Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal No. 2477 of 1972. 1114 From the Judgment and Decree dated 2.12.1969 of the Gujarat High Court in F.A. No. 89 of 1961. S.K. Dholakia	 R.C. Bhatia and P.C. Kapur for the Appellants. B.K. Mehta	 H.S. Parihar and N.D. Bhatti for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DUTT	 J. This appeal by special leave is at the instance of the plaintiff appellant	 since deceased	 and is directed against the judgment and decree of the Gujarat High Court reversing those of the Civil Judge	 Senior Division	 Himatnagar	 whereby the learned Civil Judge decreed the suit instituted by the appellant. The late Thakore Sartansinhji	 the father of the appellant	 was the Ruler of the former Mohanpur State situated in the district of Sabarkantha	 Gujarat. After independence	 the said Mohanpur State merged in the then State of Bombay.(now the State of Maharashtra). The former Ruler	 the father of the appellant	 by a deed of gift dated May 14	 1951 gifted certain properties to his youngest son	 the respondent No. 1 herein. By his will dated May 22	 1951 the former Ruler also bequeathed certain properties to the respondent No. 1 and his mother. The father of the appellant died on December 9	 1955 and on his death the appellant became the Ruler. On May 10	 1956	 the suit out of which this appeal arises	 was instituted by the appellant challenging the validity of the said deed of gift and the will. In the suit	 the case of the appellant was that as the rule of primogeniture applied to the Raj Estate	 he being the eldest son succeeded to the 'Gadi '. It was contended that the former Ruler	 that is	 the father of the appellant	 had no power of alienation either by gift or by will and	 accordingly	 the disposition made by him by the said deed of gift and the will in favour of his younger brother	 the respondent No. 1	 was illegal and invalid. The respondents including the younger brother of the appellant	 contested t he suit	 inter alia	 denying that the former Ruler had no power of alienation as contended by the appellant. It was averred that the deed of gift and the will were perfectly legal and valid. The learned Civil Judge decreed the suit in part declaring that the deed of gift and the will were illegal and directed the respondent No. 1 to hand over to the appellant the possession of the properties which were all agricultural lands	 as mentioned in the deed of gift. The learned Civil 1115 Judge passed a decree for mesne profit	 but refused the prayer of the appellant for an injunction on the ground that the appellant had failed to prove his possession of the properties mentioned in the plaint. Being aggrieved by the judgment and decree of the learned Civil Judge	 the respondents preferred an appeal to the High Court. The High Court	 after considering the facts and circumstances of the case and the evidence adduced by the parties	 held that the former Ruler had the power of alienation and	 accordingly	 the deed of gift and the will impugned in the suit	 were legal and valid. The appeal was allowed and the judgment and decree of the learned Civil Judge were set aside. Hence this appeal by special leave. During the pendency of the appeal in this Court	 the appellant Thakore Harnathsinhji Vinayasinhji died on June 27	 1985 leaving behind him the present appellants	 who were already on record	 as his heirs and legal representatives. It is not disputed that the Raj Estate	 of which the deceased appellant was the Ruler	 is impartible and that the rule of primogeniture	 which is one of the essential characteristics of an impartible estate	 is also applicable. The question that is involved in this appeal for our consideration is whether the holder of an impartible estate	 to which the rule of primogeniture applies as an essential characteristic of such an estate	 can alienate the properties comprised in the estate by a deed of gift or will. The legal position that prevailed up to 1888 was that a holder of an impartible estate could not transfer or mortgage such estate beyond his own life time so as to bind the coparceners	 except for purposes beneficial to the family and not to himself alone. In 1888	 for the first time	 in Rani Sartaj Kuari vs Deoraj Kuari	 15 IA 51 the Privy Council recognised the power of alientation by the holder of an impartible estate and held that such power of alienation could be excluded by custom or by the nature of the tenure. In that case	 the Privy Council also took the view that in an impartible Raj Estate	 the son is not a co sharer with his father. This view	 however	 was not accepted by the later Privy Council decisions and it is now well settled that co ownership of the joint family exists in impartible estate. At this stage	 it will be profitable for us to refer to the illuminating judgment of Sir Dinshah Mulla in the case of Shiba Prasad Singh vs Rani Prayag Kurnari Debi	 AIR 1932 PC 2 16. Sir Dinshah Mulla while delivering the judgment of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council observed as follows: 1116 "Impartibility is essentially a creature of custom. In the case of ordinary joint family property	 the members of the family have; (1) the right of partition; (2) the right to restrain alienations by the head of the family except for necessity; t3) the right of maintenance; and (4) the right of survivorship. The first of these rights cannot exist in the case of an impartible estate	 though ancestral	 from the very nature of the estate. The second is incompatible with the custom of impartibility as laid down in Satraj Kuari 's case 15 IA 5 1 and Rama Krishna vs Venkata Kumara	 26 IA 83 (PC)	 and so also the third as held in Gangadhara vs Rajah of Pittapur	 45 IA 148. To this extent the general law of the Mitakshara has been superseded by custom	 and the impartible estate	 though ancestral	 is clothed with the incidents of self acquired and separate property. But the right of survivorship is not inconsistent with the custom of impartibility. This right therefore still remains	 and this is what was held in Baijnath 's case	 48 IA 195. To this extent the estate still retains its character of joint family property	 and its devolution is governed by the general Mitakshara law applicable to such property. Though the other rights which a co parcener acquires by birth in joint family property no longer exist	 the birthright of the senior member to take by survivorship still remains. Nor is this right a mere spes successlonis similar to that of a reversioner suceeding on the death of a Hindu widow to her husband 's estate. It is a right which is capable of being renounced and surrendered. Such being their Lordships ' view	 it follows that in order to establish that a family governed by the Mitakshara in which there is an ancestral impartible estate has ceased to be joint	 it is necessary to prove an intention	 express or implied	 on the part of the junior members of the family to renounce their right of succession to the estate. It is not sufficient to show a separation merely in food and worship. " The law has been clearly and succinctly stated in the passage extracted above. There is	 therefore	 no restraint on the power of alienation of the holder of the impartible estate	 as any restraint on the power would be incompatible with the custom of impartibility. The impartible estate	 though ancestral	 is clothed with the incidents of self acquired and separate property	 except as regards the right of survivorship which is not inconsistent with the custom of impartibility. 1117 The right of survivorship has been held to be a birthright and is not a mere spes successionis similar to that of a reversioner succeeding on the death of a Hindu widow to her husband 's estate. Mr. Dholakia	 learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants	 does not dispute that the holder of an impartible estate has the power of alienation by transfer inter vivos. It is	 however	 submitted by him that he has no such power to make a disposition by a will which would affect the right of survivorship by birth of the junior members of the family	 which is the only right that remains and	 as recognised by the Privy Council in Shiba Prasad 's case (supra)	 is not opposed to the custom of impartibility. It is submitted by the learned Counsel that disposition by will is incompatible with the right of survivorship by birth. The right of the junior branch to succeed by survivorship to the Raj on the extinction of their senior branch	 has also been definitely and emphatically reaffirmed by the Privy Council in Collector of Gorakhpur vs Ram Sundar Mal	 AIR 1934 PC 157. Counsel submits that the right of alienation by will and the right of survivorship by birth cannot co exist and	 as it is now a settled law that in an impartible Raj Estate	 the right of survivorship of birth of the junior members to succeed to the estate still remains	 it will be beyond the power of the holder of the estate to defeat such right by a will. Attractive though the contention is	 we regret we are unable to accept the same. It has been already noticed that in Sartaj Kuari 's case (supra) the right of alienation of the holder has been recognised and in Shiba Prasad 's case (supra) such right of the holder is reiterated. Impartibility is essentially a creature of custom which supersedes the general law. It is true that the impartible estate retains the character of joint family property only to the extent that there is a right of survivorship by birth to the junior members of the family but	 as the Privy Council has observed in Shiba Prasad 's case (supra) that in all other respects it is clothed with the incidents of self acquired and separate property	 so it follows that the holder of the impartible estate has the unlimited right of alienation not only by transfer inter vivos	 but also by will. When the holder has the power to dispose of the estate during his life time	 it would be quite illogical to hold that he would not have the power of disposition by a will. It is	 however	 submitted that no assumption should be made of the power of disposition by will from the existence of the power of the holder to alienate during his life time. In support of this contention	 the learned Counsel for the appellants has placed reliance upon a 1118 decision of this Court in Chinnathayi vs Kulasekara Pandiya Naicker	 [19521 SCR 241 where it has been observed by Mahajan	 J. in delivering the judgment of the Court	 that in the case of an impartible estate the power to divide it amongst the members does not exist	 though the power in the holder to alienate it is there	 and from the existence of one power the other cannot be deduced as it is destructive of the very nature and character of the estate and makes it partible property capable of partition. We do not think that the said observation bears any analogy to the contention made on behalf of the appellants. In that case	 this Court was concerned with the question whether the holder of an impartible estate could divide the estate amongst the members. In laying down that there is no such power of division	 this Court has pointed out that such a power would be contrary to the nature and character of the estate	 that is to say	 the impartibility of the estate. In the instant case	 the question is whether the holder has power of disposition by will. The power of alienation	 as already noticed	 has been recognised without any reservation inasmuch as such power is not incompatible with the impartibility of the estate. The rights which are available to the members of the Hindu joint family under the Mitakshara law have been curtailed to a great extent	 as most of the said rights would be inconsistent with the nature and character of the estate. Chinnathayi 's case (supra) lends no support to the contention of the appellants. We may now consider a later decision of the Privy Council in Sri Raja Rao vs Venkata Kumari	 26 IA 83. In that case	 the Privy Council considered the question of extension of the decision in Sartaj Kuari 's case (supra) to a will and it was held "If the Rajah had power to alienate	 he might do it by will and the title by the will would have priority to the title by succession." As the case before the Privy Council related to an impartible Raj Estate	 succession to the estate would be by survivorship. The Privy Council	 however	 took the view that title by will would have priority to the title by succession. In other words	 it follows that the holder of the Raj Estate can defeat the right of survivorship by disposing of the estate by a will. The learned Counsel for the appellants	 however	 submits that in laying down that an impartible Raj Estate is alienable by a will	 the Privy Council proceeded on the basis that there was no right of survivorship by birth. We are afraid	 we are unable to accept this contention. It is true that the Privy Council in that decision has not referred to the right of survivorship of the junior members of the family	 but it should not be assumed that the Privy Council was not aware of the legal position that in an impartible Raj Estate the junior members would succeed to it by 1119 survivorship. Raja Rao 's case (supra) is	 therefore	 an authority for the proposition that a holder of an impartible estate cannot only dispose of the estate by transfers inter vivos	 but also by a will and that when such a disposition is made by a will	 it defeats the right of survivorship. It is submitted by the learned Counsel for the appellants that in extending the decision in Sartaj Kuari 's case (supra)	 the Privy Council Raja Rao 's case (supra) did not give any reason for extending the power of alienation of the holder of an impartible estate to alienation by a will	 thereby defeating the right of survivorship by birth	 which is the only right that is available to the junior members of the family. It may be that no reason has been given by the Privy Council but	 at the same time	 there is also no reason why when the holder is entitled to dispose of the estate during his life time	 he is not so entitled to dispose of the same by a will. Our attention has been drawn by the learned Counsel for the appellants to a decision of the Privy Council in Seth Lakhmi Chand vs Mt. Anandi and others	 AIR 1926 PC 54. In that case	 the question that arose was whether a member of a joint Hindu family could make a disposition by a will or not. The Privy Council relied upon the following observation made in its earlier decision in Lakshman Dada Naik vs Ramchandra Dada Naik	 7IA 181: "Its	 the High Court 's	 reasons for making distinction between a gift and a devise are that the co parcener 's power of alienation is founded on his right to a partition; that that right dies with him; and that	 the title of his co sharers by survivorship vesting in them at the moment of his death	 there remains nothing upon which the Will can operate. " It is submitted on behalf of the appellants that the same principle against alienability by will by a coparcener should also be applied to an impartible estate	 otherwise it will defeat the right of survivorship by birth which is the only right that is conceded to in favour of the junior members of the joint Hindu family. The decision in Lakhmi Chand 's case (supra) or in Lakshman Dada 's case (supra) does not relate to an impartible estate	 but to a coparcenary property and	 accordingly	 the principle of law that is applicable to a coparcenary property or to the coparceners is inapplicable to an impartible estate or to the holder thereof except	 as has been noticed earlier	 that an impartible estate is considered to be a joint family property to the extent of the junior members succeeding to the estate by right of survivorship. Similarly 1120 the decision of this Court in M.N. Aryamurthi vs M.L. Subbaraya Setty	 AIR 1972 SC 1279 relating to coparcenary property has no application to the instant case. It is urged on behalf of the appellants that to hold that the holder of an impartible estate has the power of dispossession by a will defeating the right of survivorship	 would be quite illogical. It may be that the holder of an impartible estate can defeat the right of survivorship by leaving a will and such right cannot be said to have been founded on any logical basis. But	 it has to be borne in mind that the whole concept of impartibility is a creature of custom including the right of alienation of the holder of such estate. In matters of custom	 it is hardly possible to justify every incident on some logical basis. Much reliance has been placed by the learned Counsel for the appellants on the decision of the Privy Council in Baijnath Prasad Singh vs Tej Bali Singh	 AIR 192 where it has been ruled that the fact that a Raj Estate is impartible does not make it a separate or self acquired property. It is submitted that if the impartible estate is not a separate or self acquired property	 as held by the Privy Council	 how then a holder of such an estate will have the power of disposition by a will. There can be no doubt that an impartible estate is not a separate or self acquired property of the holder thereof	 but it has been observed by Sir Dinshah Mulla in Shiba Prasad 's case (supra) that it is clothed with the incidents of self acquired and separate property. One of such incidents is that the owner is entitled to dispose of the same in whatever manner he likes either by a transfer during his life time or by a will. The contention of the appellants proceeds on the assumption that the right of survivorship is an immutable right and cannot be defeated by the disposition by a will. Mr. Mehta	 learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents	 has invited our attention to a statement of law in Mulla 's Hindu Law	 Fifteenth Edition	 Paragraph 229(2) to show that a right of survivorship of a coparcener can be defeated in certain cases. Paragraph 229(2) is as follows: "Para 229(2). The right of a coparcener to take by survivorship is defeated in the following cases: (i) Where the deceased coparcener has sold or mortgaged his interest	 in States where such sale or mortgage is allowed by law; 1121 (ii) Where the interest of the deceased coparcener has been attached in his lifetime in execution of a decree against him. A mere decree obtained by a creditor	 not followed up by an attachment in the lifetime of the debtor	 will not defeat the right of survivorship	 unless the judgment debtor stood in the relation of father	 paternal grandfather or great grandfather to the surviving coparceners. This rule must be read subject to the provisions of sections 6 and 30 of the 	 in cases where those sections are applicable. (iii)Where the interest of the deceased coparcener has vested in the official Assignee or Receiver on his insolvency. On the annulment of insolvency the interest which vested in the Official Receiver revests under sec. 37 of the Provincial Insolvency Act in the insolvent and if on that date he is not alive	 it goes to his heirs under the law. Thus	 the right of a coparcener to take by survivorship can be defeated under certain circumstances	 as enumerated in Mulla 's Hindu Law in the passage extracted above. In paragraph 587 of Mulla 's	 Hindu Law	 it is stated that an impartible estate is not held in coparcenary	 though it may be joint family property. Indeed	 this proposition has not been disputed by either party in this appeal. When under certain circumstances the right of a coparcener to take by survivorship can be defeated	 no exception can be taken	 if the right of survivorship of junior members of an impartible estate to succeed to it is defeated by the holder thereof by disposition by a will. The same principle as laid down in Raja Rao 's case (supra) has been reiterated by the Privy Council in a later decision in Protap Chandra Deo vs Jagadish Chandra Deo	 54 IA 289. In this case it has been ruled by the Privy Council that the holder of an impartible Zamindari can alienate it by will	 although the family is undivided	 unless a family custom precluding him from doing so	 is proved. In Mirza Raja Shri Pushavathi Viziaram Gajapathi Raj Manne Sultan Bahadur vs Shri Pushavathi Visweswar Gajapathi Raj	 ; it has been held by this Court that it must be taken to be 1122 settled that a holder of an impartible estate can alienate the estate by gift inter vivos	 or even by a will	 though the family is undivided; the only limitation on this power would flow from a family custom to the contrary or from the condition of the tenure which has the same effect. The same principle of law has been reiterated by this Court in Bhaiya Ramanuj Pratap Deo vs Lalu Maheshanuj Pratap Deo	 ; In view of the above Privy Council decisions and of the decisions of this Court	 it must be held that the holder of an impartible estate has the power of alienation not only by transfer inter vivos	 but also by a will	 even though the disposition by will may altogether defeat the right of survivorship of the junior members of the family. The only question that remains to be considered by us relates to the alternative plea of the appellants that by virtue of a family custom the holder of the impartible estate	 with which we are concerned	 had no power of alienation either by a transfer inter vivos or by a will. In support of this contention	 our attention has been drawn on behalf of the appellants to a few correspondence between the original appellant	 since deceased	 and the political agent of the Mohanpur State. Before considering these correspondence	 a few facts are necessary to be stated. In 1938	 the former Ruler	 that is	 the father of the deceased appellant	 during his life time gifted certain villages and properties by way of jiwai (maintenance) to his younger son. In that connection	 some correspondence ensued between the appellant and the political agent of the State. Before such a gift was made by way of jiwai to the younger son	 the original appellant by his letter dated August 1	 1937 drew the attention of the political agent of the State to the proposed jiwai worth	 according to him	 Rs.10	000. It was stated in the said letter that despite his pointing out to his father that the proposal of jiwai was too big in proportion to the annual revenue of the State which was about Rs.60	000	 his father turned a deaf ear to his earnest entreaties not to make such a jiwai. In that letter	 it was stated by him that "big jiwai was proposed contrary to the prevailing practice in all the states and Talukas of this Agency and the past precedent of the State". In reply to the said letter the political agent	 by his letter dated August 13	 1937	 informed the appellant that he would not sanction any grant which the former Ruler wished to make to his younger son without any previous discussion with the appellant. The appellant also had written to his father on June 26	 1938	 inter alia	 stating that "whatever he wished to give him in excessive in proportion to the income of the State and it is unreasonable and against the practice and rules prevailing in the State". The political agent	 it appears	 refused to sanction the proposed jiwai. Further	 it appears that the appellant 1123 had given consent to the execution by his father of a deed of gift dated February 9	 1940 in favour of his younger brother for his jiwai. The political agent granted sanction to the said deed of gift	 as it was with the consent of the appellant. The appellants have placed much reliance upon the above documentary evidence in proof of their contention that there was a family custom prohibiting alienation by the Ruler of the State. The correspondence related only to the question of granting jiwai to the younger son of the former Ruler. It would appear from the correspondence that the entire attempt of the appellant was against the quantum of maintenance that was proposed to be granted by the Ruler to his younger son. It was not the contention of the appellant that in view of a family custom	 the Ruler had no right of alienation	 but his case was that in view of the annual revenue of the State the quantum of the jiwai would be out of proportion. It was only on this ground that he protested against the proposed jiwai. We do not think that the correspondence referred to above prove any custom of inalienability of the impartible estate. It is submitted on behalf of the appellants that as there was no instance of alienation till before the impugned deed of gift and the will	 it should be presumed that there was a family custom of inalienability of the estate. More or less	 a similar contention was made before the Privy Council in Protap Chandra Deo 's case (supra) that the absence of any instance of a will purporting to dispose of the estate	 was itself sufficient evidence of the custom of inalienability of the estate. The said contention was overruled by the Privy Council. There must be some positive evidence of such a custom. Mere absence of any instance of alienation will not be any evidence of custom. Moreover	 as noticed already	 the correspondence which are being relied upon as the evidence of the alleged family custom of inalienability are far from being such evidence	 for the only question that formed the subject matter of all this correspondence related to the propriety of the quantum of jiwai. Accordingly	 we hold that the appellants have failed to prove that there was any family custom of inalienability of the estate. No other point has been urged in this appeal by either party. For the reasons aforesaid	 the judgment and decree of the High Court are affirmed and this appeal is dismissed. There will	 however	 be no order as to costs in this Court. S.L. Appeal dismissed.

% The father of the appellant Thakore Shri Vinayasinhji	 the Ruler of the former Mohanpur State	 gifted certain properties to his youngest son	 the respondent No. 1	 by a deed of gift dated May 14	 1951	 and also bequeathed certain properties to the respondent No. 1 and his mother by his will dated May 22	 1951. The father died in 1955	 whereupon the appellant became the Ruler. He instituted a suit	 challenging the validity of the said deed of gift and the will on the ground that as the rule of primogeniture applied to the Raj Estate	 he being the eldest son succeeded to the 'Gadi ' and that his father	 the former Ruler	 had no power of alienation either by gift or by will and accordingly	 the disposition made by him by the above said deed of gift and the will in favour of his younger brother	 the respondent No. 1 was illegal and invalid. The Civil Judge decreed the suit in part	 declaring that the deed of gift and the will were illegal	 and directing the respondent No. 1 to hand over to the appellant the possession of the properties mentioned in the deed of gift. The Civil Judge passed a decree for mesne profits	 but refused the prayer of the appellant for an injunction on the ground that he had failed to prove his possession of the properties mentioned in the plaint. Being aggrieved by the judgment and decree of the Civil Judge	 the respondents preferred an appeal to the High Court. The High Court held that the former Ruler had the power of alienation and	 accordingly	 the deed of gift and the will impugned were legal and valid. The judgment and decree of the Civil Judge were set aside. Thereupon	 this appeal was filed before this Court by special leave against the decision of the High Court. During the pendency of the appeal	 the appellant Thakore Harnathsinhji Vinayasinhji died	 leaving behind the present appellants	 who were already on record as his heirs and legal representatives. 1111 Dismissing the appeal	 the Court	 ^ HELD: It was not disputed that the Raj Estate of which the deceased appellant was the Ruler is impartible and that the rule of primogeniture one of the essential characteristics of an impartible estate is also applicable. The question involved for the consideration of the Court was whether the holder of an impartible estate to which the rule of primogeniture applies as an essential characteristic of such an estate	 could alienate the properties comprised in the estate by a deed of gift or will. [1115D E] The law has been clearly and succinctly stated in the illuminating judgment of Sir Dinshah Mulla in Shiba Prasad Singh vs Rani Prayag Kumari Debi AIR 1932 P(; 216. There is no restraint on the power of alienation of the holder of the impartible estate	 as any restraint on the power would be incompatible with the custom of impartibility. The impartible estate	 though ancestral	 is clothed with the incidence of self acquired and separate property except as regards the right of survivorship which is not inconsistent with the custom of impartibility. The right of survivorship has been held to be a birthright and is not a mere spes successionis similar to that of a reversioner succeeding on the death of a Hindu widow to her husband 's estate. [1116G H; 1117A] In Rani Sartaj Kuari vs Deoraj Kuari	 15 IA 51	 the right of alienation of the holder has been recognised and in Shiba Prasad 's case (Supra) such right of the holder is reiterated. Impartibility is essentially a creature of custom which supersedes the general law. It is true that the impartible estate retains the character of joint family property only to the extent that there is a right of survivorship by birth to the junior members of the family	 but	 as the Privy Council has observed in Shiba Prasad 's case (supra) that in all other respects it is clothed with the incidents of self acquired and separate property	 it follows that the holder of the impartible estate has the unlimited right of alienation not only by transfer inter vivos but also by will. When the holder has the power to dispose of the estate during his life time	 it would be quite illogical to hold that he would not have the power of disposition by a will. The power of alientation has been recognised without any reservation in as much as such power is not incompatible with the impartibility of the estate. The rights available to the member of the Hindu joint family under the Mitakshara law have been curtailed to a great extent	 as most of the said rights would be inconsistent with the nature and character of the estate. [1117E G; 1118D E] 1112 The case of Sri Raja Rao vs Venkata Kumari	 26 IA 83 is an authority for the proposition that a holder of an impartible estate cannot only dispose of the estate by transfers inter vivos but also by a will and that when such a disposition is made by a will	 it defeats the right of survivorship. It may be that the holder of an impartible estate can defeat the right of survivorship by leaving a will and such right cannot be said to have been founded on any logical basis	 but it has to be borne in mind that the whole concept of impartibility is a creature of custom including the right of alienation of the holder of such estate. In matters of custom	 it is hardly possible to justify every incident on some logical basis. [1120B C] There can be no doubt that an impartible estate is not a separate or self acquired property of the holder thereof	 but it has been observed by Sri Dinshal Mulla in Shiba Prasad 's case (supra) that it is clothed with the incidents of self acquired and separate property. One of such incidents is that the owner is entitled to dispose of the same in whatever manner he likes either by a transfer during his life time or by a will. [1120D E] The right of a coparcener to take by survivorship can be defeated under certain circumstances as enumerated in Mulla 's Hindu Law. When under certain circumstances the right of a coparcener to take by survivorship can be defeated	 no exception can be taken if the right of survivorship of junior members of an impartible estate to succeed to it is defeated by the holder thereof by disposition by a will. [1121E F] In view of the decisions of the Privy Council and this Court	 it must be held that the holder of an impartible estate has the power of alienation not only by transfer inter vivos	 but also by a will even though the disposition by will may altogether defeat the right of survivorship of the junior members of the family . [1122B] The appellants contended alternatively that by virtue of a family custom	 the holder of the impartible estate	 as in this case	 had no Ci power of alienation either by a transfer inter vivos or by a will	 and in support of this contention	 drew the attention of the Court to some correspondence between the original appellant since deceased and the political agent of the Mohanpur State. The appellants placed much reliance upon the above documentary evidence in proof of their contention that there was a family custom prohibiting alienation by the Ruler of the State. [1122C D] 1113 The correspondence related only to the question of granting jiwai (maintenance) to the younger son of the former Ruler. It appeared from the correspondence that the entire attempt of the appellant was against the quantum of maintenance proposed to be granted by the Ruler to his younger son. It was not the appellant 's contention that in view of a family custom	 the Ruler had no right of alienation	 but his case was that in view of the annual revenue of the State the quantum of the jiwai would be out of proportion. It was only on this ground that he protested against the proposed jiwai. The correspondence referred to did not prove any custom of inalienability of the impartible estate. [1123B D] The appellants contended that as there was no instance of alienation till before the impugned deed of gift and will	 it should be presumed that there was a family custom of inalienability of the estate. More or less a similar contention made before the Privy Council in Protap Chander Deo vs Jagdish Chandra Deo	 54 IA 289 was overruled by the Privy Council. There must be some positive evidence of such a custom. The correspondence relied upon as the evidence of the alleged family custom of inalienability was far from being such evidence	 the only question that formed the subject matter of all this correspondence related to the propriety of the question of jiwai. The appellants had failed to prove that there was any family custom of inalienability of the estate. [1123D G] The judgment and decree of the High Court were affirmed. [1123G] Rani Sartaj Kuari vs Deoraj Kuari	 15 IA 51; Shiba Prasad Singh vs Rani Prayag Kumari Debi	 AIR 1932 PC 216; Collector of Gorakhpur vs Ram Sunder Mal	 AIR 1934 PC 157; Chinnathayi vs Kulasekara Pandiya Naicker	 [19$2] SCR 1952 241; Shri Kaja Rao vs Venkata Kumari	 26 IA X3; Seth Lakshmi Chand vs Mt. Anandi and others	 AIR 1926 PC 54; Lakshman Dada Naik vs Ramachandra Dada Naik	 7 IA 181; M.N. Arya Murthi vs M.N. Subbaraya Setty. AIR 1972 SC 1279; Baijnath Prasad Singh vs Tej Bali Singh	 AIR 1921 PC 62; Protap Chandra Dao vs Jagdish Chandra Deo	 54 IA 289; Mirza Raja Shri Pashavathi Viziaram Gajapathi Raj Manne Sultan Bahadur vs Shri Pushavathi Visweswar Gajapathi Raj	 ; and Bhaiya Ramanuj Pratap Deo vs Lalu Maheshanuj Pratap Deo	 ; 	 referred to.