Summarize the following court judgment. Petitions Nos. 512	 513	 574 & 575	 578 & 579	 581 & 582	 583 & 584	 587 & 588	 605 & 606	 609 & 610 and 1466 and 1467 of 1969. Applications by defendant No. 1 for rejection of plaints and for stay of the hearing of the suits. Original suits Nos. 3 of 1967	 1 and 3 to 9 of 1968. Petitions under article 131 of the Constitution of India. Niren De	 Attorney General	 V.A. Seyid Muhammad and B.D. Sharma	 for respondent No. 1 (in all the suits). D.N. Gupta	 for defendant No. 2 fin suits 968 ).Nos. 3 to 8 of D.N. Mukherjee	 for defendant No. 2 (in suits Nos. 3 of 1967	 1 and 9 of 1968). D.P. Singh	 for the plaintiff (in suits Nos. 3 of 1967	 1	 3	 5 and 6 of 1968). D. Goburdhun	 for the plaintiff (in suits Nos. 4 and 7 of 1968). U.P. Singh	 for the plaintiff (in suit No. 8 of 1968). R.C. Prasad	 for the plaintiff (in suit No. 9 of 1968). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Mitter	 J. This group of applications can be divided into two parts. The object of one group is to get the plaints in nine suits filed in this Court rejected while that of the other group is to stay the hearing of the suits. The suits are all of the same pattern in each of which the State of Bihar figures as the plaintiff. The Union of India is the first defendant in all of them while the second defendant in six is Hindustan Steel Ltd. and in three others the Indian Iron and Steel Company Ltd. The cause of action in all the suits is of the same nature. Briefly stated the plaintiffs case in all the suits is that "due to the negligence or deliberate action of the servants of both defendants there was a short delivery of iron and steel material ordered by the plaintiff to various sites in the State of Bihar in connection with the 524 construction work of the Gandak Project". As the goods were in all cases booked by rail for despatch to the project site	 both defendants are sought to be made liable for short delivery	 the first defendant as the owner of the railways and the second defendant as the consignor of the goods under contract with the State of Bihar for supply of the material. In each case there is a prayer for a decree for a specific sum of money to be passed either against the first defendant "or alternatively against the second defendant". Normally all suits of this kind are instituted all over India in different courts beginning from the courts of the lowest jurisdiction to the High Courts exercising original jurisdiction. The only distinguishing feature of this series of suits from others of everyday occurrence in different courts is that a State is the plaintiff in each case. In all suits of a similar nature which are filed in courts other than this Court	 a notice under section 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure is an essential prerequisite. No such notice has been served in any of these cases. The applications were set down for trial of three issues sought to be raised by way of preliminary issues. They are as follows : 1. Whether the alleged cause or causes of action in this suit are within the scope of article 131 of the Constitution ? 2. Whether this suit is within the scope of article 131 of the Constitution in view of a non State	 viz	 defendant No. 2	 having been made a party to the suit ? 3. Whether the suit is barred by the provisions of section 80 C.P.C. for want of notice to defendant No. 1 ? The question before this Court is	 whether the dispute in these cases is within the purview of that article (quoted in the foot note. It must be noted that the article confers jurisdiction on this Court to the exclusion of all other courts in any dispute between the parties mentioned therein. There is however an over riding provision that such jurisdiction is subject to the provisions of the Constitution and our attention was drawn to a few of these provisions where the disputes specified are to be adjudicated upon in entirely different *article 131. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution	 the Supreme Court shall	 to the exclusion of any other court	 have original jurisdiction in any dispute (a) between the Government and one or more States; or (b) between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more other States on the other; or (c) between two or more States	 525 manner. The most important feature of article 131 is that it makes no mention of any party other than the Government of India or any one or more of the States who can be arrayed as a disputant. The other distinguishing feature is that the Court is not required to adjudicate upon the disputes in exactly the same way as ordinary courts of law are normally called upon to do for upholding the rights of the parties and enforcement of its orders and decisions. The words in the article "if and in sO far as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends" are words of limitation on the exercise of that jurisdiction. These words indicate that the disputes should be in respect of legal rights and not disputes of a political character. Moreover this Court is only concerned to give its decision on questions of law or of fact on which the existence or extent of a legal right claimed depends. Once the Court comes to its conclusion on the cases presented by any disputants and gives its adjudication on the facts or the points of law raised	 the function of this Court under article 131 is over. article 131 does not prescribe that a suit must be filed in the Supreme Court for the complete adjudication of the dispute envisaged therein or the passing of a decree capable of execution in the ordinary way as decrees of other courts are. It is open to an aggrieved party to present a petition to this Court containing a full statement of the relevant facts and praying for the declaration of its ' rights as against the other disputants. Once that is done	 the function of this Court under article 131 is at an end. The framers of the Constitution do not appear to have contemplated the contingency of a party to an adjudication by this Court under article 31 not complying with the declaration made. Our law is not without instances where a court may be called upon to make an adjudication of the rights of the parties to an agreement or an award simpliciter on the basis of such rights without passing a decree. A case in point is section 33 of the Indian Arbitration Act. Further	 all adjudications by a court of law even under a decree in a suit need not necessarily be capable of enforcement by way of execution. Section 42 of the now replaced by section 34 of the new Act enables a person entitled to any legal character or to any right as to any property to institute a suit against any person denying or interested to deny his title to such character or right without asking for any further relief subject to the limitations prescribed by the section. We If and in so far as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends: Provided that the said jurisdiction shall not extend to a dispute arising out of any treaty	 agreement	 covenant	 engagement	 sanad or other similar instrument which having been entered into or execucated before the commencement of the construction	 continues in operation after such commencement	 or which provides that the said jurisdication shall not extend to such a dispute. 526 need not however lay much stress on this aspect of the case as we are only concerned to find out whether the suits can be entertained by this Court. Clauses (a)	 (b) and (c) of the article specify the parties who can appear as disputants before this Court. Under cl. (a) it is the Government of India and one or more States under cl. (b) it is the Government of India and one or more States on one side and one or more other States on the other	 while under cl. (c) the parties can be two or more States without the Government of India being involved in the dispute. The specification of the parties is not of an inclusive kind. The express words of cls. (a)	 (b) and (c) exclude the idea of a private citizen	 a firm or a corporation figuring as a disputant either alone or even along with a State or with the Government of India in the category of a party to the dispute. There is no scope for suggesting that a private citizen	 a firm or a corporation can be arrayed as a party by itself on one side and one or more States including the Government of India on the other. Nor is there anything in the article which suggests a claim being made by or preferred against a private party jointly or in the alternative with a State or the Government of India. The framers of the Constitution appear not to have contemplated the case of a dispute in which a private citizen a firm or a corporation is in any way involved as a fit subject for adjudication by this Court under its exclusive original jurisdiction conferred by article 131. Like many of the provisions of our Constitution this article had a fore runner in the Government of India Act	 1935. Section 204 of that Act provided for conferment of original jurisdiction on the Federal Court of India. That section ran as follows : "(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act	 the Federal Court shall	 to the exclusion of any other court	 have an original jurisdiction in any dispute between any two or more of the following parties	 that is to say	 the Federation	 any of the Provinces or any of the Federal States	 if and in so far as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends: Provided that the said jurisdiction shall not extend to (a) a dispute to which a State is a party	 unless the dispute (i) concerns the interpretation of this Act or of an Order in Council made thereunder	 or the extent of the 527 legislative or executive authority vested in the Federation by virtue of the Instrument of Accession of that State; or (ii) arises under an agreement made under Part VI of this Act in relation to the administration in that State of a law of the Federal Legislature	 or otherwise concerns some matter with respect to which the Federal Legislature has power to make laws for that State; or (iii) arises under an agreement made after the establishment of the Federation	 with the approval of His Majesty 's Representative for the exercise of the functions of the Crown in its relations with Indian States	 between that State and the Federation or a Province	 being an agreement which expressly provides that the said jurisdiction shall extend to such a dispute; (b) a dispute arising under any agreement which expressly provides that the said jurisdiction shall not extend 'to such a dispute. (2) The Federal Court in the exercise of its original jurisdiction shall not pronounce any judgment other than a declaratory judgment. " Clause (a) of the proviso. to the section defined the categories of disputes which might be raised before the Federal Court while clause (b) permitted the parties to provide for the exclusion of such jurisdiction in the agreement in respect whereof the dispute arose. It will be noted that the scope of the dispute under subcl. (i) of cl. (a) was limited to the interpretation of the Government of India Act or Order in Council or to the extent of legislative or executive authority vested in the Federation while under sub cl. (ii) the dispute had to relate to the administration in a State of a law of the Federal Legislature or otherwise concerned with some matter relating to the legislative competency of the said legislature. Under sub cl. (iii) the dispute could only be one under an agreement made after the establishment of the Federation between the State and the Federation or a Province subject to the condition therein specified. A dispute of the nature which is raised in this scries of a case was outside the ken of section 204 of the Government of India Act. It may not be out of place to trace the origin of section 204. The proceedings of the Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Re 528 form	 Session 1933 34	 Vol. 1	 Part II	 paragraph 309 read as follows: "A Federal Court is an essential element in a Federal Constitution. It is at once the interpreter and guardian of the Constitution and a tribunal for the determination of disputes between the constituent units of the Federation. The establishment of a Federal Court is part of the White Paper scheme	 and we approve generally the proposals with regard to it. We have	 however	 certain comments to make upon them	 which we set out below. " The report of the Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform	 Session 1933 34	 Vol. 1	 Part 1 contained two paragraphs bearing on this matter. Paragraph 322 was a reproduction of paragraph 309 quoted above. Paragraph 324 ran as follows: "324. It is proposed that the Federal Court shall have an original jurisdiction in (i) any matter involving the interpretation of the Constitution Act or the determination of any rights or obligations arising thereunder	 where the parties to the dispute are (a) the Federation and either a Province or a State	 or (b) two Provinces or two States	 or a Province and a State; (ii) any matter involving the interpretation of	 or arising under	 any agreement entered into after the commencement of the Constitution Act between the Federation and a Federal Unit or between Federal Units	 unless the agreement otherwise provides. This jurisdiction is to be an exclusive one	 and in our opinion rightly so	 since it would be altogether inappropriate if proceedings could be taken by one Unit of the Federation against another in the Courts of either of them. For that reason we think that	 where the parties are Units of the Federation or the Federation itself	 the jurisdiction ought to include not only the interpretation of the Constitution Act	 but also the interpretation of Federal laws	 by which we meant any laws enacted by the Federal Legislature. " It is clear from the above that the framers of the Government of India Act	 1935 thought that the Federal Court should 529 be the tribunal for the determination of disputes between the constituent units of the Federation and it sought to lay down the exact nature of the dispute which that Court could be called upon to examine and decide. The Constitutional Proposals of the Sapru Committee show that they had the said report 'and the said proceedings of the Committee in their mind when they advocated the strengthening of the position of the Federal Court in India and widening its jurisdiction both on the original side and the appellate side but maintaining at the same time that it should "act as an interpreter and guardian of the Constitution	 and as a tribunal for the determination of disputes between the constituent units of the Federation. " It is also to be noted that under section 204 of the Government of India Act	 1935 the Federal Court 's jurisdiction was limited to the pronouncement of a declaratory judgment. article 109 of the Draft Constitution of India prepared by the Constituent Assembly was in the same terms as article 131 of the Constitution as it came into force in 1950. The proviso to the original article was substituted by the new proviso in the year 1956. as a result of the Seventh Amendment by reason of the abolition of the Part B States and the changes necessitated thereby. Reference was made at the Bar in this connection to the Debates in the Constituent Assembly	 Vol. IV	 13th July 1947 to 21st July	 1947. They however do not throw any additional light. So far as the proceedings of the Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform and the report of the Committee on the same are concerned	 they make it clear that the object of conferring exclusive original jurisdiction on the Federal Court was that the disputes of the kinds specified between the Federation and the Provinces as the constituent units of the Federation	 should not be left to be decided by courts of law of a particular unit but be adjudicated upon only by the highest tribunal in the land which would be beyond the influence of any one constituent unit. Although article 131 does not define the scope of the disputes which this Court may be called upon to determine in the same way as section 204 of the Government of India Act	 and we do not find it necessary to do so	 this much is certain that the legal right which is the subject of dispute must arise in the context of the Constitution and the Federalism it sets up. However	 there can 530 be no doubt that so far as the parties to the dispute are concerned	 the framers of the Constitution did intend that they could only be the constituent units of the Union of India and the Government of India itself arrayed on one side or the other either singly or jointly with another unit or the Government of India. There is no decision either of the Federal Court of India or of this Court which throws much light on the question before us. Reference was made at the Bar to the case of The United Provinces vs The Governor General in Council(1) where the United Provinces filed a suit against the Governor General in Council for a declaration that certain provisions of the 	 were ultra vires the then Indian Legislature. A claim was also made that all fines imposed and realised by criminal courts for offences committed within the cantonment areas in the United Provinces ought to be credited to the provincial revenues and that the plaintiffs were entitled to recover and adjust all such sums wrongly credited to Cantonment Funds since 1924. The Governor General in Council contended inter alia that the dispute was not one which was justifiable before the Federal Court. On the question of jurisdiction. Gwyer	 C.J. was not inclined to think "that the plaintiffs would in any event have been entitled to the declarations for which they originally asked	 in proceedings against the Governor General in Council". According to the learned Chief Justice "their proper course would have been to take proceedings against a name ' Contouring Board	 though . such proceedings could not have been brought to this Court. " He was of the view that it was competent for the court to entertain a suit for a declaration "that section 106 of the Act of 1924 was ultra vires	 and said that as the dispute between the parties depended upon the validity of the assertion of the Province to have the fines under discussion credited to provincial revenues and not to the Cantonment funds the dispute involved a question of the existence of a legal right. According to him the question might have been raised in proceedings to which a Cantonment Board was a party but it was convenient to all concerned that it should be disposed of in the proceedings before the court. " The only other Indian case cited at the Bar in this connection was that of the State of Seraikella and others vs Union of India and another(2) where Mahajan	 J. expressed the view that section 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure would not affect suits instituted in the Federal Court under section 204 of the Government of India Act. (1) (2) ; 531 Our attention was drawn to some provisions of the American Constitution and of the Constitution Act of Australia and several decisions bearing on the interpretation of provision which are somewhat similar to article 131. But as the similarity is only limited	 we do not propose to examine either the provisions referred to or the decisions to which our attention was drawn. In interpreting our Constitution we must not be guided by decisions which do not bear upon provisions identical with those in our Constitution . The Constitution makes special provisions for settlement of certain disputes in a manner different from that laid down in article 131. For instance	 article 143 gives an over riding power to the President of India to consult the Supreme Court when he is of the view that the question is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to do so. Under el. (1) of that Article the President is empowered to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon any question of law or fact which has arisen or is. likely to arise and is of such a nature and of such public importance that the President considers it expedient to obtain such opinion. In such a case the Court after giving such hearing as it thinks fit has to report to the President its opinion thereon. Clause (2) of the article shows that this power of the President over rides the proviso to article 131. article 257 provides for control of the Union over the States in certain cases. Under clause (2) thereof the executive power of the Union also extends to the giving of directions to a State as to the construction and maintenance of means of communication declared in the direction to be of national or military importance. Under cl (4) where such directions are given and "costs have been incurred in excess of those which would have been incurred in the discharge of the normal duties of the State if such direction had not been given	 the Government of India must pay to the State such sum as may be agreed, or, in default of agreement, as may be determined by an arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of India, in respect of the extra costs so incurred by the State, Again, when there is a dispute or complaint with regard to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any interState river or river valley cl. (2) of article 262 gives Parliament the power by law to provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of such dispute or complaint as is referred to in clause (1 ). Such a law ousts the jurisdiction of the court which would normally be attracted by 532 article 131. article 290 contains a provision somewhat similar to article 257(4) with regard to certain expenses and pensions and makes the same determinable by an arbitrator to be appointed by the Chief Justice of India. Apart from these special provisions a dispute which falls within the ambit of article 131 can only be determined in the forum mentioned therein, namely, the Supreme Court of India, provided there has not been impleaded in any said dispute any private party, be it a citizen or a firm or a corporation along with a State either jointly or in the alternative. A dispute in which such a private party is involved must be brought before a court, other than this Court, having jurisdiction over the matter. It was argued by counsel on behalf of the State of Bihar that so far as the Hindustan Steel Ltd., is concerned it is 'State ' and the suits in which the Government of India along with Hindustan Steel Ltd. have been impleaded are properly filed within article 131 of the Constitution triable by this Court in its original jurisdiction. Reference was made to the case of Rajasthan State Electricity Board vs Mohan Lal(1). There the question arose between certain persons who were permanent employees of the Government of the State of Rajasthan and later placed at the disposal of the State Electricity Board and one of the questions was whether the appellant Board could be held to be 'State ' as defined in article 12. This Court by a majority held that the Board was other authority" within the meaning of article 12 and therefore was a 'State ' to which appropriate directions could be given under articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. It will be noted that under article 12 all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India are 'States ' for purposes of Part III which defines and deals with the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Constitution. The expression "the State" has the same meaning in Part IV of the Constitution under article 36. No reason was shown as to why the enlarged definition of 'State ' given in Parts III and IV of the Constitution would be attracted to article 131 of the Constitution and in our opinion a body like the Hindustan Steel Ltd. cannot be considered to be "a State" for the purpose of article 131 of the Constitution. In the result we hold that the suits do not lie in this Court under article 131 of the Constitution and issue No. 2 must be answered in the negative. It is not necessary to give any answer to issue No. 1 nor to issue No. 3. On the view we take the ; 533 plaints must be returned for the purpose of presentation to courts having jurisdiction over the disputes. Let the plaints be returned for presentation to the proper court after endorsing on them the date of presentation of the plaints in this Court and the date on which they were returned. We make no order as to costs of these applications.

The State of Bihar filed a number of suits in this Court under article 131 of the Constitution in connection with the delayed delivery of iron and steel materials for its Gandak project. In six of the suits the defendants were: The Union of India (Defendant No. 1 ) and Hindustan Steel Ltd. (Defendant No. 2). In six other suits the defendants were: The Union of India (Defendant No. 1) and The Indian Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. (Defendant No. 2). The prayers in all the suits were that decrees for specific sums of money be passed either against the Union of India or the second defendant. Identical preliminary issues were set down for consideration in all the suits	 namely: (1) whether the cause or causes of action in this suit are within the scope of article 131 of the Constitution? (2) Whether the suit is within the scope of article 131 of the Constitution in view of a non State viz. defendant No. 2	 having been made a party to the suit ? (3) Whether the suit is barred by the provisions of section 80 C.P.C. for want of notice to defendant No. 1. HELD: (i) The specification of the parties in article 131 is not of the inclusive kind. The express words in cls. (a)	 (b) and (c) of the Article exclude the idea of a private citizen	 a firm or a corporation figuring as a disputant either alone or even along with a State or with the Government of India in the category of a party to the dispute. The contents of the corresponding section	 of the Government of India Act	 1935 namely section 204	 and the legislative history culminating in the adoption of article 131 of the Constitution support the conclusion that so far as the parties to a dispute are concerned	 the framers of the Constitution did intend that they could only be the constituent units of the Union of India and the Government of India itself arrayed on one side or the other either singly Or jointly with another unit or the Government of India. For other types of controversies or disputes special provision has been made in the sonstitution e.g. in article 143 257	 262 and 290 A dispute in which a private party	 is involved must be brought before a court other than this Court having jurisdiction over the matter. [52.6 D F; 530 B; 531 C	 F	 H; 532 C] The United Provinces vs The Governor General in Council	 and State of Seraikella and Others vs Union of India and another	 [151] S.C.R. 474	 referred to. The enlarged definition of 'State ' given in Parts III and IV of the Constitution is not attracted to article 131 of the Constitution and a body like the Hindustan Steel Ltd. could not be considered to be "a State" for the purpose of article 131 of the Constitution. [532 G] Rajasthan State Electricity Board vs Mohan Lal	 ; 	 distinguished. 523 In view of the above finding on issue No. 2 the suits did not lie in this Court under article 131 of the Constitution and the plaints must be returned; it was accordingly unnecessary to decide issues Nos. 1 and 3. [532 H] Article 131 does not prescribe that a suit must be filed in the Supreme Court for the complete adjudication of the dispute envisaged therein or the passing of a decree capable of execution in the ordinary way as decrees of other courts are. Once this Court has given a declaration of its rights to the aggrieved party the function of the Court under article 131 is over. [525 C F]