Summarize the following court judgment. N: Criminal Appeal No. 209 of 1971. Appeal by special leave from the judgement and order dated the 19th January	 1971 of the Delhi High Court at New Delhi in Criminal Appeal No. 71 of 1970. Frank Anthony	 K. B. Rohtagi and V. K. Jain	 for the appellant. section N. Anand and R. N. Sachthey	 for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Goswami	 J. The complainant Shiv Darshan Nath	 (PW 1) was an unlicensed hawker selling oranges and fruits in what is described as a 'chabba ' around Novelty Cinema area in Delhi. The locality is within the jurisdiction of the Lahori Gate Police Station. C The accused Maha Singh was enrolled as a Constable in the Delhi Police in July 1957 and was promoted as Head Constable (Havaldar) in August 1963. He was posted to the Lahori Gate Police Station on November 21	 1967 and had since been serving there in that capacity until his suspension in connection with the present case. During April 1969 the accused was deputed for prosecuting unauthorised squatters and persons indulging in petty offences within the area of the said Police Station. The accused in performance of these duties was required to and did maintain a petty offences Register and he had "to do pervi of these cases challenged by him in the court. " The complainant approached the Anti Corruption Inspector Delhi	 Bal Krishan (PW 7) on April 7	 1969 at about 11.00 a.m. and made a complaint to him. This complaint was recorded by the Inspector (PW1/A). The material allegations disclosed therein were: ". Now	 for some days a new Havaldar of P.S. Lahori Gate	 has been coming there for challaning under 	 section 33	 Bombay Police Act	 and he has been harassing people unlawfully. He has challaned me also a number of times. He drew up one challan (against me) on 3 4 69	 which stands fixed for hearing on 8 4 69	 in the Court of Shri O. P. Yadav	 SDM. This Havaldar says that he will not put up this challan in case I pay him Rs. 10/ 	 and that in case I give him Rs. 50/ p.m. I will not be challaned in future. I am poor man and unable to meet his said desire. On 5 4 69	 the Havaldar aforesaid came to me	 and said that he would come again on 7 5 69 about 3.00 p.m. and that in case rupees ten were not paid	 the challan would be put in Court. Since the Havaldar of Lahori Gate Police Station has demanded Rs. 10/ from me as bribe	 I have come for report. Suitable action may be taken. ". The words "against me" in parentheses in the above extract are not to be found in the original statement recorded in the Urdu language. his has to be mentioned as Mr. Frank Anthony appearing on behalf of the accused strenuously submitted that since there had been 122 no challan against the complainant the entire edifice of the case was destroyed. We felt some doubt about the translation in the paper book and	 therefore	 looked into the original document and we are satisfied that the words "against me" are not to be found therein. Now following the sequence	 the Inspector decided to arrange a raid and summoned two witnesses from the Deputy Commissioner 's J office (PWs 3 and 4) and recorded in a raid memo the number of the d only ten rupee note (P 1) which the complainant had with him. The Inspector proceeded to state that "The said G.C. note was later returned to the complainant with a direction to pass it on to the accused within the sight of the panch witnesses having such talk with the accused as to indicate the said G.C. note had been passed on to the accused by way of bribe. Both the panch witnesses were also instructed to remain close to the complainant and the accused	 hear their talk	 see the passing of the bribe money and on ascertaining that the same had been passed to the accused by way of bribe	 Ved Prakash was further instructed to give the agreed signal". The Inspector and the party with the complainant were in the area of the Novelty Cinema from about 2.10 p.m. The accused was not to be seen in the area till 5.45 p.m. when	 however	 he was located in plain clothes in a three wheeler scooter sitting in the rear seat with Babu Ram (P.W. 6) a constable of the Lahori Gate Police Station on duty	 in uniform. In addition to the complainant	 Sohan Singh (PW 3) stated that " . somebody came and called the complainant. He took him along with him. " This has to be particularly noted as the High Court put great reliance upon this piece of evidence of PW 3 as will be noticed later. The complainant approaching the accused sat in the driver 's seat inside the scooter. According to the complainant "The accused then asked me that if I had to get the challan cancelled	 I should pay Rs. 10/ and that if further challan were not desired	 a sum of Rs. 50/ on my behalf and on behalf of my brother should be paid to him. I handed over Rs. 10/ G.C. note P l and the challan P 2 to the accused. The accused put these in his front pocket of r the shirt. " As arranged the signal was given to the Inspector by PW 4 (Ved Parkash) and the Inspector and the party	 who were at an eye shot	 reached the place immediately. The Inspector recovered the G.C. note P 1 from the pocket of the accused 's shirt and comparing the number of the G.C. note found it to tally with the one already recorded by him. On further search of the person of the accused a sum or Rs. Sl/ alongwith carbon copies of two challans were also recovered. According to the Inspector when challenged by him the accused 123 "replied that he had taken a ten rupee G.C. note which he had put in A the front pocket of his shirt. On his search one G.C. note of Rs. 10/ was recovered from the front pocket of his shirt and fater comparing its number with the raid report which was found to tally and it was taken into possession vide memo. PW l/C. Besides	 the two challans P 2 and P 3 and a sum of Rs. 51/ were also recovered and were taken into possession vide memo PW l/D". Although PWs 3 and 4 were requisitioned for help in the arranged raid	 as stated above	 they did not come upto full expectations. According to PW3 "I heard no talk between the complainant and the accused	 nor could I see the passing of the money". He stated that he was standing at quite a distance whereas Ved Parkash was nearer to the scooter". He also stated that on the accused being challenged by the Inspector "if he had taken the bribe money"	 the accused replied "that he had taken one challan 'purchee ' P 2 and one G.C. note P l of Rs. 10/ " and "on being searched G.C. note exhibit P l was recovered from the front pocket of the shirt of the accused which he was wearing." He further stated that "from the personal search of the accused 51 currency notes and two challan purchees P 2 and P 3 were also recovered and the same were taken into possession vide memo PW1/D". P.W. 4	 on the other hand	 stated that "the complainant handed over a ten rupee G.C. note major portion of which was wrapped in a white paper to the accused Maha Singh present in court and told the accused that my challan may be got corrected (mera challan theek kara dena). The accused took the G.C. note with the white paper and put the same in his front shirt pocket. I gave the signal. Inspector Bal Krishan reached the spot. He disclosed his identity and secured the accused. I told the Inspector that G.C. note has been put by the accused in his shirt pocket. The same was recovered by Inspector Bal Krishan vide memo PW 1/C. Two challans P 2 and p P 3 were also recovered besides Rs. 51/ from the accused vide memo PW 1/D". P.W. 4	 however	 stated that "the accused denied having taken any bribe when challenged by Inspector Bal Krishan. " It may be mentioned here that P 2 is the challan relating to the complainant 's brother	 Charan Dass. It appears from P 2 that the case against Charan Dass was fixed in the court of Shri O. P. Yadav	 Sub Divisional Magistrate	 on April 8	 1969. P 3 related to Mangal Sain (DW 5) showing that he was to attend his case in the same court on the same date	 April 8	 1969. Both the cases were under section 33/13/131 Bombay Police Act (obstruction of public passage) and P 2 and P 3 are personal recognizance bonds. The case was investigated by the Anti Corruption Department and the charge sheet was submitted after obtaining sanction from the Superintendent of Police	 North District	 Delhi (PW 5). 124 The accused stands charged under section 161 I.P.C. and section 5(2) read with section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act (briefly the Act). His defence is that the case was concocted against him by the complainant and the money was planted in his pocket as he "had casually told him also not to obstruct the public way once earlier." He further stated in his examination under section 342	 Code of Criminal Procedure "in fact the complainant hastened to put something in the challan in my pocket against my wishes and I was trying to know what it was about when I was surrounded by the Inspector. I told the Inspector also that I had not done anything and might not be harassed unnecessarily". From the above	 the version of the prosecution and that of the accused are clear. While according to the prosecution the accused had earlier negotiated for a bribe and later on accepted the same from the complainant	 according to the accused he had made no negotiation with the complainant nor did he voluntarily accept any money from the complainant. On the other hand	 the complainant planted the currency note of Rs. 10/ in to his pocket against his wishes when he was all of a sudden surrounded by the Inspector and the raiding party. The trial court accepted the prosecution case and convicted the accused under both the sections and sentenced him to rigorous imprisonment for one year on both the counts running concurrently and to a fine of Rs. 100/ in addition	 in default one month 's imprisonment. The High Court affirmed the conviction and the sentence. Hence this appeal by special leave. Mr. Frank Anthony submitted that since the prosecution failed to establish that there was any case instituted by the accused against the complainant which might furnish an occasion for offering a bribe the entire story of the complainant should stand discredited. He also submitted that the complainant 's brother	 Charan Dass	 was not even examined by the police nor in the court. Mangal Sain was not examined by the prosecution but had been examined by the accused. He further emphasised that the story of the complainant with regard to the negotiation for the bribe stood on his solitary uncorroborated testimony and he was not such an absolutely independent witness whose testimony was worthy of credit for the purpose of basing a conviction. Counsel further emphasised that while the prosecution sought to prove that the accused voluntarily accepted the bribe and himself put the currency note in his pocket	 this story did not find corroboration from any independent source. PW 3	 of course	 does not state about the passing of the money nor about any conversation. P.W. 4	 however	 supported the complaint in his examination in chief although he added that "the accused denied having taken any bribe when challenged by Inspector Bal Krishan". In the course of his cross examination	 however	 he stated that "he did not hear the talk between the complainant and the accused." Constable Babu Ram (PW 6)	 who was sitting with the accused in the scooter	 deposed that his attention was more towards 125 the road than towards the complainant and the accused. He completely threw overboard the complainant 's version and stated "I saw the complainant Shiv Darshan Nath putting a purchee with a note in the pocket of the accused." He further stated that "I did not hear the accused telling the Inspector that he had taken no bribe and should not be harassed." The High Court accepted the version of the complainant and found that the prosecution case stood established beyond any doubt. The learned Judge observed: "To me it appears an admission that the appellant allow ed PW 1 to put something in his pocket. If that was against his wishes he should have thrown it out". The High Court also accepted the testimony of PW 3 corroborating the complainant in that a person had called PW 1 to the scooter where the accused was sitting. From this the High Court concluded "Why at all was PW 1 sent for if there were no prior negotiations and if the accused was not sure that in fulfillment thereof he will be receiving the money from PW 1". Nothing has been elicited against PW 3 as to why he should be disbelieved. He has not gone to the entire length of supporting every detail of the prosecution case. It is	 therefore	 not possible to hold that the High Court was absolutely wrong in accepting his statement that the complainant had been sent for by the accused to the scooter through some persons who could not be later identified for the purpose of examination in court. It was not possible in such a situation to recognise and locate the messenger. E The trial court does not seem to have relied upon the evidence of PW 4. From the evidence of the defence witnesses (DWs 1	 2	 3	 4 and 7) it is clear that the witness is not an independent person	 nor a very reliable one. There was a case against him under section 161 IPC and section 5(2) of the Act. His services were terminated for massing of certain records although he was later on re employed in July 1968. He was a raid witness for the police in several anti corruption cases. The High Court also has not relied upon his evidence. In view of the defence of the accused which is supported by PW 4	 PW6	 DW5 and DW6 with regard to the fact of the complainant putting the currency note wrapped inside 'purchee ' P 2 into the pocket of the accused	 the recovery of the note by the Inspector from the 	 accused 's pocket is absolutely inconsequential says Mr. Frank Anthony. There are	 however	 more things than meet the eye. There were two persons	 DW 5	 Mangal Sain and Charan Dass (complainant 's brother)	 who has been sent up by the accused on April 3	 1969	 under the Bombay Police Act for prosecution in Court. It is understandable that while performing these duties policeman may clash with H the shopkeepers. There is also equal possibility of patching up with concerned offenders. In this situation it is extremely important for 126 the court to find by unerring and cogent evidence whether the accused had committed the offence. In our view there is a clinching factor. If the accused 's version is true	 the recovery of the note would have been inside 'purchee ' P 2 since the accused and his four supporting witnesses had deposed to that effect. If this version is even prima facie reliable	 the accused will be entitled to the benefit of doubt. We are however	 unable to hold so. The seizure memo PW l/C about`which there has been no cross examination shows that a currency note of Rs. 10/ bearing number C 67 090721 was recovered from the left side front pocket of the shirt worn by the accused. There is nothing to show that this currency not was recovered from his pocket being wrapped inside the particular 'Purchee ' or for the matter of that inside "another white paper". This fact of recovery is proved by the Police Inspector as well as by PW3 and the complainant who had signed the memo. Even Ved Prakash (PW 4) had signed this memo. Similarly	 we have the seizure memo. PW l/d which is prepared by the Inspector and signed by the complainant and PWs 3 and 4. This seizure memo shows that the currency notes of Rs. 51/ 	 a carbon copy of challan of Charan Dass (P 2) and another carbon copy of challan of Mangal Sain (P 3) admittedly received by the accused a short while ago were recovered from the left side front pocket of the shirt. From the above it is clear that the defence story of the complainant giving a ten rupee note wrapped inside the 'purchee ' relating to Charan Dass is absolutely false. If	 as stated by the accused	 the Inspector arrived immediately after the money was put inside his pocket	 namely	 wrapped inside a 'purchee '	 the seizure memo (PW 1/C) would have shown the recovery in that state. We do not find it to be so. The evidence of the complainant is corroborated by the Inspector and PW 3 and also corroborated by the documentary evidence	 PW 1/c	 coupled with the manner of the recovery of the note. When we find such a conclusive proof with regard to this part of the case	 deficiency of evidence of corroboration with regard to the negotiation of the accused with the complainant pales into insignificance. Further	 one of the witnesses	 who deposed with regard to the recovery of the note as per PW l/C was cross examined to the effect that the note was recovered wrapped in the 'purchee ' (P 2). Even the evidence of PW4	 PW 6	 DW5	 and DW 6 called in aid to support the accused 's plea of planting the currency notes	 is belied by the lone recovery of the marked currency note of Rs. 10/ by itself detached from the 'purchee ' in which it was said to be more or less concealed from external view. ' When witness swear home through a two inch board and sometimes quantitatively the defence musters up a number of witnesses	 the court has to be extremely cautious and careful to enter a verdict of guilty only if the complainant 's version is supported by some clinching circumstance of such character and quality as may reasonably assure the judicial mind about the truth of the real position against the accused. This we have been able to find in this case as noted above. 127 It was also argued at the stage that the charge being with reference A to favour shown to the complainant in person	 with regard to his own case	 the accused was entitled to an acquittal as the case in court was that it related to his brother Charan Dass. We do not think that a particular mention of the challan against the complainant instead of against Charan Dass	 in the charge	 has resulted in any material prejudice to the accused in the present trial. Evidence was clearly led regarding the challan against Charan Dass and it was his 'purchee ' which had been handed over to the accused by the complainant alongwith the currency note. The accused was fully aware of the charge he had to meet and made no mistake in taking a definite defence although	 unfortunately	 the same could not be established. even the grievance of non examination of Charan Dass as a prosecution witness in presence of admitted 'purchee ' is not of any consequence. A defence plea of planting of any incriminating object in answer to a charge	 to be successful must be or	 at any rate	 should reasonably appear to have been	 made without the knowledge or acquiescence of the accused. The case in hand is not such a case. The learned counsel strenuously relied upon Ram Prakash Arora vs State of Punjab(1) where notwithstanding recovery of the two marked ten rupee currency notes the accused was acquitted in a bribery charge. But in that case recovery of the currency notes which was denied by the accused	 assumed great importance and the fact that the same could not be established by reliable and independent search witnesses was considered by this Court as one of the serious infirmities. The class from which the complainant comes is one of poor hawkers who somehow eke out their living. Nothing is known whether they just deliberately avoid payment of licence fees for hawking	 which may not even be exorbitant	 or they avoid being tucked to a particular place being subject to a licence in absence of which they may squat at any place of their choice and convenience. It is	 however	 manifest that such encroachment of public place will be a continuing offence and	 if repeated	 will be committed every day afresh. In that view a demand of Rs. 10/ for clearing one single day 's offence and Rs. 50/ for purchasing immunity for the whole month may drive such a person to desperation prompting recourse to public authorities against such illegal proposals. In this view of the matter	 an unwilling or forced bribe giver	 as in the case at hand	 may not even be stigmatised as an accomplice in the strict sense of the term of particeps criminis. Even so we will adopt a cautious line in following the dictate of prudence to seek for some material corroboration even in this case to assure the judicial mind about the truthfulness of the crux of the matter in respect of the offence charged and of the nexus of the crime with the criminal. The matter will be different when a person himself abets the offences of bribery under section 161 and section 165 IPC which is an independent offence under section 165A equivalent earlier to section 161 read with section 109 or section 116 IPC. (1) 128 This also leads to the question whether all witnesses	 who are cal led upon to assist detection of a bribery case by laying a trap	 should be considered unreliable as accomplices or at any rate partisan witnesses. There is no rule of law that even if a witness is otherwise reliable and independent	 his association in a pre arranged raid about which he has become acquainted	 makes him an accomplice of a partisan witness. In absence of anything to. warrant a contrary conclusion	 conviction in not untenable merely because it is based on the testimony of such a witness. We are also not prepared to dub every witness of a raiding party to be an accomplice per se or even as an interested witness in total absence of materials justifying such an inference. While PW 4 will be highly partisan witness in this case in his own interest to oblige the police	 nothing was shown against PW 3. P.W. 7	 the Inspector	 can not be considered as an absolutely partisan witness because he is a Police officer who took immediate action on the complaint. Nothing unusual is suggested against him. We have no hesitation in accepting the testimony of PW 3 and PW 7 on their own. They do corroborate the complainant. As demonstrated above	 it is not a case where conviction of the accused by the High Court is based only on the uncorroborated testimony of the bribe giver. Even three or four days ' time taken by the complainant after the accused 's demand of the bribe for the purpose of reporting the matter to the Anti Corruption Department is not such as to efface the offence when it was actually committed on the very day of the report which was faithfully recorded by the Inspector then and there without loss r r of time. A question arose whether the statement of the accused before the Inspector admitting to have received the bribe was admissible in evidence. It is apparent from the evidence of the Inspector that these cases are investigated by the Anti Corruption Department which carries on its work on its own. On a complaint made to the Inspector he recorded the same and arranged the raid by noting each step taken thereafter in a regular manner. What has been done by the Inspector in this case in order to detect the accused while taking the bribe comes within the term 'investigation ' under section 4(1) of the . Code of Criminal Procedure	 1898. The moment the Inspector had recorded the complaint with a view to take action to track the offended whose name was not even known at that stage	 and in this case proceeded to achieve the object	 visited the locality	 questioned the accused	 searched his person	 seized the note and other documents	 turns the entire process into an investigation under the Code. Indeed the Inspector himself stated that he examined the witnesses under section 161 Cr. P.C. and completed the investigation. The fact that he had also later on forwarded the complaint for formal registration of the case at Lahori Gate Police Station does not do`away with the character of the investigation already commenced by the Inspector 129 On recording the complainant 's statement disclosing a cognizable offence. Therefore	 any statement made by the accused in answer to questions put by the Inspector is inadmissible under section 162 Cr. P.C. and neither the prosecution nor the accused can take advantage of these answers. These are	 therefore	 excluded from consideration in this case by us. But all the same the conduct of the accused would be relevant under section 8 of the Evidence Act if his immediate reactions lo the illegal overture of the complainant or his action in inserting unwanted something in his pocket were revealed in the form of acts accompanied then and there or immediately thereafter by words or gestures reliably established. There is no evidence to support an innocent piece of conduct. In the entire circumstances of the case we agree with the High Court that it was not against the wishes of the accused that the money passed from the hands of the complainant into his pocket. The High Court and the trial court cannot	 therefore	 be said to have made any gross error of law in appreciating the evidence and coming to the conclusion that the charges against the accused were fully established. In the result the appeal fails and is dismissed. The accused shall surrender to his bail to serve the sentence. S.R. Appeal dismissed.

After recording a complaint dated 7 4 1969 by one "SDM" that the accused appellant	 a head constable	 demanded a sum of Rs. 10/ for not putting up a challan on 8 4 1969 before the SDM	 Delhi in a case pending against him	 (the said sum being payable by 3.00 p.m. On 7 4 1969 and also a sum of Rs. 50/ For not challenging him in future	 the Anti Corruption Department arranged a raid to detect the accused	 as his name was not known to the complainant. On a signal from the complainant	 after the receipt of the G.C. Note of Rs. 10/ (the number of which was already noted by the Anti Corruption Department by the accused	 the raid party including the trap witnesses surrounded the accused	 recovered the G.C. note of Rs. 10/ which tallied with the number already noted besides a further sum of Rs. 51/ and two challans referred to in the complaint of "SDM". The statement of the accused duly signed by him and witnessed by the trap witnesses and also a search memo duly signed by the accused and the trap witnesses	 were produced as documentary evidence at the "	 trial. The accused was charged under s	 161	 I.P.C. read with section 5(2) read with section (5) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act	 1947	 found guilty	 convicted and sentenced to one year rigorous imprisonment besides fine. On appeal the High Court affirmed the conviction and the sentence. Dismissing the appeal by special leave	 the Court	 ^ HELD: (1) In a case under section 161 I.P.C. and section 5(2) read with s.(5)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act	 1947	 where there was a clinching factor that a particular already marked currency note was recovered from the left side front pocket of the shirt of the accused that too immediately after its receipt from the complainant and which fact is corroborated by the seizure memo duly signed by the accused about the state of its recovery duly witnessed and also by 9 L390SCI/76 120 the oral evidence	 the defence story of the complainant giving a ten rupee note wrapped inside the "purchee" is absolutely false. When such a conclusive proot is found with regard to this part of the case	 viz. "seizure of the currency note; deficiency of corroboration with regard to the negotiation of the accused with the complainant pales into insignificance. [126 A F] (2) When witnesses swear home through a two inch board and sometimes quantitatively the defence musters up a number of witnesses	 the court has to be extremely cautious and careful to enter a verdict of guilty only if the complainant 's version is supported by some clinching circumstance of such character and quality as may reasonably assure the judicial mind about the truth of the real position against the accused. [126 G H] (3) A defence plea of planting any incriminating object	 in answer to a . charge	 to be successful must be or at any rate should reasonably appear to have been made without the knowledge or acquiesence of the accused. Ram Prakash Arora vs State of Punjab [1972] 3 S.C.C. 652	 distinguished. (4) When	 in a trial against a head constable for not challaning	 evidence was clearly led regarding the said challan	 which had been handed over to the accused by the complainant along with the currency note	 and the accused was fully aware of the charge	 he had to meet and made no mistake in taking a defence	 a particular mention of the challan against the complainant instead of Charan Dass in the charge	 does not result in any "material prejudice" to the accused. [127 A B] (5) Where the complainant comes from a class of poor hawkers who some how eke out their living	 unable to pay the demanded bribe for purchasing immunity from being challaned by the accused head constable	 and out of desperation	 takes recourse to public authorities against such illegal proposals he is an unwilling or forced bribe giver. Such an unwilling or forced bribe giver may not even be stagmatised as an accomplice in the strict sense of the term of "participes criminis". [127 D F] (6) There is no rule of law that even if a witness is otherwise reliable and independent his association in a pre arranged raid about which he had become acquainted makes him an accomplice or a partisan witness. In the absence of anything to warrant a contrary conclusion	 conviction is not untenable merely because it is based on the testimony of such a witness. Every witness of a raiding party cannot be dubbed as an accomplice per se or even as an interested witness in total absence of materials justifying such an inference. [128 A 13] (7) In a case	 where on a complaint made to the Inspector of the Anti Corruption Department he recorded the same	 arranged for the raid by noting each step taken	 thereafter in a regular manner	 the steps taken by him in order to detect the accused while taking the bribe comes within the term "investigation" under section 4 of the Criminal Procedure Code	 1898. The fact that he	 had also later on forwarded the complaint for formal registration of the case at the police station having the jurisdiction did not do away with the character of the "investigation" already commenced	 by the Inspector on recording the Complainant 's statement disclosing a cognizable offence. [128 F H] Therefore	 any statement made by the accused in answer to questions put by the Inspector is inadmissible under section 162	 Criminal Procedure Code and neither the prosecution nor the accused can take advantage of these answers. [129 A] (8) For an offence under the Prevention of Corruption Act	 1947	 the conduct of the accused would be relevant under section 8 of the evidence Act	 if his Immediate reactions to the illegal overture of the complainant or his action in inserting unwanted something in his pocket were revealed in the form of acts accompanied then and there or immediately thereafter by words or gestures reliably established. In the present case	 there is no evidence to support an innocent Piece of conduct of the accused. [129 B C] 121