDMC has no legal ground to project any justifi cation of its action in making the posts in the electricity wing as ex cadre posts and giving the benefit of S.S. Com mittee pay scales only to persons serving in those posts. [828A] 2.2 The resolution only sought to provide all the mem bers of the staff the benefit of the higher scales of pay for a period of three years at some point of time in their service provided they opted to serve in the electricity wing but it did not provide an answer for the criticism that there was no justification to treat the ministerial staff in the electricity wing on a higher footing than the rest of the staff and give them a higher scale of pay. [826F G] 2.3 The proposal would perpetuate the imbalance in the pay scales between the different sections of the staff working in the three wings of the NDMC. The system of depu tation would lead to a long period of wait for large sec tions of the staff before getting postings in the electrici ty wing on deputation basis. The staff members would have to forego the higher scales of pay and come back to the lesser scales when the period of deputation was over. The insist ence on the staff members being entitled to deputation service in the electricity wing only if they exercised their option to work in that wing introduces an element of compul sion among the members comprised in a unified cadre. These factors vitiate the revised propsoal of the NDMC to make 496 posts as ex cadre and to fill them up on deputation basis by adopting a rotational cum option system. [826G H	 827A B] 3. The scheme formulated by the High Court cannot be sustained or accepted. The High Court	 apart from laying itself open to the criticism that it had gone beyond its power in formulating the scheme	 has 814 failed to provide for equal benefits for all the members of the ministerial staff. If the electricity wing is to be filled up on the basis of seniority cum option	 those who had served earlier in the electricity wing would get a distinct advantage over the rest of the ministerial staff including the senior members in the matter of higher pay scales. Besides	 the seniority cum option system would give grater benefit to some and lesser benefit to some depending upon their age etc. Moreover	 the insertion of the option clause would introduce an element of compulsion and make it appear that the staff working in the electricity wing per form more onerous and more skilled duties and hence they stand on a higher footing. It would also lead to packing all the senior members of the staff in the electricity wing and denuding the other two wings of the services of the senior ministerial staff. [827C F] 4. Merely because some of the Civil engineers are as signed to do civil engineers ' work in the electricity wing it cannot be said that they are not different from the electrical engineers and that they should be paid higher scales of pay. In the matter of promotions etc.	 they are governed by the common seniority list maintained for civil engineers and their posting to the electricity wing cannot make them a separate class by themselves. They cannot com pare themselves with the civil engineers working in DESU because that is a separate and distinct unit	 and all the engineers working therein constitute a single unit. There is no disparity of scales of pay between civil engineers work ing in the electricity wing and those working in the other wings. It cannot	 therefore	 be said that there is discrimi nation in the matter of pay scales. [828H	 829A C] 5. The pattern of payment of ex gratia payment adopted by the MCD cannot have any binding force on the NDMC because the three units of the MCD are different and distinct enti ties whereas the three wings of the NDMC are inter dependent wings of the integrated Municipal Committee. [830A] 6.1 In the absence of justifiable reasons of compulsive nature	 the payments whether as salary or as ex gratia amounts have to be on the same and equal basis and not differently for the different wings. All the ministerial staff working in the NDMC are entitled to get pay scales as per S.S. Committee report and are also entitled to be given ex gratia payment likewise. The grant of S.S. Commitee pay scales to only the staff working in the electricity wing or the grant of ex gratia payment to only the staff working in the electricity wing and the water works wing cannot be legally sustained as it suffers from the vice of discrimina tion. [830B	 831C] 815 6.2 There should be uniformity not only in payment of S.S. Committee pay scales and the ex gratia payment to the staff working in all the wings or departments of the NDMC but the payment should also be made from a date common to all. [831D] [In so far as payment of uniform salary to all the ministerial staff as per S.S. Committee pay scales and payment of ex gratia payment is concerned	 the NDMC will give effect to this judgment with effect from 1st June	 1982. The amount involved should be distributed equally amongst all the ministerial staff and not confined to the ministerial staff of the electricity wing alone. In view of the financial committment involved the NDMC is permitted to pay the difference in scales of pay and ex gratia amount between June 1	 1982 to July 31	 1987 in three equal instal ments within a period of 15 months.] [831F H] Randhir Singh vs Union of India	 ; ; Dhirendra Chamoli vs State of U.P.	 ; P. Ramachandra Iver vs Union of India	 ; 	 Reserve Bank of India vs N.C. Paliwal; 	 and Reserve Bank of India vs C.N. Sahasranaman	 [1986] (Suppl.) SCC 143	 referred to.