Summarize the following court judgment. minal Appeal No. 109 of 1967. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated May 4	 1967 of the Patna High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 455 of 1965. Debobrata Mookherjee and P. K. Ghosh	 for the appellant. D	 P. Jha	 for the respondent. 565 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Hegde	 J. In this appeal by special leave	 Mr. Debabrata Mookherjee learned counsel for the appellant advanced the following contentions : (1) the investigation conducted in this case was without the authority of law	 (2) the nature of the onus under section 4 of the Prevention of Corruption Act has been wrongly construed by the High Court as well as the trial court	 and (3) the sanction granted under section 6 of the Prevention of Corruption Act is invalid in law as the authority who granted the same had no competence to do so. The facts leading upto this appeal are these. The appellant was an assistant medical officer in the railway hospital at Gaya in the year 1964. PW 4 Doman Ram was a khalasi working under the inspector of works	 Eastern Railway	 Gaya. On March 2	 1964	 as he was suffering from dysentery and stomach pain he was sent to the appellant along with a sick note for treatment. The case of PW 4 was that when he went to the appellant for treatment the appellant demanded and received	 from him Rs. 2 as illegal gratification for treating him. Thereafter he was. treated by the appellant on the 5th	 7th. 9th and 12th of that month. By the 12th he had completely recovered and	 therefore he wanted to rejoin duty and for that purpose he requested the appellant to give him a fitness certificate. For issuing him that certificate the appellant demanded Rs. 5 as bribe and he further told PW 4 that unless he paid him the said sum by March 14	 1964	 he (appellant) would remove PW 4 's name from	 the sick list. After this talk	 when PW 4 was going out of the hospital he met a person by name Babu. He complained to Babu about the behavior of the appellant. The said person told him that he would meet him again on March 14	 1964	 but on March 14 Mr. A. C. Das PW 17	 Inspector of Special Police Establishment met PW 4 in his house and ascertained from him all that had happened. Thereafter PW 4 met PW 17 again at the railway station as desired by the latter. From there both of them went to the district Dak bungalow where PW 17 recorded the complaint of PW 4. The same day PW 17 obtained from the First Class Magistrate an order under section 5A of the Prevention of Corruption Act. Thereafter	 PW 4 produced before PW 17 a five rupee currency note in the presence of panch witnesses. PW 17 noted the number of the currency note in question	 prepared a memorandum in respect of the same	 got it attested by the panch witnesses and thereafter returned the said currency note to PW 4 to be given to the appellant in case he made any further demand for bribe. After these preliminaries were over PW 4 went to the appellant along with the panch witnesses. There when PW 4 asked for the certificate	 the appellant repeated his earlier demand. Then PW 4 gave him the currency note in question. This was seen by the panch 566 witnesses. Immediately signal was given to PW 17 who came to the hospital and. asked the appellant to produce the five rupee note received by him from PW 4. At this stage the appellant became extremely nervous. He admitted that PW 4 had paid him Rs. 5 but that according to him was a return of the loan given to him by the appellant. He produced the currency note in question. After investigation the appellant was charged under section 161 IPC and section 5(2) read with section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. The plea of the appellant was that PW 4 and his wife were doing odd jobs in his house; PW 4 was a drunkard and hence was always in need; he used to often borrow from him (appellant); he had borrowed Rs. 5/ from him some. days prior to the date of the trap and he returned that amount on that day. The appellant examined some witnesses in support of that plea. The trial court as well as the High Court accepted the prosecution evidence; rejected the defence version and convicted the appellant both under section 161	 IPC as will as section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. They have given good reasons in support of the findings of fact reached by them. As this Court does not go into questions of fact except under exceptional circumstances	 Mr. Mookherjea primarily confined himself to the legal issues arising in the case. His first contention was that the investigation held in this case was without the authority of law and hence the. appellant is entitled to be acquitted. He urged that in view of section 5A of the Prevention of Corruption Act	 PW 17 who was only an Inspector of police could not have investigated the case without the prior permission of a magistrate of the first class; on March 12	 1964 he merely applied for and obtained from a first class magistrate permission to lay a trap; the permission to	 investigate the case was obtained by him only on the 21st but by that time the entire investigation was over; hence there was no valid investigation. The application made by PW 17 on the 12th was under section 5A of the Prevention of Corruption Act Therein	 it is true	 he had only asked for permission to lay a trap. It must be remembered that the permission given was one under section 5A. A permission under that provision is a permission to investigate the case. Laying the trap is a part of the investigation. It is so laid down by this Court in State of Madhya Pradesh vs Mubarak Ali(). An investigation is one and indivisible. [ All steps taken by PW 17 to ascertain the truth of the complaint made by PW 4 alleging that the appellant was attempting to obtain bribe from him	 come within the expression 'investigation ' under section 4(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. 'Investigation ' includes all the proceedings (1) [1959] 2 S.C.R.201. 567 under the Code for the collection of evidence conducted by a police officer or any person (other than a magistrate) who is authorised by a magistrate in this behalf. The scope of the expression 'investigate ' found in section 5A of the Prevention of Corruption Act was explained by this Court in H. N. Rishbud and Inder Singh vs State of Delhi( ) and State of Uttar Pradesh vs Bhagwant Kishore Joshi(2). Section 5A does not contemplate two sanctions	 one for laying the trap	 and another for further investigation. Once an order under that provision is made that order covers the entire	 investigation. A permission given under that provision enables the officer concerned not only to lay a trap but also to hold further investigation. There is no doubt that PW 17 was under a mistaken impression that he should obtain two permissions	 one for laying the trap and another for investigating the case. Evidently because of that he applied for a second permission Rome days after the trap was laid. But that permission was wholly superfluous and the same does not affect the validity of the earlier order. Hence there is no basis for the contention that any portion of the investigation in this case was done without the authority of law. It was next urged that before granting the permission the learned magistrate did not apply his mind to the question whether there was any need for granting the sanie. Before permitting PW 17 he should	 have first ascertained whether any officer of the rank of Deputy Superintendent or above was not immediately available to investigate the case	 and whether 'there was any other reason for departing from the normal rule laid down by the legislature	 namely	 that cases of this nature should be investigated by officers of the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police or above. It was further contended on behalf of the appellant that the earned magistrate made the order casually he gave no reason in support of his order and hence the permission granted does not meet the requirements of the law. The object of the legislature in enacting section 5A was to see that the investigation of offenses punishable under sections 161	 165 or 165A	 IPC as well as those under section 5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act should be done ordinarily by officers of the rank of deputy superintendent or above N4 doubt section 5A also provides for an alternative procedure. An officer below the rank of deputy superintendent can investigate those: offenses if he obtains the previous permission of a first class magistrate. The legislature proceeded on the basis that except for good reasons the magistrate would not accord permission for officers below the rank of a deputy superintendent to investigate those offenses. But exigencies of administrative convenience may require I that some of those (1) ; (2) ; 568 cases have to be investigated by officers below the rank of Deputy Superintendents. For that reason it was provided that ' in such circumstances the permission of a. magistrate of the first class should be obtained. This Court has laid down in State of Madhya Pradesh vs Mubarak Ali( ') that the statutory safeguards under section 5A must strictly be complied with for they are. conceived in public interest and were provided as a guarantee against frivolous and vexatious proceedings. A magistrate	 can not surrender his discretion to a police officer but must exercise it having regard to the relevant material made available to him at the stage of granting permission. He must also be satisfied that there is reason owing to exigencies of the administrative convenience to entrust a subordinate officer with the investigAtion. It is further observed therein that it is desirable that the order giving the permission should ordinarily on the face of it disclose the reasons for giving permission. The order giving permission under section 5A in this case does not give any reason. On the application submitted by PW 17 the learned magistrate merely ordered "Permission granted". PW 17 did not mention in his application any special reason for permitting him to investigate the case unless we consider the statement in the application "Today is the date fixed for issuing the fit certificate: after receiving a bribe money of Rs. 5 from him" as impliedly a ground in	 support of his application. It is surprising that even after this Court pointed out the significance of section 5A in several decisions there 'are still some magistrates and police officers who continue to act in a casual manner. It is obvious that they are ignorant of the decisions of this Court. But the legality of the investigation held in this case does not appear to have been challenged in the trial court. The charge leveled against the appellant is established by satisfactory and therefore all that we have now to see is whether the accused was prejudiced by the fact that investigation of this case was made by an officer below the rank of a Deputy Superintendent	 as laid down by this Court in Munnalal vs State of Uttar PradeSh(2) and State of Uttar Pradesh vs Bhagwant Kishore Joshi(3). No prejudice was pleaded much less established An illegality committed in the course of an investigation does not affect the competence and jurisdiction of the court for trial and where cognizance of the case has in fact been taken and the case has proceed to termination the invalidity of the preceding investigation does not vitiate "the result unless the miscarriage of justice has been caused thereby	 See Rishbud and Inder Singh vs State of Delhi(4). We next take up the question as to the	 scope of section 4 of the Prevention of Corruption Act. As	 mentioned earlier	 the appel (1) (2) ; (3) ; (4) (1955] 1 S.C.R. 1150. 569 lant admits the fact that he received a sum of Rs. 5 from PW 4 on March 14	 1964. Once that fact is admitted by him	 the court has to presume unless the contrary is proved by the appellant that he accepted the sum in question as a motive or reward for issuing the fit certificate. Mr. Mookherjea 's contention was that the presumption in question does not arise unless the prosecution proves that the amount in question was paid as a bribe. He urged that the presumption under section 4 arises only when the prosecution proves that the Appellant had received "any gratification (other than legal remuneration) or any valuable thing from any person". He laid stress on the Word gratification ' and according to him the word 'gratification ' can only mean something that is given as a corrupt reward. If this contention of Mr. Mookherjea is correct then the presumption in question would become absolutely useless. It is not necessary to go into this question in any great detail as the question is no more res Integra. In C.I. Emden vs State of U.P. (I") this Court held that the "presumption under section 4 arose when it was shown that the Accused had received the stated amount and that the	 said amount Was not legal remuneration. The word 'gratification ' in section 4(1) was given its literal dictionary meaning of satisfaction of appetite or desire; it could not be construed to mean money paid by way of a bribe. " The Court further observed "If the word 'gratification ' is construed to mean money paid by way of a bribe then it would be futile or superfluous to prescribe for the.raising of the presumption. Technically it may no doubt be suggested that the object which the statutory presumption serves on	 this construction is that the court may then presume that the money was paid by way of a bribe as a motive or reward as required by section 161 of the Code. In our opinion this could not have been the intention of the Legislature in prescribing the; statutory presumption under section 4(1). In the context we see no justification for not giving the word 'gratification ' its literal dictionary meaning. There is another consideration which supports this construction. The presumption has also to be raised when it is shown that the accused person has received valuable thing. This clause his reference to	 the offence punishable under s	 165 of the Code; and there is no doubt that one of the essential ingredients	 of the said offence is that the valuable things should have been received by the accused without consideration or for a not be suggested that the relevant clause in section 4(1) (1) ; 570 which deals with the acceptance of any valuable thing should be interpreted to impose upon the prosecution an obligation to prove not only that the valuable thing has been received by the accused but that it has been received by him without consideration or for a consideration which he knows to be inadequate. The plain meaning of this clause undoubtedly requires the presumption to be raised whenever it is shown that the valuable thing has been received by the accused without anything more. If that is the true	 position in respect of the construction of this part of section 4(1) it would be unreasonable to	 hold that the word gratification ' in the same clause imports the necessity to prove not only the payment of money but the incriminating character of the said payment. It is true that the Legislature might have used the word money ' or 'consideration ' as has been done by the relevant section of the English statute; but if the dictionary meaning of the word 'gratification ' fits in with the scheme of the section and leads to the same result as the meaning of the word valuable thing ' mentioned in the same clause	 we see no justification for adding any clause to qualify the word 'gratification '; the view for which the appellant contends in effect amounts to adding a qualifying clause to describe gratification. " The same view was taken by this Court in Dhanvantrai Balwantrai Desai vs State of Maharashtra(1) and again in V. D. Jhangan vs State of Uttar Pradesh(2). It was next contended that to discharge the burden placed on the appellant under section 4 all that he has to do is to offer a reasonable explanation	 the burden placed on him by section 4(1) being somewhat analogous to that 'Placed on an accused under section 114 of the Evidence Act. This branch of the law is also well settled by the decisions of ' this Court. Section 114 of the Evidence Act provides that the court may presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened	 regard being had to the common course of natural events	 human conduct and public and private business	 in their relation to the facts of the particular case. Under that provision the court is not bound to draw any presumption of fact. 'It is within its discretion to draw a presumption or not. But under s	 4(1) the court is bound to draw the presumption mentioned therein. '	The presumption in question will hold good unless the accused proves the contrary. In other words	 the burden of proving the contrary is squarely placed on the accused. A fact is said to be when after Considering the matters before it the court either believes it to exist or con (1) A.T.R. (2) ; 571 siders its existence was so probable that a prudent man ought under the circumstances of the particular case to act upon the supposition that it exists. The proof given by the accused must satisfy the aforementioned conditions. If it does not satisfy those conditions then he cannot be said to	 have proved the contrary. In Dhanvantrai Balwantrai vs State of Maharashtra( ') this Court considered the nature of the proof required to be given by ' the accused under section 4 (I). Therein this	 Court held that the burden resting on the accused person in such a case would not be as light as that placed on him under section 114 of the Evidence Act and the same cannot be held to be discharged merely by reason of the fact that the explanation offered by him is reasonable and prob able. It must further be shown that the explanation is a true one. The words 'unless the contrary is proved ' which occur in that provision make it clear that the presumption has to be rebutted by proof and not by a bare explanation which is merely plausible. The same view was taken by this Court in V. D. Jhangan vs State of Uttar Pradesh (2). But at the same time it was mentioned in that decision that the burden resting on the accused will be satisfied if the accused person establishes his case by a preponderance of probability and it is not necessary for him to establish his case by the test of proof beyond reasonable doubt. In other words	 the	 nature of the burden placed on him is not the same as that placed on prosecution which must not only prove its case but prove it beyond reasonable doubt. In the instant case the evidence adduced by the appellant in support of his plea was not accepted by the trial court as well as the High Court. Hence it must be held that he had not discharged the burden placed on him by law. ' This takes us to the last point urged by Mr. Mookherjea namely that the sanction to prosecute granted by PW 1	 the chief medical officer	 under section 6(1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act is invalid as he was not the authority competent to remove the appellant from his office and hence the prosecution is vitiated. Section 6(1)	 to the extent it is material for our present purpose	 reads : "No court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under section 161 or section 164 or section 165 of the Indian Penal Code	 or Under sub section (2) or sub section 3A of section 5 of this Act	 alleged to have been committed by a public servant	 except with the previous sanction	 (a). . . . . (b). . . . . (c) in the case of any other person	 of the authority competent to remove him from his office." (1) A.I.R. 1964 S.C. 575. L7 Sup. CI/68 12 (2) ; 572 This Court has laid down in R. R. Chari vs State of U.P.(1); as well as in several other decisions that no court can validly take cognizance of any of the offenses mentioned in section 6(1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act without the previous sanction of the authority competent to remove from office the accused. Without a valid sanction the court had no jurisdiction to try the case. Hence	 if the sanction accorded in: this case is invalid then the appellant is entitled to be acquitted. P.W. I deposed that the appellant was a class III officer and that he could have been appointed or dismissed by the Deputy Agent Personnel who is subordinate to him. Therefore he (P.W. 1) was competent to grant previous sanction under section 6 (1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. P.W. 1 's assertion that the appellant could have been removed from 'his office either by the Deputy Agent Personnel or by himself was challenged in his cross examination. The trial court as well as the High Court have relied on the oral evidence of P.W. 1 in coming to the conclusion that the sanction granted is valid. In our opinion those courts erred in relying on oral evidence in deciding the validity of the sanction granted. Hence	 we asked the learned counsel for the respondent to satisfy us with reference to the rules on the subject that P.W. 1 was competent to remove the appellant from his office. For this	 	purpose we granted him several adjournments. Though our attention has now been invited to some rules	 those rules do not establish that P.W. I as competent to grant the sanction in question. It was contended on behalf of. the appellant that he was a gazetted officer and therefore he could be removed only by the Railway Board. This contention does not appear to be correct. As seen from the Government of India	 Ministry of Railways publication under the title "authorised scales of pay"	 the appellant is a class HI officer. From that publication it is further seen that F only class I and II officers are designated as gazetted officers. In support of his contention that he was a gazetted officer	 the ap pellant relied on the Railway Board 's letter No. PC/60/PS 5/MH3 dated 2 3 1962. 'Paragraph 4 of that letter the only relevant paragraph for our present purpose says that an assistant surgeon after five years service shall hold the honorary gazetted rank and shall be entitled to the usual privileges granted to gazetted officers in matters such as passes	 allotment of quarters. This letter merely indicates that the officers mentioned therein are entitled to certain privileges which are ordinarily available to gazetted officers. We are unable to 'read that letter as raising the rank of the appellant to that of a gazetted officer. Therefore we proceed on the basis that the appellant was a non gazetted officer. But the question still remains whether P.W. 1 was competent to remove him (1) ; 573 from service. In view of appendix 3 8 of the Indian Railways Establishment Code Vol. III (4th re print	 dated 26 7 1962)	 we may take it that P.W. 1 was the head of the department to which the appellant belongs. The next question is whether the head of his department was competent to remove the appellant from his service. As per r. 134 of the Indian Railway Establishment Code	 pub lished in 1959	 authorities competent to make first appointment to non gazetted posts in the Indian Railways are the General Manager	 the Chief Administrative Officer or lower authority to whom he may delegate power. There is no evidence to show that this power has been delegated to the heads of the department. No provision in the Indian Railway Establishment Code 1959 prescribing the authorities competent to remove from office a class III officer was brought to our notice. But the prefatory note to Vol. I of the Code says	 "The revised Chapter XVII and revised Appendices I and XII will be printed later for inclusion in this edition. Till such times these are printed	 the rules and provisions contained in Chapter XVII and Appendices IV and XVIII in the 1951 Edition (Reprint) as	 amended from time to time shall continue to apply." In 1961 new rules relating to discipline and appeal of railway servants other than employed in the railway protection force have been published. Rule 1701 says	 "Without prejudice to the provisions of any law	 for the time being in force	 relating to the conduct of Government servants	 or to the rules made under section 47 (e) of the Indian Railways Act	 1890 (9 of 1890)	 the conduct of railway servants shall be governed by the rules contained in Appendix Vlll. " Our attention has not been invited to any rules made under section 47 (e) of the Indian Railways Act	 1890 or any other statutory rules. Hence we are proceeding on the basis that the aforementioned r. 1701 governs the present case. Rule 1705 says that the authorities who are competent to place a railway servant under suspension and to impose penalties on him are specified in the Schedules 1	 II and III appended to the Rules. Rule 1707 sets out the various punishments that may be imposed on a railway servant which includes removal from service as well as dismissal from service. Schedule I deals with railway servants employed in the Railway Board 's office	 the Research	 Design and Standard Organisation	 the Railway Staff College	 Baroda	 the Advanced Permanent Way Training School	 Poona	 the Railway Service Commission	 the Railway Rates Tribunal	 the Railway Liaison Office and all other railway offices which are not enumerated above. Schedule I does not apply to the case of railway servants employed in the zonal railways. As regards them	 provision is made in Sch. From that Schedule it is seen that though a head of the Department can impose on Class III officers 574 censure as well as some other punishments detailed therein	 he is not competent to impose on them the punishment of removal from service	 compulsory retirement or dismissal from service. Those punishments	 as seen from the Schedule	can be imposed on them only by thE appointing authority or any other higher authority. P.W. 1 is not shown to be the appointing authority. On the material before us it is not possible to come to the conclusion that P.W. 1 was competent to grant sanction under section 6 (1)of the Prevention of Corruption Act. We accordingly allow this appeal and set aside the conviction of the appellant. He is on bail. His bail bond stands cancelled. V.P.S. Appeal allowed.

The appellant was an assistant medical officer in a railway hospital at Gaya. Though he had certain privileges ordinarily available to gazetted officers he was only a non gazetted Class III officer. He was convicted for offenses tinder section 161 I.P.C. and 'section 5 (2) read with section 5 (I) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act	 1947. The complaint that he had received illegal gratification	 was investigated into by an Inspector of Police. The Inspector obtained permission from a First Class Magistrate for laying a trap	 investigated into the case	 and later	 after the entire investigation was over	 he obtained permission from the Magistrate to investigate into	 the case. The sanction to prosecute required under section 6(1) of the Act	 was granted by the Chief Medical Officer	 who was the bead of the department. The conviction was challenged on the following grounds : (1) The investigation was without authority of law	 because	 under section 5A	 the Inspector could not have investigated without the prior permission of a Magistrate of the First Class; (2) The permission granted by the Magistrate did not meet the requirements of law because	 it was given casually and without applying his mind to the question as to whether there was any need for departing from the normal rule laid down in the section	 namely	 that such cases should ordinarily be investigated by an officer of the rank of Dy. Superintendent of Police or above and there should be good reasons before a Magistrate accords permission to officers below that rank; (3) The presumption under section 4 that the appellant had accepted the sum a motive or reward should not be drawn unless the prosecution proved that the amount was paid as a bribe; (4) The presumption was rebutted by the appellant 's explanation that what was paid to him was the return of a loan; and (5) the sanction to prosecute granted by the Chief Medical Officer was invalid as lie was not the authority competent to remove him. HELD : (1) There is no basis for the contention that any portion of ' the investigation was done without authority by law. [567 D]. Investigation under section 4(1) Cr. P.C. is one and indivisible and includes all the steps taken by the Inspector to ascertain the truth of the complaint alleging that the appellant was attempting to obtain a bribe. Laying a trap	 is a part of the investigation and a permission given under section 5A of the Prevention of Corruption Act enables the officer concerned not only to lay a trap but also to further investigate. The fact that the Inspector of Police obtain the two permissions	 one for laying a trap and 564 another for investigating the case	 does not affect the earlier order as the second permission was wholly superfluous. [566 G H	 567 B D] (2) The order giving permission to. the Inspector did not give any reasons and there is thus a violation of section 5A. But an illegality committed in the course of an investigation does not vitiate the result of a trial unless there was a miscarriage of justice. In the present case the legality of the investigation was not challenged in the trial court and prejudice to the appellant was neither pleaded nor established. [568 C D	 F G]. (3) The presumption under section 4 arises when it is shown that the accused had received the stated amount and that the said amount was not legal remuneration. [569 D]. (4) The words 'unless the contrary is proved ' in section 4(1) show that the presumption was to be rebutted by proof and not by a bare explanation which is merely plausible. The 'burden testing on the accused will however be satisfied if he establishes his case by a mere preponderance of probability and it is not necessary for him to prove it beyond reasonable doubt. In the present case	 the appellant 's plea was not accepted by the trial court and the High Court and hence	 it must be held that he had not discharged the burden placed on him. [571 C E]. State of M.P. vs Mubarak Ali	 	 H. N. Rishbud and Inder Singh vs State of Delhi	 [1955] 1 S.C.R. 1150	 State of U.P. vs Bhagwant Kishore Joshi	 A.I.R. 	 Munnalal vs State of U.P. ; 	 C. 1. Emden vs State of U.P. ; 	 Dhanvantrai Balwantrai Desai vs State of Maharashtra	 A.I.R. and V. D. Jhangan vs	 State of U.P. ; 	 followed. (5) Under section 6(1) (c) of the Prevention of Corruption Act	 the appellant could not be prosecuted without the previous sanction of the authority competent to remove him. Oral evidence of the officer giving sanction cannot be relied on for deciding the validity of the sanction. The Court must be satisfied by reference to the rules on the subject. Schedule 11 to the 1961 Rules relating to discipline and appeal of railway servants makes provision for the punishment of railway servants employed in zonal railways. Under the Schedule I a head of a department was not competent to impose on Class III officers the punishment of removal from service. That punishment could only be imposed by an appointing authority or any other higher authority. Under r	 134. the authorities competent to make first appointments to non gazetted posts are the General Manager. the Chief Administrative Officer or a lower authority to whom he may delegate power; but the power has not been delegated to heads of departments. Therefore	 the Chief Medical Officer was neither the appointing authority nor was he competent to. remove the appellant from his Office. Hence he was also not competent to grant the sanction for prosecuting the appellant. D; 573B C	 H;574A B]. R. R. Chari vs State of U.P. [1963].1 S.C.R. 121	 followed.