Summarize the following court judgment. vil Appeal Nos. 63031 of 1975. 1002 From the Judgment and Order dated 10.9.1974 of the Kerala High Court in Income Tax Reference Nos. 85 and 86 of 1972. Soli J. Sorabjee	 Udayu Lalit	 D. Vidyanandan and M. Raghuraman for the Appellant. D.V. Gauri Shankar and Ms. A. Subhashini for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by PATHAK	 CJ. These appeals	 by certificate granted by the High Court of Kerala	 are directed against the judgment of that High Court answering the following question of law referred to it in an Income tax Reference in favour of the Revenue and against the assessee: "Whether	 on the facts and in the circum stances of the case	 the Tribunal is justified in law in cancelling the penalties levied under section 271(1)(a) of the Income tax Act	 1961	 for the assessment years 1965 66	 and 1966 67?" The assessee is a registered firm trading in hill pro duce. The assessee did not file its income tax return under the Income tax Act	 1961 for the assessment year 1965 66 within the statutory period	 that is to say by 30 June	 1965	 and instead applied for time to file the return. Time was granted up to 31.August	 1966. Yet no return was filed. It was only after notice under section 139(2) of the Act was served on the assessee on 22 September	 1967 that it filed a return on the next day. Similarly for the assessment year 1966 67 no return was filed upto 30 June	 1966. No applica tion for extension of time was made either. When notice under section 139(2) was served on the assessee on 21 June	 1966 it filed a return on 23 September	 1967. In the circum stances	 the Income tax Officer initiated penalty proceed ings against the assessee under section 271(1)(a) of the Act for the two assessment years. A sum of Rs. 14	784 was levied as penalty for the assessment year 1965 66 and a sum of Rs. 11	447 was imposed as penalty for the assessment year 1966 67. The explanation of the assessee that he was under the bona fide belief that he had no assessable income and had	 therefore	 not filed the returns earlier was not accepted by the Income tax Officer. In appeal before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax	 the assessee did not press the ground that there was no deliberate omission on his part to file the returns and that therefore section 271(1)(a) of the Act was not attracted. In second appeal before the Income tax Appellate Tribunal permission was granted to the assessee to raise the 1003 ground. The Appellate Tribunal allowed the appeals holding that the Income tax Officer had failed to bring on record any material to show that the explanation of the assessee tendered before him in regard to the delay should not be accepted	 and that as the element of mens rea was required to be proved and had not been proved	 the penalties were liable to be cancelled. At the instance of the Revenue the Appellate Tribunal referred the question set forth earlier to the High Court of Kerala. It may be mentioned that another question was also referred	 which related to the Appellate Tribunal entertain ing the additional ground of appeal	 but the appeals before us are not concerned with that question. The question with which we are concerned was referred to a Full Bench of the High Court	 and the High Court has taken the view that mens rea need not be established before penalty is imposed under section 271(1)(a) of the Act	 and that	 therefore	 the Appellate Tribunal was not justified in cancelling the penalties levied for the two assessment years. Learned counsel for the assessee has addressed an ex haustive argument before us on the question whether a penal ty imposed under section 271(1)(a) of the Act:involves the ele ment of mens rea and in support of his submission that it does he has placed before us several cases decided by this Court and the High Courts in Order to demonstrate that the proceedings by way of penalty under section 271(1)(a) of the Act are quasi criminal in nature and that therefore the element of mens rea is a mandatory requirement before a penalty can be imposed under section 271(1)(a). We are relieved of the neces sity of referring to all those decisions. Indeed	 many of them were considered by the High Court and are referred to in the judgment under appeal. It is sufficient for us to refer to section 271(1)(a)	 which provides that a penalty may be imposed if the Income Tax Officer is satisfied that any person has without reasonable cause failed to furnish the return of total income	 and to section 276C which provides that if a person wilfully fails to furnish in due time the return of income required under section 139(1)	 he shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine. It is clear that in the former case what is intended is a civil obligation while in the latter what is imposed is a criminal sentence. There can be no dispute that having regard to the provisions of section 276C	 which speaks of wilful failure on the part of the defaulter and taking into consideration the nature of the penalty	 which is punitive	 no sentence can be imposed under that provision unless the element of ' mens rea is established. In most cases of criminal liability	 the intention of the Legislature is that the penalty should serve as a deterrent. The 1004 creation of an offence by Statute proceeds on the assumption that society suffers injury by and the act or omission of the defaulter and that a deterrent must be imposed to dis courage the repetition of the offence. In the case of a proceeding under section 271(1)(a)	 however	 it seems that the intention of the legislature is to emphasise the fact of loss of Revenue and to provide a remedy for such loss	 although no doubt an element of coercion is present in the penalty. In this connection the terms in which the penalty falls to be measured is significant. Unless there is some thing in the language of the statute indicating the need of establish the element of mens tea it is generally sufficient to prove that a default in complying with the statute has occurred. In our opinion	 there is nothing in section 271(1)(a) which requires that mens tea must be proved before penalty can be levied under that provision. We are supported by the statement in Corpus Juris Secundum	 volume 85	 page 580	 paragraph 1023: "A penalty imposed for a tax delinquency is a civil obligation	 remedial and coercive in its nature	 and is far different from the penalty for a crime or a fine or forfeiture provided as punishment for the violation of criminal or penal laws. " Accordingly	 we hold that the element of mens rea was not required to be proved in the proceedings taken by the Income tax Officer under section 271(1)(a) of the Income tax Act against the assessee for the assessment years 1965 66 and 1966 67. In the result the appeals fail and are dismissed with costs. N.V.K. Appeals failed.

The assessee appellant did not file its income tax returns under the Income Tax Act	 1961 for the assessment years 1965 66	 1966 67 within the statutory period. It was only after notices under section 139(2) of the Act were served on the assessee the returns were filed. In the said circum stances the Income Tax Officer initiated penalty proceedings against the assessee under section 271(1)(a) of the Act for the two assessment years and imposed penalties. The explanation of the assessee that he was under the bona fide belief that he had no assessable income and had	 therefore	 not filed the returns earlier was not accepted by the Income tax Officer. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner dismissed the appeal	 but in second appeal the Appellate Tribunal allowed the appeal holding that the Income Tax Officer had failed to bring on record any material to show that the explanation of the assessee tendered before him in regard t9 the delay should not be accepted	 and that as the element of mens rea was required to be proved and had not been proved	 the penalties were liable to be cancelled. The Appellate Tribunal at the instance of the Revenue referred the question to the High Court	 and a Full Bench of the High Court took the view that mens rea need not be established before penalty is imposed under section 271(1)(a) of the Act	 and the Appellate Tribunal was therefore not justi fied in cancelling the penalties levied for the two assess ment years. On the question whether the element of mens tea is a mandatory requirement before a penalty can be imposed under section 271(1 )(a) of 1001 the Income Tax Act	 1961. Dismissing the appeal	 the Court. HELD: 1. A penalty may be imposed under section 271(1)(a) if the Income Tax Officer is satisfied that any person has without reasonable cause failed to furnish the return of total income. while section 276C provides that if a person wilfully fails to furnish in due time the return of income required under section 139(1) he shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment which may extend to one year or with fine. It is	 therefore	 clear that in the former case what was intended was a civil obligation	 while in the latter what is imposed is a criminal sentence. [1003E F] 2. There can be no dispute that having regard to the provisions of section 276C	 which speaks of wilful failure on the part of defaulter and taking into consideration the nature of the penalty	 which is punitive	 no sentence can be im posed under that provision unless the element of mens rea is established. [1003G H] 3. The creation of an offence by Statute proceeds on the assumption that society suffers injury by the act or omis sion of the defaulter and that a deterrent must be imposed to discourage the repetition of the offence. [1004A B] 4. Unless there is something in the language of the statute indicating the need to establish the element of mens rea it is generally sufficient to prove that a default in complying with the statute has occurred. [1004B C] 5. In a proceeding under section 271(1)(a)	 it seems that the intention of the legislature is to emphasise the fact of loss of. Revenue and to provide a remedy for such loss	 although no doubt an element of coercion is present. in the penalty. In this connection the terms in which the penalty falls to be measured is significant. [1004B] Corpus Juris Secundum	 volume 85	 page 580	 para. 1023	 referred to. There is nothing in section 271(1)(a) which requires that mens rea must be proved before penalty can be levied under that provision. [1004C]