Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal No. 2987 of 1986 From the Judgment and order dated 31.7.1986 of the Allahabad High Court in C. Misc. Writ Petn. No. 83 l0 of 1986. G Shanti Bhushan. S.P. Gupta. H.K. Puri and Sunil Gupta for the Appellants. B.D. Agarwala	 M. Mudgal and Sunil Ambwani for the Respondents. H 690 V.M. Tarkundeand R.B. Mehrotraforthe Intervencr. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by CHINNAPPA REDDY	 J. Special Leave granted. This appeal by special leave is directed against a judgment of the Allahabad High Court quashing a resolution dated May 6	 1986 by which it was proposed to hold an Entrance Test for admission to the Degree Courses in Arts	 Science and Commerce of the Allahabad University	 while at the same time recording a finding that 'the entrance test for admission to Degree Courses of Arts	 Science and Com merce of the University cannot be characterised as arbitrary	 illegal orirrational in view of the fact that the standard of students passing Intermediate Examination or equivalent examinations thereto is deteriorating now a days. ' The principal ground on which the High Court struck down the resolution was that there was no emergency to justify the Vice Chancellor having recourse to the provisions of s.13(6) of the Uttar Pradesh State Universities Act for the action taken by him; the legitimate thing to do was to constitute an Admissions Committee as contemplated by section 28 of the Act to consider the matter and to give an opportunity to the Academic Council to approve or disapprove the new policy. It is now practically conceded that the resolution dated May 6	 1986 was that of the Admissions Committee	 whether properly constituted or not	 and not that of the Vice Chancellor and there was therefore	 no question of the Vice Chancellor taking recourse to the provisions of section 13(6) of the Act. However Shri Srivastava	 learned Counsel for the Student Federation of India and Shri Tarkunde	 learned Counsel for some of the members of the Academic Council supported the conclusion of the High. Court on several grounds which we shall presently consider. Shri Shanti Bhushan and Shri Gupta	 learned Counsel for the University assailed the judgment of the High Court. We may now state a few relevant facts. The Uttar Pradesh State Universities Act was enacted in 1973. Section 12 of the Act prescribes the mode of appointment and the conditions of service of the ViceChancellor and section 13 prescribes his powers and duties. In particular s.13(6) enables the Vice Chancellor to take such action as he may deem fit if any matter is of an urgent nature requiring immediate action and the same cannot immediately be dealt with by any officer or authority or other body of the University empowered by or under the Act to deal MANOHAR 691 with it. The Vice Chancellor	 however	 is required to forthwith report A the action taken by him to the Chancellor and also to the officer	 authority or other body who would have dealt with the matter in the ordinary course	 Section 19 designates the authorities of the University among whom are the Executive Council	 the Academic Council and the Admissions Committee. Section 20 provides for the constitution of the Executive Council and section 21 prescribes the powers and duties of the Executive Council. Section 21(1)(iii) enables the Executive Council to make	 amend or repeal Statutes and ordinances. Section 25 provides for the constitution and the powers and duties of the Academic Council	 who is to be the principal academic body of the University. It is expressly provided that it shall have the control and general regulation of	 and be responsible for the maintenance of standard of instruction	 education and research carried on or imparted in the University and that it may advise the Executive Council on all academic matters including matters relating to examinations conducted by the University. Section 28 provides for the constitution of the Admissions Committee and its powers and duties. The Constitution of the Admissions Committee is to be such as may be provided for in the ordinances. Subject to the Superintendence of the Academic Council	 the Admissions Committee is required by section 28(3) "to lay down the principles or norms governing the policy of admission to various courses of studies in the University". Section 28(4) also enables the Committee to issue directions "as respects criteria or methods of admission (including the number of students to be admitted) to constituent colleges maintained by the State Government and affiliated or associated colleges" and prescribes that such directions shall be binding on such colleges. 45 deals with 'admission of students ' and prescribes "No students shall be eligible for admission to the course of study for a degree unless (a) he has passed (i) the Intermediate Examination of the Board of High School and Intermediate Education	 Uttar Pradesh	 or of any University or Board incorporated by any law for the time being in force; or (ii) any examination	 or any degree conferred by any other University	 being an examination or degree rec 692 ognized by the University as equivalent to the Inter mediate Examination or to a degree of the University; and (b) he possesses such further qualifications	 if any	 as may R be specified in the ordinances: Provided that the University may prescribe by ordinance any lower qualifications for admission to a degree in Fine articles" Section 51(2) stipulates that an ordinance shall provide for	 among other things	 'the admission of students of the University and their enrolment and continuance as such '. Section 52 enables the Executive Council to make	 from time to time	 'new or additional ordinances ' or 'amend or repeal ' the first ordinances of existing Universities. Proviso(a) to sec. 52(2) prescribes that no ordinance shall be made. "affecting the admission of students	 or prescribing examinations to be recognized as equivalent to the University examinations or the further qualifications mentioned in sub section(1) of section 45 for admission to the degree courses of the University	 unless a draft of the same has been proposed by the Academic Council. " Section 72(1) requires the authorities of the Universities to be constituted as soon as may be after the commencement of the Act and prescribes that every person holding office as member of such authority immediately before the commencement of the Act shall cease to be such member on the commencement of the Act. Section 72(2) enables the State Government to direct who may discharge what powers	 duties and functions under the Act until the Constitution of new authorities. For sometime after the enactment of the Uttar Pradesh State Universities Act most of the University Bodies were not constituted though an Administrative Committee had been appointed by the Government under section 67 of the ordinance which preceded the Act. As there was no Executive Council and since	 it was not possible to call a meeting of the Administrative Committee	 the Vice Chancellor proceeded to act under section 13(6) of the Act to constitute an Admissions Committee consisting of the Vice Chancellor	 all the Heads of the 693 Departments	 the Dean	 Students Welfare	 the University Proctor and A the Registrar. This was done on July 12	 1973. Sometime thereafter	 the Executive Council was constituted and on September 3	 1973 the Executive Council by a resolution approved the action of the Vice Chancellor in constituting an Admissions Committee consisting of the Vice Chancellor. the Pro Vice Chancellor. the Deans of the faculties of Arts	 Science	 Commerce and Law	 all the Heads of Departments the Dean	 Student Welfare	 the University Proctor and the Registrar. It will be seen that the Members of the Admissions Committee are all educationists who hold their membership Ex officio. The Admissions Committee which was constituted in 1973 has been functioning ever since	 without question. The Admissions Committee at its meeting held on May 6	 1986 resolved to introduce an Entrance Test for admission to the degree courses in Arts	 Science and Commerce and adopted a detailed scheme for that purpose. We are told that pursuant to the Resolution of the Admission Committee	 an entrance test has been held and the results have been tabulated but not yet published. Meanwhile the Student Federation of India and some students filed a writ petition challenging the introduction of the Entrance Test on the ground that the Resolution dated May 6	 1986 had no authority in law. The High Court held that the Resolution was without authority of law and therefore	 quashed the same. As already mentioned by us at the outset the primary ground on which the Resolution was quashed by the High Court was that there was no emergency such as that contemplated by section 13(6) to justify the Vice Chancellor passing the Resolution dated May 6	 1986. We have already pointed out that the Resolution dated May 6	 1986 was that of the Admissions Committee and not that of the Vice Chancellor. However	 the Resolution has been attacked on several other grounds which we shall now proceed to consider It was argued that the Admissions Committee was not legally constituted as there was no emergency such as that contemplated by section 13(6) to enable the Vice Chancellor to constitute the Admissions Committee. The very order constituting the Admissions Committee recites that it had become necessary for the Vice Chancellor to have recourse to section 13(6) as there was no Executive Council in existence and as it was not possible to call the Administrative Committee. Those were good enough reasons for the action of the Vice Chancellor and 694 we do not think that anyone can be permitted to question the Constitution of the Admissions Committee at this stage after the Committee as constituted in 1973 had been functioning for over a dozen years. It was next argued that the Vice Chancellor was competent to invoke the power under section 13(6) if an authority of the University was in existence but was unable to discharge its duties but not if such authority was not m existence at all. It was said that the existence of the authority and its inability to act were the conditions precedent to action by the Vice Chancellor under section 13(6). This argument has only to be stated to be rejected. Under section 13(6) the condition precedent to the Vice Chancellor 's action is the necessity for action and the failure to take such action by the authority competent to take action. It does not mean that if the failure to take action is the result of the non existence of the authority	 the Vice Chancellor cannot have recourse to section 13(6). Another submission was that the Admissions Committee which took the present decision was not the same as that constituted originally. This argument was sought to be spelt out from the circumstance that notice of the meeting of the Admissions Committee was given to several persons who were not members of the Committee as originally constituted. The circumstance that many others were invited to be present at the meeting does not mean that they were invited as members of the Admissions Committee. They do not become members of the Admissions Committee by the mere fact of being invited to attend a meeting of the Committee. They appear to have been invited to assist the Committee in its deliberations. It was suggested that they were invited to provide support to the Vice Chancellor in large numbers. We do not attach any importance to this suggestion. It was also commented that only six members of the Admissions Committee attended the meeting on May 6	 1986 and that all the others who attended the meeting were not members. But notice of the meeting was given to all the members and if some of them	 for their own reasons	 refrained from attending the meeting	 their failure to attend the meeting cannot invalidate the deliberations of the Committee. The principal submission on behalf of the respondents was that any proposal for entrance examination should originate from the Academic Council and thereafter take the form of an ordinance by the Executive Council. It was argued that this was the net effect of section 45(1)(b)	 section 51(2)(a) and proviso(a) to section 52(3). It was said that section 28 did not enable the Admissions Committee to prescribe any Entrance Test for admission to the degree courses. We are unable to agree with the submissions of the learned counsel for the respondents. We do not 695 see why the expression "the principles or norms governing the Policy of admission to various courses of studies in the University" should be interpreted in so narrow a fashion as to exclude the prescription of an Entrance Test. Sub section 4 of section 28 enables the Admissions Committee to issue directions regarding 'the criteria or methods of admissions (including the number of students to be admitted) to constituent colleges maintained by the State Government and affiliated or associated colleges. ' This provision which enables the Admissions Committee to issue directions to constituent colleges	 affiliated or associated colleges in the matter of criteria or methods of admission also indicates that the principles or norms governing the policy of admission to various courses of studies in the University must necessarily include the criteria or methods of admission. We are of the view that sec. 28(3) empowers the Admissions Committee to provide for an entrance test for admission to the University degree courses. It was suggested that such an interpretation would bring it in conflict with secs. 45	 51 and 52 of the Act and that there will be duality of authority in the matter of regulating admission to University degree courses. As we shall presently point out there is no conflict between sec. 28 and the other sections nor are there dual authorities under the Act. These provisions have to be construed harmoniously so as to eliminate any conflict and without rendering any provision of the Act or any authority created by the Act	 superfluous. 45(1) lays down the rules of eligibility for admission to a course of study in the university. Clause (a) prescribes the passing of the Intermediate or equivalent examination or a degree of a university as the basic qualification for admission and clause (b) enables the prescription of further qualifications by ordinance. Section 51(2)(a) authorises the making of ordinances to provide for "the admission of students to the university and their enrolment and continuance as such". But any ordinance that may be made for the purpose of sec. 45(1)(b) or for that matter any ordinance affecting the admission of students shall not be made unless the draft of the same has been proposed by the Academic Council. It is so provided by the proviso to sec. 52(3). What must be noticed here is that the Executive Council	 of its own motion	 cannot make an ordinance affecting the admission of students to the university. It can only be done at the instance of the academic council by its proposal. We have already seen that under sec. 28(3)	 the Academic Council has the power of superintendence over the power of the Admissions Committee to lay down the principles or norms governing the policy of admission to various courses of study in the University. The scheme of the Act in regard to admissions to the degree courses of the university	 therefore	 696 appears to be like this: The Admissions Committee prescribes the principles or norms governing the policy of admission to the various courses of study. This is subject to the superintendence of the Academic Council. The Academic Council may exercise its powers of superintendence	 among other ways	 by proposing an ordinance which may have the effect of reversing or modifying the action of the Admissions Committee. Thereafter the Executive Council may make an ordinance if it so thinks fit. Once an ordinance is made	 it will not naturally be open to any of the university bodies	 including the Admissions Committee to act contrary to it. This appears to be the scheme of the Act in so far as it relates to admissions. It follows that the Admissions Committee has the power to prescribe an Entrance Test. The Academic Council has the power to overrule the decision of the Admissions Committee in exercise of its power of superintendence. The Executive Council such as has no power to overrule the decision of the Admissions Committee except by making an ordinance on a proposal made by the Academic Council. The learned counsel for the respondents submitted that the scheme for the proposed entrance test ought to have been brought before the Academic Council so as to enable the Academic Council to exercise its power of superintendence by approving or disapproving the scheme. We do not think that there is any statutory requirement that any action taken by the Admissions Committee under sec. 28 is not to be effected until the Academic Council is provided with an opportunity to exercise its power of superintendence. It is up to the Academic Council to exercise its power of superintendence. If as is claimed the Vice Chancellor does not take the initiative to call a meeting of the Academic Council	 the members of the Academic Council desiring to call a meeting of the Academic Council are free to take recourse to the provisions of the Act	 the ordinances and the Statutes to requisition a meeting. We are	 therefore	 unable to hold that the Resolution of the Admissions Committee dated May 6	 1986 is tainted by any illegality. We set aside the judgment of the High Court	 dismiss the writ petition filed in the High Court	 and further direct the University to forthwith announce the names of the candidates selected for admission to the various courses. We leave it upon to the Academic Council to take such action as it may think fit in regard to the future years. We do not also express any opinion regarding the soundness of the scheme of the Entrance Test. There will be no order as tn costs. M.L.A. Appeal allowed.

The Uttar Pradesh State Universities Act was enacted in 1973. Section 19 designates the authorities of the University among whom are the Executive Council	 the Academic Council & the Admissions Committee. By section 28(3) the Admissions Committee is required to lay down the principles or norms governing the policy of admissions to various courses of studies in the University. Section 13(6) of the Act enables the Vice Chancellor to take such action as he may deem fit if any matter is of an urgent nature requiring immediate action and the same cannot easily be dealt with by an officer or authority or other Body of the University empowered by or under the Act to deal with it. For some time after the enactment of the Uttar Pradesh State Universities Act most of the University Bodies were not constituted though an Administrative Committee had been appointed by the Government. As there was no Executive Council and since it was not possible to call a meeting of the Administrative Committee	 the Vice Chancellor in the year 1973 proceeded to act under section 13(6) of the Act to constitute an Admissions Committee consisting of the Vice Chancellor	 all the Heads of the Departments	 the Dean	 students welfare	 the University Proctor and the Registrar. The Admissions Committee at its meeting held on May 6	 1986 resolved to introduce an Entrance Test for admission to the Degree courses in Arts	 Science and Commerce and adopted a detailed scheme for that purpose. Pursyant to the Resolution of the Admissions Committee	 an entrance test was held and the results were tabulated but not yet published. Meanwhile the respondents students filed a writ petition 688 in the High Court challenging the introduction of the Entrance Test on the ground that the aforesaid Resolution had no authority in law. l he High Court upheld the contention of the respondents and quashed the Resolution. Allowing the appeal by the appellant University	 ^ HELD: 1.1 The resolution of the Admissions Committee dated May 6	 1986 is not tainted by any illegality. The resolution was that of the Admissions Committee	 whether properly constituted or not	 and not that of the Vice Chancellor and there was	 therefore	 no question of the Vice Chancellor taking recourse to the provisions of section 13(6) of the Act. Therefore	 the judgment of the High Court is set aside and the University is directed to forthwith announce the names of the candidates selected for admission to the various courses. However	 it is open to the Academic Council to take such action as it may think fit in regard to the future years. [696F G] 1.2 The very order constituting the Admissions Committee re cites that it bad become necessary for the Vice Chancellor to have re course to section 13(6) as there was no Executive Council in existence and as It was not possible to call the Administrative Committee. Those were good enough reasons for the action of the Vice Chancellor and no one can be permitted to question the constitution of the Admissions Committee at this stage after the Committee as constituted in 1973 had been functioning for over a dozen years. Since notice of the meeting was given to all the members and if some of them	 for their own reasons refrained from attending the meeting	 their failure to attend the meeting cannot invalidate the deliberations of the Committee. [693G H;694A;F] 2.1 Section 28(4) of the Act which enables the Admissions Committee to issue directions to constituent colleges	 affiliated or associated colleges in the matter of criteria or methods of admission also indicates that the principles or norms governing the policy of admission to various courses of studies in the University must necessarily include the criteria or methods of admission. The expression "the principles or norms governing the policy of admission to various courses of studies in the Universty" in section 28(3) should not be interpreted in so narrow a fashion as to exclude the prescription of an Enterance Test. Therefore	 it empowers the Admissions Committee to provide for an enterance test for admission to the University degree courses. [695B B] 2.2 There is no conflict between section 28 and the other sections nor 689 are there dual authorities under the Act. Sections 45	 51 and 52 of the A Act have to be construed harmoniously so as to eliminate any conflict and without rendering any provision of the Act or any authority created by the Act	 superfluous. The scheme of the Act in regard to admissions to the degree courses of the University	 therefore	 appears to be like this; the Admissions Committee prescribes the principles or norms governing the policy of admission to the various courses of study. This is subject to the superintendance of the Academic Council. The Academic Council may exercise its powers of superintendence	 among other ways	 by proposing an ordinance which may have the effect of reversing or modifying the action of the Admissions Committee. Thereafter the Executive Council may make an ordinance if it so thinks fit. Once an ordinance is made	 it will not naturally be open to any of the University bodies	 including the Admissions Committee to act contrary to it. This appears to be the scheme of the Act in so far as it relates to admissions. It follows that the Admissions Committee has the power to prescribe an Entrance Test. The Academic Council has the power to over rule the decision of the Admissions Committee in exercise of its power of superintendance. The Executive Council as such has no power to over rule the decision of the Admissions Committee except by making an ordinance on a proposal made by the Academic Council. [695D H: 696A D] 3. There is no statutory requirement that any action taken by the Admissions Committee under section 28 is not to be effected until the Academic Council is provided with an opportunity to exercise its power of superintendance is up to the Academic Council to exercise its power of superintendanee. If as is clauied the Vice Chancellor does not take the initiative to call a meeting of the Academic Council	 the members of the Academic Council desiring to call a meeting of the Academic Council are free to take recourse to the provisions of the Act	 the ordinances and the statutes to requisition a meeting. [696E F]