Summarize the following court judgment. s Nos. 109 to 114	 117	 118	 120	 121	 128 to 133	 142	 143	 186	 190 and 191 of 1967. Petitions under article 32 of the Constitution of India for the enforcement of the fundamental rights. M.K. Ramamurthi	 for the petitioners (in W. Ps. 109	 142 and 143 of 1967). section Shaukat Hussain	 for the petitioners (in W. Ps. Nos. 110114 and 118 of 1967). Janardan Sharma	 for the petitioners (in W. Ps. Nos. 117	 120	 and 121 of 1967). R.C. Prasad	 for the petitioners (in W. Ps. 128 133 of 1967) M.K. Ramamurthi and Vineet Kumar	 for the petitioners (in W. Ps. Nos. 186	 190 and 191 of 1967). C.K. Daphtary	 Attorney General	 R.H. Dhebar and S.P. Nayar	 for the respondent (in W. Ps. 109	 142 and 143 of 1967). G.R. Rajagopal	 R.H. Dhebar and section P. Nayar	 for the respondent (in W.P. No. 110 of 1967). R. Gopalakrishnan and section P. Nayar	 for the respondent (in W. Ps. 111 to 114	 117	 118	 120	 121. 128 to 133	 186	 190 and 191 of 1967). The Judgment of WANCHOO	 C.J.	 SHAH	 BACHAWAT	 MITTER and HEGDE	 JJ. was delivered by WANCHOO	 C.J.	 HIDAYATULLAH	 J. delivered a separate Opinion. Wanchoo	 C.J. These twenty one petitions under article 32 of the Constitution for a writ of habeas corpus raise common questions of law and will be dealt with together. It is enough to set out the facts in one of the petitions (No. 142 of 1967)	 for the facts in other petitions are almost similar. The petitioner was arrested on November 11	 1966 and detained under an order passed under r. 30(1)(b) of the Defence of India Rules	 1962 (hereinafter referred to as the Rules). It appears that though the order was reviewed after the period of six months	 no opportunity was given to the petitioner to represent his case before the reviewing authority. In consequence the detention of the petitioner be came illegal after the first period of six months in view of the judgment of this Court in P.L. Lakhanpal vs Union of India(1). The State Government realising this defect	 cancelled the order dated November 11	 1966 on August 3	 196 '7	 and on the same day a fresh order of detention was passed and it is this order which (1) ; L 1O Sup CI/67 17 230 is being challenged before us. It is not in dispute that in view of the judgment of this Court in Jadev Singh vs State of Jammu and Kashmir(1)	 it was open to the State Government	 in view of the formal defect in making the review	 to pass a fresh order of detention after revoking the earlier order	 which in any case became ineffective after the first six months	 if the circumstances which led to the detention originally still continued. The main attack of the petitioners is on the order of the President passed on November 3	 1962	 as amended on November 11	 1962	 under article 359(1) of the Constitution. By this order the President declared that the right to move any court for 'the enforcement of the fundamental rights conferred by articles 14	 21 and 22 of the Constitution would remain suspended for the period during which the Proclamation of Emergency issued under article 352(1)	 was in force	 if any person was deprived of such right under the Defence of India Ordinance (No. 4 of 1962) or any rule or order made thereunder. The argument in support is put this way. The President is an "authority" within the meaning of article 12 and therefore is comprised within the definition of the word "State" and the order passed under article 359 is a law within the meaning of article 13(2) of the Constitution. Consequently an order passed by the President under article 359 is liable to be tested on the anvil of the fundamental rights enshrined in Part Ill of the Constitution: Secondly	 it is urged that an order passed under article 359 is made in the context of the Emergency and therefore enforcement of only such fundamental rights can be suspended which have nexus with the reasons which led to the Proclamation of Emergency. In consequence	 the President can only suspend the enforcement of fundamental rights under article 22 and article 31 (2) under an order passed under article 359 and no others. Thirdly	 it is urged that even if the President can suspend the enforcement of any fundamental right	 the order passed can still be tested under the very fundamental right enforcement of which has been suspended. Fourthly	 it is urged that an order passed under article 359 can in any case be challenged under article 14	 and if so the order passed in the present case is violative of article 14 because some persons can be detained under the Defence of India Act	 51 of 1962 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) and the Rules while others can be detained under the Preventive Detention Act. As the Act and the Rules give more drastic powers for detention as compared to the powers conferred by the Preventive Detention Act	 there is discrimination	 for there is no indication as to when detention should be made under the Act and the Rules and when under the prevention law	 and the matter is left to the arbitrary discretion of the executive. Fifthly	 it is urged that in view of the language of the order under article 359	 there should have been an ; 231 express provision in the Act and the Rules to the effect that enforcement of fundamental rights under articles 14	 21 and 22 was suspended and in the absence of such an express provision	 the Presidential order under article 359 cannot stand in the way of the detention order being tested under Part III of the Constitution. Sixthly	 it is urged that article 22 (5 ) provides that grounds of detention should be furnished to a detenu and the order of the President did not do away with the necessity of furnishing the grounds. Besides these main contentions	 three subsidiary contentions have also been raised in one petition or another and they are (1) that the fresh order had not been communicated to the detenues and was therefore of no avail; (ii) that the order was not in the form as required by article 166 of the Constitution and it is therefore for the State Government to prove that it was passed by the authority which had the power to do so; and (iii) that the fresh order was mala fide. The petitions have been opposed on behalf of the State Government. It is unnecessary to set out in detail the contentions in reply to the main points raised on behalf of the petitioners. It is enough to say that the contention on behalf of the State is that once the President has passed an order under article 359 suspending the enforcement of any fundamental right	 it is not open to rely on that fundamental right for any purpose	 so long as the order under article 359 stands and such an order cannot be tested in any manner by the very fundamental right the enforcement of which it has suspended. Further as to the subsidiary points	 the State contends that the fresh order of detention was communicated to each detenu and that the order was in the form required by the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir and that article 166 has no application to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. It was finally denied that the order was mala fide in any of the cases. Part XVIII deals with Emergency Provisions and begins with article 352 which provides for making a declaration that "a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened	 whether by war or external aggression or internal disturbance"	 if the President is so satisfied. articles 353 and 354 provide for the effect of the Proclamation of Emergency; but it is unnecessary to refer to them for present purposes. Article 358 lays down that during the period that a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation	 Article 19 shall remain suspended	 Article 359 with which we are particularly concerned lays down that where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation	 the President may by order declare that the right to move any court for the enforcement of such of the rights conferred by Part III as may be mentioned in the order and all proceedings pending in any court for the enforcement of the rights so mentioned shall remain L10Sup. C1/67 18 232 suspended for the period during which the Proclamation is in force or for such shorter period as may be specified in the order. " The order made under article 359 may extend to whole or any part of the territory of India and has to be laid	 as soon as may be after it is made	 before each House of Parliament. It will be seen from the terms or article 359 that it gives categorical powers to the President during the period when a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation to suspend the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III. It is for the President to decide the enforcement of which of the fundamental rights should be suspended during the operation of the Proclamation of Emergency. There is nothing in article 359 which in any way limits the power of the President to suspend. the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III.It is to our mind quite clear that the President has the power to suspend the enforcement of. any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III and there is nothing thereunder which makes any distinction between one fundamental right or another. As article 359 stands	 it seems to us	 it clearly envisages that once a Proclamation of Emergency has been issued	 the security of India or any part of the territory thereof may require that the President should suspend the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III. There is in our opinion no scope for inquiry into the question whether the fundamental right the enforcement of which the President has suspended under article 359 has anything to do with the security of India which is threatened whether by war or external aggression or internal disturbance	 for article 359 posits that it may be necessary for the President to suspend any of the fundamental rights in Part HI for the sake of the security of India. There is thus a basic assumption in article 359 that it may be necessary for the President to suspend the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III in the interest of the security of India. If he considers that necessary	 it is unnecessary in the face of that basic assumption to inquire whether enforcement of a particular fundamental right suspended by the President has anything to do with the security of India	 for that is implicit in article 359. It follows therefore that it is open to the President to suspend the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III by an order under article 359 and this Article shows that wherever such suspension is made it is in the interest of the security of India and no further proof of it is necessary. This brings us to the main ground ' raised on behalf of the petitioner that an order under article 359 is a law made by the State within the meaning of article 13(2) and has therefore to be 233 tested under Part III of the Constitution. We may assume for present purposes that the President is comprised within the word "State" in article 12. We may also assume that the order made by the President under article 359 is a law in its widest sense. The question however is whether such an order can be considered to be a law for the purpose of article 13(2) and tested thereunder. Article 13(2) and article 359 being parts of the same Constitution stand on an equal footing and the two provisions have to be read harmoniously in order that the intention behind article 359 is carried out and it is not destroyed altogether by article 13(2). It follows that though an order under article 359 may be assumed to be law in its widest sense	 it cannot be law within the meaning of article 13(2)	 for if that were so	 article 359 would be made nugatory. The Constitution through article 359 says that the President may suspend the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights in Part III where a Proclamation of Emergency is in force and that means that during the period of Emergency the fundamental rights	 enforcement of which is suspended	 cannot be enforced. If the order is a law within the meaning of article 13(2)	 the result would be that though the order says that the enforcement of a particular fundamental right is suspended during the period of Emergency the order can still be tested with the aid of article 13(2) on the anvil of the same fundamental right	 the enforcement of which it suspends. That would in our opinion result in making article '359 completely nugatory	 for then a declaration made there under that the enforcement of certain fundamental rights is suspended during the period of Emergency would have no meaning whatsoever. ' Therefore	 applying the principle of harmonious construction we are of opinion that an order passed under article 359. cannot be law for the purpose of article 13(2)	 assuming it to be law in its widest sense. It follows therefore that an order under article 359 derives its force from article 359 itself and takes effect in accordance with its tenor and cannot be affected by article 13 (2)	 and cannot be tested under any of the provisions of Part III of the Constitution which it suspends. Reliance in this connection is placed on the judgment of this Court in Ghulam Sarwar vs Union of India(1)	 where the majority made a distinction between the President 's order itself under article 359 and the effect of that order. In that case it was observed that "there is a clear distinction between deprivation of fundamental rights by force of a constitutional provision itself and such deprivation by an order made by the President in exercise of a power conferred on him under a constitutional provision. " It was further observed. that "Article 359(1) does not operate by its own force. The President has to make an order declaring that the right to move a court in respect of a fundamental right (1) ; 234 or rights in Part III is suspended. He can only make an order which is a valid one. " It was further observed that an order making an unjustified discrimination in suspending the right to move a court under article 14	 would be void at its inception and would be a still born order. We must say with greatest respect that it is rather difficult to understand how an order under article 359 which suspends the enforcement of a fundamental right can be tested under that very fundamental right. It is true that there is a distinction between article 358 and Art 359(1). Article 358 by its own force suspends the fundamental rights guaranteed by article 19; article 359(1) on the other hand does not suspend any fundamental right of its own force but it gives power to the President to suspend the enforcement of any fundamental right during the period of Emergency. But that cannot mean that an order passed under article 359(1 ) suspending the enforcement of a particular fundamental right has still to be tested under the very fundamental right which it suspends. That would in our opinion be arguing in a circle and make Art 359 completely nugatory. It seems that the majority in Ghulam Sarwar 's(1) case was also conscious of the fact that the reasoning on which it came to the conclusion that an order made under article 359 could be tested under article 14. though it suspended that Article	 was open to the criticism that it was an argument in a circle. The argument was however met by making a distinction between the order and the effect of that order and it was observed that if the order did not violate article 14 it could validly 'take away 	the right to enforce the fundamental right under article 14. With greatest respect it is difficult to appreciate this reasoning and the distinction on which it is based. It seems to us that if article 359 is to have any meaning at all and is not to be wiped out from the Constitution an order passed thereunder suspending a fundamental right cannot possibly be tested under ' that very fundamental right which it suspends. If that were permissible no order under article 359 could really be passed. If article 359 is not to be rendered nugatory	 it must be held that an order passed thereunder cannot be tested under the very fundamental right the enforcement of which it suspends. We must therefore respectfully differ from the view taken in Ghulam Sarwar 's case(1) and hold that an order passed under article 359(1) cannot be tested with the aid of article 13(2) under that very fundamental right the enforcement of which it suspends. There is therefore no force in the first point raised on behalf of the petitioners. We 	also see no force in the second point raised by the petitioners. As we have already indicated article 359 envisages that an (1) ; 235 order passed thereunder for suspension of the enforcement of particular fundamental right is for the sake of security of India It is therefore not necessary to enquire whether there is any nexus between a particular fundamental right suspended and the security of India. Article 359 itself posits that it may be necessary in the interest of the security of India to pass an order suspending the enforcement of any fundamental right thereunder. This is clear from the fact that article 359(1)	 provides for the suspension of the enforcement of the fundamental rights in Part III of the Constitution only during the period of Emergency meaning thereby that suspension of the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights which the President considers necessary is for the security of India. We fail to see why only fundamental rights under article 22 or under article 31(2) can be suspended under article 359; Article 359 clearly shows that any fundamental right in Part Ill can be suspended during an Emergency and we cannot limit Article 359 in the face of the unambiguous and express words thereof and say that only the enforcement of fundamental right under Articles 22 and 31(2) can be suspended. It may be that prima facie these two fundamental rights appear to have a clearer nexus with security of India; but it does not follow that other fundamental fights may not in an Emergency have such a nexus. In any case article 359 itself proceeds on the basis that the suspension of the enforcement of all or any of the fundamental rights is for the sake of security of India and so gives the power to the President to suspend such enforcement if he considers it necessary for that purpose. The second contention raised on behalf of the petitioners must also be rejected. As to the third contention	 we have already indicated that an order passed under article 359(1) suspending the enforcement of a particular fundamental right cannot be tested under that very fundamental right. We cannot see how if the order under Art 359 suspends article 14 its validity can still be tested under that very Article. We have already expressed our respectful dissent from the view taken in Ghulam Sarwar 's case(1) and must reject this contention. As the enforcement of the fundamental right under article 14 was suspended by the President 's order under article 359	 no question of that order being bad under that Article can arise even if we assume that the provisions for detention under the Act and the Rules are more stringent than the provisions for detention under the Preventive Detention Act. The fourth contention also fails. As to the fifth contention it is urged that on. the words of the order passed by the President suspending the enforcement of fundamental rights under articles 14	 21 and 22	 there had to be a 236 provision in the Act and the Rules expressly to the effect that these fundamental rights would not be enforceable. We cannot understand how any provision could have been made in the Act and Rules to this effect. Such a provision in the Act 43r the Rules would be clearly unconstitutional. It is only because article 359(1)provides that the President may suspend the enforcement of a particular fundamental right that it is possible for the enforcement of any fundamental right to be suspended during the Emergency. What the President has provided in the present case is that the enforcement of fundamental rights under articles 14	 21 and 22 would be suspended if any person has been deprived of such right under the Defence ' of India Ordinance (later replaced by the Act) or the Rules or orders made thereunder. It is necessary to emphasis that the President 's order speaks of suspension under the Ordinance (later replaced by the Act) or the Rules or orders made thereunder. It does not say that the enforcement of such right is suspended if any person is deprived of it by the Ordinance the Rules or orders made thereunder. Therefore it was not necessary that there should be any express provision in the Act or the Rules suspending the enforcement of fundamental rights under articles 14	21 and 22. The clear intendment of the President 's order is that if any fundamental right of any person under articles 14	 21 and 22 was invaded by any action taken under the Ordinance (later replaced by the Act)	 or any rule or order thereunder	 that action could not be tested on the anvil of those fundamental rights. It was therefore not necessary to make any express provision in the Act or the Rules for the suspension of the enforcement of the fundamental rights under articles 14	 21 and 22. The fifth contention must also fail. The sixth contention is that article 22(5) which lays down that grounds of detention must be communicated to the person detained must still be applicable. We have not been able to understand this argument at all. If the President 's order is validly made as we hold it to be and if it suspends article 22 as it does we fail to see how clause (5 ) continues	 for it is only a part of article 22 which has been suspended. There is no question therefore of furnishing any ground under article 22(5) to the detenu if the detention is under the Act on the Rules	 for the entire article 22 has been suspended. The argument under this head is also rejected. This brings us to the subsidiary points raised on behalf of the petitioners. It is first said that the fresh order was not communicated to the detenues. This has been denied on behalf of the State. We see no reason why the fresh order which was passed on the same day on which the earlier order was cancelled would not have been communicated. Nothing has been shown to us to disbelieve the statement on behalf of the State that the fresh order was 237 communicated in each case and. therefore any argument based on its not being communicated must fail. Then it is argued that the order is not in the form as required by article 166. It is enough to say that article 166 does not apply to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. We have to look to the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir to see whether the form of the order is in accordance therewith. It is clear that the order is in the form required by section 45 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. The presumption must therefore be made that it was passed validly unless the petitioners can show that it was not passed as required by law. No attempt has been made on behalf of the petitioners to show that. The contention on this head must therefore also be rejected. Lastly	 it is urged that the orders in these cases were mala fide. This has been denied on behalf of the State. No grounds have been shown which may lead us to the conclusion that the fresh orders which were passed were mala fide. The necessity for fresh orders arose because the review was not made in accordance with the manner indicated by this Court in Lakhanpal 's case(1). The fresh order that was made was on the same facts and must in the circumstances be held to be valid in view of the judgment of this Court in Jagdev Singh 's case(2). The petitions therefore fail and are hereby dismissed. Hidayatullah	 J. I agree that the petitions be dismissed. As I was a member of the Constitution Bench which decided Ghulam Sarwar 's(2) case I wish to say a few words in explanation. The judgment of Subba Rao	 C.J. to which I was a party has expressed itself somewhat unhappily on 	the point on which it has been overruled in the judgment just delivered. The former Chief Justice upheld the extension of G.S.R. 1418/30 10 62 (which suspended the benefits of articles 21 and 22 to a foreigner) by G.S.R. 1275/27 8 3965. The latter order suspended article 14 in addition to the two articles already suspended. This 'suspension was upheld on the ground that there was a clear classification between citizens and foreigners and in a state of war and emergency foreigners could be treated as a class. In other words	 the order was tested on the ground of article 14 itself which the order of the President sought to suspend. In the judgment just delivered it has been said that the reasoning in Ghulam Sarwar 's(3) case is difficult to understand and that the suspension of article 14 precludes examination of the order under that article. I should have thought that I had sufficiently explained my position during the discussion of the draft judgment (1) ; (2) ; (3) ; 238 in Ghulam Sarwar 's(1) case but it appears that in spite of my doubts about the width of language in that judgment	 the decision to which I became a party continued to bear the meaning now attributed to it. If I may say with	 great respect	 the judgment just delivered also suffers from a width of language in the other direction. The truth lies midway. Although a suspension of a fundamental right under article 359(1) may be made either for the whole of India or any part of the territory of India	 Ghulam Sarwar 's(1) case points out that there is nothing to prevent the President from restricting the scope of the order to a class of persons provided the operation of the order is confined to an area and to a period. As the order was applicable to the whole of India and for the duration of the emergency although it affected a class	 namely	 foreigners	 it was upheld. This was not the application of article 14. This was said because the argument was that the order could only be with reference to the whole or a part of the territory of India and not with respect to a class such as foreigners. That meant that the Order was considered in relation to the words of article 359(1). Room was	 however	 to be left for the play of article 14 for those theoretically possible (and fortunately 'only theoretically possible) cases in which the exercise of the power itself may be a cloak for discrimination	 in other words	 cases of mala fide action and clear abuse of the power for some collateral purpose. This strict reservation only was intended to go into the judgment in Ghulam Sarwar 's(1) case but if a wider meaning can be spelled out from that judgment I dissent from it and say that I never intended to 'be a party to such a wide statement. The examination under article 14 of the suspension of the article itself	 as expressed in the judgment of Subba Rao C.J. gives a very different impression. For the same reason I cannot subscribe to the width of language in the judgment just delivered which apparently 'does not make any reservation at all. Therefore I agree to the order proposed but reserve my reasons. R.K.P.S. Petitions dismissed.

By a petition under Art.32 of the Constitution	the petitioner challenged an order of detention passed against him under r. 30(1)(b) of the Defence of India Rules	 1962. It was contended on his behalf	 inter alia	 (i) that the order of the President passed on November 3. 1962 as amended on November 11	 1962 under article 359(1) of the Constitution	 suspending the right to move any court for the enforcement of the fundamental rights conferred by articles 14	 21 and 22 if any person was deprived of such right during the period of the Emergency under the Defence of India Ordinance No. 4 of 1962 or any rule or order made thereunder	 was a law within the meaning of article 13(2) of the Constitution and could therefore be tested against the fundamental rights in Part III of the Constitution including the very fundamental right the enforcement of which is suspended; that only such fundamental rights can be suspended which have nexus with the reasons which led to the Proclamation of Emergency	 i.e.	 the President can only suspend enforcement of fundamental rights under articles 22 and 31(2) by an order under article 359; that the order under article 359 in the present case was violative of article 14 as it enabled the executive to decide. in exercise of an arbitrary discretion	 whether to detain a person under the more drastic provisions of the Defence of India Act 51 of 1962 or the Preventive Detention Act; (ii) that in view of the language of article 359 there should have been an express provision in the Defence of India Act and the Rules that the enforcement of fundamental rights under articles 14	 21 and 22 was suspended and in the absence of such a provision the order passed under article 359 cannot stand in the way of the detention order being tested under Part III of the Constitution; (iii) that article 22(5) requires that grounds of detention should be furnished to the detenu and the President 's order of November 1962 does not do away with this requirement which was not satisfied in the present case; and (iv) that the order of detention was not in the form required by article 166 of the Constitution and the State Government therefore had to prove that it was passed by the authority empowered to do so. Held: (by the Court) :The petitions must be dismissed. Per majority: (i) An order passed under article 359(1) cannot be tested with the aid of article 13(2) under that very fundamental right the enforcement of which it suspends. Even if an order under article 359 is assumed to be law in its widest sense	 it cannot be a law within the mean 228 ing of article 13(2)	 for if that were so	 the Article would be made nugatory. article 359 gives categorical powers to. the President during the period when a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation to suspend the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III. There is nothing in it which in any way limits the power of the President and it is for him to decide the enforcement of which of the fundamental rights should be suspended during the Emergency. [234D G; 232B D] There is a basic assumption in article 359 that it may be necessary for the President to suspend the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights in the interest of the security of India and in the face of that basic assumption	 there is no scope for enquiry into the question whether the fundamental right the enforcement of which the President has suspended under article 359 has anything to do with the security of India which is threatened whether by war or external aggression or internal disturbance. It cannot be said that only fundamental rights under article 22 or article 31 (2) can be suspended under article 359. [232 F	 G; 235C D] Even if the provisions for detention under the Defence of India Act and the Rules are more stringent	 after the suspension of article 14 under article 359	 no question of the order under article 359 being bad under article 14 can arise. [235H] Ghulam Sarwar vs Union of India ; ; dissented from. (ii) The clear intendment of the President 's order is that if any fundamental right of any person under articles 14	 21 and 22 was invaded by any action taken under the Ordinance (later replaced by the Act)	 or any rule or order thereunder	 that action could not be tested on the anvil of those fundamental rights. It was therefore not necessary to make any express provision in the Act or the Rules for the suspension of the enforcement of the fundamental rights under articles 14	 21 and 22. [236E] (iii) As the President 's order suspending article 22 was validly made	 there was no question of furnishing any ground under article 22(5) to the detenu if the detention was under the Defence of India Act or the Rules	 for the entire article 22 was suspended. [236G] (iv) Article 166 has no application to the State of Jammu & Kashmir and as the detention order was made in the form required by section 45 of the Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir	 it must be presumed to have been validly made. [237B] Per Hidayatullah	 J. Although a suspension of a fundamental right under article 359(1) may be made either for the whole of India or any part of the territory of India	 Ghulam Sarwar 's case points out that there is nothing to prevent the President from restricting the scope of the order to a class of persons provided the operation of the order is confined to an area and to a period. As the order was applicable to the whole of India and for the duration of the emergency although it affected a class	 namely	 foreigners	 it was upheld. This was not the application of article 14. This was said because the argument was that the order could only be with reference to the whole or a part of the territory of India and not with respect to a class such as foreigners. That meant that the order was considered in relation to the words of article 359(1). The meaning now attributed to the decision in Ghulam Sarwar 's case is in view of the width of language used in that case and the decision of the majority in the present also suffers from a width of language in the other direction whereas the truth ties midway. [238A F] 229