Summarize the following court judgment. N: Criminal Appeal No. 155 of 1971. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 31 7 70 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 45/69 and Criminal Revision Case No. 391/69. 930 P. Ram Reddy and P.P. Rao for the Appellants. Govind Das	 Mrs. Sunanda Bhandare	 A.K. Mathur	 A.K. Sharma and M.S. Narasimhan for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKARIA	 J. This appeal by special leave is directed against a judgment of acquittal rendered by the High Court of Andhra Pradesh. The facts may now be stated. There are three villages	 Konda Kala Vatala	 Konda Papaya Palli and Govinda Palli situated at a short distance from each other There were warring factions in these villages One was led by Vellugoti Pedda Eswara Reddy deceased and Mumagala Narayana Reddy	 the Sarpanch of Konda Kala Vatala. The rival faction was headed by Akkammareddigari Venkata Kondareddy	 Accused No. 1 (for short	 A 1). There was bad blood between the two factions. Both the factions were proceeded against under sections 107/151	 Cr. P.C.	 also The deceased was a resident of Konda Papayapalli village. On May 16	 1968	 the deceased accompanied by PW 1	 K. Venkatareddy	 went to Jammalamadugu and stayed for the night there in the hotel of PW 12 (Dastagiri). On the following morning at about 8 30 a.m.	 they boarded bus No. APD 2083 for proceeding to their village. L. Venkata Ramanna (PW 14) was checking tickets on that bus. When the bus stopped at Sanjamalavari House	 Accused 2	 3	 5 to 8 (for short	 A 2	 A 3	 A 5 to A 8) boarded it. On seeing the accused	 who belonged to his opposite faction	 the deceased got apprehensive of his safety. He therefore alighted from the bus	 and	 accompanied by PW 1	 returned to the hotel of Dastagiri. After remaining at the hotel for some time they returned to the bus stand	 and boarded bus No. APD 2276	 at about 9 30 a.m. for going to their village. P.W. 11 (E. Solomon) was the driver and P.W. 9 (V. Bala Subbanna)	 the conductor of that bus. There were about 30 passengers	 including PW 2	 PW 3 and PW 4	 in the bus. At about 10 30 a.m.	 the bus halted at Nossam near the hotel of Rangappa	 PW 10. This bus stop is at a distance of about 60 or 65 yards from the Police Outpost and is located in a populated quarter of the town which has a population of 3	000 souls. The conductor	 the driver and some of those passengers got down to take refreshments in the nearby hotel. Some passengers including the deceased and P.Ws. 1	 2 and 4	 however	 remained inside the vehicle. A 4 then came there. He peeped into the bus through the door and went away towards the house of one Yerikala Reddy	 situated at a distance of 200 feet from the bus towards the north. Soon thereafter	 A 1 and A 2	 armed with revolvers	 and A 3 to A 13	 all armed with daggers	 came there from Yerikala Reddy 's house	 encircled the bus	 and at the point of daggers forced the passengers including PWs 1 and 4	 to get out of the bus. The deceased also tried to get away but the accused prevented him from doing so. A 1 and A 2 took positions in the doors of the vehicle. They fired revolvers in the air while their companions immediately entered the bus and there	 stabbed the deceased to death causing no less than 44 injuries. The assailants were 931 yelling: "Stab ! kill !" P.Ws. 1 to 4 witnessed the occurrence P.W. 1 while raising an alarm proceeded towards the Police Outpost	 but the accused obstructed and chased him over a short distance. P.W. 1 took to his heels	 went away from the village and concealed himself somewhere. After about two hours he came out of his hiding and returned to the spot at about 12 30 p.m. After murdering the deceased	 the miscreants went away towards the north taking their weapons with them. Thereafter	 P.Ws. 2	 3 and 4 entered the bus and found the deceased lying dead in a pool of blood. P.W. 2 then went to Papayapalli	 five miles away	 and informed the wife and the relations of the deceased about the occurrence. He returned to the scene of the crime in the company of those relations at about 4 p.m. In the meantime	 the village Munsiff (P.W. 15) on learning about this incident	 also came there. At the dictation of P.W.1	 the Munsiff recorded the complaint	 exhibit P 3	 and then prepared an injury statement of the deceased. At about 3 p.m.	 he sent the complaint together with other documents prepared by him	 through the Talyari to the Police Station	 Vuyyalawada. A copy of the complaint was sent to the Judicial Magistrate Koilkuntla. Prior to the making of this complaint	 Head Constable Abdul Khadar	 PW 16	 of the Police Out Post had sent an oral information to the Police Inspector about this murder. The Head Constable had heard the reports of revolver fire at about 10 30 a.m. Thereupon	 he alongwith a Constable went out to the bus stand. At the spot	 he heard from the by standers that the deceased had been killed inside the bus. But	 despite inquiries	 no one told him about the identity or particulars of the culprits. He looked for the complainant	 if any. No one came forward to make a complaint. The driver and the conductor of the bus were also found absent. He therefore sent an oral information to the Inspector through the Talari	 Pollana. On receiving the information	 Inspector Santhoji Rao (P.W. 25) reached the place of the murder at 6 p.m. He examined P.Ws. 1	 15	 16 and 19 and recorded their statements under section 161	 Cr. P.C. Thereafter	 he held an inquest over the dead body from 2 30 a.m. to 6 a.m. on May 18	 1968. During the inquest he examined P.Ws. 2	 9 and 11. The Inspector searched for the accused but could not find them. A 4 to A 8 surrendered on May 22	 1968 and were taken into custody. A 2	 A 3	 A 9	 A 10	 A 11 and A 13 were arrested by the police on June 24	 1968. Thereafter	 on some date before August 10	 1968	 A 1	 A 6 and A 12 were arrested. All the accused persons were not previously known to the eyewitnesses. They were put up for test identification at three parades held by Mr. Johnson	 Magistrate 1st Class (P.W. 20) on June 7	 1968	 July 18	 1968 and August 10	 1968. After completing the investigation the police sent 13 accused persons under a charge sheet before the Magistrate for preliminary enquiry. The Magistrate committed all the 13 accused for trial to the court of Session. The Sessions Judge acquitted A 5	 A 6	 A 8	 A 9 and A 11	 but convicted the remaining seven under section 302	 Penal Code and sentenced each of them to imprisonment for life. 932 Against that judgment	 two appeals were preferred to the High Court	 one by the State against the acquittal of A 5	 A 6 and A 8	 and the other by the convicted accused against their conviction. The High Court dismissed the appeal preferred by the State but accepted the other filed by the accused and acquitted all of them. Aggrieved	 the State made a petition in this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution seeking leave to appeal against the acquittal of A 1 to A 9 and A 12. This Court however granted special leave to appeal against the acquittal of A 1 to A 4	 A 7	 A 9 and A 12 only and refused it against A 5	 A 6 and A 8. Mr. Ram Reddy appearing for the appellant State contends that the judgment of the High Court acquitting all the accused persons is perverse in law and has occasioned gross failure of justice. It is maintained that the reasons given by the High Court for wholesale rejection of the evidence of P.Ws. 1	 2	 3	 9 and 11 are manifestly erroneous and contrary to the fundamental canons of appraising evidence. As against this	 Mr. Govind Das maintains that the reasons given by the High Court for rejecting the evidence of these witnesses are quite sound and cannot	 by any stretch of imagination	 be branded as 'perverse '. According to the Counsel since the view taken by the High Court is also reasonably possible	 this Court should not	 in deference to the well established ruler of practice	 interfere with the order of acquittal. To appreciate the rival contentions	 it is necessary to examine the reasons given by the High Court for not accepting the evidence of these five witnesses. P.W. 1 is the prime mover of the gear. The case was registered on his complaint (exhibit P 3) lodged with the village Munsiff (P.W. 15) at 12 30 p.m. At the trial	 he narrated more or less the same story which has been set out at the commencement of this judgment. The High Court found his evidence unworthy of credit for these reasons: (i) P.W. 1 is a confirmed partisan of the deceased. (ii) He was unable to give a consistent and satisfactory account of the purpose of his going to Jammalamagdu on May 16	 1968. (iii)In the First Information exhibit P 3	 he did not state many material facts. For instance	 he did not mention there that	 in the first instance	 he and the deceased had boarded the Nandyal Koilkuntla bus at 8 30 a.m. and thereafter alighted from it on seeing the accused getting into the bus. (iv) If P.W.1 was really in the ill fated bus	 at the time of the occurrence	 he could not have been left unharmed; (v) The conduct of P.W. 1 was so unnatural that it improbablises his presence at the time and place of the incident: (a) If he had really seen A 4 peeping into the bus and going back to the house of Erikala Reddy	 60 or 70 933 yards away	 to inform the other accused	 it was unlikely that P.W. 1 and the deceased would have remained sitting in the bus. P.W. 1 knew that A 4 was a partisan of the other accused: (b) The conduct of P.W. 1 after the occurrence	 was also artificial	 unnatural and strange. He did not go to the Police Outpost which was at a stone 's throw. His explanation that he was prevented by the accused from going there and had to remain in hiding at some unspecified place towards the West for two hours till he returned to the bus stand at 12 30 p.m.	 was incredible. Although he had ample opportunity and time to go to his village and inform the co villagers about the incident	 he did nothing of the kind. (vi) No bus ticket was found with P.W. 1. (vii)The evidence of the witnesses produced to corroborate the version of P.W. 1 was also unsatisfactory. P.W. 14	 Ticket Checker of bus No. APD 2083 which the deceased and P.W. 1 are said to have boarded earlier at Jamalamadugu	 admittedly did not know P.W. 1 prior to that date. P.W. 14 was not asked to identify P.W. 1 at any test identification or even in court. Moreover	 P.W. 14 was examined by the investigating Police Officer about a week after the occurrence. The evidence of Dastgiri	 P.W. 12	 owner of the hotel at Jamalamadugu was no better. He had no record to show that P.W. 1 and the deceased had spent the night between the 16th and 17th May at his hotel. His testimony was at variance with his statement recorded under section 164	 Cr. In that statement	 he did not say that the sons (i.e. A 2	 A 3 and A 6) of Kalavatala Reddy were also reported by the deceased to be in the bus. He had simply stated there	 that Kalavatala (Reddy) and his men were in the bus. At the trial	 he stated that the deceased had informed him about the presence of A 2	 A 3 and A 6	 also	 in the bus. P.W. 12 was not a disinterested witness. Admittedly	 the deceased had helped him in getting assignment of land for raising a building	 before the revenue authorities. His statement was also recorded by the police several days after the occurrence. (viii)There was unexplained delay in registration of the case. The Police Station Vuyyalawada is 12 miles from Nossam. The complaint	 exhibit P 3	 was received there at 8 p.m. Copy of the complaint reached the Magistrate Koilakuntla	 16 miles away	 at 6 p.m. There was a bus leaving Nossam at 4 30 p.m. for Koilakuntla. It was more likely that the copy of the complaint was sent to the Magistrate by that bus at 4 39 p.m.	 and not at 3 p.m. as the Munsiff P W. 15	 wanted to have it believed. This inordinate delay in registering the F.I.R. shows that the First Information was lodged after confabulation with other persons 934 who had come from the village of the deceased. In these circumstances	 the F.I.R. had little value as a corroborative piece of evidence. These reasons given by the High Court for not relying on the evidence of P.W. 1	 cannot	 by any standard be said to be unsound or puerile. There is a good deal of force in them. We will now take up P.W. 2. Mr. P. Ram Reddy contends that the High Court was in error in dubbing this witness as an interested witness. It is maintained that his relationship or affinity with the deceased or his party had not been established. It is argued that his evidence was almost impeccable. The High Court has found that P.W. 2 is closely related to the deceased. This is an inference drawn from the conduct of the witness in not denying a suggestion of such relationship put to him in crossexamination by the defence. The pointed suggestion was	 whether the son of his junior paternal uncle was married to the daughter of the deceased. The witness replied that he did not know. The relationship suggested was so near that the witness could not be unaware of it. If the suggestion was wrong	 he ought to have registered a categorical denial. The High Court was therefore justified in presuming that the witness was the first cousin of the son in law of the deceased. The next infirmity in his evidence noted by the High Court	 is that his conduct in not trying to go to the Police Outpost or in not reporting the matter to the village Munsiff	 was not the natural conduct of an eye witness of the murder. The third weakness in his evidence noted by the High Court	 is	 that he was not examined by the investigator on the 17th May	 although he claimed to be present at the spot at that time. Another reason given by the High Court for doubting his veracity was	 that there was no necessity for him to go to Proddutur to ascertain the price of castor oil cake because the same inquiry could be conveniently made telephonically. The Court further found that he could not give a satisfactory account as to why he adopted the circuitous route via Nossam when buses starting at 6 30 and 7 30 a.m. from Jammalamadugu and plying directly to Allagaddi were available. We need only add that this witness also was unable to produce any bus ticket. We agree with the High Court that in view of the infirmities enumerated above	 the evidence of P.W. 2 could not be safely acted upon without corroboration from independent sources. This takes us to the evidence of P.W. 3. The High Court found that P.W. 3	 also	 was not an independent witness. He stood surety for five partisans of the deceased in security proceedings under section 107	 Cr. This fact was borne out by the documentary evidence furnished by the copies of the surety bonds	 Exh. D 10 to D 14	 although the witness had the temerity to deny it 935 Mr. Ram Reddy laid great stress on the fact that the evidence of this witness with regard to his being among the passengers in the illfated bus at the time of occurrence	 stands corroborated from the testimony of an independent witness	 the bus conductor (P.W.9). It is further maintained that this witness (P.W. 3) was examined during the inquest held on the night between the 17th and 18th May. Reference on this point has been made to the inquest report exhibit P.6. These twin circumstances proceeds the argument were sufficient to lend assurance to the interested testimony of this witness so as to make it acceptable against A 1 and A 2	 if not against the other accused respondents. These circumstances were noticed by the High Court. In its opinion	 they did not furnish adequate confirmation of the testimony of P.W. 3. In this connection	 the High Court observed: "We do not think much assurance can be taken from the evidence of P.W. 9 about the presence of P.W. 3 on that day in that bus. It is true that the name of P.W. 3 was mentioned as an eye witness in the inquest report. Even though the inquest according to P.W. 25 was held in the early hours of the morning of 18 5 1968 and the inquest report was said to be ready on that morning	 the inquest report was received in Court at 6 P.M. on 19 5 1968. As provided under sec. 174(2) Cr. P.C. the inquest report shall be forth with forwarded to the Court. P.W. 3 was examined on 19 5 68 only. With regard to the inquest report no other independent panchayatdar was examined apart from P.W. 15	 the village Munsiff. Having regard to these circumstances we do not think much can be taken from the fact that the name of P.W. 3 finds a place in the inquest report. " Another infirmity in the testimony of PW 3	 according to the High Court	 was that documentary evidence of the sales allegedly made by the witness at the Shandy (periodical market) and the receipts of the fees/cess paid on such sales to the Panchayat	 was not forthcoming and that the explanation given by the witness for non production of such documentary evidence was unsatisfactory. It will be seen from the synopsis of the reasoning of the High Court	 given above	 that whereas the evidence of P.W.1 was considered to be wholly unreliable	 the possibility of P.Ws. 2 and 3 being witnesses of the occurrence was not positively ruled out. The conclusion reached in respect of these two witnesses was that their evidence suffered from several infirmities and	 as such in the absence of corroboration from independent sources	 it could not be accepted as a safe basis for convicting the accused. We are also of the opinion that as a matter of prudence	 it was not safe to convict any of the accused respondents merely on the basis of the testimony of P.Ws. 2 and 3 We	 however	 do not agree with the High Court that the evidence of P.Ws.9 and 11 did not furnish reliable corroboration of the testimony of the interested witnesses (P.Ws. 2 and 3 ) against any of the accused respondents whatever. The sum and substance of the testimony rendered by P.W.9	 the Conductor of the bus	 was that when the bus halted at Nossam at 936 about 10 30 a.m.	 the witness accompanied by the Driver (P.W. 11)	 got down and both of them went to the nearby hospital for getting an injury on his leg (P.W 9 's) dressed up. They however	 did not find the Doctor there. Consequently	 both of them returned to the hotel of Rangappa which is hardly 18 ft. from the scene of occurrence. While the witness was standing in the verandah of the hotel	 the driver took his meals inside and then came out and went to the adjacent hotel of Pullayya to take coffee. The witness asked Rangappa 's wife to give him some water. He was waiting in the doorway when he saw some persons coming from the northern side and going to the bus and encircling it. Some of them were armed with daggers. The witness heard the sound "dama dama" of the firing of a revolver. The witness heard cries from the bus "kill ! stab !". After the disturbance had subsided	 the witness went out and saw the deceased lying dead inside the bus in a pool of blood. Due to fear	 the witness and the driver (P.W.11) went into the nearby Vaisya 's house and remained there till 7 30 or 8 p.m. when they came out on learning that the Police Inspector had come to the spot. At the test identification parades	 the witness had identified Accused 2 and 7. He stated that P.W. 3 was one of the passengers who travelled in the ill fated bus. The driver (P.W.11) substantially corroborated P.W.9. He stated that he had seen five or six persons carrying white think like daggers in their hands going behind the bus. The witness was then taking coffee at the hotel of Pullayya. He then heard the "dum dum" sound from the bus. At the test identification parades held before the Magistrate	 the witness had identified A 7 and A 11. The High Court while conceding that P.Ws. 9 and 11 were the "proper persons to have spoken about the occurrence"	 brushed aside their evidence even against the accused identified by them at the test identifications	 mainly on the ground that they were "unwilling witnesses" and were not prepared to speak the whole truth. The High Court noticed that there was a discrepancy with regard to the receipt of injury by P.W. 9 between his statement before the police and the subsequent statement recorded under section 164	 Cr. Before the police	 P.W.9 had stated that he had received an injury. But in his statement recorded under section 164	 Cr. P.C. he said that he had a boil on his leg. It appears to us that this discrepancy was of no consequence. P.Ws.9 and 11 were the conductor and the driver of the bus. It is undisputed that the bus was parked close to the hotels of Rangappa (P.W.10) and Pullayya. Their presence near the bus at the hotels was a highly probable fact. Even if the reason for their going to the nearby hospital was disbelieved	 it could not affect their being eyewitnesses of the incident. Might be that they did not disclose all that they had seen and had not identified all the culprits whom they could identify; but that is no ground to hold that their evidence could not furnish valuable corroboration of the testimony of the interested witnesses (P.Ws. 2 and 3) even against the accused whom they identified at the test identifications and later in court. The statements of P.Ws. 2	 9 and 11 were recorded by the Investigating Officer during the night between the 17th and 18th May 1968 937 from 2 30 a.m. to 6 a.m. There was thus no good reason for wholesale rejection of the evidence of P.Ws. 9 and 11. It therefore remains to be seen to what extent the independent testimony of P.Ws. 9 and 11 lends corrobation to the statements of the interested witnesses (P.Ws. 2 and 3). At the test identification parade held on June 7	 1968	 A 4	 A 5	 A 7 and A 8 were paraded along with 12 other prisoners. P.Ws. 2	 3	 9 and 11 were called upon to identify the accused at this parade. P.W. 2 while identifying A 7 at the parade	 said: "I saw him while killing the deceased in the bus" P.W. 3 also identified A 7 as Konda Kalavatalavadu. He also identified A 4 and A 8 by touching their hands. P.W.9 identified A 7 saying: "I suspect this man". He could not identify others. P.W.11 also at this parade picked out A 7 who was then standing at No. 15 in the parade and said that he had seen him. The second batch of the accused persons consisting of A 2	 A 3	 A 9	 A 10	 A 11 and A 13 was arrested on June 24	 1968. These six accused persons were paraded at the test identification on July 18	 1968. P.Ws. 1	 2	 3 and 9 were called upon to identify them at the parade. P.W. 3 picked out A 2	 A 3	 A 9 and A 10 at the parade. P.W. 9 similarly identified A 2 by touching his hand. A 2 objected that in 1962 or 1963 P.W. 9 had served him as driver of his bus for 10 days. The third test identification parade was held on August 10	 1968. At this parade	 nine accused persons A 1 to A 3	 A 6	 A 9 to A 13 were paraded. P.Ws. 1	 2	 3 and 11 were called upon to identify. P.W. 2 identified A 8	 while P.W.11 identified A 11 only. He could not identify A 2 or the other accused who were in this parade. Thus the net result is that at the test identifications	 P.Ws. 9 and 11 had correctly identified A 7	 P.W 9 had identified A 2	 also. But P.W. 11 could not identify him. The question is	 whether the evidence of P.Ws.9 and 11 can be safely relied upon as against A 7 and A 2. In our opinion	 so far as A 7 is concerned	 chances of mistake in identification by these witnesses were extremely remote. Mr. Gobind Das	 Counsel for the respondents	 contends that the evidence of test identification is not substantive evidence. It can be the Magistrate holding the parade did not mix up with the accused adequate number of other prisoners and did not hold separate parades for individual accused; (b) at the time of picking out A 7 and A 2 at the parade	 the identifying witnesses did not say as to in what connection they were identifying them. It is stressed that the evidence of test identification is not substantive evidence. It can be used only to corroborate or lend assurance to the identification made by the same witness in court. If at the time of picking out a particular accused at the parade	 a witness does not say anything about the role of the person	 thus identified	 in the commission of the crime	 such test identification little evidentiary value. Further	 it is pointed out that P.W. 9 was not called upon to identify A 2 and A 7 938 in court at the time of his examination as a witness. Reference has made to a number of decisions including Kamal Gope vs State of Bihar	(1) Kanta Prasad vs Delhi Administration(2) and Sampat Tatyada Shinde vs State of Maharashtra(3). In our opinion	 so far as the identification of A 7 by P.Ws. 9 and 11 is concerned it can safely be relied upon as confirmatory of their evidence in court. A 7 was identified by P.Ws. 9 and 11 at the test identification parade held on June 7	 1968. It is true that while picking out this accused at the parade these witnesses did not say anything with regard to the specific part played by him in the commission of the crime. That however does not render the evidence of such identification inadmissible. The Magistrate (P.W. 20) who held the parade had mixed up 12 other persons at this parade with the four accused	 including A 7. It could not therefore be said that the number of other persons mixed with the accused was indequate. The very fact that both P.Ws. 9 and 11 commonly identified A 7	 dispels any suspicion of such identification being a chance identification. In the witness box	 at the trial	 however	 P.W. 9 specifically stated: "I could identify only accused 2 and 7 among those persons who came to the bus from the northern side armed with daggers". Referring to the test identification parade	 the witness added: "I identified A 7 as one of the persons who came with dagger to the bus". In cross examination	 the witness reaffirmed: "It is not true. that A 2 and A 7 were not among the persons who came to the bus. It is not true that I have identified A 2 and A 7 at the parades not because they were seen near the bus but because Police showed them to me earlier to facilitate identification". From the very fact that the witness while testifying as to the fact of identification was referring to this accused as A 7 implies that he had identified him in court	 also	 and had	 in that connection	 elucidated why he had picked out A 7 at the identification parade. The evidence given by the witness in court was substantive testimony	 while the identification made by him at the parade was confirmatory of that fact. This proposition is well established and it is not necessary to discuss the rulings cited at the bar on this point. No capital can be made out of the fact that the trial judge recorded the evidence of the witness with regard to identification of A 7	 in court	 in an inartistic	 laconic manner. In the case of P.W. 11	 however	 the trial Judge recorded this fact more clearly. The witness stated: "I can identify 2 persons among the 5 or 6 persons who were seen going behind the bus with white things like daggers. They are accused 7 and 11 (witness identified accused 7 and 11). " 939 With reference to the test identification	 the witness stated: "I identified A 7 in the 1st parade and A 11 in the second parade". In cross examination	 he refuted a suggestion made by the defence that he had identified accused 7 at the parade because the police had shown him to the witness	 earlier. For these reasons we think that the High Court was clearly in error in discarding the evidence of these independent witnesses (P.Ws. 9 and 11) so far as the participation of A 7 in the commission of the crime was concerned. The evidence of the interested witnesses (P.Ws. 2 and 3) was sufficiently corroborated as against A 7 by the credible testimony of P.Ws. 9 and 11. It could therefore be safely acted upon for convicting A 7 as one of the participants in the commission of the murder of P. Eswara Reddy	 deceased. As regards A 2	 it is to be noted that neither PW 9 nor P.W. 11 stated that this accused was armed with a revolver. Neither of these witnesses has stated that any of the five or six persons who were seen by them going to the bus and encircling it	 was armed with a revolver. They only say that those persons were carrying daggers. The prosecution case however is that A 2 was armed with a revolver only	 which he fired in the air. Further when P.W. 9 picked out A 2 at the identification parade	 the latter had objected that P.W. 9 was already known to him because he had served him as a driver for about 10 days. It is true that this suggession was not repeated in the crossexamination of P.W. 9; but we have also to keep in mind in this connection that P.W. 11 had failed to identify A 2 at the test identification parade although both these witnesses had seen the culprits more or less from the same situation and distance. As a matter of abundant caution	 while hearing this appeal	 we do not consider the identification of A 2 at the test identification parade by P.W. 9	 can lend sufficient assurance to the testimony of P.Ws. 2 and 3 so as to justify the conversion of his acquittal into conviction. Thus	 the position that emerges is that the evidence of P.Ws. 2 and 3 has been adequately confirmed by the reliable and independent testimony of P.Ws. 9 and 11 as against A 7	 while no such corroboration is forthcoming against any of the other accused respondents. The High Court was therefore not justified in acquitting A 7. The only question that remains to be considered is : What offence has been made out against A 7 ? The charge sheet by the police in this case was submitted against 13 named persons including A 7. The charge under section 302 read with section 34	 Penal Code was also framed by the Sessions Judge against all the 13 named accused. In the charge	 it was not mentioned that besides these named accused	 there were some unidentified or un named persons who acted conjointly with the charged accused	 A 1 to A 13. But there was positive evidence on the record that besides the 13 named accused	 there were four or more unidentified persons who participated in the commission of the crime. 940 Now the position which emerges is that excepting A 7	 the participation of the other 12 named accused in the commission of the crime has not been established. The effect of their acquittal is that they would be deemed to have never participated in the criminal enterprise which resulted in the death of the deceased. There is nothing on the record to show as to who out of these persons dealt the fatal blows to the deceased. The question that falls to be determined is : Can A 7	 in such circumstances	 be held vicariously liable by invoking section 149 or section 34	 Penal Code for the murder in question ? In Maina Singh vs State of Rajasthan(1) after reviewing earlier decisions viz.	 Dalip Singh vs State of Punjab(2); Bharwad Mepa Dana and Anr. vs State of Bombay(3)	 Kartar Singh vs State of Punjab(4); Krishna Govind Patil vs State of Maharashtra(5); Mohan Singh vs State of Punjab(6); Yeshwant vs State of Maharashtra(7); on this point this Court speaking through Shinghal J. reiterated the law	 thus : "It would thus appear that even if	 in a given case	 the charge discloses only the named persons as co accused and the prosecution witnesses confine their testimony to them	 even then it would be permissible to come to the conclusion that others named or unnamed	 besides those mentioned in the charge or the evidence of the prosecution witnesses	 acted conjointly with one of the charged accused if there was other evidence to lead to the conclusion	 but not otherwise." (emphasis supplied) Let us now have another look at the case in hand	 in the light of the above enunciation. In the F.I.R.	 it was alleged by the informant that 8 named persons and 10 unnamed persons who were not known to the informant	 had conjointly committed the crime. At the trial	 P.W. 2 testified that the total number of culprits who had participated in the commission of the murder was 20. At the trial	 he named A 2 to A 5 and identified A 7	 A 10	 and A 12 as 8 out of those 20 culprits who had committed the crime. The evidence of P.W. 3 on this point was that the number of the culprits who committed the murder	 while acting in concert	 was 17. This means according to the evidence	 there were acting conjointly with A 7 at least 4 or 7 more persons in addition to the 13 who were charged by the Committing Magistrate. The medical evidence shows that there were no less than 44 incised injuries	 including penetrating wounds	 apart from one lacerated wound	 two contusions and one abrasion on the body of the deceased. Practically	 he was made minced meat. The extremely large number of injuries on the body of the deceased lends assurance to the testimony of P.Ws. 2 and 3 that the number of assailants was more than 13 including some unnamed and unidentified persons. This evidence on the record is thus sufficient to base a firm finding that apart from the 941 accused named in the charge	 there were at least one or more unidentified persons who participated in the criminal action against the deceased con jointly with A 7. While the precise number of those unidentified persons	 other than the 13 named in the charge	 cannot be ascertained with certitude	 it can safely be said that apart from 13 named in the charge	 there were some more confederates of A 7 and all of them participated in the fatal assault on the deceased in the manner alleged by the prosecution. A 7 can therefore be safely convicted under section 302 read with section 34	 Penal Code. According	 we allow this appeal against A 7	 reverse his acquittal	 convict him under section 302 read with section 34	 Penal Code and sentence him to imprisonment for life. V.P.S. Appeal allowed.

When the bus in which the deceased and P.Ws. 1 to 3 were travelling	 along with other passengers	 halted at a bus stop	 a number of persons surrounded the bus	 forced all the passengers out of the bus except the deceased	 and inflicted multiple stabs on the deceased causing his death. Thirteen persons were charged with offences under section 302	 34 and 149 I.P.C. The trial court convicted some and acquitted the others. In appeals against the conviction and acquittal	 the High Court acquitted all the accused. In appeal to this Court against the acquittal of seven accused	 including A 7	 ^ HELD: Confirming the acquittal of others	 A 7 is guilty of an offence under section 302	 read with section 34	 I.P.C. (1) The evidence of the interested eye witnesses PWs 2 and 3 was sufficiently corroborated as against A 7 by the testimony of PWs 9 and 11 the conductor and driver of the bus. They had identified A 7 at an identification parade. It is true that while picking out this accused at the parade these witnesses did not say anything with regard to the specific part played by him in the commission of the crime. That	 however	 does not render the evidence of such identification inadmissible. From the fact that PW 9 while testifying as to the fact of identification was referring to this accused as A 7 implies that he had identified him in court. He had in that connection elucidated why he had picked out A 7 at the identification parade. The evidence given by the witness in court was substantive testimony	 while the identification made by him at the parades was confirmatory of that fact. As regards PW 11 his evidence was more clear. The Magistrate who held the parade had mixed up 12 other persons at this parade with the four accused	 including A 7. It could not therefore be said that the number of other persons mixed with the accused was inadequate. [936H; 937F; 938B F	 G H; 939C] (2) The result is that excepting A 7	 the participation of the other 12 named accused in the commission of the crime has not been established. There is also no evidence to show as to which of the assailants dealt the fatal blow on the deceased. The medical evidence	 however	 shows that there were not less than 44 incised injuries including penetrating wounds upon the body of the deceased. The extremely large number of injuries on the body of the deceased lends assurance to the testimony of PWs 2 and 3 that the number of assailants was more than 13 including some unnamed and unidentified persons. Therefore	 apart from the accused named in the charge	 there were at least one or more unidentified person who participated in the fatal assault on the deceased conjointly with A 7. A 7 can	 therefore	 be convicted under section 302 read with section 34	 I.P.C. [940B	 G 941B] Maina Singh vs State of Rajasthan ; 	 followed.