Summarize the following court judgment. Criminal Appeal No. 53 of 1951. Appeal by special leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 8th June 1951 of the ' High Court of Judica ture at Nagpur (Hemeon and Rao JJ.) in Criminal Appeal No. 297 of 1950	 arising out of the Judgment and Order dated the 11 th September 1950 of the Court of the Additional Sessions Judge of Bhandara in Sessions Trial No. 25 of 1950. Bakshi Tek Chand	 (Gopal Singh	 with him) for the appellant. section K. Kapoor	 for the respondent. March 4. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BOSE J. The appellant Kashmira Singh has been convicted of the murder of one Ramesh	 a small boy aged five	 and has been sentenced to death. He was granted special leave to appeal. Three other persons were tried along with him. They were his brother Gurudayal singh	 his nephew Pritipalsingh (son of Gurudayal)	 a boy of eleven	 and one Gurubachan singh. Gurudayal and pritipal have been acquitted. Guruba chansingh confessed and was convicted. He was also sentenced to death. He has not appealed here. The murder was a particularly cruel and revolting one and for that reason it will be necessary to examine the evidence with more than ordinary care lest the shocking nature of the crime induce an instinctive reaction against a dispassionate judicial scrutiny of the facts and law. The prosecution case is this. The deceased Ramesh was the son of P.W. 48 L.P. Tiwari who was the Food Officer at Gondia at the relevant date. The appellant Kashmira Singh was an Assistant Food Procurement Inspector there. On the 1st of July	 1949	 Tiwari found the appellant and Harbilas (P.W. 31) getting rice polished at a certain rice mill. At that date the polishing of rice was prohibited by a State law. Tiwari accordingly reported the matter to the Deputy Commissioner of Bhandara. He suspended the 528 appellant and later his services were terminated by an order of the State Government with effect from the 7th of July. The orders were communicated on the 17th of November. This embittered the appellant who on at least two occasions was heard to express a determination to be revenged. In pursuance of this determination he got into touch with the confessing accused Gurubachan singh and enlisted his services for murdering the boy Ramesh. On the 26th of December	 1949	 festivities and religious ceremonies were in progress all day in the Sikh Gurudwara at Gondia. The boy Ramesh was there in the morning and from there was enticed to the house of the appellant 's brother Gurudayalsingh and was done to death in a shockingly revolt ing fashion by the appellant	 with the active assistance of Gurubachansingh	 in the middle of the day at about 12 or 12 30. The body was then tied up in a gunny bag and rolled up in a roll of bedding and allowed to lie in Gurudayal 's house till about 7 p.m. At 7 p.m. the body wrapped as above was carried by Gurubachan on his head to a chowkidar 's hut near the Sikh Gurudwara. The appellant accompanied him. The map	 Exhibit P 18A	 shows that the distance along the route indicated was about half a mile to three quarters of a mile. It was left there till about midnight. Shortly before midnight the appellant and Gurubachan engaged the services of a rickshaw coolie Shambhu alias Sannatrao	 P.W. 14. They took him to the chowkidar 's hut	 recovered the bundle of bedding and went in the rickshaw to a well which appears from the map	 Exhibit 1 ' 18A	 to be about half a mile distant. There the body was thrown into the well. ]hat in brief is the prosecution ease. Gurubachan 's confession has played an important part in implicating the appellant	 and the question at once arises	 how far and in what way the confession of an accused person can be used against a co accused ? It is evident that it is not evidence in the ordinary 529 sense of the term because	 as the Privy Council say in Bhuboni Sahu vs The King(1) "It does not indeed come within the definition of" 'evidence ' contained in section 3 of the Evidence Act. 	 It is not required to be given on oath	 nor in the presence of the accused	 and it cannot be tested by crossexamination. " Their Lordships also point out that it is "obviously evidence of a very weak type. . It is a much weaker type of evidence than the evidence of an approv er	 which is not subject to any of those infirmities. " They stated in addition that such a confession cannot be made tile foundation of a conviction and can only be used in "support of other evidence." In view of these remarks it would be pointless to cover the same ground	 but we feet it is necessary to expound this further as misapprehension still exists. The question is	 in what way can it be used in support of other evidence ? Can it be used to fill in miss ing gaps ? Can it be used to corroborate an accomplice or	 as in the present case	 a witness who	 though not an accom plice	 is placed in the same category regarding credibility because the judge refuses to believe him except in so far as he is corroborated ? In our opinion	 the matter was put succinctly by Sir 'Lawrence Jenkins in Emperor vs Lalit Mohan Chuckerbutty(2) where he said that such a confession can only be used to "lend assurance to other evidence against a co accused "or	 to put it in another way	 as Reilly J. did in In re Periyas wami Moopan(3) "the provision goes no further than this where there is evidence against the co accused sufficient	 if believed	 to support his conviction	 then the kind of confession de scribed in section 30 may be thrown into the scale as an additional reason for believing that evidence." (1) [1949] 76 I.A. 147 at 155. (3) Mad. 75 at 77. (2) CAl. 559 at 588. 530 Translating these observations into concrete terms they come to. The proper way to approach a case of this kind is	 first	 to marshal the evidence against the accused excluding the confession altogether from consideration and see whether	 if it is believed	 a conviction could safely be based on it. If it is capable of belief independently of the confession	 then of course it is not necessary to call the confession in aid. But cases may arise where the judge is not prepared to act on the other evidence as it stands even though	 if believed	 it would be sufficient to sustain a conviction. In such an event the judge may call in aid the confession and use it to lend assurance to the other evi dence and thus fortify himself in believing what without the aid of the confession he would not be prepared to accept. Then	 as regards its use in the corroboration of accom plices and approvers. A co. accused who confesses is natu rally an accomplice and the danger of using the testimony of one accomplice t0 corroborate another has repeatedly been pointed out. The danger is in no way lessened when the "evidence" is not on oath and cannot be tested by cross examination. Prudence will dictate the same rule of caution in the case of a witness who though not an accomplice is regarded by the judge as having no greater probative value. But all these are only rules of prudence. So far as the law is concerned	 a conviction can be based on the uncorroborat ed testimony of an accomplice provided the judge has the rule of caution	 which experience dictates	 in mind and gives reasons why he thinks it would be safe in a given case to disregard it. Two of us bad occasion to examine this recently in Rameshwar vs The State of Rajasthan(1). It follows that the testimony of an accomplice can in law be used to corroborate another though it ought not to be so used save in exceptional circumstances and for reasons disclosed. As the Privy Council observe in Bhuboni Sahu vs The King(2): "The tendency to include the innocent with the guilty is peculiarly prevalent in India	 as judges have (1) ; (2) (1949) 76 I A.147 at 157. 531 noted on innumerable occasions	 and it is very difficult for the court to guard against the danger. . The only real safeguard against the risk of condemning the innocent with the guilty lies in insisting on independent evidence which in some measure implicates such accused. " Turning now to the facts of the present case. The evidence on which the prosecution relies	 apart from the confession	 is this : (1) Previous association between Gurubachan and the appellant. The only evidence about this is P.W. 23 Upasrao	 a water carrier. He speaks of three meetings and is curiously definite about days of the week and times though he did not know on what day of the week diwali fell nor could he give the names of anybody else he met on those occasions. Howev er	 for what it is worth. he says he saw them talking (1) three weeks before the murder	 (v) on the 24th and (3) on the 25th. They spoke in Punjabi which he does not under stand	 but on the second occasion he heard them mention the name of Ramesh. Two of these meetings	 namely the first and the third tally with two of the only three meetings de scribed in the confession. It is proved that the witness did not disclose these facts to the police but despite that the Sessions Judge believed him because of the confession. The High Court appear to have disbelieved him	 for in paragraph 37 of the judgment the learned judges point out that he is contradicted by his own statement to the police. There his story was that the three brothers met and not Gurubachan and the appellant. This evidence can therefore be disregarded and consequently the confession cannot be used to prove previous association. It was argued however that if it is proved that the appellant helped in disposing of the body after the murder	 then their previous association can be inferred because one would hardly seek the assistance of a stranger for a task like that. That has some force but the weakness of that in this case lies on the fact that	 532 according to the prosecution case	 as disclosed in the confession	 Gurubachan was a stranger to Gondia. i He had come there only six weeks before the murder and did not meet the appellant till three weeks later and then only casually. Their second meeting	 equally casual	 was on the 21st	 that is	 five days before the murder	 and on that date the appel lant is said to have disclosed his intention to this strang er whom he had only met once before. It is true this strang er knew the appellant 's brother	 but how ? The brother was a travelling ticket inspector on the railway and used to allow Gurubachan to travel without a ticket	 presumably because he was also a Sikh. If probabilities are to be called in aid	 the story disclosed in the confession has distinct weakness es	 particularly as Gurubachan 's assistance was wholly unnecessary. If the confession is true there was a well thought out plot timed with the precision almost of a minor military operation. At a given moment the nephew Pritipal was to decoy the deceased away from his companions and isolate him. Then	 after leading him several hundred yards down the road	 hand him over to Gurubachan. Gurubachan was to take him down to point No. 6 on the map well over half a mile from the spot where he took over from Pritipal. In the meanwhile	 the appellant was to walk another half mile at right angles to Gurubachan 's course to the point No. 15 to hire a cycle. From there he was to cycle close on a mile to point No. 6 and meet Gurubachan and the boy. As the learned High Court Judges	 who made a spot inspection	 point out	 the route would lie through a crowded bazaar locality. From point No. 6 Gurubachan was to hand over the child to the appellant who was to cycle with him close on a mile to his brother Gurudayal 's quarters	 point No. 16	 through this same crowded bazaar. In the meanwhile	 Gurubachan was to walk back to his house (No. 17) and pick up a chisel and a piece of wire for the purpose of the murder and rejoin the appellant at Gurudayal 's house. As will be seen	 the timing would have to be within fairly close tolerances. Then	 at the murder itself	 what 533 assistance did Gurubachan give ? Nothing which a grown man could not easily have accomplished him self on a small helpless victim of five. The appellant could have accomplished all this as easily without the assistance of Gurubachan	 and equally Gurubachan	 a mere hired assassin	 could have done it all himself without the appellant running the risk of drawing pointed attention to himself as having been last seen in the company of the boy. We hold that previous association of a type which would induce two persons to associate together for the purposes of a murder is not established. (2) That the deceased Ramesh was in the Gurudwara about 9 30 or 10 in the morning of the 26th. This is not disputed. (3) That Kashmira Singh who had gone to the Gurudwara in the morning was absent between 11 A.M. and 12 45 P.M. That the appellant was at the Gurudwara in the morning is not disputed	 in fact his case is that he was there the entire day. The evidence to prove that he left it between these hours consists of three persons: P.W. 30 Atmaram	 P.W. 35 Tilakchand and P.W. 5 Bisan. The prosecution story is that the appellant left the Gurudwara about 11 A.M. to go to the shop of P.W. 5 Bisan to hire a cycle. He was first seen by P.W. 35 Tilakehand	 a wood stall keeper	 at point No. 13	 just near the Gurudwara. The witness places the time at about 10 30 or 11 A.M. He says he saw him coming from the direction of the railway station and going past his stall. Fifteen minutes later	 he went past his stall again in the opposite direction	 that is to say	 towards the railway station which lies on his way to the cycle shop. Next comes P.W. 30 Atmaram He keeps a bookstall on the broad gauge platform of the Gondia Railway Station. He says he saw the appellant coming from the bridge and going to wards the Railway Police 69 534 Station of all places in the world. He came near 	enough the witness to wish him good day. He places 'the time at about 10 30 or 11. The only comment we make on this witness is that he says he used to see the appellant at the station almost every day and they used to greet each other. The possibility that the witness is mixing up this day with one of the other days cannot be excluded. It is certainly a matter for comment that a would be murderer on his way to hire a cycle for the purpose and keep an assignment with his accomplice and victim should go out of his way and either go on to or very near the railway platform to greet a person he knows there and then walk away towards the police station of all places where the danger of recognition would be strong. Next there is P.W. 5 Bisan	 the man in charge of the cycle shop. He speaks from his register and says the appel lant hired a cycle from him on that day at 11 20 A.M. and returned it at 12 45 P.M. The Sessions Judge and the High Court lay great stress on this witness. But as against this is the evidence of Anupsingh Bedi	 D.W. 1	 a respectable disinterested witness	 who is a resi dent of Nagpur. He says he saw the appellant at the Gurudwa ra at 11 and again "about 11 45 A.M." The sessions Judge thought he was interested because he admits he reported a complaint he had received from Gurudayalsingh	 to the effect that the appellant was being harassed by the police and that they threatened to arrest ladies also	 to the Inspector General of Police and the Home Minister. He explained that as head of the Sikh community in that State he felt bound to pass on these complaints to the highest authorities. We are unable to regard this as disclosing interest. There is no suggestion that what he did was improper and we are of opinion he did nothing more than any man of responsibility in his position would have done. The High Court has not criticised him. The learned Judges merely say that he may be mistaken as to the time; nor of course does he suggest that he is giving more than a mere estimate. All he 535 says is that	 "It may have been about 11 45 A.M. by this time. " We do not think there is much in all this. Nobody	 except P.W. 5 Bisan	 pretends to be exact and when one is guessing at the time several days after the event there really is not much discrepancy between 11 20 and 11 45. Even if it was 11 45 there would still have been sufficient time to commit the murder. As two Courts have believed the evi dence on this point without calling in aid the confession	 we are not prepared to depart from our usual rule regarding concurrent findings of fact. We will therefore accept the position that the appellant was absent from the Gurudwara long enough to enable him to commit the murder. We will also take into consideration the fact that he made a false statement on this point when he said he was not away at all. (4) Disposal of the body. The rest of the evidence relates to the disposal of the body and the only direct evidence connecting the appellant with this	 apart from the confession	 is that of Sannatrao P.W. 14	 the rickshaw coolie. He does not bring the appellant into the picture till about midnight. Now this coolie is a very shaky witness. We cannot but note the remarkable series of coincidences which emerge from his testimony. First	 he is not a rickshaw coolie at all. He merely hap pened to hire a rickshaw that night	 and he told the police that this was the first time he had ever done that at night after. a day 's work. Next	 he knew the appellant because he happened to be a chowkidar in the Food Office at Gondia at the same time that the appellant was there as a Food Inspec tor. But at the date of the incident neither was still in service	 so by a somewhat strange coincidence the appellant happens to hire	 for the first time	 this old co worker in the middle of the night who	 in his turn	 happened to hire	 also for the first time at night	 a rickshaw for which he had no licence. Next comes a still stranger coincidence. He is taken to within a few paces of his own house and the body 536 is dumped	 in his presence	 into a welt	 a stone 's throw from where he lives. Gurubachan tells us that earlier in the day	 about 7 P.M.	 he (Gurubachan) had carried	 unaided	 the "bedding" on his head for a distance which we know was hail to three quarters of a mile	 namely from Gurudayal 's house to the chowkidar 's hut. Despite this	 the two are said to have engaged this rickshaw coolie to carry it just hall a mile (a shorter distance) to the well and there they threw it in in the man 's presence; and none of this was disclosed to the police till a month later	 namely the 17th of January	 though the witness was present when the body was recovered and though he was questioned on three previous occasions. We do not doubt that a rickshaw was used because rick shaw tracks were discovered by the well long before anybody had suggested that a rickshaw had been used. But we find it difficult to resist the inference that this witness was an accomplice so far as the disposal of the body was concerned. Consequently	 he is in much the same category so far as credibility is concerned	 That brings us at once to the rule that save in exceptional circumstances one accomplice cannot be used to corroborate another	 nor can he be used to corroborate a person who though not an accomplice is no more reliable than one. We have therefore either to seek corrobo ration of a kind which will implicate the appellant apart from the confession or find strong reasons for using Guruba chan 's confession for that purpose. Of course	 against Gurubachan there is no difficulty	 but against the appellant the position is not as easy. We will therefore examine the reliability of Guruba chan 's confession against the appellant. Now there are some glaring irregularities regarding this confession and though it was safe for the Sessions Judge and the High Court to act on it as against Gurubachan because he adhered to it throughout the sessions trial despite his pleader 's efforts to show the contrary	 a very different position emerges when we come to the appellant. 537 The first point which emerges regarding this is that the confession was not made till the 25th of February 1950	 that is to say	 not until two months after the murder. We do not know when Gurubachan was first interrogated but P.W. 42 Narayandas tells us that when he was taken to the police station house at Gondia for interrogation about the 1st or 3rd January he saw Gurubachan sitting in the police lock up. We do not know how long he was kept there like this but it is evident that he was not there voluntari ly	 at any rate till the 1st or 3rd because the Station Officer P.W. 44 says that "until Gurubachan Singh was ar rested he used to be allowed to go home." Also he says that Gurubachan was interrogated several times and was confronted with Pritipal. However	 eventually Gurubachan was allowed to go away and he went to Balaghat. Then	 on the 16th of February the Station Officer P.W. 44 went to Balaghat	 brought Gurubachan back with him to Gondia and handed him over to the C.I.D. Inspector Guha. Guha P.W. 50 tells us that from then till the 20th of February	 when he was arrested	 he was kept under observation but was allowed to go home at night. He did not confess till the 25th and the Station Officer P.W. 44 tells us that from the 20th to the 25th he was kept in one of the rooms in Guha 's quarters. Then	 after the confes sion on the 25th he was taken back to Guha 's custody for a couple of days and then only was he sent to the magisterial lock up. (See Guha 's evidence). He was kept in this lock up till the conclusion of the committal proceedings	 that is	 till the 30th of June	 instead of being sent to jail custody in Bhandara where there is a jail. The other accused includ ing Pritipal who had by then confessed were sent to Bhanda ra. Now though Gurubachan was kept in the magisterial lock up the distinction between the magisterial lock up and police custody in Gondia is only 538 theoretical. In practice	 it is no better than police custody. Police constable Lalbahadur P.W. 55 tells us that "The Station House Officer Gondia deputes constables for duty in the lock up. The constables in charge take the prisoners out to the latrine and also arrange for their food. The Head Constable in fact is in charge. " Also	 Guha admits that he interrogated Gurubachan in the lock up twice within the ten days which succeeded the confession. This is in disregard of the Rules and Orders (Criminal) of the Nagpur High Court which enjoin at page 25	 paragraph 84	 of the 1948 edition that "After a prisoner has made a confession before a a magistrate he should ordinarily be committed to jail and the magistrate should note on the warrant for the information of the Superintendent of the jail that the prisoner has made a confession." No explanation has been given why these directions	 which were made for good reason	 were disregarded in Guruba chan 's case. As we have said	 the other prisoners were all committed to jail custody in the usual way	 so there was no difficulty about observing the rule. All this makes it unsafe to disregard the rule about using accomplice testimo ny as corroboration against a non confessing accused. None of the judges who have handled this ease has given any reason why this rule could safely be departed from in this particular case. In the circumstances	 we do not feel that the confession by itself can be used to corroborate the rickshaw coolie Sannatrao	 P.W. 14. But there is other corroboration. It consists of the sari border and this is the next point on which the prosecution relies. There is one argument about this confession advanced on behalf of the appellant with which we shall have to deal. The prosecution were criticised for not calling the magis trate who recorded the confession as a witness. We wish to endorse the remarks of their 539 Lordships of the Privy Council in Nazir Ahrnad vs King Emperor (1) regarding the undesirability of such a practice. In our opinion	 the magistrate was rightly not called and it would have been improper and undesirable for the prosecution to have acted otherwise. (5) Sari borders	 Articles F	 G	 and T. Articles F & G are two pieces of a sari border which were used for tying up the mouth of the gunny bag	 in which the body was placed. The evidence about that is beyond doubt. Article T is another piece of a sari border which was found in the appellant 's house on the 30th or December	 1949. It is true the appellant was not present at the time but his mother was there and it will be seen that it was seized on the same day that the body was discovered. There is strong proof that Articles F and G are a part of the same border as Article T	 and as there is a concurrent finding regarding these facts we are not prepared to to take a different view. That therefore affords corroboration of Sannatrao 's evi dence and the confession can be called in aid to lend assur ance to the inference which arises from these facts	 namely that the appellant did help to dispose of the body. The High Court and the Sessions Judge were accordingly entitled to act on this evidence for establishing that particular fact and we are not prepared to disturb their concurrent conclusions. But the matter cannot be carried further because	 not only are the sari borders not proved to have had any connection with the crime of murder but the confes sion shows that they did not. The only conclusion permissi ble on these facts is that the appellant	 at some time which is unknown	 subsequent to the murder assisted either active ly or passively in tying up the gunny bag in which the corpse was placed and that he then accompanied Gurubachan in the rickshaw from the chowkidar 's hut to the well in the middle of the night. (6) Coat	 Article X	 and Safa	 Article Y	 (1) A.I.R. 1936 P.C. 253 at 258	 540 These were seized on the 20th of January 1950 from a trunk in the house of the appellant 's brother Gurudayalsingh. The appellant 's house is not in this neighbourhood. It is some distance away in another part of the town. The coat is a uniform coat of the kind worn by a Travelling Ticket Inspector on the Railways. Gurudayal is a travelling Ticket Inspector. The appellant is not. Here again the appellant was not present when the seizures were made. This coat and safa were recovered in the fourth search. The first search was on the 30th of December 1949. The next on the 10th of January 1950. The third on the morning of the 20th and the fourth in the afternoon of the 20th. These Articles were not found in the first three searches. The Chemical Examiner reports that there is one minute blood stain on the safa and some (the number is not given)	 also minute	 on the coat. The seizure memo	 exhibit P 55	 picked out only five. Those stains are not proved to be of human blood. Now there is next no evidence to connect either the coat or the safa with the appellant. The High Court has relied on the evidence of Sannatrao (P.W. 14)	 Gokulprasad the Station Officer (P.W. 44) and Tiwari (P.W. 48). Sannatrao does no more than say that he noticed the appellant wearing a popat coloured sara and a black coat. But he was not able to describe the clothes of the passenger he had carried immediately before the appellant	 nor was he able to de scribe the appellant 's coat in detail. That therefore is no identification of this coat with the one the appellant wore or owns. The Station Officer Gokulprasad said that he had seen the appellant wear this very coat and sara and there fore he identified them as his clothes. In cross examina tion he admitted that he had only seen the appellant on three occasions but not to speak to. Consequently	 that is not strong evidence of identification. But what in our opinion is almost conclusive against this identification is that Tiwari	 P.W. 48	 who is clearest on the point and who of course had the best opportunities for observation	 541 gives a distinctive feature of the appellant 's coat	 namely that it had only one button. That is one of his reasons for knowing what the appellant used to wear. But the seizure memo	 exhibit P. 55	 shows that the coat	 Article X	 had two buttons. In the circumstances we find it difficult to see how it can be the appellant 's coat. There is another strong point in the appellant 's favour which the High Court has not noticed. P.W. 35 the wood stall keeper Tilakchand	 who saw him on his way to pick up his victim	 is definite that the appellant was not wear ing a coat at the time. It is difficult to see why he should have donned a coat and got it stained with blood just for murdering a child of five. In our opinion	 it would be unsafe to conclude on this evidence that any connection is established between the coat and the sara and the appellant. The furthest point to which this evidence can be pushed is to indicate that the appellant possessed a coat similar to Article X but which was not Article X. We do not ordinarily interfere with a concurrent finding of fact but when the finding omits to notice these two very important points in the accused 's favour which	 in our opinion	 swing the balance the other way	 we are unable to let the finding stand. In our opinion	 the nexus between the appellant and the coat and the sara is not established. (7) Motive. This is the last piece of evidence on which the prosecution rely. Both courts hold that the motive is established and there is strong evidence to prove it. We accordingly accept the finding that the appellant had a motive for enmity against Tiwari and that he had expressed a determination to be revenged. The only comment we will make is that other persons who were also dismissed from service had similar motives. What then is the summary of the evidence ? In the appel lant 's favour there are the facts that there is no proof of his having been last seen in the company of 70 542 the deceased. The only evidence of the boy 's movements is that of Krishna (alias Billa) P.W. 9	 a boy of seven years	 and all he says is that Pritipal asked him to bring Ramesh with him to the Gurudwara that morning about 9 A.M. The boys played about and had some tea and then Pritipal took Ramesh away in the direction of the prostitute 's house. Pritipal later returned without Ramesh. The Sessions Judge thought this witness had been tutored on at least one point. Pritipal 's so called confession has been rejected because	 in the first place	 it is not a confession at all	 for it is exculpatory	 and	 in the next	 the High Court was not able to trust it. Therefore	 the only evidence of the boy 's last movements is as above. The next point in the appellant 's favour is that he was seen without a coat shortly before the murder and at a time when he was not in the vicinity of his own house. According to the prosecution	 the murderer wore the coat	 Article X	 and the sara	 Article Y. The third point is that the appellant was not seen by anyone in the vicinity of the place of occurrence. The fourth point is that if the prosecution case is true	 then it is remarkable that no one saw the appellant and the boy on a cycle through nearly a mile of what the High Court	 which made a spot inspection	 describes as a crowded locality. The points against the appellant are (1)that he had a motive and that he said he would be revenged	 (2) that he was absent from the Gurudwara about the time of the murder long enough to enable him to commit it	 and denied the fact	 (3) that some twelve hours after the crime he assisted in removing the body from a place between half to three quar ters of a mile distant from the scene of the crime	 and (4) that at some unknown point of time he assisted in tying up the mouth of the gunny bag in which the body was eventually placed. In our opinion	 it would be unsafe to convict of murder on these facts. 543 A number of rulings were cited	 including one of the Privy Council	 and it was argued that in those cases persons were convicted of murder on similar facts. We do not intend to examine them because no decision can be a. guide on facts. Each case has its own special circumstances and must be decided on its own facts. For example	 in most of the cases cited the accused was associated with the disposal of the body very soon after the occurrence and at the scene of the crime. Here	 twelve hours had elapsed and the first connection proved with the disposal is at a place over half a mile distant from where the boy is said to have been murdered. Next	 the points we have shown in favour of the appellant in this case were not present there. We allow the appeal on the charges of murder	 conspiracy and kidnapping and reverse the findings and sentences on those charges and acquit the appellant of them. We however convict the appellant of an offence under section 201	 Indian Penal Code	 and sentence him to seven years ' rigorous imprisonment. The learned Sessions Judge omitted to record a convic tion under section 201 because he was convicting the appel lant of murder. He followed a Nagpur decision which holds that in such a case it would be improper to convict in the alternative. We express no opinion about that; the question does not arise as we have acquitted the appellant of the murder and the cognate charges. The case now falls in line with that of the Privy Council in Begu vs The King Emperor(1) and the conviction and sentence are confined to section 201. (1) (1925) 52 I.A. 191.

The confession of an accused person against a co accused is not evidence in the ordinary sense of the term. It does not come within the meaning of evidence contained in sec. 3 of the Indian Evidence Act inasmuch as it is not required to be given on oath	 nor in the presence of the accused and cannot be tested by cross examination. It is a much weaker type of evidence than the evidence of an approver which is not subject to any of these infirmities. Such a confession can only be used to tend assurance to other evidence against a co accused. The proper way to approach a case of this kind is	 first	 to marshal the evidence against the accused excluding the confession alto gether from consideration and see whether	 if it is be lieved	 a conviction could safely be based on it. If it is capable of belief independently of the confession	 then it is not necessary to call the confession in aid. But cases may arise where the judge is not prepared to act on the other evidence as it stands even though	 if believed	 it would be sufficient to sustain a conviction. In such an event the judge may call in aid the confession and use it to lend assurance to the other evidence and thus fortify him self in believing what without the aid of the confession he would not be prepared to accept. Bhuboni Sahu vs The King (76 I.A. 147) relied upon. Emperor vs Lalit Mohan Chuckerbutty at 588) and In re Periyaswami Moopan (I.L.R. referred to. A conviction can be based on the uncorroborated testimo ny of an accomplice provided the judge has the rule of caution	 which experience dictates	 in mind. Rameshwar vs State of Rajasthan ; referred to. The rule of caution is that save in exceptional circum stances one accomplice cannot be used to corroborate anoth er	 nor can he be used to corroborate a person who though not an accomplice is no more reliable than one. It is not proper or desirable for the prosecution to examine as a witness the magistrate who recorded the confes sion	 527