Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal Nos. 12 10 to 12 17 of 1980 etc. From the Judgment and Order dated the 22nd April	 1980 of the 445 Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Appeal Nos. 499	 500 to 505 of 1979 and 144 of 1980. Anil Dev Singh	 G.B. Pai	 K. Madhva Reddy	 P.A. Choud hary	 Hemant Sharma	 P. ParmeshWaran	 B. Parthasarthi	 C.V. Subba Rao	 Abbas Naqvi	 R.P. Gupta	 N.K. Nair	 B. Kanta Rao	 Chandrashekhar Panda	 A.T.M. Sampath	 P.N. Ramalingam	 R.D. Upadhyay	 Ms.S. Janani and A. Subba Rao for the appearing parties. It may be noted that	 except in C.A. 3044/89	 the Union of India is the appellant. The short common question arising in this large batch of appeals is: who is the authority competent to initiate disciplinary proceedings against the Government servants who are the parties here (hereinafter referred to	 for conven ience	 as 'the respondents ')? There are two sets of appeals before us	 one arising out of proceedings in the Ministry of Defence	 and the other in the Ministry of Railways. The rules governing the former are the Central Civil Services (Classification	 Control & Appeal) Rules (hereinafter re ferred to as "the Civil Services rules") and those governing the latter are the Railway Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules (hereinafter referred to as 'the Railway rules '). S/Shri G.B. Pai	 Anil Dev Singh	 P.A. Choudhary	 Madhava Reddy	 B. Kanta Rao	 A. Subba Rao	 A.T.M. Sampath	 R.D. Upadhyay and others have argued the matters at length and in great detail and we proceed to dispose of these appeals after considering all the aspects urged before us. We shall take Daniel 's case (C.A. Nos. 1210 to 1217 of 1	980) as illustrative of the cases under the Civil Service Rules. Though the employees in these and connected matters are Class III employees of Research Laboratories attached to the Ministry of Defence (shortly referred to as DRDL	 DMAL	 DERL and DLRL)	 they are serving in civil posts therein and	 hence	 governed by the Civil Service Rules. They had been appointed by the Director of the Laboratory. Disciplinary proceedings were initiated against them by the Director. There is	 therefore	 no possibility of any eventual viola tion of the constitutional prohibition in Article 311(1) against a Government servant being dis 446 missed or removed from office by an authority subordinate to the appointing authority. Still	 the respondents contend that the Director is not competent to initiate disciplinary proceedings against them and that it is only the Scientific Adviser to the Government of India a higher authority that can do so. This contention	 based on the relevant provisions of the Civil Service Rules	 proceeds on the following lines. Rules 12 and 13 of the Civil Service Rules deal with this topic and read as follows: "12. Disciplinary Authorities (1)The President may impose any of the penalties specified in rule 11 on any Government servant. (2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub rule (1)	 but subject to the provisions of sub rule (4)	 any of the penal ties specified in rule 11 may be imposed on (a) xx XX xx (b) a person appointed to a Central Civil post included in the General Central Service	 by the authority specified in this behalf by a general or special order of the President or	 where no such order has been made	 by the appointing authority or the authority specified in the Schedule in this behalf. Authority to institute proceedings (1) The President or any other authority empowered by him by general or special order may (a) institute disciplinary proceedings against any Govern ment servant; (b) direct a disciplinary authority to institute discipli nary proceedings against any Government servant on whom that disciplinary authority is competent to impose under I these rules any of the penalties specified in rule 11. (2) A disciplinary authority competent under these rules to impose any of the penalties specified in clauses (i) to (iv) of 447 rule 11 may institute disciplinary proceedings against any Government servant for the imposition of any of the penal ties specified in clauses (v) to (ix) of rule 11 notwith standing that such disciplinary authority is not competent under these rules to impose any of the latter penalties. " In these cases	 the disciplinary proceedings have been instituted neither by the President nor by an authority directed by him to do so	 nor by any other authority empow ered by him	 by general or special order	 to do so. The disciplinary authority (D.A.) in the present case	 there fore	 has to be in terms of rule 12(2)(b)	 "the appointing authority or the authority specified in the schedule in this behalf". The "authority specified in the schedule in this behalf"	 admittedly	 is the Scientific Adviser to the Gov ernment of India. The question next is whether the Director is the "appointing authority" in the case of the respond ents. This matter is dealt within Rule 9(1) mad with its proviso which read thus: "9. Appointments to other Services and Posts (1) All appointments to the Central Civil Services (other than the General Central Service) Class II	 Class III and Class IV	 shall be made by authorities specified in this behalf in the Schedule." "Provided that in respect of Class III and Class IV civilian services	 or civilian posts m the Defence services appoint ments may be made by officers empowered in this behalf by the aforesaid authorities. " The 'appointing authority ' specified in the schedule referred to in Rule 9(1)	 in the case of the respondents	 is	 again	 the Scientific Adviser to the Government of India. But	 by a notification made in exercise of the power conferred by the proviso	 he had authorised the Director to make appointments to Class III and Class IV posts in his establishment and	 it is common ground	 the Director had appointed the respondents in exercise of that power. In other words	 there is no dispute that the Director is the "appointing authority" of the respondents not only in the sense that he was empowered to appoint them under rule 9 but also in the sense that he actually made these appointments. Nevertheless	 it is said	 he is not the 'appointing authori ty ' in the case of the respondents within the meaning of rule 12(2)(b). In support of this argument	 attention is drawn to rule 2 which contains 448 the definitions of various expressions for the purposes of the rules which will be applicable in the absence of any thing to the contrary in the relevant context. Rule 2(a) reads: "(a) 'appointing authority ' in relation to a Government servant means (i) the authority empowered to make appointments to the Service of which the Government servant is for the time being a member or to the grade of the service in which the Government servant is for the time being included	 or (ii) the authority empowered to make appointments to the posts which the Government servant for the time being holds	 or (iii) the authority which appointed the Government servant to such Service	 grade or post	 as the case may be	 or (iv) where the Government servant having been a permanent member of any other Service or having substantively held any other permanent post	 has been in continuous employment of the Government	 the authority which appointed him to that Service or to any grade in that Service or to that post. whichever authority is the highest authority. " It will be noticed that this clause refers to two classes of persons: (a) the authority empowered to make appointments to the service	 grade or post with which we are concerned sub clauses (i) and (ii) and (b) the authority who actually appointed the Government servant to the service	 grade or post in question sub clauses (iii) and (iv). Each of these is sub divided into two categories but we need not	 for the purposes of the present cases	 bother about this sub divi sion. Stopping here	 it will be seen	 as pointed out al ready	 that the Director falls under both the above catego ries as he is empowered to appoint the respondents by virtue of the power delegated to him under the proviso to rule 9(1) and as he has also factually appointed them. But	 it is said	 the Scientific Adviser to the Government of India	 notwithstanding his having delegated his power to the Direc tor under the proviso	 also continues to be an authority empowered to appoint persons to the posts in question under rule 9(1) read with the schedule. So under the 449 first category of persons indicated above as referred to in rule 2(a) there are two authorities the Scientific Adviser and the Director and under the second category we have the Director. And	 here comes the crucial point on which the respondents bank their entire case: the last few words of rule 2(a) make it clear and specific that the expression 'appointing authority ' means the highest of the authorities mentioned in sub clauses (i) to (iv). So	 it is said	 the 'appointing authority ' for purposes of rule 12(2)(b)	 in the instant case	 will be the highest of the three authorities we have referred to above	 viz. the Scientific Adviser to the Government of India. In short	 it is contended that	 by using the last few significant words in rule 2(a)	 the Civil Rules seek to ensure that	 though the power to appoint persons to a particular post	 grade or service may be dele gated under the proviso to rule 9(1)	 such delegation should not extend to the exercise of disciplinary powers. It is the clear intention of the rule makers	 it is argued	 that disciplinary powers should continue to vest in the appoint ing authority mentioned in the schedule read with rule 9(1) and should not be allowed to be exercised by his delegate under the proviso. The emphasis	 it is said	 is not on the person who has made	 or is empowered to make	 the appoint ment of the particular civil servant in question; it is on the person Who makes	 or is empowered to make	 appointment of persons generally to the post	 grade or service to which the civil servant in question belongs. It is	 therefore	 urged that though one Class III servants in the laboratory may be appointed by the Director and another by the Scien tific Adviser (who can make such appointment despite the delegation)	 the disciplinary authority for both and	 indeed for all class III servants in the Laboratory	 must be the same and cannot be different. This interpretation of rule 2(a)	 it is said	 is not only quite plain on the language used but has also received the approval of this Court in Dharam Der vs Union	 ; Further force is sought to be lent to the argument by pointing out that the expression 'appointing authority ' is used only in rules 2	 10	 12 and 24 of	 and the schedule to	 the Civil Service rules and that	 to refuse to give effect to the definition for purposes of rule 12 is to render the definition clause virtually otiose. This plea was upheld by the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Danial 's case and	 following it	 in the other cases before us. A similar view has been taken in the Delhi High Court in Murishwar vs Union	 [1976] Service Law Cases 82 in Union vs Tarlok Singh	 cited there in	 and by the Calcutta High Court in Union vs Choudhury	 But a contrary view has been taken by the M.P. High Court in Chaudhury vs Union	 [1977] All India Services Journal 1) and by the Andhra Pradesh High Court in W.A. 793/83 and W.P. 2441/79. 450 The position in respect of ordnance factories which has to be considered in some of the cases is identical	 except for the nomenclatures of the respective authorities	 and does not need any separate discussion. To turn	 next	 to the railway cases	 we are concerned with appointees to Group C and Group D of the services	 which correspond to class III and class IV of the Civil Services. In respect of these persons	 the relevant provi sions are as follows: "2(1)(a) 'Appointing Authority '	 in relation to railway servant	 means: (i) the authority empowered to make appointments to the service of which the railway servant is	 for the time being	 a member or to the grade of the Service in which the railway servant is	 for the time being	 included	 or (ii) the authority empowered to make appointments to the post which the Railway servant	 for the time being holds	 or (iii) the authority which appointed the Railway servant to such Service	 grade or post	 as the case may be	 or (iv) where the Railway servant having been a permanent member of any other Service or having substantively held any other permanent post	 has been in continuous employment under the Ministry of Railways	 the authority which appoint ed him to that service or to any grade in that Service or to that post whichever authority is highest authority". "2(1)(c) 'Disciplinary Authority ' means (i) in relation to the imposition of a penalty on a Railway Servant	 the authority competent	 under these rules	 to impose on him that penalty; (ii) in relation to rule 9 and clauses (a) and (b) of sub rule (1) of Rule 11 in the case of any Gazetted Railway servant	 an authority competent to impose any of the penal ties specified in rule 6. 451 (iii) in relation to rule 9 in the case of any non gazetted Railway servant	 an authority competent to impose any of the major penalties specified in rule 6; (iv) in relation to clauses (a) and (b) of sub rule (1) of Rule 11	 in the case of a non gazetted Railway servant	 an authority competent to impose any of the penalties specified in Rule 6". Disciplinary authorities (1) The President may impose any of the penalties specified in Rule 6 on any Railway Servant. (2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub rule (1)	 any of the penalties specified in Rule 6 may be imposed on a Railway servant by the authorities as specified in Schedules I	 II and III. (3) The disciplinary authority in the cases of a Railway Servant officiating in a higher post	 shall be determined with reference to the officiating post held by him at the time of taking action". Authority to institute proceeding. (1) The President	 or any other authority empowered by him	 by general or special order	 may (a) institute disciplinary proceedings against any Railway servant; (b) direct a disciplinary authority to institute discipli nary proceedings against any Railway servant on whom that disciplinary proceedings against any Railway servant on whom that disciplinary authority is competent to impose	 under these rules	 any of the penalties specified in rule 6. (2) A disciplinary authority competent under these rules to impose any of the penalties specified in clauses (i) to (iv) of Rule 6 may	 subject to the provisions of clause (c) of subrule (1) of rule 2	 institute disciplinary proceedings against any Railway servant for imposition of any of the penalties 452 specified in clauses (v) to (ix) of rule 6	 notwithstanding that such disciplinary authority is not competent under these rules	 to impose any of the latter penalties". Schedule II referred to in rule 7(2) lays down that an order of compulsory retirement	 removal or dismissal from service may be ordered	 in the case of a Group C or Group D Railway servant by the appointing authority or authority equivalent in rank or any higher authority and Note 2 to the Schedule mentions that such an authority may also impose any tower penalty. Under rule 275 of the Railway Establishment Code (Vol. I)	 which deals with the recruitment	 training and promotion of Group C and Group D railway servants	 the authority competent to make a first appointment is the General Manager or any lower authority to whom he may dele gate the power. The General Manager of each Railway has delegated his powers under several heads. One set of the Schedule of Delegation of Powers by the General Manager of the Southern Railway in Establishment Matters has been set out in some detail in the order of the Central Administra tive Tribunal (CAT) in the case of Gafoor Mia and Ors. vs Director	 DMRL	 	 (which is one of the orders in appeal before us.) It is neither useful nor neces sary to repeat them here in extenso. Here also	 the argument is that	 notwithstanding the delegation of powers of ap pointment of Group C and Group D employees to various other zonal officers	 the General Manager has. not divested him self of the power to make such appointments and continues to be the 'appointing authority '. Being the highest among the various appointing authorities	 he alone stands vested with the power to institute disciplinary proceedings and impose penalties. It is	 therefore	 submitted that the disciplinary proceedings	 in the cases under this batch	 initiated by the Divisional Superintendent and like officers were without jurisdiction and were rightly quashed by the CAT in Gaffoor Mia 's case	 already referred to	 and the decisions in the other matters before us following the said decision. This	 in crux	 is the argument for the respondents. Before dealing with this argument	 it will perhaps be help ful to steer clear of certain minor arguments addressed by either side: (a) Sri Kanta Rao submitted that the same view as in Gafoor Mia	 had been taken by the C.A.T. in Supriya Roy 's	 case and that this Court has already	 on 21.9.88	 dismissed S.L.P. Nos. 9956 57 of 1988 filed against the said order. This appears to be correct but the dismissal in limine of that S.L.P. 453 cannot preclude us from considering the issue in these appeals on merits. It is seen that	 in C.A. 3963/88	 an application has been filed for revocation	 on this ground	 of the leave granted by this Court. We dismiss this applica tion. (b) Much store is set	 on behalf of the respondents	 by the decision of this Court in Dharam Dev 's case '(supra). It is no doubt true that the decision refers to the provisions of Rule 2(a) and applies the same to the case before it. But the context in which the case arose was a very simple and straight forward one. In that case	 the employee in question had in fact been appointed by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) and he was the highest authority in regard to the service in question. All that the decision pointed out was that	 in view of this and of Article 311	 no authority lower in rank to the CAG was competent to take action against the appellant before the Court. The Court had no occasion to consider the type of controversy that has arisen here and did not consider either the interaction of sub clauses (i) and (iii) of clause (a) of rule 2 or the situation as to whether there could be more than one author ity empowered to appoint persons to a post	 grade or service within the meaning of sub clause (i) or (ii) of clause (a) itself. This decision is therefore not helpful and certain ly not conclusive to solve the issue arising before us. The same is the position in regard to the decision of this Court in Om Prakash Gupta vs Union	 A.I.R. 1975 S.C. 1265 which seems to have been relied on	 for the Union	 before the CAT. In that case	 the appellant was a temporary Government servant not holding a specified post. All that this Court pointed out was that	 if the definition in rule 2(a) was not applicable to such a person	 the word 'appointing authori ty '	 understood in its plain and natural meaning would mean the authority which appointed him viz. the Director General of the Geological Survey of India. If	 on the other hand	 the terms of rule 2(a) were applicable the person empowered to appoint the appellant being one Sri Moghe and the person who appointed him being the Director General the latter	 who was the higher authority	 would be the 'appointing authority '. This	 again	 was an instance of a simple and direct application of the rule	 involving no complications as here and cannot be treated as deciding the issue before us. (c) On behalf of the appellant	 the Union of India	 reliance is placed on section 16 of the . It is argued 454 that	 irrespective of the provisions in the rules	 a person who makes an appointment has always an implied power of suspending or dismissing him vide: Heckett Engineering Co. vs Workmen; 	 There are three difficul ties in accepting this argument. In the first place	 even if the argument is valid	 it confers on the factual appointing authority	 in terms	 only a power to suspend or dismiss and not a power to conduct disciplinary proceedings or impose the various other kinds of penalties envisaged in the rules. To say that the latter power also comes within section 16	 one would need to make a further assumption that the power to suspend or dismiss is a more comprehensive power which would include the power to impose smaller penalties too and this assumption is said to run counter to the rules which deal with the two powers separately. Secondly	 section 16 app. lies only "unless a different intention appears". If the con struction placed on the Civil Service Rules and the Railway rules on behalf of the respondents is correct	 then the rules express a different intention and it would therefore not be possible to rest on the general principle enunciated by section 16. The contention has	 therefore	 to be examined independently and section 16 cannot be an answer to it. Thirdly	 section 16 applies only where a general power of appointment is conferred under an Act or Regulation. Here the Act or Regu lation (i.e. the Rules) envisage the power of appointment conferred by them on certain authorities being delegated. The power conferred on the delegatees is circumscribed by the instrument of such delegation and cannot be extended beyond its ambit	 as observed by the C.A.T. in Gafoor Mia 's case (supra). section 16	 therefore	 does not come to the rescue of the appellants. (d) An argument was raised at the earlier stages	 that the words "whichever is the highest authority" governs only subclause (iv) of rule 2(a) of the Civil Service Rules and not the other sub clauses. This contention cannot bear a moment 's scrutiny both because the above words occur in the Rules separately from the four sub clause but also because the terms thereof clearly envisage a determination of one who	 among several authorities	 is the highest. It	 there fore	 clearly means that the 'authorities ' falling under the definitions in sub clauses (i) to (iv) have to be ascer tained and the highest among them taken as the disciplinary authority for purposes of rule 12(2)(b). The above discussion narrows down the controversy before us to a very short issue: Can it be said	 where the appoint ing authority under 455 rule 9(1) has delegated his powers of appointment under the proviso	 that both the authorities should be treated as the "authority empowered to appoint" persons to the post	 grade or service or does this expression get restricted only to the latter	 i.e. the delegatee authority? If both fail under the above description within the meaning of sub clause (i)	 the respondent 's plea that the definition in rule 2(a) will mark out only the Scientific Adviser/General Manager would be correct. On the other hand	 if the second of the above interpretation is correct	 the appellant 's stand will have to be upheld. Learned counsel for the respondents vehemently contend that the authority specified under the schedule read with rule 9(1) does not lose his authority to appoint merely by the act of delegating his powers to a subordinate authority. Such delegation no doubt empowers the subordinate authority to appoint but does not take away the power of appointment conferred on the authority specified in the schedule read with rule 9(1). Before dealing with the above contention	 we may make reference to certain decisions cited by counsel on the consequences of such delegation. In Roop Chand vs State	 [1963] Suppl. 1 SCR 539 the petitioner had filed an appeal from the order of the Settlement Officer to the State Gov ernment under section 21(4) of the relevant Act. But the State Government	 having delegated under section 41(1) of the Act the right to hear and dispose of the appeals made to it to the Assistant Director (Consolidation)	 the petitioner 's appeal was disposed of by the said Officer who allowed the same. The Respondent thereupon sought to invoke a power conferred on the State Government under section 42 of the Act to revise the orders passed by the authorities under the Act. On a writ petition filed before it the Supreme Court quashed the revisional order passed by the State Government on the simple logic that the order passed under section 41(1) read with section 21(4) was an order of the State Government (though	 in fact	 passed by a delegate) and could not be "revised" by the State Government itself under section 42. The Andhra Pradesh High Court speaking through P.A. Choudary	 J. in Daniel 's case (since reported in thought that the principle of the case was of no avail to the Union of India which appears to have contended	 on the strength thereof	 that "though the disciplinary action was initiated by the Director	 it must be treated as having been taken by the Scientific Adviser himself because the action of the Director	 being that of a delegate	 must be regarded in law as that of the principal himself". The learned Judge repelled the argument	 observing: 456 "The ratio of the aforesaid case is that the action of the delegate can be treated as that of the princi pal himself. Applying the ratio of the above case to the facts of our case	 it can be said at the most that the orders of appointments made by the Director	 by reason of the statutory delegation made by the Scientific Adviser under Rule 9(1)	 are those of the Scientific Adviser him self	 on the basic that the exercise	 of the power delegated to an authority may be treated as an exercise of the power by the principal himself. Accepting the principle	 we cannot agree with the contention of the learned Counsel that the Director 's exer cise of the disciplinary power against the petitioners should be treated as an exercise of disciplinary authority by the Scientific Adviser himself. The reason is too simple. Firstly	 the statute deals	 throughout its provisions	 with the disciplinary power as a different and separate power from the power to appoint. Secondly	 the disciplinary power is never delegated by the Scientific Adviser to the Director either under Rule 9(1) or any other rule of the CCA Rules. It follows	 therefore	 that the theory of imputation to the principal the acts of the delegate can have no application to such a situation as the one before us. We	 therefore	 find that the Roop Chand 's case is of no avail to the re spondents." Though Sri Choudhary	 who appeared before us for the re spondents seemed to have second thoughts about this	 we are of opinion that the observations extracted above set out the correct position and that the Roop Chand decision is of no help. An attempt has been made before us to invoke the Roop Chand principle in a different way to support the case of the employees and argue that their appointments made by the Director should be treated as appointments made by the Scientific Adviser himself and that	 therefore	 no discipli nary action can be initiated against them by any one other than the Scientific Adviser himself. We do not think that this argument can be accepted. As observed in Kishore Ku mar 's case a delegation of power does not enhance or improve the hierarchical status of the delegate. The rule in Roop Chand as to the nature and character of the power exercised by a delegate was enunciated in a particular context. It cannot be treated as a general principle ap plicable to all situations. In particular	 in the context of rules 2(a) and 12(2) with which we are concerned and which outline a contrast between the person who is empowered to 457 appoint and the person who actually appoints	 it is impossi ble to treat the Scientific Adviser/General Manager as the person who appointed the respondents. Reference has not been made to Daluram Pannalal Modi vs Commissioner	 This was a case as to the interpretation of the scope of a delegate 's power. section 19 of the Madhya Pradesh Sales Tax Act	 1958	 empowers the Commis sioner	 if he is satisfied that any sale or purchase of goods	 has escaped assessment	 to make a reassessment. section 30 of the Act	 however	 enabled the Commissioner to "delegate any of his powers and duties under the Act" and the Commis sioner	 exercising this power	 delegated to the Assistant Commissioner his powers and duties to make an assessment or reassessment and to exercise all other powers under Sections 18	 19 and 20. An assessee challenged a reassessment notice issued by an Assistant Commissioner contending that what had been delegated was only the power of reassessment but not the duty of being satisfied that there was an escapement which	 according to the assessee	 still remained with the Commissioner. This argument was repelled and it was held that the requirement of being satisfied was an adjunct of the power to initiate reassessment proceedings. That princi ple cannot apply here as it is doubtful how far	 in the context of the service rules which make a clear distinction between the power to appoint and the power to take discipli nary proceedings	 the latter can be said to be adjunct or ancillary to the former. This leads us to the question whether the appointing authority specified in the schedule can exercise his power of appointment to a post	 cadre or service even after he has delegated that power to a subordinate authority under the proviso. An answer to this question in the affirmative is contended for on the strength of certain authorities which may now be considered. In Godawari section Parulekar vs State of Maharashtra	 14 the appellant had been de tained by an order passed by the State Government under rule 30 of the Defence of India Rules. 1t was contended on behalf of the appellant	 inter alia	 that the State Government had earlier issued a notification delegating its powers under rule 30 to the District Magistrate and was so not competent to make the order of detention in question. Reliance was placed for this argument on the observations of the Judicial Committee in King Emperor vs Shibnath Banerjee	 72 I.A. 241. These observations were distinguished and the above conten tion was repelled. It was held that by issuing the notifica tion in question	 the State Government had not denuded itself of the power to act under r. 30 (vide Willis J. in 458 Huth vs Clarke	 [1890] 25 QBD 39 1. Learned counsel also referred to the decision of the Karnataka High Court in Ramachandra Rao vs State	 This case does hold that a power which is delegated can be exercised both by the delegator and the delegatee	 though the Supreme Court decisions cited therein as deciding this issue do not seem to help. Halsbury 4th Edn.	 para 32	 citing Huth vs Clarke	 (supra)	 summarises the English Law on the subject thus: "In general	 a delegation of power does not imply parting with authority. The delegating body will retain not only the power to revoke the grant but also power to act concurrently on matters within the area of delegated authority except in so far as it may already have become bound by an act of its delegate". However	 the following passage from Wade on Administrative Law (Sixth Edition) at p. 365 would seem to indicate that the position is not quite clear and may need detailed con sideration in an appropriate case: "A statutory power to delegate will normally include a power to revoke the delegation when desired. While the delegation subsists it may be arguable whether the delegating authority is denuded of its power or is able to exercise it concur rently with the delegate. This question arose where under statutory authority the executive committee of a county council delegated to a sub committee its powers to make regulations for the control of rabies; but before the sub committee had done anything the executive committee	 without revoking the delegation	 itself issued regulations for the muzzling of dogs. These regulations were upheld	 but on inconsistent grounds	 one judge holding that the executive committee had resumed its power and the other that it had never parted with them	 and that 'the word "delegate" means little more than an agent. In a later case the latter view prevailed	 on the ground that 'one cannot divest oneself of one 's statutory duties '. But the contrary was held by the Court of Appeal where a minister had formally delegated to local authorities his power to requisition houses. By doing this he had for the time being divested himself of his powers	 so that an invalid requisition by the local authori ty could not be cured by their acting in his name; and the court rejected the contention that 459 delegation was a form of agency. The Local Government Act 1972 expressly preserves the powers of a local authority concurrently with those delegated to its commits	 etc. " We do not think it is necessary to go into this question. In view of the decision in Godawari (supra)	 we shall accept the general proposition that the delegation of the power of appointment under the proviso to rule 9(1) does not neces sarily deprive the disciplinary authority specified in the main part of the rule from exercising the delegated power of appointment in any case or class of cases. Still the basic question that remains is	 whether	 in the context of rule 2(a) read with rule 9(1)	 the reference to the authority empowered to make the appointment is to the authority mentioned in the proviso to rule 9 or to both the authorities falling under the main part 01 ' rule 9(1) as well as the proviso. The sheet anchor of the respondent 's case is that the expression 'appointing authority ' is used in very few of the rules. One of them is rule 12 and there can	 therefore	 be no valid reason to refuse to apply the definition clause in the context of those rules. It is urged that	 by holding the person specified in the schedule also to be the 'appointing authority ' as defined in rule 2(a)	 none of the other rules relating to appeal	 revision etc. become redundant as urged on behalf of the appellants. We agree with the respondents that the expression 'appointing authority ' in rule 12 should have the meaning attributed to it in rule 2(a). But what is the real and true interpreta tion of Rule 2(a)? What does that sub rule talk of when it refers to a 'person empowered to make the appointment ' in question? These words clearly constitute a reference to rule 9. Does rule 2(a) refer then to the authority empowered by the schedule to make the appointments or the authority to whom he has delegated that power or both? We think	 on a proper and harmonious reading of rule 2(a) and rule 9	 that sub rule (a) of rule 2 only envisages the authority to whom the power of appointment has been delegated under rule 9 and not both the delegator and the delegate. We have come to this conclusion for a number of reasons. In the first place	 it is clear on the plain language of rule 2(a)	 that it directs the ascertainment of the authorities specified	 in such of clauses (i) to (iv) of the rule as may be applicable to a particular case and designates the highest of them as the 'appointing authority '. It envisages only one authority as falling under each of these clauses and not more. The respondent 's contention which involves interpretation of clause (i) or (ii) as contemplating more than one authority runs counter to the tenor of the rule. Secondly	 the strict ly literal meaning of rule 2(a) insisted upon by the re spondents 460 would render the rules unworkable. For instance	 under clause (i)	 one of the authorities to be considered is the 'authority empowered to make appointments to the service of which the government servant is for the time being a mem ber '. The respondents belong to one of the Central Civil Services. Though they belong to class III or class IV	 there are class and class II officers as well therein. Rule 8 declares that only the President can make appointments to Class I in the service. If each of the clauses is read as envisaging a plurality of authorities as contended for and if clause (i) is literally interpreted	 it will also include the President who is one of the authorities empowered to make appointments to the service of which the concerned employees is a member. This will render the entire gamut of the rules unworkable. On this interpretation	 the President will be the only appointing authority under rule 2(a) in all cases	 being the highest of the authorities envisaged there in. This cannot clearly be correct. Rule 2(a) does not contemplate any authority other than the one empowered to appoint a person belonging to the post or grade which the concerned government employee holds. In that sense the two parts of clause (i) and clause (ii) are not to be read distributively to ascertain the authority empowered to make appointments (a) to the service (b) to the grade and (c) to the post and consider the highest of them. One has to re strict oneself to the post or grade of the government serv ant concerned and invoke clause (i) or (ii) as the case may be. Thirdly	 the whole purpose and intent of rule 2(a) is to provide that appointing authority means either the de facto or the de jure appointing authority. It will be appreciated that	 generally speaking	 only the de jure authority can make the appointment but	 occasionally	 a superior authority or even a subordinate authority (with his consent) could have made the appointment. Again it is possible that the authority empowered to make the appointment at the time when relevant proceedings in contemplation may be higher or lower in rank to the authority which was empowered to make the appointment or which made the appointment at a different point of time. The whole intent or purpose of the definition to safeguard against an infringement of article 311(1) and ensure that a person can be dealt with only by either a person competent to appoint persons of his class or the person who appointed him	 whoever happens to be higher in rank. That rule is not infringed by the interpretation placed by the appellants. The provisions of Schedule II in the case of the Railways which specify the appointing au thority or an authority of equivalent rank or any higher authority as the disciplinary authority are also consistent with this interpretation. Fourthly	 the interpretation sought to be placed by the respondents on rule 2(a) is artificial and strained. It amounts to saying that a person who is 461 empowered to appoint a government servant (as the Director	 DERL	 for example	 undoubtedly is) and who has also appoint ed him will not be the appointing authority	 because	 theo retically	 even a more superior authority could have ap pointed him despite having delegated his authority in this regard to a subordinate. On the contrary	 the interpretation urged by the Union will not adversely affect the few employ ees	 if any	 who may be appointed by a superior scheduled authority despite delegation of such power to a subordinate authority. For	 in such a case	 the superior authority would be the person who has factually appointed such an employee and he will clearly be the 'appointing authority ' by virtue of rule 2(a). Lastly	 the interpretation sought for by the Union is consistent with practical consideration. The ap pointing authority under the Schedule is a high ranking authority and	 in an organisation like the Railways for instance	 it will be virtually impossible for him to consid er each and every case of appointment of	 or disciplinary action against all the Class III or Class IV employees in the organisation. It is indeed this realisation that has rendered necessary delegation of the power of appointment and cannot be ignored	 in the absence of compelling reasons	 in the matter of disciplinary powers. On behalf of the respondents	 it is contended that the intention of the rules is to restrict powers of discipline from being exercised by all appointing authorities. Central isation	 it is urged	 is the object. This contention is not borne out by the table of innumerable disciplinary authori ties set out in the schedule	 not to speak of those on whom factual or special powers have been conferred by the Presi dent (as was indeed done in many of these very cases later). As against this	 Sri Pai	 for the appellants pointed out that if one has regard to the strength of the railway staff or the other class III or IV staff employed in various civil services	 the interpretation urged on behalf of the respond ents would cast an impossible burden of work on the authori ties specified in the schedule to whom alone the respondents seek to confine the power to take disciplinary proceedings. There is force in this contention. It has been brought to our notice that notifications have since been issued (for example on 29th August 1979 in the case of the DERL and 2.1.87 in the case of Ordnance factories) by the President under rule 12 empowering certain authorities to exercise disciplinary powers. We need hardly say that any disciplinary proceedings initiated by such authorities from the date when such notifications came into effect will be perfectly valid. It has also been brought to our notice that	 in some cases	 (for example	 C.A. Nos. 1443	 1444 and 4340/88)	 the CAT has 462 also gone into the merits of the cases and set aside the penalties or punishments imposed on the concerned respond ent. We do not propose to review the finding on this aspect of the matter under Article 136. C.A. No. 1444/88	 .we are told	 has also abated as the appellant has taken no steps to bring on record the legal representatives of the respondent but	 in view of the Tribunal 's findings on merits	 it is unnecessary to go 'into this question now. The order of the CAT	 in such cases	 will therefore	 stand notwithstanding our conclusion being different from that of the CAT on the main issue discussed above On the other hand	 in most cases	 the CAT	 because of the view taken by it on the main ques tion	 'has not dealt with the merits of the proceedings. For example	 it was mentioned that in C.A. 316/81	 the respond ent has been removed from service by the Deputy Director	 an authority subordinate to the Director who had appointed him. This aspect has not been considered and will have to be considered now. Similarly	 in C.A. 3044/89 filed by the employee	 it is pointed out that the appellant had been appointed by the Director of Ordnance Services in 1964. The power of appointment was delegated to Commandants in 1971 and the respondent was penalised by the Commandant	 a subor dinate authority	 to whom disciplinary powers were delegate by the President only in 1979. Though this point does not appear to have been raised before the Tribunal	 it goes to the root of the matter and we	 therefore	 think that it should be left open to be considered by the Tribunal now. As the cases before us are many and were decided princi pally on the point of law discussed earlier	 we have not touched upon the facts or merits of individual cases. We set aside the orders of the CAT in all cases except C.A. Nos. 1443 and 4340/88 which stand dismissed as mentioned above and direct the Tribunal/High Court. to pass fresh orders disposing of the applications filed before them in the light of our judgment. Where disciplinary proceedings have been stayed at the stage of initiation or later because of the view taken by the Tribunal	 they should now be con tinued and finished without delay in accordance with law. The appeals are disposed of accordingly. T.N.A. Appeals disposed of.

The respondents were holding class III civil posts in the Research Laboratories attached to the Ministry of De fence. Under the Central Civil Services (Classification	 Control and Appeal) Rules	 1965	 their 'appointing authori ty ' was the Scientific Adviser. But the appointing authori ty	 the Scientific Adviser	 delegated his power of appoint ment to the Director under Proviso to Rule 9(1). Pursuant to the delegated power. the Director appointed the respondents. Subsequently	 the Director initiated disciplinary proceed ings against the respondents. Similarly for the respondents	 in the connected appeals	 belonging to Group C and D employees of the Railways the competent authority	 prescribed under the Railway Establish ment Code. to make appointments was the General Manager. But the General Manager delegated his power of appointment to Zonal Officers/Divisional Superintendents. Pursuant to the delegated power the Divisional Superintendents appointed the respondents. Subsequently	 disciplinary proceedings were initiated against the respondents by the Divisional Superin tendents. The respondents challenged the disciplinary proceedings before the Central Administrative Tribunal contending that they were without jurisdiction since the Director and the Divisional Superintending were not competent to initiate the disciplinary proceedings. The Central Administrative Tribu nal accepted the plea and quashed the proceedings. In appeals to this Court it was contended on behalf of the respondents (i) that the Director was not competent to initiate disciplinary proceedings against them and only the Scientific Adviser	 a higher authority	 could do so; the expression "whichever authority is the high 442 est authority" in Rule 2(a) governs only sub clause (iv) of Rule and this expression seeks to ensure that though the power to appoint may have been delegated under the Proviso to Rule 9(1)	 such delegation does not extend to the exer cise of disciplinary powers; (ii) that appointments made by the Scientific Adviser should be treated as .appointments made by the Scientific Adviser himself with the result that a subordinate authority could not initiate disciplinary action against the respondent. Also	 in the connected railway cases	 it was contended on behalf of the respondents that notwithstanding the delegation of powers of appointment by the General Manag er	 he	 being the highest amongst the various appointing authorities	 was alone competent to institute disciplinary proceedings. On behalf of the appellant	 Union of India	 it was contended: (i) that on a proper interpretation of the rules	 the Director Zonal Officer/Divisional Superintendents were competent to initiate the proceedings and (ii) that	 irre spective of the provisions in the rules	 a person who makes an appointment has always an implied power of suspending or dismissing the appointee under section 16 of the . Disposing of the appeals	 this Court	 HELD: 1. The delegation of the power of appointment under the Proviso to rule 9(1) does not necessarily deprive the disciplinary authority specified in the main part of the rule from exercising the delegated power of appointment in any case or class of cases. [459B] Godawari section Parulekar vs State of Maharashtra	 ; ; followed. Ramachandra Rao vs State	 ; Hals bury 's Laws of England	 4th Edn.	 pare 32; Wade on Adminis trative Law	 6th Edn.	 P. 365	 referred to. King Emperor vs Shibnath Banerjee	 72 I.A. 241; Huth vs Clarke	 	 cited. A proper and harmonious reading of rules 2(a) and rule 9 shows that sub rule (a) of rule 2 only envisages the authority to whom the power of appointment has been delegat ed under rule 9 and not both the delegator and the delega tee. Rule 2(a) directs the ascertainment of the authorities specified	 in such of clauses (i) to (iv) of the rule as may be applicable to a particular case and designates the high est of them as the 'appointing authority '. It envisages only one authority as failing under each of these clauses and not more. An inter pretation of clause 443 (i) or (ii) as contemplating more than one authority runs counter to the tenor of the rule. The said rule does not contemplate any authority other than the one empowered to appoint a person belonging to the post or grade which the concerned government employees holds. In that sense the two parts of clause (i) and clause (ii) are not to be read disjunctively to ascertain the authority empowered to make appointments (a) to the service (b) to the grade and (c) to the post and consider the highest of them. One has to re strict oneself to the post or grade of the government serv ant concerned and invoke clause (i) or (ii) as the case may be. [459F H; 460C D] Dharma Dey vs Union of India	 ; ; Om Prakash Gupta vs Union of India	 A.I.R. 1975 S.C. 1265	 explained and held inapplicable. Murishwar vs Union	 ; Union vs Choud hary	 ; Choudhary vs Union	 	 cited. 2.1 In Rule 2(a)	 not only do the words "whichever is the highest authority" occur in the Rules separately from the four sub clauses but the terms thereof also clearly envisage a determination of one who	 among several authori ties	 is the highest. It	 therefore	 clearly means that the 'authorities ' falling under the definition in sub clauses (i) to (iv) have to be ascertained and the highest among them taken as the disciplinary authority for purposes of rule 12(2)(b). [449B] 3. The appointing authority under the Schedule is a high ranking authority and	 in an organisation like the Railways for instance	 it will be virtually impossible for him to consider each and every case of appointment of	 or disciplinary action against	 all the Class III or Class IV employees in the organisation. It is indeed this realisation that has rendered necessary a delegation of the power of appointment and cannot be ignored	 in the absence of compel ling reasons	 in the matter of disciplinary powers. [461C D] 4. In the context of rules 2(a) and 12(2) which outline a contrast between the person who is empowered to appoint and the person who actually appoints	 it is impossible to treat the Scientific Adviser/General Manager as the person who appointed the respondents. [456H; 457A] Roop Chand vs State	 [1963] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 539	 held inapplicable. 444 B. Daniel & Ors. vs Union of India	 	 referred to. 4.1 A delegation of power does not enhance or improve the hierarchical status of the delegate. [456G] Krishna Kumar vs Electrical Engineer Central Railway & Ors.	 	 referred to. It is doubtful how far	 in the context of the service rules which make a clear distinction between the power to appoint and the power to take disciplinary proceedings	 the latter can be said to be adjunct or ancillary to the former. [457D E] Daluram Pannalal Modi vs Commissioner	 [1964] 2 S.C.R. 286	 held inapplicable. Section 16 of the confers on the factual appointing authority	 in terms	 only a power to suspend or dismiss and not a power to conduct disciplinary proceedings or impose the various other kinds of penalties envisaged in the rules. To say that the latter power also comes within section 16	 one would need to make a further assump tion that the power to suspend or dismiss is a more compre hensive power which would include the power to impose small er penalties too and this assumption is said to run counter to the rules which deal with the two powers separately. The said section applies only "unless a different intention appears". It applies only where a general power of appoint ment is conferred under an Act or Regulation. Here the Act or Regulation i.e. the Rules envisage the power of appoint ment conferred by them on certain authorities being delegat ed. The power conferred on the delegatees is circumscribed by the instrument of such delegation and cannot be extended beyond its ambit. [454B E] Heckett Engineering Co. vs Workmen	 ; ; Gafoor Mia and Ors. vs Director	 DMRL	 	 referred to. The dismissal in limine of the Special Leave Petition cannot preclude the Tribunal or Court from considering the issue in the appeals on merits.[452H; 453A]