Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal No. 1865 of 1982 Appeal by Special leave from the Order dated the 24th December	 1981 of the Labour Court	 Delhi in ID. No. 120 of 1977. M.K. Ramamurthi	 V.P. Choudhary Jitendra Sharma and P. Gaur	 for the Appellant. G.B. Pai	 O.C. Mathur	 D.N. Mishra	 section Sukumaran and Ms. Meera Mathur	 for the Respondent. 311 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DESAI	 J. If solemn agreements proposed by the employer and readily acceeded to by the workmen and holding the forte for over a quarter of a century are crudely disowned compelling the workmen to knock at the door of the apex court for removing the road block in the access to justice set up by preliminary objection of technical nature	 industrial peace and harmony chanted by the employer would be not merely an empty mantra but a futile exercise of chasing a mirage and unfortunately that is the situation here. Hindustan Lever Ltd.	 a multi national company	 respondent herein addressed a communication dated January 24	 1957 recording the out come of mutual deliberations between the Hindustan Lever Ltd. (employer ' for short) and the Hindustan Lever Mazdoor Sabha ( 'union ' for short) recognised representative union of the workmen employed by the employer. The relevant portion may be extracted: "exhibit W 2 24th January	 1957 The President	 Hindustan Lever Mazdoor Sabha	 Bombay. Dear Sir	 Referring to our recent meeting about field force	 we would like to place on record that: (1) We recognise you as the representative union for all sections of field force all over India. (2) You have agreed to treat all matters relating to wages/salaries and terms and conditions of service on an all India basis and not on a regional basis as far as field force is concerned. (3) For all matters of an all India nature relating to field force	 you will communicate with the Personnel Director. We hope that all such matters will be settled by direct negotiation but if at any stage you decide to refer the matter to conciliation	 you will do so only at Bombay. We	 on our part	 give you the assurance that if the matter 312 is referred to a Tribunal in Bombay then its award will be applied by you to field force all over India. For this reason	 you will agree that it will be only proper for the Tribunal to examine the matter in an all India perspective. 4) Although we do not anticipate any problems of a purely local nature	 in case such problems do arise your members will first try to arrive at a solution by approaching their own managers and if this fails	 your local Committee should refer the matter to the local Commercial Manager or Office Manager. 5) For future disputes we shall not contest issues about field force on the basis of their not being 'workmen ' but shall contest issues only on the merits in the same way as we do for other employees. Please confirm that you agree with the points mentioned above. Yours faithfully	 Sd/ B.K. Bindani The union responded to this communication as per its letter dated April 24	 1957 which reads as under: "exhibit W.3 The Personnel Manager	 Hindustan Lever Limited	 Scindia House	 Ballard Estate	 Bombay 1. 24th April	 1957 Dear Sir	 With reference to your letter Personnel KSB/BN/49 dated 24.1.1957 and in the light of further discussions we had with you on the subject	 we would like to state as under: 1. We thank you for recognising us as the Representative Union for all sections of the Field Force employees all over India. 313 2. We agree that certain major issues such as a salary wages	 bonus	 provident fund	 Gratuity	 leave etc. will be treated as far as possible on an all India basis. We agree that for all matters of an all India nature	 we will communicate with the Personnel Director. As for the other points raised by you	 we agree to follow the procedure	 as far as legally permissible. Local matters	 if not settled by negotiations	 will have to be dealt with otherwise. For instance	 the Sabha may go in for conciliation or may be free to resort to any other legitimate and/or peaceful method. We are indeed glad to note that you will not contest issues about field force on the basis of their not being 'Workmen ' but you will contest issues only on their merits in the same way as you do for other employees. We wish to take the opportunity also to confirm your agreement with us that in regard to demands relating to Field Force contained in Ref. N.48 of 1956	 now pending adjudication at Delhi	 you will not contest the issue on the basis of their not being 'Workmen ' but you will contest the issue on the merits of the demands as you do for other employees. Yours faithfully	 Sd/ P. Pullat President 1st May	 1957" A further communication ensued from the employer dated May 1	 1957. It is not necessary to reproduce the whole of it save and except that the employer wanted to be assured that the union by its communication dated April 24	 1957 unequivocally intended to confirm the items of agreement relating to various items of industrial disputes between the parties as set out in its communication dated January 24	 1957 and further sought clarification of the two points raised by the union. The substantial question is whether there emerged a concluded agreement between the parties and binding on the parties till it is terminated according to law? The question of the existence of a concluded agreement and its validity arises in the following circumstances. 314 Shri A.K. Sircar and Shri R.L. Gupta were protected workmen within the meaning of the expression in the ( 'Act ' for short) and were admittedly the office bearers of the union and consequently leaders of the workmen. The employer served a charge sheet on Shri A.K. Sircar on April 10	 1974 and on the next day	 a charge sheet was served on Shri R.L. Gupta. There followed a disciplinary enquiry and ultimately the services of Shri A.K. Sircar and Shri R.L. Gupta were terminated by the employer. The union raised an industrial dispute contending that the termination of services of the aforementioned two workmen was illegal and invalid and the enquiry was equally illegal and improper and that the action of the employer was an act of reprisal and victimization because of the trade union activities of the aforementioned two office bearers of the union: The appropriate Government referred the industrial dispute to the Industrial Tribunal on July 16	 1977. The employer in its written statement inter alia contended that Shri A.K. Sircar and Shri R.L. Gupta were not workmen within the meaning of the expression in the and therefore the appropriate Government had no jurisdiction to refer the dispute to the Industrial Tribunal and consequently the Industrial Tribunal had no jurisdiction to hear and deal with the reference. It was further contended that in a reference between the employer and the union in another dispute to the Industrial Tribunal in Maharashtra State	 a contention was raised by the employer that salesman of the employer is not a workman within the meaning of the expression in the and this objection was upheld by the Industrial Tribunal and a petition for special leave against the decision of the Industrial Tribunal to the Supreme Court was rejected on October 1	 1975. It was further contended that the services of the aforementioned two workmen were terminated not by way of punishment but under the contract of service and the disciplinary enquiry which was commenced earlier was subsequently dropped. The union in its counter affidavit inter alia contended that the employer was estopped from challenging the status of the two concerned workmen as not being workmen within the meaning of the expression in the on account of a subsisting valid concluded agreement between the parties inter alia providing that the employer will not contest the issue about status of field force (which expression includes salesman) on the basis of their not being workmen but shall contest the issue only on the merits in the same way as they do for other employees. It was also contended that in view of Shri Roop 315 Chandra award the issue about existence of the agreement and the status of salesman is res judicata and cannot be reopened till the agreement remains in force and operative. The rival pleadings led to the Industrial Tribunal framing the following issues: "1) Whether the management is estopped from challenging the status of these two concerned workmen as "workman ' within the meaning of the . 2) Whether the award dated 17 11 66 of the Additional Industrial Tribunal	 Delhi would operate as res judicata between the parties ? 3) If issue No. 1 is answered in the negative whether the concerned (sic) are 'workman ' within the meaning of the I.D. ? 4) What is the effect of the order dated 6 1 75 passed by the I.T. Maharashtra in reference 203 of 1973 and order dated 1.10.1975 of the Supreme Court in Petition for special leave 1602 of 1975 ? 5) Whether the reference is incompetent and bad in law for reasons mentioned in prel. objections (III)	 (IV)	 (V) and (VII) and (VIII) ? Issue Nos. 1	2	 4 and 5 were directed to be heard as preliminary issues. On Issue No. 1	 the Industrial Tribunal held that the three communications exhibit W 2 dated January 24	 dated April 24	 1957 and exhibit W 4 dated May 1	 1957 did not spell out a complete concluded agreement between the parties on the points set out therein but it was an inchoate agreement in the stage of negotiations and therefore the employer was not bound to stand by its offer made in the communication dated January 24	 1957 denying to itself the right to contest the status of the field force including salesman as not being workman within the meaning of the expression in the . On Issue No. 2	 it was held that the award of Shri Roop Chandra in I.D. No. 46 of 1966 in which it was held that there was a concluded agreement between the parties as disclosed in Exs. W 2	 W 3 & W 4 and therefore the industrial dispute therein raised could not be adjudicated upon at Delhi	 it being an All India dispute and ought to have been raised at Bombay	 did not operate as res judivata 316 because the issue in the award was not directly and substantially in issue in the present reference. Parties did not advance any argument on Issues Nos. 4 and 5 and therefore with reference to Issue No. 4	 the Tribunal observed that the same may not be disposed of without further hearing the parties and no finding was recorded on Issue No. 5. The Tribunal accordingly rejected the preliminary objections raised on behalf of the union and set down the reference for further hearing. Hence this appeal by special leave by the union. At the outset	 we must record our unhappiness on the attitude adopted by the employer in contending as late as 1981 that the three communications Exs. W 2	 W 3 and W 4 did not constitute a concluded agreement between the parties with respect to the points settled therein and the Tribunal ignoing the history and repeated advantage taken by the employer of this concluded agreement on numerous occasions accepted the contention of the employer. IT is therefore necessary first to point out how from 1957 till as late as 1966 and even thereafter the employer non suited the union	 if that is a proper term	 by setting up the very agreement which now the employer wants to urge that it is not a concluded agreement. The three important clauses of the agreement emerging from the correspondence relevant to the present dispute are that (i) the Hindustan Lever Mazdoor Sabha was recognised by the employer as a representative union for all sections of field force all over India in the employment of the employer and (ii) the union agreed to bring all matters relating to wages/salaries and terms and conditions of service on an All India basis and not on regional basis as far as field force is concerned and (iii) that in future disputes	 the employer will not contest issue about member of the field force being workmen but shall contest issues only on their merits in the same way as the employer would do for other employees. Freed from technical jargon	 the employer agreed and undertook not to contest in any industrial dispute the status of the field force as not being workman within the meaning of the expression in the and that reference	 if any	 would be contested on the merits of the industrial dispute in respect of which reference is made to the Industrial Tribunal. The out come of the agreement would be that if a dispute of an all India nature in respect of the field force is raised at a regional level	 founding its contention on one of the terms of the agreement	 the employer would be in a position to get any regional reference rejected on the ground that there is a subsisting valid agreement between the parties that such dispute of an all India nature in respect of the field force can be raised at Bombay only and within the jurisdiction of the Industrial Tribunal at Bombay only. 317 There is no dispute between the parties that if there is an agreement such would be the out come of it. This is not only not in dispute but it is conceded that a settlement was arrived at in respect of industrial disputes between the employer and the union concerning the field force including salesman in 1957	 1959 and 1964. An averment to this effect is made in Paragraph 'H ' of the petition for special leave and Anx.5 was annexed to the petition which purports to be the settlement dated December 22	 1964. It is signed by Shri C.J. Mahimkar	 Joint Personnel Manager on behalf of the employer and Shri A.K. Basu	 General Secretary of the union at the relevant time. The various industrial disputes in respect of which settlement is arrived at were between the employer and the workmen of the company who were the members of the field force (salesmen	 sales supervisors etc.) employed in any part of India. This settlement was arrived at under the and was registered according to the requirements of the . This implies that the status of the salesman as being workman within the meaning of the expression of the was not only not disputed but specifically conceded and that must obviously be pursuant to the subsisting agreement. This is however an inference so it is better now to move on to adjudication and award by a forum with jurisdiction to decide the point. The Chief Commissioner of Delhi referred an industrial dispute whether workmen whose names were set out in the order of reference be paid compensation in addition to the usual remuneration for the period they had marketed Erasmic Blades and what directions were necessary in this behalf. The reference was between the employer the present respondent and the appellant union. In this reference	 the workmen who claimed remuneration were Delhi based salesmen of the employer. The employer appeared and contested the reference. The only important contention raised on behalf of the employer which must be noticed reads as under: "That the concerned workmen are members of the field force of the company; that the field force unit is a separate unit known as Field Force Unit; that they are liable to be transferred anywhere in India; that the Field Force Unit is controlled by Company 's Head Office in Bombay; that it was agreed between the company and the Hindustan Lever Mazdoor Sabha	 Bombay that all matters relating to Field Force Unit would be dealt with by both parties at Bombay on all India basis and if no settlement is reached	 the dispute 318 shall be raised in Bombay in accordance with ; and that any settlement or Award therein would be made applicable and shall be binding on all members of the field force all over India." (Emphasis supplied). The employer also contended that in view of the agreement between the parties	 the dispute referred to the Industrial Tribunal regarding the field force could not be raised at Delhi. It was also contended that in view of the agreement subsisting between the parties	 the employer had agreed not to contest the issue that its salesman were not workmen within the meaning of the expression in the . A further contention was raised that the union has committed breach of the agreement by raising the dispute at Delhi. The union while conceding that there was an agreement between the parties as alleged by the employer contested the issue by saying that the dispute was not of an all India nature as it was concerning only some Delhi based salesmen of the employer and therefore the dispute was not covered by the agreement. The Industrial Tribunal (Shri Roop Chandra) on the rival contentions of the parties	 raised the following issues: "ISSUES "1) Is there any agreement between the Company and its workmen through the Hindustan Lever Mazdoor Sabha that all matters relating to members of the field force would be dealt with by both the parties in Bombay on an all India basis and that if no settlement is reached	 the dispute would be raised in Bombay in accordance with the ? 2) Does the said agreement prevent the workmen in this case from raising the dispute in Delhi ? 3) Are the employees concerned not 'workmen ' within the meaning of the term under the ? If so	 has the tribunal no jurisdiction ? 4) Whether workmen have committed a breach of the agreement alleged to have been entered into between the management and the union in 1957 and if so	 is the 319 management not entitled to raise the plea that the salesmen are not 'workmen ' within the meaning of . ?" It would thus appear at a glance that it was the employer who wanted the reference to be rejected on the preliminary objection that there was a valid subsisting concluded agreement between the parties which had a direct bearing on the industrial dispute involved in the reference and that because of the agreement and as a necessary corollary of the agreement the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to entertain the dispute. Now see the out come of this contention of the employer. On Issue Nos. 1 and 2	 Shri Roop Chandra as per his award dated November 17	 1966 held that in view of Exs. W 2	 W 3 and W 4 marked in evidence in the reference before him as Exs. M 1	 M 2 and M 3 produced and relied upon by the management that is the employer	 the Industrial Tribunal at Delhi would have no jurisdiction to entertain it. It was never contended by the employer before Shri Roop Chandra that the three documents did not end in a concluded agreement. On a contrary parties were ad idem that there was a concluded agreement between the parties. The difference was in their approach as to the applicability of various clauses of agreement to the dispute raised in the reference before the Tribunal. The employer contended that the dispute was of an all India nature and therefore could not be raised at Delhi. The union on the other hand	 contended that the dispute was of a regional nature concerning only 16 Delhi based salesmen of the Company and therefore the dispute could not be styled as an all India dispute. The Tribunal held that the dispute was of an all India nature	 related to the duties and liabilities of all members of the field force employed all over India and it involved such a major issue as salary and wages. Approaching the matter from this angle	 the Tribunal further held on the basis of the agreement	 that the dispute could only be taken cognizance of at Bombay. The Tribunal was of the opinion that the agreement was valid and did not contravene Sec. 28 of the Indian Contract because where the parties choose to have the matter entertained in one of the two or more courts having jurisdiction to entertain the matter	 such an agreement does not contravene Sec. The Tribunal further held that the agreement had the sanctity of a contract and the parties must be held to the contract. The Tribunal concluded by observing that the union was not justified in raising 320 the dispute in Delhi in view of its agreement with the employer as evidence by the three documents and that it is not expedient in the interest of justice and peace and harmony in industry that the Tribunal should adjudicate the matter of an all India nature. So saying the Tribunal rejected the reference. The question is who took advantage and benefit of the agreement ? Unquestionably	 the employer who now decades after successfully contending before another Tribunal that there was a valid and concluded agreement	 wants to contend that the three documents Exs. W 1	 W 2 and W 3 do not spell out a concluded agreement but an inchoate one which remained at the stage of negotiations only. But that is not the end of the vacillation on the part of the employer. Mr. Pai	 learned counsel on behalf of the employer on the other hand contended that the union has expressly repudiated the agreement and therefore	 it is not open now to the union to take recourse to the agreement. It was submitted that if the union has committed a breach of the agreement	 if there was any	 the employer is absolved from observing or complying with the agreement. To substantiate this submission	 our attention was invited to a reference made by the Lt. Governor	 Delhi to the Addl. Industrial Tribunal constituted for the Union Territory of Delhi	 then presided over by Shri Hans Raj for adjudication of the following two issues: '1. whether the deduction of leave by the management for the year 1967 is illegal and/or unjustified and if so	 to what relief are the affected workmen entitled and what directions are necessary in this respect ? 2. Whether the management was obliged to grant special increment to all of its workmen in Delhi Branch and if so	 to what relief the affected workmen are entitled and what directions are necessary in this respect ?" The union filed a statement of claim and subsequently filed an additional or amended written statement in which inter alia it was contended 'that the workmen of the concern throughout India were agitated because of this measure and its wholly illegal implementation and the applicant Sabha led the opposition of the scheme and the resistance of the workmen to it. ' This averment was relied upon to urge that the union raised a dispute of an all India nature at Delhi which was the regional centre and this would imply intentional breach or repudiation of the agreement. Before we examine this contention	 321 it is necessary to refer to para 10 of the amended statement of claim in which the union states as under: "That the binding nature of the agreement has been flagrantly flouted by the Management and the very basis of collective bargaining for industrial peace has been attacked. " This would show that the union accused the employer of breach of agreement. On the other hand	 the employer in its written statement contended as under: "No claim on behalf of the employees of the Field Force can be taken up by Hindustan Lever Mazdoor Sabha	 Delhi Centre and this Hon 'ble Tribunal has no jurisdiction to entertain the same in view of an agreement arrived at and between the Company and the Hindustan Lever Mazdoor Sabha in 1957. " (emphasis supplied) It would be crystal clear that the employer wanted the reference to be rejected at the threshold on the preliminary objection that in view of the concluded binding agreement between the parties	 the dispute referred to for adjudication being of an all India nature	 the union was precluded from raising the same at a regional level and the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to entertain the same. Apart from the extracted specific contention in paragraphs 5 and 6	 the contention is elaborated by the employer and it was specifically contended that in the award dated Nov. 17	 1966 by Shri Roop Chandra	 Addl. Industrial Tribunal	 Delhi	 it was held that a valid agreement was in existence between the parties and no dispute pertaining to the members of the Field Force can be raised anywhere except in the State of Maharashtra. It was further contended that the award of Shri Roop Chandra was confirmed by the High Court of Delhi by summarily dismissing the Writ Petition No. 1163/67 filed by the union against the award and when the union approached the Supreme Court in Appeal No. 42/68	 the same was rejected thereby affirming the existence and binding character of the agreement. These assertions by the employer flow from the pleadings. To revert to the narration	 Shri Hans Raj proceed on leave and then retired and when a new Presiding Officer was appointed	 the reference with one application filed by the union to summon certain documents came up before the Tribunal. By a laconic order	 unsupported by any reasoning	 the Tribunal observed that the salesmen are not workmen and so the documents need not be summoned. It was this order on the application which was chal 322 lenged in the writ petition filed by the union. It is difficult to appreciate what permitted the Tribunal to hold that the salesmen are not workmen within the meaning of the expression in the and why it did not consider the specific contention that the employer was estopped from raising the contention as to the status of the salesmen in view of the binding agreement between the parties. But for the present purpose	 it is sufficient to notice that the employer and the union both swore by the agreement and at any rate the employer never contended that there was no concluded agreement between the parties covering one of the points in the dispute namely	 the status of the members of the Field Force including salesmen. Mr. Pai next turned to another round of litigation between the parties. It appears that effective from September 6	 1966	 the employer reorganised its marketing organisation into two divisions	 the Main Lines Division and the Speciality Lines Division. The Calcutta Branch of the employer was concerned only with marketing. The workmen at Calcutta were directly affected by the reorganiszation. On a dispute raised by the union	 the Government of West Bengal referred the following dispute for adjudication to the Industrial Tribunal "Is the human rationalisation as a measure of economic reorganisation of the company reflected through job integration that have either been effected or proposed to be effected justified ?" Pending adjudication of the dispute	 some workmen filed applications under Sec. 33A of the before the Tribunal alleging that during the pendency of the adjudication their service conditions had been altered adversely and their salary for the month of October	 1966 had not been paid. The Tribunal granted the applications of the workmen and the employer approached the Supreme Court by special leave. The main reference was finally disposed of in favour of the employer upholding the reorganisation of marketing organisation. The union questioned the correctness of this award before the Supreme Court. Both the groups of appeals came up for hearing together and the decision of this Court is reported in Hindustan Lever Ltd. vs Ram Mohan Ray & Ors. This Court upheld the right of the employer to organise and reorganise its work in the manner it pleases. Accordingly the appeals filed by the union were rejected. 323 The appeals filed by the employer against the award in favour of the workmen in the applications under Sec. 33A were equally rejected by this Court holding that non payment of wages in the circumstances of the case amounts to an alteration in the conditions of service. Frankly	 this decision sheds no light on the point under discussion because neither side relied upon the agreement nor did the agreement figure into the dispute. However	 it is interesting to note that when the main reference was before the Tribunal	 a preliminary objection was raised on behalf of the employer to the effect that by an agreement entered into in January 1957 by and between the employer and union	 it was agreed that all matters relating to the matters of the outdoor marketing staff	 to wit members of the field force can be raised at Bombay only and as such the company as well as the Sabha are bound by the aforesaid agreement. Therefore	 not only the employer affirmed the agreement	 did not contend that it was an inchoate one but specifically placed that it is a concluded binding agreement between the parties. It appears that there was one more reference I.D. No. 43/72 between the parties at Delhi. Following the decision of this Court in the case just herein discussed	 the reference was rejected. Mr. Pai next referred to an order in Reference (I.D.) No. 203/70 by the Industrial Tribunal Maharashtra between the employer and the workmen employees under it. The demand which was referred for adjudication included revision of pay scales with adjustment	 revision of the wage scale of sub clerical grade	 gratuity disturbance allowance/and settling in allowance to the office staff	 allowance to office staff while on tour	 acting allowance	 overtime wages	 cash allowance and leave travel facilities. The employer raised number of preliminary objections	 one such being that Salesmen	 Marketing Research Investigators	 Market Research Supervisors	 Sales Supervisors	 Trade Marks Investigators	 Seed Buyers and Supervisors of clerical staff are not workmen within the meaning of the expression in the 	 and hence no industrial dispute can be raised on their behalf and consequently the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the same. The union countered this preliminary objection by asserting that the contention about the status of the aforementioned categories is barred by the principle of res judicata in view of the award dated April 13	 1967 made by the 3rd Industrial Tribunal	 West Bengal. The Tribunal rejected the contention of the union observing that the dispute between them is not of an all India nature and therefore	 the employer is entitled to raise the question about the status of the work 324 men included in the aforementioned categories. This would imply that the reference was rejected not on the ground that there was no agreement but on the ground that the dispute involved in the reference was not covered by the agreement. In the same reference	 a plea of estoppel raised on behalf of the union to the effect that the company was precluded in view of the subsisting agreement from questioning the status of the salesmen and allied categories as workmen was overruled by the Tribunal observing that Exs. W 2	 W 3 and W 4 leave no doubt that the employers ' agreement not to dispute the status of the Field Force was only on the clear understanding that it will be so	 if dispute is raised on all India basis. The Tribunal then observed that the dispute admittedly was not an all India dispute and therefore	 rejected the plea of estoppel. It is at this stage necessary to refer to one more reference between the parties being I.T. No. 233/67. The dispute referred to was a demand by the workmen to withdraw the reorganisation integration imposed on the Supervisors attached to the Sales Department and impending in the case of Field Force (Salesmen) and other staff attached to the Sales	 Accounts	 Transport and allied department. This demand was rejected by the Tribunal following the decision in Hindustan Lever Ltd. vs Ram Mohan Ray & Ors. (supra) The rejection of the demand has no impact at all on the point under discussion. Having meticulously examined various references pertaining to various industrial disputes between he parties at different centres in India since the agreement in 1957	 it unquestionably emerges that the employer till the present reference never once even whispered that the agreement was not a concluded agreement or that it was an inchoate one left hanging at the stage of negotiations. But in the present reference the contention raised was that the agreement was not a concluded agreement because that is how the Tribunal has approached the problem. The Tribunal has observed in this behalf as under: "According to the management the three letters do not constitute an agreement because in an agreement there should be an offer and the offer must be accepted as such. They have argued that the offer made in exhibit W 2 have not been accepted as such in exhibit W 3 . . . . " The employer which swore by the agreement and repeatedly succeeded in getting thrown out certain references at the threshold on account of the agreement	 now wants to contend that there was no 325 concluded agreement	 and ignoring the whole history	 the Tribunal falls into an error in accepting this contention. The weight of evidence not only not at all referred to by the Tribunal but frankly wholly ignored clearly and unmistakably leads to one and one conclusion alone that according to the employer there was the concluded agreement between the parties. It is a solemn agreement	 the agreement of which effective and wholesome advantage has been taken by the employer and when it now does not suit it	 it in breach of the solemn agreement wants to turn round and not only repudiate it but disown it as having never been entered into. No Court of justice can ever permit such a thing to be done. Mr. Pai	 however	 raised a very technical contention that the preliminary objection raised by the union that the employer is estopped from questioning the status of the salesmen or members of the Field Force being not workmen within the meaning of the expression in the must be rejected either on the principle of issue of estoppel or promissory estoppel and neither of the three contentions is available to the union notwithstanding the fact whether the agreement exists or stands repudiated and therefore	 the Tribunal was justified in rejecting the contention of the union. Mr. Pai in support of the submission urged that at no time as the status of the salesmen as not being workmen or otherwise was ever directly and substantially in issue in earlier references	 the issue cannot be rejected on the ground of res judicata and at any rate there was no decision on this issue and therefore the principle of issue estoppel cannot preclude the employer from raising the contention. Mr. Ramamurthi	 on the other hand	 contended that it is not the contention of the union that the issue about the status of the salesmen is res judicata but what is res judicata is the existence and binding character of the agreement which was directly and substantially in issue between the parties in the award given by Shri Roop Chandra and in various other awards. In order to appreciate rival contentions it is necessary to focus attention on the issues framed by Industrial Tribunal presided over by Shri Roop Chandra in I. D. No. 46 of 1966. These issues have been extracted earlier. The most important issue was Issue No. 1 about the existence of a binding agreement between the parties which would preclude the employer from ever questioning the status of the salesmen till the agreement remains subsisting and till it is terminated. The issue was: 'is there any agreement between the company and 326 its workmen covering inter alia the question about the status of salesmen? And the answer was: 'there is such a valid and subsisting agreement and that position was adopted by none other than the employer and the employer succeeded in getting the reference thrown out at the threshold on the ground that in view of the subsisting valid agreement between the parties	 the union was estopped from raising a dispute of an all India nature at a regional level and it can only be raised at Bombay and therefore	 the Industrial Tribunal at Delhi had no jurisdiction to entertain the same. Even if the technical principle of res judicata is imported in the field of industrial adjudication	 the issue about the existence of an agreement was substantially and directly in issue between the parties in the earlier proceedings and was decided in the affirmative that there exists such an agreement. In the reference from which the present appeal arises	 the employer contended that there is no such concluded agreement as pleaded by the union	 and therefore	 the issue that arises is: whether there is such an agreement as pleaded on behalf of the union. But that was the specific issue in Reference I.D. No. 46 of 1966 between the same parties. To that extent	 one can say that unless change of circumstances are established	 the issue would be res judicata. But we consider it inappropriate to usher in this technical concept of res judicata pervading the field of civil justice into the field of industrial arbitration. The apprehension was voiced by this Court in Shahdara (Delhi) Saharanpur Light Railway Co. Ltd. vs Shahdara (Delhi) Saharanpur Railway Workers Union (1) when it said that it is doubtful whether the principles analogous to res judicata can properly be applied to industrial adjudication. We are not unaware of the legal position that principle of res judicata was invoked and applied by this Court in Workmen of Straw Board Manufacturing Co. Ltd. vs M/s. Straw Board Manufacturing Co. Ltd.(2) One can safely say that principle analogous to res judicata can be availed of to scuttle any attempt at raising industrial disputes repeatedly in defiance of operative settlements and awards. But this highly technical concept of civil justice may be kept in precise confined limits in the field of industrial arbitration which must as far as possible be kept free from such technicalities which thwart resolution of industrial disputes. We however proceed on the assumption that an industrial dispute may be rejected on the principle analogous to res judicata. The matter however may be looked at from a slightly different angle. The concept of compulsory adjudication of industrial disputes was statutorily ushered in with a view to providing a forum 327 and compelling the parties to resort to the forum for arbitration so as to avoid confrontation and dislocation in industry. A developing country like India can ill afford dislocation in industrial production. Peace and harmony in industry and uninterrupted production being the demands of the time	 it was considered wise to arm the Government with power to compel the parties to resort to arbitration and as a necessary corollary to avoid confrontation and trial of strength which were considered wasteful from national and public interest point of view. A welfare State can ill afford to look askance at industrial unrest and industrial disputes. (See Dahyabhai Ranchhoddas Shah vs Jayantilal Mohanlal(1). The did not confer till the introduction of Chapters V A and V B	 any special benefits or enforceable benefits on the workmen. The was designed to provide a self contained Code to compel the parties to resort to industrial arbitration for the resolution of existing or apprehended disputes without prescribing statutory norms for varied and variegated industrial relation norms so that the forums	 created for resolution of disputes may remain unhampered by any statutory control and devise rational norms keeping passe with improved industrial relations reflecting and imbibing socioeconomic justice. If this is the underlying object behind enactment of the the Court by interpretative process must strive to reduce the field of conflict and expand the area of agreement and show its preference for upholding agreements sanctified by mutuality and consensus in larger public interest	 namely to eschew industrial strife	 confrontation and consequent wastage. The parties in this case entered into a solemn agreement. It is not for a moment suggested that the agreement has been terminated. The only argument put forward on behalf of the employer was that the union has repudiated the agreement by raising disputes of an all India nature at a regional level and thereby committed breach of the agreement. This contention is entirely without merits. What has happened is that the union raised certain disputes which according to the union were of a regional nature and which it was not estopped from raising in the teeth of the terms of the binding agreement between the parties. On the other hand the employer contended that the disputes so raised were of an all India nature. Both sides swore by the agreement the difference in approach being whether the dispute was of an all India nature or of regional nature. The emerging situation would be that neither the union repudiated the agreement nor the employer and till the present dispute	 both swore by the agreement. The divergence in 328 the approach was as to the interpretation the coverage	 the ambit and the width of the agreement. Both the parties swore by the agreement but differed in their approach and interpretation and the forum namely the Industrial Tribunal consistently upheld at the instance of the employer that there was a binding valid agreement subsisting between the parties forbidding the union from raising a dispute of an all India nature at the regional level and succeeded in getting the reference thrown out at the threshold on the ground that the dispute was of an all India nature and not of a regional level as contended by the union. This constitutes adherence to agreement	 performance of the agreement	 implementation of the agreement and being bound by the agreement. This conduct in no sense can be said to constitute repudiation of agreement by the union. Unilateral repudiation of an agreement	 as contended by Mr. Pai	 does not result in termination of a solemn agreement because the wrongful repudiation can be corrected by enforcement of agreement through machinery provided by the statute. And that is what the employer has succeeded in achieving. The employer relying on the agreement got a number of references rejected on the preliminary objection founded on the agreement. The employer cannot therefore be heard to say that the attempted repudiation by the union	 if any	 permits the employer to disown the same when it suits it. Unilateral repudiation is distinct from termination and an agreement/settlement remains in force and binding till terminated and does not come to an end by unilateral repudiation. But it must be made clear that there is no substance in the contention of Mr. Pai that the union repudiated the agreement. If thus the employer swore by the agreement relied upon it and successfully contested the claim of the union it cannot now be permitted to back out from such solemn agreement and apart from the technicality of the issue being res judicata or issue estoppel	 industrial peace and harmony good behaviour and fair relation with workmen estopes the employer from either repudiating the agreement or contending that the agreement was not a concluded agreement but an inchoate one. In this connection we may profitably refer to Western India Match Co. vs Their Workmen(1) wherein this Court observed as under: "It is not out of place to mention in this connection that on some previous occasions the management itself has treated these categories as workmen within the meaning of the U.P. The management 's contention that 329 the Tribunal has erred in thinking that the inspectors	 salesmen and retail salesmen are workmen must therefore be rejected." Same view was adopted in Aluminium Factory Worker 's Union vs Indian Aluminium Co Ltd.(1) In that case certain correspondence which passed before and after the awards between the parties was referred to. This correspondence showed that the appellant/union and the staff association of the company fully accepted the principle that Supervisors would no longer be regarded as workmen and that Supervisors had resigned from membership of the workmen unions. These averments in the correspondence regarding the status of the Supervision being not workmen was held binding between the parties and both the Industrial Tribunal and this Court declined to examine the contention about the status on merits If the union can be held bound to such an inferred agreement from correspondence	 the employer conceding the status or to be precise conceding not to contest the status of salesmen would equally be binding on the employer. It would thus appear that the employer management was held bound not by any specific agreement but an agreement spelt out of its conduct in Western India Match Co. case and assertions in correspondence in India Aluminium Co. case treating certain categories of the workmen as workmen or not as workmen or not as workmen respectively within the meaning of the expression in the then at a later stage the employer and the union respectively were estopped from contending to the contrary. The case before us is much stronger in that there is a concluded binding agreement between the parties neither repudiated nor terminated till today which provides that the employer on its part will not contest the status of the membership of the Field Force including the salesmen employed by the Company as workmen within the meaning of the expression in the . Therefore the Tribunal committed a serious error apparent on recorded in holding that there was no concluded agreement between the parties as emerging from Exs. W 2	 W 3 and W 4. The Tribunal negatived the contention of the union that the employer was estopped from challenging the status of the workmen also on the ground that there can be no estoppel against the statute We must confess that even Mr. Pai did not appear to be very enthusiastic to support the finding of the Tribunal that even if there is a binding agreement between the parties and therefore the employe is estopped 330 from questioning the status of salesmen as being workmen	 it cannot be availed of by the union because there can be no estoppel against a statute. We find it very difficult not only to understand but to appreciate the approach and the finding of the Tribunal in this behalf. There is no statutory provision that a status of a person invoking the jurisdiction of the Tribunal must be adjudicated upon notwithstanding that no contention to that effect is raised. No statutory provision was brought to our notice which would be rendered nugatory or ineffective if the Status of workman is not questioned. Nor it can be said that the employer has contracted out of the benefits of a statute. Whether a particular person is a workman or not depends upon factual matrix. Workman is defined in Sec. 2(S) of the . The ingredients and the incidents of the definition when satisfied. the person satisfying the same would be a workman. Negatively	 if someone fails to satisfy one or other ingredient or incident of the definition he may not be held to be workman within the meaning of the expression in the . There is no provision in the which obliges the Industrial Tribunal or other forums set up under the to decide even in the absence of a contention from the employer	 a preliminary issue whether the person who has invoked its jurisdiction is a workman or not. There is no such obligation cast statutorily on the Tribunal. If the employer does not arise contain about the status of the workman approaching the Tribunal the Tribunal has no obligation to decide the status of the person whether he is a workman or not. Conversely if the employer agrees not to question the status in future it would only imply that such a contention would not only be not raised but if raised it would not be pressed and if pressed should be negatived in view of the binding agreement. The resultant situation would be that the Tribunal must proceed on the assumption that no such contention is raised and required to be adjudicated upon. If the contention is not raised the Tribunal is under no obligation suo motu or on its own to raise and decide such a contention to cloth itself with jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute. The Tribunal derives its jurisdiction by the order of reference and not on the determination of a jurisdictional fact which it must of necessity decide to acquire jurisdiction. Therefor the Tribunal was clearly in error in holding that the contention convassed on behalf of the union would permit it to raise estoppel against a statute. Undoubtedly it is true that there can be no estoppel against the law of the land. If a party is estopped by doing a thing which it is under a legal disability to perform or forbearing to do something which it is his duty to do the result would be an enlargement of the contractual or other rights allowed by law or their alteration. The 331 Court enforces the performance of statutory duty and declines to interfere for the assistance of persons who seek its aid to relieve them against the express statutory provision. Approving the dicta in Maddison vs Alderson(1) this Court observed in K.Ramadas Shenoy vs The Chief Officers	 Town Municipal Council	 Udipi and Ors. 	(2) that an excess of statutory power could not be validated by acquiescence in or by the operation of estoppel. Is that the situation here? The Tribunal observed that notwithstanding the fact that the employer has agreed to recognise the union as representative of the Field Force including the salesmen	 agreement between the parties cannot override the statute and if therefore Shri A.K. Basu is not workman under the 	 the agreement between the Union and the employer cannot confer on the Tribunal any jurisdiction to give any relief to him under the . The Tribunal completely misdirected itself when it assumed and arrogated to itself the obligatory duty in the absence of an impermissible contention	 to raise one and proceeded to adjudicate upon	 notwithstanding the fact if the agreement is subsisting no such contention can be raised and if raised has to be ignored as an irrelevant pleading. In this connection	 it may be recalled that when a reference is made under Sec.10 of the 	 Rule 10 B of the Industrial Disputes (Central) Rules	 1957 obliges the workman involved in the reference to file with the Tribunal a statement of demands relating only to the issues as are included in the order of reference and simultaneously serve a copy of the same to the employer. Sub rule(2) enjoins the employer within two weeks of the receipt of the statement of claim to file its rejoinder and simultaneously serve a copy of the same on the workman. Ordinarily	 the Tribunal after ascertaining on what issue the parties are at variance raises issues to focus attention on points in dispute. In industrial adjudication 	 issues are of two types: (i) those referred by the Government for adjudication and set out in the order for reference and (ii) incidental issues which are sometimes the issues of law or issues of mixed law and fact. The Tribunal may as well frame preliminary issues if the point on which the parties are at variance	 as reflected in the preliminary issue	 would go to the root of the matter. But the Tribunal cannot travel beyond the pleadings and arrogate to itself the power to raise issues which the parties to the reference are precluded or prohibited from raising; to wit if the employer does not question the status of the workmen	 the Tribunal cannot suo motu raise the issue and proceed to adjudicate upon the same and throw out 332 the reference on the sole ground that the concerned workman was not a workman within the meaning of the expression of the . And it is not obligatory upon the employer necessarily to raise the contention that the concerned workman was not a workman within the meaning of the expression under the . Therefore	 the Tribunal was wholly in error in holding that if the contention of the union were to prevail	 the well laid rule of no estoppel against a statute would be violated. Having examined all the dimensions of the matter	 it is crystal clear and is indisputably established that the agreement relied upon by the union is a valid subsisting agreement. It is in force. It is neither repudiated nor terminated. It is binding upon both the parties. Once the agreement is held to be binding	 the employer is estopped from contending that the workmen involved in the dispute who were salesmen were not workmen within the meaning of the expression under the . Therefore	 the Tribunal was in error in undertaking to examine that contention and answer it. That part of the order/award of the Tribunal is unsustainable and must be quashed and set aside. We accordingly	 direct the Tribunal to proceed to determine the dispute on merits without concerning itself with the consideration of the question whether the concerned workmen were workmen within the meaning of the expression under the . This appeal accordingly succeeds and the award of the Tribunal to the extent indicated herein is quashed and set aside and the matter is remitted to the Industrial Tribunal with a direction to proceed further in the light of the observations made in this judgment. The respondent shall pay to the appellant costs quantified at Rs. 3	000. N.V.K. Appeal allowed.

The appellant Union and the respondent company through their communications dated January 24	1957	 April 24	1957 and May 1	1957 concluded an agreement relating to various items of industrial disputes which inter alia provided that the employer had agreed not to contest the issue whether field force including salesmen were not 'workmen ' within the meaning of the expression in the and that disputes of an All India nature could be raised only at Delhi. Two employees of the Respondent company who were salesmen and protected workmen with the meaning of the expression in the and who were office bearers of the union	 were charge sheeted and after a disciplinary enquiry their services were terminated. The appellant union raised an industrial dispute contending that the termination of services of these two workmen were illegal and invalid	 and that the enquiry was equally illegal	 and improper	 and that the action of the employer was an act of reprisal and victimization	 because of their trade union activities. The Government referred the industrial dispute to the Industrial Tribunal. The employer contended that the two workmen were not 'workmen ' within the meaning of the expression in the Act and that the Government had no jurisdiction to refer the dispute to the Industrial Tribunal. It was further contended that the services of the workmen were terminated not by way of punishment but under the contract of service and that the disciplinary enquiry which was commenced was subsequently dropped. The appellant union however contended that the employer was estopped from challenging the status of the two workmen within the meaning of the expression 308 in the Act on account of the subsisting	 valid	 concluded agreement between the parties and that in view of the award of the Industrial Tribunal	 Delhi in I.D. No. 46/66. The contentions about the existence of the agreement and the status of salesmen were res judicata and could not be reopened so long as the agreement was in force and operative. The Tribunal rejected the preliminary objections raised on behalf of the union and came to the conclusion that the three communications dated January 24	1957	 April 24	1957 and May 1	 	 W 3	 W 4 respectively did not spell out a complete	 concluded agreement between the parties on the points mentioned therein but it was an inchoate agreement in the stage of negotiations and the employer was not bound to stand by its offer made in the communication dated January 24	1957 denying itself the right to contest the status of the field force including salesmen as not being workman within the meaning of the Act. The award of the Industrial Tribunal	 Delhi in I.D. No. 46/66 in which it was held that there was a concluded agreement between the parties and therefore the industrial disputes raised therein could not be adjudicated at Delhi did not operate as res judicata because the issue in that award was not directly and substantially in issue in the present reference. The Tribunal set down the reference for further hearing. Allowing the Appeal: ^ HELD: 1. The Tribunal committed a serious error	 apparent on record in holding that there was no concluded agreement between the parties as emerging from Exs. W 2	 W 3	 and W 4. [329 F] In the instant case	 having meticulously examined various references pertaining to various industrial disputes between the parties at different centres in India since the agreement in 1957 it unquestionably emerges that the employer till the present reference never once even whispered that the agreement was not a concluded agreement or that it was an inchoate one left hanging at the stage of negotiations. It was only in the present reference the contention raised was that the agreement was not a concluded agreement. The employer which swore by the agreement and repeatedly succeeded in getting thrown out certain references at the threshold on account of the agreement contended that there was no concluded agreement	 and ignoring the whole history	 the Tribunal fell into an error in accepting this contention. The Tribunal wholly ignored the fact that it was a solemn agreement	 of which effective and wholesome advantage had been taken by the employer and when it did not suit it	 it wanted to turn round and not only repudiate it but disown it. No court of justice can ever permit such a thing to be done. [324 E 325 B] Hindustan Lever Ltd. vs Ram Mohan Ray & Ors.	 ; Western India Match Co. vs Their Workmen ; at 566; and Aluminium Factory Workers	 Union vs Indian Aluminium Co. Ltd. 	 referred to 2. The Tribunal is directed to proceed to determine the dispute on merits without concerning itself with the consideration of the question whether the concerned workmen were workmen within the meaning of the expression under the Act. [332 E] 3. The concept of compulsory adjudication of industrial disputes was statutorily ushered in with a view to providing a forum and compelling the parties 309 to resort to the forum for arbitration so as to avoid confrontation and dislocation in industry. A developing country like India can ill afford dislocation in industrial production. Peace and harmony in industry and uninterrupted production being the demands of the time	 it was considered wise to arm the Government with power to compel the parties to resort to arbitration and as a necessary corollary to avoid confrontation and trial of strength	 which were considered wasteful from national and public interest point of view. A welfare State can ill afford to look askance at industrial unrest and industrial disputes. [326H 327B] Dahyabhai Ranchhoddas Shah vs Jayantilal Mohanlal. 	[1973] Lab. & Industrial Cases 967 referred to. The Act did not confer till the introduction of Chapters V A and V B	 any special or enforceable benefits on the workmen. The Act was designed to provide a self contained Code to compel the parties to resort to industrial arbitration for the resolution of existing or apprehended disputes without prescribing statutory norms for varied and variegate industrial relation	 so that the forums created for resolution of disputes may remain unhampered by any statutory control and devise rational norms keeping place with improved industrial relations reflecting and imbibing socioeconomic justice. If this is the underlying object behind enactment of the Act	 the Court by interpretative process must strive to reduce the field of conflict and expand the area of agreement and show its preference for upholding agreements sanctified by mutuality and consensus in larger public interest	 namely to eschew industrial strife	 confrontation and consequent wastage. [327 C E] 5. It is inappropriate to usher in the technical concept of res judicata pervading the field of civil justice into the field of industrial arbitration. The principle analogous to res judicata can be availed of to scuttle any attempt at raising industrial disputes repeatedly in defiance of operative settlements and awards. But this highly technical concept of civil justice may be kept in precise confined limits in the field of industrial arbitration which must as far as possible be kept free from such technicalities which thwart resolution of industrial disputes. [326 D G] Shahdara (Delhi) Sharanpur Light Railway Co. Ltd. vs Shahdara(Delhi) Sharanpur Railway Workers Union	 at 742; and Workmen of Straw Board Manufacturing Co. Ltd. vs M/s Straw Board Manufacturing Co. Ltd. ; referred to. Unilateral repudiation is distinct from termination and an agreement/settlement remains in force and binding till terminated and does not come to an end by unilateral repudiation. [328 E] In the instant case	 the parties entered into a solemn agreement. It is not suggested that the agreement has been terminated. The only argument put forward on behalf of the employer was that the union has repudiated the agreement by raising disputes of an all India nature at a regional level and thereby committed breach of the agreement. This contention is entirety without merits. What has happened is that the Union raised certain disputes which according to the Union were of a regional nature and which it was not estopped from raising in the teeth of the terms of the binding agreement between the parties. On the other hand the employer contended that the disputes so raised were of an all India nature. Both sides swore by the agreement	 the difference in approach being whether the dispute was of an all India nature or of regional nature. The divergence in approach 310 was as to the interpretation	 the coverage	 the ambit and the width of the agreement Both the parties swore by the agreement but differed in their approach and interpretation and the forum namely the Industrial Tribunal consistently upheld at the instance of the employer that there was a binding valid agreement subsisting between the parties. This constitutes adherence to agreement	 performance of the agreement	 implementation of the agreement and being bound by the agreement. This conduct in no sense can be said to constitute repudiation. [327 F 328 C] 7. The Tribunal derives its jurisdiction by the order of reference and not on the determination of a jurisdictional fact which it must of necessity decide to acquire jurisdiction. [330 G] 8. In industrial adjudication	 issue are of two types: (i) those referred by the Government for adjudication and set out in the order of reference	 and (ii) incidental issues involving mixed questions of law and facts. The Tribunal may frame preliminary issues if the point on which the parities are at variance	 go to the root of the matter. But the Tribunal cannot travel beyond the pleadings and arrogate to itself the power to raise issues which the parties to the references are precluded from raising. If the employer does not question the statues of the workmen	 the Tribunal cannot suo motu raise the issue and proceed to adjudicate upon the same and throw out the reference on the sole ground that the concerned workman was not a workman within the meaning of the expression under the Act. [331 G 332 A] 9. Whether a particular person is a workman or not depends upon factual matrix. Workman is defined in Sec. 2(s) of the Act. The ingredients and the incidents of the definition when satisfied	 the person satisfying the same would be a workman. Negatively if someone fails to satisfy one or other ingredient or incident of the definition	 he may not be held to be workman within the meaning of the expression in the Act. [330 C] 10. There is no provision in the Act which obliges the Industrial Tribunal or other forums set up under the Act to decide even in the absence of a contention from the employer	 a preliminary issue whether the person who has invoked its jurisdiction is a workman or not. There is no such obligation cast statutorily on the Tribunal. If the employer does not raise the contention about the status of the workman approaching the Tribunal	 the Tribunal has no obligation to decide. The status of the person whether he is a workman or not. The Tribunal must proceed on the assumption that no such contention is raised and is required to be adjudicated upon. [330 D F]