Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 328 of 1962. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated September 4	 1961	 of the Allahabad High Court in Civil Misc. writ No. 3469 of 1960. K. L. Misra	 Advocate General for the State of U. P.	 C. B. Agarwala	 K. section Hajela and C. P. Lal	 for the appellants. section P. Sinha and M. 1. Khowaja	 for respondent No. 1. 1962. August 27. The Judgement of the Court was delivered by GAJENDRAGADKAR	 J. This appeal by special leave arises out of a Writ Petition filed by the respondent Bagleshwar Prasad against the Board of High School and Intermediate Education	 U. P.	 Allahabad	 and its Secretary	 appellants 1 & 2	 and another. By his petition	 the respondent challenged the validity of the order passed by appellant No. 1 on December 5	 1960	 cancelling the respondent 's result at the High School Examination held in 1960. It appears that the respondent appeared for the said examination from the Nehru Intermediate College Centre	 Bindki. He was declared to have passed the said examination in the 11 Division with distinction in article Thereafter	 he joined Intermediate first year class in the Kulbaskar Ashram Agriculture College at Allahabad. On the 3rd September	 1960	 he received a letter from the Principal	 Adarsh Higher Secondary School	 Kora Jahanabad	 from where he had appeared for the High School examination	 calling upon him to appear before a Sub Committee to answer the charge of having used unfair means in English	 769 Mathematics and Hindi papers. Accordingly	 he appeared before the said Sub Committee. A charge was given to him and his explanation was obtained on the said charge. This charge was based on the fact that in Hindi 3rd paper set at the said examination	 the respondent had given wrong answers to Question No. 4 in precisely the same firm in which the said answers had been given by a candidate whose Roll No. was 91733. The respondont 's Roll No. was 91731. The respondent was shown the identical wrong answers to the said Question which were found in the two papers	 and he was asked to explaining about the said identity of the wrong answers. He admitted that the wrong answers appeared to be identical	 but he denied that he had used any unfair means. The Sub Committee however	 was not satisfied with the explanation and reported that both the respondent and the candidate whose Roll No. was 94733 had used unfair means. As a result of the report made by the Sub Committee	 the first appellant passed an order cancelling the results of both the candidates. Both the said candidates disputed the validity of the said order	 in the Allahabad High Court. The petition filed by the candidate whose Roll No. was 94733 was dismissed	 but that of the respondent was allowed	 and the impugned order passed by appellant No 1 cancelling	 the result of the respondent in the High School examination for 1960	 has been set aside. It is against this order that the appellants have come to this Court by special leave. From the petition field by the the High Court (W. P. No. 3469 of 1960) it appears that he challenged the validity of the impugned order on several grounds. The principal contentions raised by the petitioner against the competence and the authority of appellant No.1 and against the regularity and fairness of the enquiry held	 srose for decision before the High Court in the companion W. P. No. 3196 of 1960 also. The High 770 Court rejected the said contentions of law in that W. P. and for the reasons recorded in the judgment in that petition	 the said contentions were rejected even in the present petition. Thus	 the challenge to the validity of the order made on points of law was not sustained. The High Court then proceeded to examine the narrow ground of attack against the validity of the order which was made on the basis that the impugned order was not supported by any evidence at all. It appears from the judgment of the High Court that the High court was inclined to accept this argument and it has set aside the order on the ground that it is not supported by any evidence. The correctness of this finding is seriously disputed before us by the learned Advocate General who appears for the appellants. It is common ground that the proceed in taken against the respondent in respect of the unfair means alleged to have been adopted by him at the examination	 are in the nature of quasi judicial proceedings	 and as such	 in a proper case	 orders passed as a result of the said proceedings would be liable to be challenged under Art.226 of the Constitution. It is also common ground that the High Court would be justified in quashing the impugned order if it is satisfied that the said order is not based on any evidence at all. An order passed by a Tribunal holding a quasi judicial enquiry which is not supported by any evidence	 is an order which is erroneous on the face of it and as such	 is liable to be quashed by the High Court in exercise of its high prerogative jurisdiction to issue a writ under article 226. In the present case	 the High Court has found that the conclusion of the enquiry Committee that the respondent had copied either from the answer book of the candidate bearing Roll No 947 3 or 771 from a common source	 was not supported by any evidence In coming to this conclusion	 the High Court has assumed that the charge against the respondent was that he had copied from the candidate bearing Roll No. 94733. Having made this assumption	 the High Court has observed that there was no charge against the respondent that he connived in the act of copying by the other candidate 	from his answer book	 and it has added that there is no evidence in proof of such connivance. The High Court has also stated that no evidence had been shown to justify the allegations that any outsider had helped the candidate	 including the respondent. That	 in brief	 is the genesis of the final conclusion of the High Court. It appears that the High Court was in error in assuming that the only charge against the respondent was that he had copied from the paper of the candidate bearing Roll No. 94733 and this error is basically responsible for the other observations made by the High Court. The translation of the charge as it has been printed in the record before us	 no doubt	 seems to support the assumption made by the High Court in regard to the nature of the charge ' But the charge was framed in Hindi and it is common ground before us that the Hindi charge has not been properly translated from the record when it seems to show that what was alleged against the respondent was only that he had copied out from candidate bearing Roll No. 94733. The charge	 in terms	 was that having regard to the identity of the mistaken answers	 the apprehension was that there had been copying	 and that is very different from saying that the only charge was that the respondent had copied from the other candidate. This position is made very clear when we consider the explanation given by the respondent. In his explanation	 the respondent bad 772 stated that he had not copied out from the answer 	 book of any candidate	 nor had he allowed anyone to copy out from his answer book	 so far as he could. He admitted that the mistaken answers in the two papers were identical and he pleaded 'that he could not say any thing as to why this happened. He was also asked whether he had got any help from outside and he gave an answer in the negative. It would thus be seen that at the enquiry	 the charge against the respondent was	 either that he copied from candidate bearing Roll No. 94733	 or that he connived at the said candidate copying from his answer book	 or that both of them had copied from a common source. In either case	 'it would amount to the adoption	 of unfair means. Therefore	 in our opinion	 the High Court was in error in assuming that the charge was very narrow and did not include the two other alternatives on which the adoption of unfair means was sought to be established. There is another circumstance which is relevant and significant and that has been ignored by the High Court in dealing with this petition: It appears that at the examination held at Bindki Centre	 unfair means were adopted on a very large scale by a large number of students and the examination appears to have been conducted in an atmosphere which was not at all congenial to the enforcement of the discipline which has to be observed in conducting examinations. It appears that there are rivalries and party politics in the Municipal Board of Bindki that runs the institution at which this examination was held	 and there are rivalries and party politics even amongst the members of the staff. The members of the Municipal Board and other influential people of the locality bring undue pressure on the Principal and the Invigilators to help their wards or the wards 773 of their friends and relatives in the Board 's Examination. As a result of this unhealthy atmosphere	 the Centre at Bindki for High School examination had been abolished for some years	 but on account of public pressure it was re started in 1960	 and the result was very unfortunate. It also appears that on the day of English paper	 while students were answering the paper in Room No. 3	 an answer paper by some outsider was dropped into the room 15 minutes before the time to answer questions was over. ' This paper was thrown in room No. 3 from room No. 18. It was a typed paper giving answers to all the Questions. The Assistant teacher	 Khajuha	 who was one of the Invigilators	 complained that the Parcha was typed in the office of the Superintendent of the Centre	 but this allegation was denied. Indeed	 from the reports made by the invigilators and the findings made by the Enquiry Committee	 it appears that the Invigilators themselves were so much frightened by the prevailing rowdyism and by pressure from influential people that they found themselves powerless to maintain discipline in the examination hall. It is	 therefore	 not surprising that some invigilators could not prevent copying and in fact	 six of them had to be warned to be careful in future. The report of the enquiry committee also shows that the complaints which they were to investigate referred to copying on a large scale in several papers besides Hindi	 and it is after examining all the complaints in the light of the evidence available to them that the Committee made its final report; and in that report	 it held that the respondent and candidate bearing Roll No. 94733 were guilty of having used unfair means. 774 In dealing with the question as to whether the Committee was justified in coming to this conclusion against the respondent	 it would not be reasonable to exclude from consideration the circumstances under which the whole enquiry came to be hold and the general background of the prevailing disturbed and riotous atmosphere in the Examination Hall during the days that the High School Examination was held at the Centre in 1960. Unfortunately	 the High Court has ignored this background altogether. Before the High Court	 a statement was filed showing the seating arrangement in Room No. 10 where the respondent was sitting for writing his answers. It appears that he was No. 3 in the 3rd row	 whereas the other candidate with Roll No. 94733 was No. 4 in the second row. The High Court was very much impressed by the fact that the respondent could not have looked back and copied from the answer. book of the other candidate	 and the High Court did not think that there was any evidence to show that the other candidate could have copied from the respondents paper with his connivance. We have looked at the incorrect answers ourselves and we are not prepared to hold that the identical incorrect answers were given by the two candidates either by accident or by coincidence. Some of the incorrect answers	 and	 particularly	 the manner in which they have been given	 clearly suggest that they were the result of either one candidate copying from the other	 or both candidates copying from a common source. The significance of this fact has been completely missed by the High Court. The question before the Enquiry Committee had to be decided by it in the light of the nature of the incorrect answers themselves	 and that is what the Enquiry Committee has done. It would	 we think 775 be inappropriate in such a case to require direct evidence to show that the respondent could have looked back and copied from the answer written by the other candidate who was sitting behind him. There was still the alternative possibility that the candidate sitting behind may have copied from the respondent with his connivance. It is also not unlikely that the two candidates may have talked to each other. The atmosphere prevailing in the Examination Hall does not rule out this possibility. These are all matters which the Enquiry Committee had to consider	 and the fact. that the Enquiry Committee did not write an elaborate report	 does not mean that it did not consider all the relevant facts before it came to the conclusion that the respondent had used unfair ' means. In dealing with petitions of this type	 it is necessary to bear in mind that educational institutions like the Universities or appellant No. 1 set up Enquiry Committees to deal with the problem posed by the adoption of unfair means by candidates	 and normally it is within the jurisdiction of such domestic Tribunals to decide all relevant questions in the light of the evidence adduced before them. In the matter of the adoption of unfair means	 direct evidence may sometimes be available	 but cases may arise where direct evidence is not available and the question will have to be considered in the light of probabilities and circumstantial evidence. This problem which educational institutions have to face from time to time is a serious problem and unless there is justification to do so	 courts should be slow to interfere with the decisions of domestic Tribunals appointed by educational bodies like the Universities. In dealing with the validity of the impugned orders passed by Universities under article 226	 the High Court is not sitting in appeal over the decision in question; its jurisdiction is limited and though	 776 it is true that if the impugned order is not supported by any evidence	 at all	 the High Court would be justified to quash that order. But the conclusion that the impugned order is not supported by any evidence must be reached after considering the question as to whether probabilities and circumstantial evidence do not justify the said conclusion. Enquiries held by domestic Tribunals in such cases must	 no doubt	 be fair and students against whom charges are framed must be given adequate opportunities to defend themselves and in holding such enquiries	 the Tribunal	 must scrupulously follow rules of natural justice; but it would	 we think	 not be reasonable to import into these enquiries all considerations which govern criminal trials in ordinary courts of law. In the present case	 no animus is suggested and no malafides have been pleaded. The enquiry has been fair and the respondent has had an opportunity of making his defence. That being so	 we think the High Court was not justified in interfering with the order passed against the respondent. We ought	 however	 to add that though we are inclined to accept the argument raised by the learned Advocate General against the decision of the High Court	 we do not propose to make any consequential order is favour of the appellants	 because the learned Advocate General has fairly conceded that he does not want any such order in the present appeal. It appears that the respondent has	 in June	 1962	 passed his Intermediate Examination and it has been fairly conceded that there is no intention to disturb his career under the present circumstances. The learned Advocate General wanted a decision from us in this appeal because he apprehended that the reasoning adopted by the High Court in setting aside the order passed against the respondent may be construed to mean that 777 under article 226	 the High Court can examine the merits of the order passed by appellant No. 1 in such cases. The result is	 though we agree with the appellants that the order passed by the High Court was not justified	 we refrain from setting it aside for the reasons just explained. There would be no order as to costs.

The appellant Board cancelled the declaration of the result of the respondent in the High School Certificate Examination held in 1960 accepting the findings of the subcommittee appointed by it to enquire into the charges made against the respondent and another candidate of having used unfair means in answering the English	 Mathematics and Hindi papers. The charges were based upon the fact that in the Hindi 3rd paper set at the said examination	 the respondent gave wrong answers to Question No. 4 in precisely the same form in which the answers had been given by the candidate whose Roll number was consecutive with that of the respondent. The High Court interpreting the charge as confined to that the respondent had copied either from the answer book of the candidate bearing the consecutive Roll Number or from a common source held that the findings of the enquiry committee were based on no evidence and quashed the cancellation of the result. On appeal by special leave. Held	 that in the circumstances of the case	 the identity of the wrong answers given by the respondent with that of the other candidate bearing the consecutive Roll Number rendered the charge of the respondent having employed unfair means highly probable and that the findings of the enquiry committee based upon such probabilities and circumstantial evidence could not be said to be based on no evidence as in such matters direct evidence quite often cannot be available. Held	 further	 that in dealing with cases like those of educational institutions dealing with matters of discipline like employing unfair means	 the problem faced by the educational institutions should be appreciated by the 'High Court and so long as the enquiry held is fair and affords the candidate an opportunity to defend himself	 the matter should 768 not be examined with the same strictness as applicable to criminal trials in the ordinary courts of law.