Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 697 of 1966. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated November 9	 1964 of the Allahabad High Court in First Appeal No. 257 of 1953. section C. Manchanda	 section k. Mehta and K. L. Mehta	 for the appellant. Bishan Narain and Harbans Singh	 for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Shah	 J. On March 11	 1950	 Manohar Lal s/o Jai Jai Ram commenced an action in the Court of the Subordinate Judge	 Nanital	 for a decree for Rs. 10	139/12/ being the value of timber supplied to the defendant the National Building Mate rial Supply	 Gurgaon. The action was instituted in the name of "Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal" which was the name in which the business was carried on. The plaintiff Manohar Lal subscribed his signature at the foot of the plaint as "Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal	 by the pen of Manohar Lal"	 and the plaint was also similarly verified. The defendant by its written statement contended that the plaintiff was an unregistered firm and on that account incompetent to sue. On July 18	 1952	 the plaintiff applied for leave to amend the plaint. Manohar Lal stated that "the business name of the plaintiff is Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal and therein Manohar Lal the owner and proprietor is clearly shown and named. It is a 24 joint Hindu family business and the defendant and all knew it that Manohar	 Lai whose name is there along with the father 's name is the proprietor of it. The name is not an assumed or fictitious one". The plaintiff on those averments applied for leave to describe himself in the cause title as "Manohar Lal proprietor of Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal" and in paragraph 1 to state that he carried on the business in timber in the name of Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal. Apparently no reply was filed to this application by the defendant. The Subordinate Judge granted leave to amend the plaint. He observed that there was no doubt that the real plaintiff was Manohar Lal himself	 that it was Manohar Lal who intended to file and did in fact Me the action	 and that the "amendment was intended to bring what in effect had been done in conformity with what in fact should have been done". The defendant then filed a supplementary written statement raising two additional contentions (1) that Manohar Lal was not the sole owner of the business and that his other brothers were also the owners of the business; and (2) that in any event the amendment became effective from July 18	 1952	 and on that account the suit was barred by the law of limitation. The Trial Judge decreed the claim for Rs. 6	568/6/3. Against that decree an appeal was preferred to the High Court of Allahabad. The High Court being of the view that the action was instituted in the name of a "non existing person" and Manohar Lal having failed to aver in the application for amendment that the action was instituted in the name of "Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal" on account of some bona fide mistake or omission	 the Subordinate Judge was incompetent to grant leave to amend of the plaint. The High Court after making an extensive quotation from the judgment of this Court in purushottam Umedbhai and Company vs Messrs. Manilal and Sons(1) observed that the action could not be instituted by the plaintiff in the business name; it should have been instituted in the name of the Karta of the Hindu undivided family in his representative capacity or else 'all the members of the joint family must join as plaintiffs. The Court then observed : "The suit instituted by the joint Hindu family business in the name of an assumed business title was a suit by a person	 who did not exist and was	 therefore	 a nullity. Hence there could be no amendment of the description of such a plaintiff who did not exist in the eye of law. The court below was in obvious error in thinking otherwise and allowing the name of Manohar Lal to be added as proprietor of the original plaintiff Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal	 which was neither (1) ; 25 a legal entity nor an existing person who could have validly instituted the suit. " The High Court was also of the opinion that the substitution of the name of Manohar Lal as a plaintiff during the pendency of the action took effect from July 18	 1952	 and the action must be deemed to be instituted on that date the amendment could not take effect retrospectively and on the date of the amendment the action was barred by the law of limitation. The plaintiff has appealed to this Court with special leave. The order passed by the High Court cannot be sustained. Rules of procedure are intended to	 be a handmaid to the administration of justice. A party cannot be refused just relief merely because of some mistake	 negligence	 inadvertence or even infraction of the rules of procedure. The Court always gives leave to amend the pleading of a party	 unless it is satisfied that the party applying was acting mala fide	 or that by his blunder	 he had caused injury to his opponent which may not be compensed for by an order of costs. However negligent or careless may have been the first omission	 and	 however late the proposed amend ment	 the amendment may be allowed if it can be made without injustice to the other side. In Amulakchand Mewaram and others vs Babulal Kanalal Taliwala(1)	 Beaumont	 C.J.	 in delivering the judgment of the Bombay High Court set out the principles applicable to cases like the present and observed: ". the question whether there should be an amendment or not really turns upon whether the name in which the suit is brought in the name of a non existent person or whether it is merely a misdescription of existing persons. If the former is the case	 the suit is a nullity and no amendment can cure it. If the latter is the case	 prima facie	 there ought to be an amendment because the general rule	 subject no doubt to certain exceptions	 is that the Court should always allow an amendment where any loss to the opposing party can be compensated for by costs. " In Amulakchand Mewaram 's case(1) a Hindu undivided family sued in its business name. It was not appreciated at an early stage of the suit that in fact the firm name was not of a partnership	 but was the name of a joint Hindu family. An objection was raised by the defendant that the suit as filed was not maintainable. An application to amend	 the plaint	 by substituting the names of the three members of the joint family for the name of the family firm as plaintiffs	 was rejected by the Court (1) Sup CI/69 3 26 of First Instance. In appeal the High Court observed that a suit brought in the name of a firm in a case not within 0. 30 C.P. Code being in fact a case of misdescription of existing persons	 leave to amend ought to have been given. This Court considered a somewhat similar case in Purushottam Umedbhai 's case(1). A firm carrying on business outside India filed a suit in the firm name in the High Court of Calcutta for a decree for compensation for breach of contract. The plaintiff then applied for amendment of the plaint by describing the names of all the partners and striking out the name of the firm as a mere misdescription. The application for amendment was rejected on the view that the original plaint was no plaint in law and it was not a case of misnomer or misdescription	 but a case of a non existent firm or a non existent person suing. In appeal	 the High Court held that the description of the plaintiff by a firm name in a case where the Code of Civil Procedure did not permit a suit to be brought in the firm name should properly be considered a case of description of the individual partners of the business and as such a misdescription	 which in law can be corrected and should not be considered to amount to a description of a non existent person. Against the order of he High Court an appeal was preferred to this Court. This Court observed (at p. 994) : "Since	 however	 a firm is not a legal entity the privilege of suing in the name of a firm is permissible only to those persons who	 as partners	 are doing business in India. Such privilege is not extended to persons who are doing business as partners outside India. In their case they still have to sue in their individual names. If	 however	 under some misapprehension	 persons doing business as partners outside India do file a plaint in the name of their firm they are misdescribing themselves	 as the suit instituted is by them	 they being known collectively as a firm. It seems	 therefore	 that a plaint filed in a court in India in the name of a firm doing business outside India is not by itself a nullity. It is a plaint by all the partners of the firm with a defective description of themselves for the purpose of the Code of Civil Procedure. in these circumstances	 a civil court could permit	 under the provisions of section 153 of the Code (or possibly under 0. VI	 r. 17	 about which we say nothing)	 an amendment of the plaint to enable a proper description of the plaintiffs to appear in it in order to assist the Court in determining the real question or issue between the parties." (1) ; 27 These cases do no more than illustrate the well settled rule that all amendments should be permitted as may be necessary for the purpose of determining the real question in controversy between the parties	 unless by permitting the amendment injustice may result to the other side. In the present case	 the plaintiff was carrying on business as commission agent in the name of "Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal. The plaintiff was competent to sue in his own name as Manager of the Hindu undivided family to which the business belonged; he says he sued on behalf of the family in the business 'name. The observations made by the High Court that the application for amendment of the plaint could not be granted	 because there was no averment therein that the misdescription was on account of a bona fide mistake	 and on that account the suit must fail	 cannot be accepted. In our view	 there is no rule that unless in an application for amendment of the plaint it is expressly averred that the error	 omission or misdescription is due to a bona fide mistake	 the Court has no power to grant leave to amend the plaint. The power to grant amendment of the pleadings is intended to serve the ends of justice and is not governed by any such narrow or technical limitations. Since the name in which the action was instituted was merely a misdescription of the original plaintiff	 no question of limitation arises: the plaint must be deemed on amendment to have been instituted in the name of the real plaintiff	 on the date on which it was originally instituted. In our view	 the order passed by the Trial Court in granting the amendment was clearly right	 and the High Court was in error in dismissing the suit on a technicality wholly unrelated to the merits of the dispute. Since all this delay has taken place and costs have been thrown away	 because the defendant raised and persisted in a plea which had no merit even after the amendment was allowed by the Trial Court	 he must pay the costs in this Court and the High Court. The appeal is allowed and the decree passed by the High Court is set aside. It appears that the High Court has not dealt with the appeal on the merits. The proceed ings will stand remanded to the High Court for disposal according to law on the merits of the dispute between the parties. G.C. Appeal allowed.

Manoharlal s/o Jai Jai Ram commenced an action in the Court of the Subordinate Judge	 for valuer of timber supplied to the defendant. The action was instituted in the name of 'Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal ' which was the name in which the business was carried on. The plaintiff signed and verified the plaint as 'Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal	 by the pen of Manohar lal. ' Later he applied to the Court for leave to amend the plaint. In the application he averred that the business carried on under the name Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal was a joint Hindu family business and the name was not an assumed or fictitious one as it contained his name and that of his father. On these averments he prayed that he be allowed to describe him ' self in the cause title as Manohar Lal proprietor of Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal and in paragraph 1 to state that he carried on the business in timber in the name of 'Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal '. The application was 'allowed by the trial Judge. The defendant then filed a supplementary written statement raising two additional contentions : (1) that the plaintiff was not the sole owner of the business and that his other brothers were also the owners of the business; and (2) that the amendment took effect from the ' date on which it was made and if so	 the suit was barred by limitation. The trial court rejecting these contentions decreed the suit. The High Court in appeal took the view that the action having been instituted in the name of a nonexisting person '	 and Manohar Lal having failed to aver in the application for amendment that the action was instituted in the name of 'Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal ' on account of a bona fide mistake or omission	 the Subordinate Judge was incompetent to grant leave to amend the plaint. The High Court further held that the amendment allowed by the trial Court took effect only from the date of amendment	 and the action was barred by limitation. Against the judgment of the High Court the plaintiff	 by special leave	 appealed to this Court. HELD : (i) The order passed by the High Court could not be sustained. Rules of procedure are	 intended to	 be a handmaid to the administration of justice. A party cannot be refused relief merely because of same mistake	 negligence	 inadvertence or even infraction of the rules of procedure. The Court always gives leave to amend the pleading of a party	 unless it is satisfied that the party applying was acting mala fide 	 or that by his blunder he had caused injury to his opponent which may not be com pensated for by an order of costs. However negligent or careless may have been the first omission and however late the proposed amendment	 the amendment may be allowed if it can be made without injustice to the other side. [25 C E] Purshottam Umedbhai & Co. V. M/S. Manilal and Sons	 ; 	 explained and applied. Amulakchand Mewaram & Ors. vs Babulal Kanalal Taliwala	 	 applied. 23 In the present case the plaintiff was carrying on business as commission agent in the name of 'Jai Jai Ram Maryohar Lal '. The plaintiff was competent to sue in his own name as manager of the Hindu undivided family to which the business belonged; he claimed to have filed the suit on behalf of the family in the business name. The observations made by the High Court that the application for amendment of the plaint could not be granted	 because there was no averment therein that the misdescription was 'On account of a bona fide mistake	 and on that account the suit must fail	 could not be accepted. There is no rule that unless in an application for 'amendment of the plaint it is expressly averred that the error	 omission or misdescription is due to a bona fide mistake the court has no power to grant leave to amend the plaint. The power to grant amendment of the pleadings is intended to serve the ends of justice and is not governed by any such narrow or technical limitations. [57 B D] (ii) Since the name in which the action was instituted was merely a misdescription of the original plaintiff	 no question of limitation arose and the plaint must be deemed on amendment to have been instituted in the name of the real plaintiff on the date on which it was originally instituted. [27 E] (iii)The defendant raised and persisted in a plea which had no merit even after the amendment was allowed by the trial court. In the circumstances he must pay the costs in this Court and the High Court. [27 F G]