Summarize the following court judgment. iminal Appeal No.42 of 1965. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated December	 16	 17	 18	 19	 21	 22 of 1964 of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 53 of 1964. Nuruddin Ahmed	 E. C. Agrawala	 Champat Rai	 section V. Pikale and P. C. Agrawala	 for the appellant. Adi P. Gandhi	 H. R. Khanna and section P. Nayar	 for the res pondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Hidayatullah	 J. The appellant Haroon is the sole appellant from a batch of 18 persons who were tried jointly before the Chief Presidency Magistrate	 Esplanade Court	 Bombay for offences under section 120 B of the Indian Penal Code read with section 167(81) of the Sea Customs Act and certain offences under the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act	 1947. Of these	 No. 17 accused (Saleh Mohamed Bhaya) was discharged by the Magistrate	 No. 1 accused (Govind Narain Bengali) died after the conclusion of the case but before judgment in the Court of triad and No. 4 accused (Noor Mohammad) jumped bail just before the same judgment. The case against Bengali was held to have 643 abated and that against Noor Mohammad was kept pending. Nos. 11	 12	 13 and 16 accused were acquitted. Of the remaining accused who were convicted	 Haroon alone is before us. His appeal to the High Court of Bombay was dismissed but he obtained special leave under article 136 of the Constitution and brought this appeal. As this appeal is to be considered on a question of law	 it is not necessary to give the facts in detail. The several accused (and many others unknown) were said to be concerned in a criminal conspiracy the object of which was to smuggle gold into India from the Middle East. Gold was brought in steam launches from places on the Persian Gulf and transhipped into Indian boats standing out at sea	 which would then shore it to be taken away by persons waiting for it. The operations were organised by No. 15 accused (Haji Sattar) and his nephew No. 9 accused (Ayub) with the assistance of Bengali	 Noor Mohammad and Kashinath (P.W. 1). Four trips	 in which gold of the value of nearly a crore of rupees was smuggled	 were made and Haroon is said to have taken part in the third and fourth trips. His share in the affair was only this; that he was present when gold was landed and he helped in taking it away and accompanied Haji Sattar and Ayub in their car. As the smuggling of gold and the details of the operations are admitted it is not necessary to consider the prosecution evidence with a view to finding out whether there existed sufficient proof on that part of the case. It may	 however be stated that as the raid took place while the last consignment of gold was still with the smugglers and many of them were arrested there and then	 no successful attempt to refute it could at all be made. The only question was who were in the conspiracy besides those caught at the spot. The argument in this appeal is that there is no legal evidence to connect Haroon with the others. The case against Haroon stands mainly on the basis of the statement of the accomplice Kashinath (P.W. 1). Kashinath must be held to be a competent witness in view of our decision in the Chauraria 's case(1). Corroboration for Kashinath 's evidence on the general aspects of the conspiracy was amply available from diverse sources and this is not denied but in respect of Haroon (whose name (foes not figure in the rest of the oral or documentary evidence) it was found to exist in the statement of Kashinath. before the Customs authorities	 and statements made by Bengali and Noor Mohammad also to the Customs Officers	 all in answer to notices under section 171 A of the Sea Customs Act. The use of these statements is objected to generally and in particular on the. (1) ; 1.2 Sup CI/68 10 644 following grounds: It is submitted firstly that these statements are not confessions proper to which section 30 of the Evidence Act can be made applicable; secondly	 that as Bengali died and Noor Mohammad absconded before the trial was finally concluded against them. their statements are not of persons jointly tried with Haroon; thirdly a confession of a co accused is no better than accomplice evidence and just as one accomplice cannot be held to corroborate another accomplice	 the confession of a co accused cannot also be held to be sufficient corroboration; fourthly as these confessions	 were later retracted their probative value is nil; and fifthly Kashinath 's previous statement cannot be used to corroborate him as an accomplice cannot corroborate himself. On these submissions it is urged that Haroon 's conviction is based really on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice. We may begin by stating that we have read the deposition of Kashinath as the first prosecution witness. We have been impressed by the simplicity of the narrative and there is on record a note by the Magistrate that he was impressed by the manner in which Kashinath deposed. The High Court and the Magistrate have	 concurred in accepting it and we have not seen anything significant to reject it as false. To corroborate Kashinath	 the Magistrate and the High Court have looked into his statement under 	section 171 A of the Sea Customs Act. In Rameshwar vs State of Rajasthan(1) the previous statement was held under section 157	 Evidence Act	 corroborative evidence provided it was made "at 	or about the time when the fact took place. " This is perhaps true of other testimony but as pointed out by the. Judicial Committee in Babhoni Sahu vs Emperor(1)	 the use of the previous statement of an accomplice is to make the accomplice corroborate himself. We have	 therefore	 not used exhibit A to corroborate Kashinath but we cannot help saying that only Iwo discrepancies were noticed on comparison. The first was that Haroon 's name was mentioned in exhibit A in the second trip while in the deposition in Court he was shown to have taken part in the third trip. The details of the trips where his name is mentioned are identical and it seems that in counting the trips	 Kashinath has made a confusion	 counting the reconnaisance trip as the first trip in his deposition but not in his statement. The second was the omission of a couple of names from the long list of those who were on the beach to receive the gold. This is not of much Consequence because any one who tries to give a long list of names	 often makes such an omission. On the whole the two statements contained the same story with sufficient details for verification from outside sources. The reception of exhibit A as corroborative of accomplice testimony	 although open to some 	objection	 has	 however	 not affected the case. (1) ; (2) A.I.R. 1949 P.C. 257. 645 This leads us to the consideration of the statements of Bengali and Noor Mohammad which were received in corroboration of Kashinath 's testimony. These statements contain admission constituting the guilt of the makers under the charged sections. They also mention the name of Haroon	 among others	 as being concerned in the smuggling and in much the same way as does the accomplice. The question is	 can they be used to corroborate him? These statements are not confessions recorded by a Magistrate under section 164 of the Code of Criminal Procedure but are statements made in answer to a notice under section 171 A of the Sea Customs Act. As they are not made subject to the safeguards under which confessions are recorded by Magistrates they must be specially scrutinised to finding out if they were made under threat or promise from some	 one in authority. If after such scrutiny they are considered to be voluntary	 they may be received against 	the maker and in the same way as confessions are received	 also against a co accused jointly tried with him. Section 30 of the Evidence Act does not limit itself to confessions made to Magistrates	 nor do the earlier sections do so	 and hence there is no bar to its proper application to the statements such as we have here. No doubt both Bengali and Noor Mohammad retracted their statements alleging duress and torture. But these allegations came months later and it is impossible to heed them. The statements were	 therefore	 relevant. Both Bengali and Noor Mohammad were jointly tried with Haroon right to the end and all that remained to be done was to pronounce judgment. Although Bengali was convicted by the judgment	 the case was held abated against him after his death. In Ram Sarup Singh and Others vs Emperor (1)	 J was put on his trial along with L; the trial proceeded for some time and about six months before the delivery of judgment	 when the trial had proceeded for about a year	 J died. Before his death J 's confession had been put on the record. R. C. Mitter	 J. (Henderson	 J. dubitante) allowed the confession to go in for corroborating other evidence but not as substantive evidence by itself. Of course	 the confession of a person who is dead and has never been brought for trial is not admissible under section 30 which insists upon a joint trial. The statement becomes relevant under section 30 read with section 32(3) of the Evidence Act because Bengali was fully tried jointly with Haroon. There is	 however	 difficulty about Noor Mohammad 's statement because his trial was separated and the High Court has not relied upon it. The statement of Bengali being relevant we have next to see how far it can be held to be legal corroboration of Kashinath 's accomplice evidence. The law as to accomplice evidence is settled. The Evidence Act in section 133 provides that an accomplice (1) A.I.R. 1937 Cal. 39. 646 is a competent witness against an accused person and that a conviction is not illegal merely because it proceeds upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice. The effect of this provision is that the court trying an accused may legally convict him on the single evidence	 of an accomplice. To this there is a rider in illustration (b) to section 114 of the Act which provides that the Court may presume that an accomplice is unworthy of credit unless he is corroborated in material particulars. This cautionary provision incorporates a rule of prudence because an accomplice	 who betrays his associates	 is not a fair witness and it is possible that he may	 to please the prosecution	 weave false details into those which are true and his whole story appearing true	 there may be no means at hand to sever the false from that which is true. It is for this reason that courts	 before they act on accomplice evidence	 insist on corroboration in material respects as to the offence itself and also implicating in some satisfactory way	 however small	 each accused named by the accomplice. In this way the commission of the offence is confirmed by some competent evidence other than the single or unconfirmed testimony of the accomplice and the inclusion by the accomplice of an innocent person is defeated. This rule of caution or prudence has become so ingrained in the consideration of accomplice evidence as to have almost the standing of a rule of law. The argument here is that the cautionary rule applies	 whe ther there be one accomplice or more and that the confessing co accused cannot be placed higher than an accomplice. 'Therefore	 unless there is some evidence besides these implicating the accused in some material respect	 conviction cannot stand. Reliance is placed in this connection upon the observations of the Judicial Committee in Bhuboni Sahu vs Emperor(1)	 a case in which a conviction was founded upon the evidence of an accomplice supported only by the confession of a co accused. The Judicial Committee acquitting the accused observed: Their Lordships whilst not doubting that such a conviction is justified in law under section 133	 Evidence Act	 and whilst appreciating that the coincidence of a number of confessions of co accused all implicating the particular accused given independently	 and without an opportunity of previous concert	 might be entitled to great weight	 would nevertheless observe that Courts should be slow to depart from the rule of prudence		 based on long experience	 which requires some independent evidence implicating the particular accused. The danger of acting upon accomplice evidence is not merely that the accomplice is on his own admission a (1) A. I.R. 647 man of bad character who took part in the offence and afterwards to save himself betrayed his former associates	 and who has placed himself in a position in which he can hardly fail to have a strong bias in favour of the prosecution; the real danger is that he is telling a story which in its general outline is true	 and it is easy for him to work into the story matter which is untrue. As against this the State relies upon the observations of Imam	 J. in Ram Prakash vs State of Punjab(1): "The Evidence Act nowhere provides that if the confession is retracted	 it cannot be taken into consideration against the co accused or the confessing accused. Accordingly	 the provisions of the Evidence Act do not prevent the Court from taking into consideration a retracted confession against the confessing accused and his co accused. Not a	 single decision of any of the courts in India was placed before us to show that a retracted confession was not admissible in evidence or that it was irrelevant as against a co accused. An examination of the reported decisions of the various High Courts in India indicates that the preponderance of opinion is in favour of the view that although it may be taken into consideration against a co accused by virtue of the provisions of section 30 of the Indian Evidence Act	 its value was extremely weak and there could be no conviction without the fullest and strongest corroboration on material particulars. The corroboration in the full sense implies corroboration not only as to the factum of the crime but also as to the connection of the co accused with that crime. In our opinion	 there appears to be considerable justification for this view. The amount of credibility to be attached to a retracted confession	 however	 would depend upon the circumstances of each particular case. Although a retracted confession is admissible against a co accused by virtue of section 30 of the Indian Evidence Act	 as a matter of prudence and practice a court would not ordinarily act upon it to convict a co accused without corroboration. " The State further relies upon the observations of Govinda Menon J. in Subramania Goundan vs State of Madras(2) where the value of a confession was compared with the value of accomplice evidence. The case of the Judicial Committee dealt with accomplice evidence which was sought to be corroborated by retracted con (1) 	 1223. (2) ; 648 fessions. The case of this Court dealt with a retracted confession which was sought to be used without corroboration. Both cases treat the retracted confession as evidence which may be used although not within the definition of evidence. But both cases regard this evidence as very weak and only to be used with great caution. Although Govinda Menon	 J. in Subramania Goundan 's case(1) placed a confession on a slightly higher level than accom plice evidence	 the observation is intended to convey the difference between the extent of corroboration needed for the one or the other before they can be acted upon. To read more meaning into the observations is not permissible for no such meanig was intended. The confession there considered was also intended to be used against the maker and not against a co accused. A confession intended to be used against a co accused stands on a lower level than accomplice evidence because the latter is at least tested 'by cross examination whilst the former is not. The observations of Govinda Menon	 J. must not be applied to those cases where the confession is to be used against a co accused. As pointed out by this Court in Nathu vs State of Uttar Pradesh (2) 	 confessions of co accused are not evidence but if there is other evidence on which a conviction can be based	 they can be referred to as lending some assurance to the verdict. In this connection the question of retraction must also be considered. A retracted confession must be looked upon with greater concern unless the	 reasons given for having made it in the first instance (not for retraction as erroneously stated in some cases) are on the face of them false. Once the confession is proved satisfactorily any admission made therein must be satisfactorily withdrawn or the making of it explained as having proceeded from fear	 duress	 promise or the like from some one in authority. A retracted confession is a weak link against the maker and more so against a co accused. In Rameshwar vs State of Rajasthan(3) this Court laid down certain general rules about the nature of corroboration needed before accomplice evidence may be accepted. It is there pointed Out that every detail of the story of the accomplice need not be confirmed by independent evidence although some additional independent evidence must be looked for to see whether the approver is speaking the truth and there must be some evidence	 direct or circumstantial which connects the co accused with the crime independently of the accomplice. One such circumstance may be the making of a number of confessions without a chance for prior consultation between the confessing co accused. But before even a number of such confessions can (1) ; (3) ; (2) A.I. R. 649 be used each such confession must inspire confidence both in its content and in the manner and circumstances of its making. If there be any suspicion of false implication the confession ' must be discarded as of no probative value. This may result from a variety of circumstances of which a few alone may be mentioned	 such as why the	 accused confessed whether he expected a gain for himself by implicating his co accused	 the part he assigns to himself and that to his co accused	 the opportunity for being coached up to narrate a false story or a story false in certain. details. Where there is a single retracted confession corroborating other accomplice evidence	 the caution must necessarily be still greater and the probative value smaller. Even if there are more than one such confession and they are proved to be given independently and without an opportunity for a prior concert	. the probative value may increase but the need for caution remains because a number of suspects may be prompted by the. same or different motives to embroil a particular individual. It is only when false implication is excluded after close scrutiny that confession of a co accused can be used to lend assurance to other evidence. This was so stated by Sir Lawrence Jenkins in Emperor vs Lalit Mohan Chuckerburty(1) and accepted by this Court	 and a retracted confession cannot obviously go further or have higher value. The offence in this case was detected on the night of August 13	 1961 and investigation went on till the morning of the 14th. Thereafter the customs authorities served notices upon various suspects and recorded their statements in answer to these notices. The statements of Kashinath (exhibit A) and Bengali (exhibit Z 27) were recorded on the 15th	 the former by Kamik (P.W. 24) and the latter by Rane (P.W. 26). These statements were recorded simultaneously or almost simultaneously. The statement of Noor Mohammad (exhibit Z 17) was recorded by Randive (P.W. 22) on August 19. As there was no gap of time between the statements. of Kashinath and Bengali and the incident was only a few hours old	 it is impossible that the officers could have tutored them to	 make statements which agree in so many details. Both the statements receive corroboration at numerous points in the story from other than accomplice evidence. For example the statements of Kashinath regarding the boats employed	 the names of the owners and pilots	 the manner the trips were made	 the names of persons who took part and what they did	 the description of the residences of the Muslim co accused	 the furniture and furnishings in the	 room where gold used to be secreted	 the description of the cars employed	 and the identity of the several participants other than Haroon	 are amply borne out by evidence which is not accomplice in character. A bare reading of the statement of Kashinath made (1) I.L.R.38 Cal.559	588. 650 before the Court and corroborated by his earlier statement to the Customs authorities (except in two particulars already considered) leaves one convinced that he is speaking the truth. We are not seeking corroboration of the accomplice from his own statements because that does not advance accomplice evidence any further. We are only looking into the previous statement to see if it discloses any variation which would put us on further inquiry. The real check comes when one compares these two statements with that made by Bengali. A remarkable degree of agreement is found there also. In fact they are so consistent that Mr. Nuruddin Ahmad sought to make a point and said that they must be the result of collusion. Apart from the fact that there was no time to collude	 there are extra details in the different statements which also receive independent corroboration. Further	 although Noor Mohammad 's statement was not used by the High Court and we have reluctantly left it out of consideration also	 nothing was shown to us to destroy the conclusion about the truth of accomplice evidence. If it was	 we would have considered seriously Whether we should not take it into consideration. Further Haroon himself was also served with a notice like others. He was unwilling to make a statement till he had seen what the others had said. This may well be regarded as peculiar conduct in a man who now claims that he was not concerned with the smuggling. The High Court has very searchingly examined the evidence of Kashinath and applied to it the checks which must always be applied to accomplice evidence before it is accepted. There is corroboration to the evidence of Kashinath in respect of Haroon from the confession of Bengali given independently and in circumstances which exclude any collusion or malpractice. Regard being had to the provisions of section 133 of the Evidence Act	 we do not think that we should interfere in this appeal by special leave	 particularly as we hold the same opinion about the veracity of Kashinath. The appeal	 therefore	 fails and is dismissed. Appellant to surrender to his bail. V.P.S. Appeal dismissed.

Gold was smuggled into India by bringing it in steam launches from places on the Persian Gulf	 transhipping it into Indian boats standing out at sea	 then bringing it to the Indian shores and by being taken away by persons waiting for it. There was a raid on the night of August 13	 1961 while a consignment was being brought in. Many of the smugglers were arrested	 the case was investigated into	 and on the 14th	 the Customs Authorities served notices upon the suspects under section 171A of the Sea Customs Act. On the 15th	 two Customs Officers recorded the statements	 in answer to the notices	 from two of the suspects K and B	 independently	 and almost simultaneously. The statement of K implicated himself and the appellant in the smuggling and the satement of B contained a confession of his own guilt as well as the implication of the appellant in the smuggling. The	 appellant himself was served with a notice by the Customs authorities	 but he was unwilling to make a statement till he had seen what the others had said. The appellant and 17 others were tried for (the offence of conspiracy to smuggle gold into India. At the trial	 K was a witness for the prosecution and B	 who was jointly tried with the appellant retracted the confession he made before the Customs authorities alleging duress and torture. He however died before judgment was delivered but after the conclusion of the trial of the case. Some of the accused were acquitted and others	 including the appellant	 were convicted. In appeal	 the High Court	 confirmed the conviction of the appellant relying on the evidence of K corroborated by his statement before the Custom authorities and the retracted confession of B. In appeal to this Court	 it was contended that	 as K was an accomplice	 no conviction could be based on his evidence unless it was corroborated in material particulars; and the statement of K before the Customs authorities and the confession of B to the Customs authorities. which was later retracted	 could not be used for purposes of such corroboration. HELD : An accomplice is a competent witness and his evidence could be accepted and a conviction based on it if there is nothing significant to reject it as false. But the rule of prudence	 ingrained in the consideration of accomplice evidence	 requires independent corroborative evidence first of the offence and next connecting the accused	 against whom the accomplice evidence is used	 with the crime. Such corroborative evidence could be direct or circumstantial. On such circumstance may be the making of confessions by more than one accused	 provided there was no chance for prior consultation between the confessing co accused for implicating another	 and they inspire confidence both in their content and in the manner and circumstances of their making. If a confessing co accused is tried jointly	 within the. meaning of section 30 of the Evidence Act	 with the accused against whom the accomplice evidence is sought to be used for has 642 ing a conviction	 the confession could be referred to as lending some assurance to the verdict. The fact that the confession was later retracted would make no difference unless the admissions made in the confession are satisfactorily withdrawn	 or	 the making of it explained as having proceeded from fear	 duress	 promise or the like	 of some one in authority. [644 D. 646 A. C E; 648 D H; 650 E F] In the present case	 though K was an accomplice and his own statement before the Customs authorities could not be used for purposes of corroboration	 his evidence	 impressed the lower Courts and was accepted by them. There was nothing to make this Court form a different opinion about his veracity. There was no gap of time between the statements of K and B	 and it was impossible that the Customs officers could have tutored them to make the statements which agree in many details. Further	 both the statements received corroboration at numerous other points in the story from independent evidence. Therefore	 the confession of B given independently and in circumstances which exclude any collusion or malpractice affords corroboration to the evidence of K in respect of the appellant. B 's confession could also be taken into consideration under section 30 of the Evidence Act	 to lend assurance to the verdict	 as B was fully tried jointly with the appellant	 and his allegations of duress and torture for retracting his confession came months later and it was impossible to heed them. [644 C D; 645 D E; 649 F G] Rameshwar vs State of Rajasthan	 ; 	 Nathu vs State of U.P.	 A.I.R. 1956 section C. 56	 Subramania Goundan vs State of Madras	 119581 S.C.R. 428	 Ram Prakash vs State of Punjab	 	 Chauraria 's case [1968] 2 S.C.R. 624	 Babhoni Sahu vs Emperor	 A.I.R. 1949 P.C. 257	 Emperor vs Lalit Mohan Chuckerburty	 I.L.R. and Ram Sarup Singh. & Ors. vs Emperor	 A.I.R. 1937 Cal. 39	 referred to.