Summarize the following court judgment. il Appeal No. 861 of 1975. (Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 1 3 1975 of the Allahabad High Court (Lucknow Bench) in writ petition No. 405 of 1974.) A.K. Sen and S.K. Bisaria	 for the appellant. C.P. Lal for respondents 1 3. Yogeshwar Prasad and R.N. Trivedi	 for respondents. No. 8. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by JASWANT SINGH	 J. This appeal by special leave is di rected against the judgment and order dated March 31	 1975	 of Lucknow Bench of 65 the Allahabad High Court dismissing the writ petition No. 405 of 1974 filed by the appellant challenging the recommen dation made by a Selection Committee of the Lucknow Univer sity (hereinafter referred to as 'the University ') for appointment of respondent No. 8 as Professor of Anthropology in the Faculty of Arts of the University. The facts giving rise to this appeal are: towards the end of the year 1973	 the University put up an advertisement inviting applications from candidates possessing the follow ing qualifications to fill up a vacant post of Professor of Anthropology : "Essential: First or high second class Master 's degree and Doctorate in the subject con cerned with a good academic record	 experience of teaching post graduate classes not less than 7 years and/or having conducted and successfully guided research work for 7 year 's in recognised institution and having published work of high standard in the subject concerned. " Preferential: High academic distinctions. " The appellant and( respondent No. 8 were the only two candidates who applied for the post in response to the advertisement. Their respective qualifications are as set out hereunder : S.No. Name Age Qualifications & Experience 1. Dr. G. Sarana	 38 years H.S. (U. P. Bd) 1949 1 Div. Head of Deptt. Inter (B.H.U.) 1951 1 Div. of Anthropology	 B.A. (L.U.) 1953 I Div. Karnatak University	 M.A. (L. U.) 1965 I Div. Dharwar. Ph. D. (Harvard (U) 1966. Published 28 research papers and 3 books. Worked as : (1) Temp. Lecturer in Anthro pology L.U. July	 1955 April	 1962. (2) Lecturer in Anthropol ogy Punjab U April August	 1962. (3) Visiting Lecturer Univ. of California at Santa Barbara July 1965 June 1966. (4) Karnatak Univer sity (September 1966 upto date as Reader and since 27 June 1970) as Profes sor. 66 S.No. Name Age Qualifications & Experience 2.Dr. K.S. Mathur	 44 years H.S. (U. P. Bd) 1944 1 Divn. Reader and Head of the Inter (U. P. Bd) 1946 I Divn. Deptt. of Anthropology	 B. Com (L. U.) 1950 I Divn. Lucknow University. Ph.D. (Australian National U) 1960. Published several research papers	 Worked as: (1) Lecturer in Anthropology L.U. 1951 64. (2)Reader in Anthropology L.U. 1964 continuing (3) Sociologist National Council of Appl. Economic Research	 New Delhi March ' September 1960. On February 27	 1974		 a Selection Committee consisting of Shri A.K.K. Mustafi	 Vice Chancellor of the University	 Dr. K.N. Shukla	 Dean	 Faculty of Arts and Professor & Head of the Department of Hindi of the University	 and three experts viz.	 Dr. S.C. Dube	 Dr. S.R.K. Chopra and Dr. T.B. Mayak	 respondents 3	 4	 5	 6 and 7 respectively met to interview the candidates and to make their recommendation to the Executive Council of the University. After interviewing the aforesaid two candidates	 the Selection Committee re solved to recommend respondent No. 8 herein for appointment to the aforesaid post of Professor of Anthropology. On coming to know of the recommendation	 the appellant filed the aforesaid petition 'under Article 226 of the Constitution challenging the recommendation mainly on the ground that two out of the aforesaid three experts viz.	 Dr. S.C. Dube and Dr. S.R.K. Chopra were biased against him and in favour of respondent No. 8. It was alleged by the appel lant that the respondent had close relations with the afore said two. experts as he was instrumental in obtaining many remunerative assignments for them. It was. further averred by the appellant that whenever Dr. Dube visited Lucknow	 he stayed with respondent No. 8. It was also averred by the appellant that Dr. Chopra had strained relations with him on account of straight election contest between him and the latter for the office of the President of Anthropology Section of the Indian Science Congress for 19574. The appellant further averred that in 1968 when he was serving in the Punjab University as a Lecturer in the Department of Anthropology headed by Dr. Chopra	 the latter stubbornly opposed his application for leave to avail of the offer of fellowship from Harvard University and stopped forwarding his salary bills to the Executive	 Council with the ulterior object of depriving him of the opportunity to attain higher academic qualification and thereby better his future pros pects with the result that he was compelled to resign his job and surrender three months ' salary in lieu of notice to avail of the offer. 67 The petition was vigorously contested by respondent No. 8. On consideration of the material placed before it	 the High Court	 however	 dismissed the application holding that though respondent No. 8 was the head of the department of Anthropology	 he was not the only person responsible for bestowing various assignments either on Dr. Dube or on Dr. Chopra and that it was the Executive Council and the Academic Council which were responsible for giving those assignments to Dr. Dube and Dr. Chopra. It was further held by the High Court that there was nothing unusual in Dr. Dube and Dr. Chopra 's knowing and enjoying the hospitality of respondent No. 8. The fact that the appellant had an elec tion contest with Dr. Chopra was also	 in the opinion of the High Court	 of no significance	 as such like contests were very common and ' it could not be said that Dr. Chopra had developed such a degree of ill will and hostility against the appellant for the latter 's standing as a candidate against him so as to render him incapable of acting impar tially when the task of selecting the best candidate was assigned to him and that it was not possible to. presume that Dr. Dube and Dr. Chopra were in a position to influence the decision of the entire Selection Committee by injection bias in the minds of the other members. The High Court finally held that from the facts relied upon by the appel lant	 bias could not be spelt out. In arriving at its decision	 the High Court relied upon the following observa tions made by Frank	 J. of the United States of America in re. Linahan.(1) "If	 however	 "bias" and "partiality" be defined to mean the total absence of preconceptions in the. mind of the Judge	 then no one has ever had a. fair triaL		 and no one ever will. The human mind	 even at infancy	 is no blank piece of paper. We are born with predispositions and the processes of education	 formal and informal	 create attitudes which precede: reasoning in particular instances and which	 therefore	 by definition	 are preju dices. " The High Court also held that the appellant having submitted to the jurisdiction of the Selection Committee	 he could not be permitted to turn round and denounce the con stitution of the Committee. Counsel for the parties have reiterated before us the contentions raised on behalf of their clients before the High Court. In addition	 it has been contended by counsel for respondent No. 8 that the impugned recommendation being in the nature of an interlocutory proceeding		 neither the writ petition nor the appeal arising therefrom could be maintained. It is needless to emphasize that the principles of natural justice which are meant to .prevent miscarriage of justice are also applicable to domestic enquiries and admin istrative proceedings (See A.K. Karipak vs Union of India(2). It cannot also be disputed that one of the funda mental principles of natural justice is that in case of quasi judicial proceedings	 the authority empowered to decide the dispute (t) [1943]	 138F. 2nd 650 at 652. (2) :[1970] 1 S.C.R. 457 :A.I.R. 1970 S.C. 150. 68 between opposing parties must be one without bias by which is meant an operative prejudice	 whether conscious or uncon scious towards one side or the other in the dispute. (See Nageswara Rao vs A.P. State Road Transport Corporation(1) and Gullapalli Nageshwar Rao v State of A.P.(2). It would be advantageous at this stage to refer to the following observations made by this Court in Manak Lal vs Prem Chand(3). "Every member of a tribunal that sits to try issues in judicial or quasi judical proceedings must be able to act. judicially; and the essence of judicial decisions and judicial administration is that judges should be able to act impartially	 objectively and without any bias. In such cases the test is not whether in fact a bias has affected the judgment; the test always is and must be wheth er a litigant could reasonably apprehend that a bias attributable 'to a member of the tribunal might have operated against him in the final decision of the tribunal. It is in this sensethat it is often said that justice must not only be done but must also appear to be done." Again as held by this Court in A. K. Karipak 's case (supra)	 reiterated in section Parthasarthi vs State of Andhra Pradesh(4) and followed by the High Court of Jarainu & Kashmir in Farooq Ahmed Pandey and Ors. vs Principal Regional Engineering College & Anr.(5) the real question is not whether a member of an administrative Board while exercising quasi judicial powers or discharging quasi judicial functions was biased	 for it is difficult to prove the mind of a person. What has to be seen is whether there is a reasonable ground for believing that he was likely to have been biased. In decid ing the question of bias	 human probabilities and ordinary course of human conduct have to be taken into consideration. In a group deliberation and decision like that of a Selection Board	 the mem bers do not function as computers. Each member of the group or board is bound to influence the oth ers	 more so if the member concerned is a person with special knowledge. His bias is likely to operate in a subtle manner. At page 156 of "Principles of AdministratiVe Law" by J.A.G. Griffith and H. Street (Fourth Edition)	 the position with regard to bias is aptly and succinctly stated as follows : "The prohibition of bias strikes against factors which may improperly influence a judge in deciding in favour of one party. The first of the three disabling types of bias is bias on the sub ject matter. Only rarely will this bias invalidate proceedings. "A mere general interest in the general object to be pursued would not disqualify	 said Field J., holding that a magistrate who sub scribed to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was not thereby disabed (1) [1959] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 319 :A.I.R. 1959 S.C. 308. (2) ; (3) ; (4) (5) 69 from trying a charge brought by that body of cruel ty to a horse. There must be some direct connec tion with the litigation. If there is such preju dice, on the subject matter that ,the court has reached fixed and unalterable conclusions not founded on reason or understanding, so that there is not a fair hearing, that is bias of which the courts wilt take account, as where a justice an nounced his intention of convicting anyone coming before him on a charge of supplying liquor after the permitted hours . . . Secondly, a pecuniary interest, however, slight will disqualify, even though it is not proved that the decision is in any way affected. The third type of bias is personal bias. A Judge may be a relative, friend or business associ ate of a party, or he may be personally hostile as a result of events happening either before or during the course of a trial. The courts have not been consistent in laying down when bias of this type will. invalidate a hearing. The House of Lords in Frome United Brewering vs Bath Justices(1) approved an earlier test of whether there is a real likelihood of bias. " the House of Lords has since approved a dictum of Lord Hewart that "justice should not only be done		 but should manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done" al though it did not mention another test suggested by him in the same judgment: Nothing is to be done which creates even a suspicion that there has been an improper interference with the course of jus tice. " At page 225 of his Treatise on "Judicial Review of Administrative Action" (Third Edition)	 Prof. S.A. De Smith	 has stated as follows with regard to Reports and Preliminary decisions : "The case law on the point is thin	 but on principle it would seem that where a report or determination lacking final effect may nevertheless have a seriously judicial effect on the legally protected interests of individuals (e.g. when it is a necessary prerequisite of a final order) the person making the report or preliminary decision must not be affected by interest or likelihood of bias. " From the above discussion	 it clearly follows that what has to be seen in a case where there is an allegation of bias	 in respect of a member of an administrative Board or body is whether there is a reasonable ground for believing that he was likely to have been biased. In other words whether there is substantial possibility of bias animating the mind of the member against the aggrieved party. We do not	 however	 consider it necessary in the present case to go into the question of the.reasonableness of bias or real likelihood or bias as despite the fact that	 the appellant knew all the relevant facts	 he did not before appearing for the interview or at the time of the (1) 70 interview raise even his little finger against the consti tution. of the Selection Committee. He seems to have voluntarily appeared before the Committee and taken a chance of having a favourable recommendation from it. Having done so	 it is not. now open to him to turn round and question the constitution of the Committee. This view gains strength from a decision of this Court in Manak Lal 's case (Supra) where in more or less similar circumstances	 it was held that the failure of the appellant to take the identical plea at the earlier stage of the proceedings created an effective bar of waiver against him. The following observations made therein are worth quoting: "It seems dear that the appellant wanted to take a chance to secure a favourable report from the tribunal which was constituted and when he found that he was confronted with an unfavourable report	 he adopted the device of raising the present technical point. " It is also difficult to understand how the writ petition or for that matter the present appeal before us is maintain able when the recommenlation of the Selection Committee has still to be scrutinzed by the Excutive Council of the Uni versity and either accepted or rejected by t and other remedies by way of representation to. the Executive Council and an application for reference of the matter under section 68 of the Uttar Pradesh Universities (Reenactment and Amendment) Act	 1974	 0 the Chancellor are still open to the appellant and have not been. exmusted. For the foregoing reasons	 we find ourselves unable to allow the appeal. In the result	 the appeal fails and is hereby dismissed but in the circumstances of the case with out any order as to costs. M.R. Appeal dismissed.

The appellant and respondent No. 8 applied for the vacant post of Professor of Anthropology in the Faculty of Arts	 in answer to an advertisement put up by the Lucknow University. A selection committee of five persons including three experts	 interviewed them and recommended respondent No. 8 for the post. The appellant 's writ petition challeng ing the recommendation was dismissed by the High Court. The appellant contended before this Court that two of the expert members of the selection committee were unduly biased against him and in favour of respondent No. 8. The appeal was contested on two grounds. Firstly	 that by submitting to the jurisdiction of the selection committee	 the appellant had waived his right to denounce its constitution and sec ondly	 that the impugned recommendation being an interlocu tory proceeding against which remedies were available	 the writ petition was not maintainable. Dismissing the appeal	 the Court	 HELD: 1. Despite the fact that the appellant knew all the relevant facts	he seems to have voluntarily appeared before the committee and taken a chance of having a favourable recommendation from it Having done so it is no now open to him to turn round and question the constitution of the committee.[70 A B] Manak Lal vs Prem Chand ; 1957 S.C. 425	 applied. Linahan 650; A. K. Karipak vs Union of India ; Nageshwar Rao vs State of A.P. ; 1959 SC 1376; section Partha rarathi vs State of Andhra Pradesh ; Farooq Ahmad Bandey and Ors. vs Principal Regional Engineering College & Anr. [1975] I&K L.R. 427; Principles of Adminis trative Law by I.A.G. Griffith and H. Street (4th edition) and Judicial Review of Administrative Action ' (3rd Edition) by Prof. S.A. De Smith	 referred to. 2. The recommendation of the selection committee has still to be scrutinised by the Executive Council of the University and either accepted or rejected by and other remedies by way of representation to the executive council and an application for reference of the matter under section 68 of the Uttar Pradesh Universities (Reenactment and Amendment) Act	 1974	 to the Chance or are till open to the appellant and have not been exhausted The writ petition or he present appeal before us is not maintainable. [70 C D]