Summarize the following court judgment. ons Nos. 66 and 67 of 1956	 8 of 1960	 77 of 1957	 15 of 1957 and 5 of 1958. Writ Petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution of India for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Naunit Lal	 for the petitioner in W. Ps. Nos. 66 and 67 of 1956. C. P. Lal	 for respondent No. 1 in W. Ps. Nos. 66 and 67 of 1956. Bhawani Lal and P. C. Agarwal	 for respondents Nos. 3a and 4 in W. Ps. Nos. 66 and 67 of 1956. C. B. Agarwala and K. P. Gupta	 for the petitioner in W. P. No. 8 of 1960. Veda Vayasa and C. P. Lal	 for respondent in W. P. No. 8 of 1960. Pritam Singh Safeer	 for the petitioner in W. P. No. 77 of 1957. section M. Sikri	 Advocate General	 Punjab	 N. section Bindra and D. Gupta	 for respondent No. 1 in W. P. No. 77 of 1957. Govind Saran Singh	 for respondent. No. 2 in W. P. No. 77 of 1957. A. N. Sinha and Raghunath	 for petitioner in W. P. No. 15 of 1957. C. K. Daphtary	 Solicitor General for India	 N. S Bindra and R. H. Dhebar	 for respondent in W.P. No 15 of 1957. 577 B. R. L. lyengar	 for the petitioner in W. P. No. 5 of 1958. C. K. Daphtary	 Solicitor General for India	 R. Gana Dar pathy Iyer and R. H. Dhebar	 for the respondent in W. P. No. 5 of 1958. March 27. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by GAJENDRAGADKAR	 J. These six writ petitions filed Gaje	 under article 32 of the Constitution have been placed before the Court for final disposal in a group because though they arise between separate parties and are unconnected with each other a common question of law arises in all of them. The opponents in all these petitions have raised a preliminary objection against the maintainability of the writ petitions on the ground that in each case the petitioners had moved the High Court for a similar writ under article 226 and the High Court has rejected the said petitions. The argument is that the dismissal of a writ petition filed by a party for obtaining an appropriate writ creates a bar of res judicata against a similar petition filed in this Court under article 32 on the same or similar facts and praying for the same or similar writ. The question as to whether such a bar of res judicata can be pleaded against a petition filed in this Court under article 32 has been adverted to in some of the reported decisions of this Court but it has not so far been fully considered or finally decided; and that is the preliminary question for the decision of which the six writ petitions have been placed together for disposal in a group. In dealing with this group we will set out the facts which give rise to Writ Petition No. 66 of 1956 and decide the general point raised for our decision. Our decision in this writ petition will govern the other writ petitions as well. Petition No. 66 of 1956 alleges that for the last fifty years the petitioners and their ancestors have been the tenants of the land described in Annexure A attached to the petition and that respondents 3 to 5 are the proprietors of the said land. Owing to communal 73 578 disturbances in the Western District of Uttar Pradesh in 1947	 the petitioners had to leave their village in July	 1947; later in November	 1947	 they returned but they found that during their temporary absence respondents 3 to 5 had entered in unlawful possession of the said land. Since the said respondents refused to deliver possession of the land to the petitioners the petitioners had to file suits for ejectment under section 180 of the U. P. Tenancy Act	 1939. These suits were filed in June	 1948. In the trial court the petitioners succeeded and a decree was passed in their favour. The said decree. was confirmed in appeal which was taken by respondents 3 to 5 before the learned Additional Commissioner. In pursuance of the appellate decree the petitioners obtained possession of the land through Court. Respondents 3 to 5 then preferred a second appeal before the Board of Revenue under section 267 of the U. P. Tenancy Act	 1939. On March 29	 1954	 the Board allowed the appeal preferred by respondents 3 to 5 and dismissed the petitioner 's suit with respect to the land described in Annexure A	 whereas the said respondents ' appeal with regard to other lands were dismissed. The decision of the Board was based on the ground that by virtue of the U. P. Zamindary Abolition and Land Reforms (Amendment) Act XVI of 1953 respondents 3 to 5 had become entitled to the possession of the land. Aggrieved by this decision the petitioners moved the High Court at Allahabad under article 226 of the Constitution for the issue of a writ of certiorari to quash the said judgment. Before the said petition was filed a Full Bench of the Allahabad High Court had already interpreted section 20 of the U. P. Land Reforms Act as amended by Act XVI of 1953. The effect of the said decision was plainly against the petitioners ' contentions	 and so the learned advocate who appeared for the petitioners had no alternative but not to press the petition before the High Court. In consequence the said petition was dismissed on March 29	 1955. It appears that section 20 has again been amended by section 4 of Act XX of 1954. It is under these 579 circumstances that the petitioners have filed the present petition under article 32 on March 14	 1956. It is plain that at the time when the present petition has been filed the period of limitation prescribed for an appeal under article 136 against the dismissal of the petitioners ' petition before the Allahabad High Court had already expired. It is also clear that the grounds of attack against the decision of the Board which the petitioners seek to raise by their present petition are exactly the same as the grounds which they had raised before the Allahabad High Court; and so it is urged by the respondents that the present petition is barred by res judicata. Mr. Agarwala who addressed the principal arguments on behalf of the petitioners in this group contends that the 'principle of res judicata which is no more than a technical rule similar to the rule of estoppel cannot be pleaded against a petition which seeks to enforce the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. He argues that the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of the fundamental rights which is guaranteed by article 32(1) is itself a fundamental right and it would be singularly inappropriate to whittle down the said fundamental right by putting it in the straight jacket of the technical rule of res judicata. On the other hand it is urged by the learned Advocate General of Punjab	 who led the respondents	 that article 32(1) does not guarantee to every citizen the right to make a petition under the said article but it merely gives him the right to move this Court by appropriate proceedings	 and he contends that the appropriate proceedings in cases like the present would be proceedings by way of an application for special leave under article 136 or by way of appeal under the appropriate article of the Con stitution. It is also suggested that the right to move which is guaranteed by article 32(1) does not impose on this Court an obligation to grant the relief	 because as in the case of article 226 so in the case of article 32 also the granting of leave is discretionary. In support of the argument that it is in the discretion of this Court to grant an appropriate relief or refuse to do so reliance has been placed on the observations 580 made in two reported decisions of this Court. In Laxmanappa Hanumantappa Jamkhandi vs The Union of India & Another (1)	 this Court held that as there is a special provision in article 265 of the Constitution that no tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law	 cl. 1 of article 31 must be regarded as concerned with deprivation of property otherwise than by imposition or collection of tax and as the right conferred by article 265 is not a fundamental right con ferred by Part III of the Constitution	 it cannot be enforced under article 32. In other words	 the decision was that the petition filed before this Court under article 32 was not maintainable; but Mahajan	 C.J. 	 Who spoke for the Court	 proceeded to observer that "even otherwise in 'the peculiar circumstances that have arisen it would not be just and proper to direct the issue of any of the writs the issue of which is discretionary with this Court". The learned Chief Justice has also added that when this position was put to Mr. Sen he fairly and rightly conceded that it was not possible for him to combat this position. 'To the same effect are the observations made by the same learned Chief Justice in Dewan Bahadur Seth Gopal Das Mohta vs The Union of India & Another (2). It will	 however	 be noticed that the observations made in both the cases are obiter	 and	 with respect	 it would be difficult to treat them as a decision on the question that the issue of an appropriate writ tinder article 32 is a matter of discretion	 and that even if the petitioner proves his fundamental rights and their unconstitutional infringement this Court nevertheless can refused. to issue an appropriate writ in his favour Besides	 the subsequent decision of this Court in Basheshar Nath vs The Commissioner of Income tax	 Delhi and	 Rajasthan (3) tender to show that if a petitioner makes out a case of illegal contravention of his fundamental rights he may be entitled to claim an appropriate relief and a plea of waiver cannot be raised against his claim. It is true that the question of res judicata did not fall to be considered in that case but the tenor of all the judgments	 which no doubt disclose a (1) 	 772	 773 (2) ; 	 776. (3) [1959] SUPP. 1 S.C.R. 528 581 difference in approach	 seems to emphasise the basic importance of the fundamental rights guaranteed by	 the Constitution and the effect of the decision appears to be that the citizens are ordinarily entitled to appropriate relief under article 32 once it is shown that their fundamental rights have been illegally or unconstitutionally violated. Therefore	 we are not impressed by the argument that we should deal with the question of the applicability of the rule of res judicata to a petition under article 32 on the basis that like article 226 article 32 itself gives merely a discretionary power to the Court to grant an appropriate relief. The argument that article 32 does not confer upon a citizen the right to move this Court by an original petition but merely gives him the right to move this Court by an appropriate proceeding according to the nature of the case seems to us to be unsound. It is urged that in a case where the petitioner has moved the High Court by a writ petition under article 226 all that he is entitled to do under article 32(1) is to move this Court by an application for special leave under article 136; that	 it is contended	 is the effect of the expression "appropriate proceedings" used in article 32(1). In our opinion	 on a fair construction of article 32(1) the expression "appropriate proceedings" has reference	 to proceedings which may be appropriate having regard to the nature of the order	 direction or writ which the petitioner seeks to obtain from this Court. The appropriateness of the proceedings would depend upon the particular writ or order which he claims and it is in that sense that the right has been conferred on the citizen to move this Court by appropriate proceedings. That is why we must proceed to deal with the question of res judicata on the basis that a fundamental right has been guaranteed to the citizen to move this Court by an original petition wherever his grievance is that his fundamental rights have been illegally contravened. There can be no doubt that the fundamental right guaranteed by article 32(1) is a very important safeguard for the protection of the fundamental rights of the citizen	 and as a result of the said guarantee this 582 Court has been entrusted with the solemn task of upholding the fundamental rights of the citizens of this country. The fundamental rights are intended not only to protect individual 's rights but they are based on high public policy. Liberty of the individual and the protection of his fundamental rights are the very essence of the democratic way of life adopted by the Constitution	 and it is the privilege and the duty of this Court to uphold those rights. This Court would naturally refuse to circumscribe them or to curtail them except as provided by the Constitution itself. It is because of this aspect of the matter that in Romesh Thappar vs The State of Madras (1)	 in the very first year after the Constitution came into force	 this Court rejected a preliminary objection raised against the competence of a petition filed under article 32 on the ground that as a matter of orderly procedure the petitioner should first have resorted to the High Court under article 226	 and observed that "this Court in thus constituted the protector and guarantor of the fundamental rights	 and it cannot	 consistently with the responsibility so laid upon it	 refuse to entertain applications seeking protection against infringements of Ruch rights". Thus the right given to the citizen to move this Court by a petition under article 32 and claim an appropriate writ against the unconstitutional infringement of his fundamental rights itself is a matter of fundamental right	 and in dealing with the objection based on the application of the rule of res judicata this aspect of the matter had no doubt to be borne in mind. But	 is the rule of res judicata merely a technical rule or is it based on high public policy? If the rule of res judicata itself embodies a principle of public policy which in turn is an essential part of the rule of law then the objection that the rule cannot be invoked where fundamental rights are in question may lose much of its validity. Now	 the rule of res judicata as indicated in section 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure has no doubt	 some technical aspects	 for instance the rule of constructive res judicata may be said to be technical; but the basis on which the said rule rests is (1) ; 583 founded on considerations of public policy. It is in the interest of the public at large that a finality should attach to the binding decisions pronounced by Courts ' of competent jurisdiction	 and it is also in the public interest that individuals should not be vexed twice over with the same kind of litigation. If these two principles form the foundation of the general rule of res judicata they cannot be treated as irrelevant or inadmissible even in dealing with fundamental rights in petitions filed under article 32. In considering the essential elements of res judicata one inevitably harks back to the judgment of Sir William de Grey	 (afterwards Lord Walsingham) in the leading Duchess of King8ton 's case (1). Said Sir William de Grey	 (afterwards Lord Walsingham) "from the variety of cases relative to judgments being given in evidence in civil suits	 these two deductions seem to follow as generally true: First	 that the judgment of a court of concurrent jurisdiction	 directly upon the point	 is as a plea	 a bar	 or as evidence	 conclusive between the same parties	 upon the same matter	 directly in question in another court; Secondly	 that the judgment of a court of exclusive jurisdiction	 directly upon the point	 is in like manner conclusive upon the same matter	 between the same parties	 coming incidentally in question in another court for a different purpose". As has been observed by Halsbury	 "the doctrine of res judicata is not a technical doctrine applicable only to records; it is a fundamental doctrine of all courts that there must be an end of litigation" (2 ). Halsbury also adds that the doctrine applies equally in all courts	 and it is immaterial in what court the former proceeding was taken	 provided only that it was a court of competent jurisdiction	 or what form the proceeding took	 provided it was really for the same cause" (p. 187	 paragraph 362). "Res judicata"	 it is observed in Corpus Juris	 "is a rule of universal law pervading every well regulated system of jurisprudence	 and is put upon two grounds embodied in various maxims of the common law; the one	 (1) 2 Smith Lead. 13th Ed.	 pp. 644	 645. (2) Halsbury 's Laws of England	 3rd	 Ed.	 Vol. 15	 para. 584 public policy and necessity	 which makes it to the	 interest of the State that there should be an end to s litigation interest republican ut sit finis litium; the other	 the hardship on the individual that he should be vexed twice for the same cause nemo debet bis vexari pro eadem causa" (1). In this sense the recognised basis of the rule of res judicata is different from that of technical estoppel. "Estoppel rests on equity able principles and res judicata rests on maxims which are taken from the Roman Law" (2). Therefore	 the argument that res judicata is a technical rule and as such is irrelevant in dealing with petitions under article 32 cannot be accepted. The same question can be considered from another point of view. If a judgment has been pronounced by a court of competent jurisdiction it is binding between the parties unless it is reversed or modified by appeal	 revision or other procedure prescribed by law. Therefore	 if a judgment has been pronounced by the High Court in a writ petition filed by a party rejecting his prayer for the issue of an appropriate writ on the ground either that he had no fundamental right as pleaded by him or there has been no contravention of the right proved or that the contravention is justified by the Constitution itself	 it must remain binding between the parties unless it is attacked by adopting the procedure prescribed by the Constitution itself. The binding character of judgments pronounced by courts of competent jurisdiction is itself an essential part of the rule of law	 and the rule of law obviously is the basis of the administration of justice on which the Constitution lays so much emphasis. As Halsbury has observ ed "subject to appeal and to being amended or set aside a judgment is conclusive as between the parties and their privies	 and is conclusive evidence against all the world of its existence	 date and legal consequences"(3). Similar is the statement of the law in Corpus Juris: "the doctrine of estoppel by judgment does not rest on any superior authority of the court rendering the judgment	 and a judgment of one court is a bar to an (1) Corpus juris	 VOl. (2) Ibid. P. 745 (3) Halsbury 's Laws of England	 3rd Ed.	 VOl. 22	 P 780	 paragraph 1660. 585 action between the same parties for the same cause in the same court or in another court	 whether the latter has concurrent or other jurisdiction. This rule is subject to the Limitation that the judgment in the former action must have been rendered by a court or tribunal of competent jurisdiction" (1). "It is	 however ' essential that there should have been a judicial determination of rights in controversy with a final decision thereon" In other words	 an original petition for a writ under article 32 cannot take the place of an appeal against the order passed by the High Court in the petition filed before it under article 226. There can be little doubt that the jurisdiction of this Court to entertain applications under article 32 which are original cannot be confused or mistaken or used for the appellate jurisdiction of this Court which alone can be invoked for correcting errors in the decisions of High Courts pronounced in writ petitions under article 226. Thus	 on general considerations of public policy there seems to be no reason why the rule of res judicata should be treated as inadmissible or irrelevant in dealing with petitions filed under Art	. 32 of the Constitution. It is true that the general rule can be invoked only in cases where a dispute between the parties has been referred to a court of competent jurisdiction	 there has been a contest between the parties before the court	 a fair opportunity has been given to both of them to prove their case	 and at the end the court has pronounced its judgment or decision. Such a decision pronounced by a court of competent jurisdiction is binding between the parties unless it is modified or reversed by adopting a procedure prescribed by the Constitution. In our opinion	 therefore	 the plea that the general rule of res judicata should not be allowed to be invoked cannot be sustained. This Court had occasion to consider the application of the rule of res judicata to a petition filed under article 32 in Pandit M. section M. Sharma vs Dr. Shree Krishna Sinha (3). In that case the petitioner had moved this (1) Corpus juris Secundum	 VOI. 50 (judgments)	 p. 603. (2) Ibid. p. 608. (3) 74 586 Court under article 32 and claimed an appropriate writ against the Chairman and the Members of the Committee of Privileges of the State Legislative Assembly. The said petition was dismissed. Subsequently he filed another petition substantially for the same relief and substantially on the same allegations. One of the points which then arose for the decision of this Court was whether the second petition was competent	 and this Court held that it was not because of the rule of res judicata. It is true that the earlier decision on which res judicata was pleaded was a decision of this Court in a petition filed under article 32 and in that sense the background of the dispute	 was different	 because the judgment on which the plea was based was a judgment of this Court and not of any High Court. Even so	 this decision affords assistance in determining the point before us. In upholding the plea of res judicata this Court observed that the question determined by the previous decision of this Court cannot be reopened in the present case and must govern the rights and obligations of the parties which are substantially the same. In support of this decision Sinha	 C. J.	 who spoke for the Court	 referred to the earlier decision of this Court in Raj Lakshmi Dasi vs Banamali Sen (1) and observed that the principle underlying res judicata is applicable in respect of a question which hag been raised and decided after full contest	 even though the first Tribunal which decided the matter may have no jurisdiction to try the subsequent suit and even though the subject matter of the dispute was not exactly the same in the two proceedings. We may add incidentally that the Court which tried the earlier proceedings in the case of Raj Lakshmi Dasi (1) was a Court of exclusive jurisdiction. Thus this decision establishes the principle that the rule of res judicata can be invoked even against a petition filed under article 32. We may at this stage refer to some of the earlier decisions of this Court where the presedt problem was posed but not finally or definitely answered. In Janardan Reddy vs The State of Hyderabad (2)	 it (1) ; (2) ; 	 370 587 appeared that against the decision of the High Court a petition for specialleave had been filed but the	 same had been	 rejectedand this was followed by petitions under article 32.These petitions were in fact entertained though on the merits they were dismissed	 and in doing so it was observed by Fazl Ali	 J.	 who delivered the judgment of the Court	 that "it may	 however	 be observed that in this case we have not considered it necessary to decide whether an application under article 32 is maintainable after a similar application under article 226 is dismissed by the High Court	 and we reserve our opinion on that question". To the same effect are the observations made by Mukherjea	 J.	 as he then was	 in Syed Qasim Razvi vs The State of Hyderabad (1). On the other hand	 in Bhagubhai Dullabhabhai Bhandari vs The District Magistrate	 Thana (2) the decision of the High Court was treated as binding between the parties when it was observed by reference to the said proceedings that "but that is a closed chapter so far as the Courts including this Court also are concerned inasmuch as the petitioner 's conviction stands confirmed as a result of the refusal of this Court to grant him special leave to appeal from the judgment of the Bombay High Court". In other words	 these observations seem to suggest that the majority view was that if an order of conviction and sentence passed by the High Court would be binding on the convicted person and cannot be assailed subsequently by him in a proceeding taken under article 32 when it appeared that this Court had refused special leave to the said convicted person to appeal against the said order of conviction. The next question to consider is whether it makes any difference to the application of this rule that the decision on which the plea of res judicata is raised is a decision not of this Court but of a High Court exercising its jurisdiction under article 226. The argument is that one of the essential requirements of section 11 of the Code of Civil	 Procedure is that the Court which tries the first suit or proceeding should be competent (1) (2) ; 588 to try the second suit or proceeding	 and since the High Court cannot	 entertain an application under article 32 its decision cannot be treated as res judicata for the purpose of such a petition. It is doubtful if the technical requirement prescribed by section 11 as to the Competence of the first Court to try the subsequent suit is an essential part of the general rule of res judicata; but assuming that it is	 in substance even the said test is satisfied because the jurisdiction of the High Court in dealing with a writ petition filed under Art	. 226 is substantially the same as the jurisdiction of this Court in entertaining an application tinder article 32. The scope of the writs	 orders or directions which the High Court can issue in appropriate cases under article 226 is concurrent with the scope of similar writs	 orders or directions which may be issued by this Court under article 32. The cause of action for the two applications would be the same. It is the assertion of the existence of a fundamental right and its illegal contravention in both cases and the relief claimed in both the cases is also of the same character. Article 226 confers jurisdiction oil the High Court to entertain a suitable writ petition	 whereas article 32 provides for moving this Court for a similar writ petition for the same purpose. Therefore	 the argument that a petition under article 32 cannot be entertained by a High Court under article 226 is without any substance; and so the plea that the judgment of the High Court cannot be treated as res judicata on the ground that it cannot entertain a petition under article 32 must be rejected. It is	 however	 necessary to add that in exercising its jurisdiction under article 226 the High Court may sometimes refuse to issue an appropriate writ or order on the ground that the party applying for the writ is guilty of laches and in that sense the issue of a high prerogative writ may reasonably be treated as a matter of discretion. On the other hand	 the right granted to a citizen to move this Court by appropriate proceedings under article 32(1) being itself a fundamental right this Court ordinarily may have to issue an appropriate writ or order provided it is shown that 589 the petitioner has a fundamental right which has been illegally or unconstitutionally contravened. It is not unlikely that if a petition is filed even under article 32 after a long lapse of time	 considerations ma arise whether rights in favour of third parties which may	 have arisen in the meanwhile could be allowed to be ' affected	 and in such a case the effect of laches on the	 part of the petitioner or of his acquirence may have to be considered; but	 ordinarily if a petitioner makes out a case for the issue of an appropriate writ or ' order he	 would. be entitled to have such a writ or	 order under article 32 and that may be said to constitute a difference in the right conferred on a citizen to move the High Court under article 226 as distinct from the right conferred on him to move this Court. This difference must inevitably mean that if the High	 Court has refused to exercise its discretion on the ground of laches or on the ground that the party has an efficacious alternative remedy available to him then of course the decision of the High Court cannot generally be pleaded in support of the bar of res judicata. if	 however	 the matter has been considered on the merits and the High Court has dismissed the petition for a writ on the ground that no fundamental right is proved or its breach is either not established or is shown to be constitutionally justified there is no reason why the said decision should not be treated as a bar against the competence of a subsequent petition filed by the same party on the same facts and for the same reliefs under article 32. In this connection reliance has been placed on the fact that in England habeas corpus petitions can be filed one after the other and the dismissal of one habeas corpus petition is never held to preclude the making of a subsequent petition	 for the same reason. In our opinion	 there is no analogy between the petition for habeas corpus: and petitions filed either under article 226 or under article 32. For historical reasons the writ for habeas corpus is treated as standing in a category by itself; but	 even with regard to a habeas corpus petition it has now been held in England in Re	 Hastings (No. 2) (1) that "an applicant for a writ (1) (1958) 3 All E.R. Q.B.D. 625. 590 of habeas corpus in a criminal matter who has once been heard by a Divisional Court of the Queen 's Bench Division is not entitled to be heard a second time by another Divisional Court in the same Division	 since a decision of a Divisional Court of the Queen 's Bench Division is equivalent to the decision of all the judges of the Division	 just as the decision of one of the old common law courts sitting in bank was the equivalent of the decision of all the judges of that Court. " Lord Parker	 C. J.	 who delivered the judgment of the Court	 has elaborately examined the historical genesis of the writ	 several dicta pronounced by different judges in dealing with successive writ petitions	 and has concluded that "the authorities cannot be said to support the principle that except in vacation an applicant could go from judge to judge as opposed to going from court to court" (p. 633)	 so that even in regard to a habeas corpus petition it is now settled in England that an applicant cannot move one Divisional Court of the Queen 's Bench Division after ano ther. The said decision has been subsequently applied in Re Hastings (No. 3) (1) to a writ petition filed for habeas corpus in a	 Divisional Court of tile Chancery Division. In England	 technically an order passed on a petition for habeas corpus is not regarded as a judgment and that places the petitions for habeas corpus in a class by themselves. Therefore we do not think that the English analogy of several habeas corpus applications can assist the petitioners in the present case when they seek to resist the application of res judicata to petitions filed under article 32. Before we part with the topic we would	 however	 like to add that we propose to express no opinion on the question as to whether repeated applications for habeas corpus would be competent under our Constitution. That is a matter with which we are not concerned in the present proceedings. There is one more argument Which still remains to be considered. It is urged that the remedies available to the petitioners to move the High Court under article 226 and this Court under article 32 are (1) [1959] 1 AR E.R. Ch.D. 698. 591 alternate remedies and so the adoption of one remedy cannot bar the adoption of the other. These remedies are not exclusive but are cumulative and so no bar of res judicata can be pleaded when a party who has filed a petition under article 226 seeks to invoke the jurisdiction of this Court under article 32. In support of this contention reliance has been placed on the decision of the Calcutta High Court in Mussammat Gulab Koer vs Badshah Bahadur (1). In that case a party who had unsuccessfully sought for the review of a consent order on the ground of fraud brought a suit for a similar relief and was met by a plea of res judicata. This plea was rejected by the Court on the ground that the two remedies though co existing were not inconsistent so that when a party aggrieved has had recourse first to one remedy it cannot be precluded from subsequently taking recourse to the other. In fact the judgment shows that the Court took the view that an application for review was in the circumstances ail inappropriate remedy and that the only remedy available to the party was that of a suit. In dealing with the question of res judicata the Court examined the special features and conditions attaching to the appli cation for review	 the provisions with regard to the finality of the orders passed in such review proceedings and the limited nature of the right to appeal provided against such orders. In the result the Court held that the two remedies cannot be regarded as parallel and equally efficacious and so no question of election of remedies arose in those cases. We do not think that this decision can be read as laying down a general proposition of law that even in regard to alternate remedies if a party takes recourse to one remedy and a contest arising therefrom is tried by a court of competent jurisdiction and all points of con troversy are settled the intervention of the decision of the court would make no difference at all. In such a case the point to consider always would be what is the nature of the decision pronounced by a Court of competent jurisdiction and what is its effect. Thus considered there can be no doubt that if a writ petition filed by a party has been dismissed on the merits (1)(1909) 1 592 by the High Court the		 judgment thus pronounced is binding between the parties and it cannot be circumvented or by passed by his taking recourse to article 32 of the Constitution. Therefore	 we are not satisfied that the ground of alternative remedies is well founded. We	 must now proceed to state our conclusion on the preliminary objection raised by the respondents. We hold that if a writ petition filed by a party under article 226 is considered on the merits as & contested matter	 and is dismissed the decision thus pronounced would continue to bind the parties unless it is otherwise modified or reversed by appeal or other appropriate proceedings permissible under the Constitution. It would not be open to a party to ignore the said judgment and move this Court under article 32 by an original petition made on the same facts and for obtaining the same or similar orders or writs. If the petition filed in the High Court under article 226 is dismissed not on the merits but because of the laches of the party applying for the writ or because it is held that the party had an alternative remedy available to it	 then the dismissal of the writ petition would not constitute a bar to a subsequent petition under article 32 except in cases where and if the facts thus found by the High Court may themselves be relevant even under article 32. If a writ petition is dismissed in limine and an order is pronounced in that behalf	 whether or not the dismissal would constitute a bar would depend upon the nature of the order. If the order is on the merits it would be a bar; if the order shows that the dismissal was for the reason that the petitioner was guilty of laches or that he had an alternative remedy it would not be a bar	 except in cases which we have already indicated. If the petition is dismissed in limine without passing a speaking order then such dismissal cannot be treated as creating a bar of res judicata. It is true that	 prima facie	 dismissal in limine even without passing a speaking order in that behalf may strongly suggest that the Court took the view that there was no substance in the petition at all; but in the absence of a speaking order it would not be easy to decide 593 what factors weighed in the mind of the Court and that makes it difficult and unsafe to hold that such a summary dismissal is a dismissal on merits and as such constitutes a bar of res judicata against a similar The petition filed under article 32. If the petition is dismissed as withdrawn it cannot be a bar to a subsequent Gaj petition under article 32	 because in such a case there has been no decision on the merits by the Court. We wish to make it clear that the conclusions thus reached by us are confined only to the point of res jadirata which has been argued as a preliminary issue in these writ petitions and no other. It is in the light of this decision that we will now proceed to examine the position in the six petitions before us. In Petition No. 66 of 1956 we have already seen that the petition filed in the High Court was on the same allegations and was for the same relief The petitioners had moved the High Court to obtain a writ of certiorari to quash the decision of the Revenue Board against them	 and when the matter was argued before the High Court in view of the previous decisions of the High Court their learned counsel did not press the petition. In other words	 the points of law raised by the petition were dismissed on the merits. That being so	 it is a clear case where the writ petition has been dismissed on the merits	 and so the dismissal of the writ petition creates a bar against the competence of the present petition under article 32. The position with regard to the companion petition	 No. 67 of 1956	 is exactly the same. In the result these two petitions fail and are dismissed; there would be no order as to costs. In Writ Petition No. 8 of 1960 the position is substantially different. The previous petition for a writ filed by the petitioner (No. 68 of 1952) in the Allahabad High Court was withdrawn by his learned counsel and the High Court therefore dismissed the said petition with the express observation that the merits had not been considered by the High Court in dismissing it and so no order is to costs was passed. This order the writ petition withdrawn which was 75 594 passed on February 3	 1955	 cannot therefore support the plea of res judicata against the present petition. It appears that a co lessee of the petitioner had also filed a similar Writ Petition	 No. 299 of 1958. On this writ petition the High Court no doubt made certain observations and findings but in the end it came to the conclusion that a writ petition was not the proper proceeding for deciding such old disputes about title and so it left the petitioner to obtain a declaration about title from a competent civil or revenue court in a regular suit. Thus it would be clear that the dismissal of this writ petition (on 17 3 1958) also cannot constitute a bar against the competence of the present writ petition. The preliminary objection raised against this writ petition is therefore rejected and it is ordered that this writ petition be set down for hearing before a Constitution Bench. In Petition No. 77 of 1957 the petitioner has stated in paragraph 11 of his petition that he had moved the High Court of Punjab by a writ petition under articles 226 and 227 but the same was dismissed in limine on July 14	 1957. It is not clear from this statement whether any speaking order was passed on the petition or not. It appears that the petitioner further filed an application for review of the said order under O. 47	 r. 1 read with section 151 of the Code but the said application was also heard and dismissed in limine on March 1	 1957. It is also not clear whether a speaking order was passed on this application or not. That is why	 on the material as it stands it is not possible for us to deal with the merits of the preliminary objection. We ' would accordingly direct that the petitioner should file the two orders of dismissal passed by the Punjab High Court. After the said orders are filed this petition may be placed for hearing before the Constitution Bench and the question of res judicata may be	 considered in the light of our decision in the present group. In Petition No. 15 of 1957 initially we had a bare recital that the writ petition made by the petitioner in the Punjab High Court had been dismissed. Subsequently	 however	 the said order itself has been 595 produced and it appears that it gives no reasons for dis missal. Accordingly we must hold that the said order does not create a bar of res judicata and so the petition will have to be set down for hearing on the merits. In Writ Petition No. 5 of 1958 the position is clear. The petitioner had moved the Bombay High Court for an appropriate writ challenging the order of the Collector in respect of the land in question. The contentions raised by the petitioner were examined in the light of the rejoinder made by the Collector and substantially the petitioner 's case was rejected. It was held by the High Court that the power conferred on the State Government by section 5(3) of the impugned Act	 the Bombay Service Inam (Useful to the Community) Abolition Act	 1953	 was not arbitrary nor was its exercise in this particular case unreasonable	 or arbitrary. The High Court also held that the land of the petitioner attracted the relevant provisions of the said impugned statute. Mr. Ayyangar 'for the petitioner realised the difficulties in his way	 and so he attempted to argue that the contentions which he wanted to raise in his present petition are put in a different form	 and in support of this argument he has invited am attention to grounds 8 and 10 framed by him in paragraph X of the petition. We are satisfied that a change in the form of attack against the impugned statute would make no difference to the true legal position that the writ petition in the High Court and the present writ petition are directed against the same statute and the grounds raised by the petitioner in that behalf are substantially the same. Therefore the decision of the High Court pronounced by it on the merits of the petitioner 's writ petition under article 226 is a bar to the making of the present petition	 under article 32. In the result this writ petition fails and is dismissed. There would be no order as to costs. Petition dismissed.

Where the High Court dismisses a writ petition under article 226 of the Constitution after hearing the matter on the merits on the ground that no fundamental right was proved or contravened or that its contravention was constitutionally justified	 a subsequent petition to the Supreme Court under article 32 of the Constitution on the same facts and for the same reliefs filed by the same party would be barred by the general principle of res judicata. There is no substance in the plea that the judgment of the High Court cannot be treated as res judicata because it cannot 575 under article 226 entertain a petition under article 32 of the Constitution. Citizens have ordinarily the right to invoke article 32 for appropriate relief if their fundamental rights are illegally on unconstitutionally violated and it is incorrect to say that article 32 merely gives this Court a discretionary power as article 226 does to the High Court. Basheshar Noth vs Commissioner of Income tax	 Delhi and Rajasthan	 [1959] SUPP. 1 S.C.R. 528	 referred to. Laxmanappa Hanumantappa jamkhandi vs The Union of India; 	 	 and Diwan Bahadur Seth Gopal Das Mohla vs The Union of India	 ; 	 considered. The right given to the citizens to move this Court under article 32 is itself a fundamental right and cannot be circumscribed or curtailed except as provided by the Constitution. The expression "appropriate proceedings" in article 32	(1)	 properly construed	 must mean such proceedings as may be appropriate to the nature of the order	 direction or writ the petitioner seeks from this Court and not appropriate to the nature of the case. Romesh Thappar vs The State of Madras	 ; 	 referred to	 Even so the general principle of res judicata	 which has it. ; foundation on considerations of public policy	 namely	 (1) that binding decisions of courts of competent jurisdiction should be final and (2) that no person should be made to face the same kind of litigation twice over	 is not a mere technical rule that cannot be applied to petitions under article 32 of the Constitution	 Duchess of Kingston 's case	 2 Smith Lead. 13th E d. 644	 referred to. The binding character of judgments of courts of competent jurisdiction is in essence a part of the rule of law on which the administration of justice	 so much emphasised by the Constitution	 is founded and a judgment of the High Court under article 226 passed after a hearing on merits as aforesaid must bind the parties till set aside in appeal as provided by the Constitution and cannot be circumvented by a petition under article 32. Pandit M. section M. Sharma vs Dr. Shree Krishna Sinha	 and Raj Lakshmi Dasi vs Banamali Sen	 [1053] S.C.R. 154	 relied on. Janardan Reddy vs The State of Hyderabad	 ; 	 Syed Qasion Rezvi vs The State of Hyderabad	 [1953] S.C.R. 589 and Bhagubhai Dullabhabhai Bhandari vs The District magistrate	 Thana; 	 	 referred to. It was not correct to say that since remedies under article 226 and article 32 were in the nature of alternate remedies the adoption of one could not bar the adoption of the other	 Mussammat Gulab Koer vs Badshah Bahadur	 (1909) 13 1197 held inapplicable. 576 Consequently	 (1) where the petition under article 226 is considered on the merits as a contested matter and dismissed by the High Court	 the decision pronounced is binding on the parties unless modified or reversed by appeal or other appropriate proceedings under the Constitution; (2) Where the petition under article 226 is dismissed I not on the merits but because of laches of the party applying for the writ or because an alternative remedy is available to him	 such dismissal is no bar to a subsequent petition under article 32 except in cases where the facts found by the High Court may themselves be relevant even under article 32; (3) Where the writ petition is dismissed in limine and an order is pronounced	 whether or not such dismissal is a bar must depend on the nature of the order; (4) if the petition is dismissed in limine without a speaking order	 or as withdrawn	 there can be no bar of res judicata.