Summarize the following court judgment. mpt notices does not absolve the officers of their misconduct. The State Govern ment is directed to proceed with the disciplinary proceed ings for taking appropriate action. [1000B] & ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition (CRL.) No. 517 of 1989 etc. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India). J. Sorabjee	 Attorney General	 Ashok H. Desai	 Addl. Solicitor General	 R.K. Garg	 G. Ramaswamy	 F.S. Nariman	 Dr. L.M. Singhvi	 G.A. Shah	 T.U. Mehta	 V.M. Tarkunde	 B.K. Mehta S.S. Ray	 A.K. Gupta	 S.K. Dhingra	 T.C. Sharma	 Kishan Dutt	 R.J. Trivedi	 Manoj Swarup	 M.N. Shroff	 Sudarsh Menon	 Sushil Kumar Jain	 Bahl Singh Malik	 Gopala Subramanium	 Ms. Binu Tamta	 Shahid Rizi. D.K. Singh	 T. Ray	 Pramod Swarup	 Praveen Swarup	 955 P.H. Parekh	 Sunil Dogra	 C.L. Sahu	 G.L. Gupta	 Brij Bhu shan	 N.S. Das Bahl	 Mrs. H. Wahi	 Harish Javeri and section Ganesh. T.C. Sharma for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by K.N. SINGH	 J. On 25th September	 1989	 a horrendus incident took place in the town of Nadiad	 District Kheda in the State of Gujarat	 which exhibited the berserk behaviour of Police undermining the dignity and independence of judi ciary. S.R. Sharma	 Inspector of Police	 with 25 years of service posted at the Police Station	 Nadiad	 arrested	 assaulted and handcuffed N.L. Patel	 Chief Judicial Magis trate	 Nadiad and tied him with a thick rope like an animal and made a public exhibition of it by sending him in the same condition to the Hospital for medical examination on an alleged charge of having consumed liquor in breach of the prohibition law enforced in the State of Gujarat. The In spector S.R. Sharma got the Chief Judicial Magistrate photo graphed in handcuffs with rope tied around his body along with the constables which were published in the news papers all over the country. This led to tremors in the Bench and the Bar throughout the whole country. The incident undermined the dignity of courts in the country	 Judicial Officers	 Judges and Magistrates all over the country were in a state of shock	 they felt insecure and humiliated and it appeared that instead of Rule of Law there was Police Raj in Gujarat. A number of Bar Associations passed Resolutions and went on strike. The Delhi Judicial Service Association	 the All India Judges Association	 Bar Council of Uttar Pradesh	 Judicial Service of Gujarat and many others approached the Apex Court by means of telegrams and petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution of India for Saving the dignity and honour of the judiciary. On 29.9.1989	 this Court took cognizance of the matter by issuing notices to the State of Gujarat and other Police Officers. The Court appealed to the Members of the Bar and Judiciary to resume work to avoid inconvenience to the litigant public. Subsequently	 a number of petitions were filed under Article 32 of the Constitution of India for taking action against the Police Officers and also for quashing the criminal proceedings initiated by the Police against N.L. Patel	 Chief Judicial Magistrate. A number of Bar Associations	 Bar Councils and individuals appeared as interveners condemning the action of the police and urging the Court for taking action against the Police Officers. 956 In Petition No. 5 18 of 1989 alongwith Contempt Petition No. 6 of 1989 filed by the President	 All India Judges Association	 notices for contempt were issued by this Court on 4.10.1989 to seven Police Officials	 D.K. Dhagal	 D.S.P.	 A.M. Waghela	 Dy. S.P.	 S.R. Sharma	 Police Inspector	 Kuldeep Singh Lowchab	 Police Inspector (Crime)	 K.H. Sadia	 Sub Inspector of Police	 Valjibhai Kalabhai	 Head Constable and Pratap Singh	 Constable. N.L. Patel	 CJM	 Nadiad also filed an application in W.P. No. 517 of 1989 with a prayer to quash the two FIRs lodged against him	 to direct the trial of the complaint filed by him as State case and to award compensation. On 13.2.1990 notices from contempt were issued to. K. Dadabhoy	 exhibit D.G.P.	 Gujarat	 Dr. Bhavsar	 Senior Medical Officer of Govt. Hospital Nadiad and M.B. Savant	 Mamlatdar	 Nadiad. The Court during the proceedings also issued notices to R. Bala Krishnan	 Additional Chief Secretary (Home)	 Government of Gujarat and S.S. Subhalkar	 District Judge	 Nadiad to show cause why action be not taken against them in view of the Report of Justice Sahai. N.L. Patel was posted as Chief Judicial Magistrate at Nadiad in October	 1988. He soon found that the local Police was not cooperating with the courts in effecting service of summons	 warrants an notices on accused persons	 as a result of which the trials of cases were delayed. He made complaint against the local Police to the District Superintendent of Police and forwarded a copy of the same to the Director General of Police but nothing concrete happened. On account of these complaints S.R. Sharma	 Police Inspector Nadiad was annoyed with the Chief Judicial Magistrate	 he withdrew constables posted in the CJM Court. In April	 1989 Patel filed two complaints with the Police against Sharma and other Police Officials	 Nadiad for delaying the process of the court. On 25 July	 1989 Patel directed the Police to register a criminal case against 14 persons who had caused obstruction in judicial proceedings but subsequently since they tendered unqualified apology	 the CJM directed the Police Inspector to drop the cases against those persons. Sharma reacted strongly to Patel 's direction and he made complaint against the CJM to the Registrar of the High Court through District Superintendent of Police. These facts show that there was hostility between the Police of Nadiad and the CJM. On 25.9. 1989	 S.R. Sharma met Patel	 CJM in his Chambers to discuss the case of one Jitu Sport where the Police had failed to submit charge sheet within 90 days. During discussion Sharma invited the CJM to visit the Police Station to see the papers and further his visit would mollify the sentiments of the Police Officials. It is al leged that at 957 8.35 p.m. Sharma sent a Police Jeep at Patel 's residence	 and on that vehicle Patel went to the Police Station. What actual happened at the Police Station is a matter of serious dispute between the parties. According to the CJM	 he ar rived in the Chamber of Sharma in the Police Station	 he was forced to consume liquor and on his refusal he was assault ed	 handcuffed and tied with rope by Sharma	 Police Inspec tor	 Sadia Sub Inspector	 Valjibhai Kalajibhai	 Head Consta ble and Pratap Singh	 Constable. It is further alleged that Patal was sent to Hospital for Medical examination under handcuffs where he was made to sit on a bench in the varanda exposing him to the public gaze. Sharma	 Police Inspector and other Police Officers have disputed these allegations. According to Sharma	 Patel entered his chamber at the Police Station at 8.45 p.m. on 25.9. 1989 in a drunken state	 shouting and abusing him	 he caught hold of Sharma and slapped him	 since he was violent he was arrested	 hand cuffed and sent to Hospital for medical examination. Patel himself wanted to be photographed while he was handcuffed and tied with ropes	 a photographer was arranged to take his photograph which was published in the newspapers. Since	 there was serious dispute between the parties with regard to the entire incident	 the Court appointed Justice R.M. Sahai senior puisne Judge of the Allahabad High Court (as he then was) to inquire into the incident and to submit report to the Court. Justice Sahai was appointed to hold the inquiry on behalf of this Court and not under the provisions of the Commission of Inquiry Act. Justice Sahai visited Nadiad and held sittings there. The learned Commis sioner/Judge invited affidavits/statements	 and examined witnesses including S.R. Sharma the Police Inspector	 D.K. Dhagal	 D.S.P. and other Police Officers	 lawyers	 N.L. Patel	 CJM	 and Doctors and other witnesses. Justice Sahai afforded full opportunity to all the concerned persons including the State Government	 Police Officers and lawyers to lead evidence and to cross examine witnesses. He submit ted a detailed Report dated 28.11.1989 to this Court on 1.12.1989. On receipt of the Report this Court directed copies to be delivered to concerned parties and permitted the parties and the contemners to file their objections	 if any	 before this Court. The objections were filed by the Police Officers and the contemners disputing the findings recorded by the Commissioner	 On 12.12.1989	 when the matter came up for final dispos al the Court issued notices to the Attorney General and Advocate General of the State of Gujarat. On 10.1.1990 the Court directed the State of Gujarat to file affidavit stat ing as to what action it had taken or pro 958 posed to take against the officers in the light of the Report of Justice Sahai. The Court further issued notices to R. Bala Krishnan	 Additional Chief Secretary (Home)	 Govern ment of Gujarat	 K. Dadabhoy	 Director General of Police	 S.S. Sudhalkar	 District Judge	 to show cause as to why action should not be taken against them in view of the Report of Justice Sahai. The State Government was further directed to explain as to why action against D.K. Dhagal	 DSP	 S.R. Sharma	 Police Inspector and other police officers had not been taken. On 13.2. 1990 a notice for contempt of this Court was issued to K. Dadabhoy on the same date in view of the findings recorded by Justice Sahai	 notices for contempt of court were issued to Dr. Bhavsar and M.B. Sa vant	 Mamlatdar	 Nadiad also. in his affidavit	 S.R. Sharma	 Police Inspector has raised a number of objections to the findings recorded by the Commissioner. The objections are technical in nature	 chal lenging the authority and jurisdiction of the Commissioner in collecting evidence and recording findings against him. Sharma has further stated in his objections that the Commis sioner acted as if he was sitting in judgment over the case. Other Police Officers have also raised similar objections. We find no merit in the objections raised on behalf of Sharma	 Police Inspector and other contemners. The Commis sioner had been appointed by this Court to hold inquiry and submit his report to the Court. Justice Sahai was acting on behalf of this Court and he had full authority to record evidence and cross examine witnesses and to collect evidence on behalf of this Court. Since	 the main incident of Chief Judicial Magistrate 's arrest	 assault	 handcuffing and roping was connected with several other incidents which led to the confrontation between the Magistracy and local po lice	 the learned Commissioner was justified in recording his findings on the background and genesis of the entire episode. The Police Inspector Sharma raised a grievance that he was denied opportunity of cross examination of Patel	 CJM and he was not permitted to produce Dr. Jhala as a witness	 Sharma 's application for the recall of CJM for further cross examination and for permission to produce Dr. Jhala	 retired Deputy Director	 Medical and Health Services	 Guja rat	 was rejected by a well reasoned order of the Commis sioner dated 9.11.1989. We have gone through the order and we find that the Commissioner has given good reasons for rejecting the recall of CJM for further cross examination	 as he had been crossexamined by the counsel appearing on behalf of the Police officials including Sharma. The Police Officers and the State Government and CJM were represented by counsel before the Commissioner and every opportunity was afforded to them for cross examining the witnesses. 959 Dr. Jhala 's evidence was not necessary	 the Commissioner rightly refused Sharma 's prayer. On behalf of the contemners it was urged that in the absence of any independent testimony the Commission was not justified in accepting interested version of the incident as given by the CJM with regard to his visit to the Police Station and the incident which took place inside the Police Station. There was oath against oath and in the absence of any independent testimony the Commission was not justified in accepting the sole interested testimony of Patel	 CJM. We find no merit in this objection. The learned Commissioner has considered the evidence as well as the circumstances in support of his findings that Patel had been invited by Sharma to visit the Police Station and he had sent a Police jeep on which Patel went to the Police Station. This fact is supported by independent witnesses as discussed by the Commissioner. If Patel had gone on the invitation of Sharma on Police jeep and not in the manner as alleged by Sharma	 Patel could not be drunk and there appears no reason as to why he would have assaulted Sharma as alleged by the Police. The circumstances as pointed out by the Commissioner fully justify the findings recorded against the Police Officers. It is settled law that even in a criminal trial	 accused is convicted on circumstantial evidence in the absence of an eye witness	 Learned Commissioner acted judicially in a fair and objective manner in holding the inquiry	 he afforded opportunity to the affected Police Officers and other per sons and submitted his Report based on good reasons in respect of his findings which are amply supported by the material on record. The Commissioner did a commendable job in a record time. After hearing arguments at length and on perusal of the statements recorded by the Commissioner and the documentary evidence submitted by the parties	 and a careful scrutiny of the affidavits and objections filed in this Court	 we find no valid ground to reject the well reasoned findings recorded by the learned Commissioner. The Commissioner 's Report runs into 140 pages	 which is on record. The contemners and other respondents have failed to place any convincing material before the Court to take a different view. We accordingly accept the same. After hearing learned counsel for the parties and on perusal of the affidavits	 objections	 applications and the Report of the Commissioner	 we hold that the following facts and circumstances are fully proved: (1) N.L. Patel	 Chief Judicial Magistrate found that the Police of 960 Nadiad was not effective in service of summons and it had adopted an attitude of indifference to court orders. He tried to obtain the assistance of the District Superintend ent of Police in February	 1989 and addressed a letter to the Director General ' of Police but no response came from the Police Authorities	 even though the Government had reminded D.K. Dhagal	 D.S.P.	 Kheda to do the needful. Patel	 the CJM filed two complaints against Police Officers of Nadiad Police Station and the Inspectors	 and forwarded it to the District Superintendent of Police on 19th and 24th July	 1989 for taking action against them. Sharma	 the Police Inspector who had by then been posted at Nadiad reacted to the CJM 's conduct by withdrawing constables working in the courts of Magistrates on the alleged pretext of utilising their services for service of summons. This led to confrontation between the local Police and the Magistracy commenced. (2) On 25th July	 1989	 the CJM had directed the regis tration of a case against 14 accused persons for misbeha viour and causing obstruction in the judicial proceedings. Since the accused persons had later expressed regret and tendered unqualified apology to the court	 the CJM sent a letter to the Police Inspector	 Sharma to drop proceedings. Sharma went out of his way	 to send a complaint to the High Court through the D.S.P. saying that Patel was functioning in an illegal manner in the judicial discharge of his du ties. The action of Sharma	 Police Inspector was highly irresponsible and Dhagal	 D.S.P. should not have acted in a casual manner in forwarding Sharma 's letter to the Registrar of the High Court directly. (3) Remand period of Jitu Sport was to expire on 27th September	 1989	 the CJM directed the Police Inspector to produce complete papers before the expiry of the period of remand but he applied for the extension of the judicial remand. The CJM directed the Police Inspector to produce papers on 22.9.1989	 Sharma did not appear before the CJM as directed	 on the contrary he interpolated the order	 sent to him indicating that he was required to appear before the CJM on 23.9.1989	 which was admittedly a holiday. (4) On 25th September	 1989	 Sharma met the CJM in his Chamber and as a pretext requested him to come to the Police Station to see the papers which could not be brought to the Court	 as that could satisfy him that the Police was doing the needful for complying with the orders of the Court. Sharma pleaded with CJM that his visit to Police Station will remove the feeling of confrontation between the Police and Magistracy. The CJM agreed to visit the Police Station and 961 Sharma offered to send police jeep to CJM 's house for bring ing him to the Police Station. (5) On 25.9.89 after the Court hours the CJM went to the officers ' club where he remained in the company of Sudhal kar	 District Judge and Pande	 Civil Judge till 8	30 p.m. Thereafter	 he went to his residence. A Police jeep came to his residence at about 8.40 p.m. in the Officers Colony	 he went on that Police jeep to the Police Station situated at a distance of about 2 kms. Patel had not consumed liquor before he went to the Police Station. (6) The Police version that Patel had consumed liquor before coming to the Police Station and that he assaulted the Police Inspector Sharma and misbehaved with him at the Police Station is a cooked up story. Patel did not go to the Police Station on foot as alleged by Sharma	 instead	 he went to the Police Station in a Police jeep on Sharma 's invitation. Patel was handcuffed and tied with rope	 and he received injuries at the Police Station	 he was assaulted and forced to consume liquor after he was tied to the chair on which he was sitting	 Police Inspector Sharma	 Sub In spector Sadia	 Head Constable Valjibhai Kalabhai and Consta ble Pratap Singh took active part in this episode. They actively participated in the assualt on Patel and in forcing liquor in his mouth. They acted in collusion with Sharma to humiliate and teach a lesson to Patel. (7) On the direction of Sharma	 Police Inspector	 Patel was handcuffed at the Police Station and he was further tied up with a thick rope by the Police Inspector	 Sharma	 Sadia	 Sub Inspector	 Valjibhai Kalabhai	 Head Constable and Pratap Singh	 Constable. This was deliberately done in defiance of Police Regulations and Circulars issued by the Gujarat Government and the law declared by this Court in Prern Shankar Shukla vs Delhi Administration. 	 ; Patel had not committed any offence nor he was violent and yet he was handcuffed and tied up with rope without there being any justification for the same. There were seven police personnel present at the Police Station and most of them were fully armed while Patel was empty handed	 there was absolutely no chance of Patel escaping from the custody or making any attempt to commit suicide or attacking the Police Officers and yet he was handcuffed and tied up with a thick rope like an animal with a view to humiliate and teach him a lesson. For this wanton act there was absolutely no justification and pleas raised by Sharma that Patel was violent or that he would have escaped from the custody are figment of imagination made for the purpose of the case. 962 (8) The panchnama showing the drunken state of Patel prepared on the dictation of Sharma	 Police Inspector	 and signed by Sharma as well as by two panches	 M.B. Savant	 Mamlatdar and P.D. Barot	 Fire Brigade Officer	 Nadiad	 did not represent the correct facts	 instead	 it was manufac tured for the purpose of preparing a false case against CJM PateI	 justifying his arrest and detention. (9) On examination at the Civil Hospital Patel 's body was found to have a number of injuries. The injury on the left eye was very clear which appeared to have been caused by external force. His body had bruises and abrasions which could be caused by fists and blows. While in the casualty ward of the Civil Hospital	 Patel requested the Doctors to contact the District Judge and inform him about the inci dent. Dr. Parashar tried ' to ring up the District Judge but he was prevented from doing so by Sharma and other Police Officers who were present there. Dr. Parashar and Dr. Bhav sar found the speech of Patel normal	 gait steady	 he was neither violent	 nor he misbehaved. His blood was taken for chemical examination but the Forms used were not according to the rules and the blood was not taken in accordance with procedure prescribed by the Rules and the Circulars issued by the Director of Medical Services	 Gujarat. The chemical examination of the blood sample taken in the Civil Hospital was not correctly done. The blood sample was analysed by a teenager who was not a testing officer within the Bombay Prohibition Act and necessary precautions at the time of analysis were not taken. The phial in which the blood sample had been sent to the Chemical Examiner did not contain the seal on phial and the seal was not fully legible. The Chemi cal Examiner who submitted the report holding that the blood sample of Patel contained alcohol on the basis of the calcu lation made by him in the report clearly admitted before the Commission that he had never determined the quantity of liquor by making calculation in any other case and Patel 's case was his first case. (10) When Patel was taken to Civil Hospital handcuffed and tied with thick rope he was deliberately made to sit outside in the Varanda on bench for half an hour in public gaze	 to enable the public to have a full view of the CJM in that condition. A Press photographer was brought on the scene and the Policemen posed with Patel for the press photograph. The photographs were taken by the Press Reporter without any objection by the Police	 although a belated justification was pleaded by the Police that Patel desired to have himself photographed in that condition. This plea is totally false. The photographs taken by the Press Reporter were published in `Jan Satta ' and 'Lokmat ' on 26th 963 September. 1989 showing Patel handcuffing and tied with rope and the Policemen standing beside him. This was deliberately arranged by Sharma to show to the public that Police weilded real power and if the CJM took confrontation with Police he will not be spared. (11) At the initial stage	 one case was registered against Patel by the Police under the Bombay Prohibition Act. Two Advocates Kantawala and Brahmbhatt met Sharma at 11.30 p.m. for securing Patel 's release on bail	 as offences under the Prohibition Act were bailable. The lawyers re quested Sharma to allow them to meet the CJM who was in the police lock up but Sharma did not allow them to do so. With a view to frustrate lawyers ' attempt to get Patel released on bail. Sharma registered another case against Patel under Sections 332 and 506 of Indian Penal Code as offence under Section 332 is non bailable. (12) D.K. Dhagal	 the then District Superintendent of Police	 Kheda exhibited total indifference to CJM 's com plaint regarding the unsatisfactory state of affairs in the matter of execution of court processes. Dhagal identified himself with Sharma	 Police Inspector who appeared to be his favourite. Instead of taking corrective measures in the service of processes	 he became party along with Sharma in forwarding his complaint to the High Court against Patel 's order in a judicial matter. The incident which took place in the night of 25/26 September 1989	 had the blessing of Dhagal. He did not take any immediate action in the matter instead he created an alibi for himself alleging that he had gone to Lasundara and then to Balasinor Police Station and stayed there in a Government Rest House. The register at the Rest House indicating the entry regarding his stay was manipulated subsequently by making interpolation. On the direction of Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Dhagal sub mitted his report on 27.9. 1989 but in that report he did not make any reference of handcuffing and roping of the CJM although it was a matter of common knowledge and there was a great resentment among the judicial officers and the local public. Dhagal 's complicity in the sordid episode is further fortified by the fact that he permitted Sharma	 the main culprit of the entire episode to carry on investigation against Patel in the case registered against him by Sharma and also in the case registered by Patel against Sharma. (13) Police Inspector Sharma had pre planned the entire incident and he had even arranged witnesses in advance for preparing false case against N.L. Patel	 CJM	 as M.B. Sa vant	 Mamlatdar in the 964 Police Station	 immediately on the arrival of PateI	 CJM	 and they acted in complicity with Sharma in preparing the panchnama which falsely stated that Patel was drunk. M.B. Sawant and P.D. Barot both were hand in glove with Sharma to flasely implicate Patel in Prohibition Case. Learned Commissioner has adversely commented upon the conduct of various officers including K. Dadabhoy	 the then Director General of Police	 Gujarat	 Kuldip Singh Lowchab	 CID Inspector	 Dr. Bhavsar	 Senior Medical Officer	 Nadiad	 M.B. Savant	 Mamlatdar	 P.D. Barot	 Fire Brigade Officer and A.N. Patel	 Chemical. Examiner	 Nadiad. After considering the material on record	 we agree with the view taken by the Commissioner that 	their conduct was not above board as expected from responsible officers. We do not consider it necessary to burden the judgment by referring to the details of the findings as the same are contained in the Commis sioner 's Report. Mr. Nariman contended on behalf of the Po1ice Officers that the findings recorded by the Commission cannot be taken into account as those findings are hit by Article 20(3) of the Constitution. Inspector Sharma and other Police Officers against whom criminal cases have been registered were com pelled to be witnesses against themselves by filing affida vits and by subjecting them to cross examination before the Commissioner. Any finding recorded on the basis of their evidence is violative of Article 20(3) of the Constitution. Article 20(3) of the Constitution declares that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. In order to avail the protection of Article 20(3) three conditions must be satisfied. Firstly	 the person must be accused of an offence. Secondly	 the element of compulsion to be a witness should be there and thirdly it must be against himself. All the three ingredients must necessarily exist before protection of Article 20(3.) is available. If any of these ingredients do not exist	 Article 20(3) cannot be invoked see: Balkishan Devidayal vs State of Maharashtra.	 ; In the instant case this Court had issued notices for contempt to Sharma	 Police Inspector and other contemners. Mere issue of notice or pendency of contempt proceedings do not attract article 20(3) of the Constitution as the contemners against whom notices were issued were not accused of any offence. A criminal contempt is punishable by the superior courts by fine or imprisonment	 but it has many characteristics which distin guishes it from ordinary offence. An offence under the criminal jurisdiction is tried by a Magistrate or a Judge and the procedure of trial is regulated by the ' Code of Criminal Procedure	 1973 which provides as elaborate 965 procedure for flaming of charges	 recording of evidence	 crossexamination	 argument and the judgment. But ' charge of contempt is tried on summary process without any fixed procedure as the court is free to evolve its own procedure consistent with fair play and natural justice. In contempt proceedings unlike the trial for a criminal offence no oral evidence is ordinarily recorded and the usual practice is to give evidence by affidavits. Under the English Law a crimi nal offence is tried by criminal courts with the aid of Jury but a criminal contempt is tried by courts summarily without the aid and assistance of Jury. Ordinarily	 process of trial for contempt is summary. A summary form of trial is held in the case of civil contempt and also in the case of criminal contempt where the act is committed in the actual view of the court or by an officer of justice. The summary procedure is applicable by immemorial usage when criminal contempt was committed out of court by a stranger. The practice of pro ceeding summarily for the punishment of contempt out of court has been the subject of comment and protest	 but the practice is founded upon immemorial usage	 it has	 since the eighteenth century	 been generally assumed. We do not con sider it necessary to refer to decisions from English Courts which have been discussed in detail in the History of Con tempt of Court by Fox JC 1927. Proceedings for contempt of Court are not taken in the exercise of original criminal jurisdiction. Proceedings for contempt of Court are of a peculiar nature; though it may be that in certain aspects they are quasi criminal	 but in any view they are not exer cised as part of the original criminal jurisdiction of the Court	 as was held in re: Tushar Kanti Ghosh and Another. AIR 1935 Calcutta 419. The High Court held that since the proceedings for contempt of Court do not fall within the original criminal jurisdiction of the Court no leave could be granted for appeal to Privy Council under Clause 41 of the Letters Patent of that Court. In Sukhdev Singh Sodhi vs The Chief Justice and Judges of the PEPSU High Court	 ; Sukhdev Singh Sodhi approached this Court for transfer of contempt proceedings from PEPSU High Court to any other High Court under Section 527 of the Criminal Procedure Code	 1898. This Court. re jected the application holding that Section 527 of the Criminal Procedure Code did not apply to the contempt pro ceedings as the contempt jurisdiction is a special jurisdic tion which is inherent in all courts of record and the Cr. P.C. excludes such a special jurisdiction from the Code. The Court further held that notwithstanding the provisions contained in the Contempt of Courts Act	 1926 making an offence of contempt	 punishable	 the Act does not confer any jurisdiction or create the offence	 it merely limits the 966 amount of the punishment which could be awarded and it removes a certain doubt. The jurisdiction to initiate the proceedings and take seisin of the contempt is inherent in a court of record and the procedures of the Criminal Procedure Code do not apply to contempt proceedings. Section 5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure lays down that nothing contained in this Code shall	 in the absence of a specific provision to the contrary	 affect any special or local law for the time being in force	 or any special jurisdiction or power conferred	 or any special form of procedure prescribed	 by any other law for the time being in force. The power to take proceedings for the contempt of Court is an inherent power of a Court of record	 the Criminal Procedure Code does not apply to such proceedings. Since	 the contempt proceedings are not in the nature of criminal proceedings for an of fence	 the pendency of contempt proceedings cannot be re garded as criminal proceedings merely because it may end in imposing punishment on the contemner. A contemner is not in the position of an accused	 it is open to the Court to cross examine the contemner and even if the contemner is found to be guilty of contempt	 the Court may accept apology and discharge the notice of contempt	 whereas tendering of apology is no defence to the trial of a criminal offence. This peculiar feature distinguishes contempt proceedings from criminal proceedings. In a criminal trial where a person is accused of an offence there is a public prosecutor who prosecutes the case on behalf of the prsecution against the accused but in contempt proceedings the court is both the accuser as well as the judge of the accusation as ob served by Hidayatullah	 CJ in Debabrata Bandopadhyaya 's	 case AIR 1969 SC I89. Contempt proceeding is sui generis	 it has peculiar features which are not found in criminal pro ceedings. In this view the contemners do not stand in the position of a person accused of an offence" merely on ac count of issue of notice of contempt by this Court and the Commission which was acting on behalf of this Court had full authority to reord the testimony of the contemners. Commis sion issued notice and directed Sharma	 Police Inspector and other Police Officials to place their version of the inci dent before it and there was no element of compulsion. In this view there has been no violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution and Commission 's findings are not vitiated. Mr. F.S. Nariman contended that this Court has no jurisdiction or power to indict the Police Officers even if they are found to be guilty as their conduct does not amount to contempt of this Court. He urged that Article 129 and 215 demarcate the respective areas of jurisdiction of the Su preme Court and the High Courts respectively. 967 This COurt 's Jurisdiction under Article 129 is confined to the contempt of itself only and it has no jurisdiction to intict a person for contempt of an inferior court subordi nate to the High Court. The Parliament in exercise of its legislative power under Entry 77 of List 1 read with Entry 14 of List III has enacted Contempt of. Courts Act 1971 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act ') and that Act does not confer any jurisdiction on this Court for taking action for contempt of subordinate courts. Instead the original juris diction of High Courts in respect of contempt of subordinate courts is specificially preserved by Sections 11 and 15(2) of the Act. The Supreme Court has only appellate powers under Section 19 of the Act read with Articles 134(1)(c) and 136 of the Constitution. The Constitutional and statutory provisions confer exclusive power on the High Court for taking action with regard to contempt of inferior or subor dinate court	 and the Supreme Court has no jurisdiction in the matter. Shri Nariman further urged that in our country there is no court of universal jurisdiction	 and the juris diction of all courts including Supreme Court is limited and this Court can not enlarge its jurisdiction. Shri Soli J. Sorabji learned Attorney General (as he then was) urged that power to punish contempt is a special jurisdiction which is inherent in a court of record. A superior court of record has inherent power to punish for contempt of itself and it necessarily includes and carries with it the power to punish for contempt committed in respect of subordinate or inferior courts. A superior court of record having power to correct the order of inferior court has power to protect that court by punishing those who interfere with the due administration of justice of the court. Articles 129 and 2 15 do not confer any additional jurisdiction on the Supreme Court and the High Court. The constitutional provisions as well as the legislative enactment "The Contempt of Courts Act" recognise and preserve the existing contempt jurisdiction and power of the court of record for punishing for contempt of subordi nate or inferior courts. The Act has not affected or re stricted the suo moto inherent power of the Supreme Court being a court of record which has received constitutional sanction under Article 129. Mr. Sorabji further urged that even otherwise the Act does not restrict or affect the suo moto exercise of power by the Supreme Court as a court of record in view of Section 15(1) of the Act. The Supreme Court as the Apex Court is the protector and guardian of justice throughout the land	 therefore	 it has a right and also a duty to protect the courts whose orders and judgments are amenable to correction	 form commission of contempt against them. This right and duty of the Apex Court is not abrogated merely because the High Court also has this right and duty of protection of the subordinate courts. The juris dictions are concurrent and not exclusive or antagonistic. 968 The rival contentions raise the basic question whether the Supreme Court has inherent jurisdiction or power to punish for contempt of subordinate or inferior courts under Article 129 of the Constitution and whether the inherent jurisdiction and power of this Court is restricted by the Act. The answer to the first question depends upon the nature and the scope of the power of this Court as a court of record	 in the background of the original and appellate jurisdiction exercised by this Court under the various provisions of the Constitution. It is necessary to have a look at the constitutional provisions relating to the origi nal and appellate jurisdiction of this Court. Article 124 lays down that there shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of Chief Justice of India.and other Judges. Article 32 confers original jurisdiction on this Court for enforcement of fundamental rights of the citizens. This jurisdiction can be invoked by an aggrieved person even without exhausting his remedy before other courts. Article 129 provides that the Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court includ ing the power to punish for contempt of itself. Article 13 1 confers original jurisdiction on the Supreme Court in cer tain matters. Article 132 confers appellate jurisdiction on this Court against any judgment	 decree or final order of the High Courts in India. Articles 133	 134 and 134A confer appellate jurisdiction in the Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil and criminal matters respec tively on certificate to be issued by the High Court. Arti cle 136 provides for special leave to appeal before the Supreme Court	 notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 132	 133	 134 and 134A. Article 136 vests this Court with wide powers to grant special leave to appeal from any judg ment	 decree determination sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal in the terri tory of India except a court or Tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the Armed Forces. The Court 's appellate power under Article 136 is plenary	 it may enter tain any appeal by granting special leave against any order made by any Magistrate. Tribunal or any other subordinate court. The width and amplitude of the power is not affected by the practice and procedure followed by this Court in insisting that before invoking the jurisdiction of this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution	 the aggrieved party must exhaust remedy available under the law before the appellate authority or the High Court. Self imposed restric tions by this Court do not divest it of its wide powers to entertain any appeal	 against any order or judgment passed by any court or Tribunal in the country without exhausting alternative remedy before the appellate authority or the High Court. The power of this Court under Article 136 is unaffected by Article 132	 133	 134 and 134(A) in view of the expression 969 "notwithstanding anything in this Chapter" occurring in Article 136. This Court considered the scope and amplitude of plenary power under Article 136 of the Constitution in Durga Shankar Mehta vs Thakur Raghuraj Singh & Ors.	 [1955] 1 SCR 267. Mukherjee	 J. speaking for the Court observed: "The powers given by Article 136 of the Con stitution however are in the nature of special or residuary powers which are exercisable outside the purview of ordinary law	 in cases where the needs of justice demand interference by the Supreme Court of the land. The article itself is worded in the widest terms possible. It vests in the Supreme Court a plenary juris diction in the matter of entertaining and hearing appeals	 by granting of special leave	 against any kind of judgment or order made by a court or Tribunal in any cause or matter and the powers could be exercised in spite of the specific provisions for appeal contained in the Constitution or other laws. The Constitu tion for the best of reasons did not choose to fetter or circumscribe the powers exercisable under this Article in any way. " In Arunachalam v.P.S.R. Sadhanantham & Anr.	 ; this Court entertained an appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution of India by special leave at the in stance of a complainant against the judgment and the order of acquittal in a murder case and on appraisal of evidence	 it set aside the order of acquittal. Objections raised on behalf of the accused relating to the maintainability of the special leave petition under Article 136 of the Constitu tion	 was rejected. Chinnappa Reddy	 J. speaking for the Court held as under: "Article 136 of the Constitution of India invests the Supreme Court with a plentitude of plenary	 appellate power over all courts and Tribunals in India. The power is plenary in the sense that there are no words in Article 136 itself qualifying that power. But	 the very nature of the power has led the court to set limits to itself within which to exercise such power. It is now the well established practice of this Court to permit the invoca tion of the power under ArtiCle 136 only in very exceptional circumstances	 as when a question of law of general public importance arises or a decision shocks the conscience of the Court. But	 within the restrictions im posed by itself	 this Court has the 970 undoubted power to interfere even with find ings of fact	 making no distinction between judgments of acquittal and conviction	 if the High Court	 in arriving at those findings	 has acted "perversely or otherwise improperly". " With regard to the competence of a private party	 distin guished from the State	 to invoke the jurisdiction of this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution	 the Court observed: "Appellate power vested in the Supreme Court under Article136 of the Constitution is not to be confused with ordinary appellate power exercised by appellate courts and appellate tribunals under specific statutes. As we said earlier	 it is a plenary power	 exercisable outside the purview of ordinary law ' to meet the pressing demands of justice (vide Durga Shankar Mehta vs Thakur Raghuraj Singh	). Article 136 of the Constitution neither con fers on anyone the right to invoke the juris diction of the Supreme Court nor inhibits anyone from invoking the Court 's jurisdiction. The power is vested in the Supreme Court but the right to invoke the Court 's jurisdiction is vested in no one. The exercise of the power of the Supreme Court is not circumscribed by any limitation as to who may invoke it. " There is therefore no room for any doubt that this Court has wide power to interfere and correct the Judgment and orders passed by any court or Tribunal in the country. In addition to the appellate power	 the Court has special residuary power to entertain appeal against any order of any court in the country. The plenary jurisdiction of this Court to grant leave and hear appeals against any order of a court or Tribunal	 confers power of judicial superintendence over all the courts and Tribunals in the territory of India including subordinate courts of Magistrate and District Judge. This Court has	 therefore	 supervisory jurisdiction over all courts in India. Article 129 provides that the Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself. Article 215 contains similar provision in respect of High Court. Both the Supreme Court as well as High Courts are courts of record having powers to punish for contempt in cluding the power to punish for contempt of itself. The Constitution does not define "Court of Record". This expres sion is well recognised in jurisdical world. In Jowitt 's Dictionary of English Law	 "Court of Record" is defined as: 971 "A court whereof the acts and judicial pro ceedings are enrolled for a perpetual memorial and testimony	 and which has power to fine and imprison for contempt of its authority. " In Wharton 's Law Lexicon	 Court of Record is defined as: "Courts are either of record where their acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled for a perpetual memorial and testimony and they have power to fine and imprison; or not of record being courts of inferior dignity	 and in a less proper sense the King 's Courts and these are not entrusted by law with any power to fine or imprison the subject of the realm	 unless by the express provision of some Act of Parliament. These proceedings are not enrolled or recorded. " In Words and Phrases (Permanent Edition) Vol. 10 page 429	 "Court of Record" is defined as under: "Court of Record is a court where acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled in parchment for a perpetual memorial and testimony	 which rolls are called the "record" of the court	 and are of such high and supereminent authori ty that their truth is not to be questioned. " Halsbury 's Laws of England Vol. 10 page 319	 states: "Another manner of division is into courts of record and courts not of record. Certain Courts are expressly declared by statute to be courts of record. In the case of courts not expressly declared to be courts of record	 the answer to the question whether a court is a court of record seems to depend in general upon whether it has power to fine or imprison	 by statute or otherwise	 for contempt of itself or other substantive offences; if it has such power	 it seems that it is a court of record. . proceedings of a Court of record preserved in its archives are called records	 and are conclusive evidence of that which is recorded therein." In England a superior court of record has been exercised power to indict a person for the contempt of its authority and also for the contempt of its subordinate and inferior courts in a summary manner 972 without the aid and assistance of Jury. This power was conceded as a necessary attribute of a superior court of record under Anglo Saxon System of Jurisprudence. The con cept of inherent power of the superior court of record to indict a person by summary procedure was considered in detail in Rex vs Almon	 ; commonly known as Aimon 's case. In that case King 's Bench initiated proceedings for contempt against John Almon	 a book seller for publishing a libel on the Chief Justice	 Lord Mansfied. On behalf of the contemner objection was taken to the summary procedure followed by the Court. After lengthy arguments judgment was prepared by Chief Justice Wilmot holding that a libel on a Judge was punishable by the process of attachment without the intervention of a Jury	 as the summary form of procedure was founded upon immemorial usage. The judgment prepared with great learning and erudition could not be delivered as the proceedings were dropped following the change of Govern ment. After long interval Wilmot 's judgment was published in 1802. The judgment proceeded on the assumption that the superior Common Law Courts did have the power to indict a person for contempt of court	 by following a summary proce dure on the principle that this power was 'a necessary incident to every court of justice '. Undelivered judgment of Wilmot	 J. has been subject of great controversy in England ' and Sir John Fox has severely criticised Almon 's case	 in his celebrated book "The History of Contempt of Court '	 The Form of Trial and Mode of Punishment: In spite of serious criticism of the judgment of Wilmot	 J. the opinion ex pressed by him has all along been followed by the English and Commonwealth Courts. In Rainy vs The Justices of Seirra Leone	 8 Moors PC 47 at 54 on an application for leave to appeal against the order of the Court of Seirra Leone for contempt of court	 the Privy Council upheld the order on the ground that the court of Seirra Leone being a Court of Record was the sole and exclusive judge of what amounted to contempt of court. In India	 the courts have followed the English practice in holding that a court of record has power of summarily punishing contempt of itself as well as of subordinate courts. In Surendra Nath Banerjee vs The Chief Justice and Judges of the High Court at Fort William in Bengal	 ILR to Calcutta 109 the High Court of Calcutta in 1883 convicted Surendra Nath Banerjee	 who was Editor and Proprietor of Weekly newspaper for contempt of court and sentenced him to imprisonment for two months for publishing libel reflecting upon a Judge in his judicial capacity. On appeal the Privy Council upheld the order of the High Court and observed that the High Courts in Indian Presidencies were superior courts of record	 and the powers of the High 973 Court as superior courts in India are the same as in Eng land. The Privy Council further held that by common law every court of record was the sole and exclusive judge of what amounts to a contempt of court. In Sukhdev Singh Sodhi 's case this Court considered the origin	 history and development of the concept of inherent jurisdiction of a court of record in India. The Court after considering Privy Council and High Courts decisions held that the High Court being a court of record has inherent power to punish for contempt of subordinate courts. The Court further held that even after the codification of the law of contempt in India the High Court 's jurisdiction as a court of record to initi ate proceedings and take seisin of the matter remained uneffected by the Contempt of Courts Act	 1926. Mr. Nariman contended that even if the Supreme Court is a court of record	 it has no power to take action for the contempt of a Chief Judicial Magistrate 's court as neither the Constitution nor any statutory provision confer any such jurisdiction or power on this Court. He further urged that so far as the High Court is concerned	 it has power of judicial and administrative superintendence over the subor dinate courts and further Section 15 of the Act expressly confers power of the High Court to take action for the contempt of subordinate courts. This Court being a court of record has limited jurisdiction to take action for contempt of itself under Article 129 of the Constitution	 it has no jurisdiction to indict a person for the contempt of subordi nate or inferior courts. The question whether in the absence of any express provision a Court of Record has inherent power in respect of contempt of subordinate or inferior courts	 has been consid ered by English and Indian Courts. We would briefly refer to some of those decisions. In the leading case of Rex vs Parke	 at 442. Wills	 J. observed: "This Court exercises a vigilant watch over the proceedings of inferior courts and suc cessfully prevents them from usurping powers which they do not possess	 or otherwise acting contrary to law. It would seem almost a natu ral corollary that it should possess correla tive powers of guarding them against unlawful attacks and interferences with their independ ence on the part of others." In King vs Davies	 Wills	 J. further held that the Kings Bench being a court of record must protect the inferior courts 974 from unauthorised interference	 and this could only be secured by action of the Kings Bench as the inferior courts have no power to protect themselves and for that purpose this power is vested in superior court of record. Since the Kings Bench is the custos morum of the kingdom it must apply to it with the necessary adaptations to the altered circumstances of the present day to uphold the independence of the judiciary. The principle laid down in Rex vs Davies	 was followed in King vs Editor of the Daily Mail	 where it was held that the High Court as a court of record has inherent jurisdiction to punish for contempt of a court martial which was an inferior court. Avory	 J. observed: "The result of that judgment (Rex vs Davies ) is to show that wherever this Court has power to correct an inferior court	 it also has power to protect that court by punishing those who interfere with Due administration of 	justice in their court." In Attorney General vs B.B.C.	 ; 1 the House of Lords proceeded on the assumption that a court of record possesses protective jurisdiction to indict a person for interference with the administration of justice in the inferior courts but it refused to indict as it held that this protection is available to a court exercising judicial power of the State and not to a Tribunal even though the same may be inferior to the court of record. These authori ties show that in England the power of the High Court to deal with the contempt of inferior court was based not so much on its historical foundation but on the High Court 's inherent jurisdiction being a court of record having juris diction to correct the orders of those courts. In India prior to the enactment of the Contempt of Courts Act	 1926	 High Court 's jurisdiction in respect of contempt of subordinate and inferior courts was regulated by the principles of Common Law of England. The High Courts in the absence of statutory provision exercised power of con tempt to protect the subordinate courts on the premise of inherent power of a Court of Record. Madras High Court in the case of Venkat Rao	 held that it being a court of record had the power to deal with the contempt of subordinate courts. The Bombay High Court in Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi 's	 [1920] 22 Bombay Law Reporter 368 case held that the High Court possessed the same powers to punish the contempt of subordinate courts as the Court of the King 's Bench Division had by virtue of the Common Law of England. Similar view was expressed by the 975 Allahabad High Court in Abdul Hassan Jauhar 's	 case AIR 1926 Allahabad 623 and Shantha Nand Gir vs Basudevanand.	 AIR 1930 Allahabad 225 (FB). In Abdul Hassan Jauhar 's case (supra) a Full Bench of the Allahabad High Court after considering the question in detail held: "The High Court as a court of record and as the protector of public justice through out its jurisdiction has power to deal with con tempts ' directed against the administration of justice	 whether those contempts are committed in face of the court or outside it	 and inde pendently or whether the particular court is sitting or not sitting	 and whether those contempts relate to proceedings directly concerning itself or whether they relate to proceedings concerning an inferior court	 and in the latter case whether those proceedings might or might not at some stage come before the High Court. " Similar view was taken by the Nagpur and Lahore High Courts in Mr. Hirabai vs Mangal Chand	 AIR 1935 Nagpur 16; Harki shan Lal vs Emperor	 AIR 1937 Lahore 197 and the Oudh Chief Court took the same view in Mohammad Yusuf vs Imtiaz Ahmad Khan.	 AIR 1939 Oudh 13 1. But	 the Calcutta High Court took a contrary view in Legal Remembrancer vs Motilal Ghosh	 ILR holding that there was no such inherent power with the High Court. Judicial conflict with regard to High Court 's power with regard to the contempt of subordinate court was set at rest by the Contempt of Courts Act 1926. The Act resolved the doubt by recognising to the power of High Courts in regard to contempt of subordinate courts	 by enacting Section 2 which expressly stated that the High Courts will continue to have jurisdiction and power with regard to contempt of subordinate courts as they exercised with regard to their own contempt. Thus the Act reiterated and recognised the High Court 's power as a court of record for taking action for contempt of courts subordinate to them. The only excep tion to this power	 was made in subsection (3) of Section 2 which provided that no High Court shall take cognizance of a contempt alleged to have been committed in respect of a court subordinate to it where such contempt is an offence punishable under the Indian Penal Code. Section 3 of the Act restricted the punishment which could be passed by the High Court. Since doubt was raised whether the High Court as a court of record could punish contempt of itself and of courts subordinate to it if contempt was committed outside its territorial jurisdiction	 the Parliament enacted the Con 976 tempt of Courts Act 1952 removing the doubt. Section 3 of the 1952 Act again reiterated and reaffirmed the power	 authority and jurisdiction of the High Court in respect of contempt of courts subordinate to it	 as it existed prior to the enactment. It provided that every High Court shall have and exercise the same jurisdiction	 power and authority	 in accordance with the same procedure and prac tice in respect of contempt of courts subordinate to it as it has and exercise in respect of contempt of itself. Sec tion 5 further expanded the jurisdiction of the High Court for indicting a person in respect of contempt committed outside the local limits of its jurisdiction. The Parliamen tary legislation did not confer any new or fresh power or jurisdiction on the High Courts in respect of contempt of courts subordinate to it	 instead it reaffirmed the inherent power of a Court of Record	 having same jurisdiction	 power and authority as it has been exercising prior to the enact ments. The effect of these statutory provisions was consid ered by this Court in Sukhdev Singh Sodhi 's case	 and the Court held that contempt jurisdiction was a special one inherent in the very nature of a court of record and that jurisdiction and power remained unaffected even after the enactment of 1926 Act as it did not confer any new jurisdic tion or create any offence	 it merely limited the amount of punishment which could be awarded to a contemner. The juris diction of the High Court to initiate proceedings or taking action for contempt of its subordinate courts remained as it was prior to the 1926 Act. In R.L. Kapur vs State of Tamil Nadu	 ; the Court again emphasised that in view of Article 215 of the Constitution	 the High Court as a court of record possesses inherent power and jurisdiction	 which is a special one	 not arising or derived from Contempt of Courts Act and the provisions of Section 3 of 1926 Act	 do not affect that power or confer a new power or jurisdic tion. The Court further held that in view of Article 215 of the Constitution	 no law made by a Legislature could take away the Jurisdiction conferred on the High Court nor it could confer it afresh by virtue of its own authority. The English and the Indian authorities are based on the basic foundation of inherent power of a Court of Record	 having jurisdiction to correct the judicial orders of subor dinate courts. The Kings Bench in England and High Courts in India being superior Court of Record and having judicial power to correct orders of subordinate courts enjoyed the inherent power of contempt to protect the subordinate courts. The Supreme Court being a Court of Record under Article 129 and having wide power of judicial supervision over all the courts in the country	 must possess and exer cise similar jurisdiction and power as the High Courts had prior to Contempt Legislation in 1926. Inherent 977 powers of a superior Court of Record have remained unaffect ed even after Codification of Contempt Law. The was enacted to define and limit the powers of courts in punishing contempts of courts and to regulate their procedure in relation thereto. Section 2 of the Act defines contempt of court including criminal contempt. Sections 5	 6	 7	 8	 and 9 specify matters which do not amount to contempt and the defence which may be taken. Section 10 which relates to the power of High Court to punish for contempt of subordinate courts. Section 10 like Section 2 of 1926 Act and Section 3 of 1952 Act reiterates and reaffirms the jurisdiction and power of a High Court in respect of its own contempt and of subordinate courts. The Act does not confer any new jurisdiction instead it reaf firms the High Courts power and jurisdiction for taking action for the contempt of itself as well as of its subordi nate courts. We have scanned the provisions of the 1971 Act	 but we find no provision therein curtailing the Supreme Court 's power with regard to contempt of subordinate courts	 Section 15 on the other hand expressly refers to this Court 's power for taking action for contempt of subordinate courts. Mr. Nariman contended that under Section 15 Parlia ment has exclusively conferred power on the High Court to punish for the contempt of subordinate courts. The legisla tive intent being clear	 this Court has no power under its inherent jurisdiction or as a court of record under Article 129 of the Constitution with regard to contempt of subordi nate courts. Section 15 of the Act reads as under: "15. Cognizance of criminal contempt in other cases (1) In the case of a criminal contempt	 other than a contempt referred to in Section 14	 the Supreme Court or the High Court may take action on its own motion or a motion made by (a) the Advocate General	 or (b) any other person	 with the con sent in writing of the Advocate General (or) (c) in relation to the High Court for the Union Territory of Delhi	 such Law Officer as the Central Government may by notification in the official Gazette	 specify in this behalf or any other person	 with the consent in writing of such Law Officer. (2) In the case of any criminal contempt of subordinate 978 court	 the High Court may take action on a reference made to it by the subordinate Court or on a motion made by the Advocate General or	 in	 relation to a Union Territory	 by such Law Officer as the Central Government may	 by notification in the official Gazette	 specify in this behalf. (3) Every motion or reference made under this section shall specify the contempt of which the person charged is alleged to be guilty. Explanation In this section	 the expression "Advocate General" means (a) in relation to the Supreme Court	 the Attorney General or the Solicitor General; (b) in relation to the High Court	 the Advocate General of the State or any of the States for which the High Court has been established; (c) in relation to the Court of a Judicial Commissioner	 such Law Officer as the Central Government may	 by notification in the official Gazette	 specify in this behalf. Under sub section (1) the Supreme Court and High Court both have power to take cognizance of criminal contempt and it provides three modes for taking cognizance. The Supreme Court and the High Court both may take cognizance on its own motion or on the motion made by the Advocate General or any other person with the consent in writing of the Advocate General. Sub section (2) provides that in case of any crimi nal contempt of subordinate court	 the High Court may take action on a reference made to it by the subordinate court or on a motion made by the Advocate General	 and in	 relation to a Union Territory	 on a motion made by any officer as may be specified by the Government. Thus Section 15 prescribes modes for taking cognizance of criminal contempt by the High Court and Supreme Court	 it is not a substantive provision conferring power or jurisdiction on the High Court or on the Supreme Court for taking action for the contempt of its subordinate courts. The whole object of prescribing proce dural modes of taking cognizance in Section 15 is to safe guard the valuable time of the ' High Court and the Supreme Court being wasted by frivolous complaints of contempt of court. Section 15(2) does not restrict the power of the High Court to take cognizance of the 979 contempt of itself or of a subordinate court on its own motion although apparently the Section does not say so. In S.K. Sarkar	 Member	 Board of Revenue	 U.P. Lucknow vs Vinay Chandra Misra	 ; this Court held that Section 15 prescribed procedure for taking cognizance and it does not affect the High Court 's suo moto power to take cogni zance and punish for contempt of subordinate courts. Mr. Nariman urged that under Entry 77 of List I of the VIIth Schedule the Parliament has legislative competence to make law curtailing the jurisdiction of Supreme Court. He further urged that Section 15 curtails the inherent power of this Court with regard to contempt of subordinate courts. Entry 77 of List 1 states: "Constitution	 organisation	 jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court (including contempt of such Court)	 and the fees taken therein; persons entitled to practise before the Supreme Court." This Entry. read with Article 246 confers power on the Parliament to enact law with respect to the constitution	 organisation	 jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court including the contempt of this court. The Parliament is thus competent to enact a law relating to the powers of Supreme Court with regard to 'contempt of itself ' such a law may prescribe procedure to be followed and it may also prescribe the maximum punishment which could be awarded and it may provide for appeal and for other matters. But the Central Legisla ture has no legislative competence to abridge or extinguish the jurisdiction or power conferred on this Court under Article 129 of the Constitution. The Parliament 's power to legislate in relation to law of contempt relating to Supreme Court is limited	 therefore the Act does not impinge upon this Court 's power with regard to the contempt of subordi nate courts under Article 129 of the Constitution. Article 129 declares the Supreme Court a court of record and it further provides that the Supreme Court shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself (emphasis supplied). The expression used in Article 129 is not restrictive instead it is exten sive in nature. If the Framers of the Constitution intended that the Supreme Court shall have power to punish for con ' tempt of itself only	 there was no necessity for inserting the expression "including the power to punish for contempt of itself '. The Article confers power on the Supreme Court to punish for contempt of itself and in addition	 it confers some additional power relating to contempt as would appear from the expression '*including". The expression "including" has been interpreted by courts	 to extend and widen the 980 scope of power. The plain language of Article clearly indi cates that this Court as a court of record has power to punish for contempt of itself and also something else which could fall within the inherent jurisdiction of a court of record. In interpreting the Constitution	 it is not permis sible to adopt a construction which would render any expres sion superfluous or redundant. The courts ought not accept any such construction. While construing Article 129	 it is not permissible to ignore the significance and impact of the inclusive power conferred on the Supreme Court. Since	 the Supreme Court is designed by the Constitution as a court of record and as the Founding Fathers were aware that a superi or court of record had inherent power to indict a person for the contempt of itself as well as of courts inferior to it	 the expression "including" was deliberately inserted in the Article. Article 129 recognised the existing inherent power of a court of record in its full plenitude including the power to punish for the contempt of inferior courts. If Article 129 is susceptible to two interpretations	 we would prefer to accept the interpretation which would preserve the inherent jurisdiction of this Court being the superior court of record	 to safeguard and protect the subordinate judici ary	 which forms the very back bone of administration of justice. The subordinate courts administer justice at the grass root level	 their protection is necessary to preserve the confidence of people in the efficacy of Courts and to ensure unsullied flow of justice at its base level. Disputing the inherent power of this Court with regard to the contempt of subordinate courts	 Mr. Nariman contended that inherent powers are always preserved	 but they do not authorise a court to invest itself with jurisdiction when that jurisdiction is not conferred by law. He urged that the status of an appellate court like High Court	 does not enable the High Court to claim original jurisdiction not vested by law. Similarly	 the Supreme Court having appellate jurisdiction under Section 19 of the 	 cannot invest itself with original jurisdiction for contempt of subordinate courts. He placed reliance on the decision of this Court in Raja Soap Factory & Ors. vs S.P. Shantharaj & Ors.	 ; We are unable to accept the contention. In Raja Soap Factory 's case (supra)	 High Court had entertained an original suit and issued injunction under the although under the Act the suit was required to be instituted in the District Court. In appeal before this Court	 order of the High Court was sought to be justified on the ground of High Court 's power of transfer under Section 24 read with its inherent power under Section 151 of the Code of Civil Proce dure. This Court rejected the submission on the ground that exercise 981 of jurisdiction under Section 24 of Code of Civil Procedure was conditioned by lawful institution of the proceeding in a subordinate court of competent jurisdiction	 and transfer thereof to the High Court. The Court observed that power to try and dispose of proceedings	 after transfer from a court lawfully seized of it	 does not involve a power to entertain a proceeding which is not otherwise within the cognizance of the High Court. Referring to the claim of inherent powers under Section 151 to justify entertainment of the suit grant of injunction order	 the Court observed that the inherent power could be exercised where there is a proceeding lawful ly before the High Court	 it does not	 however	 authorise the High Court to invest itself with jurisdiction where it is not conferred by law. The facts and circumstances as available in the Raja Soap Factory 's case	 were quite dif ferent and the view expressed in that case do not have any bearing on the inherent power of this Court. In Rata Soap Factory 's case there was no issue before the Court regarding the inherent power of a superior court of record instead the entire case related to the interpretation of the statutory provisions conferring jurisdiction on the High Court. Where jurisdiction is conferred on a court by a statute	 the extent of jurisdiction is limited to the extent prescribed under the statute But there is no such limitation on a superior court of record in matters relating to the exercise of constitutional powers. No doubt this Court has appellate jurisdiction under Section 19 of the Act	 but that does not divest it of its inherent power under Article 129 of the Constitution The conferment of appellate power on the court by a statute does not and cannot affect the width and ampli tude of inherent powers of this Court under Article 129 of the Constitution. We have already discussed a number of decisions holding that the High Court being a court of record has inherent power in respect of contempt of itself as well as of its subordinate courts even in the absence of any express provi sion in any Act. A fortiori the Supreme Court being the Apex Court of the country and superior court of record should possess the same inherent jurisdiction and power for taking action for contempt of itself	 as well as	 for the contempt of subordinate and inferior courts. It was contended that since High Court has power of superintendence over the subordinate courts under Article 227 of the Constitution	 therefore	 High Court has power to punish for the contempt of subordinate courts. Since the Supreme Court has no super visory jurisdiction over the High Court or other subordinate courts	 it does not possess powers which High Courts have under Article 215. This submission is misconceived. Article 227 confers supervisory jurisdiction on the High Court and in exercise of that 982 power High Court may correct judicial orders of subordinate courts	 in addition to that	 the High Court has administra tive control over the subordinate courts. Supreme Court 's power to correct judicial orders of the subordinate courts under Article 136 is much wider and more effective than that contained under Article 227. Absence of administrative power of superintendence	 over the High Court and subordinate court does not affect this Court 's wide power of judicial superintendence of all courts in India. Once there is power of judicial superintendence	 all the Courts whose orders are amenable to correction by this Court would be subordinate courts and therefore this Court also possesses similar inherent power as the High Court has under Article 215 with regard to the contempt of subordinate courts. The jurisdic tion and power of a superior Court of Record 'to punish contempt of subordinate courts was not founded on the court 's administrative power of superintendence	 instead the inherent jurisdiction was conceded to superior Court of Record on the premise of its judicial power to correct the errors of subordinate Courts. Mr. Nariman urged that assumption of contempt jurisdic tion with regard to contempt of subordinate and inferior courts on the interpretation of Article 129 of the Constitu tion is foreclosed by the decisions of Federal Court	 he placed reliance on the decisions of Federal Court in K.L. Gauba vs The Hon 'ble the Chief Justice and Judges of the High Court of Judicature at Lahore & Anr.	 AIR 1942 FC 1 and Purshottam Lal Jaitly vs The King Emperor.	 He urged that this Court being successor to Federal Court was bound by the decisions of the Federal Court under Arti cle 374(2) of the Constitution. Mr. Sorabji	 learned Attor ney General seriously contested the proposition	 he contend ed that there is a marked difference between the Federal Court and this Court	 former being established by a statute with limited jurisdiction while this Court is the Apex constitutional court with unlimited jurisdiction	 therefore	 the Federal Court decisions are not binding on this Court. He urged that Article 374(2) does not bind this Court with the decisions of the Federal Court	 instead it provides for meeting particular situation during transitory period. In the alternative learned Attorney General urged that the aforesaid two decisions of Federal Court in Gauba 's case and Jaitly 's case do not affect the jurisdiction and power of this Court with regard to contempt of subordinate and infe rior courts as the Federal Court had no occasion to inter pret any provision like Article 129 of the Constitution in the aforesaid decisions. Article 374 made provision for the continuance of Federal Court Judges as the Judges of the Supreme Court on the commencement of the Constitution and it also made 983 provisions for transfer of the proceedings pending in the Federal Court to the Supreme Court. Clause (2) of Article 374 is as under: "All suits	 appeals and proceedings	 civil or criminal	 pending in the Federal Court at the commencement of this Constitution shall stand removed to the Supreme Court	 and the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine the same	 and the judgments and orders of the Federal Court delivered or made before the commencement of this Constitution shall have the same force and effect as if they had been delivered or made by the Supreme Court. " On the promulgation of the Constitution	 Federal Court ceased to exist and the Supreme Court was set up and with a view to meet the changed situation	 provisions had to be made with regard to the matters pending before the Federal Court. Article 374(2) made provision for two things	 firstly it directed the transfer of all suits	 appeals and proceed ings	 civil or criminal pending before the Federal Court to the Supreme Court. Secondly	 it provided that any orders and judgments delivered or made by the Federal Court before the commencement of the Constitution shall have the same force and effect as if those orders or judgments had been deliv ered or made by the Supreme Court. This was necessary for the continuance of the proceedings before the Supreme Court. The Federal Court may have passed interlocutory orders	 it may have delivered judgments in the matters pending before it and in order to maintain the continuance of validity of orders or judgments of Federal Court a legal fiction was created stating that those judgments and orders shall be treated as of Supreme Court. Article 374(2) is in the nature of transitory provision to meet the exigency of the situa tion on the abolition of the Federal Court and setting of the Supreme Court. There is no provision in the aforesaid Article to the effect that the decisions of the Federal Court shall be binding on the Supreme Court. Similar view was taken by the Allahabad High Court in Om Prakash Gupta vs The United Provinces	 AIR 195 1 Allahabad 205 para 43 and Bombay High Court in State of Bombay vs Gajanan Mahadev Badley.	 AIR 1954 Bombay 352 para 14. The decisions of Federal Court and the Privy Council made before the com mencement of the Constitution are entitled to great respect but those decisions are not binding on this Court and it is always open to this Court to take a different view. In The State of Bihar vs Abdul Majid	 ; at 795 and Shrinivas Krishnarao Kango vs Narayan Devji Kango and Ors. ; at 24 and 25. Federal 984 Court decisions were not followed by this Court. There is	 therefore	 no merit in the contention that this Court is bound by the decisions of the Federal Court. But even otherwise the decisions of Federal Court in K.L. Gauba 's case and Purshottam Lal Jaitly 's case have no bearing on the interpretation of Article 129 of the Consti tution. In K.L. Gauba 's case the facts were that K.L. Gauba	 an Advocate of Lahore High Court was involved in litigation of various kinds including a case connected with his insol vency. A Special Bench of the High Court of Lahore was constituted to decide his matters. His objection against the sitting of a particular Judge on the Special Bench	 was rejected. His application for the grant of certificate under Section 205 of the Government of India Act to file appeal against the order of the High Court before the Federal Court was refused. Gauba filed a petition before the Federal Court for the issue of direction for the transfer of his case to Federal Court from High Court. The Federal Court held that appeal against the order of the High Court refusing to grant certificate was not maintainable. Gauba argued that the High Court was guilty of contempt of Federal Court as it had deliberately and maliciously deprived the Federal Court 's jurisdiction to hear the appeal against its orders. Gwyer	 CJ. rejected the contention in the following words: "We have had occasion more than once to con strue the provisions of Section 205	 and we repeat what we have already said	 that no appeal lies to this Court in the absence of the certificate prescribed by that Section: a certificate is the necessary condition prece dent to every appeal. We cannot question the refusal of a High Court to grant a certificate or investigate the reasons which have prompted the refusal; we cannot even inquire what those reasons were	 if the High Court has given none. The matter is one exclusively for the High Court; and	 as this Court observed in an earlier case	 it is not for us to speculate whether Parliament omitted per incuriam to give a right of appeal against the refusal to grant a certificate or trusted the High Courts to act with reasonableness and impartiality: at page 16. The jurisdiction of the Court being thus limited by the statute in this way	 how could it be extended by a High Court acting even perversely or maliciously in withholding the certificate. " In Purshottam Lal Jaitly 's case an application purporting to 985 invoke extraordinary original jurisdiction of the Federal Court under Section 2 10(2) of the Government of India Act	 1935 was made with a prayer that the Federal Court should itself deal directly with an alleged contempt of a Civil Court	 subordinate to the High Court. By a short order the Court rejected the application placing reliance on its decision in K.L. Gauba 's case. The Court observed as under: "The expression "any contempt of court" in that provision must be held to mean "any act amounting to contempt of this Court". This was the view expressed in Gauba 's case and we have been shown no reason for departing from that view. Under the Indian Law the High Courts have power to deal with contempt of any Court subordinate to them as well as with contempt of the High Courts. It could not have been intended to confer on the Federal Court a concurrent jurisdiction in such matters. The wider construction may conceivably lead to conflicting judgments and to other anomalous con sequences. " In the case of K.L. Gauba the Federal Court found itself helpless in the matter as the Government of India Act	 1935 did not confer any power on it to entertain an appeal against the order of High Court refusing to grant certifi cate. The decision has no bearing on the question which we are concerned. In Purshottam Lal Jaitly 's case the decision turned on the interpretation of Section 210(2) of the 1935 Act. Section 2 10 made provisions for the enforcement of decrees and orders of Federal Court. Sub section (2) provid ed that Federal Court shall have power to make any order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person	 the discovery or production of any documents or the investiga tion or "punishment of any contempt of court"	 which any High Court has power to make as respects the territory within its jurisdiction	 and further the Federal Court shall have power to award costs and its orders shall be enforce able by all courts. While interpreting Section 2 10(2) the Federal Court held that it had no power to deal with con tempt of any court subordinate to High Court and it further observed that the wider constructions may lead to conflict ing judgments and to other anomalous consequences. It is not necessary for us to consider the correctness of the opinion expressed by the Federal Court	 as in our view the Federal Court was a court of limited jurisdiction	 it was not the Apex Court like this Court as against the judgment	 order and decree of the Federal Court appeals lay to the Privy Council. The Federal Court exercised limited jurisdiction as conferred on it by the 1935 Act. The question regarding the inherent power of the 986 Superior Court of Record in respect of the Contempt of Subordinate court was neither raised nor discussed in afore said decisions. The Federal Court observed that if the High Court and the Federal Court both have concurrent jurisdic tion in contempt matters it could lead to conflicting judg ments and anomalous consequences	 that may be so under the Government of India Act as the High Court and the Federal Court did not have concurrent jurisdiction	 but under the Constitution	 High Court and the Supreme Court both have concurrent jurisdiction in several matters	 yet no anomalous consequences follow. While considering the decision of Federal Court	 it is necessary to bear in mind that the Federal Court did not possess wide powers as this Court has under the Constitu tion. There are marked differences in the constitution and jurisdiction and the amplitude of powers exercised by the two courts. In addition to civil and criminal appellate jurisdiction	 this Court has wide powers under Article 136 over all the courts and Tribunals in the country. The Feder al Court had no such power	 instead it had appellate power but that too could be exercised only on a certificate issued by the High Court. The Federal Court was a court of record under Section 203 but it did not possess any plenary or residuary appellate power over all the courts functioning in the territory of India like the power conferred on this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution	 therefore	 the Federal Court had no judicial control or superintendence over subordinate courts. Advent of freedom	 and promulgation of Constitution have made drastic changes in the administration of justice neces sitating new judicial approach. The Constitution has as signed a new role to the Constitutional Courts to ensure rule of law in the country. These changes have brought new perseptions. In interpreting Constitution	 we must have regard to the social	 economic and political changes	 need of the community and the independence of judiciary. The court cannot be a helpless spectator	 bound by precedents of colonial days which have lost relevance. Time has come to have a fresh look to the old precedents and to lay down law with the changed perceptions keeping in view the provisions of the Constitution. "Law"	 to use the words of Lord Coler idge	 "grows; and though the principles of law remain un changed	 yet their application is to be changed with the changing circumstances of the time. " The considerations which weighed with the Federal Court in rendering its deci sion in Guaba 's and Jaitley 's case are no more relevant in the context of the constitutional provisions. 987 Since this Court has power of judicial superintendence and control over all the courts and Tribunals functioning in the entire territory of the country	 it has a corresponding duty to protect and safeguard the interest of inferior courts to ensure the flow of the stream of justice in the courts without any interference or attack from any quarter. The subordinate and inferior courts do not have adequate power under the law to protect themselves	 therefore	 it is necessary that this court should protect them. Under the constitutional scheme this court has a special role	 in the administration of justice and the powers conferred on it under Articles 32	 136	 14 1 and 142 form part of basic structure of the Constitution. The amplitude of the power of this Court under these Articles of the Constitution cannot be curtailed by law made by Central or State Legislature. If the contention raised on behalf of the contemners is accept ed	 the courts all over India will have no protection from this Court. No doubt High Courts have power to persist for the contempt of subordinate courts but that does not affect or abridge the inherent power of this court under Article 129. The Supreme Court and the High Court both exercise concurrent jurisdiction under the constitutional scheme in matters relating to fundamental rights under Article 32 and 226 of the Constitution	 therefore this Court 's jurisdiction and power to take action for contempt of subordinate courts would not be inconsistent to any constitutional scheme. There may be occasions then attack on Judges and Magistrate of subordinate courts may have wide repercussions through out the country	 in that situation it may not be possible for a High Court to contain the same	 as a result of which the administration of justice in the country may be paraly sed	 in that situation the Apex Court must intervene to ensure smooth functioning of courts. The Apex Court is duty bound to take effective steps within the constitutional provisions to ensure a free and fair administration of justice through out the country	 for that purpose it must wield the requisite power to take action for contempt of subordinate courts. Ordinarily	 the High Court would protect the subordinate court from any onslaught on their independ ence	 but in exceptional cases	 extra ordinary situation may prevail affecting the administration of public justice or where the entire judiciary is affected	 this Court may directly take cognizance of contempt of subordinate courts. We would like to strike a note of caution that this Court will sparingly excercise its inherent power in taking cogni zance of the contempt of subordinate courts	 as ordinarily matters relating to contempt of subordinate courts must be dealt with by the High Courts. The instant case is of excep tional nature	 as the incident created a situation where functioning of the subordinate courts all over the country was adversely affected	 and the administration of justice was paralysed	 988 therefore	 this Court took cognizance of the matter. Mr. Nariman contended that in our country there is no court of universal jurisdiction	 as the jurisdiction of all courts including the Supreme Court is limited. Article 129 as well as the do not confer	any express power to this Court with regard to contempt of the subordinate courts	 this Court cannot by construing Article 129 assume jurisdiction in the matter which is not entrusted to it by law. He placed reliance on the observations of this Court in Naresh Shridhar Mirajkar & Ors. vs State of Maha rashtra & Ors. ; 	 at 77 1. We have carefully considered the decision but we find nothing therein to support the contention of Mr. Nariman. It is true that courts constituted under a law enacted by the Parliament or the State Legislature have limited jurisdiction and they cannot assume jurisdiction in a matter	 not expressly as signed to them	 but that is not so in the case of a superior court of record constituted by the Constitution. Such a court does not have a limited jurisdiction instead it has power to determine its own jurisdiction. No matter is beyond the jurisdiction of a superior court of record unless it is expressly shown to be so	 under the provisions of the Con stitution. In the absence of any express provision in the Constitution the Apex court being a court of record has jurisdiction in every matter and if there be any doubt	 the Court has power to determine its jurisdiction. If such determination is made by High Court	 the same would be subject to appeal to this Court	 but if the jurisdiction is determined by this Court it would be final. Halsbury 's Laws of England Vol. 10 Para 7 13	 states: "Prima facie no matter is deemed to be beyond the jurisdiction of a superior court unless it is expressly shown to be so	 while nothing is within the jurisdiction of an inferior court unless it is expressly shown on the face of the proceedings that the particular matter is within the cognizance of the particular court. " The above principle of law was approved by this Court in Special Reference No. I of 1964 ; at 499 in holding that the	 High Court being a superior court of record was entitled to determine its own jurisdiction in granting interim bail to a person against whom warrant of arrest had been issued by the Speaker of a State Legisla ture. In Mirajkar 's case (supra) this Court again reiterated the principles that a superior court of record unlike a court of limited jurisdiction is entitled to determine about its own jurisdiction. In Ganga Bishan vs Jai Narain	 the Court emphasised that the 989 Constitution has left it to the judicial discretion of Supreme Court to decide for itself the scope and limits of its jurisdiction in order to render substantial justice in matters coming before it. We therefore hold that this Court being the Apex Court and a superior court of record has power to determine its jurisdiction under Article 129 of the Constitution	 and as discussed earlier it has jurisdiction to initiate or entertain proceedings for contempt of subor dinate courts. This view does not run counter to any provi sion of the Constitution. Constitutional hurdles over	 now we would revert back to the incident which has given rise to these proceedings. The genesis of the unprecedented attack on the subordinate judiciary arose out of confrontational attitude of the local police against the Magistracy in Kheda. The Chief Judicial Magistrate is head of the Magistracy in the District. Under the provisions of Chapter XII of the Code of Criminal Proce dure	 1973	 he exercises control and supervision over the investigating officer. He is an immediate officer on the spot at the lower rung of the administration of justice of the country to ensure that the Police which is the law enforcing machinery acts according to law m investigation of crimes without indulging into excesses and causing harass ment to citizens. The main objective of Police is to appre hend offenders	 to investigate crimes and to prosecute them before the courts and also to prevent commission of crime and above all to ensure law and order to protect the citi zens life and property. The law enjoins the Police to be scrupulously fair to the offender and the Magistracy is to ensure fair investigation and fair trial to an offender. The purpose and object of Magistracy and Police are complemen tary to each other. It is unfortunate	 that these objectives have remained unfulfilled even after 40 years of our Consti tution. Aberrations of Police officers and Police excesses in dealing with the law and order situation have been the subject of adverse comments from this court as well as from other courts but it has failed to have any corrective effect on it. The Police has power to arrest a person even without obtaining a warrant of arrest from a court. The amplitude of this power casts an obligation on the Police to take maximum care in exercising that power. The Police must bear in mind	 as held by this Court that if a person is arrested for a crime	 his constitutional and fundamental rights must not be violated. See: Sunil Batra vs Delhi Administration & Ors. 	 ; In Prem Shankar Shukla 's (supra) case 526	 this Court considered the question of placing a prisoner under handcuff by the Police. The Court declared that no prisoner shall be handcuffed or lettered routinely or merely for the convenience of custody or escort. The Court empha sised that the Police did not enjoy any unrestricted or unlimited 990 power to handcuff an arrested person. If having regard to the circumstances including the conduct	 behaviour and character of a prisoner	 there is reasonable apprehension of prisoner 's escape from custody or disturbance of peace by violence	 the Police may put the prisoner under handcuff. If a prisoner is handcuffed without there being any justifica tion	 it would violate prisoner 's fundamental rights under Articles 14 and 19 of the Constitution. To be consistent with Articles 14 and 19 handcuffs must be the last refuge as there are other ways for ensuring security of a prisoner. In Prem Shankar Shukla 's case	 Krishna Iyer	 J. observed: "If today freedom of the ferlorn person fails to the police somewhere tomorrow the freedom of many may fall else where with none to whimper unless the court process invigilates and polices the police before it is too late." The prophetic words of Krishna Iyer	 J. have come true as the facts of the present case would show. In the instant case	 Patel	 CJM	 was assaulted	 arrested and handcuffed by Police Inspector Sharma and other Police Officers. The Police Officers were not content with this	 they tied him with a thick rope round his arms and body as if N.L. Patel was a wild animal. As discussed earlier	 he was taken in that condition to the hospital for medical examination where he was made to sit in varanda exposing him to the public gaze	 providing opportunity to the members of the public to see that the Police had the power and privi lege to apprehend and deal with a Chief Judicial Magistrate according to its sweet will. What was the purpose of unusual behaviour of the police	 was it to secure safety and securi ty of N.L. Patel	 or was it done to prevent escape or any violent activity on his part justifying the placing of handcuffs and ropes on the body of N.L. Patel. The Commis sion has recorded detailed findings that the object was to wreck vengeance and to humiliate the CJM who had been polic ing the police by this judicial orders. We agree with the findings recorded by the Commission that there was no justi fication for this extraordinary and unusual behaviour of Police Inspector Sharma and other Police Officers although they made an attempt to justify their unprecedented	 dehuma nising behaviour on the ground that Patel was drunk	 and he was behaving in violent manner and if he had not been hand cuffed or tied with ropes	 he could have snatched Sharma 's revolver and killed him. We are 991 amazed at the reasons given by Sharma justifying the hand cuffs and ropes on the body of N.L. Patel. Patel was un armed	 he was at the Police Station in a room	 there were at least seven police officials present in the room who were fully armed	 yet	 there was apprehension about Patel 's escape or violent behaviour justifying handcuffs and roping. The justification given by them is flimsy and preposterous. S.R. Sharma acted in utter disregard of this Court 's direc tion in Prem Shankar Shukla 's case. His explanation that he was not aware of the decision of this Court is a mere pre tence as the Commissioner has recorded findings that Gujarat Government had issued Circular letter to the Police incorpo rating the guide lines laid down by this Court in Prem Shanker Shukla 's case with regard to the handcuffing of prisoner. What constitutes contempt of court? The Common Law definition of contempt of Court is: 'An act or omission calculated to interfere with the due administration of justice. ' (Bowen L.J. in Helmore vs Smith	 [1886] 35 Ch. D. 436 at 455. The contempt of court as defined by the includes civil and criminal contempt. Criminal contempt as defined by the Act: 'Means the publica tion whether by words	 spoken or written	 or by signs	 or by visible representations	 or otherwise of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which scandalizes or tends to scandalize	 or lowers or tends to lower the authority of	 any court; or prejudices	 or interferes or tends or to interfere with	 the due course of any judicial proceeding; or interferes	 or tends to interfere with	 or obstructs or tends to obstruct	 the administration of justice in any other manner. The definition of criminal contempt is wide enough to include any act by a person which would tend to interfere with the administration of justice or which would lower the authority of court. The public have a vital stake in effective and orderly administration of justice. The Court has the duty of protecting the interest of the commu nity in the due administration of justice and	 so	 it is entrusted with the power to commit for contempt of court	 not to protect the dignity of the Court against insult or injury	 but	 to protect and vindicate the right of the public so that the administration of justice is not pervert ed	 prejudiced	 obstructed or interfered with. "It is a mode of vindicating the majesty of law	 in its active manifesta tion against obstruction and outrage." (Frank Furter	 J. in Offutt vs U.S.) ; The object and purpose of punishing contempt for interference with the administration of justice is not to safeguard or protect the dignity of the Judge or 992 the Magistrate	 but the purpose is to preserve the authority of the courts to ensure an ordered life in society. In AttOrney General vs Times Newspapers	 at p. 302 the necessity for the law of contempt was summarised by Lord Morris as: "In an ordered community courts are estab lished for the pacific settlement of disputes and for the maintenance of law and order. In the general interests of the community it is imperative that the authority of the courts should not be imperilled and that recourse to them should not be subject to unjustifiable interference. When such unjustifiable inter ference is suppressed it is not because those charged with the responsibilities of adminis tering justice are concerned for their own dignity: it is because the very structure of ordered life is at risk if the recognised courts of the land are so flouted and their authority wanes and is supplanted." The Chief Judicial Magistrate is head of the Magistracy in the District who administers justice to ensure	 protect and safeguard the rights of citizens. The subordinate courts at the district level cater to the need of the masses in administering justice at the base level. By and large the majority of the people get their disputes adjudicated in subordinate courts	 it is	 in the general interest of the community that the authority of subordinate.courts is pro tected. If the CJM is led into trap by unscrupulous Police Officers and if he is assaulted	 handcuffed and roped	 the public is bound to lose faith in courts	 which would be destrictive of basic structure of an ordered society. If this is permitted Rule of Law shall be supplanted by Police Raj. Viewed in this perspective the incident is not a case of physical assault on an individual judicial officer	 instead it is an onslaught on the institution of the judici ary itself. The incident is a clear interference with the administration of justice	 lowering its judicial authority. Its effect was not confined to one District or State	 it had a tendency to affect the entire judiciary in the country. The incident highlights a dangerous trend that if the Police is annoyed with the orders of a presiding officer of a court	 he would be arrested on flimsy manufactured charges	 to humiliate him publicly as has been done in the instant case. The conduct of Police Officers in assaulting and humiliate the CJM brought the authority and administration of justice into disrespect	 affecting the public confidence in the institution of justice. "The summary power of punish ment for contempt has been conferred on the courts to keep a blaze of glory around them	 to deter people from attempting to render 993 them contemptible in the eyes of the public. These powers are necessary to keep the course of justice free	 as it is of great importance to society." (Oswald on Contempt of Court). The power to punish contempt is vested in the Judges not for their personal protection only	 but for the protec tion of public justice	 whose interest	 requires that decen cy and decorum is preserved in Courts of Justice. Those who have to discharge duty in a Court of Justice are protected by the law	 and shielded in the discharge of their duties	 any deliberate interference with the discharge of such duties either in court or outside the court by attacking the presiding officers of the court	 would amount to criminal contempt and the courts must take serious cognizance of such conduct. It takes us to the question against which of ' the con temners contempt is made out. On behalf of the petitioners it was urged that the Police Officers ' conduct amounts to criminal contempt as their action lowered the authority of the Chief Judicial Magistrate and it further caused inter ference with the administration of justice. Mr. Soli Sorab jee	 learned Attorney General contended that all those who abetted and helped the Police Officers ' in their conduct and design are also guilty of contempt of court. On behalf of the contemners it was urged that the incident which took place in the Police Station does not make out any contempt of court. The Chief Judicial Magistrate had consumed liquor and in druken state he went to the Police Station and slapped the Police Inspector	 Sharma	 thereby he committed offence under the Bombay Prohibition Act as well as under Section 332	 504 and 506 of the Indian Penal Code. Criminal cases have been registered against N.L. Patel	 CJM and after investigation charge sheets have been submitted to the court. In this context	 it was urged that no action could be taken against the contemners as the facts in issue in the present proceedings are the same as involved in the criminal prosecutions pending against N.L. PateI	 CJM. The question raised on behalf of the contemners need not detain us long. Proceedings for contempt of court are different than those taken for the prosecution of a person for an offence under the criminal jurisdiction. Contempt proceedings are peculiar in nature although in certain aspects they are quasicriminal in nature but they do not form part of criminal jurisdiction of the court. Criminal prosecution pending against the CJM or against the contemners has no bearing on the contempt proceedings initiated by this Court as the present proceed ings are not for the purpose of punishing the contemners for the offence of wrongful detention and assault on N.L. Patel	 Chief Judicial Magistrate	 instead these proceedings have been taken to protect the interest of the public in the 994 due administration of justice and to preserve the confidence of people in Courts. We	 accordingly	 reject the contemner 's objection. We have already recorded findings that Sharma	 Police Inspector	 Nadiad had preplanned the entire scheme	 he deliberately invited Patel to visit Police Station where he was forced to consume liquor and on his refusal he was assaulted	 arrested	 handcuffed and tied with rope S.R. Sharma	 K.H. Sadia	 Sub Inspector	 Valjibhai Kalajibhai	 Head Constable and Pratap Singh	 Constable	 all took active part in this shameful episode with a view to malign and denigrade the CJM on accout of his judicial orders against the Police. We	 therefore	 hold S.R. Sharma	 Police Inspec tor	 K.H. Sadia	 Sub Inspector	 Valujibhai Kalajibhai Head Constable and Pratap Singh	 Constable guilty of contempt of court. M.B. Savant	 Mamlatdar had been summoned by Sharma	 Police Inspector	 to the Police Station in advance for purposes of being witness to the Panchnama drawn up by Sharma describing drunken condition of Patel	 CJM. The document was false and deliberately prepared to make out a Case against Patel	 CJM. M.B. Sawant was in complicity with Sharma	 he actively participated in the preparation of the document to malign and humiliate the CJM and to prepare a false case against him	 he is also	 therefore	 guilty of contempt of court. As regards D.K. Dhagal	 the then District Superintendent of Police	 Kheda	 we have already recorded findings that he was hand in glove with Sharma	 Police Inspector. The circum stances pointed out by the Commission and as discussed earlier	 show that though D.K. Dhagal	 had not personally participated in the shameful episode but his Conduct	 act and omission establish his complicity in the incident. It is difficult to believe or imagine that a Police Inspector would arrest	 humiliate	 assault and handcuff a CJM and the Police Chief in the District would be indifferent	 or a mute spectator. The circumstances unequivocally show that Sharma was acting under the protective cover of Dhagal as he did not take any immediate action in the matter instead he created an alibi for himself by interpolating the entries in the register at the Government Rest House	 Balasinor. In his report submitted to the Addl. Chief Secretary (Home) on 27.9.1989	 Dhagal did not even remotely mention the hand cuffing and roping of CJM. It is unfortunate that Dhagal as the district Superintendent of Police did not discharge his duty like a responsible Police Officer instead he identi fied himself with Sharma	 Police Inspector and actively abetted the commission of onslaught on the CJM. We	 accord ingly	 hold D.K. Dhagal	 the then D.S.P. Kheda guilty of contempt of court. 995 This takes us to the petition filed by N.L. Patel for quashing the criminal cases initiated against him on the basis of two First Information Reports made by Police In spector S.R. Sharma. As noticed earlier Sharma	 Police Inspector	 had registered two FIRs on 25.9.1989 against N.L. Patel for the offences under Section 85(1)(3) read with Section 66(1)(b) and also under Section 110 of Bombay Prohi bition Act on the allegations that Patel had consumed liquor without permit or pass and under the influence of alcohol entered into Sharma 's chamber and behaved in an indecent manner. The FIR further alleged that Patel caught hold of PoliCe Inspector Sharma and slapped him. The second FIR was lodged by Sharma against Patel for offences under Sections 332	353	 186 and 506 of the Indian Penal Code on the same allegations as contained in the earlier FIR. During the pendency of the contempt proceedings before this Court	 the Police continued the investigation and submitted charge sheet in both the cases against N.L. Patel and at present Criminal Cases Nos. 1998/90 and 1999/90 are pending in the Court of Chief Judicial Magistrate	 Nadiad. These proceed ings are sought to be quashed. On behalf of the State and the Police Officers	 it was urged that since charge sheets have already been submitted to the Court	 Patel will have full opportunity to defend himself before the court where witnesses would be examined and cross examined	 therefore	 this Court should not inter fere with the proceedings. The gravamen of the charge in the two cases registered against N.L. Patel is that he had consumed liquor without a pass or permit and under the influence of liquor	 he entered the chamber of Police In spector Sharma at the Police Station and assaulted him. The Police over powered and arrested him and a panchnama was prepared and he was taken to the Hospital for medical exami nation	 and the report of medical examination indicates that he had consumed liquor. These very facts have been inquired into by the Commissioner and found to be false. We have recorded findings that Police Inspector Sharma and other Police Officers manipulated records and manufactured the case against N.L. Patel with a view to humiliate and teach him a lesson as the Police was annoyed with his judicial orders. We have already recorded findings holding S.R. Sharma	 Police Inspector	 Sadia	 Sub Inspector	 Valjibhai Kalabhai	 Head Constable	 Pratap Singh	 Constable	 M.B. Savant	 Mamlatdar	 and D.K. Dhagal	 D.S.P. guilty of con tempt of court. These very persons are specified as witness es in the two charge sheets. The Commission 's as well as our findings clearly demonstrate that the allegations contained in the two FIRs are false. If Police is permitted to prose cute Patel on those allegations merely on the basis 996 that charge sheets have been submitted by it	 it would amount to gross abuse of the process of the Court. In the circumstances	 proceedings against N.L. Patel are liable to be quashed. Learned counsel	 appearing on behalf of the State of Gujarat and the Police Officers	 urged that in the present proceedings this Court has no jurisdiction or power to quash the criminal proceedings pending against N.L. Patel	 CJM. Elaborating his contention	 learned counsel submitted that once a criminal case is registered against a person the law requires that the court should allow the case to proceed to its ' normal conclusion and there should be no interference with the process of trial. He further urged that this Court has no power to quash a trial pending before the criminal court either under the Code of Criminal Procedure or under the Constitution	 therefore	 the criminal proceedings pend ing against Patel should be permitted to continue. Learned Attorney General submitted that since this Court has taken cognizance of the contempt matter arising out of the inci dent which is the subject matter of trial before the crimi nal court	 this Court has ample power under Article 142 of the Constitution to pass any order necessary to do justice and to prevent abuse of process of the court. The learned Attorney General elaborated that there is no limitation on the power of this Court under Article 142 in quashing a criminal proceeding pending before a subordinate court. Before we proceed to consider the width and amplitude of this Court 's power under Article 142 of the Constitution it is necessary to remind ourselves that though there is no provision like Section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code conferring express power on this Court to quash or set aside any criminal proceedings pending before a criminal court to prevent abuse of process of the court	 but this Court has power to quash any such proceedings in exercise of its plenary and residuary power under Article 136 of the Consti tution	 if on the admitted facts no charge is made out against the accused or if the proceedings are initiated on concocted facts	 or if the proceedings are initiated for oblique purposes. Once this Court is satisfied that the criminal proceedings amount to abuse of process of court it would quash such proceedings to ensure justice. In State of West Bengal & Ors. vs Swapan Kumar Guha & Ors.	 ; this Court quashed First Information Report and issued direction prohibiting investigation into the allegations contained in the FIR as the Court was satisfied that on admitted facts no offence was made out against the persons named in the FIR. In Madhavrao Jivajirao Scindia & Ors. vs Sambhajirao Chandrojirao Angre & Ors.	 ; criminal proceedings were quashed as this Court Was satis fied that the case was founded on false facts	 and the proceedings 997 for trial had been initiated for oblique purposes. Article 142(1) of the Constitution provides that Supreme Court in exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete jus tice in any 'cause ' or 'matter ' pending before it. The expression 'cause ' or 'matter ' would include any proceeding pending in court and it would cover almost every kind of proceeding in court including civil or criminal. The inher ent power of this Court under Article 142 coupled with the plenary and residuary powers under Article 32 and 136 em braces power to quash criminal proceedings pending before any court to do complete justice in the matter before this Court. If the court is satisfied that the proceeding in a criminal case are being utilised for oblique purposes or if the same are continued on manufactured and false evidence or if.no case is made out on the admitted facts	 it would be in the ends of justice to set aside or quash the criminal proceedings. It is idle to suggest that in such a situation this Court should be a helpless spectator. Mr. Nariman urged that Article 142(1) does not contem plate any order contrary to Statutory provisions. He placed reliance on the Court 's observations in Prem Chand Garg vs Excise Commissioner. U.P. Allahabad	 [1963] Supp. 1 SCR 885 at 899 and	 A.R. Antulay vs R.S. Nayak & Anr. ; where the Court observed that though the powers con ferred on this Court under Article 142(1) are very wide	 but in exercise of that power the ' court cannot make any order plainly inconsistent with the express statutory provisions of substantive law. It may be noticed that in Prem Chand Garg 's and Antulay 's case (Supra) observations with regard to the extent of this Court 's power under Article 142(1) were made in the context of fundamental rights. Those obser vations have no bearing on the question in issue as there is no provision in any substantive law restricting this Court 's power to quash proceedings pending before subordinate court. This Court 's power under Article 142(1) to do "complete justice" is entirely of different level and of a different quality. Any prohibition or restriction contained in ordi nary laws cannot act as a limitation on the constitutional power of this Court. Once this Court has seisin of a cause or matter before it	 it has power to issue any order or direction to do "complete justice" in the matter. This constitutional power of the Apex Court cannot be limited or restricted by provisions contained in statutory law. In Har bans Singh vs U.P. State	 ; at 243 the Court observed: "Very wide powers have been conferred on this Court for 998 due and proper administration of justice. Apart from the jurisdiction and powers con ferred on this Court under Articles 32 and 136 of the Constitution I am of the opinion that this Court retains and must retain	 an inher ent power and jurisdiction for dealing with any extra ordinary situation in the largest interests of administration of justice and for preventing manifest injustice being done. This power must necessarily be sparingly used only in exceptional circumstances for furthering the ends of justice. " No enactment made by Central or State Legislature can limit or restrict the power of this Court under Article 142 of the Constitution	 though while exercising power under Article 142 of the Constitution	 the Court must take into considera tion the statutory provisions regulating the matter in dispute. What would be the need of "complete justice" in a cause or matter would depend upon the facts and circum stances of each case and while exercising that power the Court would take into consideration the express provisions of a substantive statute. Once this Court has taken seisin of a case	 cause or matter	 it has power to pass any order or issue direction as may be necessary to do complete jus tice in the matter. This has been the consistent view of this Court as would appear from the decisions of this Court in State of U.P. vs Poosu & Anr. ; ; Ganga Bishan & Ors. vs Jai Narain	 ; Navnit R. Kamani & Ors. vs R.R. Kamani	 ; ; B.N. Nagara jan & Ors. vs State of Mysore & Ors.	 Special Reference No. I of 1964	 (supra)	 and Harbans Singh vs State of U	P. Ors. (supra). Since the foundation of the criminal trial of N.L. Patel is based on the facts which have already been found to be false	 it would be in the ends of justice and also to do complete justice in the cause to quash the criminal proceedings. We accordingly quash the criminal proceedings pending before the Chief Judicial Magistrate	 Nadiad in Criminal Cases Nos. 1998/90 and 1999/ 90. The question arises what punishment should be awarded to the contemners found guilty of contempt. In determining the punishment	 the degree and the extent of part played by each of the contemners has to be kept in mind. Sharma	 Police Inspector who was the main actor in the entire incident and who had planned the entire episode with a view to humiliate the CJM in the publis eye is the main culprit	 therefore	 he deserves maximum punishment. Sadia	 Sub Inspector took active part in assaulting and tying the CJM at the behest of Sharma	 Police Inspector. Valijibhai Kalajibhai	 Head Con stable and Pratap 999 Singh	 Constable also took active part in handcuffing and tying the CJM with ropes	 but as subordinate officials they acted under the orders of his superior officer. M.B. Sawant	 Mamlatdar was friendly to Sharma	 Police Inspector	 he had no axe to grind against the CJM but he acted under the influence of Sharma	 Police Inspector. So far as D.K. Dhagal is concerned	 he actively abetted the commission of on slaught on the CJM. Having regard to the facts and circum stances and individual part played by each of the aforesaid contemner we hold them guilty of contempt and award punish ment as under: S.R. Sharma	 the then Police Inspector	 Nadiad shall undergo simple imprisonment for a period of six months and he shall pay fine of Rs.2	000. K.H. Sadia	 Sub Inspector	 Nadiad shall undergo simple imprisonment for a period of five months and will pay a fine of Rs.2000 and in default he will undergo one month 's simple imprisonment. Valjibhai Kalajibhai	 Head Constable and Pratap Singh	 Constable	 both are convicted and awarded simple imprisonment for a period of two months and a fine of Rs.500 each	 in default they would undergo simple imprisonment for a further period of 15 days. M.B. Savant	 Mamlatdar is convicted and awarded two month 's simple imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 1000 and in default he would undergo one month 's simple imprisonment. D.K. Dhagal	 the then District Superintendent of Police	 Kheda	 is convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for a period of one month and to pay a fine of Rs. 1000 and in default to undergo simple imprisonment for 15 days. So far as other respondents against whom notices of contempt have been issued by the Court	 there is no adequate material on record to hold them guilty of contempt of court	 we accord ingly discharge the notices issued to them. Before we proceed further	 we would like to express the Court 's displeasure on the conduct of K. Dadabhoy	 the then Director General of Police	 Gujarat. As the head of the Police in the State he was expected to intervene in the matter and to ensure effective action against the erring Police Officers. We are constrained to observe that he was totally indifferent to the news that a CJM was arrested	 handcuffed	 roped and assaulted. He took this news as a routine matter without taking any steps to ascertain the correct facts or effective action against the erring Police Officers. If the head of the Police administration in the State exhibits such indifference to a sensitive matter which shook the entire judicial machinery in the State	 nothing better could be expected from his subordinate officers. K. Dadabhoy did not act like a responsible officer. The State Government should 1000 take action against him departmentaly on the basis of the findings recorded by the Commission. The State Government has initiated proceedings against other erring officers in respect of whom the Commission has adversely commented	 we would make it clear that discharge of contempt notices does not absolve those officers of their misconduct	 the State Government is directed to proceed with the disciplinary proceedings for taking appropriate action against them. We are constrained to observe that the State Government did not immediately take effective steps against the erring officials. In spite of the direction issued by this Court the erring Police Officers were neither arrested nor placed under suspension. It was only after this Court took serious view of the matter and directed the State Government to suspend the erring Police Officers and arrest them	 the State Government moved in the matter. The apathy of the State Government in taking effective action against the erring Police Officers leads to an impression that in the State of Gujarat	 Police appears to have upper hand	 as the administration was hesitant in taking action against the erring Police Officers. If this practice and tendency is allowed to grow it would result in serious erosion of the Rule of Law in the State. We hope and trust that the State Government will take effective measures to avoid re occur rence of any such instance. The State Government should further take immediate steps for the review and revision of the Police Regulations in the light of findings recorded by the Commission. The facts of the instant case demonstrate that a presid ing officer of a court may be arrested and humiliated on flimsy and manufactured charges which could affect the administration of justice. In order to avoid any such situa tion in future	 we consider it necessary to lay down guide lines which should be followed in the case of arrest and detention of a Judicial Officer. No person whatever his rank	 or designation may be	 is	 above law and he must face the penal consequences of infraction of criminal law. A Magistrate	 Judge or any other Judicial Officer is liable to criminal prosecution for an offence like any other citizen but in view of the paramount necessity of preserving the independence of judiciary and at the same time ensuring that infractions of law are properly investigated	 we think that the following guidelines should be followed. (A) If a judicial officer is to be arrested for some offence	 it should be done under intimation to the District Judge or the High Court as the case may be. 1001 (B) If facts and circumstances necessitate the immediate arrest of a judicial officer of the subordinate judiciary	 a technical or formal arrest may be effected. (C) The facts of such arrest should be immedi ately communicated to the District and Ses sions Judge of the concerned District and the Chief Justice of the High Court. (D) The Judicial Officer so arrested shall not be taken to a police station	 without the prior order or directions of the District & Sessions Judge of the concerned District	 if available. (E) Immediate facilities shall be provided to the Judicial Officer to communication with his family members	 legal advisers and Judicial Officers	 including the District & Sessions Judge. (F) No statement of a Judicial Officer who is under arrest be recorded nor any panchnama be drawn up nor any medical tests be conducted except in the presence of the Legal Adviser of the Judicial Officer concerned or another Judicial Office of equal or higher rank	 it ' available. (G) There should be no handcuffing of a Judi cial Officer. If	 however	 violent resistance to arrest is offered or there is imminent need to effect physical arrest in order to avert danger to life and limb	 the person resisting arrest may be over powered and ' handcuffed. In such case	 immediate report shall be made to the District & Sessions Judge concerned and also to the Chief Justice of the High Court. But the burden would be on the Police to establish necessity for effecting physical arrest and handcuffing the Judicial Officer and if it be established that the physical arrest and handcuffing of the Judicial Officer was unjustified	 the Police Officers causing or responsible for such arrest and handcuffing would be guilty of misconduct and would also be personally liable for compensation and/or damages as may be summarily determined by the High Court. The above guidelines are not exhaustive but these are minimum safeguards which must be observed in case of arrest of a judicial officer. These guidelines should be implement ed by the State Government as well as by the High Courts. We	 accordingly	 direct that a copy of the guidelines shall be forwarded to the Chief Secretaries of all the State Governments and to all the High Courts with a direction that the 1002 same may be brought to the notice of the concerned officers for compliance. We do not approve N.L. Patel 's conduct in visiting the Police Station on the invitation of Police Inspector Sharma. In our opinion	 no Judicial Officer should visit a Police Station on his own except in connection with his official and judicial duties and functions. If it is necessary for a Judicial Officer or a Subordinate Judicial Officer to visit the Police Station in connection with his official duties	 he must do so with prior intimation of his visit to the District & Sessions Judge. Pursuant to this Court 's appeal made on September 29	 1989	 the members of the Bar as well as the members of the Judiciary throughout the country refrained from going on strike as a result of which inconvenience to general public was avoided and the administration of justice continued. The Court is beholden to the members of the Bar and members of the Judiciary for their response to this Court 's appeal. We record our appreciation of the able assistance rendered to the Court by the learned counsel for the par ties. We are beholden to Sri Soli Jl. Sorabjee	 the then Attorney General	 who at our request ably assisted the Court in resolving complex questions of law. The Writ Petitions	 Contempt Petitions and Criminal Miscellaneous Petitions are disposed of accordingly. N.V.K. Petitions disposed of.

Mr. N.L. Patel was posted as Chief Judicial Magistrate at Nadiad in October	 1988. He soon found that the local Police was not cooperating with the courts in efficting service of summons	 warrants and notices on accused persons	 as a result of which the trials of cases were delayed. He made complaint against the local police to the District Superintendent of Police and forwarded a copy of the same to the Director General of Police but nothing concrete hap pened. On account of these complaints	 Mr. S.R. Sharma	 Police Inspector	 Nadiad was annoyed with the Chief Judicial Magistrate and he withdrew constables posted in the CJM Court. In April 1989	 the CJM filed two complaints with the Police against the Police Inspector and other Police Offi cials	 Nadiad for delaying the process of the Court. On 25th July	 1989	 the CJM directed the police to register a crimi nal case against 14 persons who had caused obstruction in judicial proceedings but subsequently since unqualified apology was tendered	 the CJM directed the Police Inspector to drop the cases. The Police Inspector reacted strongly to the CJM 's direction and he made complaint against the CJM to the Registrar of the High Court through the District Super intendent of Police. On account of the aforesaid facts there was hostility between the Police of Nadiad and the CJM. 939 On 25th September 1989	 the Police Inspector met the CJM in his chambers to discuss a case where the Police had failed to submit the charge sheet within 90 days. During discussion the Police Inspector invited the CJM to visit the police station to see the papers and assured him that he would mollify the sentiments of the police officials. At 8.35 p.m. on the said date	 the Police Inspector sent a Police Jeep to the CJM 's residence and he went to the Police Station. According to the CJM when he arrived in the Police Station he was forced to consume liquor and on his refusal he was assulted	 handcuffed and tied with rope by Police Inspector	 Sub Inspector	 Head Constable	 and Constable and that he was sent to Hospital for Medical Examination under handcuffs. A photographer was arranged to take his photo graph which was published in the newspapers. The Police Inspector disputed these allegations and according to him the CJM entered his chamber at the Police Station in a drunken state	 shouting and abusing him and since he was violent	 he was arrested	 handcuffed and sent to Hospital for Medical Examination. He himself wanted to be photo graphed and that is why the photographs were taken by the press photographer. As the incident undermined the dignity of courts in the country	 Judicial Officers	 Judges and Magistrates all over the country were in a state of shock	 they felt insecure and humiliated. A number of Bar Associations passed Resolutions and went on strike. The Delhi Judicial Service Association	 the All India Judges Association	 Bar Council of Uttar Pradesh and many others approached this Court by means of telegrams and petitions under Article 32 for saving the dignity and honour of the judiciary. The CJM also filed an application for quashing the two FIRs lodged against him and for directing the trial of his complaint as State case an award of compensation. On 29.9.1989 this Court took cogni zance of the matter by issuing notices to the State of Gujarat and other Police Officers. Since there was serious dispute between the parties with regard to the entire incident	 the Court appointed the senior puisne Judge of the Allahabad High Court to inquire into the incident and to submit a report to the Court. The inquiry was held on behalf of the Court and not under the provisions of the Commission of Inquiry Act. A detailed report was submitted to this Court and the Court directed copies to be delivered to the concerned parties and permit ted the parties and the contemners to file their objections before this Court. 940 The Learned Commissioner 's Report establised the follow ing facts and circumstances: that the CJM found that the Police of Nadiad was not effective in service of summons and had adopted an attitude of indifference to the court 's orders	 and as complaints were forwarded to the authorities by the CJM there was confrontation between the local police and the magistracy. When the CJM visited the police station pursuant to the Police Inspector 's request to discuss the matter	 he was forced to consume liquor and on his refusal he was assaulted. He was tied up with a rope by the Police personnel and handcuffed deliberately in defiance of the state 's Police Regulations and Circulars and the decision of this Court in Prem Shankar Shukla vs Delhi Administration. 	 A panchnama showing the drunken state of the CJM was pre pared by the Police Inspector and signed by two panchas a Mamlatdar and a Fire Brigade Officer. A press photographer was brought on the scene	 the police personnel posed with the CJM for the press photographer and the same was pub lished in newspapers. A request made by the CJM to the Civil Hospital doctors to contact and inform the District Judge about the incident was not allowed. On examination at the hospital	 the body of the CJM was found to have a number of injuries. His blood was taken and chemical examination conducted. The Chemical Examiner submitted a report holding that the blood sample contained alcohol. At the initial stage only one case was registered against the CJM by the Police under the Bombay Prohibition Act	 but when lawyers met the Police Inspector for securing release of the CJM on bail	 the offence being bailable	 the Police Inspector	 registered another case under Sections 332 and 506 IPC in order to frustrate the attempt. The District Superintendent of Police did not take immediate action in the matter but created an alibi that he had gone elsewhere and stayed in the government Rest House there	 the register of the Rest House however indicating that the entry regarding the stay was manipulated subsequently by making an interpolation. On behalf of the contemners Police Officers it was contended that: (1) this Court had no jurisdiction or power to indict the Police Officers even if they are found to be guilty	 as their conduct does not amount to contempt of this Court. Articles 129 and 215 demarcate the respective areas of jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Courts respectively	 and this Court 's jurisdiction under Article 129 is confined to the contempt of itself only	 and it has no jurisdiction to indict a person for contempt of an infe rior court subordinate to the. High Court. (2) Even if the Supreme Court is a court of record	 it has no power to take action for the contempt of a Chief Judicial Magistrate 's court as neither the constitution nor any statutory provi sion confer any 941 such jurisdiction or power on this Court. So far as the High Court is concerned	 it has power of judicial and administra tive superintendence over the subordinate courts and Section 15 of the Contempts of Courts Act	 1971 expressly confers power on the High Court to take action for the contempt of subordinate courts. (3) Under Entry 77 of List I of the Seventh Schedule	 Parliament has legislative competence to make a law curtailing the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and Section 15 of the Contempts of Courts Act 1971 curtails the inherent power of this Court with regard to contempt of subordinate courts. Inherent powers are always preserved but they do not authorise a court to invest itself with juris diction when that jurisdiction is not conferred by law. (4) Assumption of contempt jurisdiction with regard to contempt of subordinate and inferior courts on the interpretation of Article 129 of the Constitution is foreclosed by the deci sions of the Federal Court in K.L. Gauba vs The Honable the Chief Justice and Judges of the High Court o] ' judicature at Lahore & Anr.	 AIR 1942 FC 1. This Court being the successor to the Federal Court was bound by the decisions of the Federal Court under Article 374(2) of the Constitution. (5) In our country there is no court of universal jurisdiction	 as the jurisdiction of all courts including the Supreme Court is limited. (6) Article 142(1) does not contemplate any order contrary to statutory provisions. (7) The findings recorded by the Commission cannot be taken into account as those findings are hit by Article 20(3) of the Constitution. The Attorney General urged that the power to punish contempt is a special jurisdiction which is inherent in a Court of record	 that a superior court of record has inher ent power to punish for contempt of itself and it necessari ly includes and carries with it the power to punish for contempt committed in respect of subordinate or inferior courts	 that a superior court of record having power to correct the order of an inferior court has power to protect that court by punishing those who interfere with the due administration of justice of that court. It was further urged that the recognises and preserves the existing contempt jurisdiction and power of the court of record for punishing for contempt of subordi nate or inferior courts	 that the Act has not affected or restricted the suo motu inherent power of the Supreme Court being a court of record which has received constitutional sanction under Article 129	 that since this Court has taken cognizance of the contempt matter arising out of the inci dent which is the subject matter of trial before the crimi nal court	 this Court has ample power under Article 142 of the Constitution to pass any order necessary to do justice and prevent abuse of process of the court and that there is no limitation on the power of this Court under Article 142 942 in quashing a criminal proceeding pending before a subordi nate court. The basic questions that arose for consideration of the Court were: (a) whether the Supreme Court has inherent jurisdiction or power to punish for contempt of subordinate or inferior courts under Article 129 of the Constitution	 (b) whether the inherent jurisdiction and power of the Supreme Court is restricted by the 	 (c) whether the incident interfered with the due administration of justice and constituted contempt of court	 and (d) what punishment should be awarded to the contemners found guilty of contempt. Disposing of the writ petitions	 Criminal Miscellaneous Petitions	 and contempt petitions	 this Court. HELD: 1.1 Contempt of court is an act or commission calculated to interfere with the due administration of justice. It includes civil and criminal contempt. [991D] Bowen L.J. in Helmore vs Smith	 at 455	 referred to. 1.2 The definition of criminal contempt is wide enough to include any act by a person which would tend to interfere with the administration of justice or which would lower the authority of court. The public have a vital stake in effec tive and orderly administration of justice. The Court has the duty of protecting the interest of the community in the due administration of justice and	 so	 it is entrusted with the power to commit for contempt of court	 not to protect the dignity of the Court against insult or injury	 but	 to protect and vindicate the right of the public so that the administration of justice is not perverted	 prejudiced	 obstructed or interfered with Offutt vs U.S.; 	 	 referred to. [991F] 1.3 The power to punish contempt is vested in the Judges not for their personal protecting only	 but for the protec tion of public justice	 whose interest	 requires that decen cy and decorum is preserved in Courts of Justice. Those who have to discharge duty in a Court of Justice are protected by the law	 and shielded in the discharge of their duties. Any deliberate interference with the discharge of such duties either in court or outside the court by attacking the presiding officers of the court	 would amount to criminal contempt and the courts must take serious cognizance of such conduct. [993B] 943 The object and purpose of punishing contempt for interference with the administration of justice is not to safeguard or protect the dignity of the Judge or the Magis trate	 but the purpose is to preserve the authority of the courts to ensure an ordered life in society. [991H] Attorney General vs Times Newspapers	 (1974] A.C. 273 at p. 302	 referred to. 1.5 The Chief Judicial Magistrate is head of the Magis tracy in the District who administers justice to ensure	 protect and safaguard the rights of citizens. The subordi nate courts at the district level cater to the need of the masses in administering justice at the base level. By and large the majority of the people get their disputes adjudi cated in subordinate courts. It is	 in the general interest of the community that the authority of subordinate courts is protected. If the CJM is led into a trap by unscrupulous Police Officers	 and if he is assaulted	 handcuffed and roped	 the public is bound to lose faith in Courts	 which would be destructive of the basic structure of an ordered society. If this is permitted Rule of Law shall be supplant ed by Police Raj. [992D E] 1.6 The conduct of Police Officers in the instant case	 in assaulting and humiliating the CJM brought the authority and administration of justice into disrespect	 affecting the public confidence in the institution of justice. [992G] 1.7 The incident is a clear interference with the admin istration of justice	 lowering its judicial authority. Its effect was not confined to one District or State	 it had a tendency to affect the entire judiciary in the country. The incident high lights a dangerous trend that if the Police is annoyed with the orders of a presiding officer of a court	 he would be arrested on flimsy manufactured charges	 to humiliate him publicly as has been done in the instant case. [992F] 1.8 The facts of the instant case	 demonstrate that a presiding officer of a court may be arrested and humiliated on flimsy and manufactured charges which could affect the administration of justice. In order to avoid any such situa tion in future	 it is necessary to lay down guidelines which should be followed in the case of arrest and detention of a Judicial Officer. [1000F] 1.9 In view of ' the paramount necessity of preserving the independence of judiciary and at the same time ensuring that infractions of law are ' properly investigated the following guidelines are to be 944 followed: (a) If a judicial officer is to be arrested for some offence	 it should be done under intimation to the District Judge or the High Court as the case may be. (b) If facts and circumstances necessitate the immediate arrest of a judicial officer of the subordinate judiciary	 a technical or formal arrest may be effected. (c) The fact of such arrest should be immediately communicated.to the District and Sessions Judge of the concerned District and the Chief Justice of the High Court. (d) The Judicial Officer so arrested shall not be taken to a police station	 without the prior order or directions of the District & Sessions Judge of the concerned District	 if available. (e) Immediate facilities shall be provided to the Judicial Officer for communication with his family members	 legal advisors and Judicial Officers	 including the District & Sessions Judge. (f) No statement of a Judicial Officer who is under arrest be recorded nor any panchnama be drawn up nor any medical test be conducted except in the presence of the Legal Advi sor of the Judicial Officer concerned or another Judicial Officer of equal or higher rank	 if available. (g) There should be no handcuffing of a Judicial Officer. If	 however	 violent resistance to arrest is offered or there is imminent need to effect physical arrest in order to avert danger to life and limb	 the person resisting arrest may be over powered and handcuffed. In such case	 immediate report shall be made to the District & Sessions Judge concerned and also to the Chief Justice of the High Court. But the burden would be on the Police to establish the necessity for effecting physical arrest and handcuffing the Judicial Officer and if it be established that the physical arrest and hand cuffing of the Judicial Officer was unjustified	 the Police Officers causing or responsible for such arrest and handcuffing would be guilty of misconduct and would also be personally liable for compensation and/or damages as may be summarily deter mined by the High Court. [1000G 1001F] 1.10 These guidelines are not exhaustive but are the minimum safeguards to be observed in case of arrest of a Judicial Officer. These should be implemented by the State Governments as well as by the High Courts. [1001G] 1. 11 No judicial officer should visit a Police Sta tion on his own except in connection with his official and judicial duties and functions	 and this also with prior intimation to the District and Sessions Judge. [1002B] 2.1 The Supreme Court as the Apex Court is the protec tor and guardian of justice throughout the land	 therefore	 it has a right and also a duty to protect the courts whose orders and judgments are amenable to correction	 from com mission of contempt against them. This 945 right and duty of the Apex Court is not abrogated merely because the High Court also has this right and duty of protection of the subordinate courts. The jurisdictions are concurrent and not exclusive or antagonistic. [967G H] 2.2 Article 136 vests the Supreme Court with wide powers to grant special leave to appeal from any judgment	 decree determination sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal in the territory of India except a court or tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the Armed Forces. The Court 's appellate power under Article 136 is plenary	 it may entertain any appeal by granting special leave against any order made by any Magistrate	 Tribunal or any other subordinate court. The width and amplitude of the power is not affected by the practice and prcedure followed in insisting that before invoking the jurisdiction under Article 136 the aggrieved party must exhaust remedy available under the law before the appellate authority of the High Court. Self imposed restric tions do not divest it of its wide powers to entertain any appeal against any order or judgment passed by any court or tribunal in the country without exhausting alternative remedy before the appellate authority or the High Court. The power of the Court under Article 136 is unaffected by Arti cles 132. 133 and 134(A) in view of the expression "notwith standing anything in this Chapter" occurring in Article 136. [968E 969A] Durga Shankar Mehta vs Thakur Raghuraj Singh & Ors.	 [1955] 1 SCR 267 and Arunachalam vs P.S.R. Sadhananthm & Anr.	 ; 	 referred to. 2.3 In addition to the appellate power	 the Supreme Court has special residuary power to entertain appeal against any order of any court in the country. The plenary jurisdiction of the Court to grant leave and hear appeals against any order of a court or Tribunal	 confers power of judicial superintendence over all the courts and Tribunals in the territory of India including subordinate courts of Magistrate and District Judge. The Court has	 therefore	 supervisory jurisdiction over all courts in India. [970F] 2.4 Article 129 provides that the Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself. Article 215 contains similar provision in respect of High Court. Both the Supreme Court as well as High Courts are courts of record having powers to punish for contempt in cluding the power to punish for contempt of itself. [970G] 946 2.5 The Constitution does not define "Court Of Record". A "Court of Record" is a court where acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled in parchment for a perpetual memo rial and testimony	 which rolls are called the 'record ' of the court and.are conclusive evidence of that which is recorded therein. [970H 971 E] ' Wharton 's Law Lexicon: Words & Phrases (Permanent Edi tion) vol. 10 p. 429: Halsbury 's Laws of England Vol. 10 p. 319. 2.6 In India prior to the enactment of the Contempt of Courts Act	 1926	 High Court 's jurisdiction in respect of contempt of subordinate and inferior courts was regulated by the principles of Common Law of England. The High Courts in the absence of statutory provision exercised power of con tempt to protect the subordinate courts on the premise of inherent power of a Court of Record. [974F G] Rex vs Aimon	 ; ; Rainy vs The Justices of Seirra Leone	 8 Moors PC 47 at 54; Surendra Nath Banerjee vs The Chief Justice and Judges of the High Court at Fort William in Bengal	 ILR to Calcutta 109; Rex vs Parke	 [1903] 2 K.B. 432 at 442; King vs Davies	 ; King vs Editor of the Daily Mail	 ; Attorney General vs B.B.C.; 	 ; Venkat Rao ; Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi [1920] 22 Bombay Law Re porter 368; Abdul Hassan Jauhar 's AIR 1926 Allahabad 623; Shantha Nand Gir vs Basudevanand	 AIR 1930 Allahabad 225 FB; Mr. Hirabai vs Mangal Chand	 AIR 1935 Nagpur 46; Harkishan Lal vs Emperor	 AIR 1937 Lahore 497; Mohammad Yusuf vs Imtiaz Ahmad Khan	 AIR 1939 Oudh	 131 and Legal Remembrancer vs Motilal Ghosh	 ILR 	 referred to. 2.7 The Kings Bench in England and High Courts in India being superior Court of Record and having judicial power to correct orders of subordinate courts enjoyed the inherent power of Contempt to protect the subordinate courts. The Supreme Court being a Court of Record under Article 129 and having wide power of judicial supervision over all the courts in the country	 must possess and exercise similar jurisdiction and power as the High Courts had prior to Contempt Legislation in 1926. Inherent powers of a superior Court of Record have remained unaffected even after Codifi cation of Contempt Law. [976G 977A] Sukhdev Singh Sodhi vs The Chief Justice and Judges of the PEPSU High Court	 ; and R.L. Kapur vs State of Tamil Nadu	 ; 	 referred to. 947 2.8 The was enacted to define and limit the powers of Courts in punishing contempts of courts and to regulate their procedure in relation there to. There is no provision therein curtailing the Supreme Court 's power with regard to contempt of subordinate courts	 Section 15 expressly refers to this Court 's power for taking action for contempt of subordinate courts. The section prescribes modes for taking cognizance of criminal contempt by the High Court and Supreme Court. It is not a substantive provision conferring power or jurisdiction on the High Court or on the Supreme Court for taking action for the contempt of its subordinate courts. The whole object of prescribing procedural modes of taking cognizance in Section 15 is to safeguard to valuable time of the High Court and the Supreme Court being wasted by frivolous complaints of contempt of court. Section 15(2) does not restrict the power of the High Court to the cognizance of the contempt of itself or of a subordinate court on its own motion although apparently the Section does not say so. [977A C	 978G 979A] S.K. Sarkar	 Member	 Board of Revenue	 U.P. Lucknow vs Vinay Chandra Misra; 	 	 referred to. 3.1 Under Entry 77 of List I of the Seventh Schedule read with Article 246	 Parliament is competent to enact a law relating to the powers of the Supreme Court with regard to 'contempt of itself '. Such a law may prescribe procedure to be followed and it may also prescribe the maximum punish ment which could be awarded and it may provide for appeal and for other matters. But the Central Legislature has no legislative competence to abridge or extinguish the juris diction or power conferred on the Supreme Court under Arti cle 129. The Parliament 's power to legislate in relation to the law of contempt relating to the Supreme Court is limit ed	 therefore the does not impinge upon the Supreme Court 's power with regard to the contempt of subordinate courts under Article 129. [979C F] 3.2 Article 129 declares the Supreme Court a court of record and it further provides that the Supreme Court shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself The expression used in Article 129 is not restrictive	 instead it is extensive in nature. If the Framers of the Constitution intended that the Supreme Court shall have power to punish for contempt of itself only	 there was no necessity for inserting the expression "including the power to punish for contempt of itself. " [979G] 3.3 Article 129 confers power on the Supreme Court to punish for 948 contempt of itself and in addition	 it confers some addi tional power relating to contempt as would appear from the expression "including". The expression "including" has been interpreted by courts	 to extend and widen the scope of power. The plain language of the Article clearly indicates that the Supreme Court as a Court of record has power to punish for contempt of itself and also something else which could fall within the inherent jurisdiction of a court of record. [979H 980A] 3.4 In interpreting the Constitution	 it is not permis sible to adopt a construction which would render any expres sion superfluous or redundant. [980B] 3.5 While construing Article 129	 it is not permissible to ignore the significance and impact of the inclusive power conferred on the Supreme Court. [980B] 3.6 The conferment of appellate power on the Court by a statute section 19 of the does not and cannot affect the width and amplitude of inherent powers of this Court under Article 129 of the Constitution. [981E] K.L. Gauba vs The Honable the Chief Justice and Judges of the High Court of Judicature at Lahore & Anr AIR 1942 FC 1	 distinguished. 4.1 Article 374(2) is in the nature of a transitory provision to meet the exigency of the situation on the abolition of the Federal Court and setting up of the Supreme Court. There is no provision in the said Article to the effect that the decisions of the Federal Court shall be binding on the Supreme Court. The decisions of the Federal Court and the Privy Council made before the commencement of the Constitution are entitled to great respect but these decisions are not binding on the Supreme Court and it is always open to this Court to take a different view. [983F G] Om Prakash Gupta vs The United Provinces	 AIR 1951 Allahabad 205 and State of Bombay vs Gajanan Mahadev Badley	 AIR 1954 Bombay 352	 approved. The State of Bihar vs Abdul Majid	 ; and Shrinivas Krishnarao Kango vs Narayan Devji Kango & Ors.	 ; 	 referred to. 949 K.L. Gauba vs The Hon 'ble the Chief Justice and Judges or the High Court of Judicature at Lahore & Anr.	 AIR 1942 FC 1 and Purshottam Lal Jaitly vs The King Emperor	 	 explained and distinguished. The Federal Court exercised limited jurisdiction as conferred on it by the Government of India Act 1935. The question regarding the inherent power of the Supreme Court as a Court of Record in respect of the contempt of subordi nate Courts was neither raised nor discussed in its deci sions. The Federal Court observed that if the High Court and the Federal Court both have concurrent jurisdiction in contempt matters	 it could lead to conflicting judgments and anamolous consequences. That may be so under the Government of India Act as the High Court and the Federal Court did not have concurrent jurisdiction	 but under the Constitution	 High Court and the Supreme Court both have concurrent juris diction in several matters	 yet no anamolous consequences follow. [985H 986B] 4.2 The Federal Court did not possess the wide powers as the Supreme Court has under the Constitution. There are marked difference in the constitution and jurisdiction and the amplitude of powers exercised by the two courts. In addition to civil and criminal appellate jurisdiction	 the Supreme Court has wide powers under Article 136 over all the courts and Tribunals in the country. The Federal Court had no such power	 instead it had appellate power but that too could be exercised only on a certificate issued by the High Court. The Federal Court was a court of record under Section 203 but it did not possess any plenary or residuary appel late power over all the courts functioning in the territory of India like the power conferred on the Supreme Court under Article 136 of the Constitution. Therefore	 the Federal Court had no judicial control or superintendence over subor dinate courts. [986C E] 4.3 Advent of freedom	 and promulgation of the Constitu tion have made drastic changes in the administration of justice necessitating new judicial approach. The Constitu tion has assigned a new role to the Constitutional Courts to ensure rule of law in the country. These changes have brought new perceptions. In interpreting the Constitution	 regard must be had to the social	 economic and political changes	 need of the community and the independence of the judiciary. The Court cannot be a helpless spectator	 bound by precedents of colonial days which have lost relevance. Time has come to have a fresh look to tile old precedents and to lay down law with the changed perceptions keeping in view the provisions of the Constitution. [986F G] 950 5.1 Courts constituted under a law enacted by the Par liament or the State Legislature have limited jurisdiction and they cannot assume jurisdiction in a matter	 not ex pressly assigned to them	 but that is not so	 in the case of a superior court of record constituted by the Constitution such a court does not have a limited jurisdiction	 instead it has power to determine its own jurisdiction. No matter is beyond the jurisdiction of a superior court of record unless it is expressly shown to be so	 under the provisions of the Constitution. In the absence of any express provision in the Constitution	 the Apex Court being a Court of record has jurisdiction in every matter and if there be any doubt	 the Court has power to determine its jurisdiction. If such determination is made by the High Court	 the same would be subject to appeal to this Court	 but if the jurisdiction is determined by this Court it would be final. [988C E] Naresh Shridhar Mirajkar & Ors. vs State of Maharashtra ; and Ganga Bishan vs Jai Narain	 	 referred to. 5.2 Since the Supreme Court has power of judicial super intendence and control over all the courts and Tribunals functioning in the entire territory of the country	 it has a corresponding duty to protect and safeguard the interest of inferior courts to ensure the flow of the stream of justice in the courts without any interference or attack from any quarter. The subordinate and inferior courts do not have adequate power under the law to protect themselves	 there fore	 it is necessary that this Court should protect them. Under the constitutional scheme it has a special role in the administration of justice and the powers conferred on it under Article 32	 136	 141 and 142 form part of the basic structure of the Constitution. The amplitude of the power of the court under these Articles of the Constitution cannot be curtailed by law made by Central or State Legislature. [987A C] 5.3 The Supreme Court and the High Court both exercise concurrent jurisdiction under the constitutional scheme in matters relating to fundamental rights under Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution. Therefore	 this Court 's jurisdic tion and power to take action for contempt of subordinate courts would not be inconsistent to any constitutional scheme. [987D] 5.4 The Apex Court is duty bound to take effective steps within the constitutional provisions to ensure a free and fair administration of justice through out the country. For that purpose it must wield the 951 requisite power to take action for contempt of subordinate courts. Ordinarily	 the High Court would protect the subor dinate courts from any onslaught on their independence	 but in exceptional cases	 extraordinary situation may prevail affecting the administration of public justice or where the entire judiciary is affected	 this Court may directly take cognizance of contempt of subordinate courts. [987F] 5.5 The Supreme Court will sparingly exercise its inher ent power in taking cognizance of the contempt of subordi nate courts	 as ordinarily matters relating to contempt of subordinate courts must be dealt with by the High Courts. The instant case is of exceptional nature as the incident created a situation where functioning of the subordinate courts all over the country was adversely affected and the administration of justice was paralysed	 therefore	 this Court took cognizance of the matter. [987G 988A] 6.1 Though there is no provision like section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code conferring express power on the Supreme Court to quash or set aside any criminal proceeding pending before a criminal court to prevent abuse of process of the court	 but the Court has power to quash any such proceeding in exercise of its plenary and residuary powers under Article 136 of the Constitution	 if on the admitted facts no change is made out against the accused or if the proceedings are initiated on concocted facts	 or if the proceedings are initiated for oblique purposes. [996E] Once the Supreme Court is satisfied that the criminal proceedings amount to abuse of process of court it would quash such proceedings to ensure justice. [996G] State of West Bengal & Ors. vs Swapan Kumar Guha & Ors.	 ; and Madhavrao Jivajirao Scindia & Ors. vs Sambhajirao Chandrojirao Angre & Ors.	 ; 	 referred to. 6.2 The inherent power of the Supreme Court under Arti cle 142 coupled with the plenary and residuary powers under Articles 32 and 136 embraces power to quash criminal pro ceedings pending before any court to do complete justice in the matter before this Court. If the court is satisfied that the proceedings in a criminal case are being utilised for oblique purposes or if the same are continued on manufac tured and false evidence or if no case is made out on the admitted facts	 it would be in the ends of justice to set aside or quash the criminal proceeding. It is idle to sug gest that in such a situation this Court should be a help less spectator. [997B C] 952 6.3 The Court 's power under Article 142(1) to do "complete justice" is entirely of different level and of a different quality. Any prohibition or restriction contained in ordinary laws cannot act as a limitation on the constitu tional power of this Court. Once this Court has seisin of a cause or matter before it has power to issue any order or direction to do "complete justice" in the matter. This constitutional power of the Apex Court cannot be limited or restricted by provisions contained in statutory law. [997G] 6.4 What would be the need of "complete justice" in a cause or matter would depend upon the facts and circum stances of each case and while exercising that power the Court would take into consideration the express provisions of a substantive statute. Once this Court has taken seisin of a case	 cause or matter	 it has power to pass any order or issue direction as may be necessary to do complete jus tice in the matter. [998D] Prem Chand Garg vs Excise Commissioner	 U.P. Allahabad	 [1963] Supp. 1 SCR 885 and A.R. Antulay vs R.S. Nayak & Anr.	 [ ; 	 referred to. In the instant case	 the foundation of the criminal trial of CJM NL Patel is based on facts which have been found to be false. It would be in the ends of justice and also to do complete justice in the cause to quash the crimi nal proceedings. [998F] 7.1 Article 20(3) of the Constitution declares that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. In order to avail the protection of Article 20(3) three conditions must be satisfied. Firstly	 the person must be accused of an offence. Secondly	 the element of compulsion to be a witness should be there	 and thirdly it must be against himself. All the three ingredi ents must necessarily exist before protection of Article 20(3) is available. If any of these ingredients do not exist	 Article 20(3) cannot be invoked. [964E F] Balkishan Devidayal vs State of Maharashtra	 ; 	 referred to. 7.2 Mere issue of notice or pendency of contempt proceedings do not attract Article 20(3) of the Constitution as the contemners against whom notices were issued were not accused of any offence. A Criminal contempt is punishable by the superior courts by fine or imprisonment	 but it has many characteristics which distinguishes it from an ordinary offence. [964G] 953 7.3 The power to take proceedings for contempt of Court is an inherent power of a Court of record. The Criminal Procedure Code does not apply to such proceedings. Since the contempt proceedings are not in the nature of criminal proceedings for an offence	 the pendency of contempt pro ceedings cannot be regarded as criminal proceedings merely because it may end in imposing punishment on the contemner. A contemner it is not in the position of an accused. It is open to the Court to cross examine the contemner and even if the contemner is found to be guilty of contempt	 the Court may accept apology and discharge the notice of contempt	 whereas tendering of apology is no defence to the trial of a criminal offence. This peculiar feature distinguishes con tempt proceedings from criminal proceedings. In a criminal trial where a person is accused of an offence there is a public prosecutor who prosecutes the case on behalf of the prosecution against the accused but in contempt proceedings the court is both the accused as well as the judge of the accusation. [966C E] Debabrata Bandopadhyaya 's case; 	 	 referred to. 7.4 In the instant case	 the contemners do no stand in the position of a "person accused of an offence" merely on account of issue of notice of contempt by this Court and the Commission which was acting on behalf of this Court had full authority to record the testimony of the contemners. There has	 therefore	 been no violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution and the Commission 's finding are not violated. [966F G] 8.1 In determining	 what punishment should be awarded to contemners found guilty	 the degree and the extent of part played by each of the contemners has to be kept in mind. [998G] 8.2 In the instant case	 Sharma	 the Police Inspector was the main actor in the entire incident and who had planned the entire episode with a view to humiliate the CJM in the public eye is the main culprit and therefore	 he deserves maximum punishment. The Sub Inspector took an active part in assaulting and tying the CJM at the behest of the Police Inspector. The Head Constable and Constable also took active part in handcuffing and tying the CJM with ropes	 but as subordinate officials they acted under the orders of the superior officers. The Mamlatdar was a friend of the Police Inspector	 he had no axe to grind against the CJM but he acted under the influence of the Police Inspec tor. So far as the DSP is concerned	 he actively abetted the commission of onslaught on the CJM. The contemners are held guilty of contempt and awarded punishment. [998H 999B] 954 8.3 The Police Inspector to undergo simple imprisonment for a period of six months and to pay fine of Rs.2	000. The Sub Inspector to undergo simple imprisonment for a period of five months and pay a fine of Rs.2	000 and in default one month 's simple imprisonment. Head Constable and Constable	 each to undergo simple imprisonment for two months and a fine of Rs.500 and in default 15 days simple imprisonment. The Mamlatdar to undergo simple imprisonment for a period of two months and a fine of Rs.1	O00 and in default one month 's simple imprisonment. The DSP is sentenced to imprisonment for a period of one month and a fine of Rs.1	O00 and in default simple imprisonment for 15 days. So far as the other respondents against whom notices were issued no adequate material on record holds them guilty. The contempt notices are therefore discharged. [999C E] 9.1 The Court expressed displeasure on the conduct of the DGP. As the head of the Police in the State	 he was expected to intervene in the matter and to ensure effective action against the erring Police Officers. He was totally indifferent to the news that a CJM was arrested	 handcuffed	 roped	 and assaulted. He took this news as a routine matter without taking any steps to ascertain the correct facts for effective action against the erring Police Officers. If the head of the State Police Administration exhibits such indif ference to a sensitive matter which shook the entire judi cial machinery in the State	 nothing better could be expect ed from his subordinate officers. The State Government should take action departmentally on the basis of the find ings recorded by the Commission. [999F 1000A]