Summarize the following court judgment. ivil Appeal Nos. 337 38 of 1982. From the Judgments and order date 5.7.80 and 3.2.1981 of the Karnataka High Court in W.P. No. 543/1976 and 1217 of 1981 respectively . R.N. Narasimamurthy. Attorney General and P.R. Ramasesh for the Appellants. G.L. Sanghi	 A.K. Sen H.B. Datar. K.R. Nagaraja. N. Ganpathy	 K.R. NambiaI	 R.P. Ranga Swamy	 R.B. Datar and Ms. c. K. Sucharita for the Respondents . R.S. Hegde for the impleded party. DUTT	 J. These appeals by special leave preferred at the instance of the Secretary	 Regional Transport Authority	 Bangalore	 and the State of Karnataka	 are directed against the judgment of the Division Bench of the Karnataka High PG NO 1041 Court dismissing the appeal preferred by the appellants and affirming that of the learned Single Judge of the High Court whereby the Rule issued on the writ petition filed by the respondent No. 1 D.P. Sharma was made absolute. The respondent No. 1	 who is the owner of a public service vehicle	 made an application on October 10	 1976 to the Regional Transport Authority for the grant of a special permit under sub section (6) of section 63 of the for the period from November 15	 1976 to November 22	 1976. The Regional Transport Authority rejected the said application on the ground that the provisions of the Karnataka Contract Carriages (Acquisition) Act	 1976	 hereinafter referred to as `the Act '	 prohibit the grant of such permits. The respondent No. 1 being aggrieved by the refusal by the Regional Transport Authority to grant a special permit filed a writ petition in the High Court. A learned Single Judge of the High Court allowed the writ petition and directed the Regional Transport Authority to consider the application of the respondent No. I for the grant of special permit. Against the judgment of the learned Single Judge	 the appellants preferred a writ appeal to the Division Bench of the High Court. The Bench took the view that the intention of the Legislature was that only a public service vehicle in relation to which a special permit had been issued when the Act came into force and which was not operating as a stage carriage should be acquired. Accordingly	 it was held that a public service vehicle in relation to which a special permit had not been issued when the Act came into force would not come within the definition of `contract carriage ' under section 3(g) of the Act and the prohibition contained in section 28 of the Act against the grant of contract carriage permit would not extend to the grant of special permit under sub section (6) of section 63 of the . In that view of the matter	 the Division Bench dismissed the appeal preferred by the appellants. The only point that is involved in these appeals is whether after the coming into force of the Act	 a special permit under section 63(6) of the can be granted under the Act. The Act is to provide for the acquisition of contract carriages and for matters incidental	 ancillary or subservient thereto. The preamble provides	 inter alia as follows: PG NO 1042 'Whereas contract carriages and certain other categories of public service vehicles are being operated in the State in a manner highly detrimental and prejudicial to public interest; And Whereas with a view lo prevent such misuse and also to provide better facilities for the transport of passengers by road and to give effect to the policy of the State towards securing that the ownership and control of the resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good and that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment; And Whereas for the aforesaid purposes it is considered necessary to provide for the acquisition of contract carriages and certain other categories of public service vehicles in the State and for matters incidential. ancillary or subservient thereto; It is apparent from the preamble of the Act that the primary object of the Act is acquisition of contract carriages with a view to preventing misuse and also to provide better facilities for the transport of bassengers by road Besides the prearmble. we may refer to the Statement of Objects and Reasons for the Act which will show the back ground for the enactment of the Act. The Statement of objects and Reasons for the Act is as follows: "A large number of contract carriages were being operated in the StaLe to the detriment of public interest and were also functioning stealthily as stage carriages. This had to be prevented. Article 39(b) and (c) enjoins upon the . State to see that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good and that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth to the common detriment. In view of the aforesaid it was considered necessary to acquire the contract carriages run by private operators Accordingly the Karnataka Contract Carriages PG NO 1043 (Acquisition) Ordinance	 1976 was promulgated. The Bill "seeks to replace the Ordinance. " The constitutional validity of the Act was challenged before this Court and a Constitution Bench of Seven Judges in State of karnataka vs Shri Ranganatha Reddy	 [1978] I SCR 641 upheld the validity of the Act. In considering the question of validity of the Act	 this Court referred to the Statement of Objects and Reasons for the Act and on the basis of various affidavits filed on behalf of the State	 observed that the operators were misusing their permits granted to them as contract carriage permits	 and that in many cases the vehicles here used as stage carriages picking up and dropping passengers in the way. Accordingly. the Legislature thought that to prevent such misuse and to provide for better facilities to transport passengers and to the general public	 it was necessary to acquire the vehicles permits and all right title and interest of the contract carriage operators etc. Keeping in view the objects and reasons for the enactment of the Act	 we have to consider whether after the coming into force of the Act	 it is permissible to grant a special permit under section 68(6) of the . But before we do that we may refer to the Scheme of the Act. We have already referred to the preamble to the Act providing for the acquisition of contract carriages. The Act shall be deemed to have come into force on January 30	 1976 as provided in sub section (3) of section 1 of the Act. Section 2 contains a declaration that the Act is for giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing the principles specified in clauses (b) and (c) of Article 39 of the Constitution of India and the acquisition therefor of the contract carriages and other property referred to in section 4 of the Act. Section 3 is the definition section. Clause (g) of section 3 is an extended definition of contract carriage ' as given in section 3(2) of the . and we shall presently refer to and deal with the definition in detail. Clause (h. of section 3 of the Act defines 'contract carriage operator '. Under clause (m) of section 3 of the Act	 'permit ' means the permit granted under the 	 authorising the use of a vehicle as a contract carriage. Section 4 is the vesting provision of contract carriages etc. Section 6 provides for the determination of the amount for the vesting of the acquired property under section 4 of the Act. Section 14 bars the issuance of a fresh permit or renewal of the existing permit for the running of any contract carriage. Sub section (l) of section 20 provides inter alia that all contract carriage permits granted or renewed in respect of PG NO 1044 any vehicle	 other than a vehicle acquired under the Act or belonging to the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation or referred to in section 24 of the Act	 shall stand cancelled. Sub section (3) of Section 20 provides that "no officer or authority shall invite any application or entertain any such application of persons other than the Corporation for the grant of permit for the running of any contract carriage". It has been already noticed that the Act provides for acquisition of contract carriages. The words 'contract carriage ' have been defined in section 3(R) of the Act as follows: 3(g). 'contract carriage ' shall have the same meaning as in clause(3) of section 2 of the and includes (i) a public service vehicle in relation to which a special permit has been issued under sub section (6) of section 63 of the : (ii) a public service vehicle in relation to which a temporary permit has been issued under sub section (l) of section 62 or sub section (lC) of section 68F of the ; (iii) a public service vehicle without a contract carriage permit but which is specified as contract carriage in the concerned certificate of registration; (iv) any right in or over such vehicles or moveable property	 but does not include	 (i) a tourist vehicle in relation to which a permit has been issued under sub section (7) of section 63 of the ; (ii) a vehicle operating as a stage carriage in relation to which on the 30th day of January	 1976 a temporary contract carriage permit or a special permit issued under sub section ( l) of section 62 or sub section (6) of section 63 respectively of the 	 is in force; (iii) a motor cab;" PG NO 1045 Under section 3(g)	 the 'contract carriage ' shall	 in the first place	 have the same meaning as in section 2(3) of the 	 which provides as follows: "2(3). 'contract carriage ' means a motor vehicle which carries a passenger or passengers for hire or reward under a contract expressed or implied for the use of the vehicle as a whole at or for a fixed or agreed rate or sum (i) on a time basis whether or not with reference to any route or distance. or (ii) from one point to another	 and in either case without stopping to pick up	 or set down along the line of route passengers not included in the contract	 and includes a motor cab notwithstanding that the passengers may pay separate fares;" In the second place	 section 3(g) gives an extended meaning to 'contract carriage '. Under the extended meaning	 'contract carriage ' will include a public service vehicle in relation to which a special permit has been issued under section (6) of section 63 of the or in relation to which a temporary permit has been issued under sub section (l) of section 62 or sub section (IC) of section 68F of the . It also includes a public service vehicle without a contract carriage permit but which is specified as contract carriage in the concerned certificate of registration. We are not referring to clauses (iv) and (v) of the extended definition	 as the same are not relevant for our purpose. A 'public service vehicle ' has been defined in section 2(25) of the as meaning any motor vehicle used or adapted to be used for the carriage of passengers for hire or reward	 and includes a motor cab	 contract carriage	 and stage carriage. Thus	 it is apparent from the definition of 'public service vehicle ' that it includes a contract carriage and a stage carriage as well. Under clauses (i) and (ii) of section 3(g) of the Act if a special permit under section 63(6) or a temporary permit under section 62(1) or sub section (lC) of section 68F of the has been issued	 it will come within the purview of the definition of contract carriage '. In other words	 if a 'contract carriage ' or a 'stage carriage ' within the meaning of the has been issued a special permit or a temporary permit	 as referred to in PG NO 1046 clauses (i) and (ii) of section 3(g). such 'contract carriage ' or 'stage carriage ' will be a contract carriage within the meaning of section 3(g) of the Act. Now we may refer to the latter part of the definition of 'contract carriage ' under section 3(g) of the Act which excludes certain vehicles from the definition of contract carriage '. The exclusion that has been provided in clause (ii) is important for our purpose. It excludes a stage carriage in respect of which a temporary contract carriage permit under section 62(1) or a special permit under section 63(6) of the is in force on January 3()	 1976	 that is	 the date on which the Act is deemed to have come into force. Under clauses (i) and (ii) of section 3(g) of the Act	 which form a part of the extended definition of 'contract carriage '	 a public service vehicle	 that is to say	 a contract carriage or a stage carriage in respect of which a special permit under section 63(6) or a temporary permit under section 62(1) or section 68F(lC) of the has been issued	 will come within the meaning of 'contract carriage ' under the Act. On the other hand	 if a special permit under section 62(1) or under section 63(6) of the was in force on January 30	 1976 in respect of a stage carriage	 such a stage carriage will not be a 'contract carriage ' within the meaning of section 3(g) of the Act. The High Court seems to think that if any special permit had not been granted to a public service vehicle when the Act came into force	 such a vehicle will not come within the meaning of the definition of 'contract carriage ' under section 3(g). This view of the High Court is not correct. In clauses (i) and (ii) of section 3(g)	 the expression 'has been issued ' occurs. It is submitted by the learned Advocate General of Karnataka that in view of the expression 'has been issued '	 clauses (i) and (ii) contemplate the issuance of a special permit or a temporary permit after the coming into force of the Act. It does not include the issuance of a special permit or a temporary permit earlier than the date of the commencement of the Act. The learned Advocate General has placed reliance on an English decision in re Athlumne	 Ex parte Wilson	 In that case	 the words 'where a date has been proved under the principal Act ' came to be construed and it was observed "But this form of words is often used to refer	 not to a past time which preceded the enactment	 but to a time which is made past by anticipation a time which will have become a past time only when the event occurs on which the statute is to operate. " In our opinion	 whether the expression 'has been ' occurring in a provision of a statute denotes transaction prior to the enactment of the statute in question or a transaction PG NO 1047 after the coming into force of the statute will depend upon the intention of the Legislature to be gathered from the provision in which the said expression occurs or from the other provisions of the statute. In the instant case	 the words 'has been ' contemplate the issuance of a special permit or a temporary permit as referred to in clauses (i) and (ii) of section 3(g) of the Act after the enactment of the Act which is clear from the exclusion clause (ii) of section 3(g) which excludes a stage carriage from the definition of 'contract carriage '	 if special permits issued under section 62(1) or section h.(6) of the were in force on January 30	 1976. It is difficult to interpret clauses (i) and (ii) of section 3(g) as contemplating the issuance of a temporary permit or a special permit. as referred to therein before the coming into force of the Act. Merely because of the use of the words has been in clauses (i) and (ii) of section 3(g)	 such an interpretation is not possible to be made	 particularly in view of the legislative intent apparent from the exclusion clause (ii)	 namely. that the Legislature only. excluded a stage carriage in respect of which a temporary contract carriage or a special permit issued under section 62(1) or 63(6) of the was in force on January 30	 1976. It has	 however	 been urged by Mr. A K. Sen learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent No. 1. that a stage carriage vehicle in respect of which a special permit has been granted	 is excluded form the operation of the Act. counsel submits that the Act only contemplates the acquisition of a contract carriage within the meaning of the Motor vehicles Act and not a stage carriage in respect of which a special permit was or has been granted. In support of his contention	 the learned counsel has placed strong reliance on the definition of the word permit under section 3(m) of the Act	 as meaning the permit granted under the 	 authorising the use of a vehicle as a contract carriage. It is submitted by him that the contract carriage under the . It is urged by the learned Counsel that the word permit used in the different provisions of the act will have the same meaning of the word as defined in section 3(m)	 that is to say	 the permit granted under the for the use of a vehicle as a contract carriage. In section 3(h) 'contract carriage operator ' has been defined as follows: PG NO 1048 "3(h). 'contract carriage operator ' means an operator holding one or more contract carriage permit and includes any person in whose name a public service vehicle is registered and is specified as a contract carriage in the certificate or registration of such vehicle ;" According to the learned Counsel	 the word 'permit ' in section 3(h) refers only to permit granted in respect of a contract carriage under the . Section 4 is the vesting provision of contract carriages. Clause (a) of sub section ( 1) of section 4 provides as follows: "4 Vesting of contract carriages	 etc. (1) On and from such date as may be specified by the State Government in this behalf by notification in respect of any contract carriage operator	 (a) every contract carriage owned or operated by such contract carriage operator along with the permit or the certificate of registration or both as the case may be shall vest in the State Government absolutely free from all encumbrances;" Counsel submits that the word Permit ' in clause (a) refers to a permit granted to a vehicle for the use of a contract carriage under the . In other words	 the sum and substance of the argument of Mr. Sen is that the word 'permit ' in section .(m) relates to the permit granted to a vehicle for the use as a contract carriage under the and the definition with this interpretation should be applied to the word Permit ' occurring in the different provisions of the Act including section 3(h) and should also be applied to the word occuring in section 14 of the Act. Section 14 provides as follows: "14 Fresh permit or renewal of the existing permit barred. Except otherwise provided in this Act (1) no person shall on or after the commencement of this Act apply for any permit or fresh permit or for renewal of an existing permit for the running of any contract carriage in the State; and (2) every application for the grant of a permit or fresh permit Or for the renewal of the existing permit and all PG NO 1049 appeals or revisions arising therefrom relating thereto made or preferred before the commencement of this Act and pending in any court or with any officer	 authority or Tribunal constituted under the shall abate. " It is submitted that only the grant or renewal of a permit in respect of a 'contract carriage ' within the meaning of the is prohibited under section 14 of the Act	 and such prohibition does not relate to a stage carriage for the running of the same as; contract carriage. We are unable to accept the contention. If the interpretation as given by Mr. Sen of the definition of the word 'permit '	 under section 3(m) of the Act is accepted	 it will make the definition of the words 'contract carriage ' under section 3(g) of the Act meaningless and nugatory and also set at naught the object of the Act and the clear intention of the Legislature to acquire a stage carriage as well in respect of which a special permit or a temporary permit	 as referred to in clauses (i) or (ii) of section 3(g)	 has been granted. The words 'contract carriage ' occurring in section 3(m) must	 in our opinion	 be read in the light of the definition as contained in section 3(g) of the Act. So read	 it is manifest that section 14 read with section 20(3) of the Act clearly bars the making of any application for a permit or fresh permit or for renewal of an existing permit for the running of a vehicle	 whether a contract carriage Or a stage carriage. as a contract carriage. It is not disputed before use that the Act does not contemplate the vesting of stage carriage simpliciter But section 14 read with section 20(3) of the Act clearly	 prohibits the grant or renewal of any permit for the running of any contract carriage. A stage carriage in respect of which d temporary contract carriage permit or a special permit under section 62(1) or section 63(6) respectively of the was in force on January 3t) 1 ')76	 has been excluded from the definition obtaining a permit under the . But whether a special permit was granted in respect of a stage carriage or not	 no such PG NO 1050 permit can be granted in respect of a stage carriage for the running of it as a contract carriage. In other words	 section 14 read with section 20(3) of the Act confers a monopoly on the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation to run vehicles as contract carriages. The High Court is not	 therefore	 right in its view that a public service vehicle in relation to which a special permit had not been issued when the Act came into force	 would not come within the definition of 'contract carriage ' in section 3(g) and the prohibition contained in section 20 of the Act against the grant of contract carriage permit cannot extend to grant of special permit under section 63(6) of the . But before we conclude	 we may observe that but for the object of the Act as stated above	 it would have been very difficult for us to interpret the provisions of the Act in view of bad drafting of the same. Be that as it may	 for the reasons aforesaid	 these appeals are allowed and the judgment of the High Court is set aside. The writ petition filed by the respondent No. 1 in the High Court is dismissed. There will	 however	 be no order as to costs. N.V.K. Appeals allowed.

Respondent No. 1	 the owner of a public service vehicle	 made an application to the Regional Transport Authority for the grant of a `special permit ' under section 63(6) of the Motor vehicles Act	 1939. The Regional Transport Authority rejected the said application on the ground that the provisions of the Karnataka Contract Carriages (Acquisition) Act	 1976 prohibited the grant of such permit. Aggrieved by the aforesaid order of refusal	 respondent No. 1 filed a writ petition in the High Court and a Single Judge of the High Court allowed writ petition and directed the Regional Transport Authority to consider the application of responded No.1 for the grant of a special permit. The Regional Transport Authority preferred a writ appeal. The Division Bench of the High Court taking the view that the intention of the legislature was that only a public service vehicle in relation to which a special permit held been issued when the 1976 Act came into force and which was not operating as a stage carriage should be acquired	 held that a public service vehicle in relation to which a special permit had not been issued when the Act came into force would not come within the definition of `contract carriage under section 3(g) of the Act and the prohibition contained in section 20 of the Act against the grant of contract carriage permit would not extend to the grant of special PG NO 1038 PG NO 1039 permit under sub section 6 of section 63 of the . The Division Bench dismissed the appeal. The Regional Transport Authority appealed by special leave to this Court. On the question whether after the coming into force of the Karnataka Contract Carriages (Acquisition) Act	 1976	 a special permit under section 63(6) of the can be granted under the Act. Allowing the appeals	 HELD: 1. Section 14 read with Section 20(3) of the Karnataka Contract Carriages (Acquisition) Act	 1976 confers a monopoly on the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation to run vehicles as contract carriages. [1050A] 2. Section 14 read with section 20(3) of the Act clearly prohibits the grant of renewal of any permit for the running of any contract carriage. [1049C] 3. The High Court was not therefore right in its view that a public service vehicle in relation to which a special permit had not been issued when the Act came into force	 would not come within the definition of `contract carriage ' in section (g) and the prohibition contained in Section 20 of the Act against the grant of contract carriage permit cannot extend to grant of special permit under Section 63(6) of the . [1050B C] 4. Under clauses (i) and (ii) of Section 3(g) of the Act if a special permit under Section 63(6) or a temporary permit under Section 62(1) or sub section ( I C) of Section 68 F of the has been issued	 it will came within the purview of the definition of `contract carriage '. [1046C D] 5. If a special permit under Section 62(1) or under Section 63(6) of the was in force on January 30	 1976 in respect of a stage carriage	 such a stage carriage will not be a `contract carriage ' within the meaning of Section 3(g) of the Act. [1046 D] 6. Whether the expression `has been ' occurring in a provision of a statute denotes transaction prior to the enactment of the statute in question or a transaction after the coming into force of the statute will depend upon the intention of the Legislature to be gathered from the provision in which the said expression occurs or from the other provisions of the statute. [1046H; 1047A] PG NO 1040 In the instant case	 the words `has been ' contemplate the issuance of a special permit or a temporary permit as preferred to in clauses (i) and (ii) of Section 3(g) of the Act after the enactment of the Act which is clear from exclusion clause (ii) of Section 3(g) which excludes a stage carriage from the definition of `contract carriage '	 if special permits issued under section 62(1) or Section 63(6) of the were in force on January 30	 1976. [1049F] 7. The words `contract carriage ' occurring in Section 3(m) must be read in the light of the definition as contained in section 3(g) of the Act. So read	 it is manifest that section 14 read with section 20(3) of the Act clearly bars the making of any application for a permit or for renewal of an existing permit for the running of a vehicle	 whether a contract carriage or a stage carriage	 as a contract carriage. [1049D E] State of Karnataka vs Shri Ranganatha Reddy. and Athlumney Ex pate Wilson	 referred to.