Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 1467 of 1967. Appeal from the judgment and order dated July 1	 2	 1965 of the Bombay High Court in Appeal No. 69 of 1963. V. A. Seyid Muhammad and section P. Nayar	 for the appellants. C. K. Daphtary	 Anil B. Diwan	 Suresh A. Shroff	 Ravinder Narain and O. C. Mathur	 for the respondent. section J. Sorabjee and O. C. Mathur	 for the intervener. The circumstances leading up to the filing of the writ petition may be mentioned. '	 The respondents own a textile mill at 508 Elphinstone Road	 Parel	 Bombay where they manufacture	 inter alia	 grey cloth. They also have a factory situated at Tulsi Pipe Lane Road	 Bombay for processing grey cloth into various other .goods like leather cloth	 book binding cloth and other coated fabrics. Under section 3 of the Central Excise and Salt Act	 1944 (hereinafter to be referred as the Act) duty is Imposed on all 	excisable goods produced or manufactured in India at the rates set forth in the First Schedule to the Act. Item 19 of the First Schedule includes cotton fabrics. Section 3 of the Act provides that excise duty is to be collected in such manner as may be prescribed by rules made under the Act. On cotton fabrics additional excise duty called handloom cess is also imposed under the additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act	 1957 and Khadi and other Handloom Industries Development (Additional Excise Duty on Cloth) Act	 1953	 respectively. Under :section 37 of the Act	 the Central Government has made rules called the Central Excise Rules	 1944 (hereinafter to be referred as the 	Rules). Rule 8 gives power to the Central Government to exempt by notification subject to such conditions as may be specified therein any excisable goods from whole or any part of duty leviable on such goods. Accordingly the Central Government issued a notification exhibit A dated January 5	 1957 exempting cotton fabrics mentioned therein wholly from excise duty. hem No. 2	 related to 'leather cloth and inferior or imitation leather cloth ordinarily .Used in book binding '. The exemption granted in respect of this item and another item was withdrawn by the Central Government with effect from July 30	 1960 by notification exhibit D dated July 29	 1960. There does not appear to have been any controversy before the High Court that the two notices dated November 3	 1961 and the notice dated December 2	 1961 related only to goods falling under item No. 2. of the notification exhibit A. The respondents between July 4	 1958 and July 30	 1960 manufactured grey cloth in the textile mill and sent some of those items to their factory for being processed and manufactured into leather cloth and imitation leather cloth. During the material period the company used to manufacture grey	 cloth and used to store them in a bonded godown. Periodically they used to send to the factory such quan tities of grey cloth as were required after filling in the necessary forms prescribed by the rules and after obtaining the necessary permission in the manner prescribed by the rules from the Excise Inspector Incharge of the textile mill. The respondents had	 however	 not obtained the requisite licence and so they paid excise duty on grey cloth manufactured in their mill during the period July 4	 1958 and July 30	 1960 manufactured grey cloth in the manufacturing leather cloth and imitation cloth. The respondents later on obtained the necessary licence with the result that 509 they became entitled to remove the grey cloth manufactured at their textile mill to their factory without paying excise duty on the grey cloth at the time when the goods were removed. The grey cloth so removed after September 30	 1959 and before July 30	 1960 used to be kept in the bonded godown. Those goods were removed to the factory after filling up the necessary forms and obtaining the permission of the Excise Inspector Incharge of the factory. The grey cloth after it was processed and made into leather cloth or imitation leather cloth was again stored in another bonded godown in the factory and they were removed by the company as finished products after filling in form A.R.I. prescribed by the rules. There is again no dispute that in each of these A.R.I. forms the company had shown and made a declara tion that the excise duty payable on the goods governed by the forms was 'nil '. Under the heading 'Assessment Memorandum. ' in the said form the particulars regarding rate of duty and amount of total duty payable on the goods referred to in the form had to be filled up and signed by the Excise Inspector. There is no controversy that in each of the A.O.1. forms filed by the respondents during the period July 4	 1958 and July 30	 1960	 the Excise Inspector Incharge	 Leather Cloth Division has made an assessment in the appropriate portion of those forms showing the rate of duty and the amount of total duty payable as "nil ' and has affixed his signature under such 'Assessment Memorandum '. Therefore	 it will be seen that all the goods removed by the	 respondents during the said period were shown by them as not liable to pay any excise duty and were also assessed by the Excise Inspector as not liable to pay any duty. Later on	 the excise authorities appear to have entertained some doubt whether the goods covered by these A.R.I. forms were of the description exempted under item No. 2 of the notification exhibit A. Some correspondence took place between the department and the respondents. On November 3	 1961	 the second appellant issued two notices marked exhibit G. The first notice issued under rule 10A required the respondents to pay a sum of Rs. 1	07	146	39. In the particulars of demand it was stated that the amount represented duty on leather cloth manufactured out of (i) non duty paid cloth and (ii) duty paid cloth cleared without payment of duty from October 1	 1959 to March 31	 1960. The second notice of the same day issued under rule 9 called upon the respondents to pay a sum of Rs. 1	502	24 representing the extra processing duty on leather cloth manufactured out of duty paid cloth from July 4	 1958 to September 30	 1959. These two notices were followed by the first appellant by issuing a letter of demand dated December 2	 1961	 exhibit H	 calling 510 upon the respondents to pay up the amount as per the notice issued by the second appellant. The respondents were advised that if they are aggrieved with the decision they may go up in appeal to the Collector of Central Excise	 Bombay. The respondents sent a reply dated December 28	 1961 exhibit I	 contesting validity of the notices dated November 3	 1961 and December 2	 1961. They objected to the demand on the ground that the notices were illegal and neither rule 9 nor rule 10A gave power to the authorities to issue such notices. They further contended that the demands were barred by time. The respondents also addressed a letter on the same lines to the Central Board of Revenue. As there was no favourable response from the appellants they	 filed the writ petition	 out of which these proceedings arise	 in the High Court to quash Exhibits G and H. The respondents contended before the High Court that neither rule 9 nor rule 10A gave power to the appellants to issue the demand notices. Their stand was that if at all it was rule 10 that applied and as the demands have been made long after the period of three months prescribed in the said rule	 the notices were illegal and void. On behalf of the appellants it was urged that rule 10 has no application as that rule will apply only when duties and charges have been 'short levied '. As initially no amount has been levied in this case	 rule 10 has no application. According to the appellants the rule applicable was rule 10A. Alternatively it was contended that if rule I OA did not apply	 the demands made by them were amply covered by rule 9(2). The learned Single Judge accepted the contention of the res pondents and held that rule 10 applied and as the demand notices had been issued long after the expiry of three months	 exhibit G and H	 the notices	 were illegal and void. In this view the learned Single Judge quashed the said notices. On appeal the Division Bench confirmed the order of the learned Single Judge. This is a convenient stage to refer to the relevant rules. They are rules 7	 9	 10	 10A	 52 and 52A(1). We have already referred to the fact that the rules have been made by the Central Government under section 37 of the Act. Those rules	 referred to above	 are as follows : "(7) Recovery of Duty : Every person who produces	 cures	 or manufactures any excisable goods	 or who stores	 such goods in a warehouse	 shall pay the duty or duties leviable on such goods	 at such time and place and to such person as may be designated	 in or 511 under the authority of these Rules whether the payment of such duty or duties is secured by bond or otherwise. (9) Time and manner of payment of duty: (1) No excisable goods shall be removed from any place where they are produced	 cured or manufactured or any premises appurtenant thereto	 which may be specified by the Collector in this behalf	 whether for consumption	 export	 or manufacture of any other commodity in or outside such place	 until the excise duty leviable thereon has been paid at such place and in such manner as is prescribed in these Rules or as the Collector may require and except on presentation of an application in the proper form and on obtaining the permission of the proper officer on the form; Provided that such goods may be deposited without payment of duty in a store room or other place of storage approved by the Collector under rule 27 or rule 47 or in a warehouse appointed or licensed under rule 140 or may be exported under bond as provided in rule 13; Provided further that such 'goods may be removed on part payment of duty leviable thereon if the Central Government	 by notification in the Official Gazette	 allow the goods to be so removed under rule 49; Provided also that the Collector may	 if he fit instead of requiring payment of duty in respect of each separate consignment of goods removed from the place or premises specified in this behalf	 or from a store room or warehouse duly approved	 appointed or licensed by him keep with any person dealing in such goods an account current of the duties payable thereon and such account shall be settled at internal	 not exceeding one month and the account holder shall periodically make deposit therein sufficient in the opinion of the Collector to cover the duty due on the goods intended to be removed from the place of production	 curing	 manufacture or storage. (2) If any excisable goods are	 in contravention of sub rule (i) deposited in	 or removed from	 any place specified therein	 the producer or manufacturer thereof shall pay the duty leviable on such goods upon written demand made by the proper officer	 whether such demand is delivered personally to him	 or is left at his dwelling house	 and shall also be liable to a penalty which 512 may extend to two thousand rupees	 and such goods shall be liable to confiscation. (10) Recovery of duties or charges short levied	 or erroneously refunded When duties or charges have been short levied through inadvertence	 error	 collusion or mis construction on the part of an officer	 or through misstatement as to the quantity	 description or value of such goods on the part of the owner	 or when any such duty or charge	 after having been levied	 has been owing to any such cause	 erroneously refunded	 the person chargeable with the duty or charge	 so short levied	 or to whom such refund has been erroneously made	 shall pay the deficiency or pay the amount paid to him in excess	 as the case may be	 on written demand by the proper officer being made within three months from the date on which the duty or charge was paid or adjusted in the owners account current	 if any	 or from the date of making the refund. (10 A) Residuary powers for recovery of sums due to Government Where these Rules do not make any specific provision for the collection of any duty	 or of any deficiency in duty if the duty has for any reason been short levied	 or of any other sum of any kind payable to the Central Government under the Act or these Rules	 such duty	 deficiency in duty or sum shall	 on a written demand made by the proper officer	 be paid to such person and at such time and place	 as the proper officer may specify. (52) Clearance on payment duty When the manufacturer desires to remove goods on payment of duty	 either from the place or a premise specified under rule 9 or from a store room or other place of storage approved by the Collector under rule 47	 he shall make application in triplicate (unless otherwise by rule or order required) to the proper officer in the proper Form and shall deliver it to the officer at least twelve hours (or such other period as may be elsewhere prescribed or as the Collector may in any particular case require or allow) before it is intended to remove the goods. The officer	 shall	 thereupon	 assess the amount of duty due on the goods and on production of evidence 513 that this sum has been paid into the Treasury or paid in the account of the Collector in the Reserve Bank of India or the State Bank of India	 or has been despatched to the Treasury by money order shall allow the goods to be cleared. 52A (1) Goods to be delivered on a Gatepass No excisable goods shall be delivered from a factory except under a gatepass in the proper Form or in such other form as the Collector may in any particular case or class of cases prescribe signed by the owner of the factory and countersigned by the proper officer. " Dr. Syed Mohammad	 learned counsel for the appellants urged that going by a plain reading of rule 10	 it is clear that the said rule will apply only to cases : (1) when an assessment has been made that same amount is due as duty and(2) when the said amount so assessed has been paid by the party concerned. In this case	 he pointed out	 there has been	 no doubt	 an order of assessment passed when the goods were cleared by the party	 but that order of assessment was not one making the party liable to pay any duty	 on the other hand	 it was an order of 'nil assessment ' under which the party was to pay no duty whatsoever. In consequence of such assessment	 no duty having been paid	 it cannot be stated that there has been a short levy for any of the reasons mentioned in rule 10. According to the learned counsel rule 10 will apply only when there has been an assessment making the party liable to pay some 	duty and that amount so assessed has also been actually paid or adjusted by the party	 as the case may be. When later on it is found that the amount so levied and paid falls short of the correct amount that ought to have been levied and paid by the 	party	 rule 10 will stand attracted. In this connection he placed very great reliance on the concluding part of rule 10 where a period of three months by way of limitation has been provided for calling upon the party to pay the deficiency and the period of three months is to be calculated "from the date on which the duty or charge was paid. He stressed that the use of the expression "paid" clearly indicates that some duty must have been actually paid by a party on a particular date and if that were not so	 it would be difficult to calculate the period of three months within which a party can be called upon to make good the deficiency. The counsel also urged that the word 'levy ' in rule 1 0 means actual collection and that short levy	 therefore	 denotes that full duty has not been collected. He also urged that rule 10A covers all cases of short levy or non levy for any reason whatsoever and the notices issued by the appellants in this case are legal and valid. He finally urged that even if it is held that rule 10A does not 514 apply 	 the notices could be sustained under rule 9(2) in as much the respondents have removed the goods without payment of duty in contravention of rule 9(1). The mere fact that one of the notices issued on November 3	 1961 refers to rule 10A is not 	on that ground invalid when the authorities have ample. 	 power to issue	 such notices under rule 9(2). Mr. Daphtary	 learned Counsel for the respondents and Mr. Sorabjee	 learned counsel for an intervener	 have both contended that the notices issued by the appellants squarely come under rule 10 and as they have been issued beyond the period of three months	 they have been rightly held to be invalid and illegal. 'Though the words used in rule 10 "duty or charge so paid"	 reading the rule as a whole it is clear that the rule does not contemplate that any amount should have been levied as a duty and that the said amount should have been paid. 'Me word "paid" has only been used to provide a starting point of limitation of three months. Though the ordinary meaning of the expression "paid" is that some amount should have been actually paid as such	 both the counsel pointed out	 that the said word should be construed in the context in which it appears. So read	 it is pointed out that the proper interpretation to be placed on the word "paid" is that it has been used to denote the stage or time when the duty or 	charge ought to have been paid. Such a reading will not do any violence to the language of rule 10. It is further pointed out that the expression "short levied" in rule 10 will cover cases not only levy of smaller amount that what is due but also of making the party not liable to pay any duty. In one case the short levy will 'be the difference of the amount actually levied and the correct amount due; and in the other case the short levy will be the entire amount of duty that is found to be actually due by a party. Ile counsel further pointed out that rule 10A will apply only to those 	cases where no specific provision for collection of duty or any deficiency in duty has been made by the rules and that will apply also to any other sum of. any other kind payable to the Central Government under the Act or the Rules. In this case	 as the party admittedly has been assessed to 'nil duty ' by the officers concerned and allowed to remove the goods	 the specific provision for recovery of any short levy is specifically provided for by rule 10	 which will exclude rule 10A. On these grounds	 both the 	counsel urged	 that the High Court was right in holding that rule 10 applies and that the notices having been issued beyond the period of three months are illegal and invalid. We are not inclined to accept the contention of Dr. Syed Mohammad that the expression 'levy ' in rule 10 means actual collection of some amount. The charging provision section 3(i) specifically says "There shall be levied and collected in such	 a 515 manner as may be prescribed 'the duty of excise. It is to be noted that sub section (i) uses both the expressions 	levied and collected" and that clearly show that the expression "levy" has not been used in the Act or the Rules as meaning actual collection. Dr. Syed. Mohammad is	 no doubt	 well founded in his contention that if the appellants have power to issue notice either under rule 10A or rule 9(2)	 the fact that the notice refers specifically to a particular rule	 which may not be applicable	 will not make the notice invalid on that ground as has be held by this Court in J. K. Steel Ltd. vs Union of India(1) : If the exercise of a power can be traced to a legitimate source	 the fact that the same was purported to have been exercised under a different power does not vitiate the exercise	 of the power in question. This is a well settled proposition of law. In this connection reference may usefully be made to the decisions of this Court in B. Balakotaiah vs The Union of India and ors (2 ) and Afzal Ullah vs State of U.P.(3). In this case	 the officer who issued the two notices is competent to make demands under both rules 9(2) and rule 10 A. But in order to sustain the validity of the demand either under rule 9(2) or rule 10 A	 the appellants will have to go further and establish that the demands can be justified under either of the rules. Before we deal with the contentions of the learned counsel we may state that rule 10 A was incorporated because of the decision of the Nagpur High Court in Messrs Chhotabhai Jethabhai Patel vs Union of India(4). The assessees in that case were a firm of tobacco merchants and manufacturers of bidis holding licence under the Central Excise Rules. On the introduction in Parliament of Bill No. 13 of 1951 on February 28	 1951	 the assessees paid the requisite duty on tobacco stored by them under the declared provision read with sections 3 and 4 of the Provincial Collection of Taxes Act	 1931. The assessees cleared tobacco from the warehouse between March 1	 1951 and April 28	 1951	 after obtaining clearance certificates from the Range Officer	 Central Excise. The rate of duty payable on un manufactured tobacco was increased by the Finance Act of 1951. On June 4	 1951 a demand was made by the Range Officer	 Central Excise at the increased rate and the assessees therein were asked to pay the said increase. The assessees challenged the demand before the High Court under article 226 of the Constitution on various grounds. The Nagpur High Court held that rule 10 did not apply and that the demand was invalid. (1) [1969] 2 S.C.R.481. (3) ; (2) ; (4) I.L.R. 516 After the decision of the Nagpur High Court	 the Central Government by a notification dated December 8	 1951 amended the Central Excise Rules	 1944 by the addition of a new rule 10 A. On the basis of this rule in respect of the same assessees a further and fresh demand was made for payment of duty as per ' the Finance Act	 1951. The assessees challenged the validity of the demand on the same ground as before. The Full Bench of the Nagpur High Court rejected the assessees ' contention and held that rule 10A covers a case for increased levy on the basis of a change of law. This decision was sought to be challenged before this Court but without any success. In fact this Court in Chhotabhai Jethabhai Patel and Co. vs The Union of India and another(1) specifically rejected the assessees ' claim regarding non applicability of rule 10A stating that it had been specifically designed "for the enforcement of a demand like the one arising in the circumstances of the case". The decision of this Court is an illustration of certain types of cases to which rule 10 A will apply. This now takes us to the question of proper interpretation to be placed on the expression "short levied" and "paid" in rule 10. Does the expression "short levied" mean that some amount should have been levied as duty as contended by Dr. Syed Mohammad or will that expression cover even cases where the assessment is of 'nil duty '	 as contended by Mr. Daphtary. What is the meaning of the word "paid" in rule 10 ? It is contended on behalf of the appellants that it means "actually paid"	 whereas	 according to the respondents '	 it means "ought to have been paid". Taken literally	 the word "paid" does mean actually paid in cash. That means that a party or an assessee must have paid some amount of duty whatever may be the quantum. If this literal interpretation is placed on the expression "paid" in rule it is needless to state that it will support in a large measure the contention of Dr. Syed Mohmmad that rule 10 contemplates a short levy in the sense 	that the amount which falls short of the correct amount has been assessed and actually paid. In our opinion	 the expression "paid" should not be read in a vacuum and it will not be right to construe the said word literally	 which means actually paid. That word will have to be understood and interpretted in the context in which it appears in order to discover its appropriate meaning. If this is appreciated and the context is considered it is apparent that there is an ambiguity in the meaning of the word "paid". It must be remembered that rule 10 deals with recovery of duties or charges short levied or erroneously refunded. The expression "paid" has been used to denote the starting point of limitation of three months for the issue of a written demand. The Act and the (1) [1962] Supp. [2] S.C.R. 1. 517 Rules provide in great detail the stage at which and the time when the excise duty is to be paid by a party. If the literal construction that the amount should have been actually paid is accepted	 then in case like the present one on hand when no duty has been levied	 the Department will not be able to take any action under rule 10. Rule 10 A cannot apply when a short levy is made. through error or misconstruction on the part of an officer	 as such a case is specifically provided by rule 10	 Therefore	 in our opinion	 the proper interpretation to be placed on the expression " 'paid" is "ought to have been paid". Such an interpretation has been placed on the expression "paid" occuring in certain otherenactments as in Gursahai Saigal vs Commissioner of Income tax	 Punjab(") and in Allen vs Thorn Electrical Industries Ltd. (2 . In Gursahai Saigal vs The Commissioner of Income tax	 Punjab(1)	 the question arose as follows : In certain assessment proceedings under the Indian Income tax Act	 1922	 an assessee was charged with interest under subsection (8) of section 18A of that Act. Under that sub section interest calculated in the manner laid down in sub section (6) of section 18A was to be added to the tax assessed. Sub section 3 of section 18A dealt with cases of a person who has not been assessed before and he was required to make his own estimate of the tax payable by him and pay accordingly. Sub section (3) of section 18A was applicable to the assessee in that case. However	 he neither submitted any estimate nor did he pay any advance tax. Under sub section ' (6) of section 18A it was provided : "Where in any year an assessee has paid tax under sub section (2) or sub section (3) on the basis of his own estimate	 and the tax so paid is less than eighty Per cent of the tax determined on the basis of regular assessment simple interest at the rate of six per cent per annum from the 1st day of January in the financial year in ' which the tax was paid up to the date of the said regular assessment shall be payable by the assessee upon the amount by which the tax so paid falls short of the said eighty per cent." This sub section is to apply to cases where tax has been paid ' by an assessee according to his own estimate but that estimate was on regular assessment found to be deficient. Further	 interest has to be calculated from 1st January of the Financial Year in which tax mentioned therein was paid and calculation has to be made on the short fall between the amount paid and eighty. per cent of ' the tax which was found payable on regular assessment. Subsection (8) of section 18A provided : (1) ; (2) 1968 1 .Q.B. 487. 518 .lm15 "where	 on making the regular assessment the Income tax Officer finds that no payment of tax has been made in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this section	 interest calculated in the manner laid down in sub section (6) shall be added to the tax as determined on the basis of the regular assessment. " The assessee in that case did not dispute that sub section(3) 	of section 18A applied to him and that he should have made an estimate and paid advance tax. He also admitted that he never made an estimate nor did he pay any advance tax whatsoever. While admitting that sub section (8) of section 18 A applied to him	 the assessee contended before this Court that since he had not paid any tax at all	 it is not possible to calculate interest in the manner laid down in sub section (6). According to the assessee 'there was no 1st day of January of a financial year in which the tax was paid and there was no question of a short fall between eighty per cent of the tax payable on regular assessment and the 	amount paid because he. had paid nothing. While rejecting the said contention this Court held : "The proper way to deal with such a provision is to give it an interpretation which	 to use the words of the Privy Council in Mahairam Kamjidas 's (case) (1) makes the machinery workable utres valeat potius quam pereat". We	 therefore	 think that we should read sub section (6) according to the provision of which interest has to be calculated as provided in subsection (8) in a manner which makes it workable and thereby prevent the clear intention of sub section (8) being defeated. Now	 how is that best done? As we have earlier said sub section (6) deals with a case in which tax has been paid and therefore it says that interest would	 be calculated "from the 1st day of January in the financial year in which the tax was paid". This obviously cannot literally be applied to a case where no tax has been paid. If however the portion of subsection (6) which we have quoted above is read as "from the 1 st day of January in the financial year in which the tax ought to have beep paid"	 the provision becomes workable. It would not be doing too much violence to the words used to read them in this way. The tax ought to have been paid on one or other of the dates earlier mentioned. The intention was that interest should be charged from January 1	 of the financial year in which the tax ought to have been paid. Those	 519 who paid the tax but a smaller amount and those who did not pay tax at all would then be put in the same position substantially which is obviously fair and was clearly intended. " Regarding the further contention that there was no short fall	 as no tax has been paid it was observed : "With regard to the other question about there being no shortfall between eighty per cent of the amount of tax found payable on the regular assessment and the amount of tax paid in a case where no tax was paid	 it seems to us the position is much simpler. If no tax is paid	 the amount of such shortfall will naturally be the entire eighty per cent. We also think that the case before us is very near to Allen 's case.(1)" The above decision establishes two propositions : (1) though the expression used was "paid" it is open to read it as "ought to have been paid" having regard to the context in which it appears and to make the provision of law in which that expression appears workable; and (2) the short fall will be the entire eighty per cent referred to subsection (6) of section 18A. Applying the above principles to the case on hand	 the expression "paid" in rule 10 can be reasonably read as "ought to have been paid". Similarly even in cases where there has been a nil assessment due to one or other of the circumstances mentioned in	 rule 10 and if subsequently it is found that duty is payable	 then the entire amount of duty should be considered to have been short levied. The literal meaning of the expression "paid" as actually paid in cash has again not been adopted by the Court of Appeal in Allen vs Thorn Electrical Industries Ltd.(2). Having regard to the context in which the said expression appeared in the particular provision which came up for interpretation	 the Court of Appeal construed the expression to mean "contracted to be paid". Therefore	 the contention of Mr. Daphtary that the expression "Paid" should be construed as "ought to have been paid" and even when no duty has been assessed	 the entire duty when subsequently assessed will be a short levy	 which is also supported by the decision of this Court in Gursahai Saigal vs Commissioner of Income tax	 Puniab(3) has to be accepted. It follows that in order to attract rule 10	 it is not necessary that some amount of ' duty should have been assessed and that the said amount should have also been actually paid. That provision will apply even to cases where there has been a nil assessment in which case the entire duty later on assessed must be considered to be the duty (1) 	 16	 17. (2) (3) ; 520 originally short levied. There is also no difficulty in calculating the period of three months. As pointed out above	 the Act and the Rules provide very elaborately the stage and the time when the duty is to be paid and if that is so that must be considered to be the stage or time when the duty ought to have been paid and if so the period of three months will run from the time when the duty ought to have been paid. Dr. Syed Mohammad referred us to certain decisions of the High Courts where a demand has been sustained under rule 10 or rule 10A. We have considered those decisions. In some of those decisions there has been a short levy due to the reasons mentioned in rule 10 and the demand also has been issued within the period of three months and hence the notice had been sustained under rule 10. In other cases	 it was specifically held that the demand covered by the notice issued under rule 10A has not been specifically provided for by any other rule and the demand therefore	 was valid. These decisions	 in our opinion	 do not in any manner advance the case of the appellants and we do not think it necessary to deal with them individually. We may point out that if the contention of Dr. Syed Moham mad that in order to constitute short Levy	 some amount should have been assessed as payable by way of duty so as to make rule 10 applicable	 is accented the result will be rather anamolous. For instance if due to collusion (which means collusion between a party and an officer of the Department) a sum of Rs. 2/ is managed to be assessed by way of duty when really more than thousand times that amount is payable anD if the smaller amount of duty so assessed has been paid	 the Department will have to take action within three months for payment of the proper amount of duty. On the other hand	 if due to collusion again an order of nil assessment is passed	 in which case no duty would have been paid	 according to the appellants rule 10A will apply. We do not see any reason to distinguish the above two cases one ' 'from the other. Both are cases of collusion and if an assessee in collusion manages to have a petty amount of duty assessed and paid he can effectively plead limitation of three months under rule 10. Whereas in the same case of collusion where no duty has been levied there will be no period of limitation. In our opinion	 that will not be a proper interpretation to be placed on rule 10A by us. By the interpretation placed by us on rule 10	 the position will be that an assessee who has been assessed to a smaller amount as well as an assessee who has been assessed to nil duty will all be put on a par and that is what is intended by rule 10. The above reasoning leads to the conclusion that rule 10A 	does not apply to the case on hand. Then the question is whether 521 the demands could be justified under rule 9(2). Even here we find considerable	 difficulty in sustaining the notice under this rule. Sub rule (1) of rule 9 provides for the time and the manner of payment of duty. In this case there is no controversy that whenever goods were cleared by the respondents	 necessary applications had been made to the officer concerned and the latter had passed orders of assessment to nil duty. To attract sub rule 2 of rule 9	 the goods should have been removed in contravention of sub rule (1). It is not the case of the appellants that the respondents have not complied with the provisions of sub rule 1. We are of the opinion that in order to attract sub rule 2	 the goods should have been removed clandestinely and without assessment. In this case there is no such clandestine removal without assessment. On the other hand	 goods had been removed with the express permission of the Excise authorities and after order of assessment was made. No doubt the duty payable under the assessment order was nil. That	 in our opinion	 will not bring the case under sub rule (2). That sub rule (2) is a penal provision is shown from the fact that apart from the duty payable	 the party is also made liable to a penalty and he also incurs the risk of the goods being confiscated. That rule 9(2) applies only to cases where there has been an evasion from payment of duty is clear from the decision of this Court in J. K. Steel Ltd. vs Union of India(1). Though on certain other aspects there was a difference of view amongst the learned Judges	 on this aspect the decision is unanimous. There is absolutely no material placed before us by the appellants which would justify the issue	 of the notice under rule 9(2). To conclude rule 10A does not apply as the specific provision for collection of duty to cases like the one before us is specifically provided by rule 10 nor does rule 9(2) apply to the case on hand. The proper provision under which action should have been taken if at all is rule 10. The demands having admittedly been made long after the expiry of the period of three months	 referred to in the said rule	 it follows that the demands were not valid. The High Court was justified in striking down the notices dated November 3	 1961 exhibit G as well as the demand dated December 2	 1961 under Et. The appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. V.P.S. Appeal dismissed.

Under r. 8 of the Central Excise Rules	 1944	 made under the Central Excise and Salt Act	 1944 the Central Government issued a notification exempting cotton fabrics from excise duty. The respondents owned a textile mill and factory. They manufactured grey cloth which was removed from the mill and kept in a godown and later removed to the factory for being processed into leather cloth which was stored in another godown in the factory	 from where it was taken Out as finished product. The removal at each stage was done after filling the prescribed forms and with the permission of the Excise Inspector Incharge. In each of the forms filled by the respondents upto July 30	 1960. the Excise Inspector had made an assessment showing the rate of duty and the amount of total duty payable as 'nil '. Later	 the excise authorities thought the goods were not of the description exempted under the notification and on November 3	 1961	 two notices were issued calling upon the respon dents to make certain payments	 one under r. 10A and the other under r. 9 of the Rules. The respondents protested and filed a writ petition in the High Court. The High Court held that the proper rule applicable was r. 10 but that as the demand notices were not issued within 3 months .Is required by that rule	 the notices were illegal and void. In appeal to this Court	 HELD : (1) Rule 10A cannot apply when a short levy is made 	through error or misconstruction on the part of an officer as such a case is specifically provided for by r. 10	 because	 r. 10A deals with residuary powers and does not apply when specific provision for collection of duty is provided or by other rules. [516 H; 517 A: 521 D] (2) The proper provision under which action should have been taken	 if at all	 is r. 10. Under r. 10	 when duties or charges have been shortlevied through inadvertence	 error	 collusion or Misconstruction on the part of an officer	 the person chargeable with the duty or charge shall pay the deficiency on written demand being made within three month from the date on which the duty or charge was paid. Though the words used are 'short levied ' and paid	 in order to attract r. 10 it is not necessary that some amount of duty Should have been assessed and that the said amount should also have been actually paid. It will apply even duty later on assessed must be considered to be the duty originally short levied. 1519 F G; 520 E F; 521 D E] (a) The expression 'levy ' is not used in the Act or the Rules as meaning actual collection	 because	 section 3(1) of ' the Act use. 			 both the 'levied ' and 'collected '. 1514 G H] 507 (b) The expression 'paid ' in r. 10 should not be read in a vacuum and it will not be right to construe it literally as 'actually paid '. The word will have to be understood and interpreted in the context in which it appears. If the literal construction is accepted	 then in a case where an assessee	 in collusion	 manages to have a very petty amount of duty assessed	 he can	 if he paid the amount	 effectively plead limitation of three months	 but	 when no duty has been levied there would	 be no period of limitation	 a result which would be anomalous. Therefore	 the proper interpretation to be placed on the expression 'paid ' is 'sought to have been paid. ' (c) This interpretation will not cause any difficulty in calculating the period of three months. The Act and the Rules provide very elaborately the stage and the time when the duty is to 'be paid and that must be considered to be the stage	or time when the duty 'ought to have been paid '	 and the period of three months will be counted from that time. [519 G H] Gursahai Saigal vs C.I.T. Punjab	 ; followed	 Allen vs Thorn Electrical Industries Ltd. 	 referred to. (3) Rule 9 does not also apply to the facts of the case. Rule 9(1) provides for the time and manner of payment of duty. To attract r. 9(2) the goods should have been removed in contravention of sub r. (1)	 that is	 clandestinely and without assessment; but in this case there is no such clandestine removal without assessment. Moreover	 sub r. (2) is a penal provision applicable where there is evasion of payment of duty	 since the party is also made liable to a penalty and confiscation. [520 G H; 521 A C] J. K. Steel vs Union. ; 	 followed. Therefore	 the demands having been made long after the expiry of the period of three months referred to in r. 10	 the demands are not valid