Summarize the following court judgment. the applicability is underfined but the statute is clearly enforceable as long as it is in the statute book side by side with the normal excise duties. The clear intention is that the same provisions shall govern both the levies except that the duty under the later Act is confined to certain goods only und its distributability among the States may perhaps follow a different pattern from the principal duty. [825B C] 3(v) The Finance Acts which levied special or regular or additional excise duties contained in themselves all the elements of charge or duty. T he goods were mentioned and the duty has to be levied either at a percentage of the normal excise duty payable under the 1944 Act or at a percentage of the value of the assessable goods as determined under the 1944 Act. All that was further needed was the applicability of the procedural provisions of the 1944 Act. However	 the 1957 Act is incomplete as to the basis of the charge and its provisions would become totally unworkable unless the concepts of 'manufacture ' and 'assessable value ' as determined under the 1944 Act are carried into it. [825D F] & ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition No. 12183 of 1985 etc. etc (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India) K. Parasaran. Attorney General	 Soli i Sorabjee A.J. Rana A.K Sen	 S.K. Dholakia	 Hari Swarup V.C.Mahajan	 A. K. Ganguli	 Mrs. Shashi Rana	 Mrs. J Wad	 Ms. Aruna Mathur	 Subhash Parekh	 Dushyant Dave	 P.H Parekh E. K. Jose Ms. Rashmi Chandrachud	 Sanjay Bharthri	 Sarve Mitter	 C.L. Beri	 S.K. Beri R.C. Bhatia. Ravi P. Wadhwani. P C Kapur Sukumaran	 D.N. Mishra	 B.V. Desai	 M.B Lal. Mukul Mudgal	 B Kanta Rao	 Mrs. H Wahi	 Mrs. V D Khanna	 Aruneshwar Gupta	 Mrs. Anil Katiyar R.K.Kapur	 B.R. Kapur. Anis Ahmed Khan. Ms. Abha Jain	 R. Karanjawala	 Mrs. Karanjawala	 Ms. Meenakshi. Vishnu Mathur	 Kailash Vasudev P.D.Shah	 Shri Narain	 Sandeep Narain	 M.N. Shroff. Mrs P section Shroff	 R. Sasprahbu	 S.A.Shroff	 S.S Shroff	 Praveen Kumar	 M.N Chowdhary M.D. Chowdhary	 N. Das Gupta	 Rajesh Chibber	 K.K Bhaduri	 Rajiv Dutta. E.C. Agarwala	 Harjinder Singh	 R.K. Nambiar P Paremeswaran	 Ms. Bina Gupta	 K.Swami and V.N. Ganpule for the appearing parties. The following Judgments of the Court were delivered PG NO. 783 VENKATACHALIAH J. These appeals	 by Special Leave	 preferred against the Judgments of the High Court of Gujarat and the High Court of Bombay and the batch of writ petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution of India are heard together and disposed of by this common judgment as they all involve questions common to them concerning the validity of the levy of duties of excise under tariff items 19 and 22 of the Schedule to the ("Central Excise Act") as amended by the Central Excise and Salt Additional Duties Excise (Amendment) 1980 Act ( '"Amending Act") treating as "Manufacture" the process of Bleaching. Dyeing	 Printing	 Sizing	 Mercerising	 water proofing	 rubberising	 Shrink Proofing Organdie	 Processing	 etc done by the processor who carry out these operations in their factories on Job work basis in respect of Cotton fabric ' and 'Man made fabric belonging to their customers The Amending Act which became effective from 24.12.1979 sought to render the processes of Bleaching	 Dyeing	 Printing Sizing	 Mercerising etc "Manufacture within the meaning of the Section 2(f) of the Central Excise Act The amendment was necessitated by the Judgment of the High Court of Gujarat which has declared the levy on such 'processing as illegal as	 according to the High Court the processing did not bring into being a new and commercially different article with a distinctive character and use and did not therefore constitute 'manufacture ' for purposes	 and within the meaning	 of the charging section. The processors who carry out these operations on cotton fabrics or "man made fabrics which are popularly go by the name 'Grey fabric in the particular trade also challenged the levy of the additional duties of excise under the provisions of the additional Duties of Excise goods (of special importance) Act 1957 (Additional Duties Act) on the ground	 first. that if the processes carried on by them do not amount to "manufacture" under Section 2(f) as it originally stood	 then	 consistent with the impermissibility of main impost. the levy of additional duties also fails and	 that at all cvents	 even after the amendment the concept of manufacture under the said Additionl Duties Act had not been correspondingly widened by an appropriate amendment. The present hatch of appeals and writ petitions comprise of a large number of cases It is not	 having regard to the questions requiring to be decided in these matters	 necessary to go into	 in any particular detail	 the fact situation of each individual case. The processors in these PG NO 784 cases	 who may conveniently be referred to as the processors" or "jobbers '	 mainly carry out these operations of Bleaching	 Dyeing	 Printing	 Sizing	 Finishing etc. of 'Grey fabric ' on 'job work ' against payment of processing charges to them by the customers who are the owners of the Grey fabric. The ownership of the cloth rests with the customers who get these processes done to their specifications from these processing houses on payment of processing charges. The Grey fabric	 after processing	 is returned by the processing house to the customers. The facts of W P. No. 12 183 of 1985 'M/s. Ujagar Prints vs Union of India and Ors.)	 in which the petitioner has challenged the levy by a petition under Article 32 of the Constitution are typical and representative of all other similar cases The petitioner is a firm of partners with its Head Office at 51	 Sheikh Memon Street	 Bombay. It has a factory at Sunder Baug	 Deonar	 Bombay	 which is equipped with machinery and plants for processing of man made grey fabric The machinery and equipment installed in the petitioners factory? it is averred and that is not disputed either are suited for and appropriate to the processing of Grey fabric and are not capable of manufacturing Grey fabric The man made grey fabric such as Art Silk Grey fabric	 it is stated	 is manufactured in mills and on power looms and that letter is exempt from excise duty on its manufacture Petitioners further over that the Art Silk (Grey fabrics which are processed in the petitioner ' factory are those manufactured on power looms and not by the mills and that the Art Silk (Grey fabric received do not come from the manufacturers of the grey fabric through the manufacturing stream but from the various traders through the sales stream. The point that the petitioners seek to made is that the processing of the grey fabric is not a part	 a continuation	 of the process of manufacture in the manufacturing stream	 but is an independent and distinct operation carried out in respect of the Grey fabric	 after it has left manufacturing stage and has become part of the common stock of goods in the market. It is also averred that the firm M/s. Ujagar Prints does not purchase the Grey fabric but is only engaged in processing it for charges and that in many cases the Grey fabric would have passed on from trader to trader with the attendant increase in the prices with each successive change of hands and is entrusted to the petitioner by the last purchaser for processing against stipulated processing charges on job work basis. It is contended that these job work processing operations do not amount to "manufacture" as the petitioners do not carry out any spinning or weaving operations; that what they receive from their customers for processing is PG NO 785 therwise fully manufactured man made fabric and that what is returned to the customers after processing continues to remain man made fabric. The imposition of excise duty on the processor on the basis of the full value of the processed material	 which reflects the value of grey fabrics	 the processing charges	 as well as the selling profits of the customers is	 at once unfair and anamolous	 for	 in conceivable cases the duty itself might far exceed the processing charges that the processors stipulate and get. The batch of cases also includes cases where the grey fabric is also purchased by these processing houses and are sold by them	 after processing In some cases the manufacturers of the grey fabric subject it to captive consumption and process them in their own compositeestablishments . The essential question is whether these situational differences have a bearing on the principles of determination of the assessable value of processed grey fabric and whether the assessable value could be different in the different fact situations which would be the logical corollary if the contention of the processing houses which do not processing work for charges on the goods not their own	 is accepted and the assessable value determined on the basis of mere processing charges. But the main questions that arise are whether "processing" of the kind concerned in these cases amounts to manufacture"	 whether the provisions of section 2 of the Amending Act which impart an artificial dimension to the concept of "manufacture" is ultra vires Entry 84 List l; whether at all events	 the imposition of a tax on such 1processing is referable to Entry 97 List l; and if the import on the processors is justified under tariff items 19 and 22	 according as whether the Grey fabric is cotton or 'man made	 what should be the assessable value for purposes of levy of duty so far as processors are concerned. Prior to the Amending Act of 1980	 the levy on the processors was challenged before the Gujarat High Court The Gujarat High Court by its judgment dated 24.1.1979 in the cases of Vijaya Textiles Mills vs Union of India and Real Honest Textiles vs Union of India held that the processes that the processing houses imparted to the Grey fabric did not amount to 'manufacture ' and did not attract ad valorem duty under tariff items 19 and 22	 and that processors were liable to pay duty under tariff entry 68 only on the value added by the processing. PG NO. 786 Following this judgment a large number of similar claims of processing houses were allowed by the High Court by its judgment dated 13.3.1979. Civil Appeals 1685 to 1766 of 1979 are preferred by the Union of India challenging this view of the High Court. The Bombay High Court on the contrary by its judgment	dated 16th June	 1983 in writ petition 1623 of 1979 New Shakti Dye Works Pvt. Ltd. vs Union of India and Anr. took a view different from the one that commended itself to the Gujarat High Court. Bombay High Court held that even under the concept of "manufacture ' envisaged in Section 2(f) even prior to its amendment	 the operations carried on by the processors amounted to "manufacture" and that	 at all events	 the matter was placed beyond any controversy by the mending Act i.e. Act of 1980. The aggrieved processors have come up in appeal by Special Leave in Civil Appeal No 6396 of 1983. Some of the processors have	 as stated earlier	 filed writ petitions under Article 32 directly in this court challenging the impost on grounds that commended themselves for acceptance to the Gujarat High Court. Before its amendment by the Amending Act Central Act VI of 1980) Section 2(f) of the Central Excise ACt	 defined 'manufacture ' in its well accepted legal sense nomen juris and not with reference to an artificial and statutorily expanded import "2(f) 'manufacture ' includes any process	 incidental or ancillary to the completion of a manufactured product; and (i) ] (ii) ] Omitted as unnecessary" The reasoning of the Gujarat High Court was on these lines "In the instant case	 the excise duty claimed on the basis of the market value of the processed cotton fabrics or manmade fabrics cannot be levied because	 assuming that process amounts to manufacture	 all that they have done is to manufacture processed cloth	 processed fabric	 either cotton or man made and that not being a taxable event in the light of Section 3 read with section 2(d) of the Act and PG NO 787 Items 19 and 22 levy of excise duty on this basis was ultra vires and contrary to law . " This view	 according to the Revenue	 was incorrect and caused serious prejudice to the legitimate financial interests of the State. Accordingly the President of India promulgated an Ordinance called the 'Central Excise and Salt and Additional Duties of Excise (Amendment) Ordinance '	 1979 (Central Ordinance No. 12 of 1979) sub sequently replaced by Central Act VI of 1980 of the same name with retrospective effect from 24.2.1979 amending Section 2(f) of the Central Excise Act and tariff items 19(1) and 22(1). The relevant entries in the Schedule to the 'Additional Duties Act ' were also amended. So far as amendment to Section 2(f) was concerned	 Section of the Amending Act introduced three sub items in the definition of 'manufacture '. Two of them are material for the present purpose: "(v) in relation to goods comprised in Item No. 19(1) of the First schedule	 includes bleaching	 mercerising	 dyeing	 printing	 water proofing	 rubberising. shrink prcofing	 organdie processing or any other process or any one or more of these processes. ' "(vii) in relation to goods comprised in Item No 22(1) of the First Schedule	 includes bleaching. dyeing	 printing	 shrink proofing	 tentering	 heat setting	 crease resistant processing or any other process or any one or more of these processes. " Similarly	 amendments were affected by Section 3 of the Amendment Act which amended the original tariff items 19 and 22 by sub stituting the following provisions in their respective places: " 1 Cotton fabrics other than (i) embroidery in the piece. strips or in motifs	 and (ii) fabrics impregnated	 coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials (a) cotton fabrics. not subjected to any process Twenty per cent ad valorem (b) cotton fabrics	 subjected to the process of bleaching	 mercerising	 dyeing	 printing	 water proofing	 rubberising	 shrink proofing	 organdie processing or any other process or any two or more of these processes. Twenty per cent ad valorem PG NO 788 XXX XXX XXX" "22(1) Man made fabrics other than (i) embroidery in the piece	 in strips or in motifs	 (ii) fabrics impregnated	 coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials (a) man made fabrics	 not subjected to any process: Twenty per cent ad valorem plus rupees five per square metre. (b) man made fabrics	 subjected to the process of bleaching	 dyeing	 printing	 shrink proofing	 tentering	 heat setting	 crease resistant processing or any other process or any two or more of these processes Twenty per cent ad valorem plus rupees five per square metre. " Section 4 of the Amending Act amended the relevant entries in the Schedule to the Additional Duties Act. Section 5(2) of the Amending Act provided: "5 Special provisions as to duties of excise on cotton fabrics	 woollen fabrics	 man made fabrics	 etc during a certain past period and validation: (1). . . . (2) Any rule or notification or any action or thing made issued	 taken or done or purporting to have been made. issued	 taken or done under a Central Act referred to in sub section (I) before the date of commencement of this Act	 with respect to or in relation to the levy of duties of excise on (a) 'cloth"	 "cotton cloth" or	 as the case may be. cotton fabrics	 (b) woollen fabrics	 (c) "rayon or artificial silk fabrics" or	 as the case may be	 "man made fabrics"	 shall for all purposes be PG NO 789 deemed to be and to have always been	 as validly and effectively made	 issued taken or done as if the provisions of this section had been in force at all material times and	 accordingly	 notwithstanding any judgment	 decree or order of any court	 tribunal or other authority (a) all duties of excise levied	 assessed or collected or purported to have been levied assessed or collected before the date of commencement of this Act	 on (i) "cloth"	 "cotton cloth" and "cotton fabrics" subjected to any process	 (ii) "woollen fabrics" subjected to any process	 (iii) "rayon or artificial silk fabrics" and "man made fabrics" subjected to any process	 under any such Central Act shall be deemed to be	 and shall be deemed always to have been	 as validly levied	 assessed or collected as if the provisions of this section had been in force on and from the appointed day; (b) no suit or other proceeding shall be maintained or continued in any court for the refund of	 and no enforcement shall be made by any court of any decree or order directing the refund of	 any such duties of excise which have been collected and which would have been validly collected if the provisions of this section had been in force on and from the appointed day; (c) . . . . (d) . . . . " 8. Indeed	 the correctness of the judgment of the Gujarat High Court in the cases of Vijaya Textiles and Real Honest Textiles were considered by a Bench consisting of three judges of this court in Empire Industries vs Union of India	 [1985]SUPP. I SCR 292 by the judgment dated 6.5.1985	 one of us (Sabyasachi Mukharji J ) speaking for the Court upheld the validity of the impost Vijaya Textiles Mills vs Union of India	 (1979] 4 ELTJ 181	 was held not to have been PG NO 790 decided correctly. The view taken by the Bombay High Court in New Shakti Dye Works Pvt. vs Union of India & Anr. was approved. The pronouncement of this court in Empire Industries case otherwise covers	 and is a full answer to	 the contentions raised in this batch of cases. However	 the correctness of the view taken in the Empire Industries ' case on certain aspects was doubted by another Bench of this court and the matter was	 accordingly	 referred to a Bench of five judges. It is	 perhaps	 necessary to refer to the order dated 9.12.1986 made by the Division Bench referring the cases to a larger bench. What came before the Division Bench were WP 12183/1985 (M/s. Ujagar Prints vs Union of India & Ors.) and CA Nos. 1685 1766/1979 (Union of India & Ors. vs Narendra Processing Industries & Ors.). Two questions arose before and were examined by the Referring Bench. The first was whether the processing of Grey fabric amounted to 'manufacture ' within the meaning of Section 2(f) as it stood prior to its amendment. The second question was whether	 even if such processing did amount to 'manufacture ' what should he the proper basis for determining the assessable value of the processed fabrics. Both these questions had earlier been examined and answered in the Empire Industries case. It is necessary to ascertain as to the precise points on which the Empire Industries ' decision was required to be reconsidered. The Referring Bench did not disagree with the decision in Empire Industries ' case on the question whether processing ' did amount to 'manufacture '. Indeed	 the Referring Bench appears to have proceeded on the premise that the view taken in Empire Industries case on the point was the correct one. Referring Bench said this on the point: ". So far as the first question is concerned it was agitated before this Court in Empire Industries Ltd. v Union of India and this Court held that the processes of bleaching	 mercerising	 dyeing	 printing. water proofing. carried out by the processors on job work basis amount to manufacture both under the Act as it stood prior to the amendment as also under the Act subsequent to the amendment and the processed fabrics are liable to be assessed to excise duty in the hands of what may be called jobbers '. Since this was a decision given by a Bench of three Judges	 the petitioners and appellants who are carrying on business of processing on job work basis could not contend that these PG NO 791 processes do not amount to manufacture and that the processed fabrics are not liable to be assessed to excise duty in the hands of the jobbers. But	 it was the second question which provoked serious controversy before us . It is only on the second question touching valuation that it expressed some doubts. Nevertheless	 in par. 6 of the order	 the Referring Bench made a further observation to this effect: ". Of course	 when. 	n se writ petitions and appeals are referred to the larger Bench it will be open to the larger Bench to consider not only the question of determination of the assessable value but also the other question	 namely	 whether processing of grey fabric by a processor on job work basis constitutes manufacture	 because the judgment in Empire Industries case which has decided this question in favor of the revenue and against the processor is a judgment of a Bench of only three Judges and now the present writ petitions and appeals will be heard by a Bench of five Judges . This is how the first question which is	 otherwise concluded by the pronouncement in Empire Industries case is sought to be reagitated before us Out of deference to the learned counsel who vigorously argued this aspect at great length and we though we should examine the submission on this point also	 though	 the matter could by no means be considered to have been referred to a larger bench. On the second question also the matter is within a short compass. The Referring Bench clearly excluded any possibility of the assessable value being limited to the mere processing charges. It contemplated the alternative possibilities of valuation thus: "It was common ground between the parties that the procedure followed by the Excise authorities was that the trader	 who entrusted cotton or man made fabrics to the processor for processing on job work basis would give a declaration to the processor as to what would be the price at which he would be selling the processed goods in the market and that would be taken by the Excise authorities as the assessable value of the processed fabrics and excise duty would be charged to the processor on that basis. This may be illustrated by giving the following example: PG NO 792 (i) Value of grey cloth in the hands of the processor: Rs. 20.00 (2) Value of job work done: Rs.5.00 Value of finished cloth returned to the trader ( 1+2): Rs.25.00 (3) Trader 's selling price inclusive of his selling profits	 etc.: Rs.30.00 The assessable value in the case given in this example would be taken by the Excise authorities at Rs.30 which was the sale price of the trader . ' ' The view of the Referring Bench on the point was this: "We cannot accept the contention of the learned counsel on behalf of the petitioners and the appellants that the value of the grey cloth which is processed by the processor should not be included in the assessable value of the processed fabric since the grey cloth is one of the raw materials which goes into the manufacture of the processed fabric and the value of the processed fabric cannot be computed without including the value of the raw material That goes into its manufacture. The assessable value of the processes fabric cannot therefore be limited merely to the value of the job work done but it must be determined by reference to the wholesale cash price of the processed fabric gate of the factory of the processor . The Referring Bench was of the view that the correct assessable value should be: ". . Thus in the example given above the assessable value of the processed fabric must be taken to be Rs. 20 + 5 that is Rs. 25 and the profit of Rs.5 which the trader may make by selling the processed fabric cannot be included in the assessable value. The element of selling profit of the trader would be entirely an extraneous element and it cannot be taken into account for the purpose of determining the assessable value of the processee fabric which would comprise the value of the grey cloth and the PG NO 793 job work charges but exclude the profit at which the trader may sub sequently sell the processed fabric. We have heard Sri A.K Sen	 Sri Soli J. Sorabjee	 Dr. Chitale and Sri Dholakia	 learned Senior Advocates in the appeals and writ petitions preferred by the processors; and Sri K. Parasaran	 learned Attorney General and Sri A.K. Ganguli	 learned Senior Advocate for the Union of India and its authorities. On the contentions urged	 the points that fall for determination are: (a) (i) Whether the processes of Bleaching	 Dyeing	 Printing	 Sizing	 Shrink proofing etc. carried on in respect of cotton or man made 'Grey fabric ' amount to 'manufacture ' for purposes	 and within the meaning of Section 2(f) of the prior to the amendment of the said Section 2(f) by Section 2 of the Amending Act VI of 1980. (a) (ii) Whether the decision in Empire Industries Limited & Ors. vs Union of India	 [1985] Suppl. 1 SCR 282 holding that these operations amount to a manufacture is wrongly decided and requires reconsideration. (b) Whether the amendment brought about by the Amending Act of 1980 of Section 2(f) and to tariff items 19 and 22 of the Central Excise Act is ultra vires Entry 84 List I and	 therefore	 beyond the competence of the Union Parliament. Whether	 at all events	 even if the expanded concept of manufacture introduced by the Amendment is beyond the scope of Entry 84 List l	 whether the impost is	 at all events	 referable to and supportable by the residual Entry 97 of List I. (c) Whether	 at all events	 even if the amendments to Central Excise Act are valid	 the levy under the Additional Duties Act is unsupportable and without the authority of law as there is no corresponding enlargement of the definition of 'manufacture ' under the Additional Duties Act. (d) Whether the retrospective operation of the Amending Act is an unreasonable restriction on the fundamental right of the 'processors ' under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution. PG NO 794 (e) Whether	 even if the levy is justified	 at all events	 the computation of the assessable value of the processed Grey fabric on the basis of the whole sale cash selling price declared under classification list under Rule 173(b) is unjustified and illegal in respect of the assessable value of the processed Grey fabric done on job work basis. Re: Contention (a) The essential condition to be satisfied to justify the levies	 contend counsel	 is that there should be 'manufacture ' of goods and in order that the concept of 'manufacture ' in Entry 84 List I is satisfied there should come into existence a new article with a distinctive character and use	 as a result of the processing. It is contended that nothing of the kind happens when 'Grey fabric ' is processed; it remains 'grey fabric '; no new article with any distinctive character emerges. A number of authorities of this Court and of the High Courts were cited. Particular reference was made to Union of India vs Delhi Cloth & General Mills	 [1963] Supp. ( I) SCR 586 at 597; Tungabhadra Industries Ltd. vs Commercial Officer Kurnool	 L 1961] ? SCR 14; Deputy Commissioner of Sales Tax vs Pio Food Packers	 ; at 1275; Sterling Foods vs State of Karnataka	 ; at 475 & 476; Kailash Nath vs State of U.P.	 8 STC 358; Deputy Commissioner Sales Tax vs Sadasivan	 42 STC 201 (Kerala); Swastic Products Baroda vs Superintendent of Central Excise	 Swan Bangle Stores v Assistant Sales Tax Officer	 25 STC 122 '(Allahabad); Stale of Andhra Pradesh vs Sri Durga Hardware Stores	 32 STC 322 (Andhra Pradesh) and Extrusion Process Pvt. Ltd. vs N.R. Jadhav	 Superintendent of Central Excise	 [19791 ELT 380 (Gujarat ). 13. The following observations of this Court in Union of India vs Delhi Cloth and General Mills	 AIR 1963 SC p. 791 at 794 were emphasised: "According to the learned counsel "manufacture is complete as soon as by the application of one or more processes. the raw material undergoes some change. To say this is to equate "processing to manufacture and for this we can find no warrant in law. The word "manufacture" used as a verb is generally understood to mean as "bringing into existence a new substance ' and does not mean merely to produce some change in a substance. however minor in consequence the change may be. ' PG NO 795 These observations in Health & Milligan Manufacturing Company	 the Sherwin Williams Company	 etc. vs J.H. Worst	 Director of the North Dakofa Government Agricultural Experiment Station which were referred to with approval by this Court in the case of Pio Food Packers ' supra	 was relied upon: "At some point processing and manufacturing will merge. But where the commodity retains a continuing substantial identity through the processing stage we cannot say that it has been "manufactured". (Emphasis Supplied) The following observations of Bhagwati J. in Pio Food Packers case were cited: " . . manufacture is the end result of one or more processes through which the original commodity is made to pass . Where there is no essential difference in identity between the original commodity and the processed article it is not possible to say that in one commodity has been consumed in the manufacture of another. Although it has undergone a degree of processing	 it MUSt be regarded as still retaining its original identity." (Emphasis Supplied) The observations of this ( 'court in Kailash Nath vs State of U. P.	 3 STC 358 made while repelling the contention of the revenue urged in that case that when cloth is printed and coloured it gets transformed to sorne other material and that therefore when such printed and coloured cloth is exported what was exported was not the same cloth and that by such printing and dyeing the original cloth got transformed into different material were relied on: The cloth exported is the same as the cloth sold with this variation or difference that the colour has change by printing and processing. In view which we take the cloth exported is the same as the cloth sold by the petitioners	 there can be no question above the exemption clause not applying to it . (Emphasis Supplied) The following passage in the permanent Edition of 'Words and Phrases ' referred to with approval in Delhi Cloth and General Mills ' AIR 1963 SCp. 791 at 795 case was referred to: PG NO 796 "Manufacture implies a change	 but every change is not manufacture and yet every change of an article is the result of treatment	 labour and manipulation. But something more is necessary and there must be transformation; a new and different article must emerge having a distinctive name	 character or use. " Further	 learned counsel placed reliance upon Tungabhadra Industries ' case where it was held that ground nut oil after the process of hydrogenation which improved its keeping qualities and shelf life yet remained basically ground nut oil and that the quality of the oil had been improved by the processes it was subjected to	 did not detract from its continuing identity as ground nut oil. The change brought about in the oil	 it was observed by this Court	 rendered it more acceptable to the customers by improving its quality	 but did not render the oil a commodity other than ground oil which still continued to be "groundnut oil" notwithstanding the processing which was merely for the purpose of rendering the oil more stable thus improving its keeping qualities for those who desire to consume ground nut oil. Likewise the processing such as bleaching	 dyeing. printing	 finishing etc. 	 it was urged	 merely improved the quality of Grey fabric and rendered it more acceptable to the customers while not shedding its basic character as 'cotton fabric ' or 'man made fabric '. It was also urged that the affidavits filed by person engaged in and familiar with the textile trade indicated that the finished fabric was not a commercially different commodity. We have carefully considered these submissions. In the Empire Industries case	 this court considered similar submissions in an almost identical context and situation. Learned judges referred to the observations of this Court in Commissioner of Sales Tax UP (Lucknow) vs Harbilas Rai	 21 STC 17 in which the view expressed by the Division Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Hiralal Jitmal vs Commissioner of Income tax	 8 STC 325 at 326 was held supportable on the reasoning that: " . The decsion of the Madhya Pradesh High Court might perhaps be justified on the ground that a printed or dyed cloth is commercially different article from the cloth which is purchased and printed or dyed." PG NO 797 The Division Bench also referred to	 with approval	 the decision of the Bombay High Court in Kores (India) Limited vs Union of India and Ors.	 The Division Bench noticed the question arising for decision: "Fabric itself means woven materials. It was contended that processing the manufactured fabric does not bring into existence any new woven material but the question is: does new and different goods emerge having distinctive name	 use and character?" Answering	 the Bench said: "It appears in the light of the several decisions and on the construction of the expression that the process of bleaching	 dyeing and printing etymologically also means manufacturing processes . ' 15. It is strenuously urged for the processors that the view taken by the Division Bench in the Empire Industries case suffers from fallacies both of reasoning and conclusion and requires to be reconsidered. The prevalent and generally accepted test to ascertain that there is 'manufacture ' is whether the change or the series of changes brought about by the application of processes take the commodity to the point where	 commercially	 it can no longer be regarded as the original commodity but is	 instead	 recognised as a distinct and new article that has emerged as a result of the processes. The principles are clear. But difficulties arise in their application in individual cases. There might be border line case where either conclusion with equal justification be reached. Insistence on any sharp or intrinsic distinction between processing ' and 'manufacture	 we are afraid	 results in an over simplification of both and tends to blur their interdependence in cases such as the present one. The correctness of the view in the Empire Industries case cannot be tested in the light of material in the form of affidavit expressing the opinion of persons said to be engaged in or connected with the textile trade as to the commercial identity of the commodities before and after the processing placed before the court in a sub sequent case. These opinions are	 of course	 relevant and would be amongst the various factors to be taken into account in deciding the question. PG NO.798 16. On a consideration of the matter	 we are persuaded to think that the view taken in the Empire Industries case that 'Grey fabric ' after they undergo the various processes of bleaching	 dyeing	 sizing printing	 finishing etc. emerges as a commercially different commodity with its own price structure	 custom and other commercial incidents and that there was in that sense a 'manufacture ' within the meaning of Section 2(f)	 even as unamended	 is an eminently plausible view and is not shown to suffer from any fallacy. Indeed	 on this point the Referring bench did not disagree or have any reservations either. It is to be noticed that if the amending law is valid	 this aspect becomes academic. We think	 we should reject Contention (a). Re: Contention (b) The concept of manufacture ' embodied in Entry 84 of List I	 it is urged	 should be construed not in an artificial sense	 but in its recognised legal sense and so construed artificial dimensions sought to be imparted to it by the amendment would be impermissible. Learned counsel drew attention to the following observations of this Court in Diamond Sugar Mills vs State of UP	 ; at 248. ". . we have	 on the one hand	 to bear in mind the salutary rule that words conferring the right of legislation should be interpreted liberally and the powers conferred should be given the widest amplitude; on the other hand we have to guard ourselves against extending the meaning of the words beyond their reasonable connotation	 in an anxiety to preserve the power of the legislature. (Emphasis supplied) Though entries in the legislative lists are to be construed liberally and the widest possible amplitude given to them	 however	 no artificial or arbitrary extensions of the meaning of the words in the entry. it is urged	 are permissible. It is submitted the concept manufacture in Entry 84 List I has a well accepted legal connotation and in construing the entry the precise connotation which it possesses and conveys in law must be kept in mind. There is in law no 'manufacture ' unless as a result of the process a new and commercially distinct product with distinct use emerges. The idea of manufacture might imply change	 but every change is not necessarily manufacture. It is. accordingly	 contended that the amendment which seeks to equate "processing "with "manufacture" is beyond the scope of Entry 84 List I. PG NO. 799 18. In the Empire Industries ' case a similar argument was urged but without success. Learned Judges were persuaded to the view that such processes which were referred to by the amendment were not so alien or foreign to the concept of 'manufacture ' that they could not come within that concept. Entries to the legislative lists	 it must be recalled	 are not sources of the legislative power but are merely topics or fields of legislation and must receive a liberal construction inspired by a broad and generous spirit and not in a narrow pedantic sense. The expression "with respect to" in Article 246 brings in the doctrine of "Pith and Substance" in the understanding of the exertion of the legislative power and wherever the question of legislative competence is raised the test is whether the legislation	 looked at as a whole	 is substantially 'with respect to ' the particular topic of legislation. If the legislation has a substantial and not merely a remote connection with the entry	 the matter may well be taken to be legislation on the topic. In Empire Industries case	 it was held: "As has been noted processes of the type which have been incorporated by the impugned Act were not so alien or foreign to the concept of "manufacture ' that these could not come within that concept. At all events	 even il the impost on process is not one under Entry 84	 list l	 but is an impost on 'processing ' distinct from "manufacture" the levy could yet be supported by Entry '97. List l	 even without the aid of the wider principle recognised and adopted in Dhillon 's case AIR 1972 SC l061. It was	 however	 contended that the levy of tax on an activity which cannot reasonably be regarded as an activity of 'manufacture ' cannot be described as a levy of duties of excise under Entry 84	 List I. If it is a non descript tax under Entry 97	 the Parliament	 it is urged	 has not chosen1 to enact any such law in this case. The charging section does not	 it is urged. bring such a taxable event to charge. This argument was noticed in Empire Industries case thus: " . It was then argued that if the legislation was sought to be defended on the ground that it is a tax on activity like processing and would be covered by the powers enumerated under Entry 97 of List I of the Seventh Schedule PG NO 800 then it was submitted that there was no charging section for such an activity and as such the charge must fail	 and there cannot be any levy . " The contention was rejected holding: ". This argument proceeds on an entire misconception. The charging section is the charging section 3 of the . It stipulates the levy and charge of duty of excise on all excisable goods produced or manufactured. "Manufactured" under the Act after the amendment would be the 'manufacture ' as amended in section 2(f) and Tariff item 19 I and 22 and the charge would be on that basis. Therefore it is difficult to appreciate the argument that the levy would fail as there will be no appropriate charging section or machinery for effectuating the levy on the activity like the method of processing even if such an activity can be justified under Entry 97 of List l of Seventh Schedule. We are	 therefore	 of the opinion that there is no substance in this contention We respectfully agree. If a legislation purporting to be under a particular legislative entry is assailed for lack of legislative competence	 the State can seek to support it on the basis of any other entry within the legislative competence of the legislature. It is not necessary for the State to show that the legislature	 in enacting the law	 consciously applied its mind to the source of its own competence. Competence to legislate flows from Article 245	 246	 and the other Articles following	 in Part XI of the Constitution. In defending the validity of a law questioned on ground of legislative incompetence	 the State can always show that the law was supportable under any othe entry within the competence of the legislature. Indeed in supporting a legislation sustenance could be drawn and had from a number of entries. The legislation could be a composite legislation drawing upon several entries. Such a "rag bag" legislation is particularly familiar in taxation. Bennion in his "Statutory Interpretation" (at page 644) refers such a composite legislation	 though the observations must be under stood in the context of the supremacy of the British Parliament and one of unlimited powers and which is	 under no inhibitions unlike a federal polity	 of PG NO 801 distribution of legislative powers. Learned author refers to: " 'Ragbag ' Acts: Some Acts are 'rag bag ' Acts	 covering many areas. The annual Finance Act is an extreme example. It is divided into Parts	 dealing respectively with customs and excise duty	 value added tax	 income tax	 capital gains tax	 stamp duty	 capital transfer tax and so on. Even within a Part of a Finance Act the various provisions havnuite different aims. " In Hari Krishna Bhargav vs Union of India and Anr.	 ; 	 this Court said: ". . There is no prohibition against the Parliament enacting in a single statute	 matters which call for the exercise of power under two or more entries in List I of the Seventh Schedule. Illustrations of such legislation are not wanting in our statute book	 and the fact that one of such entries is the residuary entry does not also attract any disability . " 21. So far as	 the exclusive competence of the Union Parliament to legislate is concerned all that is necessary is to find out whether the particular topic of legislation is in List II or List III. If it is not	 it is not necessary to go any further or search for the field in List I. Union Parliament has exclusive power to legislate upon that topic or field. Of course	 it has concurrent power also in respect of the subjects in List III. Contention (b) is	 therefore	 insubstantial. Re: Contention (c) This pertains to the validity of levy of additional duties. The contention proceeds on the pre supposition that processing does not amount to 'manufacture ' under Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act. If it does	 as has been held on point (a)	 this argument does not survive at all. The point	 however	 sought to be put across is that	 even if the concept of 'manufacture ' for purposes of levy of excise duty under the 'Central Excise Act ' is validly expanded or that a tax on processing is	 otherwise	 PG NO 802 supportable under Entry 97(1)	 the position under the 'Additional Duties Act ' ;s quite different. The 'Additional Duties Act ' does not expressly invoke or attract the definition of 'Manufacture ' in Section 2(f) of the 'Central Excise Act '; nor does the 'Additional Duties Act ' itself contain a definition of 'manufacture ' in the broad terms in which Section 2(f)	 as amended	 contains. The result is	 it is urged	 that the ordinary legal connotation of 'manufacture '	 contained in the charging Section 3(1) of the 'Additional Duties Act ' can alone support the levy. It is not	 it is urged	 permissible to import the artificial and expanded definition of 'manufacture ' containing in Section 2(f)	 as amended	 into Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act. The following observations of this court in Pandit Ram Narain vs The State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors. 	 l1956] SCR 664 at 673 are pressed into service: ". .It was rightly pointed out that it is no sound principle of construction to interpret expressions used in one Act with reference to their use in another Act . " Again	 the observations in Macbeth & Co. vs Chisten	 at 224 referred to with approval by this court in Commissioner of Sales Tax	 Madhya Pradesh vs Jaswant Singh Charan Singh	 ; at 725 26 were relied upon: ". .It would be a new terror in the construction Acts of Parliament if we were required to limit a word to an unnatural sense because in some Act which is not incorporated or referred to such an interpretation is given to it for the purposes of that Act alone '. ." It is further contended that a mere amendment of the schedules to the 'Additional Duties Act ' purported by Section 4 of the Amending Act VI of 1980 would be inadequate to serve the purpose of a valid levy on the activity of processing. It was also urged that Section 3(3) of the 'Additional Duties Act ' which provides that the provisions of 'Central Excise Act ' and the rules made thereunder shall	 so far as may be	 apply in relation to the 'levy and collection" of the Additional Duties would not also enable the wider definition of 'manufacture ' in Section 2(f) to be imported into Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act to justify levy of Additional Duties on 'processing '. The contention was neatly and attractively presented and appeared	 at first blush	 to merit a serious PG NO 803 consideration of the validity of the levy of additional duties. But on a closer examination of the concept of	 and the scheme for	 levy and collection of the additional duties and the specific statutory provisions	 the tensile strength of the argument breaks down. There are at least two circumstances which render the definition of 'manufacture ' under Section 2(f) attracted to the additional levies. Section 3(3) of the Additional Duties Act provides: ". .Ievy and collection of the additional duties as they apply in relation to the levy and collection of the duties of excise on the goods specified in sub section (l) . " It is plain that the statute expressly makes the provision in the "Central Excise Act" apply in relation to 'levy and collection ' of the additional duties. The question is whether this provision is sufficient to attract Section 2(f) of the main Act as amended. This	 in turn	 depends upon what the expression "levy" connotes and carries with it. The term 'levy ' it is held	 is an expression of wide import. It includes both imposition of a tax as well as its quantification and assessment. In Assistant Collector of Central Excise	 Calcutta Division vs National Tobacco Co. of India Ltd.	 [ 1973] I SCR 822 this Court held: "The term "levy" appears to us to be wider in its import than the term "assessment". It may include both of a tax as well as assessment. The term imposition" is generally used for the levy of a tax or duty by legislative provision indicating the subject matter of the tax and the rates at which it has to he taxed . . 24. That apart	 Section 4 of Amending Act VI of 1980 has amended the relevant items in the schedule to the Additional Duties Act. The expressions 'produce ' or 'manufacture ' in Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act must be read along with the entries in the schedules. In Att. Gen vs Lamplough	 	 229 it is observed: 'A schedule in an Act is a mere question of drafting	 a mere question of words. The schedule is as much a part of the statute	 and is as much an enactment	 as any other part. 804 Maxwell says (in Interpretation of Statutes 11th ed. p. 156): " . if an enactment in a schedule contradicts an earlier clause it pevails against it. " Bennion (in Bennion 's Statutory Interpretation	 p. 568 569) referring to the place of schedules in statutes observes: "The Schedule is an extension of the section which induces it. Material is put into a Schedule because it is too lengthy or detailed to be conveniently accommodation in a section	 . ." "A Schedule must be attached to the body of the Act by words in one of the sections (known as inducing words]. It was formerly the practice for the inducing words to say that the Schedule was to be construed and have effect as part of the Act. (See	 e.g. Ballot Act 1872 section 28.) This is no longer done	 being regarded as unnecessary. If by mischance the inducing words were omitted	 the Schedule would still form part of the Act if that was the apparent intention. " " . The schedule is as much a part of the statute	 and is as much an enactment	 as any other par. (See also. to the like effect	 Flower Freight C o. Ltd. vs Hammond [19633] 1 QB 275; R vs Legal Aid Committee No. I [London] Legal Aid Area. ex p. Rondel	 and metropolitan Police Commr. vs Curran. 	 What appears. therefore	 clear is that what applies to the main levy	 applies to the additional duties as well	 we find no substance in Contention [c] either. Re: Contention [d] There is really no substance in the grievance that the retroactivity imparted to the amendments is violative of Article 19 [l] (g). A Competent legislature can always validate a law which has been declared by courts to be invalid	 provided the infirmities and vitiating infactors noticed in the declaratory judgment are removed or cured. Such a validating law can also be made retrospective. If in the light of such validating and curative exercise made by the Legislature granting legislative competence the earlier judgment becomes irrelevant and unenforceable	 that cannot PG NO 805 be called an impermissible legislative overruling of the judicial decision. All that the legislature does is to usher in a valid law with retrospective effect in the light of which earlier judgment becomes irrelevant. (See Sri Prithvi Cotton Mills Ltd. & Anr. vs Broach Borough Municipality & Ors.	 Such legislative expedience of validation of laws is of particular significance and utility and is quite often applied	 in taxing statutes. It is necessary that the legislature should be able to cure defects in statutes. No individual can acquire a vested right from a defect in a statute and seek a windfall from the legislature 's mistakes. Validity of legislations retroactively curing defects in taxing statutes is well recognised and courts	 except under extraordinary circumstances	 would be reluctant to override the legislative judgment as to the need for and wisdom of the retrospective legislation. In Empire Industries Limited & Ors. vs Union of India & Ors. Etc.	 [ 19851 l Supp. 292 at 327 this court observed: ". . not only because of the paramount governmental interest in obtaining adequate revenues	 but also because taxes are not in the nature of a penalty or a contractual obligation but rather a means of apportioning the costs of government amongst those who benefit from it". In testing whether a retrospective imposition of a tax operates so harshly as to violate fundamental rights under Article l9(1)(g)	 the factors considered relevant include the context in which retroactivity was contemplated such as whether the law is one of validation of taxing statute struck down by courts for certain defects; the period of such retroactivity	 and the degree and extent of any unforeseen or unforseable financial burden imposed for the past period etc. Having regard to all the circumstances of the present case	 this court in Empire Industries ' case held that the retroactivity of the Amending provisions was not such as to incur any infirmity under Article 19( l)(g). We arc in respectful agreement with that view. There is no merit in contention (d) either. Re: Contention (e) This concerns the question of the correctness of the determination of the assessable value. The processors say that they have filed classification lists under rule 173 B PG NO 806 of the Central Excises and Salt Rules 1944 as they had no other choice and that if the proper principles of determination of the assessable value do not legally justify the consequences flowing from the classification	 it is open to them to contend against the validity of the determination and they are not estopped from doing so. Duties of excise are imposed on the production or manufacture of goods and are levied upon the manufacturer or the producer in respect of the commodity taxed. The question whether the producer or the manufacturer is or is not the owner of the goods is not determinative of the liability. The essential and conceptual nature of the tax is to be kept clearly distinguished from both the extent of the power to impose and the stage at which the tax is imposed. Though the levy is on the production or manufacture of the goods	 the imposition of the duty could be at the stage which the law considers most covenient to impose as long as a rational relationship with the nature of the tax is maintained. The processors contend that	 the assessable value could only be the job work charges received by them for the processing of 'Grey fabric ' and cannot be the selling price at which the customer who entrusts the Grey fabric for processing ultimately sells it in the market. Such a sale price	 it is said	 would	 quite painly. include the value of the Grey fabric	 the processing charges and also the selling profit of the customer. Even in regard to the price of the Grey fabric itself which comes to the processing houses in fully manufactured condition would again depend upon how many hands it has changed before reaching the particular customer who brings them for processing. The determination of assessable value at the actual or hypothetical selling price of goods of like nature and quality in the wholesale market would include the post manufacturing profits of the trader which cannot legitimately be regarded as part of the assessable value. This contention was considered in detail in Empire Industries case [ 1985] 1 Supp. SCR 293 at 327 wherein it was held: "When the textile fabrics are subjected to the processes like bleaching	 dyeing and printing etc. by independent processes	 whether on their own account or on job charges basis	 the value of the purposes of assessment under section 4 of the Central Excise Act will not be the processing charges alone but the intrinsic value of the processed fabrics which is the price at which such fabrics are sold PG NO 807 for the first time in the wholesale market. That is the effect of section 4 of the Act. The value would naturally include the value of grey fabrics supplied to the independent processors for the processing. However	 excise duty	 if any	 paid on the grey fabrics will be given pro forma credit to the independent processors to be utilised for the payment on the processed fabrics in accordance with the Rules 56A or 96D of the Central Excise Rules	 as the case may be." Even the Referring Bench did not doubt the correctness of the inclusion in the assessable value the cost of the Grey fabric and the processing charges. The Referring Bench held: "We cannot accept the contention of the learned counsel on behalf of the petitioners and the appellants that the value of the grey cloth which is processed by the processor should not be included in the assessable value of the processed fabric . " 29. In the argument	 as presented	 that the assessable value would include what is referred to as the "post manufacture profits"	 there is an obvious fallacy. In Atic Industries Ltd. vs H.H. Dave	 Asstt. Collector of Central Excise and Ors.	 [ 1975] 3 SCR p. 563 Bhagwati J. speaking for the Court said: "The value of the goods for the purpose of excise must take into account only the manufacturing cost and the manufacturing profit and it must not be loaded with post manufacturing cost or profit arising from post manufacturing operation . . " " . It may be noted that wholesale market in a particular type of goods may be in several tiers and the goods may reach the consumer after a series of wholesale transactions. In fact the more common and less expensive the goods	 there would be greater possibility of more than one tier of wholesale transactions. ." " . If excise were levied on the basis of second or subsequent wholesale price	 it would load the price with a post manufacturing element	 namely	 selling cost and selling profit of the wholesale dealer. That would be plainly contrary to the true nature of excise as explained in the PG NO 808 Voltas ' case (supra). Secondly	 this would also violate the concept of the factory gate sale which is the basis of determination of value of the goods for the purpose of excise. " "There can	 therefore	 be no doubt that where a manufacturer sells the goods manufactured by him in wholesale to a wholesale dealer at arms length and in the usual course of business	 the wholesale cash price charged by him to the wholesale dealer less trade discount would represent the value of the goods for the purpose of assessment of excise . " Explaining what really is the idea of "post manufacturing profit" referred to in Atic 's case this court in Union of India & Ors. v Bombay Tyre International Ltd. etc. 	 [ 1984] l SCR	 p. 347 at 375 aid: ". .When it refers to post manufacturing expenses and post manufacturing profit arising from post manufacturing operations	 it clearly intends to refer not to the expenses and profits pertaining to the sale transactions effected by the manufacturer but to those pertaining to the subsequent sale transactions effected by the wholesale buyers in favour of other dealers." (Emphasis Supplied) The principles for the determination of assessable value are laid down under section 4 of the Act. Section 4 of the Central Excise Act ' envisages that the value of an article for the purposes of duty shall be deemed to be; (a) The wholesale cash price for which an article of the like kind and quality was sold or was capable of being sold at the time of removal of the article from the factory or premises of manufacture for delivery at the place of manufacture or; (b) Where such price was not ascertainable	 the price at which an article of the like kind and quality was sold or capable of being sold at the time of removal of the article chargeable with duty. The nature of the excise duty is not to he confused with	 or tested with reference to	 the measure by which the tax is assessed. The standard adopted as the measure of assessment may throw light on the nature of the levy but is not determinative of it. When a statutory measure for assessment of the tax is contemplated	 it "need not contour PG NO 809 along the lines which spell out the levy itself."	 and "a broader based standard of reference may be adopted for the purposes of determining the measure of the levy. " Any statutory standard which maintains a nexus with the essential character of the levy can be regarded as a valid basis for assessing the measure of the tax. In the case of processing houses	 they become liable to pay excise duty not because they are the owners of the goods but because they cause the 'manufacture ' of the goods. The dimensions of the Section 4(1)(a) and (b) are fully explored in number of decisions of this Court. Reference may be made to the case of Bombay Tyres International. Consistent with the provisions of Section 4 and the Central Excise (Valuation) Rules	 1975	 framed under Section 37 of the Act it cannot be said that the assessable value of the processed fabric should comprise only of the processing charges. This extreme contention if accepted	 would lead to and create more problems than it is supposed to solve; and produce situations which could only be characterised as anomalous. The incidence of the levy should be uniform	 uninfluenced by fortuitous considerations. The method of determination of the assessable value suggested by the processors would lead to the untenable position that while in one class of Grey fabric processed by the same processor on bailment	 the assessable value would have to be determined differently dependent upon the consideration that the processing house had carried out the processing operations on job work basis	 in the other class of cases	 as it not unoften happens	 the goods would have to be valued differently only for the reason the same processing house has itself purchased the Grey fabric and carried out the processing operations on its own. It is to solve the problem arising out of the circumstances that goods owned by one person are "manufacture ' by another that at a certain stage under rule 174A	 a notification was issued by the Central Government exempting from the operation of the rule 174A: ". every manufacturer who gets his goods manufactured on his account from any other person	 subject to the conditions that the said manufacturer authorises the person	 who actually manufactures or fabricates the said goods to comply with all procedural formalities under ( l of 1944) and the rules made thereunder	 in respect of the goods manufactured on behalf PG NO 810 of the said manufacturer and	 in order to enable the determination of value of the said goods under section 4 of the said Act	 to furnish information relating to the price at which the said manufacturer is selling the said goods and the person so authorised agrees to discharge all liabilities under the said Act and the rules made thereunder. On a consideration of the matter	 the view taken in the matter in the Empire Industries case does not call for reconsideration. Contention (e) is also held and answered against the petitioner. In the result the appeals preferred by the Union of India are allowed and the Judgment of the Gujarat High Court under appeal is set aside. The appeals preferred by the processors against the judgment of the Bombay High Court and the writ petitions filed by the processors directly in this court are dismissed. There will	 however	 be no orders as to costs in the appeals and the writ petitions. The Union of India and its authorities shall be entitled to recover the amounts due by way of arrears of excise duty and shall be entitled to take necessary steps to seek the enforcement of the bank guarantees	 if any	 for the recovery of the arrears. SABYASACHI MUKHARJI	 J. I have had the advantage of reading in draft the judgment proposed to be delivered by my learned brother Venkatachaliah	 J. I respectfully agree with him. There is	 however	 one aspect of the matter in respect of which I would like to say a few words. Contention (e) as noted by my learned brother in his judgment deals with the determination of the assessable value. The processors in the cases before us say that they have filed classification lists under rule 173B of the Central Excises and Salt Rules	 1944 as they had no other choice and that if the proper principles of determination of the assessable value do not legally justify the consequences flowing from the classification it is open to them to contend against the validity of the determination and they are nOt estopped from doing so. The processors are right in contending that the true principle should be followed in determining the assessable value. Then what is the true principle? Section 4 of the Act deals with the valuation of excisable goods for purposes of charging of duty of excise. Section 4 [l] (a) of the Act stipulates that the value should be subject to other provisions of the Section the normal price thereof	 that is to say	 the price at which such goods are ordinarily sold by the assessee to a buyer in the course of wholesale trade for delivery at the time and place of removal	 where the buyer PG NO 811 is not a related person and the price is the sole consideration for the sale. For the present purpose	 we are not concerned with the provisos nor the situation where the normal price of goods is not ascertainable for any reason. In Empire Industries Limited & Others etc. vs Union of India and Others etc. 	 L 	 it was held that where for the purpose of calculating assessable value	 a notional sum is laid down by the legislature to be arrived at one a certain basis	 it is not permissible for the courts to engraft into it any other deduction or allowance or addition or read it down on the score that unless the said deduction or allowance or addition is authorised elsewhere in the Act or in the Rules. A statutory charge should be measured by the method of its own computation as laid down in the statute and not by any other method of computation. The circumstances that thereby the benefit of any exemption granted by the legislation may be lost and that in some cases hardship might result are not matters which would influence courts on the construction of the statute. A tax payer is entitled only to such benefit as is granted by the legislature. It was emphasised that the taxation under the Act is the rule and the benefit and exemption	 the exception. And it was held that there was no hardship in these cases. It was further reiterated that when the textile fabrics are subjected to the processes like bleaching	 dyeing and printing etc. by independent processes	 whether on their own account or on job charges basis	 the value for the purposes of assessment under section 4 of the Central Excise Act will not be the processing charge alone but the intrinsic value of the processed fabrics which is the price at which such fabrics are sold for the first time in the wholesale market. That is the effect of section 4 of the Act. The value would naturally include the value of grey fabrics supplied to the independent processors for the processing. However excise duty	 if any	 paid on the grey fabrics will be given proforma credit to the independent processors to be utilised for the payment on the processed fabrics in accordance with the relevant rules. In M/s. Ujagar Prints vs Union of India	 [1986] Suppl. S.C.C. 652 Bhagwati C.J. held that the processes of bleaching	 dyeing	 printing	 mercerising etc. carried on by a processor on job work basis in respect of grey cotton fabrics and manmade fabrics belonging to the customer and entrusted by him for processing amount to manufacture with the meaning of the Act prior to its amendment so as to attract levy of excise duty on the processed fabrics and in any event	 after the Amendment Act	 these processes amount to manufacture and excise duty is leviable on the processed fabrics. The learned Chief Justice also dealt with the other PG NO 812 question	 namely	 what is the value of the processed fabrics liable to be assessed. Referring to the aforesaid decision of the Empire Industries	 (supra)	 he illustrated the problem by reference to the example set out in the judgment (Page 654 of the report at para 2). In that example illustrated by him the value of the grey cloth in the hands of the processor was Rs.20. The value of the job work was Rs.5. B Trader 's selling price inclusive of his selling profits etc. was put at Rs.30. Bhagwati C.J. at page 655 of the report observed that the assessable value of the processed fabric must obviously be taken to he the wholesale cash price of the processed fabric at the factory gate that is when the processed fabric leaves the factory of the processor and it cannot possibly include the selling profit of the trader who subsequently sells the processed fabrics. The learned Chief Justice reiterated that it is at the point when the processed fabric leaves the factory of the processor that its assessable value has to be determined and that assessable value cannot include the selling profit of the trader. Empire Industries	 (supra) did not say that the post manufacturing profits or post manufacturing costs could be included in the assessable value of the processed fabric. If the trader who entrusted cotton or man made fabrics to the processor for processing on job work basis	 would give a declaration to the processor as to what would be the price at which he would be selling the processed goods in the market that would be taken by the Excise authorities as the assessable value of the processed fabrics and excise duty would be charged to the processor on that basis. Where a manufacturer sells the goods manufactured by him in wholesale to a wholesale dealer at the arms length and in the usual course of business	 the wholesale cash price charged by him to the wholesale dealer less trade discount would represent the value of the goods for the purpose of assessment of excise But the price received by the wholesale dealer who purchases the goods from the manufacturer and in his turn sells the same in wholesale to other dealer	 would be irrelevant for determination of the value of the goods and the goods would not be charged on that basis. This has been explained in Atic Industries Ltd. vs H.H. Dave. Asstt. Collector of Central Excise and Ors.	 [ 1975] 3 S.C.R . This has also been explained in Union of India & Ors. vs Bombay Tyre International Ltd. etc. [1984] l S.C.R. 347 at 375. It has to he reiterated that the valuation must be on the basis of wholesale cash price at the time when the manufactured goods enter into the open market. See in this connection the ratio of this Court in Union of India and Ors. vs Cibatul Ltd.	 [ 1985] Suppl 3 SCR 95 and the Joint Secy. to the Govt of India & Ors. vs Food Specialities Ltd.	 11985] Suppl 3 SCR 165. It was emphasised in Union of India & Ors. vs Cibatul	 (supra) that the value of the trade marks was not be taken into account PG NO 813 in computing the assessable value as the affixation of the trade marks of a particular brand was extraneous to manufacture. The values of such extraneous or additional factors do not enter into the computation of assessable value and as such the wholesale cash price at which the goods enter into the wholesale market would be independent of the value of the trade marks. So that cannot be taken into the computation of the assessable value. Similarly	 in the case of Joint Secretary to the Govt. of India and others vs Food Specialities Ltd.	 (supra)	 it was held that the value of Nestle 's trade marks could not be to the wholesale price charged by the dealer to Nestle 's for the purpose of computing the value of the goods manufactured. The goods in both these cases were manufactured independently of the addition of the trade marks. The price thereof at the factory gate was not after taking into account the value of the trade marks. If that was the position the value of the trade marks cannot be added to the wholesale cash price charged by the dealer. Affixation of trade marks for enhancement of the value thereof is extraneous to and independent of the process of manufacture. The charges for the same are not part of the assessable value and cannot enter into computation of the whole sail cash price on the basis of which excise duties ale to be levied. In the aforesaid view of the law and tor the reasons mentioned by my learned brother	 l agree with his answer to this contention. The assessable value would. therefore. include the value of the grey cloth in the hands of the processors plus the value of the job work done plus manufacturing expenses whatever would be included in the price at the factory gate. The correct assessable value must be the value of the fabric at the factory gate	 that is to say	 the value at which manufactured goods leave the factory and enter the main stream. One more aspect will have to be reiterated. Computation of the assessable value is one question and as to who would be liable for the same is another. Duties of excise are imposed on production or the manufacture of goods and are levied upon the manufacturer or the producer in accordance with the relevant rules. This is quite independent of the ownership of goods. It is	 therefore. necessary to reiterate that the value for the assessment under section of the Act will not be the processing charge alone but the intrinsic value of the processed fabrics which is the price at which the fabrics are sold for the first time in the wholesale market. The rules are clear on the computation of that value. If the valuation is made according to the rules as adumbrated in Empire Industries (supra) and as clarified by my learned brother in this judgment no difficulty should arise. PG NO 814 RANGANATHAN	 J. I agree but I should like to add a few words on two of the points argued before us. First	 I should like to clarify the nature of the decision in Hindustan Milkfood Manufacturers Ltd. vs Union	 (the HMM case) (to which I was a party)	 since learned counsel for the petitioners sought to rely on my judgment in that case as supporting his contention that the Union cannot seek to uphold the amendment presently in question by reference to Entry 97 of List I in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. In that case	 the Delhi High Court was concerned with the interpretation of the amendment to section 4 of the by Act 22 of 1975. The pre amendment section postulated the determination of excise duty on the basis of the wholesale cash price of the excisable goods at "the factory gate"; and	 an explanation provided that	 in determining this price	 no abatement or deduction shall be allowed in respect of trade discount and the amount of duty payable at the time of the removal of the goods from the factory. The post amendment section made certain changes in the concept of sale at the factory gate by excluding therefrom sales effected in favour of a category of persons defined as "related persons" with which we are not concerned here. The amendment also defined the assessable "value" so as to include packing charges but to exclude the amount of excise duty	 sales tax and other taxes as well as trade discount. The question was whether this amendment precluded the deduction	 from the wholesale factory gate price	 of post manufacturing expenses and profits. The question had been answered by several High Courts in the negative principally on the ground that the duty sought to be levied under the Act was an excise duty	 the very nature of which required a proximate connection with production or manufacture and that what had passed beyond this region and entered the domain of sale could not pass as excise duty. Counsel for the Union of lndia. with a view to overcome these decisions	 had contended that since Entry 97 of List I in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution enabled Parliament to enact a legislation even beyond the purview of an excise duty covered by Entry 84 of that list	 the Court should not read into the amended section the limitations that had been considered inherent in the section before its amendment. It was in repelling this contention that certain observations were made by me in paras 30 to 32 of the judgment to which Sri Soli Sorabjee drew our attention. It will	 however	 be clear from the discussion in the paragraphs referred to that the contention was repelled not on the ground that the legislature could not make a wider levy by reference to Entry 97 but only on the ground that the history	 context and language of the amendment did not warrant the wider interpretation. This will be clear from the following two sentences in para 31 where I said: PG NO 815 "Mr. Chandrasekharan 's contention . that the language of the new section should be given an enlarged scope and interpretation by relating it to Entry 97 of List I of Seventh Schedule cannot	 in our opinion	 be accepted. We do not think	 in considering this amendment	 that it is necessary for us to discuss whether	 if Parliament were to enact a law imposing on goods manufactured or produced a duty based not only on the manufacturing cost/profits	 but also including in the dutiable value the whole or some part	 post manufacturing cost/profits	 such a law would be intra vires or not: because it appears to us that no such law has been enacted in this case. We shall assume with Mr. Chandrasekharan	 that in view of Entry 97 in the Union List under the Constitution	 it is open to and competent for the legislature to expand or even modify the nature of the levy. The question	 however	 will be whether it has done so. " It was concluded	 after referring to the previous position as well as the statement of objects and reasons for the amendment	 that there was nothing to show that the legislature had intended to make ally change and that the rule against a presumption of implicit alteration of the law should be invoked in the context. In other words	 the HMM decision was based not on the scope of legislative Entry 97 in List 1 but on the language and scope of the amendment actually effected. It was considered not necessary or possible to stretch the language of the definition in section 4 beyond the ambit of the provision as delineated in the earlier decisions. The question decided was not that the legislature could not	 but that it did not	 make any radical change in the nature of the levy. The position considered in the HMM case may be illustrated by an analogy. Entry 82 in List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution permits the enactment	 by the Union Legislature	 of a law relating to taxation of 'income. The entry does not restrict such laws only to the income of a 'previous year '	 though this was the pattern of the prevelent Income Tax Acts activated by annual Finance Acts. Between 1948 and 1955	 however	 the Finance Acts purported to impost a tax on "excess dividends" which	 in brief	 was a tax on dividends declared out of profits of past years. The effect of these enactments was considered by the Bombay High Court as well as this Court. In C.I.T. vs Elphinstone Spinning & Weaving Mills Co. Ltd.	 	 this Court held that the language of the relevant provision in the Finance Acts was so framed that it could not be read as an independent charging section. It will be appreciated that the Finance Acts were also enactments of the Union Legislature and a taxation of profits	 even of past years	 by an independent and specific enactment could certainly have been brought within the scope of Entry 97	 if not Entry 82 itself. Nevertheless	 the enactments were held ineffective not because they could not but because they did not contain the words necessary to effectuate the result. The position in the HMM case was somewhat similar. The legislature retained the levy on the basis of the wholesale cash price at the factory gate as before and only introduced a definition of the expression 'value ' in terms a little more elaborate but basically not very different from what had been contained in the earlier section. The Court saw no reason to read into the language of the amended provision a meaning much wider that had been attributed to the provision before its amendment. The amendment gave no indication that	 contrary to what had been decided earlier	 it was the intention of the legislature to bring into the assessable value even an element of post manufacturing cost/profit. PG NO 816 But here the position is entirely different. The amendment has specifically enlarged the meaning and concept of the word "manufacture". If such extended concept is within the range of duties of excise as envisaged under Entry 84 and I agree that with my learned brothers that is 	 there is no difficulty. But	 if	 as contended for by Sri Sri Soli Sorabjee	 that legislative entry permits a duty levied with on the process of 'manufacture"	 stricto sensu	 and the processing in this case cannot be brought within that definition then this expended definition cannot be fitted into that entry. Nevertheless the specific statutory definition cannot be ignored and it it cannot be held valid by reference to Entry 84	 its validity has to be considered with reference to the residuary Entry 97. The definition of manufacture in a limited sense. It explictly enlarges the scope of the levy of excise duty and	 if it is not permissible to bring it within the scope of Entry 84	 a resort to Entry 97 cannot be ruled out. In my view	 therefore	 there is nothing in the decision in the HMM case that supports the contention of the petitioners have that the amendment of the definition of "manufacture" cannot be PG NO 817 sustained by reference to Entry 97 of List I in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India	 if it cannot be upheld as falling under the purview of Entry 84. The second point	 on which I feel inclined to add a few words is in regard to the contention on behalf of the petitioners that the definition of the term "manufacture" enacted in the Central Excises & Salt Act	 1944 as enlarged by Amendment Act 6/80	 cannot be read into the provisions of the Additional Duties of Excise Act (No. 58)	 1957. The argument is in three phases and runs thus: (i) section 3 of the 1957 Act	 which is the charging section	 fastens the charge of duty at the state of 'manufacture out this e expression is deliberately left undefined	 though the statute takes special care in section 2 to adopt	 for its purposes	 the definition of the specified goods as contained in the 1944 Act. This excludes the definition of 'manufacture ' enacted in section 2(f) of the 1944 and enlarged from time to time . (ii) section 3(3) cannot help the Revenue in this regard	 as its only purpose and effect is to avoid a repetition. in this Act of the procedural provisions of the 1944 Act. The charge or imposition of the tax having been said under section 3 [1]	 the purpose of .S. 3(3) is only to say that this charge shall be qualified	 demanded of the 1944 Act. This sub section cannot be read as having the effect of incorporating the substantive definition of "manufacture" in the 1944 Act particularly when section 2 chose to incorporate only the definition of the specified goods as contained in the 1944 Act. [iii] Even if the language of section 3( 3 ) is construed more liberaly	 it will be effective with only to incorporate the definitions contained in the 1944 Act as on the date of commencement of the 1957 Act but not its subsequent legislative expansions. In my opinion. there is no warrant or justification for giving such a narrow interpretation to the wide language of section 3[3] of the 1957 Act. Learned counsel for the petitioner	 in advancing this argument	 apparently has in mind the famous dictum of Lord Dunedin in Whitney vs Inland Revenue Commissioners	 [1927] A.C. 7 echoed in several decisions of this Court and of the various High Courts in India: PG NO 818 "Now	 there are three stages in the imposition of a tax: there is the declaration of liability	 that is the part of the statute which determines what persons in respect of what property are liable. Next	 there is the assessment. Liability does not depend on assessment. That	 ex hypothesi	 has already been fixed. But assessment particularizes the exact sum which a person liable has to pay. Lastly come the methods of recovery	 if the person taxed does not voluntarily pay." The argument	 founded on the above figurative analysis	 seeks to equate the expressions "levy and collection" used in section 3(3) with the stages of assessment and collection concerned with the procedure for quantification and recovery of a duty that has already been imposed. The first stage of "charge"	 according to counsel	 has already been dealt with in the first sub section of section 3	 which has fastened a charge on the production of manufacture of specified goods. The third sub section	 it is said	 only relates to the quantification or recovery of the charge imposed under section 3(1) . I do not see any force in this argument. In the first place	 even section 3(1) which	 according to the counsel	 is the charging section	 uses the same words "levied and collected. These are the same as the words used in Article 265 of the Constitution	 which have been interpreted as comprehending the entire process of taxation commencing from the imposition of the tax by enacting a statute to the actual taking away of money from the pocket of a citizen. They take in every stage in the entire process of taxation. The words "levied" is a wide and generic expression. One can say with as much appropriateness that the Income tax Act levies a tax on income as that the the Income Tax Officer levies the tax in accordance with the provisions of the Act. It is an expression of wide import and takes in all the stages of charge	 quantification and recovery of duty	 though in certain contexts it may have a restricted meaning. In the context of sub section (1) the word "levied" admittedly means "charged " as well as "assessed. The words "levy and collection ' in sub section (3) cannot be construed differently from the words levied and collected used in sub section (1). section 3(3)	 therefore	 also covers the entire gomut of section 3 (1) and cannot be construed as becoming operative at a somewhat later stage. Its operation cannot be excluded in determining the scope of the charge. PG NO 819 In this context	 reference has to be made to a decision of this Court which had to consider a provision	 almost identical with section 3(3) of the 1957 Act	 appearing in the Finance Act 1965	 in a somewhat indirect manner	 as the decision contains some observations	 which	 at first sight	 appear to support the line of argument of the petitioner herein. Such a provision has been annually repeated in all Finance Acts vide	 the Finance Act from 1963 to 1983 and imposes what has been described as "special"	 "regular" or "auxiliary" duties of excise and customs. The decision I am referring to is that of this Court in Associated Cement Co. Ltd. vs Director of Inspection	 19. This decision was really concerned with section 280 ZD of the Income Tax Act	 1961	 which in turn called for a reference to section 80 of the Finance Act	 1965 which is in the following terms: "(I) When goods of the description mentioned in this section chargeable with a duty of excise under the Central Excises Act . are assessed to duty	 there shall be levied and collected (a) as respects (certain) goods . . 	 a special duty of excise equal to 10 per cent of the total amount so chargeable on such goods; (b) as respects (certain other) goods . . 	 a special duty of excise equal to 20 per cent . : and (c) as respects (certain other) goods . . 	 a special duty of excise equal to 33 1/3 per cent . (2) xxx xxx (3) The duties of excise referred to in sub section ( l) chargeable on such goods under the Central Excise Act or any other law for the time being in force . (4) The provisions of the Central Excises Act and the rules thereunder. including those relating to refunds and exemptions from duty	 shall. so far as may be. apply in relation to the levy and collection of the duty of excise leviable under this section in respect of any goods as they apply in relation to the levy and collection of the duties of excise on such goods under that Act or rules. " PG NO 820 Section 280 ZD of the Income Tax Act	 1961 enabled an assessee	 in certain circumstances	 to obtain a "tax credit" certificate in respect of a percentage of the amount of "duty of excise payable by him." "Duty of excise" was defined by the section to mean "the duty of excise leviable under the Central Excises & Salt Act". The question was whether the tax credit could also be given in respect of the amount of the special duty of excise levied and collected under the Finance Act. This Court held that	 obviously	 the special duty levied under section 80 could not be regarded as having been levied under the Central Excise Act. It said: "It is true that the expression 'leviable ' is an expression of wide import and includes stages of quantification and recovery of the duty but in the context in which that expression has been used in clause (b) of sub section (6) of section 280 ZD	 it is clear that it has been used in the sense of chargeability to duty. In other words	 the duty of excise in respect whereof tax credit is available would be in respect of such duty of excise as is chargeable under the Excise Act and clearly the Special excise duty in respect whereof additional tax credit is sought by the appellant company is not chargeable under the Excise Act but chargeable under the Excise Act. " Having said this	 the Court added: " 'Sub clauses [3] and (4) of section 8() of the Finance Act on which reliance has been placed by counsel for the appellant company in terms refers to the procedural aspect such as the qualification and collection of the special duty and simply because the qualification and collection of the special duty under the Finance Act is to he done in accordance with the provisions of the Excise Act such duty does not become leviable that is to say chargeable	 under the Excise Act. " The above observations no doubt lend some support to the contention of the petitioner	 as the wording of section 80(4) of the 1965 Finance Act is identical with that of section 3(3) and has been interpreted as attracting only the procedural aspect of the Central Excise Act. But in my opinion	 while that may have been true of section 80(4) of the Finance Act	 1965	 it will not be correct to draw the same conclusion about the 1957 Act. For	 section 80(1) of the Finance Act	 1965 fully exhausted the aspect of charge of the special duty. It PG NO 821 specified the goods to be taxed and also laid down that the special duty was to be a percentage of the normal excise duty chargeable on those goods. Nothing else remained except the quantification and the collection. But here the position is different. There are three ingredients of the charging provision viz. section 3(1). The additional duties are charged (a) on manufacture	 storage of production (b) of certain named goods (c) at the rates specified in the first schedule. Of these	 only aspect (b) finds mention in the t957 Act but in relation to the definitions contained in the 1944 Act. Aspect (c)	 clearly is not complete without a reference to the main Act. For	 turning to the First Schedule of the Act	 originally it specified rates on the basis of length	 weight or number on all items except "cigarettes" where the duty was to be ad valorem. The Amendment Act	 No. 6 of 1980	 substituted the rate per metre specified under the original schedule in respect of the items with which we are concerned to ad valorem rates. Now the assessable value is to be determined on the basis of which the special duty will have to be worked out cannot be found out from the 1957 Act which contains no definition or indication in this regard. The statute cannot be worked atleast in respect of goods where an ad valorem rate is prescribed unless section 3(l) is read with section 3(3 ) and the definition of "assessable value" in section 14 of the 1944 Act is read with the Finance Act. In like manner	 I think. the content of aspect (a) cannot be understood differently from	 or independently of	 the definition in the main enanctment. Having regard to the nature and content of the levy indicated in s 3(1)	 it is obvious that section 3(3) has to have the effect of attracting not only the purely procedural and machinery provisions of the 1944 Act but also some of its charging provisions. It is	 therefore difficult to consider section 3(1) of the 1(1957 Act in contrast to the Finance Act of 1965 As covering the entire ambit of the charge imposed. In short	 the language of section (3) has to he given a wider meaning than under the Finance Act	 1985. I have referred to the fact that a provision similar to that in section 80 of the Finance Act	 1965 is also found in other Finance Acts. On perusal of these provisions	 it will be found that a like position exists there also. These provisions are all self contained and completely specify the scope of the charge either as a percentage of the excise duty normally chargeable under the Central Excises & Salt Act	 1944 or as a percentage of the 'assessable value determined under section 4 of the 1944 Act. ' This	 in my view	 is a very important reason why the observations in the Associated Cement Co. 's case (supra) cannot be of application in the context of the 1957 Act. A question has been raised as to why	 if it were the intention of the Legislature to take in all the provisions PG NO 822 including definitions from the 1944 Act	 it was considered necessary to make a specific reference to the definitions of the various goods on which additional duty was being imposed as contained in the schedule to the 1944 Act. Counsel says that this enactment of specific definitions drawn from the 1944 Act should lead to an inference that no other definitions from that Act were intended to be incorporated in the 1957 Act. A careful examination will	 however. show that this is not the effect. Actually	 section 2 is not much of a 'definition ' section. (a) is not strictly necessary and cl. (b) is only intended to clarify that the proceeds of the duties are not be distributed to Union Territories. So far as clause (c) is concerned	 it is necessary to make a reference to section 7 of the Act	 which reads thus: "7. It is hereby declared that the following goods	 namely	 subject	 tobacco	 cotton fabrics	 rayon or artificial fabrics and woolen fabrics	 are of special importance in inter state trade of commerce and every sales tax law of a State shall	 in so far as it imposes or authorises the imposition of a tax on the sale or purchase of the declared goods	 he subject	 as from the 1st day of April	 1958	 to the restrictions and conditions specified in section 15 of the . " The effect of this provision	 as held in M/s Mahendra Pratap Rama Chandra vs Commercial Tax Officer & Others	 is that "the contents of section 15 became a part of section 7 from the moment when section '	 was enacted. ' ' section 15 of the Central Sales Act applies to "declared" goods as defined in section 2(c) and enumerated in section 14 of that Act as being of special importance in inter state trade and commerce. section 14 of the . enumerates various items of goods among which arc the six items specified in section 3(1) of the 1957 Act and this list further specifies that they shall have the same meaning as is attached to the respective items in the First Schedule to the Central Excises & Salt Act	 1944 vide items (ii a)	 (vii)	 (viii)	 (ix). (x) and (xi). Thus	 it was always clear that the specified goods have to be understood in the way they were defined in the Central Excises & Salt Act	 1944. The idea in 1956 was to restrict the powers of the States to levy sales tax in respect of such goods and other goods. In 1958	 the idea was conceived of the Centre levying an additional excise duty on these goods and distributing the same to the States subject to the condition specified in Schedule II that such States did not impose any sale or purchase tax on these commodities. Subsequently	 perhaps. it was realised that section 7 served no specific purpose under the Act except that of the definitions which was an aspect PG NO 823 already covered by section 2(c). In these circumstances	 not much significance need be attached to section 2(c) much less can it be construed as negativing the import of other definitions from the 1944 Act. The next question that arises for considerion is	 whether	 even assuming that the terms of section 3(3) are applicable	 its terms are wide enough to take in not merely the provisions of the Central Excises and & Salt Act	 1944 and	 in particular its definition clauses	 as they stood in 1957 on the date when the 1957 Act came into force but also the amendments effected therein from time to time. The answer to this question depends upon the general principles applicable to what is described as 'referential legislation ' of which this is an instance. Legislatures sometimes take a short cut and try to reduce the length of statutes by omitting elaborate provisions where such provisions have already been enacted earlier and can be adopted for the purpose on hand. While	 on the one hand	 the prolixity of modern statutes and the necessity to have more legislation then one on the same or allied topics render such a course useful and desirable	 the attempt to legislate by reference is sometimes everdone and previty is achieved at the expense of lucidity. However	 this legislative device is quite well known and the principles applicable to it fairly well settled. Referential legislation is of two types. One is where an earlier Act or some of its provisions are incorporated by reference into a later Act. In this event	 the provisions of the earlier Act or those so incorporated	 as they stand in the earlier Act at the time of incorporation	 will be read into the later Act. Subsequent changes in thc earlier Act or the incorporated provisions will have to be ignored because	 for all practical purposes	 the existing provisions of the earlier Act have been re enacted by such reference into the later one	 rendering irrelevant what happens to the earlier statute thereafter. Examples of this can be seen in Secretary of State vs Hindustan Cooperative Insurance Society	 AIR 1931 P.C. 149; Solani Ores Ltd. vs State	 ; and Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. vs Union	 AIR 1979 S.C.798. On the other hand	 the later statute may not incorporate the earlier provisions. It may only make a reference of a broad nature as to thc law on a subject generally	 as in Bhajiyu vs Gopikabai. ; ; or contain a general reference to the terms of an earlier statute which are to be made applicable. In this case any modification	 repeal or re enactment of the earlier statute will also be carried into in the later	 for here	 the idea is that certain provisions of an earlier statute which become applicable in certain circumstances are to be made use of for the purpose of the latter Act also. Examples of PG NO 824 this type of legislation are to be seen in Collector of Customs vs Nathella Sampathu Chetty	 ; ; New Central Jute Mills Co. Ltd. vs Assistant Collector	 ; and Special Land Acquisition Officer vs City Improvement Trust	 Whether a particular statute falls into the first or second category is always a question of construction. In the present case	 in my view	 the legislation falls into the second category. section 3(3) of the l957 Act does not incorporate into the 1957 Act any specific provisions of the 1944 Act. It only declares generally that the provisions of the 1944 Act shall apply "so far as may be"	 that is	 to the extent necessary and practical	 for the purposes of the 1957 Act as well. That apart	 it has been held	 even when a specific provision is incorporated and the case apparently falls in the first of the above categories	 that the rule that repeals	 modifications or amendments of the earlier Act will have to be ignored is not adhered to incertain situations. These have been set out in State of Madhya Pradesh vs Narasimhan. [ ; In that case. the Supreme Court was considering the question whether the amendment of section 21 of the Penal Code by the Criminal Law Amendment Act. 195X	 was also applicable for purposes of the Prevention of Corruption Act	 1947	 which by section 2 incorporates	 for the purposes of that Act	 the definition of `public servant ' in s 2l of the Penal Code. Answering thc (question in the affirmative	 the Court outlined the following proposition: "Where a subsequent Act incorporates provisions of a previous Act. then the borrowed provisions become an integral and independent part of the subsequent Act and are totally uneffected by any repeal or amendment in the previous Act This principle. however will not apply in the following	 cases: (a) where the subsequent Act and the previous Act are supplemental to each other; (b) where the two Acts are in pari materia: (c) where the amendment in the previous Act	 if not imported into the subsequent Act also	 would render the subsequent Act wholly unworkable and uneffectual; and (d) where the amendment of the previous Act	 either PG NO 825 expressly or by necessary intendment	 applies the said provisions to the subsequent Act. " The present case falls within the scope of these exceptions	 even if section 3(3) is construed as incorporating certain specific provisions of the 1944 into itself. The legislation presently in question is clearly in pari materia with the 1944 Act. It is also merely supplemental. While the 1944 Act imposes a general levy of excise duty on all goods manufactured and produced	 and aim of the present Act is to supplement the levy by an additional duty of the same nature on certain goods. The duration of the applicability is undefined but the statute is clearly enforceable as long as it is in the statute book side by side with the normal excise duties. The clear intention is that the same provisions shall govern both the levies except that the duty under the later Act is confined to certain goods only and its distributability among the States may perhaps follow a different pattern from the principal duty. There is no reason or logic why all the incidents attaching under the earlier legislation	 in so &r as they are not clearly inconsistent with the later one should not be extended to the later legislation as well. As has been pointed out earlier	 the Finance Acts which levied special or regular or additional excise duties contained in themselves all the elements of charge of duty. The goods were mentioned and the duty as to be levied either at a percentage of the normal excise duty payable under the 1944 Act or at a percentage of the value of the assessable goods as determined under the 1944 Act. All that was further needed was the applicability of the procedural provisions of the 1944 Act Here	 however	 the 1957 Act is incomplete as to the basis of the charge and its provisions would become totally unworkable unless the concepts of "manufacture" and "assessable value? ' as determined under the 1944 Act are carried into it. In the circumstances	 I agree that we should give full and literal effect to the language of section 3(3) and hold that it has the effect not only of attracting the procedural provisions of the 1944 Act but also all its other provisions	 including those Containing the definition.

Section 2(f) of the Central Excise Act defines `manufacture '	 to include any process incidental or ancillary to the completion of a manufactured product. The President of India promulgated an Ordinance called the Central Excises and Salt and Additional Duties of Excise (Amendment) Ordinance 1979	 which was later replaced by Central Act VI of 1980	 called the Central Excises and Salt and Additional Duties of Excise (Amendment) Act	 1980. The PG NO 770 PG NO 771 Amending Act became effective from 24th February	 1979. By section 2 of the Amending Act	 Section 2 (f) of the Excise Act was amended by adding three sub items in the definition of `manufacture ' so as to include activities like bleaching	 dyeing	 printing etc. which were held not covered by two decisions of the Gujarat High Court. Similar amendments were made in items 19 and 22 of the First Schedule with retrospective effect. Section 5(2)(b) of the Amending Act provided that no suit or other proceedings shall be maintained or continued in any other Court for the refund of the duty collected and no enforcement shall be made by any Court of any decree or order directing the refund of such duties of excise which have been collected and which may have been collected	 as if the provisions of Section 5 of the Act had been in force on and from the appointed day as defined in the Act. Prior to the Amending Act	 1980	 the levy an the processors	 was challenged before the Gujarat High Court in the case of vijay Textiles Mills vs Union of India nd Real Honest Textile vs Union of India	 [1979] 4 E.L.E.J. 181. The Gujarat High Court held that cotton fabric subjected to bleaching	 dyeing and printing could not be subjected to excise duty under items 19 and 22 of the First Schedule to the 	 and that processors were liable to pay duties under tariff entry 68 only on the value added by that processor. Following this judgment a large number of similar claims of 	processing houses were allowed by the High Court by its judgment dated 13.3 1979. However	 the Bombay High Court	 took a different view and held that even under the concept of manufacture ' envisaged in section 2(f) even prior to its amendment	 the operations carried on by the professors amounted to `manufacture ' and that	 at all events	 the matter was placed beyond any controversy by the Amendment Act of 1980. The judgment of the Gujarat High Court in the case of Vijay Textiles and Real Honest Textiles was considered by a Bench consisting of three judges of this Court in Empire Industries vs Union of India [1985] Supp. 1 SCR 292 and it was held not to have been decided correctly. The view taken by the Bombay High Court in New Shakti Dye Works Pvt. Ltd. vs Union of India & Anr. was approved. The present appeals	 by special leave	 preferred against the judgments of the High Court of Gujarat and the High Court of Bombay	 and the batch of writ petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution of India	 involve common PG NO 772 questions of law concerning the validity of the levy of duties of excise under tariff items 19 and 22 of the Schedule to the ("Central Excise Act") as amended by the Central Excises and Salt Additional Duties Excise (Amendment) 1980 Act ("Amending Act") treating as `manufacture ' the process of bleaching	 dyeing	 printing	 sizing	 mercerising	 water proofing	 rubberising	 shrink proofing	 organdie processing etc. done by the processors who carry out these operations in their factories on job work basis in respect of `cotton fabric ' and `Man made fabric ' belonging to their customers. The facts in all the cases are indenticl. The petitioners/appellants carry out the operations of bleaching dyeing	 printing sizing	 finishing etc. of grey fabric on job work against payment of processing charges to it by the customers who are the owners of the grey fabric. The machinery and equipment installed in the petitioners ' factories are suited for and appropriate to the processing of grey fabric and are not capable to manufacturing grey fabric. The man made grey fabric	 such as	 Art Silk Grey fabric is manufactured in mills and on power looms and that latter is exempt from excise duty on its manufacture. The Art Silk Grey fabrics which are processed in the petitioners/appellants factories are those manufactured on power looms and not by the mills and that the Art Silk Grey fabric received do not come from the manufacturers of the grey fabric through the manufacturing stream but from the various trader through the sales stream. The present writ petitions/appeals also include cases where the grey fabric is also purchased by some of the processing houses and are sold by them	 after processing. In some cases	 the manufacturers of the grey fabric subject it to captive consumption and process them in their own composite establishments. At the time of hearing	 the correctness of the view taken in the Empire Industries case on certain aspects having been doubted by another Bench of this Court	 these appeals/writ petitions were referred to a Bench of five judges on two questions namely (1) whether the processing of grey fabric amounted to `manufacture ' within the meaning of Section 2(f) as it stood prior to its amendment	 and (2) whether	 even if such processing did amount to `manufacture ' what should be the proper basis for determining the assessable value of the processed fabrics. In the petitions and appeals	 the following points arise for determination. PG NO 773 A(i) Whether the process of bleaching	 dyeing	 printing	 sizing	 shrink proofing etc. carried on in respect of cotton or man made `grey fabric ' amount to `manufacture ' for purposes	 and within the meaning of Sect;on 2(f) of the prior to the amendment of the said Section 2(f) by section 2 of the Amending Act VI of 1980. A(ii) Whether the decision in Empire Industries Limited that these operations amount to `manufacture ' is wrongly decided and requires reconsideration. (B) Whether the amendment brought about by the Act of 1980 of Section 2(f) and to tariff items 19 and 22 of the Central Excise Act is ultra vires Entry 84 List 1 and	 therefore	 beyond the competence of the Union Parliament. Whether	 at all events	 even if the expended concept of manufacture introduced by the Amendment is beyond the scope of Entry 84 List 1	 whether the impost is	 at all events	 referable to and supportable by the residual Entry 97 of List 1. (C) Whether	 at all events even if the amendments to Central Excise Act are valid	 the levy under the Additional Duties Act is unsupportable and without the authority of law as there is no corresponding enlargement of the definition of `manufacture ' under the Additional Duties Act. (D) Whether the retrospective operation of the Amending Act is an unreasonable restriction on the fundamental right of the `processors ' under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution. (E) Whether	 even if the levy is justified	 at all events	 the computation of the assessable value of the processed grey fabric on the basis of the whole sale cash selling price declared under classification list under Rule 173(b) is unjustified and illegal in respect of the assessable value of the processed grey fabric done on job work basis. Allowing the appeals preferred by the Union of India	 HELD: (Per Majority) The appeals preferred by the Union of India are allowed and the Judgment of the Gujarat High Court under appeal is PG NO 774 set aside. The appeals preferred by the processors against the judgment of the Bombay High Court and the Writ Petition filed by the processors directly in this Court are dismissed. The Union of India and its authorities shall be entitled to take necessary steps to seek the enforcement of the bank guarantees	 if any for the recovery of the arrears. [810C D] Per Sabyasachi Mukharji	 J. (Concurring with Venkatachaliah. J.) (1) A statutory charge should be measured by the method of its computation as laid down in the statute and not by any other method of computation. The circumstances that thereby the benefit of any computation granted by the legislation may be lost and that in some cases hardship might result are not matters which would influence courts on the Instruction of the statute. A tax payer is entitled only to such benefit as is granted by the legislature [811C D] (2) (i) Where a manufacturer sells the goods manufactured by him in wholesale to a wholesale dealer at the arms length and in the usual course of business	 the wholesale cash price charged by him to the wholesale dealer less trade discount would represent the value of the goods for the purpose of assessment of excise. But the price received by he wholesale dealer who purchases the goods from the manufacturer and in his turn sells the same in wholesale to other dealers would be irrelevant for determination of the value of the goods and the goods would be charged on that basis. [812E F] (2) (ii) The valuation must be on the basis of wholesale cash price at the time when the manufactured goods enter into the open market. The value of the trade marks is not to be taken into account in computing the assessable value as the affixation of the trade marks of a particular brand was extraneous to manufacture. The values of such extraneous on additional factors do not enter into the computation of assessable value and as such the wholesale cash price at which the goods enter into the wholesale market would be independent of the value of the trade marks. [812G H:8134A B] (2)(iii) The assessable value would	 therefore	 include the value of the grey cloth in the hands of the processors plus the value of the job work done plus manufacturing profits and manufacturing expenses whatever would be included in the price at the factory gate. The correct assessable value must be the value of the fabric at the factory gate	 that is to say	 the value at which the manufactured goods leave the factory and enter the main stream. [813E] PG NO 775 3. Computation of the assessable value is one question and as to who should be liable for the same is another. Duties of excise are imposed on production or on manufacture of goods and are levied upon the manufacturer or the producer in accordance with the relevant rules. This is quite independent of the ownership of goods. It is	 there fore	 necessary to reiterate that the value for	 the assessment under Section 4 of the Act will not be the processing charge along but the intrinsic value of the processed fabric which is the price at which the fabrics are sold for the first time in the wholesale market. The rules are clear on the computation of that value.[813F H] Atic Industries Ltd. vs H.H. Dave	 Asstt. Collector of Central Excise and Ors. 	 ; ; Union of India & Ors. etc. vs Bombay Tyre International Ltd. etc. ; 	 at 375; Union of India & Ors. vs Cibatul Ltd.	 [1985] Suppl. 3 S.C.R. 95 and Joint Secy. to the Govt. of India & Ors. vs Food Specialities Ltd.	 11985] Suppl. 3 S.C.R. 165	 followed. Per Venkatachaliah	 J. (for himself and on behalf of R. section Pathak	 and section Natarajan	 J.) 1(i) The prevalent and generally accepted test to ascertain that there is `manufacture ' is whether the change or the series of changes brought about by the application of processes take the commodity to the point where	 commercially	 it can no longer be regarded as the original commodity but is	 instead	 recognised as a distinct and new article that has emerged as a result of the processes. [797E F] 1(ii) The view taken in the Empire Industries case that `grey fabrics ' after they undergo the various processes of bleaching	 dyeing sizing	 printing	 finishing etc. emerges as a commercially different commodity with its own price structure	 custom and other commercial incidents and that there was in that sense a `manufacture ' within the meaning of Section 2(f)	 even as unamended	 is an eminently plausible view and is not shown to suffer from any fallacy. [798A B] Union of India vs Delhi Cloth & General Mills	 [1963] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 536 at 597; Tungabhadra Industries Ltd. vs Commercial Officer Kurnool; 	 ; Deputy Commissioner of Sales Tax vs Pio Food Packers	 ; at 1275; Sterling Foods vs State of Karnataka	 PG NO 776 ; at 475 & 476; Kailash Nath vs State of U.P.	 8 S.T.C. 358; Deputy Commissioner sales Tax vs Sadasivan	 42 S.T.C. 2 (Kerala); Swastic Products Baroda vs Superintendent of Central Excise	 ; Swan Bangle Stores vs Assistant Sales Tax Officer	 25 S.T.C. 122 (Allahabad); State of Andhra Pradesh vs Sri Durga Hardware Stores	 32 S.T.C. 322 (Andhra Pradesh); Extrusion Process Pvt. Ltd. vs N.R. Jadnav	 Superintendent of Central Excise	 ; In Health & Milligan Manufacturing Company	 The Sherwin Williams Company	 etc. vs J.H. Worst Director of the North Dakota Government Agricultural Experiment Station; Kailash Nath vs State of U.P.	 8 S.T.C. 358; Commissioner of Sales Tax	 U.P. (Lucknow) vs Harbilas Rai	 21 S.T.C. 17; Hiralal Jitmal vs Commissioner of Income Tax	 8 S.T.C. 325 at 326 and Kores (India) Ltd. vs Union of India and Ors.	 	 referred to. 2(i) Entries in the legislative lists. are not sources of the legislative power but are merely topics or fields of legislation and must receive a liberal construction inspired by a broad and generous spirit and not in a narrow pedantic sense. The expression "with respect to" in Article 246 brings in the doctrine of "Pith and Substance" in the understanding of the exertion of the legislative power and wherever the question of legislative competence is raised	 the test is whether the legislation	 looked at as a whole	 is substantially `with respect to ' the particular topic of legislation. If the legislation has a substantial and not merely a remote connection with the entry	 the matter may well be taken to be legislation on the topic. [799B D] 2(ii) Competence to legislate flows from Articles 245. 246 and the other Articles following in Part XI of the Constitution. In defending the validity of a law questioned on ground of legislative incompetence	 the State can always show that the law was supportable under any other entry within the competence of the legislature. Indeed in supporting a legislation sustenance could be drawn and had from a number of entries. The legislation could be a composite legislation drawing upon several entries. Such a "rag bag" legislation is particularly familiar in taxation. [800F G] Diamond Sugar Mills vs State of IJ.P.	 [1961] 3 S.C.R. 242 at 248; Statutory Interpretation	 at page 644 and Hari Krishna Bhargav vs Union of India & Anr.	 [1966] 2 S.C.R. 22	 referred to. PG NO 777 2(iii) So far as	 the exclusive competence of the Union Parliament to legislate is concerned	 all that is necessary is to find out whether the particular topic of legislation is in List 11 or List 111. If it is not	 it is not necessary to go any further or search for the field in List 1. Union Parliament has exclusive power to legislate upon that topic or field. Of course	 it has concurrent power also in respect of the subjects in List 111. [801E F] 2(iv) Even if the impost on process is not one under Entry 84	 List 1	 but Is an impost of `processing ' distinct from `manufacture ' the levy could yet be supported by Entry 97	 List 1	 even without the aid of the wider principle recognised and adopted in Dhillon 's case ; [799F] 3. Section 4 of the Amending Act VI of 1980 has amended the relevant items in the schedule to the Additional Duties Act	 the expressions ' `produce ' or `manufacture ' in Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act must be read along with the entries in the Schedules. What appears	 therefore	 clear is that what applies to the main levy	 applies to the additional duties as well. [803F] Pandit Ram Narain vs The State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors. ; 	 at 673; Macbath & Com. vs Chisletr	 at 224; Commissioner of Sales Tax	 Madhya Pradesh vs Jaswant Singh Charan Singh	 [19671 2 S.C.R. 720 at 725 26; Assistant Collector of Central Excise	 Calcutta Division vs National Tobacco Co. of India Ltd.	 ; at 835; Att. vs Lamplough [1878] 3 exhibit D. 214	 299; Interpretation of States	 11th ed. p. 156 and Bennion 's Statutory Interpreation	 p. 568 569	 referred to. 4(i) A Competent legislature can always validate a law which has been declared by court to be invalid provided the infirmities and vitiating factors noticed in the declaratory judgment are removed for cured. Such a validating law can also be made retrospective. If in the light of such validating and curative exercise made by the legislature granting legislative competence the earlier judgment becomes irrelevant and unenforceable	 that cannot be called an impermissible legislative overruling of the judicial decision. All that the legislature does is to usher in a valid law with retrospective effect in the light of which earlier judgment becomes irrelevant. Such legislative expedience of validation of laws is of particular significance and utility and is quit often applied	 in taxing statutes. It is necessary that the legislature should be able to cure defects in statutes. No individual can PG NO 778 acquire a vested right from a defect in a statute and seek a wind fall from the legislature 's mistakes. [804G H; 805A C] Sri Prithvi Cotton Mills Ltd. & Anr. vs Broach Borough Municipality & Ors.	 	 referred to. 4(ii) Validity of legislations retroactively curing defects in taxing statutes is well recognised and courts	 except under extraordinary circumstances	 would be reluctant to override the legislative judgment as to the need for and wisdom of the retrospective legislation. [805C] 4(iii) In testing whether a retrospective imposition of a tax operates so harshly as to violate fundamental rights under article 19(1)(g)	 the factors considered relevant include the context in which retroactivity was contemplated such as whether the law is one of validation of taxing statute struck down by courts for certain defects; the period of such retroactivity	 and the decree and extent of any unforeseen or unforeseenable financial burden imposed for the past period etc. Having regard to all the circumstances of the present case	 this court in Empire Industries ' case rightly held that the retroactivity of the Amending provisions was not such as to incure any infirmity under Article 9(1)(g). [805E G] 5(i) Section 4 of the `Central Excise Act ' envisages that the value of an article for the purposes of duty shall be deemed to be; (a) the wholesale cash price for which an article of the like kind and quality was sold or was capable of being sold at the time of removal of the article from the factory or premises of manufacture for delivery at the place of manufactures or (b) where such price was not 	ascertainable the price at which an article of the like kind and quality as sold or capable of being sold al the time of removal of the article chargeable with duty [808F G] 5(ii) Consistent with the provisions of Section 4 and the Central Excise (Valuation) Rules	 1975	 framed under sec. 37 of the Act	 it cannot be said that the assessable value of the processed fabric should comprise only of the processing charges. this extreme contention	 if accepted	 would lead to and create more problems than it is supposed to solve	 and produce situations which could only be characterised as anomalous. The incidence of the levy should be uniform	 uninfluenced by fortuitous considerations. The view taken in the matter in Empire Industries case does not call for reconsideration. [809C D] PG NO 779 5(iii) The question whether the producer or the manufacturer is or is not the owner of the goods is not determinative of the liability. The essential and conceptional nature of the tax is to be kept clearly distinguished from both the extent of the power to impose and the stage at which the tax is imposed. Though the levy is on the production or manufacture of the goods	 the imposition of the duty could be at the stage which the law considers most convenient to impose as long as a rational relationship with the nature of the tax is maintained. [806B D] 5(iv) The nature of the excise duty is not to be confused with	 or tested with reference to	 the measure by which the tax is assessed. The standard adopted as the measure of assessment may throw light on the nature of the levy but is not determinative of it. When a statutory measure for assessment of the tax is contemplated	 it "need not contour along the lines which spell out the levy itself '	 and "a broader based standard of reference may be adopted for the purposes of determining the measure of the levy". Any statutory standard which maintains a nexus with the essential character of the levy can be regarded as a valid basis for assessing the measure of the tax. [808G H; 809A B] Atic Industries Ltd. vs H.H. Dave	 Assn. Collector of Central Excise and Ors.	 [1975] 3 S.C.R. p. 563 and Union of India Ors. vs Bombay Tyre International Ltd. etc. [1984] 1 S.C.R. p. 347 at 375	 referred to. Per Ranganathan	 J. (Concurring with Venkatatchlliah	 J. 1(i) Hindustan Milkfood Manufacturers Ltd. vs Union	 The HMM case) 	 was based not on the scope of legislative entry 97 in List I but on the language and scope ot the amendment actually effected. It was considered not necessary or possible to stretch the language of the definition in section 4 beyond the ambit of the provision as delineated in the earlier decisions. The question decided was not that the legislature could not	 but that it did not make any redical change in the nature of the levy. [815F G] 1(ii) There is nothing in the decision HMM case that supports the contention of the petitioners here that the amendment of the definition of `manufacture ' cannot be sustained by reference to entry 97 of List 1 in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India	 if it cannot be upheld as falling under the purview of Entry 84. [816H; 817A] PG NO 780 2(i) The words `levied ' is a wide and generic expression. One can say with as much appropriateness that the Income Tax Act levies a tax on income as that the Income Tax Officer levies the tax in accordance with the provisions of the Act. It is an expression of wide import and takes in all the stages of charge	 quantification and recovery of duty	 though in certain contexts it may have a restricted meaning. In the context of sub section (I) the word 'levied ' admittedly means `charged as well as assessed '. The words `levy and collection ' in sub section (3) cannot be construed differently from the words `levied and collected ' used in sub section (1). Section 3(3)	 therefore. also covers the entire gomut of section 3(1) and cannot be construed as becoming operative at some what later stage. Its operation cannot be excluded in determining the scope of the charge. [818F H] 2 (ii) Having regard to the nature and content of the levy indicated in section 3(1)	 it is obvious that section 3(3) has to have the effect of attracting not only the purely procedural and machinery provisions of the 1944 Act but also some of its charging provisions. It is	 therefore	 difficult to consider section 3(1) of the 1957 Act in contrast to the Finance Act of 1965 as covering the entire ambit of the charge imposed. In short	 the language of section 3(3) has to be given a wider meaning than under the Finance Act	 1965. A provision similar to that in section 80 of the Finance Act	 1965 is also found in other Finance Acts. On perusal of these provisions	 it will be found that a like position exists there also. These provisions are all self contained and completely specify the scope of the charge either as a percentage of the excise duty normally chargeable under the Central Excises & Salt Act	 1944 or as a percentage of the `assessable value determined under section 4 of the 1944 Act. This is very important reason why the observations in the Associated Cement Co. s	 case [1985]2 S.C.C. 719 cannot be of application in the context of the 1957 Act. [821E H] M/s Mahendra Pratap Rama Chandra vs Commercial Tax officer & Others. 	 referred to. 3(i) Legislatures sometimes take a short cut and try to reduce the length of statutes by omitting elaborate provisions where such provisions have already been enacted earlier and can be adopted for the purpose on hand. While	 on the one hand	 the prolixity of modern statutes and the necessity to have more legislations than one on the same or allied topics render such a course useful and desirable	 the attempt to legislate by reference is sometimes overdone and brevity is achieved at the expense of lucidity. However this legislative device is quite well known and the principles applicable to it fairly well settled. [823C D] PG NO 781 3(ii) Referential legislation is of two types. One is where an earlier Act or some of its provisions are incorporated by reference into a later Act. In this event	 the provisions of the earlier Act or those so incorporated	 as they stand in the earlier Act at the time of incorporation	 will be read into the later Act. Subsequent changes in the earlier Act or the incorporated provisions will have to be ignored because	 for all practical purposes the existing provisions of the earlier Act have been re enacted by such reference into the later one	 rendering irrelevant what happens to the earlier statute thereafter. On the other hand	 the later statute may not incorporate the earlier provisions. It may only make a reference of a broad nature as to the law on the subject generally or contain a general reference to the terms of an earlier statute which are to be made applicable. In this case any modification	 repeal or re enactment of the earlier statute will also be carried into in the later	 for here	 the idea is that certain provisions of an earlier statute which become applicable in certain circumstances are to be made use of for the purpose of the later Act also. [823E H] 3(iii) Whether a particular statute falls into the first or second category is always a question of construction. [824B] In the present case	 the legislation falls into the second category. section 3(3) of the 1957 Act does not incorporate into the 1957 Act any specific provisions of the 1944 Act. It only declares generally that the provisions of the 1944 Act shall apply 'so far as may be" '. that is	 to the extent necessary and practical	 for the purposes of the 1957 Act as well. [824B C] Secretary of State vs Hindustan Cooperative Insurance Society ; Solani Ores Ltd. vs State	 ; ; Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. vs Union	 ; ; Bhajiva vs Gopikabai	 [1978] 3 S.C.R. 561; Collector of Customs vs Nathella Sampathu Chetty	 ; ; New Central Jute Mills Ltd. vs Assistant Collector; 	 ; Special Land Acquisition Officer vs City Improvement Trust	 [1977] 1 section( referred to. 3(iv) The legislation presently in question is clearly in pari materia with the 1944 Act. It is also merely supplemental. While the 1944 Act imposes a general levy of excise duty on all goods manufactured and produced	 and aim of the present Act is to supplement the levy by an additional duty of the same nature on certain goods.