Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 104[NT] of 1979. From the Judgment and Order dated 3.10.1978 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in 1.]". Reference No. 60 of 1974. 191 WITH Civil Appeal Nos. 1801 to 1804/89 & 6254 (NT)/90 Dr. V.Gauri Shankar	 S.Rajappa	 Ms. A. Subhashini and Manoj Arora for the Appellants. T.A.Ramaehandran and Ms. Janki Ramachandran for the Respond ents. The Judgement of the Court was delivered by RANGANATHAN	 J. These appeals involve a common question and hence can be disposed of by a common order. The respond ent assessees are steel rolling mills engaged in the manu facture of M.S. (Mild Steel) rods	 bars or rounds. The question for consideration is whether they are entitled to a higher rate of development rebate specified in s.33(1) (b) (B) (i)(a) and to relief under s.80 I (as it stood at the relevant time) of the Income tax Act	 1961. The answer to this question entirely turns on whether the assessees are engaged in the manufacture or production of any one or more of the articles or things specified in the relevant Schedule to the Act. They claim that the articles manufactured by them fail under item 1 of the list of articles and things set out in the relevant Schedule which reads: "Iron and steel (Metal)	 ferro alloys and special steels". This contention was rejected by Income Tax Officer but has been accepted by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner	 the Tribunal and the High Court. Hence these appeals by the Revenue. It has been brought to our notice that there is a dif ference of judicial opinion on this issue among the High Courts. The Calcutta High court in Indian Steel and Wire Products Ltd. vs Commissioner of Income Tax	 	 and the Allahabad High Court in Commissioner of Income Tax vs Kay Charan Pvt. Ltd.	 have answered the question in the negative and against the assessee. On the other hand	 the Kerala High Court in C.I. T.v. Mittal Steel Re rolling and Allied Industries (1 ') Ltd. and CIT vs West India Steel Co. Ltd. 	 FB. The Madras High Court in the judgment under appeal	 reported as Addl. Commissioner of Income tax v	 Trich Steel Rollling Mills Ltd.	 	 the Punjab & Haryana High Court in C.I.T. vs Krishna Copper and Steel Rolling Mills	 (1979) 119 I.T.R. 256; (hereunder appeal) C.I.T.v. Ludhiana Steel Rolling Mills	 ; and the Allahabad High Court in Singh Engineering Works Pvt. Ltd. vs C.I.T.	 have taken a view in favour of the assessee. This controversy needs to be resolved. 192 It may be useful	 at this stage	 to refer to three decisions of this Court	 the decisions or observations in which have influenced the High court. (1) The first of these is State of Madhya Bharat vs Hiralal	 (1966) 17 S.T.C. 313. This case arose under the Madhya Bharat Sales Tax Act. Under section 5 of the said Act	 two notifications had been issued. The first notifica tion exempted from sales tax certain listed goods	 one of which was "iron and steel"	 while the second notification specified the rates and stages lot levy of sales tax on a number of articles	 one of which was"goods prepared from any metal other than gold and silver". Hiralal	 who owned a re rolling mill	 purchased scrap iron locally and imported iron plates from outside and	 after converting them into bars	 flats and plates in his mills	 sold them in the market. He claimed exemption under the first of the above notifications. This claim was upheld by this Court The judgment of the Court is a short one	 the relevant paragraph of which reads as follows: "Learned cournsel for the State contends that the expression "iron and steel means iron and steel in the original condition and not iron and steel in the shape of bars	 flats and plates. In our view	 this contention is not sound. A comparison of the said two Notifica tions brings out the distinction between raw materials of iron and steel and the goods prepared from iron and steel; while the former is exempted from tax	 the latter is taxed. Therefore	 iron and steel used as raw material for manufacturing other goods are exempted from taxation. So long as iron and steel continue to be raw materials	 they enjoy the exemption. Scrap iron purchased by the re spondent was merely re rolled into bars	 flats and plates. They were processed for conven ience of sale. The raw material were only re rolled to give them attractive and acceptable forms. They did not in the process lose their character as iron and steel. The dealer sold "iron and steel" in the shape of bars	 flats and plates and the customer purchased "iron and steel" in that shape. We	 therefore	 hold that the bars	 flats and plates sold by the assessee are iron and steel exempted under the Notification. The conclusion arrived at by the High Court is correct." (2) The second decision referred to is Devidass Gopal Krishnan vs State of Punjab	 (1967) 20 S.T.C. 430. Here	 one batch of appellants before the Court carried on business in rolling steel. They purchased steel scrap and steel ingots and converted them into rolled steel sections. They 193 contended that the levy of a purchase tax on the steel scrap and ingots side by side with a sales tax on the rolled steel sections constituted double taxation of the same commodity contrary to the provision of section 15 of the . This contention was rejected. It was held that the process by which the steel scrap (or ingot) lost its identity and became rolled steel sections was a process of manufacture and that	 since the goods purchased and those sold were different	 no question of double taxation arose: (3) The third decision	 Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Ltd. vs State of U.P.	 (1981) 48 S.T.C. 411	 involved the interpretation of certain notifications issued under section 3A(2) of the U.P. Sales Tax Act	 1948. The two notifications with which the Court was concerned prescribed rates of tax at which certain goods were taxable. item no.6 in the notification of 1973 described the goods as: "All kinds of minerals and ores and alloys except copper	 tin	 zinc	 nickel or alloy of these metals only. " Item No. 1 of the second notification read: All kinds of minerals	 ores	 metals	 and alloys including sheets and circles used in the manufacture of brass wares and scraps containing only any of the metals	 copper	 tin	 zinc	 or nickel except those included in any other notification 'issued under the Act. " The appellant Corporation	 which carried on the business of manufacturing and dealing in aluminium metal and vations aluminium products	 claimed the benefit of these notifica tions for its products. The High Court held that	 while aluminium ingots	 wire bars and billets would fall in the category of "metals and alloys"	 rolled products prepared by rolling ingots and extrusions manufactured from billets must be regarded as different commercial commodities from the ingots and billets and therefore outside the category of "metals and alloys". Such rolled products included plates	 coils	 sheets	 circles and strips. The extrusions were manufactured in the shape of bars	 rods	 structurals	 tubes	 angles	 channels and different types of sections. This conclusion was upheld by this Court The Court referred to the history of the notifications issued by the State Govern ment from time to time in this behalf and came to the con clusion that the inference was irresistible that when such a notification referred to a metal	 it referred to the metal in the primary or original form in which it was saleable and not to any subsequently fabricated form. The Court rejected the contention that the word "all" used in the notification in referring to 194 "all kinds of minerals	 ores	 metals and alloys" should be given its fullest amplitude so as to include even subse quently fabricated forms of the metal. The Court felt that this construction was inconsistent with the scheme of the earlier notifications to which reference had been made and observed: "While broadly a metal in its primary form and a metal in its subsequently fabricated form may be said to belong to the same genus	 the distinction made between the two constitutes a dichotomy of direct significance to the con troversy before US." After referring to its earlier decisions in State of M.P.v. Hiralal	 (1966) 17 S.T.C. 313	 Devi Dass Gopal Krish nan vs The State of Punjab	 (1967) 20 S.T.C. 430 and State of Tamil Nadu vs Pyarelal Malhotra	 (1976) 37 S.T.C. 3 19	 the Court concluded: "We are of the definite opinion that the only interpretation possible is that aluminium rolled products and extrusions are regarded as distinct commercial items from aluminium ingots and billets in the notification issued under the U.P. Sales Tax Act. " The above decisions were rendered in the context of the Sales Tax Acts and notifications thereunder. They	 however	 bring out two points. First	 they make it clear that there is a real and clear dichotomy between "iron and steel" and "products or goods made of iron and steel" and	 indeed	 between any metal as such and the products or goods fabri cated therefrom. This is also clear from the various entries in the relevant schedules under the Income Tax Act itself. For instance	 item 2 in the List is: "Aluminium	 copper	 lead and zinc (Metal). While ingots and sheets manufactured from scrap have been held to fall under item 2	 finished commercial products like alumimum pigments	 aluminium arti cles and aluminium caps have been held to tall outside it. See C.I. T.v. Rashtriya Metal Industries Ltd.	 a case under the ; Indian Aluminium Co. Ltd. vs CI.T.	 ; (1983)140 I.T.R 114 (Cal); Jeewanlal	 (1929)Ltd. vs CI.T. and CI.T. vs Fitwell Caps P. Ltd. 'So also	 item 7 refers	 inter alia	 to "cables" which is only a type of thick copper wire used for the transmission of electricity. It has been held that insulated copper wires of a type known as winding wires will not fall under item 7 as they are not used for the above purpose and that an industry engaged in its manufacture is not an industry eligible for the reliefs of the kind presently under consideration: See: Hindustan 195 Wire Products vs C.I.T.	 This deci sion is of no direct relevance here except to point out that no atttempt was made in the case to contend that they will fall under item 2 of the Schedule which covers "aluminium	 copper	 lead and zinc (metals)". Item 11 in the Schedule refers to "steel castings and forgings and malleable iron and steel castings". The expressions "casting" and "forging" refer to processes used in the manufacture or production of articles of iron and steel and also mean	 particularly when used in the plural	 the articles produced by the process (vide: Glossary of Tenns published by the Bureau of Indian Standards and relating to Iron and Steel: 	 "Forging"). Item 21 which refers to "Seamless Tubes" also furnishes a similar indication. There is	 therefore	 a distinction between the article or thing referred to in the Schedule as "iron and steel (metal)" and articles or things manufactured from "iron and steel". Secondly	 the decision in State of MB. vs Hiralal	 (1966) 17 S.T.C. 313 shows that even the expression "iron and steel" which is wider than the expression we are concerned with as it is not further qualified by the word "metal" was held to mean iron and steel used as raw material for the manufacture of other goods. The Court held that bars	 flats and plates only represented such raw material in attractive and acceptable forms. Sri Gauri Shankar	 for the Revenue	 contended that the use of the appellation "metal" in the entry we are concerned with further restricts the nature of the qualify ing industry but we are not inclined to agree. Obviously it is not used to denote the metal in its pristine form as an ore or as an extraction from the ore. In the context of a manufacturing industry it is used	 we think	 for emphasising the distinction between the metal used as a raw material in the manufacture of various articles and the commercial articles made therefrom. We would	 therefore	 attach the same meaning to the expression as Hiralal (supra) did. In that case	 the Court held that the bars	 flats and pieces turned out by the assessee from the scrap metal were not products manufactured from the raw material but only repre sented the raw material rolled out in attractive and accept able forms. Per contra	 in Devidass Gopal Krishnan	 [1962] 20 S.T.C. 430 rolled steel sections were held to be products manufactured from steel scrap and ingots. But that will not be conclusive here because the relevant provision here contemplates something manufactured out of iron ore or iron scrap. The question really therefore is: having regard to the nature of the iron and steel industry and its processes	 do M.S. bars	 rods and rounds represent the raw material for the manufacture of the articles of iron and steel or are they themselves articles made of iron and steel? For deciding the above issue	 learned counsel on both sides have placed before us a good deal of literature about the iron and steel industry as well as the glossary of terms used therein: 196 (a) A succinct summary of the processes involved	 illus trated by a figurative chart	 is given in the very first page of "The Making	 Shaping and Treating of Steel"	 edited by Lankford and others (10th Edition)	. page 1. It is unnec essary to set out the process in detail here except to note that molten pig iron coming out of the blast furnace and iron scrap are fed into steel making furnaces	 wherefrom by a basic oxygen process or electric process or open hearth process	 molten steel is ladled out into moulds to form ingots. There are three stages in the manufacture of the steel: (i) the first stage when ingots are obtained by Lapping and then teeming the molten steel into rectangular moulds; (ii) the second stage where semi finished steel is cast in the form of blooms	 billets and slabs by reheating the ingots to an appro priate temperature and rolling or forging them into shapes; and (iii) the production from blooms	 billets and slabs again by process of hot rolling	 cold rolling	 forging	 extruding	 drawing etc. of finished steel products; bars	 plates	 structural shapes	 rails	 wire	 tubular products	 coated and uncoated sheet steel etc. all in the many forms required by users of steel. The third of the processes involves heating the blooms	 billets and slabs in heating furnaces and then processing them through various types of mills: (i) Structural mills : for obtaining structural shapes like beams	 angles	 tees	 zees	 channels	 piling etc. (ii) Rail mills : for producing standard rails	 crane rails and joint bars; (iii) Bar mills : for producing bars which may be flat	 round	 halfround	 triangular	 square	 haxagonal or octagonal; (iv) Seamless pile mills: for producing pipes and tubes and skelp mills and other tubular products; continuous Butt weld pipe mills (v) Plate mills : for manufacturing plates; and (vi) Hot strip mills : for producing sheets	 strips and coils. and cold reduction mills 197 (b)The Explanatory Not to Chapter 72 (iron and Steel) of the Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding Nomenclature (HCCN) are also on the same lines. The chapter covers the ferrous metals (pig iron	 spilgeleisen	 ferro alloys and other materials) as well as certain products of the iron and steel industry (ingots and other primary products and the principal products derived therefrom) of iron or non alloy steel	 of stainless steel and of other alloy steel. It is pointed out that iron ore	 waste	 scrap metal	 pre reduced iron ore and other ferrous waste is converted by reduction in blast furnaces or electric furnaces into pig iron or sponge iron or lump iron. Electrolysis or other chemical processes are used only when iron of exceptional purity is required for special use. Most of the pig iron is converted into steel in steel works but some are used in foundries (iron works) for manufacture of ingot moulds	 cast iron tubes and pipes and castings and the remainder are cost into the forms of pigs or blocks	 m casting machines or sand beds or produced in the form of irregularly shaped lumps (plate iron) or granulated. Pig iron	 cast iron	 sponge iron waste and scrap constitute the primary steel making materials. Steel making processes are either pneumatic or hearth proc esses and the steel produced	by these and other processes are classified in various ways. Although molten steel may be cast (in foundries) into its final shape in	_ moulds (steel castings)	 most molten steel is cast into ingots in moulds. _At the casting	 pouring and solidification stages	 steel is classified as 'rimming ' or effervescent	 'killed ' or:non effervescent and 'semi killed ' or balanced steel. After they have solidified and their temperature has been equalised	 the ingots are rolled into semi finished productrs (blooms	 billets	 rounds	 slabs	 sheet bars) on primary cogging or roughing mills (blooming	 slabbing etc.) or converted by drop hammer or on a forging press into semi finished forg ings. Semi finished products and	 in certain cases	 ingots are subsequently converted into finished products. These may be flat products (such as wide flats	 universal plates	 wild coil	 sheets	 plates and strip) or long products (such as bars and rods	 hot rolled	 in irregularly wound coils	 other bars	 and rods	 angles	 shapes	 sections and wire). These products are obtained by plastic deformation	 hot or cold. The hot processes are hot rolling	 forging or hot drawing and the cold processes. 	 are cold rolling	 extrusion	 wire drawing	 bright drawing	 centreless grinding or precision turning. The chapter proceeds to classify the various products in considerable detail. (c) Reference has also been made to the tariff classi fications under the and the Central Excise Tariff Act	 1975. Our attention was also invited to the Specification and Glossary prepared for the Bureau of Indian Standards by expert Products Sectional Committees on the subject of Iron and Steel. Extracts were also furnished 198 from the New Encyclopaedia Brittanica Macropaedia (15th Edn.	 Vol.21)	 Webster 's Third New International Dictionary	 the Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology by Kirk Othmer (3rd en.	 Vol.21) and a book on small scale steel making by R.D. Walker. We do not	 however	 propose to discuss these ex tracts and definitions as we do not think they can assist us in coming to nay conclusion on the issue before us. Basically the argument of counsel proceed on the following lines: Sri Ramachandran	 learned counsel appearing for the assessee	 contends that	 in the steel making industry	 the manufacture of ingots	 billets	 blooms	 etc. represents only an intermediate stage at which the iron and steel metal becomes semi finished steel. The semi finished steel is converted into plates	 bars or rods which are described as "finished steels. According to him	 the bars	 rods and rounds continue to be iron and steel_ m a finished form. It is only finished steel that is subsequently used to manufac ture	 by various processes such as rolling	 cutting	 shear ing	 forging	 hammering and so on into various kinds of products	 which can be described as products of iron and steel in contrast with 'iron and steel (metal) '	 the item covered under the relevant entry of the schedules. He also draws our attention to a decision of the Calcutta High Court in Indian Aluminium Co. vs CIT	 where	 while following the earlier decision in Indian Steel and Wire Products Ltd. vs CIT	 (1977)108 I.T.R. 802	 the court observed that there is really no divergence in view between the Calcutta and Kerala views and that the real question for consideration in each case is whether the articles in ques tion constitute finished products and represent articles of iron and steel or merely represent the raw material viz. iron and steel (metal) in a different form and shape. On the other hand	 Dr. Gauri Shankar	 learned counsel for the Department	 submits that iron and steel ceases to be a metal when it comes out of the furnace in the primary steel mills in the form of ingots. At the best	 the next stage at which the ingots become semi finished products in the shape of billets	 blooms and slabs may also be said only to convert the raw material into a different form or shape. But	 he says	 by no stretch of imagination can the next stage during which the billets	 blooms and slabs are heated/and passed through various types of mills enumerated earlier be considered as involving not any manufacture but only a conversion of the raw material into other forms or other shapes. According to the learned counsel	 the expres sion "iron and steel (metal)" only comprehends the iron and steel as it emerges in the form of billets	 blooms and slabs from the steel mills and that all subsequent products wheth er in the form of 199 rails	 rods (including wire rods)	 bars	 angles	 channels	 tees	 zees	 pipes	 tubes	 sheets	 strips	 plates and coils turned out by the various other types of mills would consti tute articles made of iron and steel. He also invited our attention to a clarification by the Central Board of Taxes	 in response to a query from the Federation of Indian Cham bers of Commerce and Industry	 that "rolling mills making bars and rods are not covered by item 1 of the Fifth Sched ule". We have considered the arguments addressed by both counsel. In our opinion	 Sri Ramachandran is right in con tending that in interpreting the provisions under considera tion	 we would do well to keep in mind the background in which concessions to certain basic industries were intro duced in the Income tax Act. The process started with the introduction of a rebate for exporters under the Finance Act of 1963 which continued till 1966. The Budget speech of the Finance Minister vide: (1963) 48 I.T.R. (St.) 34 indicates that the incentive was granted to assessees engaged in the manufacture of any articles in an industry specified in the First Schedule to the Industries (Development & Regulation) Act	 1951. Item 1 of the said Schedule reads: "1. Metallurgical Industries: A. Ferrous: (1) Iron and Steel (Metal) (2) Feno alloys (3) Iron and Steel castings and forgings (4) Iron and Steel structurals (5) Iron and Steel pipes (6) Special Steels (7) Other products of iron and steel B. Non ferrous (1) Precious metals including Gold and Silver	 and their alloys; (IA) Other non ferrous metals and their alloys; (2) Semi manufactures and manufactures. Again	 in 1964	hen the Finance Act of 1964 decided to grant a rebate in the corporation tax payable by companies in order to encourage development of certain industries which occupy an important place in our economy	 the list of indus tries named in the Finance Act was similar to and included many of the items	 including items 1 to 3	 of the list we are concerned with now. The reliefs were given to strengthen the reserves and augment the capacity of the corporate sector to develop. This process was 200 continued under the Finance Act of 1965: Vide	 (1965) 55 I.T.R. (St.) 57 and 122 which introduced a higher develop ment rebate for machinery or plant installed for the pur poses of construction	 manufacture or production of any one or more of the articles or things specified in the list in the Fifth Schedule. The Finance Act of 1966 substituted a new concession to these priority industries basic to the commercial development of the community. This historical background reflects the intention of the legislature to grant progressively certain exemptions	 reliefs or conces sions for certain types of industries which were considered important for na tional development / The industry in iron and steel and other metals figures in all these lists_) The only relevance of this background to the issue before us is that it gives an indication that the incentive	 concession or relief granted under these provi sions has to be construed in a broad and comprehensive manner so as to cover all manufacturing activities legiti mately pertaining to specified core industry with no limita tion save what may be called for by the wording of a partic ular entry. So far as items 1 and 2 are concerned	 as earli er pointed out	 the wording points to a distinction between the metal which is used as the base and other articles manufactured therefrom. We have earlier pointed out that pig iron and iron scrap are fed into furnaces to produce ingots	 billets and blooms. But both are iron and steel in different form	 the latter being referred to as "semi finished steel". Likewise	 we think	 the bars	 rods	 rounds	 wife rods and the like constitute the second stage in which one gets only "finished" forms of iron and steel. Having regard to the nature and weight of the metal	 it has to be "finished" to assume these forms before manufacturers of iron and steel articles can take over and proceed to manufacture articles from them by drawing wires or converting them into rails or shaping them into tees	 zees	 pipes	 tubes and the like see CI.T. vs Tensile Steel Ltd.	 or	 again	 producing articles of iron like ploughs	 shovels	 pickaxes	 lathes	 blowers	 surface guiders and drills as in C.I.T. vs Ludhiana Steel Rolling Mills	 (1989) 180 I.T.R. 155 (P&H). Whether the article produced is the raw material or an article made of iron and steel has to be decided on the basis of the nature of the article and not the kind of mill which turns it out. It is significant that these items do not draw distinction between basic steel mills	 integrated steel mills and the various other types of mills that are used in the industry which have been referred to earlier. The Board 's clarification	 referred by Dr. Gaurishankar	 that the machinery and plant in "rolling mills" will not be eligible for the higher development rebate would not	 there fore	 seem to be justified if it intends to draw a distinc tion between the same machinery and plant when used in rolling mills and when used in other mills in the industry. If machinery and plant installed in steel mills where the process 201 includes not merely the production of ingots	 billets and the like but also the production of bars and rods are eligi ble for the higher development rebate	 it is difficult to see why the same plant and machinery	 when installed in rolling mills which proceed	 from the stage of ingots or billets	 to manufacture bars and rods should not be eligible for the higher rate of development rebate. In considering the issue before us	 we should not be classifications of stages of manufacture that may be carried away by classifi cation of stages of manufacture that may berelevant forother purposes. We would like to emphasise	 at the cost ofrepeti tion	 that what we should examine is not the nature of the mill which yeilds the article but the nature of the article or thing that is manufactured and ask ourselves the question whether such article or thing can be considered as raw material for manufactrure of other articles made of the metal or is it itself an article made of the metal. On this issue our view is	 as we have already stated	 that the goods in the present case fall in the former category. We think Sri Ramachandran is right in pointing out that the mild steel rods	 bars or rounds which are manufactured by the assessees here are only finished forms of the metal and not articles made of iron and steel. They only constitute raw material for putting up articles of iron and steel such as grills or windows by applying to them processes such as cutting or turning. The rod or the wire rods (with which some of the decisions were concerned) are likewise not products of iron and steel but only certain finished or refined forms of the metal itself. We do not think much assistance can be derived for the interpretation of the provision before us from the Central Excise & Salt Act or the various classifications statutorily or commercially drawn up for that purpose. They are more refined and intricate classifications for the purposes of excise duty and cannot be imported into the present context. As we have mentioned earlier	 some guidance as to inter pretation of item 1 to the schedule can be derived from item no.11	 which refers to "forgings and castings". These ex pressions obviously refer to articles obtained from the raw material iron and steel by forging and casting. The argument in some of the decisions referred to before us that item No. 1 should be interpreted strictly because of the existence of item No. 11 seems to proceed on an erroneous basis. It would be more appropriate to say that forging and castings are not covered by item 1 being articles made of iron and steel but that since the legislature definitely intended to give relief even in respect of such articles	 item 11 and (also item 21) were introduced. In fact	 there is some force in the contention urged on behalf of the assessees that even if MS steel rods	 bars and rounds cannot be taken as iron and steel (metal)	 they would fall under the category of "forg ings and castings" referred to in item 11. We do not	 howev er	 wish to express any 202 concluded opinion on this aspect because item No. 11 was not relied upon by the assessee at any earlier stage. In C.A. No. 1404/79	 the assessee	 Krishna Copper and Steel Rolling Mills	 manufactured iron rods and girders out of scrap metal initially converted into billets. Before the High Court the argument seems principally to have turned on the question whether an assessee manufacturing these arti cles out of iron scrap would be entitled to the higher development rebate. The assessee cited a circular of the Board that	 under item 2 of the schedule	 the higher devel opment rebate would be available to an assessee who manufac tured articles from aluminium scrap [vide	 circular no.25 D (XIX 16) dated 10th October	 1966]. The High Court	 on this basis	 answered the question by saying that the assessee before it was also entitled to the higher development rebate though it produced articles only from iron scrap. This does not really answer the real question but	 for the reasons we have already given	 we agree with the conclusion drawn by the High Court. For the reasons stated above we are of the opinion that the view taken by the High Courts in the present cases does not call for any interference. The appeals	 therefore	 fail and are dismissed. But in the circumstances we make no order regarding costs. V.P.R. Appeal dismissed. 201 includes not merely the production of ingots	 billets and the like but also the production of bars and rods are eligi ble for the higher development rebate	 it is difficult to see why the same plant and machinery	 when installed in rolling mills which proceed	 from the stage of ingots or billets	 to manufacture bars and rods should not be eligible for the higher rate of development rebate. In considering the issue before us	 we should not be carried away classi fications of stages of manufacture that may be relevant for other purposes. We would like to emphasise	 at the cost of repetition	 that what we should examine is not the nature of the mill which yeilds the article but the nature of the article or thing that is manufactured and ask ourselves the question whether such article or thing can be considered as raw material for manufactrure of other articles made of the metal or is it itself an article made of the metal. On this issue our view is	 as we have already stated	 that the goods in the present case fall in the former category. We think Sri Ramachandran is right in pointing out that the mild steel rods	 bars or rounds which are manufactured by the assessees here are only finished forms of the metal and not articles made of iron and steel. They only constitute raw material for putting up articles of iron and steel such as grills or windows by applying to them processes such as cutting or turning. The rod or the wire rods (with which some of the decisions were concerned) are likewise not products of iron and steel but only certain finished or refined forms of the metal itself. We do not think much assistance can be derived for the interpretation of the provision before us from the Central Excise & Salt Act or the various classifications statutorily or commercially drawn up for that purpose. They are more refined and intricate classifications for the purposes of excise duty and cannot be imported into the present context. As we have mentioned earlier	 some guidance as to inter pretation of item 1 to the schedule can be derived from item No. 11	 which refers to "forgings and castings" These expressions obviously refer to articles obtained from the raw material iron and steel by forging and casting. The argument in some of the decisions referred to before us that item No. 1 should be interpreted strictly because of the existence of item No. 11 seems to proceed on an erroneous basis. It would be more appropriate to say that forging and castings are not covered by item 1 being articles made of iron and steel but that since the legislature definitely intended to give relief even in respect of such articles	 item 11 and (also item 21) were introduced. In fact	 there is some force in the contention urged on behalf of the assessees that even if MS steel rods	 bars and rounds cannot be taken as iron and steel (metal)	 they would fall under the category of "forgings and castings" referred to in item 11. We do not	 however	 wish to express any 202 concluded opinion on this aspect because item No. 11 was not relied upon by the assessee at any earlier stage. In C.A. No. 1404/79	 the assessee	 Krishna Copper and Steel Rolling Mills	 manufactured iron rods and girders out of scrap metal initially converted into billets. Before the High Court the argument seems principally to have turned on the question whether an assessee manufacturing these arti cles out of iron scrap would be entitled to the higher development rebate. The assessee cited a circular of the Board that	 under item 2 of the schedule	 the higher devel opment rebate would be available to an assessee who manufac tured articles from aluminium scrap [vide	 circular no.25 D (XIX 16) dated 10 th October	 1966]. The High Court	 on this basis	 answered the question by saying that the assessee before it was also entitled to the higher development rebate though it produced articles only from iron scrap. This does not really answer the real question but	 for the reasons we have already given	 we agree with the conclusion drawn by the High Court. For the reasons stated above we are of the opinion that the view taken by the High Courts in the present cases does not call for any interference. The appeals	 therefore	 fail and are dismissed. But in the circumstances we make no order regarding costs. V.P.R. Appeals dismissed.

The respondents assessees were engaged in the manufacture of mild steel rods	 bars or rounds. They claimed that as the articles manufactured by them fell under item 1 of the list set out in the Fifth Schedule	 they were entitled to a higher rate of development rebate specified in section 33(1) (b) (B) (i) (a) and to relief under section 80 1 of the Income Tax Act	 1961. The Income Tax Officer rejected the claim of the assessees	 whereas the Appellate As sistant Commissioner	 the Tribunal and High Court accepted their claim. Hence the Revenue filed appeals before this Court. The contentions of the appellant Revenue were that iron and steel ceased to be a metal when it came out of the furnace in the primary steel mills in the form of ingots. In the next stage the ingots became semi finished products in the shape of billets	 blooms and slabs. It was said to be the stage where the raw materi als were converted into. In different form or shape; that the expression "iron and steel (metal)" meant the iron and steel as it emerged in the form of billets	 blooms and slabs from the steel mill and that all subse quent products whether in the form of rails	 rods (including wire rods)	 bars	 angles	 channels	 tees	 sees	 pipes	 tubes	 sheets	 strips	 plates and coils would constitute articles made of iron and steel	 and that rolling mills making bars and rods were not covered by item 1 of the Fifth Schedule. 188 On the other hand	 the respondents asses sees contended that in the steel industry the manufacture of ingots	 billets	 blooms	 etc. represented only an intermediate stage at which the iron and steel metal became semi finished steel. When the semi finished steel was converted into plates	 bars or rods	 they became finished steel. The bars	 rods and rounds	 which were continued to be iron and steel in a finished form	 were used to manu facture the products of iron and steel by various processes	 such as	 rolling	 cutting	 shearing	 forging	 hammering	 etc. and that the products of iron and steel were different from that of iron and steel (metal). Dismissing the appeals filed by the Revenue	 this court	 HELD: 1. In interpreting the provisions in S.33(1)(b)(B)(i)(a)	 S.80 I of the Income Tax Act	 1961	 the Court would do well to keep in mind the background in which concessions to certain basic industries were introduced in the Income Tax Act. The historical background reflects the intention of the legislature to grant progressively certain exemptions	 re liefs and concessions for certain types of industries	 which were considered important for national development. The industry in iron and steel and other metals figured in all the lists. [199 C	 200 B] 2. The incentive concession or relief granted under the provisions has to be con strued in a broad and comprehensive manner so as to cover all manufacturing activities legitimately pertaining to the specified core industry with no limitation save what may be called for by the wording of a particular entry. So far as items 1 and 2 are concerned	 the wording points to a distinction between the metal which is used as the base and other articles manufactured therefrom. Pig iron and iron scrap are fed into furnaces to produce ingots	 billets and blooms. But both are iron and steel in different forms	 the latter being referred to as "semi finished steel". Like wise	 the bars	 rods	 rounds	 wire rods and the like constitute the second stage in which one gets only "finished" forms of iron and steel. Having regard to the nature and weight of the metal	 it has to be "finished" to assume these forms before manufacturers of iron and steel articles can take over and proceed to manufacture articles from them by drawing wires or converting them into rails or shaping them into tees	 zees	 pipes	 tubes and the like. [200 C E] 3. Whether the article produced is the raw material 01	 an article made of iron and steel has to be decided on the basis of the 189 nature of the article and not the kind of mill which turns it out. It is significant that these items do not draw distinction between basic steel mills	 integrated steel mills and the various other types of mills that are used in the industry. [200 G] 4. The departmental instructions that machinery and plant in "rolling mills" will not be eligible for the higher development rebate would not seem to be justified if it intends to draw a distinction between the same machinery and plant when used in rolling mills and when used in other mills in the industry. If machinery and plant installed in steel mills where the process includes not merely the production of ingots	 billets and the like but also the production of bars and rods are eligible for the higher development rebate	 it is difficult to see why the same	 plant and machinery	 when installed in rolling mills which proceed	 from the stage of ingots or billets	 to manufacture bars and rods should not be eligible for the higher rate of devel opment rebate. [200 G 201 B] 5. In considering the issue	 the court should not be carried away be classifications of stages of manufacture that may be relevant for other purposes. What the court should examine is not the nature of the mill which yields the article but the nature of the article or thing that is manufactured and ask the question whether such articles or things can be considered as raw material for manufac ture of other articles made of the metal or is it itself an article made of the metal. [201 B C] 6. The goods in the present case fail in the former category. The mild steel rods	 bars or rounds which are manufactured by the asses sees are only finished forms of the metal and not articles made of iron and steel. They only constitute raw material for putting up arti cles of iron and steel such as grills or windows by applying to them processes	 such as cutting or turning. The rod or the wire rods are likewise not products of iron and steel but only certain finished or refined forms of the metal itself. [201 C D] 7. Forging and castings are not covered by item 1 being articles made of iron and steel but that since the legislature definite ly intended to give relief even in respect of such articles	 item 11 and also item 21 were introduced. Even if MS steel rods	 bars and rounds cannot be taken as iron and steel (metal)	 they would fail under the category of "forgings and castings" referred to in item 11. [201 G H] 190 8. The conclusion drawn by the High Court that the assessee was entitled to the higher development rebate	 though	 it produced arti cles only from iron scrap	 does not call for any interference. [202 C	 D] C.I. T. vs Mittal Steel Re tolling and Allied Industries (P) Ltd.	 ; CI. West India Steel Co. Ltd.	 (Kerala); Addl. Commissioner of Income Tax vs Trichy Steel Rolling Mills Ltd.	 ; C.I.T.v. Krishna Copper Steel Roll ing Mills	 & Har yana); CI.T.v. Ludhiana Steel Rolling Mills	 & Haryana) and Singh Engineering Works Pvt. Ltd. vs CI.T.	 	 approved. Indian Steel and Wire Products Lid vs Commissioner of Income tax	 and Commissioner of Income Tax vs Kay Charan Pvt. Ltd.	 ; over ruled. State of Madhya Bharat vs Hira Lal	 (1966) 17 STC 313 (S.C.) Devi Dass Gopal Krishnan vs State of Punjab	 (1967) 20 STC 430 (SC); Hindustan A1uminium Corporation Ltd. vs State of (U.P.	 (1981) 48 STC 411 (S.C.) State of Tamil Nadu vs Pyarelal Malhotra	 (1976) 37 STC 319 (SC); C.I.T.v. Rashtriya Metal Industries Co. Ltd.	 ; Indian A1uminium Co. Ltd vs C.I.T	 Cal. and Cal; Jeewanlal vs CI.T.	 ; C.I.T vs Fitwell Caps P. Ltd.	 ; Hindustan Wire Products vs CI.T 1 ; Indian Steel and Wire Products Lid vs C.I.T. ; C.I.T.v. Tensile Steel Lid	 and CI. Ludhiana Steel Rolling Mills	 & H) referred to. Speci 'fication and Glossary By Expert Products Sectional Committee of Bureau of India Standards	 New Encyclopedia Brittanica Macropaedia	 15th Edn. Vol.21; Websters	 Third New International Dictionary; Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology By Kirk Othmer	 3rd. Vol.21;// Book on Small Scale Steel Making By R.D.Walker	 The Budget Speech of the Finance Minister	 (1968) 48 ITR [Statutes] 34; (1965) 55 ITR [Statutes] 57 and 122 referred to.