Summarize the following court judgment. ivil Appeal Nos. 248 251 of 1976. (Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 28 11 1975 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Petitions Nos. 1195 1198/75). CIVIL APPEALS Nos. 934 936 of 1976. (Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 28 11 1975 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Petitions Nos. 3931	 3944 and 4029/75). CIVIL APPEALS No. 693 of 1976. (Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 28 11 1975 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Petition No. 6790/74). Soli Sorabji and K.J. John for the Appellant (CAs 248 251/76). A. Subba Rao for the Appellant (CAs. 934 936/76). Babul Reddy and K.J. John for the Appellant (CA. 693/76). Niren De	 Attorney General for India	 P.P. Rao	 D.V. Sastry and T.V.S.N. Chari for the Respondents (in CAs. 248 251/76 and CAs. 934 936/76). T.V.S.N. Chari for the Respondent (In CA No. 693/76). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by JASWANT SINGH	 J. This batch of appeals by special leave which are directed against three separate judgments of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad dismissing three sets of writ petitions Nos. 1195 to 1198 of 1975	3931	 3944 and 4929 of 1975 and 6790 of 1974 filed by the. appel lants to challenge certain orders of the sales tax authori ties made in respect of re determination of their ' turnover for certain years under the Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act	 916 1957 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act ') shah be disposed of by this judgment	 as they raise a common question as to whether the excise duty deposited directly in a State treas ury or a sub treasury by the purchasers of the Indian made foreign liquor called 'Indian liquor ' before removing the said liquor from a distillery and the countervailing duty remitted directly to a State Treasury or a sub treasury by the purchasers of the aforesaid specie of liquor before removing it from a bonded warehouse can properly be said to form part of the turnover of .he manufacturer and of the owner of the bonded warehouse respectively and as such liable to sales tax under the Act. The circumstances which have given rise to these appeals lie in a short compass and may be briefly stated: The appel lants in the first two sets of Appeals Nos. 248 to 251 of 1976 and 934 to 936 of 1976 carry on the business of manu facture of 'Indian liquors ' in their distilleries estab lished in Andhra Pradesh under licences issued to them by the Commissioner of Excise under the Andhra Pradesh Excise Act	 1968 (Act 17 of 1968) and the rules made thereunder and sell their finished products to the wholesale dealers who in turn sell them to retail dealers. Under Rule 76 of the Andhra Pradesh Distillery Rules	 1970 removal of any liquor manufactured or stored without prepayment of the excise duty specified in rule 6 is forbidden. Rule 77 of the Rules prohibits issue of any liquor until its quantity and strength have been duly verified by the distillery officer. Rule 579 of the Rules authorises the distillery officer on payment of excise duty to grant a distillery pass for remov al of the liquor fit for human consumption to the persons specified in the said rule including a person holding a licence for sale of liquor by wholesale or retail. Under Rule 81 of the Rules	 every application for a distillery pass for removal of liquor has to be addressed in writing to the distillery officer and has to be accompanied by a challan in original for payment of excise duty therefor and a general or special permit for the purpose of removal of the liquor. Rule 82 of the Rules enjoins the distillery officer upon tender of cash payment of excise duty by the applicant to fill up the challan for presentation with the cash at a treasury or sub treasury of the district in which the distillery is situate	 and the applicant for distillery pass to present the treasury receipt in token of his having made payment of the duty where after the distillery officer has to affix the said receipt to the counterfoil of form D 6. Rule 83 of the Rules casts responsibility upon an applicant for a distillery pass to	 make a correct calcula tion and full payment of the excise duty upon the liquor desired to be removed. Rule 84 of the Rules requires	 the distillery officer to issue the liquor under a pass in form D 6 sending a duplicate ' thereof to the Excise Superintend ent of the district of destination on being satisfied that the applicant is entitled under the Rules to remove the liquor and has made payment of the requisite excise duty. Accordingly every buyer of the Indian liquor from either of the 'appellants ' distilleries during the years in ques tion obtained the distillery pass for release of the liquor after making payment of the excise duty and presented the same at the concerned distillery whereupon bill of sale or invoice was prepared by the distillery showing the price of the liquor. The said bill did not include 917 the excise duty paid by the buyer. The appellants ' books of accounts also did not contain any reference regarding the excise duty paid by the purchasers in the manner stated above. The appellants paid the sales tax in full as per final assessments made by the sales tax authorities under the Act. it appears that after the completion of the assessments of the sales tax under the Act for the years in question	 the Commercial Tax Officer felt that there had been a failure to include the excise duty paid on the aforesaid liquors vended by the appellants in their taxable turnover. Accordingly	 acting under the provisions of section 14(1) of the Act	 the Commercial Tax Officer issued notices in February	 1975 to the appellants in the afore said first two sets of appeals to show cause why the assess ments be not reopened. Aggrieved by the said action of the Commercial Tax Officer	 the appellants filed writ petitions Nos. 1195 to 1198 of 1975 and 3931	 3944 and 4929 of 1975 in the High Court of Andhra Pradesh challenging the said notices which	 as already stated	 were dismissed by the High Court. The appellant in Appeal No. 693 of 1976 is a firm which is a licensed wholesale dealer in liquors and owner of a bonded warehouse under the Andhra Pradesh Indian Liquor (Storage in bond) Rules	 1969 where it stores or deposits Indian Liquors such as whisky	 brandy. gin etc. imported by it from various States outside the State of Andhra Pradesh without prepayment of countervailing duty or other fee and issues the same according to the rules to its customers. The modus operandi of the appellant is that it makes a bill for the value of the liquor required by an intending purchaser	 who thereafter pays the requisite countervailing duty in his own name and the Excise Officer incharge of the bonded warehouse grants him a pass entitling him to remove the liquor from the warehouse. According to the appellant	 it gets only the price of the liquor from its buyers. For the assessment year 1971 72	 the Commercial Tax Officer	 Hydera bad III by its order dated August 16	 1972 included the amount representing the countervailing duty paid by the purchasers in respect of the Indian liquors in bond which was not included in the bills of sale issued by the appel lant. On appeal	 the Assistant Commissioner by its order dated March 26	 1973 deleted from the turnover of the appel lant the item pertaining to the excise duty paid directly by the purchasers holding that the excise duty so paid by the purchasers did not	 in the circumstances	 form part of the turnover of the appellant. Sometime thereafter	 the Sales Tax Appellate Tribunal by its order dated August 5	 1974 passed in T.A. Nos. 331 of 1973 and 5 of 1974 upheld the assessment made under similar circumstances by the Commer cial Tax Officer	 Vijayawada	 on the turnover of M/s Shaw Wallace & Co. Thereupon the Deputy Commissioner	 Commer cial Taxes	 Hyderabad by virtue of the power vested in him under section 20 of the Act issued the impugned notice dated October 9	 1974. to the appellant calling upon it to show cause why the order passed by the Assistant Commissioner	 Commercial Taxes on March 26	 1973 should not be set aside and the original assessment order of the Commercial Tax Officer dated August 16	 1972 restored. The appellant was also required to file objections and adduce evidence in support thereof within 7 days from the date of receipt of the impugned notice	 918 Aggrieved by the notice	 the appellant flied a petition being petition No. 6790 of 1974 before the High Court of Andhra Pradesh. seeking issue of an appropriate writ	 order or direction declaring that the appellant was not liable to pay sales tax on excise duty paid by the purchasers in their own names and restraining the Deputy Commissioner	 Commercial Taxes	 Hyderabad	 respondent in the appeal from taking further proceedings in pursuance Of the said notice. The said petition having been dismissed	 the appellant has	 as already stated	 come up in appeal to this Court. At the hearing of these appeals	 Mr. Sorabji and the other counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants have assailed the aforesaid Judgments and orders of the High Court by urging in the first instance that the view taken by the High Court about the nature and character of excise duty and countervailing duty is not correct. They have also after trying in vain to argue for considerable length of time that on the true construction of the Andhra Pradesh Excise Act	 1968	 the Andhra Pradesh Distillery Rules	 1970	 the Andhra Pradesh Foreign and Indian Liquor Rules	 1970 and the Andhra Pradesh Indian Liquor (Storage in bond) Rules	 1969	 a manufacturer of Indian liquors and an owner of a bonded warehouse are not primarily responsible for payment of the excise duty or countervailing duty	 as the case may be	 contended that a manufacturer and owner of the bonded ware house are not solely responsible for payment of the said duties and a purchaser of the liquor who obtains a distill ery pass or a werehouse pass and transport permit is also legally responsible for payment therefor and if he does pay the duty	 it is something which he does in discharge his own statutory liability and not something which he does for or on behalf or for the benefit of the manufacturer or the owner of the bonded warehouse. They have alternative ly contended that on a true construction of the expression 'turnover ' as defined in section 2(1) (s) of the Act	 the determinative factor is the total amount set out in the bill of sale as consideration for the sale of the liquor and since the excise duty or the countervailing duty was direct ly paid by the purchasers to the excise authorities and did not at all form part of the consideration for the sale of the said liquor as set out in the bills of sale	 it was not permissible for the sales tax authorities to assess the turnover by roping therein something which was not set out in the bills of sale as consideration for the sales. They have lastly contended that in any event as the excise duty or the countervailing duty was at no time charged by the appellants for anything done in respect of the liquors sold but was charged by the excise authorities before removal of the liquors under the Andhra Pradesh Excise Act	 1968 and the rules made thereunder	 it could not constitute a part of the turnover and taxed under the Act. Although some controversy was sought to be raised by counsel for the appellants regarding the nature and charac ter of the excise duty and countervailing duty but as rightly pointed out by the learned Attorney General	 the matter has been put beyond doubt by the decisions of this Court. In R.C. Jail vs Union of India(I) after a review of the authorities bearing on the matter	 it was held by this Court as follows : (1) [1962] supp. 3 S.C.R. 436. 918 'The excise duty is primarily a duty on the production or manufacture of goods produced or manufactured within the country. Subject always to the legislative competence of the taxing authority	 the said tax can be levied at a convenient stage so long as the character of the impost is not lost. The method of collection does not affect the essence of the duty but only relates to the machinery of collection for administrative convenience. " Again In re Sea Customs Act(1) it was ob served: "The question with respect to excise duties was considered by this Court in the case of Amalgamated Coal fields Ltd. vs Union of India (A.I.R. After considering the previous decisions of the Federal Court In re. The Central Provinces and Berar Sales of Motor and Lubricant Taxation Act (1939 F.C.R. 18); The Province of Madras vs M/s Boddu Paidanna and of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Governor General in Council vs Province of Madras 	 this Court observed as follows at p. 1287: "With great respect	 we accept the principles laid down by the said three deci sions in the matter of levy of an excise duty and the machinery for collection thereof. Excise duty is primarily a duty on the produc tion or manufacture of goods produced or manufactured within the. country. It is an indirect .duty which the manufacturer or producer passes on to the ultimate consumer	 that is	 ultimate incidence will always be on the customer. Therefore	 subject always to the legislative competence of the taxing authority	 the said tax can be levied at a convenient stage so long as the character of the impost	 that is	 it is a duty on the manufacture or production	 is not lost. The method of collection does not affect the essence of the duty	 but only relates to the machinery of collection for administrative convenience. " This will show that the taxable event in the case of duties of excise is the manufacture of goods and the duty is not directly on the goods but on the manufacture thereof. We may in this connection contrast sales tax which is also imposed with reference to goods sold	 where the taxable event	 is the act of sale. Therefore	 though both excise duty and sales tax are levied with reference to goods	 the two are very different imposes; in one case the imposition is on the act of manufacture or production while in the other it is on the act of sale. In neither case therefore can it be said that the excise duty or sales tax is a tax directly on the goods for in that event they will really become the same tax. It would thus appear 'that duties of excise partake of the nature of indirect taxes as known to standard works on economics and are to be distinguished from direct taxes like taxes on property and income." (1) ; 919 It is	 therefore	 clear that excise duty is a duty on the production or manufacture of goods produced or manufac tured within the country though as observed by one of us (Khanna	 J.) in A.B. Abdul Kadir & Ors. vs State of Kerala(1) laws are to be found which impose a duty of excise at stages subsequent to the manufacture or production. The position with regard to the nature and character of countervailing duty has equally been made clear in a number of decisions of this Court. In Kalyani Stores vs The State of Orissa & Ors.(2) which was followed in M/s Mohan Meakin Breweries Ltd. vs Excise & Taxation Commissioner	 Chandigarh & Ors. (2)	 Shah	 J. (as he then was) observed: "This brings us to the consideration of the meaning of the expression "countervailing duties" as used in Entry 51	 List 1I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. The expression "countervailing duties" has not been defined in the Constitution or the Bihar & Orissa Act 2 of 1915. We have	 therefore	 to depend upon its etymological sense and the context in which it has been used in Entry 51. In its etymological sense	 it means to coun ter balance; to avail against with equal force or virtue; to compensate for something or serve as an equivalent of or substitute for: see Black 's Law Dictionary	 4th Edn. This would suggest that a countervailing duty is imposed for the purpose of counterbalancing or to avail against something with equal force or to compensate for something as an equiva lent. Entry 51 in List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution gives power to the State Legislature to impose duties of excise on alcoholic liquors for human consump tion where the goods are manufactured or produced in the State. If also gives power to levy countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods manufactured or produced elsewhere in India. The fact that countervailing duties may be imposed at the same or lower rates suggests that they are meant to counterbalance the duties of excise imposed on goods manufactured in the State. They may be imposed at the same rate as excise duties or at "a lower rate	 presumably to equalise the burden after taking into account the cost of transport from the place of manu facture to the taxing State. It seems	 therefore	 that countervailing duties are meant to equalise the burden on alcoholic liquors imported from outside the State and the burden placed by excise duties on alcohol ic liquors manufactured or produced in the State. If no alcoholic liquors similar to those imported into the State are produced or manufactured	 the right to impose counter balancing duties of excise levied on the goods manufactured in the State will not arise. It may	 therefore	 be accepted that countervail ing duties can only be levied if similar goods are actually produced or manufactured in the State on which excise duties are being levied. " (1) [1976] 3 s.c.c. 219. (2) ; (3) ; 921 Having seen that a provision can be inserted in the excise law for collection of the excise duty at a stage subsequent to the manufacture or production of the excisable article	 we shall now proceed to examine the main contentions raised by counsel for the appellants. We have first to see as to how far the contention of counsel for the appellants that apart from a manufacturer of Indian liquors and an owner of a bonded warehouse (who in our opinion cannot but be regard ed as primarily responsible for payment of excise duty and countervailing duty respectively in view of sections 21	 28 & 65 of the Andhra Pradesh Excise Act	 1968	 and rules 3	 4	 5	 6	 67 & 76 of the Andhra Pradesh Distillery Rules	 1970	 and condition No. 9 of the Distillery Licence granted under rule 5 of these Rules; rules 5 & 10 of the Andhra Pradesh Indian Liquor (Storage. in bond) Rules	 1969	 conditions Nos. 7 & 10 of the licence granted in form B.W. 1 under rule 5(2). the phraseology of the application for receipt of liquor into the bounded warehouse prescribed by rule 9(2) and the terms of the counterpart agreement required to be executed by a licensee of an Indian liquor bonded warehouse under rules 3(2) and 5(2) of these Rules) the buyers of the said liquors are also liable under the law for payment of the aforesaid duties can be sustained. For a proper deter mination of this question	 it is necessary to recall the provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Distillery Rules	 1970 which have been set out in the earlier part of this judg ment. The said rules particularly rules 79	 81	 82	 83 and 84 lend a good deal of support	 in our opinion	 to the contention of counsel for the appellants and make every intending buyer of the Indian liquor liable for payment of the excise duty before obtaining the distillery pass and lifting the quantity mentioned therein from 1he distillery. Accordingly agreeing with counsel for the appellants we hold that intending purchasers of the Indian liquors who seek to obtain distillery passes are also legally responsible for payment of the excise duty which is collected from them by the authorities of the Excise Department. The position in regard to the countervailing duty is not	however dear though rule 10(1) of the Andhra Pradesh Indian Liquor (Storage in bond) Rules	 1969 and rules 5(2) and 17 of the Andhra Pradesh Foreign and Indian Liquor Rules	 1970 enable the intending buyers of Indian liquors to remove the same from a bonded warehouse on payment of the said duty	 to the excise authorities. This is not	 however	 sufficient to dispose of the matter. The real and pivotal question that requires to be determined is whether the excise duty or the countervailing duty	 as the case may be. paid directly to the excise authorities of the State or deposited directly in the State exchequer in respect of the Indian liquor by the buyers thereof before removing it from any of the aforesaid dis tilleries or the warehouse can be said to form part of the taxable turnover of the appellants as according to section 5 of the Act which is the charging section sales tax is required to be paid by the appellants on their turnover of the year. It will be useful at this stage to advert to the definitions of the words 'turnover ' and 'sale ' as given in clauses (s) and (n) of sub section (1) of section 2 of the Act. Shorn of unnecessary details	 these definitions run as under: 922 "turnover" means the total amount set out in the bill of sale (or if there is no bill of sale	 the total amount charg ed) as the consideration for the sale or purchase of goods (whether such consideration be cash	 deferred payment or any other thing or value) including any sums charged by the dealer for anything done in respect of goods sold at the time of or before the delivery of the goods and any other sums charged by the dealer	 whatever be the description	name or object thereof . . . . . . "sale" with all its grammatical varia tions and cognate expressions means every transfer of the property in goods by one person to another in the course of trade or business	 for cash	 or for deferred payment	 or for any other valuable consideration. . In the instant case	 it is not disputed that excise duty or countervailing duty paid directly to the excise authorities by the purchasers of Indian liquors before removal thereof from the distilleries or the bonded warehouse on the strength of the distillery and warehouse passes was not included in the bills of sale as the consideration for the sales	 but 1hat alone	 according to the Attor ney General	 is not determinative of the matter. He has invited our attention to the second part of the definition of the word 'turnover ' as set out above and has strenuous ly urged that as in addition to the price of the liquor set out in the bills of sale as consideration for the sales	 other sums charged by the dealer at the time of or before the delivery of the goods also form part of turnover	 and according to the well estab lished canon of construction	 a taxing stat ute has to be interpreted reasonably so that there is no evasion of the tax	 the phrase 'any sums charged by the dealer ' occurring in the aforesaid definition of the word 'tur nover ' must be 'construed as meaning any item of expense including the excise duty or the countervailing duty to which the buyers were put by the manufacturers of the liquors or the owner of the bonded warehouse. We find our selves unable to accept the construction sought to be put by him as it is opposed to the plain meaning of the said phrase. It will be advantageous here to refer to the decisions of this Court in. A.V. Fernandez vs The State of Kerala(1) where Bhagwati	 J. speaking for the Bench after quoting the observations made by Lord Russell of Killowen in Inland Revenue Commissioners vs Duke of Westminster(2) which were approved by the Privy Council in the Bank of Chettinad vs Income Tax Commissioner(3) observed: "It is no doubt true that in construing fiscal statutes and determining the liability of a subject to tax one must have regard to the strict letter of the law and not merely to the spirit of the statute or the substance of the law. If the Revenue satisfies the Court that the case fails strictly within the provi sions of the law	 the subject can be taxed. If	 on the other hand	 the case is not covered within the four corners of the provisions of the taxing statute	 no tax can be (1) ; (2) [19361 A.C.I	 24. (3) A.I.R. 1940 P.C. 183. 923 imposed by inference or by analogy or by trying to probe into the intentions of the legislature and by considering what was the substance of the matter. We must of necessi ty	 therefore	 have regard to the actual provisions of the Act and the rules made thereunder before we can come to the conclu sion that the appellant was liable to assess ment as contended by the Sales Tax Authori ties. " Bearing in mind the principle set out in A.V. Fernan dez 's case (supra) the phrase 'any sums charged by the dealer ' has to .be understood in its ordinary popular sense. So construing the phrase	 it means "what is demand ed and collected or received by the dealer." In the instant cases	 the excise duty or the countervailing duty has	 as already stated	 not been charged or received by the dealer but has been charged by the excise authorities and deposited directly by the buyers of the liquor in the State exchequer. It is	 therefore	 difficult to hold that excise duty or ' countervailing duty was charged by the appellants. The reason for inclusion of tax or a duty in the turn over was explained in two decisions of this Court bearing the same cause title viz. Messrs George Oakes (Private) Ltd. vs The State of Madras & Ors. (12 S.T.C. 476) and (13 S.T.C. 98). In the first of these cases	 it was observed : "Under the definition of turnover the aggre gate amount for which goods are bought or sold is taxable. This aggre gate amount includes the tax as part of the price paid by the buyer. The amount goes into the common till of the dealer till he pays the tax. It is money which he keeps using for his business till he pays it over to Government. Indeed	 he may turn it over again and again till he finally hands it to Government. " In the other decision	 Hidayatullah	 J. (as he then was) said: "In laws dealing with sales tax	 turn over has	 in England and America also	 been held to include the tax. The reason for such inclusion is stated to be that the dealer who realises the tax does not hand it over forth with to Government but keeps it with him	 and turns it over in his business before he parts with it. Thus	 the tax becomes	for the time being	 a part of the circulating capital of the tradesman	 and is turned over in his business. Again	 it was said that the price paid by the purchaser was not so much money for the article plus tax but a composite sum. Therefore	 in calculating the total turnover	 there is nothing wrong in treating the tax as part of the turnover	 because "turnover" means the amount of money which is turned .over in the business." In the instant cases	 the excise and countervailing duties did not go into the common tills of the appellants and did not become a part of their circulating capital. We are	 therefore	 of the view that the 9 1338SCI/76 924 Sales Tax authorities were not competent to include in the turnovers of the appellants the excise duty and the counter vailing duty which was not charged by them but was closed by and paid directly to the excise authorities by the buyers of the liquors as stated above. The Full Bench decision of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh in The Government of Andhra (Now Andhra Pradesh) vs East India Commercial Co. Ltd.(1) relied upon by the Revenue is clearly distinguishable. In that case	 it was the actual collection of certain sums as dharamam or charity by the dealer from the purchasers on the occasion of the sales that made the learned Judges to hold that they constitute part of the turnover. In Messrs George Oakes (Private) Ltd. 's case (supra) also	 the tax in question was collected by the registered dealer. We have	 therefore	 no hesitation in holding that the excise duty and the countervailing duty paid directly by the buyers of the Indian liquors as stated above did not consti tute a part of the turnovers of the appellants. For the foregoing reasons	 we allow the appeals and set aside the impugned judgments and orders. In the circum stances of the case	 we leave the parties to pay and bear their own costs of these appeals. P.B.R. Appeals al lowed. (1) 8 S.T.C. 114.

Section 2(1)(s) of the Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act	 defines 'turnover" to mean the total amount set out in the bill of Sale as the consideration for the sale or purchase of goods including any sums charged by the dealer for anything done in respect of goods sold at the time of or before the delivery of the goods. The appellants in the first two sets of appeals are manufacturers of Indian liquors. A buyer of Indian liquor from the distilleries pays	 in the first instance	 the excise duty in the Treasury and obtains a distillery pass for the release of liquor. On presentation of the distill ery pass an invoice is prepared by the manufacturers showing the price of liquor. Neither invoice. nor the account books of the manufacturers show the excise duty paid by the purchasers. Under the system in vogue in the second set of appeals	 the appellant who is the owner of a bonded warehouse pre pares a bill for the liquor required by the purchaser who pays the countervailing duty in the Treasury in his own name and obtains a pass from the excise authorities for the removal of the liquor from the warehouse. In both the	 cases the Sales Tax Authorities included the excise duty in the taxable turnover of the appellants. The High	 Court dismissed the writ petition of the appel lants impugning the orders of the Sales Tax Officers. Allowing the appeal	 HELD: (1) Excise duty and countervailing duty paid directly by the buyers for the Indian liquors did not con stitute a part of the turnovers or	 the appellants. [924 C] (2) The phrase 'any sums charged by the dealer ' occur ring in the definition of 'turnover ' has to be understood in its ordinary popular sense. So construed	 it means what is demanded and collected or received by the dealer. [923 B] In the instant case the excise duty or the countervail ing duty has not been charged or received by the dealer but has been charged by the excise authorities and deposited directly by the buyers of the liquor in the State exchequer. It cannot be said that the excise duty or the countervailing duty was charged by the appellants. In M/s. George Oakes (Private) Ltd. vs The State of Madras & Ors.	 this Court held in relation to the definition of turn over that the aggregate amount includes the tax as part of the price paid by the buyer; the amount goes into the common till of the dealer till 'he pays the tax; it is the money which he keeps using for his business till he pays the tax; it is the money which he keeps using for his busi ness till he pays it over to Government; it becomes a part of the circulating capital of the tradesman and is turned over in his business. Secondly the price paid by the pur chaser was not so much money for the cause turnover means the amount of money which is turned over in the busi ness. [923 E G] 915 In the instant case the excise and the countervailing duties did not go into the common tills of the appellants and did not become a part of their circulating capital. The Sales tax authorities were not competent to include in the turn overs of the appellants the excise duty and the countervail ing duty which was not charged by them but was charged by and. paid directly to the excise authorities by the buyers of the liquors. [924 A] A. V. Fernandez vs The State of Kerala ; followed. R.C. Jail vs Union of India [1962] Supp. 3 S.C.R. 436	 Sea Customs ACT ; 	 A B. Abdul Kadir & Ors. vs State of Kerala 	 Kalyani Stores vs The State of Orissa & Ors. ; & M/s Mohan Megkin Brewaries Ltd. vs Excise & TaxatiOn Commisisoner	 Chandigarh & Ors. ; referred to. Messrs George Oakes (Private) Ltd. vs The State of Madras & Ors. (122 S.T.C. 476) and (13 S.T.C. 98) referred to and distinguished. The Government of Andhra (now Andhra Pradesh) vs East India Commercial Co. Ltd. (8 S.T.C. 114) distinguished.