Summarize the following court judgment. ION: Civil Appeal No. 1028 of 1976. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 8 3 1976 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Civil Writ Petition No. 354/75. AND CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 1029 1032 OF 1976 Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 8 3 1976 of the Punjab & Haryana High Court in C.W.P. Nos. 564 and 582/75 and C.W.P. Nos. 1988 and 2000/76 respectively. AND CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1033 OF 1976 Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 31 5 1976 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in C.W. Petition No. 2580/76. AND CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1034 OF 1976 Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order 10 6 1976 of the Punjab & Haryana High Court in Civil Writ Petition No. 2890/76. 955 AND CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1035 OF 1976 Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 28 6 1976 of the Punjab & Haryana High Court in Civil Writ Jurisdiction No. 3216 of 1976. M. C. Bhandare	 A. K. Sen	 (in CA 1029/76)	 Mrs. Sunanda Bhandare	 A. N. Karkhanis	 Miss Malini Poduval and G. R. Sethi (in CA 1031/76). Soli J. Sorabjee	 Addl. (In CA 1028/76)	 Hardev Singh for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VENKATARAMIAH	 J. In these appeals by special leave	 we are called upon to pronounce on the validity of section 31 of the Punjab General Sales Tax Act	 1948 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act ')	 the Notification dated the 13th January	 1968 issued thereunder by the Government of Punjab and the liability of the appellants to pay purchase tax under the Act in respect of the turnover relating to the purchases of paddy made by them during the relevant period. The appellants are dealers in paddy and engaged in the business of millers in the State of Punjab. They buy paddy from growers or katcha adatias	 convert it into rice and sell rice. Most of the rice manufactured by them is purchased by the State Government under food procurement orders. A brief history of the relevant provisions of the Act is as follows: Under the Act as it was originally enacted	 there was no provision levying tax on the purchase turnover of the goods dealt with by a dealer as defined in the Act. The Act was amended by Punjab Act No. 7 of 1958 which received the assent of the Governor on April 18	 1958 and the amending Act came into force at once. The amending Act brought about the following changes in the Act: In the long title of the Act	 after the word "sale"	 the words "or purchase" were inserted. Clause (d) of section 2 of the Act which defined the expression 'dealer ' was amended so as to bring within the scope of that expression a person who purchased any goods in the course of trade or business. The turnover relating to purchases made by a dealer subsequent to the commencement of the amending Act of certain goods was made liable to payment of tax. The 956 word 'purchase ' was defined by clause (ff) of section 2 which was introduced by the amending Act as follows: "2. (ff) 'purchase ' with all its grammatical or cognate expressions	 means the acquisition of goods other than sugarcane	 foodgrains	 and pulses for use in the manufacture of goods for sale for cash or deferred payment or other valuable consideration otherwise than under a mortgage	 hypothecation	 charge or pledge.". (The rest of the clause is not necessary for the purpose of these cases). Section 4 of the Act was amended by imposing tax on purchases also subject to sections 5 and 6 of the Act. It is	 however	 seen from clause (ff) of section 2 that the purchase of foodgrains was not covered by the definition and remained unaffected by the above amending Act. The Act was further amended by Punjab Act No. 13 of 1959 which deleted the words "other than sugarcane	 foodgrains and pulses" in clause (ff) of section 2. Section 6 of the Act was repealed and substituted by a new section which read as follows: "6. Tax free goods. (1) No tax shall be payable on the sale of goods specified in the first column of Schedule C subject to the conditions and exceptions	 if any	 set out in the corresponding entry in the second column thereof and no dealer shall charge sales tax or purchase tax on the sale or purchase	 as the case may be	 of goods which are declared tax free from time to time under this section. (2) The State Government after giving by notification not less than three months ' notice of its intention so to do may by like notification add to or delete from Schedule B or Schedule C and thereupon Schedule B or Schedule C	 as the case may be	 shall be deemed to be amended accordinglly. " It is seen from the above provision that the turnover relating to the sale of goods mentioned in the first column of Schedule 'C ' to the Act subject to the conditions and exceptions	 if any	 set out in the corresponding entry in the second column thereof was exempted from payment of tax. By Punjab Act No. 24 of 1959	 the above section 6 was substituted by a new section which read as follows: "6. Tax free goods. (1) No tax shall be payable on the sale of goods specified in the first column of Schedule B 957 subject to the conditions and exception	 if any	 set out in the corresponding entry in the second column thereof and no dealer shall charge sale tax on the sale of goods which are declared tax free from time to time under this section. (2) The State Government after giving by notification not less than three months ' notice of its intention so to do	 may by like notification add to or delete from Schedule B and thereupon Schedule B shall be deemed to be amended accordingly. " By Punjab Act No. 18 of 1960	 clause (ff) of section 2 of the Act which had undergone some alteration when Punjab Act No. 24 of 1959 came into force was substituted by a new clause which read: "2. (ff) 'purchase '	 with all its grammatical or cognate expressions	 means the acquisition of goods specified in Schedule C for cash or deferred payment or other valuable consideration otherwise than under a mortgage	 hypothecation	 charge or pledge. " The effect of the said amendment was that the turnover relating to the purchase of goods mentioned in Schedule 'C ' to the Act became liable to tax subject to the other provisions of the Act. Section 4 of the Act was also amended by the introduction of sub section (2 A) providing that notwithstanding anything contained in sub sections (1) and (2) of section 4 of the Act	 no tax on the sale of any goods should be levied if a tax on their purchase was payable under the Act. Originally seven items of goods had been specified by the State Legislature in Schedule 'C ' to the Act. By the Punjab General Sales Tax (Amendment) Act	 1965 (Punjab Act No. 28 of 1965) section 31 was inserted in the Act authorising the State Government to amend Schedule 'C '. It read as follows: "31. Power to amend Schedule C The State Government	 after giving by notification not less than three months ' notice of its intention so to do	 may by notification add to	 or delete from	 Schedule C any goods	 and thereupon Schedule C shall be deemed to be amended accordingly. " The words 'three months ' in the above section were substituted by 'twenty days ' by Punjab Act No. 7 of 1967. 958 In exercise of the power conferred by the above provision	 the State Government issued the Notification on the 15th January	 1968 adding paddy and rice as items (8) and (9) in Schedule 'C '. The result was that the turnover relating to the purchase of paddy and rice became exigible to payment of purchase tax under the Act in the hands of the purchasers with effect from the 15th January	 1968. Aggrieved by the said notification	 the appellants who became liable to payment of purchase tax on the turnover relating to the purchases of Paddy made by them filed petitions under Article 226 of the Constitution on the file of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana questioning the validity of section 31 of the Act	 the Notification dated the 15th January	 1968 issued thereunder and their liability to payment of purchase tax. The principal contentions urged by the appellants before the High Court were (1) that section 31 of the Act which authorised the State Government to amend Schedule 'C ' to the Act by adding certain items making the turnover relating to their purchases liable to tax was void on the ground that it suffered from the vice of excessive delegation of legislative power and therefore the notification issued thereunder was also void and (2) that the appellants who were carrying on the business of manufacturers of rice could not be denied the benefit of section 5(2) (a) (ii) of the Act which authorised the deduction from the gross turnover the turnover relating to the sales of paddy effected in their favour notwithstanding the inclusion of paddy in Schedule 'C ' to the Act. The High Court rejected both the contentions of the appellants and dismissed the writ petitions. Hence these appeals under Article 136 of the Constitution. In this Court also	 the very same contentions which were urged before the High Court were urged in support of the appeals with some slight variations. The first contention urged by Mr. M. C. Bhandare	 learned counsel for the appellants was that section 31 of the Act which authorised the State Government to vary Schedule 'C ' to the Act by adding certain goods whose turnover was not liable to payment of sales tax before suffered from the vice of excessive delegation of legislative power and in the alternative he submitted that even if the said provision was otherwise valid	 it could not be interpreted as including within its scope the power to issue a notification which would run counter to the express legislative policy of the Act contained in section 5(2) (a) (ii) thereof which had been enacted with the avowed purpose of giving assistance to manufacturing industries. 959 A review of the decisions of this Court to some of which we will presently refer shows that the delegation of power by the legislature to a local authority or to the Executive Government to vary or modify an existing law would not be unconstitutional so long as such delegation does not involve the abdication of essential legislative power by the legislature. Such delegations of legislative power have been upheld by this Court on several varied and diverse grounds such as the scheme and policy of the statute under which the power is delegated	 the presence of guidelines in the statute regarding the exercise of delegated power	 the lack of time for the Legislature to make provision with regard to all the details involved in the administration of the law	 the incapacity of the Legislature to foresee all future events	 the nature of the subject matter of legislation and the nature of the donee of power etc. Even in matters relating to taxation law	 it has been consistently held that the Legislature can delegate the power to fix rates of tax provided there are necessary guidelines regarding such fixation on the ground that in a modern society	 taxation is one of the methods by which economic and social goals of the State can be achieved and the power to tax	 therefore	 should be a flexible power and capable of being easily altered to meet the exigencies of circumstances. Such delegation has been held to be not amounting to delegation of essential legislative function. In Powell vs Appollo Candle Company Limited(1) the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was called upon to decide whether section 133 of the Customs Regulation Act of 1879 of New South Wales which conferred the power on the Governor to impose tax on certain articles of import was an unconstitutional delegation of legislative powers. In holding that it was not unconstitutional	 the Privy Council observed: "It is argued that the tax in question has been imposed by the Governor and not by the Legislature who alone had power to impose it. But the duties levied under the Order in Council are really levied by the authority of the Act under which the Order is issued. The Legislature has not parted with its perfect control over the Governor	 and has the power	 of course	 at any moment	 of withdrawing or altering the power which they have entrusted to him. In these circumstances	 their Lordships are of opinion that the judgment of the Supreme Court was wrong in declar 960 ing Section 133 of the Customs Regulation Act of 1879 to be beyond the power of the Legislature." In J. W. Hampton Jr. & Company vs United States(1) the validity of the action of the President to make changes in the rates provided in the Tariff Act	 1922 under the power delegated by the Congress arose for consideration. That was challenged as a forbidden delegation of legislative power to executive authority. The challenge was negatived by the Supreme Court of the United States on the ground that the Congress had laid down by legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person authorised to fix the rate of customs duties on imported merchandise was to conform. The principle enunciated in the above two decisions has been substantially adopted and followed by this Court in two cases (1) Pandit Banarsi Das Bhanot vs The State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors. (2) and (2) Municipal Corporation of Delhi vs Birla Cotton	 Spinning and Weaving Mills	 Delhi & Anr.(3) to which we shall refer hereafter. In Rajnarain Singh vs The Chairman	 Patna Administration Committee	 Patna and Another(4) where an earnest attempt was made to analyse and explain the judgment of this Court in re. The Delhi Laws Act	 1912(5). Bose	 J. after referring in detail to the observations made by the learned Judges in the latter case observed at page 301: "In our opinion	 the majority view was that an executive authority can be authorised to modify either existing or future laws but not in any essential feature. Exactly what constitutes an essential feature cannot be enunciated in general terms	 and there was some divergence of view about this in the former case	 but this much is clear from the opinions set out above: it cannot include a change of policy. " In Pandit Banarsi Das Bhanot vs The State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors. (supra) where this Court was called upon to decide whether section 6(2) of the C.P. and Berar Sales Tax Act	 1947 which authorised the State Government after giving by notification not less than one month 's notice of its intention so to do by a notification 961 after the expiry of the period of notice mentioned in the first notification to amend Schedule II to that Act was constitutional	 it was held that it was not unconstitutional for the Legislature to leave it to the executive to determine details relating to the working of the taxation laws	 such as the selection of persons on whom the tax was to be laid	 the rates at which it was to be charged in respect of different classes of goods and the like and that the power conferred on the State Government by section 6(2) of that Act to amend the Schedule relating to exemption was in consonance with the accepted legislative practice relating to the topic. In that connection at page 435	 this Court observed: "Now	 the authorities are clear that it is not unconstitutional for the legislature to leave it to the executive to determine details relating to the working of taxation laws	 such as the selection of persons on whom the tax is to be laid	 the rates at which it is to be charged in respect of different classes of goods	 and the like." The next case to which reference may be made is Corporation of Calcutta & Anr. vs The Liberty Cinema(1) where the majority upheld the fixaion of a tax on cinema shows by the Corporation of Calcutta even though the Calcutta Municipal Act of 1951 prescribed no limits to which the tax could go. In that case	 reliance was placed on the case of Pandit Banarsi Das Bhanot vs The State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors. (supra) and it was held that the fixation of rate of tax could be left to a non legislative body provided the Legislature gave necessary guidance for such fixation. This Court in that case found guidance in the various provisions of the statute including the fact that the body which had been authorised to levy the rate was a municipal body whose fiscal requirements were restricted by the nature and area of its jurisdiction. In Municipal Corporation of Delhi vs Birla Cotton	 Spinning and Weaving Mills	 Delhi & Anr. (supra) Hidayatullah	 J. (as he then was) upholding the imposition of a tax by the Delhi Municipal Corporation in exercise of the power granted to it under the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 66 of 1957 observed at page 287 as follows: "The doctrine that Parliament cannot delegate its powers	 therefore	 must be understood in a limited way. It only means that the legislature must not efface itself but 962 must give the legislative sanction to the imposition of the tax and must keep the control in its own hands. There is no specific provision in the Constitution which says that the Parliament cannot delegate to certain specified instrumentalities the power to effectuate its own will. The question always is whether the legislative will has been exercised or not. Once it is established that the legislature itself has willed that a particular thing be done and has merely left the execution of it to a chosen instrumentality (provided that it has not parted with its control) there can be no question of excessive delegation. If the delegate acts contrary to the wishes of the legislature the legislature can undo what the delegate has done. " In Devi Das Gopal Krishnan & Ors. vs State of Punjab & Ors.(1) the validity of section 5 of the Act (as originally enacted) which conferred on the Government power to levy tax at such rates as the Government might fix arose for consideration. This Court held that such conferment of power on the Government to levy tax at the rates determined by it without any statutory limitation or guidance was void. This Court	 however	 held that after section 5 was amended by Punjab Act No. 19 of 1952 by imposing the restriction that the rates determined by the State Government should not exceed two paise in a rupee was valid as the Legislature had delegated the power to the Government to determine the rates subject to the restriction mentioned above. In the course of the above decision	 Subba Rao	 C.J.	 dealing with the decision of this Court in Corporation of Calcutta vs Liberty Cinema (supra) observed: "If this decision is an authority for the position that the Legislature can delegate its power to a statutory authority to levy taxes and fix the rates in regard thereto	 it is equally an authority for the position that the said statute to be valid must give a guidance to the said authority for fixing the said rates and that guidance cannot be judged by stereotyped rules but would depend upon the provisions of a particular Act. To that extent this judgment is binding on us. But we cannot go further and hold	 as the learned counsel for the respondents asked us to do	 that whenever a statute defines the purpose or purposes for which a statutory authority is constituted and empowers it to levy a tax a that statute necessarily contains a guidance to fix the rates: it depends upon the provisions of each statute. " 963 In Sita Ram Bishambher Dayal & Ors. vs State of U.P. & Ors.(1) the validity of section 3D(1) of the U.P. Sales Tax Act	 1948 which authorised the levy of a tax on the turnover of first purchases made by a dealer or through a dealer acting as a purchasing agent in respect of such goods or class of goods	 and at such rates	 not exceeding two paise per rupee in the case of foodgrains	 including cereals and pulses	 and five paise per rupee in the case of other goods and with effect from such date	 as may	 from time to time	 be notified by the State Government in that behalf was questioned on the ground that the delegation of power to the State Government to determine the goods or class of goods whose purchase turnover would be liable to tax and the rates of purchase tax subject to the restriction imposed in that regard by that section suffered from the vice of excessive delegation. Repelling the above contention and upholding the said provision	 Hegde	 J. speaking for the Court observed thus: "It is true that the power to fix the rate of a tax is a legislative power but if the legislature lays down the legislative policy and provides the necessary guidelines	 that power can be delegated to the executive. Though a tax is levied primarily for the purpose of gathering revenue	 in selecting the objects to be taxed and in determining the rate of tax	 various economic and social aspects	 such as the availability of the goods	 administrative convenience	 the extent of evasion	 the impact of tax levied on the various sections of the society etc. have to be considered. In a modern society taxation is an instrument of planning. It can be used to achieve the economic and social goals of the State. For that reason the power to tax must be a fexible power. It must be capable of being modulated to meet the exigencies of the situation. In a Cabinet form of Government	 the executive is expected to refect the views of the legislatures. In fact in most matters it gives the lead to the legislature. However	 much one might deplore the "New Despotism" of the executive	 the very complexity of the modern society and the demand it makes on its Government have set in motion forces which have made it absolutely necessary for the legislatures to entrust more and more powers to the executive. Textbook doctrines evolved in the 19th Century have become out of date. Present position as regards delegation of legislative power 964 may not be ideal	 but in the absence of any better alternative	 there is no escape from it. The legislatures have neither the time	 nor the required detailed information nor even the mobility to deal in detail with the innumerable problems arising time and again. In certain matters they can only lay down the policy and guidelines in as clear a manner as possible. " When the validity of section 3 D of U.P. Sales Tax Act	 1948 was again challenged before this Court in Hira Lal Rattan Lal etc. etc.	 vs State of U.P. & Anr. 	 etc.(1) on the very same ground	 it was again upheld by this Court with the following observations: "The only remaining contention is that the delegation made to the executive under section 3 D is an excessive delegation. It is true that the legislature cannot delegate its legislative functions to any other body. But subject to that qualification	 it is permissible for the legislature to delegate the power to select the persons on whom the tax is to be levied or the goods or the transactions on which the tax is to be levied. In the Act	 under section 3 the legislature has sought to impose multi point tax on all sales and purchases. After having done that it has given power to the executive	 a high authority and which is presumed to command the majority support in the legislature	 to select for special treatment dealings in certain class of goods. In the very nature of things	 it is impossible for the legislature to enumerate goods	 dealings in which Sales tax or purchase tax should be imposed. It is also impossible for the legislature to select the goods which should be subjected to a single point sales or purchase tax. Before making such selections several aspects such as the impact of the levy on the society	 economic consequences and the administrative convenience will have to be considered. These factors may change from time to time. Hence in the very nature of things	 these details have got to be left to the executive. " We shall now proceed to examine the validity of section 31 of the Act in the light of the decisions referred to above. The expression 'dealer ' is defined in section 2(d) of the Act as "any person including a Department of Government who in the normal course of trade sells or purchases any goods	 in the State of Punjab. " Section 2(ff) of the 965 Act defines the expression 'purchase ' as "acquisition of goods specified in Schedule 'C ' for cash or deferred payment. " The word 'sale ' is defined in section 2(h) of the Act as meaning "any transfer of property in goods other than goods specified in Schedule 'C ' for cash or deferred payment." Sub section (1) of section 4 of the Act which is the charging section provides that "subject to the provisions of sections 5 and 6	 every dealer (except one dealing exclusively in goods declared tax free under section (6) whose gross turnover during the year immediately preceding the commencement of the Act exceeded the taxable quantum shall be liable to pay tax under the Act on all sales effected after the coming into force of the Act and purchases made after the commencement of East Punjab General Sales Tax (Amendment) Act	 1958." Section 5(1) of the Act authorises the State Government to determine the rates of tax payable on the taxable turnover of a dealer not exceeding the limit prescribed therein. Subsection (2) of section 5 of the Act lays down the principles governing the determination of "taxable turnover". During the relevant period	 sub section (2) of section 5 of the Act read as follows : "5. (2) In this Act the expression "taxable turnover" means that part of a dealer 's gross turnover during any period which remains after deducting therefrom (a) his turnover during that period on (i) the sale of goods declared tax free under section 6; (ii) sales to a registered dealer of goods other than sales of goods liable to tax at the first stage under sub section (1 A); declared by him in a prescribed form as being intended for resale in the State of Punjab or sale in the course of inter State trade or commerce or sale in the course of export of goods out of the territory of India	 or of goods specified in his certificate of registration or use by him in the manufacture in Punjab of any goods	 other than goods declared tax free under section 6	 for sale in Punjab and on sales to a registered dealer of containers or other materials for the packing of such goods: Provided that in case of such sales	 a declaration duly filled up and signed by the registered dealer 966 to whom the goods are sold and containing prescribed particulars on a prescribed form obtained from the prescribed authority is furnished by the dealer who sells the goods: (ii) . . (iii). . (iv) sales to any undertaking supplying electrical energy to the public under a licence or sanction granted or deemed to have been granted under the 	 of goods for use by it in the generation or distribution of such energy; (v) sales or purchases of goods falling under section 29; (vi) the purchase of goods which are sold not later than six monts after the close of the year	 to a registered dealer	 or in the course of inter State trade or commerce	 or in the course of export out of the territory of India; Provided that in the case of such a sale to a registered dealer	 a declaration	 in the prescribed form and duly filled up and signed by the registered dealer to whom the goods are soid	 is furnished by the dealer claiming deduction. (vii)Such other sales or purchases as may be prescribed; (b) the amount of sales tax included in the gross turnover. " Section 6 of the Act during the relevant period read as substituted by Punjab Act No. 24 of 1959 with the modification made by Punjab Act No. 7 of 1967 which substituted the words "twenty days" in the place of "three months" in sub section (2) thereof. Schedule 'A ' to the Act specified certain goods which were considered as luxury goods for purposes of levy of tax at the rates prescribed by the State Government under the first proviso to section 5(1)	 Schedule 'B ' to the Act referred to the items of goods which were treated as tax free goods under section 6 and Schedule 'C ' during the relevant period referred to the goods the turnover of which was subject to purchase tax. The State Government was however	 given power to amend all the three Schedules. 967 It is seen from the provisions of the Act referred to above that the Legislature while directing that the tax shall be levied on the turnover of sales and purchases of goods under section 4 left the rates of tax payable to be determined by the State Government under section 5(1) of the Act subject to the limits prescribed therein. The Legislature after specifying the goods which should be treated as luxury goods	 tax free goods and goods whose purchase turnover is liable to tax in Schedule 'A '	 Schedule 'B ' and Schcdule 'C ' respectively has delegated the power to the State Government to amend Schedule 'A ' under the first proviso to sub section (1) of section 5	 Schedule 'B ' under sub section (2) of section 6 and Schedule 'C ' under section 31 of the Act. In each of these cases	 the State Government can make the amendment only after giving previous publicity to its intention to do so thus giving an opportunity to interested parties to make representations	 if any. In the case of a democratic Government	 this itself acts as a check on arbitrary exercise of power. At this stage it is necessary to refer to sub section (2A) of section 4 of the Act and that provides that notwithstanding anything contained in sub sections (1) and (2) of section 4	 no tax on the sale of any goods shall be levied if a tax on their purchase is payable under the Act. The Act also contains the machinery for assessment and collection of tax. It follows from the scheme of the Act that no tax is payable on the sale of goods specified in the first column of Schedule 'B ' subject to the conditions and exceptions	 if any	 set out in the corresponding entry in the second column	 thereof and no dealer shall charge sales tax on the sale of goods which are declared tax free. In so far as goods included in Schedule 'C ' to the Act are concerned	 tax can be levied only on their purchase turnover. In the case of all other goods	 tax is levied on their sales turnover subject to section 5 and other provisions of the Act. When the State Government in exercise of its power under section 6(2) of the Act deletes any goods from Schedule 'B '	 they cease to be tax free goods and their sales turnover would become liable to payment of tax. When the State Government in exercise of its power under section 31 of the Act includes any goods in Schedule 'C '	 their sales turnover would become exempt from payment of tax but their purchase turnover would become liable for payment of tax. We are of the view that the delegation of power to the State Government to determine whether any class of goods should be included or excluded from Schedule 'C ' to the Act cannot be considered as unconstitutional in view of the decisions of this Court referred to above and in particular the decision in Pandit Banarsi Das Bhanot vs The State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors. (supra) where section 6(2) of the Central Provinces and Berar Sales Tax Act	 1947 corres 968 ponding to section 6(2) of the Act was upheld by a Constitution Bench of this Court. The Constitution Bench while rejecting the challenge of section 6(2) observed thus: "The contention of the appellant that the notification in question is ultra vires must	 in our opinion	 fail on another ground. The basic assumption on which the argument of the appellant proceeds is that the power to amend the Schedule conferred on the Government under section 6(2) is wholly independent of the grant of exemption under section 6(1) of the Act	 and that in consequence	 while an exemption under section 6(1) would stand	 an amendment thereof by a notification under section 6(2) might be bad. But that	 in our opinion	 is not the correct interpretation of the section. The two sub sections together form integral parts of a single enactment	 the object of which is to grant exemption from taxation in respect of such goods and to such extent as may from time to time be determined by the State Government. Section 6(1)	 therefore	 cannot have an operation independent of section 6(2)	 and an exemption granted thereunder is conditional and subject to any modification that might be issued under section 6(2). In this view	 the impugned notification is intra vires and not open to challenge. " We are of the view that the case in so far as section 31 of the Act which is also an integral part of a single enactment and which authorises the State Government to amend Schedule 'C ' to the Act cannot be different from the case which was dealt with by the Constitution Bench. If it is permissible for the Legislature to authorise the State Government to convert tax free goods into taxable ones	 there is hardly any justification for holding that the State Government cannot be entrusted with the power to include goods in Schedule 'C ' making their purchase turnover taxable. It was	 however	 argued by Mr. M. C. Bhandare that in the instant case	 the inclusion of paddy in Schedule 'C ' to the Act was against the policy underlying the Act and	 therefore	 even though section 31 of the Act might be constitutionally valid	 the notification issued by the State Government directing inclusion of paddy in Schedule 'C ' should be held to be outside the scope of section 31 of the Act. In other words	 he contended that having regard to the scheme of the Act	 it was necessary for us to read section 31 of the Act as not delegating the power to the State Government to include paddy in Schedule 'C ' to the Act. The argument of the learned counsel was that the appellants were purchasing paddy either from agricul 969 turists who had grown it on their land or from katcha adatias for purposes of manufacture of rice in the circumstances mentioned in section 5(2) (a) (ii) of the Act. In either case no sales tax was being levied on the turnover relating to the sales in their favour by reason of item 39 of Schedule 'B ' to the Act which declared that agricultural or horticultural produce sold by a person or a member of his family grown by himself or grown on any land in which he has an interest whether as owner or usufructuary mortgage tenant or otherwise were tax free goods or of sub clause (ii) of clause (a) of sub section (2) of section 5 of the Act which required the turnover relating to sales to a registered dealer of goods specified in his certificate of registration for use by him in the manufacture in Punjab of any goods other than goods declared tax free under section 6 for sale in Punjab to be deducted from the gross turnover of any dealer in order to arrive at 'taxable turnover '. It was argued that the tax payable under the Act was an indirect tax and since no sales tax was leviable	 the appellants could purchase paddy before the issue of the impugned notification without being saddled with the liability of payment of sales tax. The policy underlying section 5(2)(a)(ii) of the Act was that manufacturers of goods specified in the certificate of registration obtained by them should be able to acquire raw material for their industry without incurring the extra liability of sales tax. This exemption which the appellants were enjoying was taken away indirectly by the State Government by including paddy in Schedule 'C ' to the Act resulting in the imposition of purchase tax in respect of its turnover on them. Relying upon the decision of the High Court of Madras in Syed Mohamed & Co. vs The State of Madras(1) it was argued that sales tax was in effect tax on the transaction of sale of goods by one person to another and that it was unreasonable to assume that the Legislature contemplated different categories of transactions depending upon the point at which the tax was levied. In support of this contention	 our attention was also drawn to the observation made at page 571 in Devi Das Gopal Krishnan & Ors. vs State of Punjab & Ors. (supra) and in State of Assam vs Ramesh Chandra Dey & Ors.(2). The learned counsel for the appellants contended that since the exemption from payment of sales tax accorded by the Legislature under item 39 of Schedule 'B ' and under section 5(2) (a) (ii) of the Act was in respect of the transaction of sale	 it was not open to the Executive Government to take away the exemption by including paddy in Schedule 'C ' and since such inclusion was contrary to the express policy of the statute	 section 31 of the Act must be so interpreted as not delegating the power to 970 include paddy purchased by the appellants in Schedule 'C '. We are	 therefore asked to hold that even though section 31 was not unconstitutional	 the notification was not enforceable against the appellants. The above argument is no doubt quite attractive but we do not find any substance in it since it overlooks the decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court in Pandit Banarasi Das Bhanot vs The State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors. (supra) where it has been held that it is open to the Legislature to delegate the power to withdraw the exemption which has been given by the Legislature in respect of certain transactions specified in Schedule II to the C.P. and Berar Sales Tax Act	 1947. Moreover it cannot be said that the principal object of the Act is to encourage manufacturing industry. The Act is a fiscal legislation and its object is to collect revenue for the purpose of meeting the expenditure of the Government. It is no doubt true that while levying tax under the Act	 the Legislature may grant exemptions in certain cases and may decline to grant exemptions in other cases. The question whether such exemption should be given or not is only incidental or ancillary to the principal object viz. the object of levying tax for the purpose of collecting revenue. It cannot also be said that when certain goods are sold in favour of manufacturer	 the seller is always entitled to deduct such sales turnover from the gross turnover. He can do so only when such goods are specified in the certificate of registration obtained by the purchaser and they are used by him in the manufacture in Punjab of any goods other than goods declared tax free under section 6 of the Act for sale in Punjab. Transaction in paddy cannot	 therefore	 be considered as having been generally exempted from payment of tax under the Act. It is also to be seen that section 5(2)(a)(ii) of the Act grants exemption from payment of sales tax on the turnover of goods sold in favour of a manufacturer under the circumstances mentioned therein only to the seller and not to the buyer even though indirectly the buyer may be benefited thereby. If the observation made by this Court in State of Tamil Nadu vs M. K. Kandaswami etc.	 etc.(1) that 'taxable goods '	 'taxable event ' and 'taxable person ' are three distinct concepts is borne in mind	 there will be no room for any confusion. In the instant case	 the taxable event is the purchase of paddy and not its sale which alone attracts section 5(2) (a) (ii) of the Act and taxble person	 that is person liable to pay tax	 is the purchaser and not the seller. The appellants cannot	 therefore	 complain that any exemption granted to them by the Act has been taken away. Even though the liability to pay purchase tax may be on appellants	 it is bound to have repercussions on the price at which they buy paddy and 971 the price at which rice manufactured by them out of that paddy is sold by them. The tax payable under the Act admittedly being an indirect tax the tax burden would ordinarily fall on the consumer of rice and not on any of the intermediaries including the appellants. The impugned notification cannot	 therefore	 be treated as one issued against the policy of the statute. In view of the foregoing	 we hold that section 31 of the Act and the Notification issued thereunder do not suffer from the vice of excessive delegation of legislative power. We may at this stage refer to one other subsidiary argument urged on behalf of the appellants. It is argued that because paddy and rice are not different kinds of goods but one and the same	 inclusion of both paddy and rice in Schedule 'C ' to the Act would amount to imposition of double taxation under the Act. There is no merit in this contention also because the assumption that paddy and rice are one and the same is erroneous. In Ganesh Trading Co.	 Karnal vs State of Haryana & Anr. arising under the Act	 this Court has held that although rice is produced out of paddy	 it is not true to say that paddy continued to be paddy even after dehusking; that rice and paddy are two different things in ordinary parlance and therefore	 when paddy is dehusked and rice produced	 there is a change in the identity of the goods. The above decision follows the principle enunciated by this Court in State of Punjab vs Chandu Lal Kishori Lal in which it was held that cotton seeds when separated from cotton constituted distinct commercial goods different from cotton. The above contention has	 therefore	 to be rejected. In the result these appeals fail and they are dismissed. The parties shall	 however	 bear their own costs. N.K.A. Appeals dismissed.

Section 5(1) of the Punjab Sales Tax Act	 1948 authorises the State Government to determine the rates of tax payable on the taxable turnover of a dealer not exceeding the limit prescribed therein. Sub section (2) lays down the principles governing the determination of the taxable turnover. Schedule 'C ' of the Act refers to goods	 the turnover of which is subject to purchase tax. Section 31 of the Act which gives specific power to the State Government to amend Schedule 'C ' provides that after giving by notification	 not less than three months ' notice of its intention so to do the State Government may add to or delete from Schedule 'C ' any goods and thereupon Schedule 'C ' shall be deemed to be amended accordingly. By a notification dated January 15	 1968 the State Government added in Schedule 'C '	 "paddy" and "rice" as items on which purchase tax could be levied. As a result of this notification turnover relating to the purchase of paddy and rice became exigible to purchase tax in the hands of the purchasers with effect from that date. The appellants who are dealers in paddy	 buy paddy in the first instance and sell rice after converting paddy into rice. They filed writ petitions in the High Court questioning the validity of s.31 of the Act and the notification issued thereunder and their liability to payment of purchase tax. The High Court dismissed the writ petitions. In appeal to this Court it was contended that section 31 of the Act which authorised the State Government to vary Schedule 'C ' by adding certain goods whose turnover was not liable to payment of sales tax earlier	 suffered from the vice of excessive delegation of legislative power. Dismissing the appeals	 ^ HELD: 1(a) The delegation of power to the State Government to determine whether any class of goods should be included or excluded from Schedule 'C ' to the Act cannot be considered as unconstitutional. [967G] (b) The case in so far as section 31 of the Act which is an integral part of a single enactment and which authorises the State Government to amend Schedule 'C ' to the Act cannot be different from the case which was dealt 953 with by the Constitution Bench	 in Pt. Banarsi Das Bhanot vs State of M.P.; 	 If it is permissible for the Legislature to authorise the State Government to convert tax free goods into taxable ones	 there is hardly any justification for holding that the State Government cannot be entrusted with the power to include goods in Schedule 'C ' making their purchase turnover taxable. [968 D F] (c) It is well established that the delegation of power by the legislature to a local authority or to the executive Government to vary or modify an existing law would not be unconstitutional so long as such delegation does not involve the abdication of essential legislative power by the legislature. Such delegations of legislative powers have been upheld by this Court on several varied and diverse grounds such as the scheme and policy of the statute under which the power is delegated	 the presence of guidelines in the statute regarding the exercise of delegated power	 the lack of time for the legislature to make provision with regard to all the details involved in the administration of law	 the incapacity of the legislature to foresee future events	 the nature of the subject matter of the legislation and the nature of the donee of power etc. Even in matters relating to taxation laws	 it has been consistently held that the legislature can delegate the power to fix rates of tax provided there are necessary guidelines regarding such fixation on the ground that in a modern society	 taxation is one of the methods by which economic and social goals of State can be achieved and the power to tax should be flexible and capable of being easily altered to meet the exigencies of circumstances. Such delegation has been held to be not amounting to delegation of essential legislative function. [959A D] Pt. Banarsi Das Bhanot vs State of M.P. & Ors.	 ; ; Municipal Corp. of Delhi vs Birla Cotton	 Spinning and Weaving Mills	 Delhi & Anr.	 ; ; Corporation of Calcutta & Anr. vs The Liberty Cinema	 ; ; Sita Ram Bishambar Dayal & Ors. vs State of U.P. State of U.P & Anr. etc.	 etc. ; ; referred to. 2(a) The argument that even though section 31 was not unconstitutional the notification was not enforceable against the appellants has no force. In Pt. Banarsi Das Bhanot vs State of M.P. it has been held that it is open to the Legislature to delegate the power to withdraw the exemption which has been given by the Legislature in respect of certain transactions specified in the Act under consideration in that case. It cannot be said that the principal object of the Act is to encourage manufacturing industry. The Act is a fiscal legislation and its object is to collect revenue for the purpose of meeting the expenditure of the Government. It is true that while levying tax under the Act	 the Legislature may grant exemptions in certain cases and may decline to grant exemption in other. The question whether such exemption should be given or not is only incidental or ancillary to the principal object viz.	 the object of levying tax for the purpose of collecting revenue. It cannot be said that when certain goods are sold in favour of a manufacturer	 the seller is always entitled to deduct such sales turnover from the gross turnover. He can do so only when such goods are specified in the certificate of registration obtained by the purchaser and they are used by him in the 954 manufacture in the State of any goods other than goods declared tax free under section 6 of the Act for sale in the State. Transactions in paddy cannot be considered as having been generally exempted from payment of tax under the Act. Section 5(2)(a)(ii) of the Act grants exemption from payment of sales tax on the turnover of goods sold in favour of a manufacturer under the circumstances mentioned therein only to the seller and not to the buyer even though indirectly the buyer may be benefited thereby. [970A F] (b) The terms "taxable goods"	 "taxable event" and "taxable person" are three distinct concepts. In the instant case the "taxable event" is the purchase of paddy and not its sale which alone attracts section 5(2)(ii) of the Act. "Taxable person" i.e. the person liable to pay tax is the purchaser and not the seller. The appellants cannot complain that any exemption granted to them by the Act has been taken away. Even though the liability to pay purchase tax may be on the appellants	 it is bound to have repercssions on the price at which they buy paddy and the price at which rice manufactured by them out of that paddy is sold by them. The tax payable under the Act being an indirect tax	 the tax burden would ordinarily fall on the consumer of rice and not on any of the intermediaries including the appellants. The impugned notification cannot therefore	 be treated as one issued against the policy of the statute. [970G H	 971A B] State of Tamil Nadu vs M. K. Kandaswami	 etc.	 etc. ; 	 ; referred to.