Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal Nos. 45 to 49 of 1968. Appeals from the judgment and order dated September 20	 1967 of the Madras High Court in Writ Appeals Nos. 247 to 251 of 1966. C.K. Daphtary	 Attorney General	 Niren De	 Solicitor General	 N.S. Bindra	 Mohan Kumaramangalam	 R.H. Dhebar	 A.S. Nambiar and ' S.P. Nayar	 for the appellants (in C.As. 45 and 47 to 49 of 1968 ). Niren De	 Solicitor General	 Mohan Kumaramangalam	 N.S. Bindra	 R.H. Dhebar	 A.S. Nambiar and S.P. Nayar	 for the appellants (in C.A. No. 46 of 1968). A.K. Sen	 Soli Sorabji	 S.R. Vakil	 B.D. Barucha	 G.L. Sanghi	 and S.K. Dholakia	 for the respondents (in C.A. No. 45 of 1968). N.A. Palkhivala	 Soli Sorabji	 D.N. Misra	 S.R. Vakil and B.D. Barucha	 for the respondent (in C.As. Nos. 46 and 49 of 1968). G.L. Sanghi	 S.R. Vakil and B.D. Barucha	 for respondents '(in C.A. No. 47 of 1968) and their respondent (in C.A. No. 48 of 1968). N.A. Palkhivala	 P.P. Ginewala	 D.N. Mukherjee and Ajit Chaudhury	 for interveners Nos. 1 to 4. A.K. Sen	 S.D. Khetri	 Avadh Behari and R.N. Bajoria	 for intervener No. 5. N.A. Palkhivala and D.N. Gupta	 for intervener No. 6. M. C	 Chagla and D.N. Gupta	 for intervener No. 8. N.A. Palkhivala	 A.K. Basu	 S.C. Mitter and 1. N. Shroff	 for intervener No. 7. M.C. Setalvad and M.K. Banerjee	 for intervener No. 9. SIKRI	 J. delivered a dissenting Opinion. The Judgment of BACHAWAT and HEGDE JJ. was delivered by HEGDE	 J. SiKri	 J. These five appeals by certificate are directed against the judgment of the High Court of Madras whereby the High Court accepted the Writ Appeals against the judgment of Kailasam	 J.	 in Writ Petitions Nos. 1592	 1593	 1594 and 1601 of 1966 and 3948 of 1965	 and directed the issue of writs of prohi 731 bition to the Union of India	 the Collector of Customs	 Madras	 and the Deputy Collector of Customs	 Visakhapatnam	 appellants before us	 prohibiting them from taking any action in pursuance of certain show cause notices issued by the Deputy Collector Customs	 Visakhapatnam. Common questions of law are involved in these appeals and it would suffice if I give facts in Writ Petition No. 1592 of 1966 out of which Civil Appeal No. 45 of 1968 arises. The relevant facts in that writ petition	 for appreciating the points raised before us	 are as follows: On February 17	 1965	 the Deputy Collector of Customs	 Visakhapatnam	 issued memorandum No. S/21/14/65 to M/s. Rai Bahadur Seth Shreeram Durgaprasad (Private) Ltd.	 Tumsar	 and five others	 hereinafter referred to as the Shippers. In this memorandum	 in brief	 it was stated that the Shippers had entered into a formal contract on October 13	 1965	 with M/s. Intercontinental Ores Supply Corporation	 New York	 for the shipment of 20	000 tons of Indian Manganese Ore of the grade of 43% Mn.	 from the port of Visakhapatnam at a price of $0.67 per unit of Manganese per dry long ton	 f.o.b. Visakhapatnam/Bombay. The Shippers exported from the port of Visakhapatnam 3	300 tons of Indian Manganese per 's.s. 'ALPHEM ' under the cover of Shipping Bill No. 187 dated March 20	 1957	 declaring therein that the export was being made in pursuance of the aforesaid contract. A G.R.I. form was attached. It was stated that a certain note book which had been seized earlier in August 1963 disclosed that a sum of $25298.24 was received on April 21	 1957	 from INOSCO	 i.e.	 Intercontinental Ores Supply Corporation	 New York	 the consignee of the subject goods	 the amount having been credited to an account in the name of Gangadhar Narsinghdas Agrawal with the Trust Co. of North America	 115	 Broadway	 New York. It was further alleged in the memorandum that the Shippers had derived financial benefits in respect of the subject export over and above those revealed to the Customs Authorities and/or other concerned authorities and the information about them was deliberately suppressed. It was further alleged that this constituted a contravention of section 12(1) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act	 1947	 read with Notification No. 12(17) F. 1/47 dated August 4	 1947	 as amended	 issued thereunder and the Foreign Exchange Regulation Rules	 1952. I may mention that by this notification the Central Government had prohibited "the export otherwise than by post of any goods either directly or indirectly to any place outside India other than any of the countries or territories in the Schedule annexed to this order unless a declaration supported by such evidence as may be prescribed is furnished by the exporter to the prescribed 732 authority that the amount representing the full export value of the goods has been or will within the prescribed period be paid in the prescribed manner." According to the Deputy Collector Customs	 the goods have been thus exported in contravention of the restrictions and prohibitions imposed under section 19 of the 	 read with section 12(1) and the Notification No. 12( 17) F. 1/47 dated August 4	 1947	 issued thereunder	 and section 23A of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act	 1947	 which exportation constituted an offence liable to be punished under section 167(8) of the . Accordingly	 the parties concerned were called upon to explain the matter and show cause in writing to the Collector of Customs	 Madras	 why a penalty should not be imposed on them/ him under section 167(8) of the . It appears that a number of such memoranda were issued in respect of diverse shipments. Thereupon five petitions were filed in the High Court of Madras. In Writ Petition No. 1592 of 1966 it was alleged that 125 show cause notices had been issued to the petitioners on various dates and it was prayed that a writ of prohibition or other appropriate writ	 order or direction under article 226 of the Constitution of India prohibiting the respondents from taking any action in pursuance of the said show cause memos	 may be issued. Various allegations were made but I need only mention the following allegations. It was submitted that the petitioners had complied with the statutory provisions inasmuch as a declaration in statutory form had been furnished to the prescribed authority. to wit	 the Collector of Customs	 and the Collector of Customs	 having passed the consignments for shipment	 had no further right or jurisdiction to take proceedings relating to the consignments in question. It was contended that if a declaration is found to be false	 it did not mean that there was a breach of the provisions of section 12(1). In reply it was contended that what was required under section 12(1) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act and the Rules was not any value but the actual amount representing the full export value	 and a mere declaration of any value would not be sufficient compliance with the provisions of section 12(1) of the Foreign Exchange Act. The learned Single Judge	 Kailasam	 J.	 dismissed the petitions. Various points were urged but on the point addressed to us he held that the declaration to be given by the exporters meant not only that the value of the goods will be paid in the prescribed manner but also that the full export value of the goods given is the correct value. 733 I may mention that before the Division Bench the case of the Revenue was clarified in an affidavit and we may set out para 5 thereof: "Since the Court has now directed the respondents to file a supplemental affidavit clarifying the stand taken by the department 1 state respectfully that the stand taken by the department both in the show cause memo and here is that the essence of the offence committed by the appellants is that in the declaration required under section 12(1) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act	 they have deliberately given false particulars supported by false evidence. By giving this fraudulent declaration	 they have secured the export of their goods. This fraud vitiates the declaration itself	 thereby making the export one in violation of the prohibition contained in Section 12(1) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act It is not necessary to set out the modus operandi adopted by the petitioners but 1 may mention that it was contended that a scheme was entered into prior to the actual export and the goods were undervalued deliberately and the department was induced to accept their declarations by means of false evidence and fraudulent suppression of facts. It is suggested that by this method a sum of Rs. 3	20	00	000 had been suppressed and there has been a failure to repatriate a corresponding amount of foreign exchange which had been earned surreptitiously. It was further stated that this scheme was adopted for all the shipments covered by the show cause notices	 and also for many other shipments in respect of which show cause notices yet remain to be issued. The Division Bench on appeal came to the conclusion that as the declarations were made under section 12(1) and as they were scrutinised by the authorities it is not possible to contend that these goods were either exported or attempted be exported in violation of the prohibitions or restrictions imposed by law and are therefore	 liable to be confiscated under section 167(8)of the . The Division Bench further held that the alleged fraud on the part of the petitioners did not make any difference. According to the Division Bench "if the petitioners had misled the authorities by false representations or failed thereby to repatriate foreign exchange	 by virtue of his obligation under section 12(2)	 these are different offences for which separate and specific penalties can be imposed. " The relevant statutory provisions at the time of exportation were as follows: "The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act	 1947 section 12(1) The Central Government may	 by notification in 4 Sup. CI	/69 14 734 the Official Gazette	 prohibit the taking or sending out by land	 sea or air (hereinafter in this section referred to as export) of any goods or class of goods specified in the notification from India directly or indirectly to any place so specified unless a declaration supported by such evidence as may be prescribed or so specified	 is furnished by the exporter to the prescribed authority that the amount representing the full export value of the goods has been	 or will within the prescribed period be	 paid in the prescribed manner. (2) Where any export of goods has been made to which a notification under sub section (1) applies	 no person entitled to sell or procure the sale of the said goods shall	 .except with the permission of the Reserve Bank	 do or refrain from doing any act with intent to secure that (a) the sale of the goods is delayed to an extent which is unreasonable having regard to the ordinary course of trade	 or (b) payment for the goods is made otherwise than in the prescribed manner or does not represent the full amount payable by the foreign buyer in respect of the goods	 subject to such deductions	 if any	 as may be allowed by the Reserve Bank	 or is delayed to such extent as aforesaid: Provided that no proceedings in respect of any contravention of this sub section shall be instituted unless the prescribed period has expired and payment for the goods representing the full amount as aforesaid has not been made in the prescribed manner. (3) Where in relation to any such goods the said period has expired and the goods have not been sold and payment therefor has not been made as aforesaid	 the Reserve Bank may give to any person entitled to sell the goods or to pro.cure the sale thereof	 such directions as appear to it to be expedient for the purpose of securing the sale of the goods and payment therefor as aforesaid	 and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision may direct that the goods shall be assigned to the Central Government or to a person specified in the directions. (4) Where any goods are assigned in accordance with sub section (3) the Central Government shall pay to the person assigning them such sum in consideration of the net sum recovered by or on behalf. of the Central 735 Government in respect of the goods as may be determined by the Central Government. (5) Where in relation to any such goods the value as stated in the invoice is less than the amount which in the opinion of the Reserve Bank represents the full export value of those goods	 the Reserve Bank may issue an order requiring the person holding the shipping documents to retain possession thereof until such time as the exporter of the goods has made arrangements for the Reserve Bank or a person authorised by the Reserve Bank to receive on behalf of the exporter payment in the prescribed manner of an amount which represents in the opinion of the Reserve Bank the full export value of the goods. (6) For the purpose of ensuring compliance with the provisions of this section and any order or directions made thereunder	 the Reserve Bank may require any person making any export of goods to which a notification under sub section (1) applies to exhibit contracts with his foreign buyer or other evidence to show that the full amount payable by the said buyer in respect of the goods has been	 or will within the prescribed period be	 paid in the prescribed manner. section 22. No person shall when complying with any order or direction under section 19 or with any requirement under section 19B or when making any application or declaration to any authority or person for any purpose under this Act	 give any information or make any statement which he knows or has reasonable cause to believe to be false	 or not true	 in any material particulars. section 23. (1) If any person contravenes the provisions of section 4	 section 5	 section 9 or sub section (2) of section 12 or of any rule	 direction or order made thereunder	 he shall (a) be liable to such penalty not exceeding three times the value of the foreign exchange in respect of which the contravention has taken place	 or five thousand rupees	 whichever is more	 as may be adjudged by the Director of Enforcement in the manner hereinafter provided	 or (b) upon conviction by a Court	 be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years	 or with line	 or with both. 736 (IA) Whoever contravenes (a) any of the provisions of this Act or of any rule	 direction or order made thereunder	 other than those referred to in sub section (1) of this section and section 19	 shall	 upon conviction by a Court	 be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years	 or with fine	 or with both; (b) any direction or order made under section 19 shall	 upon conviction by a Court	 be punishable with fine which may extend to two thousand rupees. (1B) Any Court trying a contravention under subsection (1) or sub section (IA) and the authority adjudging any contravention under clause (a) of sub section (1) may	 if it thinks fit	 and in addition to any sentence or penalty which it may impose for such contravention	 direct that any currency	 security	 gold or silver	 or goods or any other money or property	 in respect of which the contravention has taken place	 shall be confiscated to the Central Government and further direct that the foreign exchange holdings	 if any	 or the person committing the contravention or any part thereof shall be brought back into India or shall be retained outside India in accordance with the directions made in this behalf. Explanation. For the purposes of this sub section	 property in respect of which contravention has taken place shall include deposits in the bank	 where the said property is converted into such deposits (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 32 of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 1898	 it shall be lawful for any Magistrate of the first class	 specially empowered in this behalf by the State Government	 and for any Presidency Magistrate to pass a sentence of fine exceeding two thousand rupees on any person convicted of an offence punishable under this section. (3) No Court shall take cognizance (a) of any offence punishable under sub section (1) except upon complaint in writing made by the Director of Enforcement	 or (b) of any offence punishable under sub section (1 A) of this section or under section 54 of the Indian Income tax Act	 1922	 as applied by section 19 of this Act	 except upon complaint in writing made by the Director of Enforcement or any officer authorised in 737 this behalf by the Central Government or the Reserve Bank by a general or special order: Provided that where any such offence is the contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or any rule	 direction or order made thereunder which prohibits the doing of an act without permission	 no such complaint shall be made unless the person accused of the offence has been given an opportunity of showing that he had such permission. (4) Nothing in the first proviso to section 188 of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 1898	 shall apply to any offence punishable under this section. section 23A. Without prejudice to any provisions of section 23 or to any other provision contained in this Act	 the restrictions imposed by sub sections (1) and (2) of section 8	 sub section (1) of section 12 and clause (a) of sub section (1 ) of section 13 shall be deemed to have been imposed under section 19 of the Sea Customs Act	 1879	 and all the provisions of that Act shall have effect accordingly	 except that section 183 thereof shall have effect as if for the word "shall" therein the word "may" were substituted." "The 167. The offences mentioned in the first column of the following schedule shall be punishable to the extent mentioned in the third column of the same with reference to such offences respectively: Sections of this Act Offences to which Penalties offence has reference 8. If any goods	 the importation 18 Such goods shall be liable or exportation of which is for & to confiscation; the time being prohibited or 19 and restricted by or under Chapter IV of this Act	 be imported Any person concerned in into or exported from India any such offence shall be contrary to such prohibition or liable to a penalty not ex ceeding three times the value restriction; or of the goods	 or not exceeding If any attempt be made so to one thousand rupees. import or export any such goods; or If any such goods be found in any package produced to any officer of Customs as containing no such goods; or 738 Offences Penalties If any such goods	 or any dutiable goods	 be found either before or after landing or shipment to have been concealed in any manner on board of any vessel within the limits of any port in India; or If any goods	 the exportation of which is prohibited or restricted as aforesaid	 be brought to any wharf in order to be put on board of any vessel for exportation contrary to such prohibition or restriction. "Foreign Exchange Regulation Rules	 1952. Form of declaration. (1) A declaration under section 12 of the Act shall be in one of the forms set out in the First Schedule as the Reserve Bank may by notification in the Gazette of India specify as appropriate to the requirements of a case. (2) Declarations shall be executed in sets of such number as indicated on the forms. Authority to whom declaration to be furnished. (1) The original of the declaration shall be furnished to the Collector of Customs: provided that when export is by post	 the original of the declaration shall be furnished to the postal authorities. (2) Copies of the declaration shall be submitted to the authorities and in the manner specified on forms. (3) The documents pertaining to every export passed by the Customs shall within 21 days from the date of the export	 be submitted to the authorised dealer mentioned on the relevant declaration form	 unless the Reserve Bank	 in its discretion	 authorises otherwise. Evidence in support of declaration. (1) The Reserve Bank	 or subject to such directions	 if any	 as may be given by the Reserve Bank	 the Collector of Customs or the postal authorities	 may	 to satisfy themselves of due compliance with section 12 of the Act	 379 require such evidence in support of the declaration as may satisfy them that the exporter is a person resident in India	 or has a place of business in India. (2) The Reserve Bank	 or subject to such directions	 if any	 as may be given by the Reserve Bank	 the Collector of Customs	 or the Postal authorities may require any exporter to produce in support of the declaration such evidence as may be in his possession or power to satisfy them. (ii) that the invoice value stated in the declaration the full value. of the goods; and (iii) that the amount representing the full export value of the goods has been or will be paid to the exporter. Explanation. " The points which have emerged from the discussion at the Bar and which require determination may be formulated thus: (1) What is the meaning of the expression "restrictions mean posed by sub section (1) of section 12" occurring in section 23 A of the Exchange Act ? Can other sections of the Exchange Act be looked at for determining the ambit of the restrictions imposed by section 12(1) ? Do restrictions imposed under the Rules made under the Exchange Act and relating to section 12(1) come within the meaning of this expression ? (2) What is the true meaning of the words "a declaration supported by such evidence as may be prescribed .or so specified is furnished by the exporter to the prescribed authority that the amount representing the full export value of goods has been or will within the prescribed period be paid in the prescribed manner" '? Is it necessary that the declaration shall be made honestly or in good faith '? Should it disclose the true export value it a breach of the sub section if a declaration is made honestly but happens to show incorrect export value to a small but not material extent ? Does not a deliberately false declaration contravene the provisions of section 12(1) ? (3) If an action is a contravention of section 12(1) and other provisions of the Exchange Act	 e.g.	 sections 22	 23	 12(2)	 12(3) and 12(5)	 was it the intention that it should be treated as a contravention of section 12(1)? Before dealing with point (1) mentioned above	 a few preliminary observations may be made. I have to construe an Act which was enacted in the interest of the national economy. A deliberate large scale contravention of its provisions would affect 740 the interests of every man	 woman and child in the country. Such an Act	 1 apprehend	 should be construed so as to make it workable; it should	 however	 receive a fair construction	 doing no violence to the language employed by the Legislature. It was said that if two constructions are possible the one that is in favour of the subject should be accepted. It is not necessary to pronounce on this proposition for I have come to the conclusion that there is one true construction of section 12(1). But I should not be taken to be assenting to this proposition in so far as it is applicable to an enactment like the Exchange Act	 for no subject has a right to sabotage the national economy. Coming to the first pointed find that the following words of Lord Blackman express my views as to how the construction of section 23A should be approached. He was dealing with a case where a single section of an Act of Parliament has been introduced into another Act. He said in The Mayor of Portsmouth vs Charles Smith (1): "When a single section of an Act of Parliament is introduced into another Act	 I think it must be read in the sense which it bore in the original Act from which it is taken	 and that consequently it is perfectly legitimate to refer to all the rest of that Act in order to ascertain what the section meant	 though those other sections are not incorporated in. the new Act. I do not mean that if there was in the original Act a section not incorporated	 which came by the way of a proviso or exception on that which. is incorporated	 that should be referred to. But all others	 including the interpretation clause	 if there be one	 may be referred to. " It seems to me that this is the correct way of looking at section 23A of the Exchange Act for another reason. The restrictions imposed by section 12(1) cannot be different for the purpose of the Exchange Act from that for the purposes of section 167(8) of the 	 for the breach of section 12(1) may also be punishable under the Exchange Act. In other words	 the same contravention may attract penalties under the as well as the Exchange Act	 and it would be incongruous to hold that the restrictions imposed by a section are different for different Acts. Then am I entitled to take into account the restrictions imposed by the Rules made under section 27 of the Exchange Act ? It seems to me that rules not deferrable to section 12(1) cannot be taken into account	 but any restrictions imposed by rules referrable to section 12(1) must be treated as restrictions imposed by section 12(1). Section 12(1) itself contemplates rules being made on three points. (1) 10 A.C. 364. 371 741 i.e. (1 ) the evidence which is to support the declaration	 (2) the authority to which the declaration is to be furnished; and (3) manner of payment. It was said that the words "by section 12(1)" exclude the restrictions made under the Rules. But though in some contexts and scheme of an Act this proposition may be true	 the general rule is as stated by Lord Alverstone. C.J.	 in Wellingdale vs Norris(1) as follows: "If it be said that a regulation is not a provision of an Act	 I am of opinion that Rex vs Walker(2) is an authority against that proposition. I should certainly have been prepared to hold apart from authority that	 where a statute enables an authority to make regulations a regulation made ' under the Act becomes for the purpose of obedience or disobedience a provision of the Act. The regulation is only the machinery by which Parliament has determined whether certain things shall be or shall not be done." These observations were approved by the House of Lords in Wicks vs Director of Public Prosecution(3) thus: "There is	 of 'course	 no doubt that	 when a statute like the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act	 1939	 enables an authority to make regulations	 a regulation which is validly made under the Act	 i.e.	 which is intra vires the regulation making authority	 should be regarded as though it were itself an enactment. As the Court of Criminal Appeal has pointed out in its judgment	 that was decided by the Divisional Court in Willingdale vs Norris(1)	 and it appears to me that decision is perfectly correct. Consequently	 the charge against the appellant here was in effect	 that he had committed crimes defined or contained in the Act of Parliament. " The Court of Criminal Appeals had stated in R.v. Wicks(4)	 as follows: "The first observation which the court would make is that they are in complete agreement with the decision of the Divisional Court in Willingdale vs Norris(1) that where a statute enables an authority to make regulations	 a regulation made under the Act becomes for the purpose of obedience or disobedience a provision of the Act. The regulation is only the machinery by which Parliament has determined whether certain things shall or shall not be done. It is	 therefore	 clear that the (1) 	64. (2) [1875] L.R. 10Q.B. 355. (3) 206. (4) 	 531. 742 regulations must be read as though they were contained in the Act itself. They derive their efficacy solely from the Act and accordingly expire with the Act	 but it may be that the legislature has provided that some restrictions or consequences shall remain effective notwithstanding the expiration of the Act." In a recent case	 Rathbone vs Bundock(1)	 the Divisional Court following these cases held that regulation 89 of the Motor Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations	 1955	 was for the purpose of obedience or disobedience a provision of the Road Traffic Acl	 1930. In Dr. Indramani Pyarelal Gupta vs W. R. Nathu and Others(2) this Court was concerned	 inter alia. with the interpretation of section 3(1 ) of the Forward Contract (Regulation) Act	 1952	 which used the words "such duties as may be assigned by or under this Act". Ayyangar	 J.	 speaking for the majority	 observed: "Learned Counsel is undoubtedly right in his submission that a power conferred by a bye law is not one conferred "by the Act" for in the context the expression "conferred by the Act" would mean "conferred expressly or by necessary implication by the Act itself . The words	 "under the Act" would	 in that context	 signify what is not directly to be found in the statute itself but is conferred or imposed by virtue of powers enabling this to be done; in other words	 by laws made by a subordinate law making authority which is empowered to do so by the parent Act. This distinction is thus between what is directly done by the enactment and what is done indirectly by rule making authorities which are vested with powers in that behalf by the Act. (vide Hubli Electricity Bombay Ltd vs Province of Bombay(2)	 and Narayanaswami Naidu vs Krishna Murthi(4)". The observations of Subba Rao. J.	 as he then was. at p. 775~ relied upon by the appellants are these: "I would	 therefore	 construe the words "by or under this Act	 or as may be prescribed" as follows: "by this Act" applies to powers assigned proprio vigore by the provisions of the Act; "under this Act" applies to an assignment made in exercise of an express power conferred under the provisions of the Act; and "may be prescribed" takes in an assignment made in exercise of (1) (2) ; 	737. (3) 67 I.A. 57. (4) I.L.R. 547. 743 a power conferred under a rule. This construction gives a natural meaning to the plain words used in the section and avoids stretching the language of a statutory provision to save an illegal bye law. " In my opinion that case does not assist me because the Court was construing the words "by or under the Act"	 and Ayyangar	 J.	 specifically discussed the meaning of "by the Act" in the context. Regarding the case of United States vs George R. Eaton	(1) relied on appellants ' behalf	 I find that the Supreme Court of the United States explained and distinguished that case in Singer vs United States ( 2 ) as follows: "United States vs Eaton(1) turned on its special facts	 as United States vs Grirnaud(3) emphasizes. It has not been construed to state a fixed principle that a regulation can never be a "law" for purposes of criminal prosecutions. It may or may not be	 depending on the structure of the particular statute. The Eaton case involved a statute which levied a tax on oleomargarine and regulated in detail oleomargarine manufacturers. Section 5 of the statute provided for the keeping of such books and records as the Secretary of the Treasury might require. But it provided no penalty for non compliance. Other sections	 however	 laid down other requirements for manufacturers and prescribed penaLties for violations. Section 20 gave the Secretary the power to. make all needful regulations" for enforcing the Act. A regulation was. promulgated under section 20 requiring wholesalers to keep a prescribed record. The prosecution was for non compliance with that regulation. Section 18 imposed criminal penalties for failure to do any of the things "required by law. " The Court held that the violation of the regulation promulgated under section 20 was not an offence. It reasoned that since Congress had prescribed penalties for certain acts but not for the failure to keep books the omission could not be supplied by regulation. And Congress had not added criminal sanctions to the. rules promulgated under section 20 of that Act. " I would in this connection prefer to apply the English decisions referred to above	 as section 12(1) itself does not impose any restrictions and contemplates certain things to be prescribed. (1) ; (2) ; 	 290. (3) 	 518	 519:55 L. Ed 563	 568:31 section Ct. 480. 744 Coming now to the construction of section 12(1)	 it seems to me that what it requires is a declaration of some actual figure which according to the declarant represents 'the full export value '. Otherwise there is no point in requiring support of such evidence as may be prescribed. Further it is clear that some actual figure has to be mentioned when the exporter declares that he has received the amount representing the full export value. I apprehend that the same applies in the case where the amount has not yet been received. The rules make this clear. Rule 5(2)(ii) which requires the invoice value stated in the declaration to be the full export value of goods	 is referrable to section 12(1) of the Exchange Act and may be taken to indicate that an actual figure has to be mentioned. It may be an estimate ' if the goods have not been sold before the export	 but a figure must be indicated. Coming to the crux of the problem	 does section 12(1) by itself require absolutely correct particulars ? It is said that section 12(1) does not require it for section 22 requires the exporter only to make a declaration "which he knows or has reasonable cause to be false or not true in any material particulars. " How could it be that if section 12(1) itself requires absolutely correct particulars	 section 22 limits the requirement ? It seems to me that there is force in this contention but only to a limited extent. Section 12(1) and the notification dated August 4	 1947	 made under it	 impose a conditional prohibition. The section confers a power on an exporter to lift the bar by a unilateral declaration. When such a power is conferred on an exporter by a statute	 good faith on his part must at least be implied and be a condition prerequisite. This construction is necessary in order to prevent abuse of the power given by the Act. (See Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes	 11th Edition	 p. 116). If the exporter makes a deliberately false declaration he contravenes section 12(1) because he has not made the statutory declaration in good faith. It is not necessary to say that the declaration becomes nullity because the breach of good faith	 a condition prerequisite	 is itself a contravention of the conditional prohibition or restriction	 within section 167(8) of the read with section 23A and section 12(1) of the Exchange Act. Clerical mistakes and mistakes made bona fide even in respect of material particulars are not within the mischief of section 12(1)	 but a deliberate falsehood and a deliberate evasion of the provisions of section 12(1) come within section 12(1). Otherwise the ambit of section 12(1)	 read with section 23A	 would be narrowed to the point of extinction. An exporter and persons concerned in the export could with impunity give a deliberately false declaration but in apparent compliance with section 12(1)	 and deprive this country of foreign exchange. I cannot give an interpretation which will make 745 a mockery of the section. But it is said that other sections of the Exchange Act will take care of such an exporter. He can be prosecuted under section 23(1A) read with section 22. He can be sentenced to imprisonment which may extend to two years. He can also be fined to an unlimited extent. The Foreign Exchange lost can be retrieved by a court acting 1 under section 23(B). This may be true that the exporter is liable as stated above. But what about persons concerned in the illegal export ? It is the persons concerned in the export which in most cases enables the exporter to successfully evade the provisions of the Exchange Act. These persons are taken care of only under the Customs Act. If they are covered by section 167(8)	 there is no reason to exclude the exporter himself. It is not unusual to make persons liable both to penalties under the and the Exchange Act. It is indeed conceded that if no declaration is given under section 12(1) and the goods are exported	 the exporter and the persons concerned in the export would be liable to be proceeded both under section 167(8) of the and the Exchange Control Act. I can draw no distinction between such an exporter and an exporter who gives a deliberately false declaration for the purpose of the applicability of section 167(8) of the . I am not impressed by the argument that the Foreign Exchange Act deals with the basic policy regarding foreign exchange and it was not the intention to punish offenders who violate foreign exchange restrictions under the . It is section 23A of the Exchange Act which itself deems the restrictions imposed under section 12(1) to have been imposed under section 19 of the . Not only that. The opening sentence of section 23A makes it clear that this is without prejudice to section 23 and to any other provisions in the Exchange Act. In other words	 the provisions of section 23 and other relevant sections are not affected or limited. They will have their full operation. The fact that the exporter may be proceeded under section 12(2) I may assume that this is so for the purpose of this case) for non payment of the full amount payable by the foreign buyer	 or that the Reserve Bank can in the eventualities mentioned in section 12(5) require the holding up of shipping documents or that the Reserve Bank by exercising powers under section 12(6) secure contracts and other evidence to discover the full amount payable do not throw any light on the construction of section 23A and section 12(1) except that the Legislature is anxious that the "full export value" shall be received in this country. Section 23A read with section 12(1) calls in the aid of Customs authorities to achieve the same object. but ropes in alongwith the exporter the persons concerned in the prohibited export. 746 I am not able to appreciate how the existence of section 167(37)	 section 167(72) and section 167(81) is of any assistance for the purpose of interpreting section 23A and section 12(1) of the Exchange Act. It may be I do not decide it that an exporter	 like the respondents	 will also be liable to be proceeded against under these items of section 167. Taking the facts as alleged by the Customs authorities to be true	 as they must be taken to be true for the purpose of this application under article 226	 it seems to me that no case for the issue of a writ of prohibition has been made out. In the result the judgment of the Appeal Court is reversed and that of the learned Single Judge restored. The appellants will have costs incurred in this Court. One hearing fee. Hegde	 J. We had the advantage of studying the judgment just now delivered by our brother Sikri 3. but we regret that we are unable to agree with the conclusions reached by him. After carefully analysing the arguments advanced before us we have come to the conclusion that no grounds were made out to interfere with the order of the Appellate Bench of the Madras High Court. We shall now proceed to give our reasons in support of our conclusion. The respondents in these appeals are exporters of manganese ore. It is said that they had exported large quantities of manganese ore after ostensibly complying with the formalities of law but in reality they had under invoiced the various consignments sent by them and further that they had failed to repatriate foreign exchange of the value of about three chores of rupees obtained by them as the price of the manganese ore exported. It is said that by so doing they had contravened section 12(1) of the Foreign Exchange ReguLation Act	 1947 (to be hereinafter referred to as the Act) read with section 23(A) of that Act and sections 19 and 167(8) of the . The case for the appellants is that dying the search of the houses of some of the respondents on suspicion that they had hoarded gold	 certain documents from the house of some of the respondents were seized and those documents disclosed the facts set out above. On the basis of the said information the Deputy Collector of Customs	 Visakhapatnam issued several notices to the respondents requiring them to show cause why no action should not be taken against them under the aforementioned provisions. On receipt of those notices the respondents moved the High Court of Madras under article 226 of the Constitution praying that court may be pleased to quash the show cause notices in question and prohibit the appellants from taking any further 	action on the basis of those notices. Those petitions were dismissed by Kailasam J. on September 1. 1966 747 but his orders were reversed by the Appellate Bench of that Court by its Judgment dated September 12	 1967. The Appellate Bench granted the reliefs prayed for by the respondents. It is as against that decision these appeals have been brought after obtaining the necessary certificates from the High Court. The only question that arises for decision in these appeals is whether on the facts set out in the show cause notices	 which facts have to be assumed to be correct for the purpose of these proceedings	 the respondents can be held to have contravened section 12(1) which reads: "The Central Government may	 by notification in the Official Gazette	 prohibit the taking or sending out by land. sea or air (hereinafter in this section referred to as export) of any goods or class of goods specified in the notification from India directly or indirectly to any place so specified unless a declaration supported by such evidence as may be prescribed or specified	 is furnished by the exporter to the prescribed authority that the amount representing the full export value of the goods has been	 or will within the prescribed period be	 paid in the prescribed manner. " On August 4	 1947	 the Central Government issued a notification prohibiting the export of all goods to any place outside India unless a declaration supported by such evidence as may be prescribed is furnished by the exporter to the prescribed authority that the amount representing the full export value of the goods has been or will within the prescribed period be	 paid in the prescribed manner. Rule 3 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Rules 1952 framed under section 27 of the Act provides that a declaration under section 12 of the Act shall be in one of the forms set out in the First Schedule as the Reserve Bank may by notification in the Official Gazette specify as appropriate to the requirements of a case. The form that is relevant for our present purpose is G.R.I. Rule 5 empowers the Reserve Bank	 the Collector of Customs or the postal authorities	 to require the exporter to furnish such evidence in support of the declaration as may satisfy them that the exporter is a person resident in India or has a place of business in India. These authorities may also require the exporter to produce in support of the declaration such evidence as may be in his possession or power to satisfy them (1) that the destination stated on the declaration is the final place of destination of the goods exported; (ii) that the invoice value stated in the declaration is the full export value of the goods	 and (iii) that the ' amount representing the full export value of the goods has been or will be paid to the exporter. Form G.R. 1 stipulates that the exporter should furnish the information called for therein. 748 Therein the exporter is also required to make the following declaration. "I hereby declare that I am the seller/consignor of the goods in respect of which this declaration is made and that the particulars given above are true and (a) that the invoice value declared is the full export value of the goods and is the same as that contracted with the buyer; (b) that this is a fair valuation of the goods which are unsold. 1/My principals undertake that 1/they will deliver to the bank mentioned below the foreign exchange/rupee proceeds resulting from the export of these goods or before . . " It is not denied that the respondents before exporting the goods in question had furnished declaration in the prescribed forms. Therein they had declared that the full export value of the goods has been or will within the prescribed period be paid in the prescribed manner. It is also not denied that they had furnished to the appropriate authorities the prescribed evidence. The case against them as mentioned earlier	 is that they had under invoiced the goods and failed to repatriate a portion of the foreign exchange earned by them. It is also alleged that they gave incorrect information in their declarations. If these allegations are correct which we have to assume to be correct for the purpose of this case	 then it is obvious that the declarations given by the respondents do not comply with the requirements of rule 5. Section 22 of the Act provides that no person when making an application or declaration to any authority or person for any purpose under the Act shall give any information or make any statement which he knows or has reasonable cause to believe to be false or not true	 in any material particular. Section 23 prescribes that if any person contravenes the provisions of section 12 or of any rule	 direction or order made thereunder he shall (a) be liable to such penalty not exceeding three times the value of the foreign exchange in respect of which the contravention has taken place	 or five thousand rupees	 whichever is more	 as may be adjudged by the Director of Enforcement in the manner provided in the Act or (b) upon conviction by a court	 be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years	 or with fine	 or with both. In view of these provisions it was not disputed before us that if the information given by the respondents in the aforementioned declarations was false to the knowledge of those who made those declarations or if they had reasonable cause to believe that it was false or not true in any 749 material particular then they are liable to be dealt with under section 23. Sub section (2) of section 12 provides that: "where any export of goods has been made to which a notification under sub section (1) applies	 no person entitled to sell	 or procure the sale of the said goods shall	 except with the permission of the Reserve Bank	 do or refrain from doing anything or take or refrain from taking any action which_ has the effect of securing that: (b) payment for the goods is made otherwise than in the prescribed manner or does not represent the full amount payable by the foreign buyer in respect of the goods	 subject to such deductions	 if any	 as may be allowed by the Reserve Bank	 or is delayed to such extent as aforesaid . " The contravention of the above provisions is punishable under section 23. Hence the respondents failure to repatriate any part of the foreign exchange earned by them by the sale of the manganese ore exported can be penalised by imposing on them a penalty not exceeding three times the value of the foreign exchange in respect of which the contravention had taken place or Rs. 5	000/ whichever is more as may be adjudged by the Director of Enforcement in the manner provided in the Act. Hence it is open to the Director of Enforcement to levy on such of the respondents as have contravened section 12(2) panelist not exceeding three times the value of the foreign exchange not repatriated which in the present case can be about nine crores of rupees. They may also be punished under section 23(1)(b). This position is conceded by the Counsel appearing for the appellants. But it is urged on behalf of the appellants that for the offences committed by the respondents they are not only liable to be punished under section 23 but also under section 23(A). The Appellate Bench of the Madras High Court negatived that contention. Section 23(A) as it stood at the relevant time provided that: "without prejudice to the provisions of section 23 or any other provision contained in this Act	 the restrictions imposed by . . sub section (1) of section 12 shall be deemed to have been imposed Under section 19 of the and all provisions of that Act shall have effect accordingly	 except that section 183 thereof shall have effect as if for the word 'shall ' therein the word may were substituted." the allegations mentioned in the show cause notices come with the scope of section 23(A) then it necessarily follows that they will Sup. CI/69 15 750 be governed by the provisions of section 19 and section 167(8) of the . Section 19 of the Sea Customs. Act provides: "that the Central Government may from time to time by notification in the official gazette prohibit or restrict the bringing or taking by sea or by land goods of any specified description into or out of India across any customs frontiers as defined by the Central Government." This section is similar to section 12(1) of the Act. Section 167(8) provides for punishments for offences under that Act. That section to the extent material for our present purpose reads: "The offences mentioned in the first column of the following schedule shall be punishable to the extent mentioned in the third column of the same with reference to such offences respectively Offences Sections of Penalties this Act to which offen ce has refe rence 8. If any goods	 the importation 18 and Such goods shall be liable or exportation of which is for 19 to confiscation; and the time being prohibited or restricted by or under Chapter any person concerned in any IV of this Act	 be imported into such offence shall be liable or exported from India contrary to a penalty not exceeding to such prohibition or restriction; three times the value of the or goods	 or not exceeding one thousand rupees. if any attempt be made so to import or export any such goods; or if any such goods be found in any package produced to any officer of Customs as containing no such goods; or if any such goods	 or any dutiable goods	 be found either before or after land or shipment to have been concealed in any manner on board of any vessel within the limits of any port in India; or if any goods	 the exportation of which is prohibited or restricted as aforesaid	 be brought to any wharf in order to be put on board of any vessel for exportation contrary to such prohibition or restriction. If an offence falls under section 23A the fact that the said offence is also punishable under section 23 is immaterial. The provisions of 751 section 23(A) are without prejudice to the provisions of section 23. The mere fact that the offences alleged against the respondents are punishable under section 23 would not exclude the application of section 23(A). Therefore all that we have to see is whether those offences fall within the ambit of section 23(A). If they do then the impugned show cause notices must be held to be valid. If they do not	 then no proceedings can be taken on the basis of those notices. Before a case can be held to fall within the scope of section 23(A) it must be shown that there has been a contravention of the restrictions imposed by section 12(1). Therefore we have to find out what those restrictions are ? The only restriction placed by section 12(1) read with the Central Government Notification dated August 4	 1947	 is that no one should export any goods from this country without furnish the declaration mentioned in section 12(1). Admittedly the stipulated declarations in the prescribed forms have been furnished. The evidence specified have also been given. Therefore prima facie there was no contravention of section 12(1). What is said against the respondents is that the invoice price mentioned by them in the declarations did not represent the full export value; hence the declarations given by them are invalid declarations which means that the concerned goods were exported without furnishing the declarations required by section 12(1). It is not possible to accept this argument. The declarations given to satisfy the requirements of section 12(1) though they do not correctly furnish all the information asked for in the form. Such declarations cannot be considered as non est. The information called for in the prescribed form cannot be considered as restrictions imposed by section 12(1). They are merely informations called for the proper exercise of the powers under the Act. Many of them do not relate to the restrictions imposed by section 12(1). Neither section 12(1) nor any other provision in the Act empower the rule making authority to add to the restrictions imposed by section 12(1). For finding out the restrictions imposed by section 12(1)we have only to look to that section. The requirement of that section is satisfied if the stipulated declaration supported by the evidence prescribed or specified is furnished. The contravention complained of in this case is really the contravention of section 12(2) and Rule 5. The former is punishable under section 23 and the latter under section 23 read with section 22. The declaration required by section 12(1) is only to the effect that the amount representing the full export value of the goods has been or will within the prescribed period be	 paid in the prescribed manner. This is as it should be because this section governs both the goods sold to the foreign buyers as well as to those sent on consignment basis. So far as the ' goods sold to 752 the foreign buy are concerned it is generally possible for the exporter to know the exact export value but that would not be the position when the goods are sent on consignment basis. In the case of goods sent on consignment basis	 the exporter can give only an estimated value. The main purpose of section 12(1) is to get a declaration from the exporter that he has either brought or will bring back the amount representing the full export value of the goods exported. There are other provisions in the Act to deal with other situations. We shall presently refer to them. If we are to hold that every declaration which does not state accurately the full export value of the goods exported is a contravention of the restrictions imposed by section 12(1) then all exports on consignment basis must be held to contravene the restrictions imposed by section 12(1). Admittedly section 12(1) governs every type of export. Again it is hard to believe that the legislature intended that any minor mistake in giving the full export value should be penalised in the magnet provided in section 23(A). The wording of section 12(1) does not support such a conclusion. Such a conclusion does not accord with the purpose of section 12(1). It is true that the regulations contained in the Act are enacted in the economic and financial interest of this country. The contravention of those regulations which we were told are widespread are affecting vital economic interest of this country. Therefore the rigorous and sanctity of those regulations should be maintained but at the same time it should not be forgotten that section 12(1) is a penal section. The true rule of construction of a section like section 12(1) is	 if we may say so with respect	 as mentioned by Plowman J. in Re H.P.C. Productions Ltd.(1) Therein the learned Judge observed: "I approach the question of the construction of the Exchange Control Act in the light of the principles stated by Upjohn J. in London and Country Commercial Properties Investment vs Attorney General(2) to which Mr. Bagnall referred. In that case the court was concerned with the construction of the Borrowing (Control and Guarantees) Act	 1946 and the Control of Borrowing Order 1947. Upjohn J. said: "The first question I have to consider is what are the principles of construction which I must adopt in construing this Act and this order . I have to bear in mind that this is a penal statute. It indeed	 I suppose	 represents the high water mark of the Parliamentary invasion of the traditional rights of the subjects of this realm. " Then he went on (1) [1962] Ch. Dn. 466 at 473 (2) & 753 to explain why that was so and continued: "in those circumstances what are the canons of construction to be adopted ? I do not propose to refer to the authorities at length. I think that the proper approach to the construction of such a statute as this is that I must construe it as I would any other instrument	 that is to say	 I must look at all the surrounding circumstances	 I must look at the mischief intended to be remedied	 I must above all give effect to the words that have been used in the section. That is plain from the decision in Dyke vs Elliot(1) see	 in particular	 the judgment of James L.J. but if on construing the relevant sections of the Act and the order there appears any reasonable doubt or ambiguity	 then being a penal statute I must apply the principles laid down succinctly by Lord Esher in Tuck and sons vs Prester. ( 2 ) In London and North Eastern Rly. Co. vs Berriman	(3) Lord Macmillan observed: "Where penalties for infringement are imposed it is not legitimate to stretch the language of a rule	 however beneficent its intention	 beyond the fair and ordinary meaning of its language." This Court in Tolaram Relumal and anr. vs State of Bombay(4) speaking through Mahajan C.J. observed: "It is not competent to the Court to stretch the meaning of an expression used by the Legislature in order to carry out the intention of the Legislature." Hereinbefore we have examined the language of section 12(1) and its purpose. We have also referred to the provisions which provide for the punishment of the contravention complained of in these cases. Those provisions are adequate to meet the situation. In our opinion the language of section 12(1) does not permit the acceptance of the interpretation placed on it by the appellants nor are we able to come to the conclusion that the legislature intended that the offences complained of in these proceedings should be made punishable under section 23(A). If the interpretation sought to be placed by the appellants on section 12(1) is accepted it may result in unnecessary hardship in numerous cases. There are two facets in every export	 one relating to the goods exported and the other relating to the foreign exchange earned as a result of the export. Broadly speaking the former aspect is dealt with by the customs authorities and the latter either by the (1) [1872] 	 191. (2) (3) at 295. (4) ; at p. 164. 754 Reserve Bank or by the Director of Enforcement. The price of the goods exported has to be mentioned in the invoice. But the Reserve Bank has power to examine whether the price mentioned in the invoice is correct. Section 12(5) provides that where in relation to any goods exported the value as stated in the invoice is less than the amount which in the opinion of the Reserve Bank represents the full export value of those goods	 the Reserve Bank may issue an order requiring the person holding the shipping documents to retain possession thereof until such time as the exporter of the goods has made arrangements for the Reserve Bank or a person authorised by the Reserve Bank to receive on behalf of the exporter payment in the prescribed manner of an amount which represents in the opinion of the Reserve Bank the full export value of the goods. Sub Section (6) of section 12 says that for the purpose of ensuring compliance with the provisions of that section and any orders or directions made thereunder	 the Reserve Bank may require any person making any 	export of goods to which a notification under sub section (1) applies to exhibit contracts with his foreign buyer or other evidence to show that the full amount payable by the said buyer in respect of the goods has been or will within the prescribed period be paid in the prescribed manner. These provisions go to indicate that so far as the value of the goods exported is concerned the matter is left primarily in the hands of the Reserve Bank	 and the Customs authorities are not burdened with that work. This aspect becomes relevant in ascertaining the true scope of section 12(1). If we bear in mind the scheme of the Act	 it is clear that so far as the Customs authorities are concerned all that they have to see is that no goods are exported without furnishing the declaration prescribed under section 12(1). Once that stage is passed the rest of the matter is left in the hands of the Reserve Bank and the Director of Enforcement. In view of our above conclusion it is unnecessary for us to examine the other contention advanced on behalf of the parties. In the result these appeals fail and they are dismissed with costs. One hearing fee. ORDER In accordance with the opinion of the majority	 these appeals are dismissed with costs. One hearing fee.

By a notification dated August 4. 1947 issued under section 12(1) of the ' Foreign Exchange Regulation. Act	 1947 and the	 Foreign Exchange Regulation Rules	 1952	 and amended thereunder	 the Central Government prohibited the export to countries mentioned in its Schedule. of goods	 except by post. unless a declaration supported by such evidence as may be prescribed is furnished by the exporter to the prescribed authority that the amount representing the full export value of the goods has been paid or would be paid within the prescribed period. In 1957	 the respondents shipped goods after furnishing to the prescribed authority	 namely	 the Collector of Customs a declaration in the statutory form prescribed under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Rules	 and the Collector of Customs passed the	 goods for shipment. In 1965	 the Dy. Collector of Customs issued a notice to the respondents calling upon them to show cause why a penalty under section 167(8) of the 	 should not be imposed	 on the basis that the respondents under valued the goods deliberately	 that they gave in the prescribed form false particulars supported by false evidence	 that there was a failure to repatriate large amounts of foreign exchange contrary to the requirements of section 12(2) and r. 5	 that section 12(1) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act and Rules required a declaration of the actual amount representing the full export value and a mere declaration of any value would not be sufficient compliance with the provisions	 that under the circumstances by virtue of section 23 A of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act	 the exportation constituted an offence. under section 167(8) of the . the respondents thereupon. filed a writ petition contending that the declaration to the Collector of Customs was sufficient compliance with the statutory provisions and that the Collector having passed the consignments for shipment	 had no further jurisdiction to take proceedings against them. A single Judge of the High Court dismissed the petitions	 but on appeal	 the Divisional Bench allowed the petitions. In 'appeal to this Court. HELD: Per Bachawat and Hegde	 JJ. On the facts set out in the show cause notice the respondents could not be held to have contravened section 12(1). (1) The regulations contained in the Act are enacted in the economic and financial interest of the country. Therefore	 the rigour and sanctity of the regulations should be maintained but at the same time it should not be forgotten that section 12(1) is a penal section	 and in interpreting it. it is not competent to the Court to stretch its language in order to carry out the intention of the ' Legislature. [752 E] 728 Tolaram Rehumal vs State of Bombay ; 	 164	 followed; Re. H.P.C. Production Ltd. [1962] Ch. Dn. 466	 473	 	red London & North Eastern Ry. Co. vs Beriman	 	 295	 applied. (2) Neither section 12(1) nor any other provision of the Act empowers the rule making authority to add to the restrictions imposed by the section	 and for finding out the restrictions imposed by the section one can only look at that section. The only restriction placed by section 12(1) read with the notification dated August 4	 1947 is that no one should export any goods from this country without furnishing the declaration mentioned in s.12(1). The items of information called for in the prescribed form cannot be considered as restrictions imposed by section 12(1). They are merely information called for the proper exercise of the powers under the Act. In fact many of them do not relate to the restrictions imposed if the section. [751 C F] (3) So far as goods sold to the foreign buyer are concerned it is possible for the exporter to know the	 exact export value	 but that would not be the position when the goods are sent on consignment basis	 and	 in such a case the: exporter can give only an estimated value. If every declaration which does not state accurately the full export value of the goods exported is held to be	 a contravention of section 12(1) then all exports on consignment basis must be held to contravene the restriction imposed by section 12(1)	 but	 the Legislature could not have intended that minor mistakes in giving the full export value should be punished under section 23A. Therefore	 the declarations given in the present case do satisfy the requirements of section 12(1) though they did not correctly furnish all the information asked for in the form	 and hence	 there was no contravention of the section. [751 H 752 D] (4) The main purpose of section 12(1) is to get a declaration from the exporter that he has either brought or will bring back the amount representing the full export value of the goods. The scheme of the Act is that so far as customs authorities are concerned all that they have to see is that no goods are exported without furnishing the declaration prescribed under section 12(1). Once that stage is passed the rest of the matter is left in the hands of the Reserve Bank and the Director of Enforcement under sections 12(5) and (6). [752 B	 754 F] (5) Before a case can be held to fall within the scope of sections 23A and 167(8) of the 	 could be invoked	 it must be shown that there has been a contravention of the restrictions imposed by section 12(1); but the language of section 12(1) does not permit the interpretation that the Legislature intended that the offences complained in these proceedings should be punishable under section 23A. The contravention complained of in this case are really contraventions of section 12(2) and r. 5 and they are punishable	 the former	 under section 23 and the latter. under sections 22 and 23. [751 B C	 G] Per Sikri	 J. dissenting. On the facts alleged by the Customs authorities no case for the issue of a writ to the authorities had been made out. (1) The Act was enacted in the interests of national economy. Since a deliberate large. scale contravention of its provisions would have serious effects	 it should be construed so as to make it workable. No subject can insist on an interpretation which will have the effect of sabotaging the national economy. [739 H 740 A] 729 (2) As section 12(1) itself does not impose any restrictions and contemplates rules being made on: (a) evidence which is to support declaration; (b) authority to which the declaration is to be furnished; and (c) the manner of payment; the restrictions imposed by rules which are deferrable to the section must be treated as restrictions imposed by the section. [740 H] Wellingdale vs Norris [1909] 1 K.B. '57	 64	 Wicks vs Director of Public Prosecution	 [1947] 1 All E.R. 205	 206	 R. vs Wicks	 	 53t and Rathbone vs Bumlock	 	 applied. Dr. Indramani Payarelal Gupta vs W.R. Nathu	 ; 	 737	 distinguished. U.S.v. George R. Eaton; 	 and Singer vs U.S. 89 L.Ed.258	 290. referred to. (3) Even in a case where the amount has not been received	 there must be declaration of some actual figure	 which	 according to the declaration represents the 'full export value ' It may be an estimate if the goods have not been sold before the export	 but a figure must be indicated. The requirement of supporting evidence and r. 5(2)(ii) requiring the statement of the invoice value in the declaration indicate that an actual figure has to be mentioned. SeCtion 12(1) and the notification impose a conditional prohibition an on exporter which he can lift by a unilateral declaration. When such a power is conferred on an exporter by a statute good faith	 on his part must be implied and is a condition prerequisite. Section 22 provides that the declare shall not give any information which he knows or has reasonable cause to believe to be false or not true Clerical mistakes and mistakes made bona fide even in respect of material particulars would not come within the mischief of the section. but a deliberate falsehood and deliberate evasion of the provisions of the section would be a contravention of section 12(1) for otherwise the ambit of the section read with section 23A would be narrowed to the point of extinction. An exporter and persons concerned in the export	 could with impunity give a deliberately false declaration but in apparent compliance with section 12(1) and deprive this country of foreign exchange. There is no distinction	 between an exporter and the persons concerned in the export when no declaration under section 12(1) is given at all and in a case where the exporter gives a deliberately false declaration for the purpose of the applicability of section 167(8) of the . [1744 D 745 D] (4) Since the same contravention may attract penalties under the as well as the Foreign Exchange Act it will be incongruous to hold that the restrictions imposed by section 12(1) are different for the two acts. [740 F G] The Mayor of Portsmouth vs Charles Smith	 10 A.C. 364	 371	 applied. (5) Section 23A of the Foreign Exchange	 Act deems the restrictions imposed under section 12(1) to have been imposed under s	 19 of the 	 without prejudice to the provisions in section 23 dealing with penalty and procedure for contravention of the provisions of section 12 or any rule or direction or order made thereunder of Foreign Exchange Act and therefore	 offenders who violate those restrictions could be proceed with both under the Foreign	 Exchange Regulation Act as well as the . It may be that action can be taken against an exporter under other sections of the Foreign Exchange ReguLation Act 730 or the 	 but that does not prevent action under section 23A read with section 12(1) with the aid of customs authorities	 both against exporters and persons concerned in the prohibited export. [745 E H]