Summarize the following court judgment. ivil Appeal No	 1191 of 1990. From the Judgment and Order dated 15.7.1988 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in M.P. No. 600 of 1985. A.K. Sen	 A.K. Gupta and N.P. Mahendra for the Appellants. R.B. Datar	 Satish K. Agnihotri	 Devender Singh	 Ashok Singh and R.B. Misra for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by RANGANATHAN	 J. The controversy in this Special Leave Petition arises out of the merger	 with effect from 1.10.1982	 of the staff of the Madhya Pradesh Lift Irriga tion Corporation (hereinafter referred to as 'the Corpora tion ') with that of the Irrigation Department of the State Government consequent on the abolition of the Corporation. We have heard counsel on both sides and we are of opinion that these matters should be disposed of finally even at this 428 stage. We therefore grant leave in the Special Leave Peti tion and proceed to dispose of the appeal. Appellants 2 to 17 and certain other writ petitioners in the High Court were serving as Senior Technical Assistants (S.T.A.) in the Corporation. The cadres of S.T.As. and the lower cadre of Junior Technical Assistants (J.T.As.) in the Corporation were equivalent respectively to the cadres of Junior Engineer (J.E.) and Sub Engineers (S.E.) in the Irrigation Department of the State. It is common ground that the qualifications for appointment to the two sets of posts were the same and that their pay scales were also the same. The appellants claim that they are entitled	 after the merger of the Corporation into the Irrigation Department	 to be treated as Junior Engineers and considered for promotion as Assistant Engineers on completion of two years of service but that this avenue of promotion is being denied to them by the State. To appreciate the above contention	 it is necessary to set out some historical background of the cadres in the State Department. Initially the Junior Engineer 's post in the State Government was a non gazetted post	 governed by the Madhya Pradesh Irrigation Department (Non Gazetted) Service Recruitment Rules	 1969. The Junior Engineers	 on completion of two years ' minimum service	 were entitled to consideration for promotion to the gazetted post of Assist ant Engineer	 a post governed by the Madhya Pradesh Irriga tion Engineering Service (Gazetted) Recruitment Rules	 1968. On March 19	 1973 the posts of Junior Engineers were de clared to be gazetted posts. 75% of the posts of Assistant Engineers could be filled up by promotion from amongst Junior Engineers. On January 1	 1978 the Junior Engineer 's post was once again converted into a non gazetted post. The quota for such of those Junior Engineers as were working as gazetted officers immediately before the issue of this order was retained at 75% as before for a period of two years by which time it was expected that all of them would get pro moted as Assistant Engineers. But for this	 the posts of Assistant Engineers were to be filled up equally by promo tion from subordinate cadres and direct recruitment. The promotion quota was distributed among the subordinate cadres in the following proportion: Junior Engineers (Non Gazetted) 25% Overseers (Sub Engineers) 20% Head Draftsman/Draftsman 5% 429 In July	 1979 the Government decided to abolish the post of Junior Engineers in the State Irrigation Department. The relevant cabinet order set out the following terms there fore: 1. The posts of Junior Engineer in the three works depart ments should be abolished. The Junior Engineers presently working in these departments shall continue to work in their existing payscales under the existing service conditions till their promotion. (emphasis added) 2. The quota of recruitment for the post of Assistant Engi neer	 which is at present 50% should be raised to 75%. 3. 25% posts in the Sub Engineer cadre be converted into selection grade posts and selection for the selection grade post should be made on the basis of merit cum seniority. The quota prescribed for promotion of the Draftsmen should be reduced from 5% to 3%. Promotion quota of 2% should be reserved for those Sub Engineers/Draftsmen who obtain degree while in service. The posts of Junior Engineer cadre	 which presently exists	 should be converted into the posts of Assistant Engineers and Sub Engineers with the concurrence of the finance department". Eventually	 the State Government decided on 27th May	 1980 that the 941 posts of Junior Engineers in the Irrigation Department should be abolished by converting 658 of those posts into posts of Assistant Engineers and 233 posts into posts of Sub Engineers (Overseers).It must be	 however	 pointed out that	 though the existing posts of J .Es. or S.Es. stood abolished from 27.5. 1980	 in fact	 a number of Junior Engineers appointed earlier continued to function as before	 under the memorandum of July 1979	 until they re ceived promotions as Assistant Engineers (A.Es. ) in due course. We now come to the details of the merger between the Corporation and the State Department. In August	 1982 a decision was taken to abolish the Corporation. The Govern ment decided on the merger the surplus staff of the Corpora tion in the Irrigation Department and 8.10.82 was decided upon as the effective date of merger for purposes. We are concerned here with the formula for transition set out in the opening para of a memorandum of the above date regarding the 430 merger of the posts of S.T.As. and J.T.As. It read thus: "2. Senior Technical Sectioned posts Nil Assistants The above employees may be Equivalent Post merged in the posts of Junior Engineer Junior Engineers and an (Rs. 360 650) equivalent number of posts may be deemed to have been 27 posts Civil created in the dying cadre Posts Electrical of Junior Engineers. (Mechanical) posts Geologists post Geophysist 3. Junior Technical Sanction 30 posts (reserved). Assistants Equivalent These may be merged against post: (Sub Engineer the posts of Sub Engineers (Rs.280 480) which have been obtained by conversion of the posts of 62 Posts Civil Junior Engineer. The posts reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes may be made unreserved and appointments may be made against them also. " The memorandum of 8.10.1982 was followed up by a commu nication dated 10.11.1982. The enclosures to this letter described the absorptions as "ad hoc" but this word was deleted on 29.1. 1983 with reference to the posts with which we are concerned	 making it clear that the absorption was to be permanent. The letter set out three conditions for the merger which admittedly are fulfilled by the appellants: (i) The staff will be absorbed only subject to their ful filling the qualifications prescribed for the posts against which they are to be absorbed; (ii) The inter se seniority of the employees of the Corpora tion shall be in accordance with the seniority list cleared by the Managing Director. The inter se seniority of the departmental employees and the employees of the Corporation shall be determined in accordance with the orders of the Government; and 431 (iii) It was open to an employee of the Corporation to join the Government department or not to do so	 for the employees were to be required to join duties at the place of their posting within 20 days from 10.11. 1982	 failing which it was to be deemed that the appointment was not acceptable to them. The seniority rule was announced much later	 on 16.4.1984. It said: "The regular officers/employees of the Corporation shall	 in the event of merger in the Irrigation Department	 be consid ered as Junior to the permanent officers/employees of the Department and their seniority in the lists of the temporary officers/employees of the department	 shall be fixed on the basis of the dates of assuming office	 without affecting the inter se seniority of the Corporation". The result of all this	 according to the appellants	 was that the S.T.As. of the Corporation became	 w.e.f. 8.10./982	 J.Es. of the department but their seniority therein was below the J.Es. of the State Department who had been in office in July 1979 and continued to function as such even thereafter. It is stated that these Junior Engi neers in the Department were being gradually promoted as A.Es. and it was only sometime in 1983 that the appellants who were at the bottom of the seniority list became eligible for promotion as A.Es. Their legitimate claims in this regard	 it is alleged	 were being stalled by the State and so the appellants filed a writ petition in the High Court in 1985. Sometime later	 the appellants allege	 it came to light that the State	 far from giving the petitioners their legit imate entitlement	 was planning a voiteface to upset the whole scheme of merger as envisaged earlier	 to the detri ment of the applicants. This they did	 it is said	 by issu ing a memo on 1.3. 1986 which read thus: "1. The State Government amends point No. 2 of paragraph 1 of the orders issued vide Irrigation Department 's Memo No. 22(C)/43/32/P/37 dated 8.10.1982 as follows: 2	 Senior Technical ] [ The above employees Assistants ] [ may be absorbed on equivalent to Junior ] [ the post of Sub Engineer (Rs.350 650) ] [ Engineer protecting 432 the pay which they were drawing 27 posts Civil ] [ previously. Such 34 posts Electrical ] [ absorbed employees shall be eligible for promotion to the posts of A. Es. from the quota of Graduate Sub Engineers. These orders shall come into effect from 8.10. 1982. " This order vitally affected the interests of the appellants in four respects (a) Having been absorbed into the State Department as J.Es. in 1982	 they were suddenly demoted to the post of S.Es. retrospectively	 with the "saving grace" that their pay was protected; (b) Under the seniority rules of 1984 earlier referred to	 they were at the bottom of the list of J.Es. but above the S.Es. But now they became juniors to all the Sub Engineers of the Department; (c) While previously a substantial quota for promotion from J.Es. to A.Es. was applicable to them	 the quota now got reduced (as will be explained later) to 4%; and (d) While previously an experience of 2 years was sufficient for their promotion	 now they had to have a minimum experi ence of 8 years (as will be seen later). The combined effect of all this is	 it is alleged	 that the appellants will become eligible for consideration for promo tion as A.Es. in the distant future as follows: Year No. of posts available Graduate Sub Engineers quota 1989 1 1997 3 2004 2 2007 1 2008 1 433 In other words	 only 8 persons will become eligible at distant dates whereas all of the appellants should have received promotions gradually since 1983 as and when vacan cies occurred. The appellants contend that this is a great travesty of justice which should be set right by quashing the decision of 1.3. 1986 and restoring the position as it actually prevailed on 8.10.1982 at the time of the merger. Sri Datar attempted to counter this what prima facie appeared to be a just and reasonable plea with his usual persuasiveness. He urged that the contentions of the appel lants overlook four important basic facts and that	 if these are kept in mind	 it will be seen not merely that no injus tice has been done to the appellants but that	 in fact	 the State has come to their rescue by providing an avenue of promotion where none existed. These basic facts are	 he says: (1) As from 27.5.1980	 there was no cadre of junior engi neers at all in the State service. That cadre had been abolished by the decision of 1979 and the conversion	 on 27.5.1980	 of the existing posts of J.Es into those of A.Es/S.Es. (2) There had been an amendment on 27.7.81 to the relevant recruitment rules which made it clear that	 after that date at least	 there could be no promotions to the posts of A.Es. from among J.Es. (3) When the Corporation was abolished in 1982	 the State Government could have dispensed with the services of the appellants. Instead	 they considered the appellants ' cases sympathetically and decided to absorb them into the State service. In doing so	 they purported to absorb them as J.Es. overlooking that	 as on 8.10.1982	 there was no cadre of J.E. in the State service. It is this mistake that was rectified on 1.3.1986 by absorbing the appellants as S.Es. (instead of as J.Es.) but protecting the pay they were drawing. (4) The petitioners had an option to join or not to join the State service on 8.10.1982 as J.Es. When they decided to join	 they were aware that	 according to the rules prevail ing on that date	 there was no avenue of promotion for them as A .Es. The net result of these considerations is	 says Sri Datar	 that	 instead of completely denying the appellants any promotion altogether (as there was no right	 under the rules	 to any such promotion)	 434 the State has	 equitably	 decided to confer on these offi cers a right of promotion by treating them as S.Es. This was a generous gesture on the part of the State. The appellants should have been happy that an avenue for promotion had been opened out to them	 instead of being disgruntled on the assumption that their promotion chances had dwindled by the action of the State. This was the only reasonable way of resolving the impasse that faced the appellants and the authorities. Since Sri Datar has referred to the rules	 it will be appropriate to pause here and notice the relevant service rules and the amendments made thereto: Taking up the Non Gazetted Service Rules of 1969 first	 they provided	 in Schedule I read with rule 5 for 269 posts of Civil Engineers and 13 posts of Electrical/Mechani cal Engineers in the cadre of Junior Engineers. Curiously enough these rules appear to have remained unamended not withstanding the decision of 1979 to abolish these posts and the office order of 1980 converting these posts (these appear to have numbered 941 at the relevant time) into A.Es. or S.Es. Turning next to the Gazetted Service Rules	 the follow ing provisions thereof are relevant: Rules 7. Method of recruitment (1) Recruitment to the service	 after commencement of the rules	 shall be by the following methods	 viz.: (a) by direct recruitment by selection; (b) by promotion of substantive/officiating member of the M.P. Irrigation Engineering Service (Gazetted);and (c) by transfer of persons who hold in a substantive capaci ty such posts in such services as may be specified in this behalf. (2) The number of persons recruited under clause (b) or clause (c) of sub rule (1) shall not at any time exceed the percentage shown in Schedule II of the number of duty posts (as specified in Schedule I). 435 (3) Subject to the provisions of these rules	 the method or methods of recruitment to be adopted for the purpose of filling any particular period of recruitment	 and the number of persons to be recruited by each method	 shall be deter mined on each occasion by the Govt. in consultation with the Commission. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub rule (1) if in the opinion of the Govt.	 the exigencies of the service so require	 the Govt. may	 after consulting the General Admin istration Department	 adopt such methods of recruitment to the service other than those specified in the said sub rule	 as it may by order issued in this behalf	 prescribe. Rule 15. Conditions of eligibility for promotions(1) Subject to the provisions of sub rule (2)	 the Committee shall consider the case of all persons who on the 1st day of January of that year had completed the prescribed years of service (whether officiating or substantive) in the post/ service mentioned in column 2 of Schedule IV or any other post or posts declared equivalent thereto by the Govt. as under and are within the zone of consideration	 as per subrule (2) (i) Sub Engineers	 Head Draftsman/Draftsman to the posts of Assistant Engineers Minimum service of 12 years as Sub Engineers	 Head Draftsman/Draftsman. Provided that a Sub Engineer and Head Draftsman/ Draftsman who has completed a minimum of 8 years ' service and possesses degree in Civi/Electrical/Mechanical Engineer ing from recognised university or qualification declared equivalent thereto by the State Govt.	 will also be eligible for promotion to the post of Assistant Engineer and will be considered each time just after the zone of consideration and then final selection just will be made from both the groups on the basis of merit. For example	 if ten posts are vacant in the cadre of Asstt. Engineer to be filled by promotion of Sub Engineer	 then 10x5=50 diploma holder Sub Engineers from working list be considered first and thereaf ter the eligible graduate Sub Engineers be considered in the order of their seniority for promotion. 436 (ii) Junior Engineers to the posts of Assistant Engineers minimum service of 2 years as Junior Engineer. XXX XXX XXX Rule 18. Select list (1)The Commission shall consider the list prepared by the Committee along with the other documents received from the Govt. and unless it con siders any change necessary	 approve the list. (2) If the Commission considers it necessary to make any changes in the list received from the Govt. the Commission shall inform the Govt. of the changes proposed and after taking into account the comments	 if any	 as may in its opinion be just and proper. (3) The list as finally approved by the Commission shall form the select list for promotion of the members of the cadres of Sub Engineers	 Head Draftsman/Draftsmen	 Research Assistant and Junior Engineers of the M.P. Irrigation Engi neering Service or its higher cadres	 as the case may be. (4) The selectee list shall ordinarily be enforced until it is reviewed or revised in accordance with sub rule (4) of rule 16	 but its validity shall not be extended beyond a total period of 18 months from the date of its preparation: Provided that	 in the event of a grave lapse in the conduct of performance of duties on the part of any person included in the select list	 a special review of the select list	 may be made at the instance of the Govt. and the Commission	 may	 if it thinks fit	 remove the name of such person from the select list". (underlining ours) Schedule I to the rules specified the number of posts in each cadre. So far as Assistant Engineers (Class II) are concerned	 the number of posts is put at 329 (253 permanent and 76 temporary) in the Civil Branch and 36 (22 permanent and 14 temporary) in the Electrical & Mechanical Branch. The description and contents of the relevant columns of Schedule II have to be set out a little more meticulously. They read: 437 Name Name Total No. M.P. Irrigation Engg. of of of duty Service (Gazetted) Deptt. service post P.T.T percentage of the number of duty posts to be filled in By direct By promo By transfer recruitment non of the of persons substantive from other service members of the service [vide [vide [vide rule rule rule 7(a)] 7(b)] 7(c)1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Civil AE	 Class 253 76 329 50 50 25% by promotion Irriga II of JEs tion 20% by promotion Deptt. of SEs (previously Overseers) 5% by promotion of Head Draftsman/ Draftsmen Elec do 22 34 36 50 50 As for A.E. trical & Mecha nical Branch (underlining ours) Schedule IV says that J.Es. (Class III) with minimum experi ence of two years as well as S.Es. and Head Draftsmen/Draftsmen with 12 years ' experience (8 years in the case of degree holders) will be eligible for promotion as A.Es. (Class II) on selection by a departmental committee constituted as specified therein. The interesting feature regarding the amendments of 1981 relied upon by Sri Datar is that they left the rules quoted above and Schedules I & IV untouched. They only amended Schedule II in two respects: (1) In the heading of column 5	 the words "By promotion" were 438 substituted for the words "By promotion of substantive members of the service [vide rule 7(b)]". (2) The figures in columns 4 and 5 were substituted by the following in respect of both the Civil Branch and the Elec trical/ Mechanical Branch: (4) (5) 60 40 33% by SEs. who are diploma holders; 4% by SEs./Draftsmen who are Engineering Graduates; 3% by Draftsmen/Head Draftsmen who are not Engineering Graduates. We have considered the submissions of the parties in the light of the above rules and amendments and come to the conclusion that there is force in the contention of the appellants that they are eligible for promotion as AEs. in the same manner as the erstwhile JEs. of the Irrigation Department. The assumption of the respondents that the cadre of JEs. had ceased to exist long before the absorption of the present appellants into the Department is incorrect. As pointed out earlier	 though the decision to abolish the cadre was taken in 1979 and the existing posts were convert ed into those of AEs./SEs. on 27.5. 1980	 the cadre did not die	 for the JEs. of the Department who were then function ing continued to function as before until they were promoted in due course as AEs. It is also not correct to say that this crucial "fact" had been overlooked at the time of passing the merger order of 8.10.1982. On the contrary	 the State was fully conscious of its earlier decision and the order of 8.10.1982 specifically mentions that the posts of STAs. will be merged in the posts of JEs. "and an equivalent number of posts may be deemed to have been created in the dying cadre of Junior Engineers". These words make it per fectly 	clear that the cadre of YEs. was "dying" (but not dead) and the strength of the dying cadre was further enliv ened by taking in the STAs. of the Corporation as JEs. Thus	 the position is that	 as on 8.10.82	 the cadre of JEs. continued to subsist and comprised of the old JEs. of the Irrigation department and the STAs. engrafted from the Corporation. This conclusion is reinforced by the interest ing circumstance that the refe 439 rence in Schedule I of the Non Gazetted Service Rules to JEs. was not omitted despite the decisions of 1979 and 1980. It is true that the number of these posts was mentioned as 269 in the Civil Branch and 13 in the Electrical & Mechani cal Branch. But the actual number had far exceeded these without a corresponding amendment in the Schedule. This	 however. is inconsequential. Rule 6 of these Rules is in the following terms: Rule 6. Method of recruitment (i) Recruitment to the service	 after the commencement of these rules	 shall be by the following methods	 viz. (a) by direct recruitment	 by Selection/by Competitive Examination as shown in Schedule II	 (b) by promotion of substantive/officiating members of the service (as shown in the Schedule IV)	 and (c) by promotion of persons who hold in a substantive capac ity such posts in such services as may be specified in this behalf. (ii) The number of persons recruited under clauses (b) and (c) of sub rule (1) of the rule 6 shall not at any time exceed the percentage shown in the Schedule II. (iii) Subject to the provisions of these rules	 the method/methods of recruitment to be adopted for the purpose of filling any particular vacancy/vacancies in the Service as may be required to be filled during any particu lar period of recruitment	 and the number of persons to be recruited by each method	 shall be determined on each occa sion by the appointing Authority. (iv) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub rule (i) if in the opinion of Engineer in Chief/Chief Engi neer	 the exigencies of the service so require	 the said Engineering Chief/Chief Engineer	 may after consulting the Govt.	 may adopt such methods of recruitment to the service other than those specified in the said sub rule	 as he may	 by order issued in this behalf	 prescribe. Rule 6(iv) read with the Schedule I clearly empowered the Govern_ 440 ment	 in the exigencies of the situation	 to continue the cadre for limited purposes and augment the same by the number of STAs. absorbed from the Corporation. We have	 therefore	 no hesitation in holding that	 on the terms of the relevant rules as well as on the language of the order of 8.10.1982	 the appellants	 viz. STAs. absorbed from the Corporation were constituted as a part of the cadre of J.Es.	 placed on complete par with the JEs. of the depart ment already in service and given the same promotional eligibility and opportunities as the latter. Counsel for the State contends that this conclusion would directly run contrary to the rules of the Gazetted Service particularly after their amendment in 1981 and that	 after the date of said amendment	 no AE could be recruited by promotion from among JEs. The objection on this account is two fold. The first	 not clearly articulated by counsel	 is that rule 7(b) permits recruitment by promotion only from among the members of the service and that a Non Gazetted JE is not eligible for promotion. The second is that	 after the 198/amendment	 JEs have been excluded as one of the sources of recruitment by promotion. We shall deal with these two objections one after another. It is true that rule 7(b) of the Gazetted Service Rules of 1968 provides only for JEs belonging to the said service being promoted as AEs. However	 when the JE 's post became a non Gazetted one in 1978	 the relevant Government orders made it clear that AEs will be recruited by promotion from among JEs to the extent of 25% out of the 50% quota avail able for promotion. The Schedule clearly mentioned this. As it also mentioned SEs and Head Draftsman as other sources from which promotion could be made	 the reference to JEs was also clearly to the non Gazetted JEs. Promotion of Gazetted JEs had been separately provided for as before. Thus	 under the Schedule	 non Gazetted JEs were also clearly eligible for promotion despite the restriction in rule 7(b). This inconsistency between the Schedule and the rule was appar ently noticed only in 1981 and the heading of Column 5 of Schedule I1 was amended to make it clear that the promotions therein referred to were from the non Gazetted service	 although rule (b) was left unamended. The omission to amend rule 7	 however	 is not of much significance. It was open to the State	 in view of rule 7(4)	 to promote members of the non Gazetted Services also to the Gazetted Service to the extent of a prescribed quota. The restricted language of rule 7 cannot	 therefore	 be construed in such a way as to render redundant the specific provision in the Schedule entitling several persons from the non Gazetted services to promotion. 441 It is then argued that	 at any rate	 after the amendment of the relevant columns of Schedule 1I in 1981 there is no right in any J.E. to claim promotion as A.E. At least from that date	 the promotional avenue for J.Es. stands abol ished	 claims Sri Datar. Sri Ashok Sen	 for the petitioner	 contended that the petitioners having been given a right	 at the time of absorption in 1982	 that they will be eligible for promotion in the same way as the erstwhile J.Es. of the State Department	 this right cannot be taken away by invok ing an earlier amendment of the rule. He cited some authori ties in support of the proposition and pointed out that the petitioners had amended the original writ petition to in clude a prayer for quashing the amendment purportedly ef fected on 27.7.81. On the other hand	 Sri Datar contends that no employee has a vested right to promotion and that it was in law open to the Government to change the conditions of service so as to take away a right to promotion that may have existed earlier. But	 he pointed out	 so far as the petitioners were concerned	 there was no taking away of any right to promotion at all because	 even as on 8.10.82 when they claim to have become J.Es.	 the rules provided for no promotional avenue at all and none was promised to them either by the order dated 8.10.82. We do not think it is necessary for us to express any views on the question whether an amendment taking away the rights of promotion earlier available to a cadre of employ ees is constitutionally valid. We shall proceed on the assumption	 as contended by the State	 that this is permis sible and that the effect of the amendment is that	 on and from 27.7.81	 no A.E. can be recruited	 under the amended Schedule	 from among the J .Es. Assuming this to be correct	 this rule should apply to all the J.Es. in the "dying cadre". It is seen from the records placed before us that such of the J.Es. belonging to this cadre as had been in service with the State Department have continued to get their promotions even after the 1981 amendment. This is clear from the gradation list filed by the appellants which shows that three Junior Engineers were promoted as AEs. on 17.8.83. Further	 the specific averments to this effect in the affidavits filed on behalf of the petitioners at various stages have not been denied. The petitioners have also placed on record an order dated 18.10.1985 which shows that a J.E. of the State Department in the Electrical & Mechani cal Branch (perhaps the last of that category) was promoted as A.E. If this be so	 then	 clearly	 the Department cannot discriminate as between officers belonging to the same cadre by promoting some of them and denying promotion to others. Sri Datar emphasised that the J.Es. belonging to the State service had a right of promotion earlier and this was coti nued even after 442 the amendment whereas the appellants became J.Es. at a time when there was no further promotion available to them and that this makes all the difference. This argument runs somewhat contrary to the earlier argument of counsel that the amendment of 1981 should be treated as applicable to all claims for promotion after 27.7.81 and that the State is at complete liberty to deny promotion after that date even in respect of those who may have earlier had a right to such promotion. But even assuming that the distinction now sought to be pointed out by him marks a difference between the two categories of J.Es. on the cadre as on 8.10.82	 a discrimi nation between them would be totally arbitrary and contrary to the scheme of absorption envisaged in 1982. It cannot be presumed that the State	 when it absorbed the S.T.As. into the dying cadre of J.Es.	 was unaware that (though	 since 1981	 there were no promotional avenues for J.Es. as A.Es. under the rules) the incumbents of that cadre were entitled to such promotion under the cabinet orders dated 5.7.79. The order of 8.10.82 places the absorbed S.T.As. into that "dying" cadre by creating fictionally an equal number of_posts to accommodate the persons so absorbed. The inten tion and effect of the order of 8.10.82 was to grant to all the S.T.As. so absorbed exactly the same status as was enjoyed by those already in the cadre. In other words	 if the J.Es. already existing in the cadre has a right of promotion	 as on 8.10.82	 the new incumbents were also given that right; and if they had none after 27.7.198 1	 the new incumbents would have none either. The State has admittedly proceeded on the footing that	 despite the 1981 amendment	 the J.Es. from the State Department were eligible for promo tion; in fact	 they have been promoted since 1979 as A.Es. as and when vacancies arose. This being so	 any differential treatment of the absorbed S.T.As. would clearly be discrimi natory and unconstitutional. In interpreting these rules and Government orders	 one should bear in mind that the promo tional stipulations in Schedule II should be read in the light of rule 7(4) which permits a wide latitude to the Government in making recruitments	 by way of promotion	 even otherwise than in the manner outlined in rule 7(1). Reading the rules and the Government orders issued from time to time harmoniously	 the effect of the cabinet order of July	 1979 was that all J. Es.	 in position as such	 should continue to be promoted until all of :hem became A.Es. It is no doubt somewhat difficult to see how after 27.7.81	 only a part of the pattern of recruitment in vogue earlier could stand side by side with that introduced on that date. One could have ' understood a stand on the part of the State that	 as and from that date	 promotions would be limited only to the new feeder categories and would not be available to any J.E. at all. But if the subsequent variation of 1981 did not over ride this benefit extended to the former State 443 J.Es. and has not been understood as having done so and the pattern of promotion indicated in the amendment of 1981 was subject to the right of such J.Es. in the cadre for promo tion as per the cabinet order of 1979	 it is difficult to see how a different rule could be applied to the S.T.As. Who have been absorbed to augment that cadre. The truth of the matter is that	 when abolition of the cadre of J.Es. was thought of	 the State decided that this should not effect the existing J.Es. and their promotional chances. Again	 when the merger of the Corporation and State services was thought of	 the decision was that the S.T.As. should be placed on a par with the J.Es. of the State service and that the J.T.As. should be placed on par with the S.Es. This was a conscious and equitable decision (for	 as is common ground	 the post of S.T.A was equivalent to J.E.) and to go back upon it has resulted in arbitrary discrimination against the appellants. By the decision of 1986	 they lose their status as J.E. (and are equated to S.Es. which is the status also accorded to the JTAs	 their subordinates in the erstwhile Corporation)	 they lose their right to promotion	 they lose seniority by being placed at the bottom of the S.Es. of the State service and the promotional quota now allotted to them is illusory. It is true that they had volunteered for absorption as JEs. in 1982	 a date when there was no promotional avenue to a JE under the rules. But they did so because they were told that they would be placed on part with the J.Es. in the State service and never imag ined that they would be denied promotion on the basis of the amended rules while the JEs in the State service continued to get promotions despite the amendment. The fact that they opted for the	 State service does not	 therefore	 entitle the State to treat them differently from the JEs of the State service. We have	 therefore	 no doubt in our minds that gross injustice has been done to the appellants by the subsequent decision of the State Government. We	 therefore	 quash the decision of 1.3.86 and direct that the appellants will be entitled to be considered for promotion as A.Es. in the same manner and to the same extent as the J.Es. of the State service have been considered and not on the basis of the percentages prescribed for S .Es. under the amended rules. In the view taken by us that the rules and the amend ment therein do not override the effect of the orders of 5.7.1979 and 8.10.82	 it is not necessary for us to pro nounce any opinion on the validity of the 1981 amendment to the Rules. The appeals succeed to the extent indicated above. There will be no order as to costs. R.S.S. Appeals allowed.

In August 1982 the Government of Madhya Pradesh decided to abolish the Madhya Pradesh Lift Irrigation Corporation. It was also decided to merge the surplus staff of the Corpo ration in the equivalent posts of the Irrigation Department of the State Government. Accordingly	 with effect from 8.10.1982 the appellants	 who were serving as Senior Techni cal Assistants (S.T.As.) in the Corporation	 became Junior Engineers in the Irrigation Department but their seniority therein was fixed below the erstwhile Junior Engineers of the State Department. For this purpose	 an equivalent number of posts were deemed to have been created in the dying cadre of Junior Engineers. Similarly	 the Junior Technical Assist ants in the Corporation were absorbed in the lower cadre of Sub Engineers. The Junior Engineers of the State Department on comple tion of two years ' service as Junior Engineers	 were enti tled to be considered for promotion to the gazetted post of Assistant Engineers. Sometime in 1984	 the appellants who were at the bottom of the seniority list of Junior Engineers became eligible for promotion as Assistant Engineers. Their legitimate claims in this regard were being stalled by the State	 and so the appellants filed a writ petition in the High Court of Madhya Pradesh in 1986. Later	 the whole scheme of merger	 as envisaged in the order dated 8.10.1982	 was sought to be upset to the detri ment of the appellants	 and towards that end the order issued on 8.10. 1982 was amended on 1.3.1986. The effect of this amendment was that the Senior Technical Assistants were to be absorbed in the lower posts of Sub Engineers retro spectively with effect from 8.10.82. The amendment however	 provided that they shall be eligible for promotion to the posts of Assistant 425 Engineers from the quota of Graduate Sub Engineers. This amendment vitally affected the interests of the appellants in so far as their status and chances of promotion were concerned. Having failed before the High Court	 the appellants have come to this Court by way of special leave. Before this Court it was contended on behalf of the appellants that they having been given the right at the time of absorption in 1982 that they will be eligible for promo tion in the same way as the erstwhile Junior Engineers of the State Department	 this right could not be done away by invoking an earlier amendment of the rules. On behalf of the respondent State it was inter alia contended that (1) the decision of the State Government to absorb the appellants as Junior Engineers had overlooked the fact that on 8.10.1982 there was no cadre of Junior Engi neers because that cadre had been abolished in July 1979	 and therefore this mistake was rectified on 1.3.1986 by absorbing the appellants in the lower cadre of Sub Engi neers;.(2) the appellants when they opted to join as Junior Engineers were aware that according to the rules prevailing on that date there was no avenue of promotion for them as Assistant Engineers; (3) after 27.7.81 the relevant recruit ment rules had been amended which made it clear that after that date there could be no promotion to the posts of As sistant Engineers from amongst Junior Engineers; and (4) the Junior Engineers belonging to the State Service had a right of promotion earlier and this was continued even after the amendment whereas the appellants became Junior Engineers at a time when there was no further promotion available to them and this made all the difference. Allowing the appeal	 this Court	 HELD: (1) The assumption of the respondents that the cadre of Junior Engineers had ceased to exist long before the absorption of the appellants into the Department is incorrect. Though the decision to abolish the cadre was taken in 1979 and the existing posts were converted into those of Assistant Engineers/sub Engineers on 27.5.1980	 the cadre did not die	 for the Junior Engineers of the Depart ment who were then functioning continued to function as before until they were promoted in due course as Assistant Engineers. [438E F] (2) It is also not correct to say that this crucial fact had been overlooked at the time of passing the merger order of 8.10.82. On the 426 contrary	 the State was fully conscious of its earlier decision and the order of 8.10.82 specifically mentions that the posts of Senior Technical Assistants will be merged in the posts of Junior Engineers and an equivalent number of posts shall be deemed to have been created in the dying cadre of Junior Engineers. [438F G] (3) Rule 6(iv) of the Non Gazetted Service Rules	 read with Schedule I	 clearly empowered the Government	 in the exigencies of the situation	 to continue the cadre for limited purposes and augment the same by the number of Senior Technical Assistants absorbed from the Corporation. [439H; 440A] (4) On the terms of the relevant rules as on the lan guage of the order of 8.10.1982	 the appellants	 viz. Senior Technical Assistants absorbed from the Corporation were constituted as a part of the cadre of Junior Engineers	 placed on complete par with the Junior Engineers of the department already in service and given the same promotional eligibility and opportunities as the latter. [440A B] (5) It was open to the State	 in view of rule 7(4) of the Gazetted Service Rules of 1968	 to promote members of the non gazetted services also to the Gazetted Service to the extent of a prescribed quota. The restricted language of rule 7	 cannot therefore	 be construed in such a way as to render redundant the specific provision in the Schedule entitling several persons from the Non Gazetted services to promotion. [440G H] (6) In interpreting these rules and Government orders one should bear in mind that the promotional stipulations in Schedule II should be read in the light of rule 7(4) which permits a wide latitude to the Government in making recruit ments	 by way of promotion	 even otherwise than in the manner outlined in rule 7(1). Reading the rules and the Government orders issued from time to time harmoniously	 the effect of the cabinet order of July 1979 was that all J.Es.	 in position as such	 should continue to be promoted until all of them became Assistant Engineers. [442F G] (7) It is seen from the records that such of the Junior Engineers	 belonging to the cadre as had been in service with the State Department have continued to get their promo tions even after the 1981 amendment. If that be so	 then	 clearly the Department cannot discriminate as between offi cers belonging to the same cadre by promoting some of them and denying promotion to others. A discrimination between them would be totally arbitrary and contrary to the scheme of absorption envisaged in 1982. [441F G; 442B] 427 (8) The truth of the matter is that	 when abolition of the cadre of Junior Engineers was thought of	 the State decided that this should not affect the existing Junior Engineers and their promotional chances. Again	 when the merger of the Corporation and State services was thought of	 the decision was that the Senior Technical Assistants should be placed on par with the Junior Engineers of the State Service. This was a conscious and equitable decision and to go back upon it has resulted in arbitrary discrimination against the appellants. By the decision of 1986	 they lose their status as Junior Engineers (and are equated to Sub Engineers	 which is the status also accorded to the Junior Technical Assistants	 their subordinates in the erstwhile Corporation)	 they lose their right to promotion	 they lose seniority by being placed at the bottom of the Sub Engineers of the State services	 and the promotional quota now allot ted to them is illusory. [443B D] (9) Gross injustice has been done to the appellants by the decision of 1.3.1986. This decision is therefore quashed. Accordingly	 the appellants will be entitled to be considered for promotion as Assistant Engineers in the same manner and to the same extent as the Junior Engineers of the State service have been considered and not on the basis of the percentages prescribed for Sub Engineers under the amended rules. [443F G]