Summarize the following court judgment. Appeals Nos. 103 & 105 of 1956. Appeal from the judgment and order dated January 24	 1955	 of the Bombay High Court in Special Civil Application No. 2546 of 1954. 123 N. A. Palkiwala and J. B. Dadachanji	 section N. Andley and Rameshwvar Nath	 for appellants in Civil Appeal No. 103 of 1956 M. C. Setalvad	 Attorney General for India	 C. K. Daphtary	 Solicitor General for India	 Porus A. Mehta and R. H. Dhebar	 for respondents. section M. Bose	 Advocate General of West of Bengal	N. A. Palkiwala	 J. B. Dadachanji	 section N. Andley and Rameshwar Nath	 for the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 105 of 1956. Rajini Patel	 M. V. Jayakar and I. N. Shroff	 for respondent No. 1. Porus A. Mehta and R. H. Dhebar	 for respondents Nos. 4 & 5. November 27. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by section K. DAS J. These two appeals	 brought on certificates granted by the High Court of Bombay	 raise common questions of law and for that reason	 have been heard together. This judgment will govern them both. CIVIL APPEAL No. 105 OF 1956. In Civil Appeal No. 105 of 1956 the main appellant is the Barsi Light Railway Company Limited	 Kurduwadi	 within the State of Bombay (hereinafter called the Railway Company). The principal respondent is the President of the Barsi Light Railwaymen 's Union	 respondent No. I to the appeal. The General Manager	 Central Railway	 Bombay	 and the Secretary	 Railway Board	 New Delhi	 are respondents Nos. 4 and 5. The facts	 so far as they are relevant for our purpose	 are these. Under an agreement dated August 1	 1895	 between the Secretary of State for India in Council and the Railway Company	 the latter constructed	 maintained and worked a light railway between Barsi Town and Barsi Road Station on the railway system	 known then as the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. It is not necessary to state here the various clauses of the aforesaid indenture of agreement except to mention 124 that it contained a clause under which the Secretary of State could purchase and take over the undertaking after giving the Railway Company not less than twelve calendar months ' notice in writing of the intention so to do. On December 19	 1952	 a notice was given to the Railway Company	 for and on behalf of the President of India	 by the Director of the Railway Board to the effect that the undertaking of the Railway Company would be purchased and taken over as from January 1	 1954. The notice stated inter alia: "The President of India hereby gives this notice to the Company of the determination of the original contract of the 1st day of August	 1895	 and the contract of the 26th day of August	 1902	 between the Secretary of State in Council and the Barsi Light Railway Company Ltd.	 and of all the contracts supplemental thereto	 at the expiration of 12 calendar months next after the current month and the contracts shall terminate accordingly on the expiration of 12 calendar months next after the current month and the President of India will on the 1st day of January	 1954	 purchase and take over the entire railway system of the Company including all the extension and	all the railways together with all its rolling stock	 machinery	 equipments buildings and property etc.	 and together with all other things	 stores and fixtures etc. 	 as specified and in the manner provided in clause 43 of the Indenture of the 1st August	 1895	 and in clause 63 of the Indenture of the 26th August	 1902. " On November 11	 1953	 the Railway Company served a notice on its workmen intimating that as a result of the Government of India 's decision to terminate the contract of the Railway Company and take over the railway from January 1	 1954	 the services of all the workmen of the Railway Company would be terminated with effect from the afternoon of December 31	 1953. The notice further stated that the Government of India intended to employ such of the staff of the Company as would be willing to serve on the railway on terms and conditions which were to be notified later. On December 15	 1953	 the Railway Board intimated the terms and conditions 125 on which the staff of the Railway Company would be taken over and employed by Government. The letter by which the terms and conditions were communicated enclosed three forms one for clerical and like categories	 a second for categories of staff needing training or refresher course	 and a third for workshop staff and other tradesmen requiring trade testing. In substance	 the new terms and conditions as embodied in the letter and the three forms stated that the service of the staff employed by Government would be treated as continuous for certain specific purposes only	 such as	 contribution to provident fund	 leave	 passes and privilege ticket orders	 educational and medical facilities etc. It was made clear	 however	 that the Government Railway rules applicable to other staff appointed on the same day would be applicable to the 'staff of the Railway Company	 and previous service under the Railway Company would not count for the purpose of seniority. It appears from the statement of respondents 4 and 5 that when the undertaking was actually taken over on January 1	 1954	 about 77 per cent. of the staff of the Railway Company were re employed on the same scales of pay	 about 23 per cent. were re employed on somewhat lower scales of pay though the pay which they actually drew at the time of re employment was not affected; only about 24 of the former employees of the Railway Company declined service under the Government. Soon after	 respondent No. I filed some sixty one applications on behalf of the erstwhile workmen of the Railway Company under section 15 of the 	 for payment of retrenchment compensation to the said workmen under cl. (b) of a. 25F of the (hereinafter called the Act). The applications were made to respondent No. 3	 Civil Judge (Junior Division) Madha	 who was the relevant authority under the . These applications were contested by the present appellants and several issues were framed. Three of the issues were (1) whether the authority under the 126 	 had jurisdiction to deal with and adjudicate on the claim of retrenchment compensation; (2) whether the erstwhile workmen were entitled to claim compensation under clause (b) of a. 25F of the Act ; and (3) whether they had been retrenched ' by their former employer	 the present appellants	 on December 31	 1953	 within the meaning of the expression 'retrenchment ' in the Act. The Civil Judge of Madha found against the workmen on issue No. I but in their favour on the other two issues. By consent of parties	 the aforesaid findings given on one of the applications (Miscellaneous Application No. 27 of 1954) governed the other applications also	 and the applications were dismissed as a result of the finding on the question of jurisdiction. Respondent No. I then moved the High Court of Bombay in Civil Application No. 2546 of 1954 and prayed for writs or appropriate directions under the provisions of articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution	 for quashing the order of dismissal passed by respondent No. 3	 the Civil Judge of Madha	 and directing the latter to dispose of the applications before him on merits. In the High Court the question of jurisdiction of the authority under the 	 was not argued	 because learned counsel for the Railway Company rightly pointed out that assuming that the said authority had jurisdiction to deal with the claim of the workmen	 the controversy between the parties would not come to an end by a decision on the question of jurisdiction only; because the Railway Company still contended that the workmen had not been 'retrenched ' within the meaning of the Act and were not entitled to claim compensation under al. (b) of section 25F. Thereupon	 both parties agreed in the High Court that Civil Application No. 2546 of 1954 should not be restricted to the question of jurisdiction but should be decided on merits; that is	 on the validity or otherwise of the claim of the erstwhile workmen to compensation under cl. (b) of section 25F on the termination of their services by the Railway Company on December 31	 1953. Learned counsel for the Railway Company agreed and undertook on behalf of 127 his client to accept whatever finding was given by the High Court on merits	 subject to an appeal to this Court. The High Court (Chagla C. J. and Dixit J.) held by its judgment and order dated January 24	 1955	 that the workmen were entitled to claim compensation under clause (b) of section 25F of the Act and the Railway Company was liable to pay such compensation to them. It is from that decision that Civil Appeal No. 105 of 1956 has been brought. CIVIL APPEAL No. 103 OF 1956. The facts in this appeal are somewhat different. The main appellant is Shri Dinesh Mills Ltd.	 Baroda	 and the principal respondent is the District Labour Officer and Inspector under the 	 at Baroda. The appellant Company was running a woollen mill at Baroda for several years and had in its employ at the relevant time 450 workmen and 20 clerks. The work was done in shifts	 day and night. On or about October 31	 1953	 the appellant put up a notice declaring its intention to close down the entire mills from December 1	 1953. On November 19	1953	 this notice was withdrawn and another notice was put up declaring the intention of the appellant to close down the second shift with effect from December 20	 1953. A third notice was put up saying that the second shift would be closed on December 20	 1953	 as notified earlier	 and the first shift would be closed as from January 8	 1954. A similar notice was put up on the same date terminating the services of the clerks with effect from January 19	1954. It was not disput ed that though the steps in the process of closure of the business of the appellant Company were staggered	. the process was really one	 and as a result of the closure the services of all 450 workmen and 20 clerks were terminated. The appellant Company claimed that the closure of its business was bona fide	 being due to heavy losses sustained by the Company. On April 27	 1954	 the principal respondent made an application to the relevant authority (respondent No. 3) under the 	 claiming retrenchment compensation for the workmen of the 128 appellant under el. (b) of section 25F of the Act. The application was contested by the appellant Company	 and here again the same questions of jurisdiction of the authority under the 	 to deal with the claim and the maintainability of the claim under el. (b) of is. 25F of the Act arose for decision. The authority under the decided against the erstwhile workmen on all the important issues. The respondent then moved the High Court of Bombay for appropriate writs or directions	 and the High court (Bavdekar and Shah JJ.) held that the authority under the 	 bad jurisdiction to deal with the claim of retrenchment compensation; on the merits of the claim	 the learned Judges felt bound to accept the decision of the Bench (Chagla C. J. and Dixit J.) in the case of the Railway Company. Accordingly	 the order of respondent No. 3 was set aside and he was directed to dispose of the application before him in accordance with law. Civil Appeal No. 103 of 1956 is from the aforesaid decision of the High Court dated July 25	 1955. It should be apparent from the facts stated above	 though they are a little different with regard to the two appeals before us	 that a common question "of law emerges therefrom	 namely	 whether the claim of the erstwhile workmen both of the Railway Company and of Shri Dinesh Mills Limited to compensation under cl. (b) of section 25F of the Act is a valid claim in law. The second question	 that of jurisdiction of the authority under the 	 is not a live question in Civil Appeal No. 105 of 1956 after the agreement of parties in the High Court. It does arise	 however	 in Civil Appeal No. 103 of 1956. But learned counsel for the appellants in that appeal has been ingenuous enough to state that he does not wish to take our time by addressing us on that question not because he considers that the question of jurisdiction is devoid of all merit	 but by reason of the fact that under the provisions of section 25 1 of the Act the claim for retrenchment compensation	 if found to be legally valid	 can still be enforced against the 129 appellants. Section 19 of the Industrial Disputes (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act	 1956	 purports to repeal section 25 I of the principal Act	 but that section has not yet been brought into force with the result that the provisions of section 25 I are still available for the recovery of retrenchment compensation. Learned counsel has	 therefore	 submitted before us that these appellants will be content to abide by our decision on the principal question in these two appeals	 namely	 the validity or otherwise of the claim for retrenchment compensation under cl. (b) of section 25F of the Act. The Act which has been in force since April 1	 1947	 has bad a plexus of amendments	 and some of the recent amendments have been quite extensive in nature. Section 25F occurs in Ch. VA of the Act; that chapter dealing with 'lay off and retrenchment ' was inserted by an amending Act (Act XLIII of 1953) in 1953. Section 25F is in these terms: "No workman employed in any industry who has been in continuous service for not less than one year under an employer shall be retrenched by that employer until (a)the workman has been given one month 's notice in writing indicating the reasons for retrenchment and the period of notice has expired	 or the workman has been paid in lieu of such notice	 wages for the period of the notice: Provided that no such notice shall be necessary if the retrenchment is under an agreement which specifies a date for the termination of service; (b)the workman has been paid	 at the time of retrenchment	 compensation which shall be equivalent to fifteen days ' average pay for every completed year of service or any part thereof in excess of six months; and (c)notice in the prescribed manner is served on the appropriate Government." In the first part of the provisions of the section	 the word used is ' retrenched ' and in cls. (a) and (b) the word used is 'retrenchment '. Obviously	 they have 17 130 the same meaning	 the only difference being that in the first part the word used is a verb and in the clauses the word is used as a noun. It is obvious that to appreciate the true scope and effect of section 25F	 we must first understand what is meant by the expression ' retrenched ' or 'retrenchment '. By the same amending Act of 1953 a new definition was added to the definitions in section 2	 being a definition of the word ' retrenchment ' in el. (oo) of section 2. The definition is in these terms: Section 2(oo) " retrenchment ' means the termination by the employer of the service of a workman for any reason whatsoever	 otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action	 but does not include (a) voluntary retirement of the workman; or (b) retirement of the workman on reaching the age of superannuation if the contract of employment between the employer and the workman concerned contains astipulation in that behalf; or (c)termination of the service of a workman on the groundof continued ill health. " Leaving out the excluding sub cls. (a)	 (b) and (c) for the time being these sub clauses not being directly applicable to the cases under our consideration the definition when analysed consists of the following four essential requirements (a) termination of the service of a workman; (b) by the employer; (c) for any reason whatsoever; and (d)otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action. It must be conceded that the definition is in very wide terms. The question	 however	 before us is does this definition merely give effect to the ordinary	 accepted notion of retrenchment in an existing or running industry by embodying the notion in apt and readily intelligible words or does it go so far beyond the accepted notion of retrenchment as to include the termination of services of all workmen in an industry when the industry itself ceases to exist on a bona fide closure or discontinuance of his business by the employer 9 Learned counsel for the appellants contend that the 131 first gives the correct meaning of the definition	 while learned counsel for the principal respondents urge that by reason of the wide words used in the definition	 the second gives the correct meaning of the expression retrenchment '. There is no doubt that when the Act itself provides a dictionary for the words used	 we must look into that dictionary first for an interpretation of the words used in the statute. We are not concerned with any presumed intention of the legislature; our task is to get at the intention as expressed in the statute. Therefore	 we propose first to examine the language of the definition and see if the ordinary	 accepted notion of retrenchment fits in	 squarely and fairly	 with the language used. What is the ordinary	 accepted notion of retrenchment in an industry ? We have had occasion to consider this question in Pipraich Sugar Mills Ltd.v. Pipraich Sugar Mills Mazdoor Union (1) where we observed:"But retrenchment connotes in its ordinary acceptation that the business itself is being continued but that a portion of the staff or the labour force is discharged as plusage and the termination of services of all the workmen as a result of the closure of the business cannot therefore be properly described as retrenchment. " It is true that these observations were made in connection with a case where the retrenchment took place in 1951	 and we specially left open the question of the correct interpretation of the definition of 'retrenchment ' in section 2 (oo) of the Act. But the observations do explain the meaning of retrenchment in its ordinary acceptation. Let us now see how far that meaning fits in with the language used. We have referred earlier to the four essential requirements of the definition	 and the question is	 does the ordinary meaning of retrenchment fulfil those requirements ? In our opinion	 it does. When a portion of the staff or labour force is discharged as surplusage in a continuing	; business	 there are (a) termination of the service of a workman; (b) by the employer; (c) for any reason whatsoever; and (d) otherwise than as a punishment (1) 	 132 inflicted by way of disciplinary action. It has been argued that by excluding bona fide closure of business as one of the reasons for termination of the service of workmen by the employer	 we are cutting down the amplitude of the expression 'for any reason whatsoever ' and reading into the definition words which do not occur there. We agree that the adoption of the ordinary meaning gives to the expression 'for any reason whatsoever ' a somewhat narrower scope; one may say that it gets a color from the context in which the expression occurs; but we do not agree that it amounts to importing new words in the definition. What after all is the meaning of the expression 'for any reason whatsoever '? When a portion of the staff or labour force is discharged as surplusage in a running or continuing business	 the termination of service which follows may be due to a variety of reasons; e.g.	 for economy	 rationalization in industry	 installation of a new laborsaving machinery etc. The legislature in using the expression 'for any reason whatsoever ' says in effect: "It does not matter why you are discharging the surplus; if the other requirements of the definition are fulfilled	 then it is retrenchment. " In the absence of any compelling words to indicate that the intention was even to include a bona fide closure of the whole business	 it would	 we think	 be divorcing the expres sion altogether from its context to give it such a wide meaning as is contended for by learned counsel for the respondents. What is being defined is retrenchment	 and that is the context of the definition. It is true that an artificial definition may include a meaning different from or in excess of the ordinary acceptation of the word which is the subject of definition; but there must then be compelling words to show that such a meaning different from or in excess of the ordinary meaning is intended. Where	 within the framework of the ordinary acceptation of the word	 every single requirement of the definition clause is fulfilled	 it would be wrong to take the definition as destroying the essential meaning of the word defined. There is another way of looking at the problem. Let us assume. that the definition clause is so worded that 133 the requirements laid down therein are fulfilled	 whether we give a restricted or a wider meaning: to that extent there is an ambiguity and the definition clause is readily capable of more than one interpretation. What then is the position ? We must then see what light is thrown on the true view to be taken of the definition clause by other provisions of the Act or even by the aim and provisions of subsequent statutes amending the Act or dealing with the same subject matter. In Pipraich Sugar Mills Ltd. vs Pipraich Sugar Mills Mazdoor Union (1) it was observed: "It cannot be doubted that the entire scheme of the Act assumes that there is in existence an industry	 and then proceeds onto provide for various steps being taken	 when a dispute arises in that industry. Thus	 the provisions of the Act relating to lock out	 strike	 lay off	 retrenchment	 conciliation and adjudication proceedings	 the period during which the awards are to be in force	 have meaning only if they refer to an industry which is running and not one which is closed. " In Burn & Co.	 Calcutta vs Their Employees (2) this Court observed that the object of all labour legislation was firstly	 to ensure fair terms to the workmen	 and secondly	 to prevent disputes between employers and employees so that production might not be adversely affected and the larger interests of the public might not suffer. It was then observed in The Pipraich Sugar Mills ' case (1) (supra)	 " Both these objects again can have their fulfillment only in an existing and not a dead industry. The view therefore expressed in Indian Metal and Metallurgical Corporation vs Industrial Tribunal	 Madras (3) and K. M. Padmanabha Ayyar vs The State of Madras (4)	 that the industrial dispute to which the provisions of the Act apply is only one which arises out of an existing industry is clearly correct. Therefore	 where the business has been closed and it is either admitted or found that the closure is real and bona fide	 any dispute arising with reference thereto would	 as held in K. M. Padmanabha Ayyar vs The State of Madras (4)	 fall outside the (1) (2) ; (3) A.I.R. 1953 Madras 98. (4) 134 purview of the . " In view of these observations	 it would be against the entire scheme of the Act to give the definition clause relating to retrenchment such a meaning as would include within the definition termination of service of all workmen by the employer when the business itself ceases to exist. Learned counsel for the appellants in the two appeals have pointed out that the definition clause is inartistically drawn up and sub cls. (a) and (b) of section 2 (oo) are not easily intelligible with reference to one of the essential requirements of the definition	 namely	 that the termination of service of the workman must be by the employer. It has been submitted that voluntary retirement of the workmen cannot be termination of service by the employer. We do not	 however	 think that sub cls. (a)	 (b) and (c) are conclusive of the question before us; they	 no doubt	 apply to a running or continuing business only	 but whether inserted by way of abundant caution or on account of excessive anxiety for clarity	 they merely exclude certain categories of termination of service from the ambit of the definition. They do not necessarily show what is to be included within the definition. Two other cognate sections to which our attention has been drawn are sections 25G and 25H. They are applicable	 clearly enough	 to a running business only. The learned Attorney General	 who has appeared for the principal respondent in one of the appeals	 has pointed out that if the definition clause covers the case of termination of service in a continuing business as also termination of service on a closure of business	 the circumstance that sections 25G and 25H provide for some instances of retrenchment only is no ground for holding that they exhaust all possible cases of retrenchment or that section 25F must also be restricted to a running business only. We agree that if it is conceded that the definition clause includes cases of closure of business	 no difficulty is presented by sections 25G and 25H. But the fundamental question at issue is	 does the definition clause cover cases of closure of business	 when the closure is real and bona fide? The point to be emphasised in that connection is that there is no 135 provision (except perhaps section 25FF inserted in 1956 by Act XLI of 1956 to which we shall presently refer) which can be said to bring a closed or dead industry within the purview of the Act. The provisions of the Act	 almost in their entirety	 deal with an existing or continuing industry. All the provisions relating to lay off in sections 25A to 25E are also inappropriate in a dead business. Learned counsel for the appellants have also adverted to some surprising results which would follow the wider interpretation of the definition clause. If an employer dies and his heirs carry on the business or there is compulsory winding up of a company and the company is reconstructed or a business is converted into a limited company	 or a new partner is taken into the business	 there is in law a termination of service by a particular employer and a new employer appears on the scene; will the workmen in such circumstances be entitled to retrenchment compensation though they continue in service as before ? There must indeed be found very compelling reasons in the words of the statute before it can be held that such was the intention of the legislature. We think that no such compelling reasons are available from the provisions of the Act; on the contrary	 they point really one way that the Act contemplates an existing or continuing industry and not a dead industry. This brings us to two other arguments advanced by the learned Attorney General. One is that before the enactment of the amending Act of 1953 (Act XLIII of 1953) retrenchment had acquired a special meaning meaning which included the payment of compensation on a closure of business	 and the legislature gave effect to that meaning in the definition clause and by inserting section 25F. The second argument is that section 25FF inserted in 1956 (Act XLI of 1956) is 'parliamentary exposition" of the meaning of the definition clause and of section 25F. We shall now consider these two arguments. As to the first argument	 a large number of decisions of Industrial or Lpobour Appellate Tribunals have 136 been placed before us. The learned Attorney General has relied particularly on three decisions: The Hyderabad Vegetable Oil Products Ltd. vs Their Workers(1); Employees Of Messrs. India Reconstruction Corporation Ltd.	 Calcutta vs Messrs. India Reconstruction Corporation Ltd.	 Calcutta(") ; Kandan Textiles Ltd. vs Their Workers(3 ). The decision in Employees of Messrs. India Reconstruction Corporation Ltd.	 Calcutta vs Messrs. India Reconstruction Corporation Ltd.	 Calcutta(2) Was considered by us in Pipraich Sugar Mills Lid. vs Pipraich Sugar Mills Mazdoor Union(4)where we said that we were unable to accept the observation of the Tribunal that	 in substance the difference between closure and normal retrenchment was one of degree only. We are aware that in some cases Labour Appellate Tribunals awarded retrenchment compensation on closure of business	 even when the closure was bona fide or justified. We expressed our dissent from those decisions in the Pipraich Sugar Mills case(4). When closely examined	 none of those decisions show	 however	 that discharge of workmen on bona fide closure of business was held to fall within the meaning of normal retrenchment. In The Hyderabad Vegetable Oil Products Ltd. vs Their Workers(1) the grounds on which compensation was allowed were (1) involuntary or forced unemployment of the workmen	 (2) absence of any social security scheme like unemployment insurance and (3) financial position of the company. On similar grounds compensation was awarded in Kandan Textiles Ltd. vs Their Workers(3) as an equitable relief	 and a variety of factors were referred to as determining the appropriate relief to be given in a particular case. We consider it unnecessary to examine all the decisions on this point	 and it is enough to indicate what we consider to be the correct position in the matter. Retrenchment means discharge of surplus workmen in an existing or continuing business; it had acquired no special meaning so as to include discharge of workmen on bona fide closure of business ' though a number of Labour Appellate Tribunals awarded compensation to (1) (1950] (3) [1954] 2 249. (2) (4) [1956] S 872	 137 workmen on closure of business as an equitable relief for a variety of reasons. It is reasonable to assume that in enacting section 25F	 the legislature standardised the payment of compensation to workmen retrenched in the	 normal or ordinary sense in an existing or Continuing industry; the legislature did away with the perplexing variety of factors for determining the appropriate relief in such cases and adopted a simple yard stick of the length of service of the retrenched workmen. If the intention of the legislature 'was to give statutory effect to those decisions which awarded compensation on real and bona fide closure of business	 the legislature would have said so instead of being content by merely adding a definition clause	 every requirement of which is fulfilled by the ordinary	 accepted meaning of the word 'retrenchment '. We turn now to the second argument. We have said that section 25FF was inserted in 1956 by amending Act XLI of 1956	 which came into force on September 4	1956. Before that date	 the two decisions under appeal had been given by the Bombay High Court as also a further decision in The Hospital Mazdoor Sabha vs The State of Bombay(1) where it was held that the failure to comply with the condition for payment of compensation to an employee at the time of his retrenchment under section 25F (b) of the Act gave the employee the right to challenge his retrenchment and to contend that his services were not legally and effectively terminated. Faced with the situation created by those decisions	 the legislature stepped in and enacted section 25FF. That section is in these terms: Notwithstanding anything contained in section 25F	 no workman shall be entitled to compensation under that section by reason merely of the fact that there has been a change of employers in any case where the ownership or management of the undertaking in which he is employed is transferred whether by agreement or by operation of law	 from one em ployer to another: Provided that (1) 18 138 (a)the service of the workman has not been interrupted by reason of the transfer; (b) the terms and conditions of service applicable to the workman after such transfer are not in any way less favourable to the workman than those applicable to him immediately before the transfer; and (c) the employer to whom the ownership or management of the undertaking is so transferred is	 under the terms of the transfer or otherwise	 legally liable to pay to the workman	 in the event of his retrenchment	 compensation on the basis that his service has been continuous and has not been inter rupted by the transfer. " The section is not retrospective and does not in terms apply to any of the two cases before us. But the question is what light does it throw on the meaning of section 25F? The learned Attorney General has placed great reliance on the non obstante clause with which the section begins	 and has contended that it shows by necessary intendment that a workman whose service has been terminated by reason of a change of employers on account of a change of ownership or management will be entitled to retrenchment compensation under section 25F unless the conditions (a)	 (b) and (c) laid down in section 25FF are fulfilled. This	 according to the learned Attorney General	 is parliamentary exposition of the true meaning of retrenchment in the definition clause and in section 25F. At first sight there appears to be considerable force in this argument	 and the learned Attorney General	 has cited English and American decisions of high authority in support of his contention: Attorney General vs Clarkson (1) ; Ormond Investment Co. Ltd. vs Betts (2); George H. Cope vs Janet cope(3) Great Northern Railway Co. vs United States of America(4). In considering the effect of section 25FF we must take note of the circumstances in which it was inserted in the Act. The situation was that any transfer or closure of business and any change of (1)[1900] 1 Q.B. 156. (2)[1928] A.C. 143. (3)[1891] ; 	 688. (4)[1941] ; 	 139 employer or management was judicially held to give rise to a claim for retrenchment compensation	 with consequences which might result in a complete industrial deadlock. The legislature could not declare the decisions to be incorrect	 but could partially supersede their effect by an amendment of the law. These were the circumstances in which section 25FF was enacted. We agree with learned counsel for the appellants that the aim or object of the enactment was to supersede partially the effect of the aforesaid judicial decisions	 at least with regard to the urgent matter of change of ownership or management of a business undertaking which is of quite frequent occurrence	 rather than parliamentary exposition of the pre existing law; the general question of closure of business	 of a lesser degree of urgency	 was naturally left to be dealt with	 if necessary	 after the appeals had been disposed of. We are fortified in this view by an examination of the provisions of the Industrial Disputes (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act	 1956. Be it noted that this Act was passed on August 28	 1956	 only about seven days before the enactment of section 25FF. Section 29 of the Industrial Disputes (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act	 1956	 inserts new schedules to the Act	 and item 10 of the Third Schedule (Matters within the jurisdiction of Industrial Tribunals) is: " Retrenchment of workmen and closure of establishment"; in the Fourth Schedule	 item 10 is: "Rationalisation	 standardisation or improvement of plant or technique which is likely to lead to retrenchment of workmen. " It is true that these new Schedules have not yet come into force	 but the wording of the items mentioned therein shows that the legislature clearly envisaged a distinction between retrenchment and closure and retrenchment did not include closure of business; item 10 of the Fourth Schedule almost clinches the issue	 because it shows how retrenchment of surplus labour may occur in a running industry. If we are to choose between the two amending Acts of 1956 on the point of parliamentary exposition	 we unhesitatingly hold that the Industrial Disputes (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act	 1956 140 (Act XXXVI of 1956) is more in the nature of parliamentary exposition than the Industrial Disputes (Amendment) Act	 1956 (Act XLI of 1956) which merely supersedes the effect of certain judicial decisions. We are aware that on the narrower interpretation of the definition clause on the basis of the ordinary	 accepted connotation of retrenchment		 section 25F will apply to a continuing or running business only and section 25FF will become largely unnecessary. We do not think that consideration need cause any difficulty; the judicial decisions on the basis of which section 25FF was enacted being held to be erroneous by us	 no hardship is caused if section 25FF is rendered superfluous	 because its aim is served by the correct interpretation now given of the definition clause and of the provisions of section 25F	 both of which are on that interpretation brought into harmony with the rest of the Act. A few words more about the authorities relied on by the learned Attorney General: the American decisions merely enunciate the general principle that " several Acts of Congress	 dealing as they do with the same subject matter	 should be construed not only as expressing the intention of Congress at the dates the several Acts were passed	 but the later Acts should also be regarded as legislative interpretations of the prior ones. " This general rule is not an inflexible rule	 and as stated in the Great Northern Railway Co. vs United States of America(1)	 "we are not limited to the lifeless words of the statute and formalistic canons of construction in our search of the intent of Congress (Parliament in our case) and in construing a statute	 we may with propriety. recur to the history of the times when it was passed. " That history shows indubitably the aim and purpose of the enactment of section 25FF. As Lord Atkinson pointed out in his speech in Ormond Investment Co. Limited vs Betts (2)	 " an Act of Parliament does not alter the law by merely betraying an erroneous opinion of it." Legislation founded on a mistaken or erroneous assumption has not the effect of making that the law which the legislature had erroneously assumed to be so. In the cases before us	 (1) ; 	 273. 94 (2) 	 164. 141 the legislature proceeded on the basis of the judicial decisions then available to it	 and on that basis enacted s.25FF. We do not think that the general principle of parliamentary exposition or subsequent legislation as an aid to construction of prior Acts can be called in aid for construing the definition clause and section 25F of the Act. For 'the reasons given above	 we hold	 contrary to the view expressed by the Bombay High Court	 that retrenchment as defined in section 2 (oo) and as used in section 25F has no wider meaning than the ordinary	 accepted connotation of the word: it means the discharge of surplus labour or staff by the employer for any reason whatsoever	 otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action	 and. it has no application where the services of all workmen have been terminated by the employer on a real and bona fide closure of business as in the case of Shri Dinesh Mills Ltd. or where the services of all workmen have been terminated by the employer on the business or undertaking being taken over by another employer in circumstances like those of the Railway Company. Mr. Mehta	 appearing for respondents Nos. 4 and 5 in Civil Appeal No. 105 of 1956	 tried to make a distinction between transfer of ownership with continuation of employment (which according to him did not come within the definition) and termination of service on closure of business. There is in fact a distinction between transfer of business and closure of business; but so far as the definition clause is concerned	 both stand on the same footing if they involve termination of service of the workmen by the employer for any reason whatsoever	 otherwise than as a punishment by way of disciplinary action. On our interpretation	 in no case is there any retrenchment	 unless there is discharge	 of surplus labour or staff in a continuing or running industry. We have so far dealt with the question of construction of the definition clause and section 25F of the Act. On behalf of the appellants a further question as to tile constitutional validity of section 25F has been raised. The Argument on that question has proceeded from two 142 points of view: one of which is based on the point of view that retrenchment includes termination of service on closure of business and the other even in respect of a running or continuing business. Under article 19 (1)	 sub cls. (f) and (g)	 of the Constitution	 all citizens have the right to acquire	 hold and dispose of property and to practise any profession	 or to carry on any occupation	 trade or business. Under cls. (5) and (6) of the said Article	 the right is	 inter alia	 subject to reasonable restrictions in the interests of the general public. The right to carry on a business	 it is contended	 has three facets (a) the right to start a business	 (b) the right to continue a business and (c) the right to close a business. Section 25F of the Act	 it is argued	 imposes a restriction on that right	 if the section is so widely interpreted as to include a closure of business. The restriction	 it is submitted	 is not a reasonable restriction in the interests of the general public	 because (a) it is unrelated to the capacity of the employer to pay and (b) unrelated to the needs of the employee. From the other point of view	 the argument is that even in respect of a running or continuing industry	 section 25F imposes an unreasonable restriction. Reasonableness	it is submitted	 has to be considered with regard to the object of the legislation and if the direct and immediate object of section 25F is relief against involuntary unemployment	 then the restriction imposed is excessive	 because a provision for such relief unrelated to the period of unemployment and other relevant factors is over simplification of a complex problem. Such over simplification	 it is stated	 itself amounts to an unreasonable restriction. On the construction which we have adopted of the definition clause and of section 25F of the Act	 we are relieved of the task of making any final pronouncement on this constitutional question. On our construction	 section 25F has no application to a closed or dead industry and the constitutional arguments based on a different construction need not be considered in these appeals. So far as a running or continuing industry is concerned	 an obvious answer may be that unemployment relief is not the only purpose or object of s.25F. We have pointed out 143 earlier that it is reasonable to assume that standardisation of retrenchment compensation and doing away with a perplexing variety of factors for granting retrenchment compensation may well have been the purposes of a. 25F	 though the basic consideration must have been the granting of unemployment relief. However	 on our view of the construction of section 25F	 no compensation need be paid by the appellants in the two appeals. It is unnecessary therefore to decide whether	 in other cases of a different character	 section 25F imposes a reasonable restriction or not. In the result	 we must allow the two appeals and set aside the decisions of the High Court of Bombay in the two cases. We hold that the appellants in the two appeals are not liable to pay any compensation under section 25F of the Act to their erstwhile workmen who were not retrenched within the meaning of that expression in that section. In the circumstances of these two cases	 the parties must bear their own costs throughout. Appeals allowed.

The word 'retrenchment ' as defined in section 2(oo) and the word retrenched ' in section 25F of the 	 as amended by Act XLIII of 1953	 have no wider meaning than the ordinary accepted connotation of those words and mean the discharge of surplus labour or staff by the employer for any reason whatsoever	 otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by ' way of disciplinary action	 and do not include termination of services of all workmen on a bona fide closure of industry or on change of ownership or management thereof. Pipraich Sugar Mills Ltd. vs Pipraich Sugar Mills Mazdoor Union 	 followed. Burn & Co.	 Calcutta vs Their Employees ; 	 referred to. The provisions of the Act have in view an existing and continuing industry and cls. (a)	 (b) and (c) of the definition only exclude certain categories of termination of service from within its ambit but do not indicate what are to be included therein. The word 'retrenchment ' has acquired no special meaning so as to include a discharge of workmen on a bona fide closure of an industry	 as a result of certain Labour Appellate Tribunals awarding compensation to workmen on such closure as an equitable relief for a variety of reasons. The intention of the legislature in enacting section 25F of the Act appears to have been to simplify and standardise the payment of compensation for retrenchment	 as ordinarily understood	 on the basis of the length of service of the retrenched workman. The Hyderabad Vegetable Oil Products Ltd. vs Their Workers 	 Employees of Messrs. India Reconstruction Corporation and Kandan Textiles Ltd. vs Their Workers 	 considered. Section 25FF	 which was inserted into the Act by the amending Act of 1956	 is not retrospective and does not apply to the instant 16 122 cases	 and the object the legislature had in view in enacting the same was to partially nullify the effect of certain judicial decisions relating to the effect of a change of ownership or management and it was not intended to be a parliamentary exposition of the pre existing law. The language of item Io of the third and fourth schedules	 engrafted into the Act by section 29 Of the Industrial Disputes (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act	 1956	 indicates that the legislature envisaged a distinction between retrenchment and closure and the former does not include the latter. Although on such construction	 section 25F applies only to an existing industry and section 25FF becomes largely redundant	 no question of any hardship arises as the judicial decisions on the basis of which section 25FF was enacted were themselves incorrect and must be overruled. In construing a parliamentary statute the time when and the circumstances in which it was enacted may be taken into consideration and the general principle of parliamentary exposition or subsequent legislation as an aid to construction of prior legislation	 can have no application where the subsequent statute itself was based on incorrect assumptions and judicial decisions based on such assumptions. Great Northern Railway vs United States of America	 315 U.S. 262 and Ormond Investment Co. Limited vs Betts [1928] A.C. 143	 referred to. If the other conditions of the definition clause are fulfilled	 the transfer of ownership or management of an industry and its closure stand on the same footing so far as the definition clause is concerned	 notwithstanding that there is a distinction in fact between the two; there is	 however	 no retrenchment within the meaning of the definition clause unless there is a discharge of surplus labour or staff by the employer in a continuing industry	 for any reason whatsoever	 otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action. Consequently	 in the instant cases	 where in one the services of all the workmen were terminated by the employer on a real and bona fide closure of the industry and in the other on a change of ownership	 such termination did not amount to retrenchment within the meaning Of section 2(00) or section 25F of the Act and the appellants were not bound to pay any compensation under cl. (b) Of section 25F of the Act.