Summarize the following court judgment. Appeals Nos. 64 to 66 of 1954. Appeals under article 132(1) of the Constitution of India from the Judgment and Order dated the 13th February	 1954	 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in Special Applications Nos. 259	 288 and 289 of 1954 respectively. M. C. Setalvad	 Attorney General for India	 and C. K. Daphtary	 Solicitor General for India (G. N. Joshi	 M. M. Desai	 Porus A. Mehta and P. G. Gokhale	 with them) for the appellant in all the appeals. N. A. Palkhivala	 J. B. Dadachanji	 J. K. Munshi and Rajinder Narain for respondents Nos. 1 and 2 in C. A. No. 64. Frank Anthony	 J. B. Dadachanji	 J. K. Munshi and Rajinder Narain for respondent No. 3. N. A. Palkhivala	 J. B. Dadachanji	 J. K. Munshi and Rajinder Narain for the respondent No. I in C. A	 No. 65. 571 Frank Anthony and Rajinder Narain for respondent No. 2. N. A. Palkhivala	 Frank Anthony	 J. B. DadachanjiJ. K. ' Munshi and Rajinder Narain for respondent No. I in C. A. No. 66. Frank Anthony	 J. B. Dadachanji	 J. K. Munshi and Rajinder Narain for respondent No. 2. 1954. May 26. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DAS J. These three appeals	 filed by the State of Bombay	 with a certificate granted by the Bombay High Court	 are directed against the Judgment and Order pronounced by that High Court on the 15th February	 1954	 on three Civil Applications under article 226. By that Judgment and Order the High Court held that the circular order No. SSN 2054(a) issued by the State of Bombay	 Education Department	 on the 6th January	 1954	 was bad in that it contravened the provisions of article 29(2) and article 337 and directed the issue of a writ prohibiting the State from enforcing the order against the authorities of Barnes High School established and run by the Education Society of Bombay (hereinafter referred as the Society). The Society	 which is the first respondent in Appeal No. 64 of 1954	 is a Joint Stock Company incorporated under the Indian Companies Act	 1913. The other two respondents in that appeal Venble Archdeacon A. section H. Johnson and Mrs. Glynne Howell are members and Directors of the Society. The Ven 'ble Archdeacon A. section H. Johnson is also the Secretary of the Society. Both of them are citizens of India and are members of the Anglo Indian Community. The mother tongue of these respondents as of other members of the Anglo Indian Community is English. In the State of Bombay there are in all 1403 Secondary Schools. 1285 of these Schools import education through the medium of some language other than English. The remaining 118 Schools have adopted English as the medium of instruction. Thirty out of these 118 Schools are Anglo Indian Schools. In these thirty Schools there are three thousand Anglo Indian 572 students forming 37 per cent. of the total number of students receiving instruction in those Anglo Indian Schools. The rest 63 per cent. consist of non Anglo Indian students. In furtherance of its object the Society in 1925 established and since then has been conducting and running a School known as Barnes High School at Deolali in Nasik District in the State of Bombay. The School is a recognized Anglo Indian School having Primary	 Secondary and High School classes. The School receives considerable aid from the State. The total number of students in the School in December	 1953	 was 415	 out of which 212 were Anglo Indians and the remaining 203 belonged to other Indian Communities. In all the classes in the said School English is used as the medium of instruction and has been so used since the inception of the School. The entire staff of the School consist of 17 teachers who	 with the exception of one	 are trained and qualified to teach only in English	 the exception being the teacher who teaches Hindi which is	 the second language taught in that School. On the 16th December	 1953	 the Inspector of Anglo Indian Schools	 Bombay State	 and Educational Inspector	 Greater Bombay	 sent a circular letter to the Headmaster of Barnes High School intimating that the Government had under consideration the issue of orders regulating admissions to Schools in which the medium of instruction was English. The orders under consideration were stated to be on the following lines	 namely	 (1) that from the next School year admissions to English medium School should only be confined to children belonging to the Anglo Indian and European Communities	 and (2) that those pupils who	 'prior to the issue of the orders	 were studying in recognized Primary or Secondary English medium Schools	 could continue to do so. The letter in conclusion advised the Headmaster not to make any admission for the academic year beginning from January	 1954	 of pupils other than Anglo Indians or Europeans pending further orders which	 it was said	 would issue shortly. The contemplated order came on the 6th January	 1954	 in the shape of circular No. SSN 2054(a) headed 573 "Admissions to Schools teaching through the medium of English". In paragraphs 1	 2 and 3 of this circular reference was made to the development of the policy of the Government regarding the medium of instruction at the Primary and Secondary stages of education. It was pointed out that since 1926 27 the University of Bombay permitted pupils to answer questions in modern Indian languages at the Matriculation examination in all subjects except English and other foreign languages and that this had resulted in 1285 out of 1403 schools in the State ceasing to use English as the medium of lnstruction. It was then stated that in 1948 instructions were issued to all English teaching schools that admissions to such Schools should ordinarily be restricted to pupils who did not speak any of the regional languages of the State or whose mother tongue was English. It was said that in 1951	 after a review of the position	 a general policy had been laid down to the effect that admission to such schools should be restricted only to four categories of children therein mentioned. Reference was then made to the recommendations of the Secondary Education Commission that the mother tongue or the regional language should generally be the medium of instruction throughout the Secondary school stage	 subject to the. provision for special facilities for linguistic minorities. In paragraph 4 of the Circular order it was stated that the Government felt that the stage had then been reached for the discontinuance of English as a medium of instruction and that the Government had decided that subject to the facilities to be given to linguistic minorities all special and interim concessions in respect of admission to Schools (including Anglo Indian Schools) using English as the medium of instruction	 should thereafter be withdrawn. Then came the operative part of the order	 the relevant portion of which is set out below: "5. Government has accordingly decided as follows : Subject to the exceptions hereinafter provided	 no primary or secondary school shall from the date of these orders admit to a class where English is used as 574 a medium of instruction any pupil other than a pupil belonging to a section of citizens the language of which is English namely	 Anglo Indians and citizens of nonAsiatic descent. " There were three exceptions made to this general order in favour of three categories of students who	 prior to the date of the order	 were studying through the medium of English. Provision was made for admission of foreign pupils	 other than those of Asiatic descent	 belonging to foreign possessions in India	 to Schools using English as a medium of instruction or to any other School of their choice. The concluding paragraph of the Order was in the following terms : "7. All Schools (including Anglo Indian Schools) using English as a medium of instruction should regulate admissions according to this circular. With a view to facilitating the admission of pupils who under these orders are not intended to be educated through the medium of English	 these schools are advised to open progressively divisions of Standards using Hindi or an Indian language as the medium of instruction	 starting from Standard I in 1954. Government will be prepared to consider the payment of additional grant on merits for this purpose. " The above order was followed by another Circular No. SSN 2054 (b) issued on the same date drawing the attention of the heads of all Anglo Indian Schools to the Circular No. SSN 2054(a) of the same date	 and requesting them to regulate thereafter admissions to their Schools in accordance with that circular. It was stated that the orders in that circular were not intended to affect the total grant available for distribution to Anglo Indian Schools under the Constitution but that the Government would be prepared to consider	 in consultation with the State Board of Anglo Indiain Education	 whether in consequence of this order	 any change was necessary in the existing procedure for the equitable distribution of the total grant among individual Anglo Indian Schools. In conclusion the attention of the Headmasters was particularly invited to the concluding sentence of paragraph 7 of that circular order	 and it was pointed out that 575 the grants contemplated therein were intended to be in addition to	 the grants available under article 337. Major Pinto	 who is a citizen of India	 belongs to the Indian Christian Community. He claims that his mother tongue	 as that of a section of the Indian Christian Community	 is English and that his entire family speak and use English at home. Two of his sons were then studying in the Barnes High School and were being educated through the medium of English. On 2nd February	 1954	 Major Pinto accompanied by his daughter Brenda approached the Headmaster of Barnes High School seeking admission for her to the said School. He was informed by the Headmaster about the order issued by the State of Bombay on the 6th January	 1954	 and was told that	 in view of the said order	 the Headmaster was compelled to refuse admission to her since she did not belong to the AngloIndian Community nor was she of non Asiatic descent	 although she had all the necessary qualifications for admission to the said School. Dr. Mahadeo Eknath Gujar is also a citizen of India and is a member of the Guzrati Hindu Community. His mother tongue is Guzrati. I le desires that his son Gopal Mahadeo Gujar should become a medical practitioner and go abroad for higher medical studies and qualifications and thought that his son should be educated through the medium of English. He found the Barnes High School	 which teaches through the medium of English	 as suitable for the needs of his son. Accordingly on the 1st February	 1954	 Dr. Gujar accompanied by his son approached the Headmaster of Barnes High School seeking admission for his son to the said School but the Headmaster	 in view of the Government Circular Order	 felt bound to turn down such request as the boy did not belong to the AngloIndian Community and was not of non Asiatic descent	 although he had all the necessary qualifications for admission to the school. There have been similar other applications for admission which have had to be rejected on similar grounds	 576 Thereupon the Society and Ven 'ble Archdeacon A.S.H. Johnson and Mrs. Glynne Howell in February	 1954	 presented before the High Court of Bombay the Special Civil Application No ' 259 of 1954 under article 226 of the Constitution praying for the issue of a writ in the nature of mandamus restraining the State of Bombay	 its Officers	 servants and agents from enforcing the said order and from taking any steps or proceedings in 'enforcement of the same and compelling the respondent to withdraw or cancel the said purported order and to allow the petitioner to admit to any standard in the said school any children of nonAnglo Indian citizens or citizens of Asiatic descent and to educate them through the medium of English language. Likewise Major Pinto and his daughter Brenda and Dr. Gujar and his son Gopal made similar applications	 being Nos. 288 and 289 of 1954 respectively	 praying for similar reliefs. The three applications were consolidated on llth February	 1954	 and were heard together and were disposed of by the same Judg ment and Order pronounced on the 15th February	 1954. The High Court accepted the petitions and made an order as prayed. The State of Bombay has now come up in appeal against the said Orders. On the facts of these cases two questions arise namely (1) as to the right of students who are not Anglo Indians or who are of Asiatic descent to be admitted to Barnes High School which is a recognized Anglo Indian School which imparts education through the medium of English	 and (2) as to the right of the said Barnes High School to admit non Anglo Indian students and students of Asiatic descent. The ques tions	 thus confined to the particular facts of these cases	 appear to us to admit of a very simple solution	 as will be presently explained. Re (1) : As already indicated Barnes High School is a recognized Anglo Indian School which has all along been imparting education through the medium of English. It receives aid out of State funds. The daughter of Major Pinto and the son of Dr. Gujar are citizens of India and they claim admission to Barnes High School in exercise of the fundamental right said 577 to have been guaranteed to them by article 29(2) of the Constitution. The School has declined to admit either of them in view of the circular order of the State of Bombay. The provisions of the circular order	 issued by the State of Bombay oh the 6th January	 1954	 have already been summarised above. The operative portion of the order	 set forth in clause 5 thereof	 clearly forbids all Primary or Secondary Schools	 where English is used as a medium of instruc. tion	 to admit to any class any pupil other than a pupil belonging to a section of citizens	 the language of which is English namely Anglo Indians and citizens of non Asiatic descent. The learned Attorney Generalcontends that this clause does not limit admission only	 to Anglo Indians and citizens of non Asiatic descent	 but permits admission of pupils belonging to any other section of citizens the language of which is English. He points out that	 one of the meanings of the word II namely " as given in Oxford English Dictionary	 Volume VII	 p. 16 is " that id to say " and he then refers us to the decision of the Federal Court in Bhola Prasad vs The King Emperor (1)	 where it was stated that the words "that is to say " were explanatory or illustrative words and not words either of amplification or limitation. It should	 however	 be remembered that those observations were made in connection with one of the Legislative heads	 namely entry No. 31 of the Provincial Legislative List. The fundamental proposition enunciated in The Queen vs Burah (2) was that Indian Legislatures within their own sphere had plenary powers of legislation as large and of the same nature as those of Parliament itself. In that view of the matter every entry in the legislative list had to be given the widest connotation and it was in that context that the words " that is to say	 relied upon by the learned Attorney General, were interpreted in that way by the Federal Court. To do otherwise would have been to cut down the generality of the legislative head itself. The same reason cannot apply to the construc tion of the Government order in the present case for the considerations that applied in the case before the (1) at p. 25. (2) 74 578 Federal Court have no application here. Ordinarily the word  namely " imports enumeration of what is comprised in the preceding clause. In other words it ordinarily serves the purpose of equating what follows with the clause described before. There is good deal of force	 therefore	 in the araument that the order restricts admission only to Anglo Indians and citizens of nonAsiatic descent whose language is English. This inter. pretation finds support from the decision mentioned in clause 4 to withdraw all special and interim concessions in respect of admissioni to Schools referred to in clause 4. Facilities to linguistic minorities provided for in the circular order	 therefore	 may be read as contem plating facilities to be given only to the Anglo Indians and citizens of non Asiatic descent. Assuming	 however	 that under the impugned order a section of citizens	 other than Anglo Indians and citizens of non Asiatic descent	 whose language is English	 may also get admission	 even then citizens		 whose language is not English	 are certainly debarred by the order from admission to a School where English is used as 'a medium of instruction in all the clases. Article 29(2) ex facie puts no limitation or qualification on the expression " citizen. " Therefore	 the construction sought to be put upon clause 5 does not apparently help the learned Attorney General	 for even on that construction the order will contravene the provisions of article 29(2). The learned Attorney General then falls back upon two contentions to avoid the applicability of article 29(2). In the first place he contends that article 29(2) does not confer any fundamental right on all citizens generally but guarantees the rights of citizens of minority groups by providing that they must not be denied admission to educational institutions maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion	 race	 caste	 language or any of them and he refers us to the marginal note to the article. This is certainly a new contention put forward before us for the first time. It does not appear to have been specifically taken in the affidavits in opposition filed in the High Court and there is no indication in the 579 Judgment under appeal that it was advanced in this form before the High Court. Nor was this point specifically made a ground of appeal in the petition for leave to appeal to this Court. Apart from this	 the contention appears to us to be devoid of merit. Article 29(1) gives protection to any section of the citizens having a distinct language	 script or culture by guaranteeing their right to conserve the same. Article 30(1) secures to all minorities	 whether based on religion or language	 the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. Now suppose the State maintains an educational institution to help conserving the distinct language	 script or culture of a section of the citizens or makes grants in aid of an educational institution established by a minority community based on religion or language to conserve their distinct language	 script or culture	 who can claim the protection of article 29(2) in the matter of admission into any such institution ? Surely the citizens of the very section whose language	 script or culture is sought to be conserved by the institution or the citizens who belong to the very minority group which has established and is administering the institution	 do not need any protection against themselves and therefore article 29(2) is not designed for the protection of this section or this minority. Nor do we see any reason to limit article 29(2) to citizens belonging to a minority group other than the section or the minorities referred to in article 29(1) or article 30(1)	 for the citizens	 who do not belong# to any minority group	 may quite conceivably need this protection just as much as the citizens of such other minority groups. If it is urged that the citizens of the majority group are amply protected by article 15 and do not require the protection of article 29(2)	 then there are several obvious answers to that argument. The language of article 29(2) is wide and unqualified and may well cover all citizens whether they belong to the majority or minority group. Article 15 protects all citizens against the State whereas the protection of article 29(2) extends against the State or anybody who denies the right conferred by it. Further article 15 protects all citizens against discrimination generally but article 29(2) is a protection against a particular 580 species of wrong namely denial of admission into educational institutions of the specified kind. In the next place article 15 is quite general and wide in its terms and applies to all citizens	 whether they belong to the majority or minority groups	 and gives protection to all the citizens against discrimination by the State on certain specific grounds. Article 29(2) confers a special right on citizens for admission into educational institutions maintained or aided by the State. To limit this right only to citizens belonging to minority groups will be to provide a double protection for such citizens and to hold that the citizens of the majority group have no special educational rights in the nature of a right to be admitted into an educational institution for the maintenance of which they make contributions by way of taxes. We see no cogent reason for such discrimination. The heading under which articles 29 and 30 are ground together namely " 'Cultural and Educational Rights " is quite general and does not in terms contemplate such differentiation. If the fact that the institution is maintained or aided out of State funds is the basis of this guaranteed right then all citizens	 irrespective of whether they belong to the majority or minority groups	 are alike entitled to the protection of this fundamental right. In view of all these considerations the marginal note alone	 on which the AttorneyGeneral relies	 cannot be read as controlling the plain meaning of the language in which article 29(2) has been couched. Indeed in The State of Madras vs Srimathi Champakam Dorairajan (1)	 this Court has already held as follows: " It will be noticed that while clause (1) protects the language	 script or culture of a section of the citizens	 clause (2) guarantees the fundamental right of an individual citizen. The right to. get admission into any educational institution of the kind mentioned in clause (2) is a right which an individual citizen has as a citizen and not as a member of any community or class of citizens. " In our judgment this part of the contention of the learned Attorney General cannot be sustained. (1) ; at P. 530. 581 The second part of the arguments of the learned Attorney General hinges upon the word "I only " to be found in article 29(2). His contention is that the impugned order does not deny admission to any citizen on the ground only of religion	 race	 caste	 language or any of them. He maintains with considerable emphasis. that it is incumbent on the State to secure the advancement of Hindi which is ultimately to be our National language and he stresses the desirability of or even the necessity	 generally acknowledged by educationists	 for imparting education through the medium of the pupil 's mother tongue. We have had equally emphatic rejoinder from learned counsel appearing for the different respondents. Characterising the impugned circular as an unwarranted and wanton encroachment on the liberty of the parents and guardians to direct the education and upbringing of their children and wards reliance has been placed on the following observations of McReynolds J. in Pierce vs Society of Sisters of Holy Names(1) : " The fundamental theory of liberty upon which all Governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the state to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only. The child is not the mere creature of the state; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right	 coupled with the high duty	 to recognize and prepare him for additional obligations. " It is also urged that the main	 if not the sole	 object of the impugned order is to discriminate against	 and if possible to stifle the language of the Anglo Indian Community in utter disregard of the constitutional inhibition. It is pointed out that to compel the Anglo Indian Schools to open parallel classes in any Indian language will not necessarily facilitate the advancement of the Hindi language for the language adopted for such parallel classes may not be Hindi. Further the opening of parallel classes in the same School with an Indian language as the medium of instruction while the pupils in the other classes are taught in English will certainly not be conducive to or promote the conservation of the distinct language	 script or culture which (1) ; 268 U.S. 508; at p. 1078. 582 is guaranteed by article 29(1) to the Anglo Indian Community as a section of the citizens. It is equally difficult	 it is said	 to appreciate why the salutory principle of imparting education through the medium of the pupil 's mother tongue should require that a pupil whose mother tongue is not English but is	 say	 Guzrati	 should be debarred from getting admission only into an Anglo Indian School where the medium of instruction is English but not from being admitted into a School where the medium of instruction is a regional language	 say Konkani	 which is not the mother tongue of the pupil. The rival arguments thus formulated on both sides involve questions of State policy on education with which the Court has no concern. The American decisions founded on the 14th amendment which refers to due process of law may not be quite helpful in interpretation of our article 29. We must	 therefore	 evaluate the argument of the learned Attorney General on purely legal considerations bearing. on the question of construction of article 29(2). The learned Attorney General submits that the impugned order does not deny to pupils who are not Anglo Indians or citizens of non Asiatic descent	 admission into an Anglo Indian School only on the ground of religion	 race	 caste	 language or any of them but on the ground that such denial will promote the advancement of the national language and facilitate the imparting of education through the medium of the pupil 's mother tongue. He relies on a number of decisions of the High Courts	 e.g.	 Yusuf Abdul Aziz vs State (1)	 Sm. Anjali Roy vs State of West Bengal ()	 The State of Bombay vs Narasu AppaMali (3)	 Srinivasa Ayyar vs Saraswathi Ammaland Dattatraraya Motiram More vs State of BombayThese decisions	 it should	 be noted	 were concernedwith discrimination prohibited by article 15 which deals with discrimina. tion generally and not with denial of admission into educational institutions of certain kinds prohibited by article 29(2). It may also be mentioned that this (1) A.I.R 1951 Bom	 470. (2) A.I.R 1952 Cal. (3) A.I.R. 1952 Bom. (4) A.I.R. 1952 Mad. 193. (5) A.I.R. 1953 Bom. 583 Court upheld the actual decision in the first mentioned Bombay case not on clause (1) but on clause(3) of article 15. These cases	 therefore	 have no direct bearing on article 29(2). The arguments advanced by the learned Attorney General overlook the distinction between the object or motive underlying the impugned order and the mode and manner adopted therein for achieving that object. The object or motive attributed by the learned Attorney General to the impugned order is. undoubtedly a laudable one but its validity has to be judged by the method of Its operation and its effect on the fundamental right guaranteed by article 29(2). A similar question of construction arose in the case of Punjab Province vs Daulat Singh (1). One of the ques tions in that case was whether the provision of the new section 13 A of the Punjab Alienation of Land Act was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature as contravening sub section (1) of section 298 of the Government of India Act	 1935	 in that in some cases that section would operate as a prohibition on the ground of descent alone. Beaumont J. in his dissenting judgment took the view that it was necessary for the Court to consider the scope and object of the Act which was impugned so as to determine the ground on which such Act was based	 and that if the only basis for the Act was discrimination on one or more of the grounds specified in section 298 sub section (1) then the Act was bad but that if the true basis of the Act was something different the Act was not invalidated because one of its effects might be to invoke such discrimination In delivering the Judgment of the Board Lord Thankerton at page 74 rejected this view in the words following: " Their Lordships are unable to accept this as the correct test. In their view	 it is not a question of whether the impugned Act is based only on one or more of the grounds specified in section 298 sub section (1)	 	but whether its operation may result in a prohibition only on these grounds. The proper test as to whether there is a contravention of the sub section is to ascertain the reaction of the impugned Act on the personal right conferred by the subsection	 and	 while the scope (1) (1916) L.R. 73 I.A. 59	 584 and object of the Act may be of assistance in deter. mining the effect of the operation of the Act on a proper construction of its provisions	 if the effect of the Act so determined involves an infringement of such personal right	 the object of the Act	 however laudable	 will not obviate the prohibition of sub section (1). " Granting that the object of the impugned order before us was what is claimed for it by the learned Attorney General	 the question still remains as to how that object has been sought to be achieved. Obviously that is sought to be done by denying to all pupils	 whose mother tongue is not English	 admission into any School were the medium of instruction is English. Whatever the object	 the immediate ground and direct cause for the denial is that the. mother tongue of the pupil is not English. Adapting the language of Lord Thankerton	 it may be said that the laudable object of the impugned order does not obviate the prohibition of article 29(2) because the effect of the order involves an infringement of this fundamental right	 and that effect is brought about by denying admission only on the ground of language. The same principle is implicit in the decision of this Court in The State	 of Madras vs Srimathi Champakam Dorairajan (1). There also the object of the impugned communal G.O. was to advance the interest of educationally backward classes of citizens but	 that object notwithstanding	 this Court struck down the order as unconstitutional because the modus operandi to achieve that object was directly based only on one of the forbidden grounds specified in the article. In our opinion the impugned order offends against the fundamental right guaranteed to all citizens by article 29(2). Re. 2: Coming to the second question as to whether the impugned order infringes any constitutional right of Barnes High School	 the learned AttorneyGeneral contends that although any section of the citizens having distinct language	 script or culture of its own	has under article 29(1) the right to conserve the same and although all minorities	 whether based on religion or language	 have	 under article 30(1)	 the right (1) ; at p. 530. 585 to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice	 nevertheless such sections. or minorities cannot question the power of the State to make reasonable regulations for all Schools including a requirement that they should give instruction in a particular language which is regarded as the national language or to prescribe a curriculum for institutions which it supports. Undoubtedly the powers of the State in this behalf cannot be lightly questioned and certainly not in so far as their exercise is not inconsistent with or contrary to the fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizens. Indeed in the cases of Robert T. Meyer vs State of Nebraska (1) and August Bartels V. State of Iowa (2) the Supreme Court of the United States definitely held that the State 's police power in regard to education could not be permitted to override the liberty protected by the 14th amendment to the Federal Constitution. That is how those cases have been understood by writers on American Constitutional Law. [See Cooley 's Constitutional Limitations	 Volume 11	 page 1345	 and Willis	 page 64.] The statutes impugned in these cases provided: (1)That no person should teach any subject to any person in any language other than the English language	 and (2)That languages other than English may be taught only after the pupil had passed the 8th grade. A contravention of those two sections was made punishable. In the first mentioned case only the first part of the prohibition was challenged and struck down and in the second case both the provisions were declared invalid. The learned Attorney General informed us that in 29 States in U.S.A. legislation had made compulsory provision for English as the medium of instruction. Those statutes do not appear to have been tested in Court and the Attorney General cannot	 therefore	 derive much comfort from the fact that 29 States have by legislation adopted English as the medium of instruction. The learned Attorney General (1) ; ; (2) ; ; 	 75 586 also relies on the case of Ottawa Separate Schools Trustees vs Mackell(1). That case does not help him either	 because in that case the schools were classified as denominational purely on the ground of religion. They were not classified according to race or language. It was contended that the kind of school that the trustees were authorised to provide was the school where education was to be given in such language as the trustees thought fit. Their Lordships of the Judicial Committee rejected this contention with the following observations: " Their Lordships are unable to agree with this view. The 'kind ' of school referred to in sub section 8 of section 79 is	 in their opinion	 the grade or character of school	 for example	 'a girls ' School	 ' 'a boys ' school	 ' or 'an infants ' school	 ' and a I kind ' of school	 within the meaning of that sub section	 is not a school where any special language is in common use. " Where	 however	 a minority like the Anglo Indian Community	 which is based	 inter alia	 on religion and language	 has the fundamental right to conserve its language	 script and culture under article 29(1) and has the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice under article 30(1)	 surely then there must be implicit in such fundamental right the right to impart instruction in their own institutions to the children of their own Community in their own language. To hold otherwise will be to deprive article 29(1) and article 30(1) of the greater part of their contents. Such being the fundamental right	 the police power of the State to determine the medium of instruction must yield to this fundamental right to the extent it is necessary to give effect to it and cannot be permitted to run counter to it. We now pass on to article 337 which is in Part XVI under the heading " Special Provisions relating to certain classes. " Article 337 secures to the Anglo Indian Community certain special grants made by the Union and by each State in respect of education. The second paragraph of that article provides for progressive diminution of such grant until such special grant (1) 	 587 ceases at the end of ten years from the commencement of the Constitution as mentioned in the first proviso to that article. The second proviso runs as follows: " Provided further that no educational institution shall be entitled to receive any grant under this article unless at least forty per cent. of the annual admissions therein are made available to members of communities other than the Anglo Indian community. " It is clear	 therefore	 that the Constitution has imposed upon the educational institution run by the Anglo Indian Community	 as a condition of such special grant	 the duty that at least 40 per cent. of the annual admissions therein must be made available to members of communities other than the Anglo Indian Community. This is undoubtedly a constitutional obligation. In so far as clause 5 of the impugned order enjoins that no Primary or Secondary school shall from the date of this order admit to a class where English is used as the medium of instruction any pupil other than the children of Anglo Indians or of citizens of non Asiatic descent	 it quite clearly prevents the Anglo Indian Schools including Barnes High School from performing their constitutional obligations and exposes them to the risk of losing the special grant. The learned Attorney General refers to clause 7 of the impugned order and suggests that the authorities of Anglo Indian Schools may still discharge their constitutional obligations by following the advice given to them in that concluding clause. The proviso to article 337 does not impose any obligation on the Anglo Indian Community as a condition for receipt of the special grant other than that at least 40 per cent. of the annual admissions should be made available to non Anglo Indian pupils. The advice	 tendered by the State to the Anglo Indian Schools by clause 7 of the impugned order	 will	 if the same be followed	 necessarily impose an additional burden on the	 Anglo Indian Schools to which they are not subjected by the Constitution itself. The covering circular No. SSN 2054(b)	 which was issued on the same day	 throws out the covert hint of the possibility	 in consequence of the impugned order	 of some change becoming necessary in the existing procedure for the 588 equitable distribution of the total grant among AngloIndian Schools	 although the impugned order was not intended to affect the total grant available for distribution to Anglo Indian Schools under the Constitution. If	 in the light of the covering circular	 clause 7 is to 	be treated as operative	 in the sense that a noncompliance with it will entail loss of the whole or part of this grant as a result of the change ' in the existing procedure for the equitable distribution	 then it undoubtedly adds to article 337 of the Constitution a further condition for the receipt by Anglo Indian Schools	 of the special grant secured to them by that article. On the other hand if clause 7 is to be treated merely as advice	 which may or may not be accepted or acted upon	then clause 5 will amount to An absolute prohibition against the admission of pupils who are not AngloIndians or citizens of non Asiatic descent into AngloIndian Schools and will compel the authorities of such Schools to commit a breach of their Constitutional obligation under article 337 and thereby forfeit their constitutional right to the special grants. In either view of the matter the impugned order cannot but be regarded as unconstitutional. In our opinion the second question raised in these appeals must also	 in view of article 337	 be answered against the State. The result of the foregoing discussion is that these appeals must be dismissed and we order accordingly. The State must pay the costs of the respondents. Appeals dismissed.

The Education Society of Bombay (respondent No. 1) has been running a recognised Anglo Indian School called Barnes High School at Deolali which receives aid from the State of Bombay. J and G are its Directors. English is used in the said school as the medium of instruction. The mother tongue of the Anglo Indians is English. The State of Bombay issued a circular order on 6th January	 1954	 headed " Admission to Schools teaching through the medium of English. " The operative portion of the order enjoined that no primary or secondary school shall from the date of the order admit to a class where English is used as the medium 569 of instruction any pupil other than a pupil belonging to a section of citizens the language of which is English namely	 Anglo Indians and citizens of non Asiatic descent. One P	 a citizen of India and member of Indian Christian Community alleging English to be the mother tongue of his daughter	 and one M	 a citizen of India and member of Gujrati Hindu Community alleging Gujrati to be the mother tongue of his son	 were refused admission to the school for their respective wards on the basis of the aforesaid order dated 6th January	 1964. The Society and its two Directors presented an application under article 226 of the Constitution in the High Court of Bombay praying for the issue of a Writ in the nature of Mandamus restraining the State of Bombay and its officers from enforcing the said order and to allow the petitioners to admit in the school any children of non Anglo Indian citizens or citizens of the Asiatic descent and to educate them through the medium of English. Similar applications were made by P and his daughter and by M and his son. All these applications were consolidated	 heard together and accepted by the High Court which made an order as prayed. The State of Bombay came in appeal before the Supreme Court. Held: (1) that the impugned order denying the right of students who are not Anglo Indians or are of Asiatic descent to be admitted to a recognised Anglo Indian School (in this case the Barnes High School) which receives aid from the State and which imparts education through the medium of English is void and unenforceable as it offends against the fundamental right guaranteed to all citizens by article 29(2) of the Constitution	 because (a)The language of article 29(2) of the Constitution is wide and unqualified and covers all citizens whether they belong to the majority or minority group. (b)The protection given by the said article extends against the State or anybody who denies the right conferred by it. (a)The said article confers a special right on citizens for admission into the educational institutions maintained or aided by the State. (d)The marginal note referring to minorities does not control the plain meaning of the language in which article 29(2) has been couched. The word " namely " imports enumeration of what is comprised in the preceding clause. In other words it equates what follows with the clause described before. (2)Barnes High School at Deolali and other Anglo Indian School shave a right to admit non Anglo Indian students and students of Asiatic descent inasmuch as article 337 proviso 2 imposes an obligation on the Anglo Indian Schools to make available at least 40 per cent. of the annual admissions to non Anglo Indian students as a condition precedent of their receiving grant from the Government and the impugned order is unconstitutional as it 73 570 prevents the Anglo Indian schools from performing their constitutional obligation and exposes them to the risk of forfeiting their constitutional right to the special grant. In view of the fundamental right guaranteed to a minority like the Anglo Indian community under article 29(1) to conserve its own language	 script and culture and the right to establish and administer educational institutions of its own choice under article 30(1) there is implicit therein the right to impart instruction in its own institutions to the children of its own community in its own language and the State by its police power cannot determine the medium of instruction in opposition to such fundamental right. Bhola Prasad vs The King Emperor ([1942] F.C.R. 17	 25)	 The Queen vs Burah 	 The State of Madras vs Srimathi Champakam Dorairajan ( [1951] S.C.R. 525)	 Pierce vs Society of Sisters of Holy Names (268 U.S. 508)	 Yusuf Abdul Aziz vs State (A.I.R. 	 Sm. Anjali Boy vs State of West Bengal (A.I.R. 	 The State of Bombay vs Narasu Appal Mali (A.I.R. 1952) Bom. 84)	 Srinivasa Aiyar vs Saraswathi Ammal (A.I.R. 1952 Vad. 193)	 Dattatraya Motiram More vs State of Bombay (A.I.R. 	 Punjab Province vs Daulat Singh (1946 L.R. 73 I.A. 59)	 Robert V. Meyer vs State of Nebraska (262 U.S. 390)	 August Bartels vs State of Iowa ; and Ottawa Separate Schools Trustees vs Mackell (L.R. 1917 A.C. 62) referred to.