Summarize the following court judgment. iminal Appeal No.105 of 1965. Appeal from the judgment and order dated January 11	 1965 of the Gujarat High Court in Criminal Revision Application No. 378 of 1964. N. N. Keswani	 for the appellant. G. L. Sanghi and section P. Nayar	 for the respondent. The Judgment of WANCHOO	 C.J.	 SHELAT and VAIDIALINGAM	 JJ. was delivered by SHELAT	 J. BACHAWAT	 J. on behalf of MITTER	 J. and himself delivered a separate Opinion. Shelat	 J. The appellant	 a practising advocate	 was engaged by Rama Shamal and Raiji Shamal two of the accused in Crimi nal Case No. 26 of 1963 in the court of the Judicial Magistrate	 Baroda	 in respect of charges under sections 302	 436	 334 read with section 149 of the Penal Code. On January 12	 1963	 the appellant presented a bail application on behalf of the said two accused. The Magistrate granted bail on each of the two accused executing a personal bond of Rs. 1	500 with surety for the like amount. On January 25	 1963	 bail bonds were furnished by a person calling himself Udesing Abhesing. The appellant identified that person as Udesing Abhesing and as personally known to him. On the strength of his identification the Magistrate accepted the bonds and released the two accused on bail. Thereafter	 one of 687 them absented himself from the Court on three occasions and the Magistrate issued a notice on the said surety. On March 11	 1963	 the real Udesing Abhesing appeared and denied that he had executed the said bonds or stood as surety. The Magistrate issued an informal notice to the appellant to explain why action should not be taken against him for identifying a person who had falsely impersonated as Udesing Abhesing. The appellant gave his reply. The Magistrate recorded statements of the real Udesing Abhesing and of one Chiman Shamal. He did so to satisfy himself that there was substance in the allegation of the said Udesing that be was not the person who had stood as surety. On July 19	 1963	 the Magistrate issued a show cause notice to the appellant under section 476	 Cr. P.C. and the appellant filed his reply. After an enquiry under section 476	 the Magistrate ordered filing of a complaint against the appellant in respect of offences under sections 205	 467 and 468 read with section 114 of the Penal Code. In an appeal filed by the appellant	 the Additional Sessions Judge	 held that the said complaint was justified but only in respect of the offence under section 205 read with section 114. In a revision by the appellant a single Judge of the High Court of Gujarat passed the following order: "This is a matter in which this Court should never interfere in revision. The revision application is	 therefore	 dismissed". The High Court gave certificate under article 134(1)(c) of the Constitution and that is how this appeal has come up before us. Mr. Sanghi for the respondent raised the preliminary conten tion that the High Court 's order dismissing the revision was not a final order as it did not determine the complaint filed by the Magistrate nor did it decide the controversy between the parties therein	 viz.	 the State of Gujarat and the appellant	 whether the appellant had committed the said offence. That controversy being still a live one	 the order	 according to him	 was not final	 the certificate granted by the High Court was incompetent and consequently the appeal is not maintainable. Article 134 (1) (c) reads as follows : "An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment	 final order of sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court . If the High Court certifies that the case is a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court". The question as to whether a judgment or an order is final or not has been the subject matter of a number of decisions; yet no single general test for finality has so far been laid down. The reason probably is that a judgment or order may be final for one 688 purpose and interlocutory for another or final as to part and interlocutory as to part. The meaning of the two words "final" and . 'interlocutory" has	 therefore	 to be considered separately in relation to the particular purpose for which it is required. However	 generally speaking. a judgment or order which determines the principal matter in question is termed final. It may be final although it directs enquiries or is made on an interlocutory application or reserves liberty to apply.(1) In some of the English de cisions where this question arose	 one or the other of the following four tests was applied. Was the order made upon an application such that a decision in favour of either party would determine the main dispute ? 2. Was it made upon an application upon which the main dispute could have been decided ? 3. Does the order as made determine the dispute ? 4. If the order in question is reversed	 would the action have to go on ? The first test was applied in Salaman vs Warner(2) and Stan dard Discount Co. vs La Grange(3). But the reasoning in the latter case was disapproved in A.G. vs Great Eastern Rail Co.(4). In Shutrook vs Tufnell(5) the order did not decide the matter in the litigation but referred it back to the arbitrator	 though on the application on which it was made	 a final determination might have been made. The order was held to be final. This was approved in Bozson vs Altrincham Urban Council( 6) by Lord Halsbury who declined to follow the dictum in Salaman vs Warner(2) and Lord Alverstone stated the test as follows : "Does the judgment or order as made finally dispose of the rights of the parties? This test	 however	 does not seem to have been applied in A. G. vs Great Eastern Urban Council(6) where an order made on an application for summary judgment under R.S.C. Ord. 14 refusing unconditional leave to defend was held not to be an interlocutory order for purposes of appeal though made on an interlocutory application. An interlocutory order	 though not conclusive of the main dispute may be conclusive as to the sub ordinate matter with which it deals. (1) Halsbury 'S Laws of England ( 3d Etc.) Vol. 22	 742 ' 743. (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 689 There are also a number of decisions on the question of finality by the Privy Council and the Courts in India. In Abdul Rehman vs D. K. Cassim & Sons(1) the test applied was that "the finality must be a finality in relation to the suit. If after the order the suit is still a live suit in. which the rights of the parties have still to be determined no appeal lies against it". And the fact that the impugned order decides an important and even a vital issue is by itself not material. if the decision on an issue puts an end to the suit	 the order is undoubtedly a final one but if the suit is still left alive and has yet to be tried in the ordinary way	 no finality could attach to the order. in this case the order was clearly an order of remand which kept the entire case undecided. This test was adopted in section Kuppuswami Rao vs The King(2) where the court also held that the words 'judgment ' and 'order ' have the same meaning whether the proceeding is a civil or a criminal proceeding. In Mohammad Amin Brothers Ltd. vs Dominion of India(3) the Federal Court following its earlier decision adopted against the test	 viz.	 whether the judgment or order finally disposed of the rights of the parties. In Sardar Syedna Taher Saifuddin Saheb.v. The State of Bombay(4)	 this Court applying	 the test held that the appeal before it was not maintainable as the impugned order disposed of a preliminary issue regarding the validity of the Bombay Prevention of Excommunication Act	 1949. but (lid not decide the rest of the issues in the suit. In Jethanand and Sony vs The State of Uttar Pradesh(5) the order on. which certificate under article 133 (1) (c) was granted was clearly an order of ' remind. Indeed	 the High Court gave leave to the parties to amend the pleadings and directed the trial court to hold a de novo trial on the amended pleadings and the issues arising therefrom and the order was said to be not a final order since the dispute between the parties still remained to be tried by the trial Court. But these were cases where the impugned orders were passed in appeals or revisions and. since an appeal or a revision is continuation of the original suit or proceeding the test applied was whether the order disposed of the original suit or proceeding. 11 ' it did not	 and the suit or proceeding was a live one	 vet to be tried. the order was held not to be final. Different tests have been applied. however to orders made in proceedings independent of the original or the main proceedings. Thus in Premchand Sastramdasv. The State of Bihar(6) an order of the High Court dismissing an application to direct the Board of Revenue to state a case to the High Court under the Bihar Sales tax Act	 1944	 was held (1) 6	 I.A. 76. (3) (5) ; (2) (4) (6) ; 690 not to be a final order on two grounds : (1) that the order was made under a jurisdiction which was consultative and standing by itself	 it did not bind or affect the rights of the parties though the ultimate order which would be passed by the Board would be based on the opinion expressed by the High Court	 and (2) that on a construction of article 31 of the Letters Patent of the High Court of Patna an appeal would lie to the Privy Council only in cases of orders passed by the High Court in its appellate or original jurisdiction and not the advisory jurisdiction conferred by the Act. It is clear that though the proceeding in which the High Court passed the impugned order may be said to be an independent proceeding	 one of the tests applied was that it did not determine the rights of the parties as the controversy as to the liability of the assessee still remained to be determined by the Board. The decision in State of Uttar Pradesh vs Sujan Singh(1) does not help because the proceeding in which the impugned order was passed was assumed to be an interlocutory one arising from and during the course of the trial itself. The question was whether the order rejecting the State 's claim of privilege from producing a certain document was a final order within the meaning of article 134(1) (c). The criminal proceedings	 said the Court	 were the proceedings against the respondents for an offence under section 6(1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act	 1947. They were still pending before the Special Judge. In the course of those proceedings the respondents applied for the production of the document by the Union Government and that was allowed by the Court. The order	 therefore 	 was an interlocutory order pending the said proceedings. It did not purport to decide the rights of the parties i.e. the State of Uttar Pradesh and the respondents	 the accused. It only enabled the accused to have the said document proved and exhibited in the case and therefore was a procedural step for adducing evidence. The court also said that assuming that the order decided some right of the Union Government	 that Government was neither a party to the criminal proceedings nor a party either before the High Court or this Court. This decision was clearly on the footing that the respondents ' application for production of the document in which the Union Government	 not a party to the trial	 claimed privilege was an interlocutory and not an independent proceeding. The question is what would be the position if (a) the application was an independent proceeding	 and (b) if it affected the right of the Union Government. The decision in Ramesh vs Patni(2) would seem to throw light on these questions. There the Claims Officer under the Madhya Pradesh Abolition of Proprietory Rights Act	 1950 (1) [1964]7S.C.R.734. (2) ; 691 held in an application by the appellants that a debt due by them to the respondents was a secured debt though the respondents had obtained a decree therefore. He	 accordingly	 called upon the respondents to file their statement of claim as required by the Act. The respondents filed the statement	 but the officer held that it was out of time and discharged the debt. In appeal the Commissioner held that though the Claims Officer had jurisdiction	 he could not discharge the debt as action under section 22(1) of the	 Act had not been taken. The appellants thereupon filed article 226 petition alleging that the Commissioner had no jurisdiction to entertain or try the appeal. The High Court dismissed the petition summarily. The contention was that the High Court 's order was not a final order be cause it did not decide the controversy between the parties and did not of its own force affect the rights of the parties or put an end to the controversy. This court observed: (1) that the word 'proceeding ' in article 133 was a word of a very wide import	 (2) that the contention that the order was not final because it did not conclude the dispute between the parties would have had force if it was passed in the exercise of the appellate or revisional jurisdiction of the High Court	 as an order of the High Court if passed in an appeal or revision would not be final if the suit or proceeding from which there was such an appeal or revision remained still alive after the High Court 's order	 (3) but a petition under article 226 was a proceeding independent of the original controversy between the parties; the question therein would be whether a proceeding before a Tribunal or an authority or a court should be quashed on the ground of want of jurisdic tion or on other well recognised grounds and that the decision in such a petition	 whether interfering or declining to interfere	 was a final decision so far as the petition was concerned and the finality of such an order could not be judged by co relating it with the original controversy between the parties. The court	 however	 observed that all such orders would not always be final and that in each case it would have to be ascertained what had the High Court decided and what was the effect of the order. If	 for instance	 the jurisdiction of the inferior tribunal was challenged and the High Court either upheld it or did not	 its order would be final. The effect of this decision is that a writ petition under article 226 is a proceeding independent of the original proceedings between the parties; that the finality of an order passed in such an independent proceeding is not to be judged from the fact that the original proceedings are not disposed of by it but are still pending determination; that the test as to whether the impugned order determines the rights of the parties in controversy in the original proceedings instituted by one of them would not apply to a proceeding independent of such original proceedings; and that if the L2 Sup CI/68 14 692 order finally determines the controversy in such a proceeding and that proceeding is disposed of	 the order is final in so far as that controversy is concerned. Even an order ex facie interlocutory in character has been held to be final if it finally disposed of the proceeding though the main controversy between the parties remained undisposed of. An illustration of such a case is to be found in the State of Orissa vs Madan Gopal(1). The dispute there was whether the State Government had the power to annul or cancel leases granted by the ex proprietor whose territory had under the agreement of merger merged in the Union Territory and by reason of section 4 of the Extra Provincial Jurisdiction Act	 1949 was administered by the State of Orissa. The respondents gave notice to the State under section 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure but apprehensive that before the prescribed period expired	 the State might annul their leases filed a writ petition. The High Court did not decide the dispute but granted a mandamus restraining the Government from taking action until the proposed suits were filed. in an appeal against that order the State contended that the order was not final as it was for an interim relief and the dispute between the parties remained to be deter mined in the proposed suits. Though the order had not determined the rights of the parties	 this Court negatived the contention and held that the order was final as 'in view of the fact that with these orders the petitions were disposed of finally and nothing further remained to be done in respect of the petitions". Facts similar to the facts in the present case were in Durga Prasad vs State of U.P.(2). A complaint was filed charging the applicant with offences	 inter alia under section 193 of the Penal Code. ']"he applicant filed an appeal before the Sessions Judge under section 476B of the Code of Criminal Procedure against the order filing the complaint. The Sessions Judge held that the order was bad as section 476 under which the complaint was filed stood impliedly repealed by section 479A and set aside the order filing the complaint. In a revision against that order	 the High Court held that the Sessions Judge was not right and setting aside his order remanded the matter to him to decide it on merits. The High Court on an application for certificate held that its order was not final as the real controversy between the parties i.e. the State and the applicant	 was whether the complaint was justified. Since that question was remitted to the Sessions Judge for determination on merits	 the order was only one of remand and did not determine the aforesaid controversy. This decision proceeds on the footing that there were two independent controversies between the parties involved in the two proceedings. One was the complaint which charged the applicant with the offence under section 193 of the Penal Code and the other was the appeal which he (1) [1952] S.C.R. 28. (2) A.I.R. 1960 All. 69 3 filed before the Sessions Judge alleging that the complaint was not justified and that it could not be filed under section 476 as it was impliedly repealed by section 479A of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The order was held	 not to be final because it did not determine the latter controversy viz.	 whether the complaint was justified and not on the ground that the controversy in the complaint that the appellant had committed the offence with which he was charged	 had yet to be tried by the court. It follows that according to the	 High Court 's reasoning its order would have been final	 if	 instead of remanding the matter to the Sessions Judge the High Court had held either that it was justified or not justified. This decision is in conformity with the ratio laid down in Ramesh vs Patni(1) and State of Orissa vs Madan Gopal(l). The aforesaid discussion leads to the conclusion that when the Magistrate ordered the filing of the complaint against the appelant	 the parties to that controversy were the State and the applicant and the controversy between them was whether the appellant had committed offence charged against him in that complaint. The appeal filed by the appellant before the Additional Sessions Judge was against the order filing the complaint	 the controversy therein raised being whether the Magistrate was	 justified in filing it	 that is to say	 whether it was expedient in the interest of justice and for the purpose of eradicating the evil of false evidence in a judicial proceeding before the Court. The controversies in the two proceedings were thus distinct though the parties were the same. When the Additional Sessions Judge held that the complaint was justified in respect of the offence under section 205 read with section 114 and was not justified in respect of the other offences his judgment in the absence of a revision by the State against it finally disposed of that part of the controversy	 i.e.	 that the complaint in respect of offences under sections 467 and 468 read with section 114 was not justified. When the appellant filed re vision in respect of the complaint for the remaining offence under section 205 read with section 114 the Single Judge of the High Court dismissed that revision. His order of dismissal disposed of that controversy between the parties and the proceeding regarding that question as to whether the complaint in that regard was justified or not was finally decided. As observed in Ramesh vs Patni(1) the finality of that order was not to be judged by corelating that order with the controversy in the complaint	 viz.	 whether the appellant had committed the offence charged against him therein. The fact that that controversy still remained alive is irrelevant. It must consequently be held that the order passed by the High Court in the revision filed by the appellant was a final order within the meaning of article 134(1) (c). (1) ; (2) [1952] S.C.R 28. 694 Even so	 the next question is whether this was a case where the High Court could have granted the certificate. In Haripada Dey vs The State of West Bengal	 (1) it was held that the High Court had no jurisdiction to grant a certificate under article 1 3 4 (1 ) (c) on a mere question of fact. In Bab vs State of Uttar Pradesh	 ( 2 ) it was again observed that the Constitution does not confer ordinary criminal jurisdiction on this Court except in cases covered by clauses (a) and (b) of article 134 which provide for appeals as of right. The High Court before it certifies the case in cases not covered by clauses (a) and (b) of article 134 must be satisfied that it involves some substantial question of law or principle. Only a case involving something more than mere appreciation of evidence is contemplated by the Constitution for the grant of a certificate under article 134(l ) (c) which alone applies in this case. The question in the revision application before the High Court was whether the Magistrate was right in his conclusion that offences referred to in section 1 95 (q) (b) or (c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure appeared to have been committed in or in relation to a proceeding in his court and that it was expedient in the interest of justice to file a complaint. Obviously	 this is a question of fact and involve no substantial question of law or principle. It seems that the certificate was issued because it appeared as if the single Judge in the language in which he passed his order meant that the High Court as a matter of law would never exercise its revisional jurisdiction in such cases. The order	 how ever	 cannot mean that the High Court cannot entertain. and decide revision applications in respect of orders passed tinder section 476 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. What the single Judge presumably meant was that the question being one of fact only. the High Court would not interfere particularly where there is a concurrent finding both of the Magistrate and the Sessions Judge in appeal. The question being one of fact only and there being no substantial question of law or principle	 the High Court was not competent to certify the case under article 134 (1) (c). In this view it is not necessary to go into the contentions on merits raised by the appellant 's counsel. The appeal is not maintainable and is dismissed. Bhachawat	 J. The Judicial Magistrate	 First Class	 Third 	Court Baroda made an enquiry under section 476 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and directed the.filing of a complaint ' against the appellant in respect of offences under sections 205	 467 and 468 read with section 114 of the Indian Penal Code alleged to have been committed by the appellant in relation to proceedings in his Court. He found that there was a prima facie case for enquiry into the (1)[1956]1 S.C. R. 639. (2) ; 695 offences and it was expedient in the interests of justice that such an enquiry should be made. In an appeal filed after the complaint was made	 the Additional Sessions Judge	 while setting aside the order in respect of the offences punishable under sections 467 and 468 read with section 114	 confirmed the order directing the filing of a complaint with regard to the offence punishable under section 205 read with section 114. A revision application filed by the appellant was dismissed by the High Court. In view of section 195(1)(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 a prosecution for an offence punishable under section 205 read with section 114 alleged to have been committed in relation to a proceeding in any Court cannot be launched without a complaint in writing of such Court or of a superior Court. The effect of the order of the High Court confirming the direction for the filing of a complaint in respect of the offence is that the bar of section 195 ( 1 ) (b) is removed	 and the trial of the offence can now proceed. The appellant is still on trial. The Court has not pronounced on his guilt or innocence	 He is being tried for the offence by a competent Court and an order of conviction or acquittal is yet to follow. The order of the High Court involves no determination of the merits of the case or of the guilt or innocence of the appellant. From whatever point of view the matter is looked at	 the order is interlocutory. In a civil proceeding	 an order is final if it finally decides the rights of the parties	 see Ramchand Manjilal vs Goverdhandas Vishindas Ratanchand(l). If it does not finally decide the rights of the parties the order is interlocutory	 though it conclusively determines some subordinate matter and disposes of the proceeding in which the subordinate matter is in controversy. For this reason	 even an order setting aside an award is interlocutory	 fee Croasdell and Cammell Laird & Co.	 Limited vs In re(2). A similar test has been applied for determining whether an order ill a criminal proceeding is final	 see section Kuppuswami Rao vs The King(: '). For the purposes of this appeal	 we do not propose to examine all the decisions cited at the bar and to formulate a fresh test on the subject. Whatever test is applied	 an order directing the filing of a complaint and deciding that there is a prima facie case for an enquiry into an offence is not a final order. It is merely a preliminary step in the prosecution and therefore an interlocutory order. As the order is not final	 the High Court was not competent to give a certificate under article 1 34 (1) (c) of the Constitution. The appeal is not maintainable and is dismissed. G.C. (1) (1920) L.R. 47 I.A. 124. (2) (3) Appeal dismissed.

After an enquiry under section 476 of the Code of Criminal procedure the Judicial Magistrate	 Baroda	 ordered that the appellant he prosecuted for offences under sections 205	 467 and 468 read with section 114 of the Indian Penal Code. In Appeal the Additional Sessions Judge held that the said complaint was justified but only in respect of the offence under section 205 read with section 114. The High Court dismissed the appellant 's revision pettion but granted a certificate under article 134(1)(c). The appellant came to this Court. On behalf of the respondent State it was contended that the High Court 's order dismissing the revision was not a final order as it	 did not determine the complaint filed by the Magistrate nor did it decide the controversy between the parties viz.	 the State of Gujarat and the appellant.whether the appellant had committed the offence. Held : (Per Wanchoo C. J. and Shelat and Vaidialingam JJ.) (i) A judgment or order may be final for one purpose and interlocutory another or final as to part and interlocutory as to part. The meaning of the two words 'final ' and 'interlocutory ' his	 therefore to be considered separately in relation to the particular purpose for which it is required However	 generally speaking a judgment or order which determines the principal matter in question is termed final. It may be final although it directs enquiries or is made on an interlocutory application or reserves liberty to apply. [687 H; 688 A 	B] Salaman vs Warner 	 Standard Discount Co.	 vs La Grange	 	 A. Great Eastern Rail Co. [1879] 27 W.R	. 759	 Shutrook vs Tufnell	 	 Bozson vs Altrincham Urban Council	 	 Abdul Rehman vs The King [1947] Cassim & Sons vs 60 IA. 76	 S.Kuppusami Rao vs King	 	 Mohammad Amin Brothers Ltd. vs Dominion of India	 Sardar Svedna Taher Saifuddin Saheb vs The State of Bombay 	 Jethainand and Sons vs The State of Uttar Pradesh ; 	 Premchand Satramadas vs State of Bihar ; 	 State of Uttar Pradesh vs Sujan Singh	 [1964] 7 S.C.R. and State of Orissa vs Madan Gopal [1952] S.C.R. 28	 referred to. (ii) The order of the High Court in the present case disposed of the controversy whether the filing of the complaint against the appellant was justified	 The finality of that order was not to be judged by co relating that order with the controversy in the controversy viz.	 whether the appellant had committed the offence charged against him therein. The fact 686 that that controversy remained alive was irrelevant. Consequently the order passed by the High Court in the revision filed by the appellant was it final order within the meaning of article 134(1)(c). [693 D H] Ramesh vs Patni	 ; 	 relied on. (iii) The High Court	 before it certifies the case in cases not covered by clauses (a) and (b) of article 134(1)(c)	 must be satisfied that it involves some substantial question of law or principle. Only it case involving something more than mere appreciation of evidence is contemplated by the Constitution for the grant of a certificate under article 134(1) (c) The question in the revision petition before the High Court was whether the filing of a complaint against the appellant was expedient in the interest of justice. This was a question of fact and therefore the grant of certificate was not justified. [694 B F] Haripada Dey vs Slate of West Bengal	 ; 	 and Babu State of Uttar Pradesh	 relied on. Per Bachawat and Mitter	 JJ. (dissenting) : Whatever test is applied	in order directing the filing of a complaint and deciding that there is a prima facie case for enquiry into an offence is not a final order. It is merely a preliminary step in the prosecution and therefore and	 interlocutory order. As the order is not final	 the High Court was not competent to grant a certificate under article 134(1)(c). [695 B] section Kuppuswamy Rao vs The King 	 relied on.