Summarize the following court judgment. minal Appeal No. 245 of 1969. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated July 17	 1969 of the Mysore High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 111 of 1968 and Criminal Referred Case No. 2 of 1968. K. M. K. Nair	 for the appellant. section section Javali and section P. Nayar	 for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Dua	 J. The appellant was convicted by the Sessions Judge	 Shimoga	 under section 302	 I.P.C. for the murder of one Govindappa	 a village postman and was awarded capital sentence. He was also held guilty of an offence under section 201	 I.P.C. and sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for 7 years. The High Court of Mysore confirmed the conviction and sentence under section 302	 I.P.C. It also upheld his conviction under section 201	 I.P.C. but set aside the sentence on this count observing that when a person is convicted both under section 302 and section 201	 I.P.C. it is undesirable to pass separate sentence for both offences. In this appeal with	 special leave the appellant challenges his conviction and sentence under section 302	 I.P.C. The appellant was tried	 along with Laxmamma (accused No. 2) wife of the deceased Govindappa and her mother Gangamma (accused No. 3) wife of late Mylappa. The two women were charged with abetment of murder and were acquitted by the trial court. We are not concerned with them in this appeal. There is no eye witness in the case and the courts below have accepted the prosecution story on circumstantial evidence. The question before us is whether the circumstantial evidence accepted by the courts below establishes the murder of the deceased by the appellant beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution story may now be stated. The deceased	 Govindappa resident of Kommanal village in Shimoga Taluk worked as Extra Departmental Delivery Agent in the postal department. He was attached to the post 217 office at Kommanal and was in common parlance called a postman. G. Sangaiah (P.W. 1) resident of village Abbalagere worked as an Assistant School Teacher in Kommanal. The distance between the two villages is 1 3/4 miles. P.W. 1 also worked as Branch Postmaster in Kommanal	 and was called Extra Departmental Postmaster. According to him the duties of the deceased were to bring the postal bags from the M.M.S. Bus on the main road in the morning at about 8.30 a.m. and after the bags were opened by P.W. 1 to deliver the postal articles to their respective addressees. At about 4.30 p.m. he would return to the post office to take the postal bags to the Mail Service Bus. Six villages were	 attached to this post office. The deceased used to deliver postal articles in two groups of three villages each on alternate days. On July 21	 1967 at about 10 a.m. the deceased received the postal articles from P.W. 1 for	 delivering them to the addressees in	 villages Kittadal	 Kunchenhalli and Bikkonahalli. The articles to be delivered included two registered letters addressed to Krishna Naika and Halanaika of Kittadal. At about 3.30 p.m. the deceased returned and told P.W. 1 that the addressees	 having gone to their fields	 were not in the village	 and that he would again try to deliver the. registered articles to them. The deceased took the postal bags from the post office for delivery to the Mail bus. He did not return to duty thereafter. As the deceased had been in the service of the post office for nearly 32 years	 P.W. 1 did not suspect his bona fides. On July 22	 1967 P.W. I went to the house of the deceased but did not find him there. Thinking that the deceased might have been unavoidably held up somewhere P.W. 1 in addition to his own duties performed those of the deceased as well on that day. On July 23	 P.W. 1 went to village KittadaJ to inquire about the delivery of the registered articles to the addressees. There he learnt from Krishna Naika (P.W. 15) that on July 21	 1967 the deceased had delivered to him. the registered article at about 6 p.m. P.W. 15 on being questioned by the court gave the time of delivery to be about 4 p.m. But this differences as to time	 in the opinion of the trial court	 was due to the fact that the witness had no precise idea of time. After having waited for another day on July 24	 1967 P.W. I reported to the Postal Inspector	 Shimoga Circle about the disappearance of the deceased exhibit P 1 is this report. P.W. I informed the Postal Inspector of the steps taken by him in his search for the deceased. Those steps included the inquiries made by him from the addressees of the registered letters which had been delivered by the deceased. P.W. I had looked at those registered letters and left instructions for their production when required. It was further reported that the receipts L11 Sup. CI 15 218 pertaining to the delivery of RL No. 456/Udipi	 and RL No. 825/Udipi and the visit book had not been returned by the deceased to the post office. A request was made by P.W. 1 for the appointment of someone in place of the deceased so that the registered articles received on the 24th and 25th July	 1967 be 	delivered to their respective addressees. The Postal Inspector was asked to visit Kommanal for making the necessary arrangements. This report reached the Inspector (S.W. Pawar	 P.W. 2) on July 26	 1967 and he visited Kommanal on July 27	 1967. There he collected four Panchayatdars and examined Laxmamma	 the wife of the deceased. The same day he submitted his report	 exhibit P 3	 to the Sub Inspector of ' Police	 Kasaba Police Station	 Shimoga	 attaching with it a copy of the report of P.W. 1	 and also a copy of the statement of LaxmaMma. in this report all the relevant facts were stated. The important thing to be noted about this report is that according to it the deceased had two keys of letters boxes fixed at Kunchenhalli and Somanakoppa. The duplicate keys of these locks were	 however	 available with P.W. 1. This report was sent because	 according to P.W. 2	 neither the wife of the deceased nor anyone else from the village had reported to the police about the disappearance of the de ceased While investigation into the fact of disappearance of the deceased pursuant to this report was going on	 it appears that Bheema Naika	 (P.W. 3)	 resident of Kommanal while grazing his cattle near Ayanoor forest sensed some foul smell from a spot near 'Korakalu '. On going closer	 he saw	 what appeared to him to be	 a human skeleton with Khakhi half pants	 khakhi shirt and belt and a pair of chappals. He got frightened and reported to the village patel about what he had seen. As it was late in the evening the patel did not go to the spot that day. The following morning	 August 4	 1967	 P.W. 3 took the pate (Shankargowda	 P.W. 12) and some others to the spot and showed them what he had seen. The pate then reported the matter to the Sub Inspector of Police	 Shimoga Taluk (exhibit P 11) Investigation then appears to have started for establishing the identity of the dead body	 the cause of his death and	 if his death was considered to be homicidal	 who was the offender. As a result of the investigation the three accused persons	 as observed earlier	 were sent up for trial. The three questions requiring consideration by us relate to the identity of the dead body represented to be of the deceased	 the cause of the death and whether the appellant has committed the murder. In so far as the question of identity is concerned	 there can hardly be any doubt that the skeleton was that of the deceased. The Khakhi shirt	 exhibit M.O. 1 and the half pant exhibit M.O. 2 have 219 been identified by P.W. 1 as the uniform given to the deceased. ' The visit book (exhibit M.O. 5) is also proved by P.W. 1 to have been delivered to the deceased The two postal acknowledgments entrusted to the deceased with the registered articles (exhibit M.O. 6) and the two duplicate keys (Exs. MO 3) of the locks of the post boxes at Kunchenhalli and Somanakoppa have also been identified and proved by P.W. 1. All these articles were recovered from near the dead body. This evidence leaves little doubt that the skeleton was of the deceased. Some doubt was sought to be created on the question whether the bones found at the spot were those of a human body. But on this point the testimony of Dr. Shambulingaswami	 Assistant Surgeon	 Mccann Hospital	 Shimoga (P.W. 26) is clear and it establishes beyond doubt that the bones found were those of a human being. For the present we are leaving out of consideration the evidence of Ganga (P.W. 4) and the oral confession made by the appellant to this witness. We will deal with that witness a little later Turning to the question whether the deceased died a natural death or his death was homicidal	 Dr. Ramu	 Associate Professor of Forensic Medicine 	 Bangalore Medical College	 was required to examine this question and the skeleton concerned was forwarded to him. His report (exhibit P 20) records. the following opinion "I am of opinion that (a) all the bones sent are of ' human origin and appear to belong to the same individual; (b) the bones belong to a male; (c) the age of the person is between 25 35 years; (d) the height of the person is about 5 feet 6 inches one inch; (e) the cause of death is due to external violence; (f) the time since death is about 4 8 weeks from the date of examination. " This report is dated August 30	 1967. When Dr. Ramu appeared as a witness he was cross examined by the counsel for the	 appellant. A suggestion was thrown that	 the dead body might have been bitten by wild animals. This suggestion was denied by the witness who replied that the gnawing by the wild animals would result in irregular surface which was not the case in respect of the bones sent to him. The witness also refuted the suggestion that the base of the skull in question could have been fractured by a violent fall. The fracture of bones caused by wild animals trampling on them was also stated by the witness to be different in 220 nature from the fractures which were found in the present case. The doctor was clearly of opinion that the injuries caused to the bones sent to him for examination were ante mortem and not postmortem. On being questioned by the court the doctor replied that at least two blows must have been given to the deceased	 one on the nape of the neck and the other on the left cheek. He further stated that the spinal cord must have been cut and completely severed because the two pieces M.O. 18 and M.O. 18 (a) were completely severed and this result could not have come about without the spinal cord being cut. The injury on the base of the skull	 he continued	 must have been the result of a very hard blow and this was by itself sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. The man whose bones were sent to him	 must	 according to the doctor	 have been brutally attacked with a sharp cutting instrument. This evidence	 in our opinion	 convincingly establishes that the deceased was the victim of grievous assault as a result of which he died and the courts below were quite right in so concluding. We now come to the question whether it	 was the appellant who committed the murder. It is in evidence that the deceased was last seen in the company of the appellant at about 4.30 p.m. when the deceased had gone to deliver the mail bags to the bus. At about 3.30 p.m.	 according to P.W. 1	 the deceased had gone to the post office and taken the postal bags to be delivered to the Mail Bus	 M.M.S. Bus Service. He had also told the witness that he would again try to contact Krishna Naika and Halla Naika of Kittadal for delivering the registered articles. Chennabasappa (P.W. 16) has also deposed that he saw Govindappa and the appellant delivering the mail bags to the bus after they had taken coffee in the hotel near the bus stop that evening. P.W. 9	 the brother of the appellant who was also at the bus stop that evening saw the deceased and the appellant travelling in the same bus. Gangamma (P.W. 8)	 the wife of the brother of the deceased who lives in a portion of the same house in which the deceased lived. has stated that she saw the deceased on Friday evening at about 4.30 p.m. with the appellant going from their house towards the post office building. The appellant was at that time carrying an axe on his shoulder. The demeanor of this witness was described by the trial court as natural. Sulochana	 an eleven year old daughter of the deceased	 appeared as P.W. 10 and stated that on Friday	 the day her father disappeared	 at about 4.30 p.m. he left the house to deliver the mail bags. At about 5 p.m. the appellant took an axe from her mother and proceeded towards the 'Post office. At about 8 p.m. the appellant returned home. According to this witness four or five days earlier	 the appellant had suggested to the deceased to accompany him to the forest area for bringing 221 teak logs so as to be able to make some money. People of village Haramghatta required teak logs and the deceased	 according to the suggestion	 could earn at least Rs. 151. The deceased first expressed his inability to spare time from his official duties but the suggestion	 could earn at least Rs. 151 . The deceased first expresed his inability to spare time from his official duties but the suggestion having been repeated the deceased ultimately agreed. This witness	 though being only 1 1 years old was not administered oath	 created a favourable impression on the trial court as is obvious from the following note "The witness gave her evidence without faltering or visible signs of hesitancy. She speaks clearly	 precisely and straight to the question. " The trial court also interrupted the witness in the middle of her testimony	 in order to satisfy itself	 by breaking the continuity of the story	 that she was not reproducing a tutored version. On going through her statement we are satisfied that she is a truthful witness and her evidence deserves to be accepted and was rightly accepted by the courts below. There is in our opinion	 cogent and trustworthy evidence. to support the conclusion of the courts below that the deceased was last seen with the appellant a short time before his disappearance. Having upheld this conclusion	 we may appropriately examine the appellant 's explanation. He has merely denied	 by expressing his ignorance	 that the deceased had been last seen alive with him. In fact he has simply described as false all the material allegations including that of his acquaintance with Laxmamma and that he used to stay in Kommanal. This bare denial without any explanation is not wholly unimportant. This takes us to the motive for the appellant to get rid of the deceased. There can be little doubt on the evidence on the record that the appellant had developed close intimacy with the wife of the deceased. The evidence of Gangamma (P.W. 8)	 wife of the brother of the deceased who	 it may recalled	 lives in one portion of the ancestral house owned by the two brothers	 is quite clear on the point. Laxmamma	 the wife of the deceased	 used to run her shop in the other half of the same house. P.W. 8 was	 therefore	 in a position to know about the appellant 's frequent visits to that shop. According to her the appellant sometimes used to take his food in Laxmamma 's house and also to sleep there. This was due to their intimacy. Though many customers used to come to that shop no one ever stayed on in the house except the appellant. P.W. 8 has also deposed that the deceased and his wife used to quarrel with each other and the deceased used to 222 protest against her feeding the appellant and neglecting him in the matter of food. To this Laxamma used to report that the deceased did not provide her with enough money for that purpose whereas the appellant did. The suggestion that her husband and the deceased had quarrelled over partition of a field was repudiated by her. The trial court was favourably impressed by the demeanor of this witness as well. P.W. 9	 the brother of the deceased	 has also stated about the quarrels between the deceased and his wife. He has deposed : "My brother and his wife A2 were often quarreling bitterly. That was after Ugadi of last year. lie used to complain to his wife that she was not cooking food at the proper time. A2 in turn used to reply that he was not supplying her with provision and therefore he could not expect her to cook food in time. He sometimes used to thrash A2. She would weep and sleep away. When my brother used to go away without food	 I used to invite him to take his food. Sometimes he used to take his food in my house. After the last Ugadi	 Thimma (A1) 's visit and stay in my brother 's house increased. Al and A2 used to go together for work. They used to go to Nyamathi Shandy to fetch goods. Al used to carry the goods back to Komminal from Nyamathi. Two days prior to the disappearance of my brother there was a bitter quarrel between A2 and himself. During that quarrel	 Govindappa questioned A2 how Al remained under his roof and that she fed him and that by the time he returned	 there was nothing left for him. A2 replied that he earns and supplied the provi sions and therefore she was feeding him whereas he (Govindappa) did not supply the provisions and consequently she did not look after him. The quarrel resulted in severe beating of A2 by my brother. A2 never served him food. " From this evidence the motive on the part of the appellant to do away with the deceased is obvious. We now turn to the extra judicial confessions of the appellant and his conduct on the day following the disappearance of the deceased. Ganga (P.W. 4) is a nephew of the appellant	 being the son of his elder brother. The appellant	 according to this witneSS	 had taken up a contract of uprooting plants and trees so as to render the land cultivable. This witness used to visit Laxmamma 's shop when he was working at Kommanal and he 223 also knew the deceased. On Saturday following the day when the deceased had disappeared	 in the early hours of the morning a little before sunrise. the appellant went to the house of the witness in Bodekanna colony near Kommannal and woke him up. As the witness began to tether his bullocks the appellant went to	 his father 's house nearby. After	 a short while the appellant returned and told the witness that the previous evening he had gone to the field of one Mahadevappa and had lost his purse containing Rs. 200/ . The appellant desired the witness to accompany him to find the lost purse. On their way through the forest by the side of the hill they met one Sivappanavar Basappa (P.W. 13) on whose enquiry as to what had brought them there so early	 the appellant replied that he had some work in the fallow land of Mahadevappa . On reaching the 'Korakalu ' which was about 2 1/2 ft. deep	 the witness saw the dead body of Govindappa. The dead body was lying flat on its back and the witness observed injuries on the neck	 face and chest of the deceased. He also saw near the dead body Khakhi shirt (M.O. 1)	 Khakhi half pants (M.O. 2)	 a pair of chappals (M.O. 7)	 a plaster belt (M.O. 8) and banian (M.O. 10). The appellant then pulled the red waist thread (M.O. 10) worn by the deceased and as he took it into his hands	 a pair of small keys (M.O. 3 A) were noticed by the witness. The appellant remarked that those were not the keys he wanted. So saying he threw away the thread	 the keys and a talisman (M.O. 11) which was also found there. Directing the witness to keep a watch from a higher elevation the appellant cut some branches of the trees and after collecting some twigs covered the dead body with them. After picking up some papers the appellant and the witness started on return journey. After covering some distance the appellant threw away the papers in a bush. The appellant told the witness that he had killed the deceased with the sickle (matchu) given by the wife of the deceased and that the same had been thrown away by him in a bush. As they reached the main road the appellant warned the witness not to disclose to anyone what he had seen and learnt	 otherwise he was threatened with the same fate as the deceased had met. The trial court was not favourably impressed by the testimony of Ganga (P.W. 4) though it felt convinced that on the day following the disappearance of the deceased he had knowledge both of the commission of the offence and of the place where the dead body was lying. That court did not rely _on his testimony in regard to the extra judicial confession because it was considered incredible. The High Court on appeal disagreed with the trial court in its appreciation of the evidence of P.W. 4. According to the High Court the evidence of P.W. 4 was corroborated by the evidence of P.W. 13 and P.W. 25. The extra judicial confession was	 224 therefore	 held to be admissible and trust Worthy. Before us it was contended	 that the extra judicial confession said to have "been made to P.W. 4 is inadmissible and in any event without corroboration in material particulars from independent source it is unsafe to act upon it. It was emphasised that P.W. 4 was at one stage of the investigation suspected of complicity in this murder and	 therefore	 he should be treated no better than an accomplice. In our opinion	 this criticism is not justified. An unambiguous confession	 if admissible in evidence	 and free from suspicion suggesting its falsity	 is a valuable piece of evidence which possesses a high probative force because it emanates directly from the person committing the offence. But in the process of proof of an alleged confession the court has to be satisfied that	 it is voluntary	 it does not appear to be the result of inducement	 threat or promise as contemplated by section 24	 Indian Evidence Act and the surrounding circumstances do not indicate that it is inspired by some improperly or collateral consideration suggesting that it may not be true. For this purpose	 the court must scrutinise all the relevant factors	 such as	 the person to whom the confession is made	 the time and place of making it	 the circumstances in which it is made and finally the actual words. In the case in hand it is quite clear that P.W. 4 is not a person in authority. There can thus be no question of any inducement	 threat or promise rendering the confession irrelevant. Nor has any cogent reason ' been suggested why the appellant should have made an untrue confession to P.W. 4 within 24 hours of the disappearance of the deceased. On the other hand	 the appellant appears to have been impelled by some inner urge to take the assistance of P.W. 4	 his real nephew	 to go to the place of occurrence to see as to what had happened to the dead body of his victim. Such behaviour cannot be considered unnatural. The confession appears to us to be free from any taint which would throw suspicion on its voluntary character and it has a ring of truth in it. The fact that during the investigation P.W. 4 was suspected of being involved in the murder would also not cast any doubt on the voluntary character of the confession or on its true nature because it is the knowledge of P.W. 4 derived from this very confession which perhaps invited suspicion on him. We do not consider this to be a cogent ground for holding that P.W. 4 had any motive to concoct the story of confession. This confession is	 therefore	 admisible in evidence and being true	 deserves to be acted upon. The words used are quite clear and 'admit of no doubt of the appellant 's guilt. And then though the evidence of P.W. 4 does not need any corroboration we find that corroboration in material particulars is forthcoming on the record. The existence of the dead body and all the other articles at the place where they were later found and the evidence of Basappa (P.W. 13) which proves the visit of the 225 appellant and P.W. 4 to the spot on Saturday following the disappearance of the deceased furnish strong corroboration. The High Court was thus quite right in relying on the extra judicial confession made to P.W. 4. The confessions said to have been made to P.W. 31 and to Abdul Rahman (P.W. 22) stand on a different footing. Both the courts below have not considered it safe to rely on these confessions and we do not find any sufficient reason for disagreeing with them. Reliance on behalf of the prosecution was also placed on the information given by the appellant which led to the discovery of the dead body and other articles found at the spot. It was contended that the information received from him related distinctly to the facts discovered and	 therefore	 the statement conveying the information was admissible in evidence under section 27 of the Indian 'Evidence Act. This information	 it was argued	 also lends support to the appellant 's guilt. It appears to us that when P.W. 4 was suspected of complicity in this offence he would in all probability have disclosed to the police the existence of the dead body and the other articles at the place where they were actually found. Once a fact is discovered from other sources there can be no fresh discovery even if relevant information is extracted from the accused and courts have to be watchful against the ingenuity of the investigating officer in this respect so that the protection afforded by the wholesome provisions of sections 25 and 26 of the Indian Evi dence Act is not whittled down by mere manipulation of the record of case diary. It would	 in the circumstances	 be somewhat unsafe to rely on this information for proving the appellant 's guilt. We are accordingly disinclined to take into consideration this statement. The trial court and the High Court have also been influenced by the fact that the appellant had absconded after September 1	 1967 when the police got suspicious of his complicity in this offence. It is true that the appellant did make himself scarce with effect from September 1	 1967 till he was arrested on September 5	 1967 and this conduct is relevant under section 8 of. the Indian Evidence Act and might well be indicative to some extent of guilty mind. But this is not the only conclusion to which it must lead the court. Even innocent persons may	 when suspected of grave crimes	 be tempted to	 evade arrest: such is the instinct of self preservation in an average human being. We are	 therefore	 not inclined to attach much significance to this conduct on the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case. In this case the appellant being a pauper was provided with counsel at State expense in the trial court. The entire prosecution case depends on circumstantial evidence and the dead body 226 was actually recovered in a decomposed state when it was not capable of identification. In view of these peculiar features we undertook to examine the evidence ourselves	 a course which this Court as a matter of settled practice	 does not ordinarily adopt. We are satisfied that the evidence on the record establishes the appellant 's guilt beyond reasonable doubt and the courts below were quite right in convicting him. On the question of sentence also we do not find any cogent ground for interference. This appeal fails and is dismissed. Y.P. Appeal dismissed.

The appellant was convicted of the offence under section 302 I.P.C. Being a pauper he was defended by counsel at State expense. The entire evidence was circumstantial and the dead body	 when it was recovered	 was in a	 decomposed state and was incapable of identification. Therefore	 this Court	 examined the evidence afresh	 contrary to its settled practice and came to the conclusion that the evidence on record established the appellant 's guilt beyond all reasonable doubt. With respect to three items of evidence	 namely	 (1) an extra judicial confession by the appellant to his nephew; (2) the 'recovery of the dead body as a result of the appellant 's statement; and (3) the conduct of the appellant in absconding immediately after the police suspected his complicity in the crime	 HELD : (1) An unambiguous confession if admissible in evidence	 and free from suspicion suggesting its falsity	 is a valuable piece of evidence. which possesses a high probative force because it emanates directly from the person committing the offence. The Court	 must however be satisfied that it is voluntary and was not the result of inducement	 threat or promise as contemplated by section 24 of the Evidence Act and that the surrounding circumstances do not indicate that it was inspired by improper or collateral considerations. For this purpose	 the court must scrutinise all the relevant factors	 such as the person to whom the confession is. made	 the time and place of making it	 the circumstances in which it was made and finally	 the actual words used. [224 C] In the present case	 the person to whom the extra judicial confession. was made was not a person in authority and there was no question of any inducement	 threat or promise. Nor has any cogent reason been suggested as to why the appellant should have made an untrue confession within 24 hours of the disappearance of the deceased. The appellant appears to have been impelled by some inner urge to take the assistance of his nephew to go to the place of occurrence and see what happened to the dead body	 Such behaviours cannot be considered unnatural. The confession is free from any taint which would throw suspicion on its voluntary character and it has a ring of truth in it. The fact that during the investigation the nephew was also suspected of being involved in the murder would also not cast any doubt on the voluntary character of the confession or on its true nature	 because	 it was his knowledge derived from the confession that invited suspicion on him. Further	 though the evidence of the nephew does not require corroboration	 the finding of the dead body and other articles and other evidence on record corroborate it in material particulars. Therefore the confession to	 the nephew is admissible in evidence and being true	 deserves to be acted upon. [224 E H] (2) When the nephew was suspected of complicity he would have in all probability	 disclosed to the police the existence of the dead body and 216 the other articles at the place where they were actually found. Therefore	 it would	 in the circumstances of the case	 be unsafe to rely upon the information given by the accused	 leading to the discovery of the dead body	 for proving his 'guilt. [225 D F] (3) Evidence of absconding is relevant as evidence of conduct under section 8 of the Evidence Act but the guilty mind of the accused is not the only conclusion that could be drawn by the Court	 because	 even innocent persons when suspected of grave crimes are tempted to evade arrest. [225 G H]