Summarize the following court judgment. ition Nos. 9222 to 9226 of 1981. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India). N.N. Keshwani	 R.N. Keshwani and Raj Kumar Gupta for the Petitioners in W.P. Nos. 9222 25 of 1981. Petitioner in person (Inder Mohan Lal Tandon) in W.P. No. 9226 of 1981. V.C. Mahajan	 G.L. Sanghi	 C.V.S. Rao	 Kitty Kumaraman glam	 Randhir Jain and S.K. Bhattacharya for the Respond ents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SINGH	 J. By means of these petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution the petitioners claim relief for quash ing Railway Board 's circular/letter No. E (NG) 1/69/PMI 180 dated 2nd July	 1970 and No. E (NG) I 80 SR6 39 dated 28th November	 1981. They further claim relief for the issue of writ in the nature of mandamus restraining the respondent	 Railway Authorities	 from altering or issuing seniority list in pursuance of the Railway Board 's circular dated 28th November	 1023 1981 and to maintain the previous seniority list issued in 1968 for the purpose of promotions	 confirmation and further advancement. In the Indian Railways	 initial recruitment of Train Examiners	 used to be made in the entry Grade D in the pay scale of Rs. 100 185. Prior to 1st April	 1966 recruitment to Grade D of Train Examiners was made from two sources (1) by promotion of skilled artisans working in the lower grade	 (2) by direct recruitment of apprentices having completed prescribed four years ' training. 50 per cent of the vacan cies were filled by apprentices while the remaining 50% of the vacancies used to be filled by promotion of skilled artisans. Promotion from entry Grade D was made to next higher Grade C of Train Examiners in the pay scale of Rs. 150 225 and later these grades were revised and the scale of D grade was raised to Rs. 180 240 and that of C Grade to Rs.205280. Promotion to Grade C used to be made on the basis of senioritycum suitability without any distinction of promotee or direct recruits. Because there was increase in the work load of Train Examiners the Railway Board took steps to re organise the cadre of Train Examiners. With that end in view	 it issued a notification on 27.10.1965 which directed that vacancies in the entry grade of Train Examin ers in the scale of Rs. 120 140 should not be filled from apprentice Train Examiners upto 50 per cent as hitherto	 but should exclusively be	 filled by promotion of skilled arti sans. It further provided that vacancies in the next higher grade C (in the scale of Rs.205 280) should be filled from amongst the Train Examiners working in the grade of Rs. 180 240 to the extent of 20%. The remaining 80 per cent vacancies were to be filled by direct recruitment of appren tice Train Examiners who may have successfully completed prescribed training. Paragraph 2 of the notification provid ed .that the apprentice Train Examiners recruited on or from 1.4.1966 shall be given training for a period of 5 years and from the same date artisans recruited in the lower grade as apprentice Train Examiners shall be given 'in service ' training for a period of three years. The circular upgraded 50% of the existing posts of Train Examiners from Grade D to Grade C in the scale of Rs.205 280 which were earlier ear marked for Apprentice Train Examiners. The notification further directed that with effect from 1.4.1966 all the apprentice Train Examiners on successful completion of their training should be straightaway brought to the scale Rs.205 280 instead of being first absorbed in the scale of Rs. 180 240 as was being done prior to the issue of the notification. Apprentice Train Examiners who were undergoing training on the date of the issue of notification	 were directed to be brought to the working posts before 1.4.1966 and they were allowed stipend in the scale of Rs. 180 240 during the period of their training 1024 and their period of training was increased from four years to five years. On the completion of the training they were straightaway posted in Grade C in the scale of Rs.205 280. Those apprentice Train Examiners who had already been or may be absorbed in the scale of Rs. 180 240 upto 31.3.1966 were directed to be accommodated first in the scale of Rs.205 280 in Grade C against the quota of 80% vacancies reserved for them	 and they were not required to undergo selection before being absorbed in that grade. The effect of the Railway Board 's circular dated October 27	 1965 was that the existing apprentice Train Examiners who had already been absorbed in Grade D by March 31	 1966 were first accommodated in Grade C against 80% of the vacan cies reserved for them without undergoing any selection	 while 20% of the vacancies reserved for the departmental Train Examiners	 were to be filled by artisan promotees by selection and not on the basis of seniority cum suitability. Although apprentices as well as artisan promotees constitut ed one integrated class in Grade D but promotee artisans 	were treated differently for promotion to Grade C. Roshan Lal Tandon who was promoted from artisan class to Grade D	 filed a writ petition in 'this Court challenging the validi ty of the notification dated 27 10 1965 on the ground that a part of the notification which gave favourable treatment to apprentice Train Examiners was violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. In that writ petition a Consti tution Bench of this Court on August 14	 1967 in Roshan Lal Tandon vs Union of India	 ; held that artisans and apprentices recruited from two sources to Grade D were integrated into one class and no discrimination could thereafter be made in favour of recruits from one source as against the recruits from the other source in the matter of promotion to Grade C. Apprentice Train Examiners who were recruited directly to Grade D as Train Examiners formed one common class with the skilled artisans who were promoted to Grade D as Train Examiners and thereafter no favoured treat ment could be given to the apprentice Train Examiners merely because they were directly recruited as Train Examiners	 no discrimination could be made against the latter merely because they were promotees. The Court emphasised that once the direct recruits and promotees are absorbed into one cadre	 they formed one class and they could not be discrimi nated for the purpose of further promotion to higher Grade C. On these findings the Court allowed the writ petition and issued a mandamus directing the Railway Board not to give effect to the impugned part of the circular which was as under: 1025 "The Apprentice T.X. Rs. who have already been or will be absorbed in scale Rs. 180 240 upto 31.3. 1966 should first be accommodated in scale Rs.205 280 against the quota of 80% vacancies reserved for them. Such staff should not be required to undergo a 'Selection ' before being absorbed in that grade. The upgraded vacancies in scale Rs.205 280 left over after earmarking those for the appren tices under training on 2.4.66 should be filled by promotion of T.X. Rs. in scale Rs. 180 240 on a selection basis. While computing the number of posts available for promotion of T.X. Rs. in scale of Rs. 180 240 the vacancies likely to occur during the period of appren ticeship of the apprentices under training as on 1.4.1966 should also be taken into account. In other words	 it would be necessary to keep in reserve only the number of posts equal to the number of apprentices under training as on 1.4.1966	 who cannot be absorbed in the antic ipated vacancies which will arise by the time they qualify. " The Railway Board with a view to implement the decision of this Court and to remove the anomaly which had been pointed out by this Court issued circular/letter No. N (NG) 65 PMI/86 dated 13.9.1968 annexures III to the affidavit filed on behalf of Respondent Railway Administration. Para graph 1 of the letter refers to this Court 's judgment in Roshan Lal Tandon 's case and also to that portion of the Railway Board 's circular dated October 27	 1965 which had been struck down by the Court and the interim orders issued by the Court restraining the Railway authorities from imple menting the Circular dated October 27	 1965 during the pendency of the writ petition. Paragraph 2 and 3 of the Circular dated September 13	 1968 stated that in view of the judgment of the Supreme Court the Board have decided that vacancies in the grade of Rs.205 280 (after taking into account the upgrading of 50 per cent of posts in the scale of Rs. 180 240 to 205 280 less the number of posts required for absorbing Apprentice Train Examiners undergoing the enhanced period of training of five years on April 1	 1966	 should be filled by selection from amongst Train Examiners in the scale Rs. 180 240 as on March 31	 1966 irrespective of whether they were initially recruited as Apprentice Train Examiners or were promoted from lower grades. The Board desired that Railway Administrations should take immediate steps to ensure that proper selections are held for which all TXRs in scale of Rs. 180 240 are considered. It had come to Board 's notice that prior to the issue of the stay order	 persons originally recruited as Apprentice Train Examiners who were in the 1026 scale of Rs. 180 240 have been promoted to the grade Rs.205 280 in pursuance of Board 's letter dated 27.10. The Board decided that in view of the Supreme Court 's judg ment	 such promotions should be treated as null and void and the vacancies should be properly filled as mentioned in para 2 of the circular. The Railway Board issued another circular No. E.(NG)i/69/PMI180 dated 2nd July 1970 laying down procedure for filling of posts of Train Examiners and upgradation of posts. It directed that vacancies arising in Grade C after 1.4.1966 to the extent of 50% shall be maintained in that grade and the remaining 50% shall be down graded to the scale of Rs. 180 240 to be filled by promotion of skilled artisans. It further directed that 50% of the vacancies in Grade C should be filled by direct recruitment of apprentice Train Examiners with five years ' training to the extent of 80% thereof and the remaining 20% by promotees from Grade D as laid down in paragraph 1 of the Railway Board 's circular dated 27.10.1965. This procedure was directed to be followed till the cadre position was normalised ' and the excess in the Grade of Rs.205 280 were eliminated. Paragraph 2 of the circular further directed that those promoted to Grade C in the scale of Rs.205280 as on April 1	 1966 will be assigned seniority amongst themselves in the order of their inter se seniority in Grade of Rs. 180 240 for the purposes of con firmation in that grade and also for further advancement and they will rank senior to those recruited as apprentice Train Examiners with five years training and appointed after 1.4.1966 in the Grade of Rs. 205 280. The result of the circular was that all those promotees who had been appointed to Grade D prior to 1.4. 1966 stood absorbed in Grade C and they were granted seniority in that Grade with retrospective effect viz. with effect from April 1	 1966. Later the Railway Board took a policy decision to abol ish the entry Grade D of Train Examiners in the pay scale of Rs. 180 240	 and in order to implement that decision it issued circular/letter No. PC 69 PS 5 TR 1	 New Delhi dated 30th October	 1972	 abolishing the entry Grade D of Train Examiners and placing the incumbents of that Grade en masse in Grade C in the scale of Rs.205 280 with effect from 1.11.1972. Paragraph 2 of the circular directed that the pay of the staff brought from Grade D (Rs. 180~240) to Grade C (205 280) will be fixed under Rule 2017 A(III) read with Rule 2019 II. As all the incumbents of Grade D in the scale of Rs. 180 240 were placed en masse in the higher grade C in the scale of Rs.205 280	 a provisional seniority list of Grade C Train Examiners working in Delhi Division was pre pared on 16th November 1981. In that seniority list peti tioners 1027 were shown senior to some of the respondents as the seniori ty was not determined in accordance with Rule 302 of the Railway Establishment Manual. This seniority list was not prepared in accordance with the prescribed criteria as had been done in other divisions. The Railway Board issued a circular No. E(NG) 1 80 SR6 39 dated 28.11. 1981 directing that Delhi Division should also fall in line with other divisions of Northern Railway and the seniority of the Train Examiners appointed between 1.4.1966 to 1.11.1972 should be prepared in accordance with the existing practice viz. on the basis of the date of appointment in particular grade. In pursuance to that direction seniority of Train Examiners of Grade C placed in that Grade between 1.4. 1966 to 1.11. 1972 was published in 1981 by the authorities of the Delhi Divi sion of Northern Railway. After inviting objections	 the seniority list was finally published in December	 1982. In that seniority list the petitioners were shown junior to Respondents Nos. 5 to 10	 who were placed above the peti tioners. Aggrieved the petitioners have challenged the validity of the seniority list also by raising additional grounds in the writ petitions. Before we consider the submissions made on behalf of petitioners it would be appropriate to refer to comparative position of petitioners and the respondents Nos. 5 to 10 with regard to their date of entry in service as Train Examiners in Grade D and Grade C. The relevant position is as under: Name Date of entry Grade D Grade C Rs. 180 240 Rs.205 280 1. Yashbir Singh	 Petitioner. 29.4.1986 1.11. 1972 2. I.M. Lal Tandon	 Petitioner. 19.6.1966 1.11. 1972 3. Hira Lal Kapoor	 Petitioner. 29.4.1966 1.11. 1972 4. Harbhaj an Singh	 Petitioner. 16.8.1966 1.11.1972 5. Som Dutt Sharma	 Petitioner. 29.4.1966 1.11.1972 6. A.K. Sharma	 Respondent 5	 5. 9.1967 7. V.K. Chandhok	 Respondent 6	 25. 2.1968 8. R.N. Verma	 Respondent 7	 10. 8.1968 9. Maglani	 Respondent 8	 22. 4.1969 10. Dev Raj Sharma	 Respondent 9	 21. 5. 1970 11. K.N.Sharma	 Respondent 10	 9. 2.1971 The above chart shows that Respondents Nos. 5 to 10 who be 1028 long to group of apprentice Train Examiners were directly placed to working posts in Grade C after completion of five years training in accordance with the Railway Board 's circu lar dated 2nd July	 1970	 on the respective dates shown in Column 3	 which indicates that each one of them had been placed in Grade C prior to 1.11. 1972	 while the petitioners were placed in Grade C with effect from 1.11. 1972	 in pursuance of the Railway Board 's circular dated 30.10. Since the Respondents Nos. 5 to 10 were appointed to Grade C earlier in time and as the petitioners were placed in Grade C later	 they. were shown junior to the Respondents in the seniority list. No valid objection can be raised against respondents ' seniority. Further in the seniority list all those promotees who had been placed in Grade C with effect from April 1	 1966 under the Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970 were shown senior to the petitioners. Since the petitioners were not granted seniority with retrospective effect in Grade C as was done in the case of those who were promoted under the Circular dated July 2	 1970 they have assailed the Constitutional validity of Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970. Learned counsel for the petitioners contended that the Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970 was illegal and unconstitutional for variety of reasons. Firstly	 the Rail way Board had no authority in law to grant seniority with retrospective effect to all those promotees who had been placed in Grade C with effect from April 1	 1966 in pursu ance of the circular dated July 2	 1970. Secondly	 the Railway Board practised discrimination between the promotees forming the same class of Grade D with regard to seniority in Grade C. He contended that under the circular dated July 2	 1970 promotees belonging to Grade D (like the petition ers) were granted seniority in Grade C on their promotion to that grade with retrospective effect from the date of their appointment in Grade D and not from the date of their ap pointment or placement in Grade C whereas the petitioners who form the same class have not been granted the same benefit	 instead their seniority has been determined with effect from the date of their entry in Grade C. The peti tioners and all those who had been appointed in Grade D prior to April 1	 1966 and promoted to Grade C formed the same class and yet they have been treated differently with out any rational basis. The petitioners were also recruited in 1966 and they all had completed service of more than 4 years approximately as Train Examiners in Grade D on Novem ber 30	 1972 when the circular was issued but they have not been given seniority in Grade C with retrospective effect as was done under the circular dated July 2	 1970. 1029 We have given our anxious consideration to these submis sions but we do not find any merit in the same. The peti tioners have challenged validity of the Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970 in 198 1 after 11 years. All the petitioners were in service on the date that circular was issued and they were aware that their colleagues (promotees belonging to Grade D) were placed in Grade C and they had been granted seniority with retrospective effect but none of them challenged the validity of the circular. Now petition ers cannot be permitted to challenge the validity of that circular after 11 years. If the petitioners were aggrieved by the Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970 they should have challenged the same within a reasonable period of time which they did not do so. It is well settled that anyone who may feel aggrieved with an administrative order or decision affecting his right should act with due dili gence and promptitude and not sleep over the matter. Raking of old matters after a long time is likely to result in administrative complications and difficulties and it would create insecurity and instability in the service which would affect its efficiency. The petitioners are therefore not entitled to challenge the validity of the Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970 after 11 years and their chal lenge is bound to fail on this ground alone. We have considered the merit of the submission also but we find no legal or constitutional infirmity in the Circular dated July 2	 1970. There was increase in the work of car riage and wagons examination	 as more complicated type of rolling stock was available with the Indian Railways. In order to reorganise the cadre of Train Examiners and to cope with the increased work load the Railway Board by its noti fication dated 27th October	 1965 reorganised the cadre. It directed that vacancies in Grade D were to be exclusively filled by promotion from amongst skilled artisans and direct recruits were to be appointed straightaway to Grade C after completion of training of five years. Validity of the noti fication was challenged before this Court in Roshan Lal Tandon 's case and the implementation of the circular was stayed. This Court struck down only a portion of the notifi cation which has been extracted in the earlier part of this judgment but the rest of the directions contained in the notification remained unaffected	 including the direction that with effect from April 1	 1966 all the Train Examiners on successful completion of their training should be straightaway brought on to the scale of Rs.205 280 instead of being first absorbed in Grade D. Similarly further direc tion that those apprentices who were undergoing training on April 1	 1966 shall undergo five years ' training instead of four years and during their training they would receive 1030 stipend in the scale of Rs. 180 2 10 and after completion of their training they will straightaway be appointed to Grade C. After the judgment of this Court	 the Railway Board reconsidered the matter and with a view to implement the decision of this Court and to further carry out its policy of reorganisation as initiated under its circular dated October 27	 1965 it issued directions under its circular dated July 2	 1970	 which is as under: "GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF RAILWAY (RAILWAY BOARD) No. E(NG) i/69/PMI 180 New Delhi Dated 2nd July 1970 The GMs. All India Railways. Sub: Procedure for filling up posts of TXRs upgra dation of. Boards letter No. E (NG) 165 PMI 86 dated 27.10.1965 and 13.9.1968. The Board have been receiving representations from the staff working in the category of TXRs in scale Rs. 180 240 (AS) against the procedure prescribed for filling vacancies arising out of upgradation of 50% of posts in scale Rs. 180 240 (AS) to Rs.205280 w.e.f. 1.4.1966. It has been decided in modification of previous orders that all the TXRs working in Grade 180240 consisting of both App. of 4 years Trg. and promotees from ranks as on 1.4.1966 should be promoted en masse to the grade Rs.205 280 irrespective of the quota of vacancies reserved for promotees	 the excess to the permissible re organised cadre strength in the grade Rs.205 280 being worked off gradually by wastage such as retirement etc. in grade Rs.205 280 (AS). After 1.4.1966 50% of the vacancies arising in grade Rs.205 280 should be main tained in that grade and the remaining 50% will be down graded to the scale of Rs. 190240 to be filled by promotion of skilled artisans. The 50% of the vacancies in grade Rs.205 280 (AS) should be filled by direct recruitment of App. TXRs with 5 years training to the extent of 80% thereof and the remaining 20% by pro 1031 motees from grade Rs. 180 240 as laid down in paragraph 1 (ii)(a) of Board 's letter No. E(NG) 165 PMI 86 dated 27.10.1965. This proce dure will continue to be followed till the cadre position is normalised and the excess in the grade of Rs. 205 280 eliminated. (2) The staff promoted to the grade Rs.205 280 as on 1.4.1966 will be assigned seniority amongst themselves in the order of their inter se seniority in the grade Rs. 180 240 for the purpose of confirmation in that grade and also for further advancement. They will all rank senior to those recruited as App. TXRs with 5 years Trg. and appointed after 1.4.1966 to the grade Rs.205 280. (3) The above instructions may please be implemented immediately and a report submitted to the Board in due course. receipt Sd (O.D.S harma) Asstt. Director(E) Rly Board" The circular issued three directions	 firstly	 it directed that all the Train Examiners working in Grade 180 240 con sisting of both apprentice Train Examiners and promotees from rank as on April 1	 1966 should be promoted en masse to Grade C irrespective of quota reserved for promotees. Sec ondly	 it directed that after April 1	 1966 vacancies in Grade C to the extent of 50 per cent should be maintained in that Grade while the remaining 50 per cant should be down graded to Grade D to be exclusively filled by promotion of skilled artisans	 it further directed that 50 per cent of the vacancies in Grade C should be filled up by direct recruitment of apprentices with five years training to the extent of 80 per cent thereof and remaining 20 per cent of vacancies from Grade D. Thirdly	 it issued direction with regard to assigning seniority to the staff promoted to Grade C on April 1	 1966. They were to carry their inter se sen iority in Grade D for the confirmation and also for further advancement. It further directed that the promotees will rank senior to the direct recruits in Grade C appointed after April 1	 1966. These directions were issued with the object and purpose of achieving the reorganisation which had been initiated by Railway 1032 Board under its circular dated October 27	 1965. The scheme of reorganisation of cadre as contemplated by the circular dated October 27	 1965 was to be carried out with effect from April 1	 1966 and that date was followed by the Railway Board in its circular dated January 2	 1970. The petition ers ' submission that the date April 1	 1966 was fixed in arbitrary manner without any basis is untenable. The promo tees who were placed in the higher Grade C with effect from April 1	 1966 were undoubtedly senior to the petitioners in Grade D	 none of the petitioners ' rights were affected by their promotion. The reorganisation of the cadre of Train Examiners and the promotion to Grade C could not be complet ed on account of the pendency of Roshan Lal Tandon 's case in this Court and the stay orders issued therein. After the decision of this Court the Railway Board implemented the scheme and it made promotion with retrospective effect. As the promotion to Grade C had been stayed	 during the penden cy of the writ petition in this Court the Railway Board was justified in granting promotion with effect from April 1	 1966 as initially reorganisation was proposed to be imple mented with effect from that date as is clear from Railway Board 's notification dated October 27	 1965. The Railway Board promoted the staff with retrospective effect because on account of stay orders issued by the Court those entitled to be promoted with effect from April 1	 1966 could not be promoted. The petitioners cannot claim parity with those who had been promoted to Grade C under the Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970 as they do not belong to that class. Equality can be claimed among equals and not with unequals. Those persons who had acquired right of promotion under the Railway Board 's notification dated October 27	 1965 could not be promoted on account of litigation	 they formed a distinct class and the petitioners cannot equate themselves with them as they were not entitled to promotion under the notification dated October 27	 1965. The petition ers have no right in law to claim similar treatment. There is therefore no merit in the petitioners ' plea of discrimi nation. Validity of the Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970 on the ground of it being discriminatory was raised before the Delhi High Court in writ petition No. 1147 of 1971	 Chaman Lal and others vs Union of India and others decided on May 20	 1980. A Division Bench of that Court upheld its validity. In another writ petition No. 2834 of 198 1 Kewal Krishan vs Union of India and others again the validity of Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970 as well as the validity of Railway Board 's circular dated January 28	 1981 was upheld by a Division Bench of the Delhi High Court on December 15	 1981. Learned counsel for the petitioners challenged the validity of the 1033 Railway Board 's circular dated November 1	 1981 which di rected the. Delhi Division to fall in line with other divi sions of Northern Railways for determining the seniority of Train Examiners. It appears that seniority of Train Examin ers in Grade C working in other Divisions of Northern Rail way was determined	 from the date of appointment in that Grade	 in accordance with Rule 302 of the Railway Establish ment Manual but in Delhi Division that practice was not followed. The Railway Board directed the Delhi Division to fall in line with other divisions in determining the senior ity of Train Examiners. Learned counsel for the petitioners urged that since under the Railway Board 's circular dated October 30	 1972 the petitioners were placed en masse in Grade C in the scale of Rs.205 280 they are entitled to seniority with effect from the date of their appointment in Grade D and if that be so	 they would rank senior to Re spondents Nos. 5 to 10 who were appointed later in time. At this stage it would be profitable to have a glance at Rail way Board 's circular dated October 30	 1972 which is as under: "GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS (RAILWAY BOARD) No. PC 69/PS 5/TR 1 New Delhi dated 30.10. 1972 The General Managers	 All India Railways. Sub: Upgrading of the initial scale of pay of Train Examiners on Railways. Ref: Board 's letters No. (1) E(NG) 65 PMI '86 dated 27.10. (ii) No. E (NG) 165 PMI 86 dated 13.9. (iii) No. E(NG) 1 69 .PM/ 1/130 dated 2.7. The Board have considered the commu nications received from the National Federa tion of Indian Railwaymen and the All India Railwaymen 's Federation regarding the proce dure prescribed for filling and maintenance of vacancies in the Train Examiners ' cadre as envisaged in the above mentioned letters and more particularly their demand for abolition of the grade of Rs. 180 240. It has now been decided in modification of existing orders that the 1034 initial grade of TXRs	 viz. Rs. 180 240 should be abolished and all the TXRs working in that grade should be placed en masse in the grade Rs.205 280 w.e.f. 1.11. It has been decided that vacancies in grade Rs.205 280 should hereafter be filled in the following manner: (i) 40% of vacancies to be filled by promotion or Artisans; (ii) 20% of vacancies to be reserved for existing Artisans going as Apprentice TXRs	 with age relaxation upto 35 years; and (iii) 40% of vacancies to be filled by direct recruitment of Apprentices TXRs from the open market through Railway Service Com missions. Pay of the staff brought on from grade Rs. 180 240 (AS) to Grade Rs.205 280(AS) will be fixed under Rule 2017(a)(ii) read with rule 2019 PII. This has the approval of the President. Sd/ (R.S. Bharal) Dy. Director	 Establishment (P & A) Railway Board No. PC 69/PS 5/TP 1 New Delhi dated 30.10.72 Copy of the FA & CAOS	 and Chief Auditors of All Indian Railways. Sd/ (R.S. Bharal) Dy. Director	 Establishment (P & A) Railway Board. " By the aforesaid circular the entry grade of Train Examiners in the scald of Rs. 180 240 was abolished and all the Train Examiners working in that Grade were placed in the scale of Rs.205 280 with effect from November 1	 1972. In pursuance to that decision	 petitioners were included in Grade C with effect from November 1	 1972 and 1035 therefore they are entitled to seniority with effect from that date in Grade C. In the absence of any statutory rule or directions petitioners are	 not entitled to claim senior ity in Grade C with reference to the date of their appoint ment in Grade D. The chart indicating respective dates of entry of petitioners and the Respondents 5 to 10 in Grade C. as extracted in the earlier part of the judgment would show that Respondents Nos. 5 to 10 were appointed in Grade C earlier in time than the petitioners	 therefore they are entitled to be senior to the petitioners. It is not disputed that Rule 302 of the Railway Establishment Manual lays down a general rule for determining seniority from the date of appointment in a particular grade and the petitioners have not placed any rule or instruction before us to support their case. Seniority ordinarily reflects length of service in a particular cadre or grade. It is generally regulated by service rules or in the absence of Rules by executive in structions. By and large	 such rules provide for determining seniority with reference to the date of appointment but there are instances where rules provide for determining seniority with reference to date of confirmation. Normally	 when a person is promoted or placed in a higher grade his seniority is determined with reference to the date of such promotion or placement unless the relevant rules provide to the contrary. Seniority in the lower grade has no meaning for determining seniority in the higher grade except for determining inter se seniority of promotees. Rule 302 con tains a general Rule and there is no exception to it. In the absence of any contrary provision in the Rules	 the general rule of seniority as laid down by Rule 302 must prevail. Learned counsel then urged that the seniority list of Grade D had been prepared in 1968 and in that seniority list petitioners were shown senior to some of the respondents and that seniority could not legally be disturbed. It appears that in the seniority list prepared in 1968 the names of some of the respondents was shown in Grade D on the assump tion that they held posts of Train Examiners in that Grade. It was done on a wrong assumption. Admittedly	 the Respond ents Nos. 5 to 10 were apprentices who were undergoing training	 and in accordance with the directions contained in the Railway Board notification dated October 27	 1965 they were entitled to appointment in Grade C straightaway on completion of their training. They were no doubt drawing stipend at the rate of Rs. 180 240 which was the scale prescribed for Grade D but nonetheless they did not belong to Grade D as they were not appointed to any of the posts in that Grade. Their names therefore could not be included in the seniority list of Grade D. Petitioners cannot draw any advantage from the mistake committed in 1036 including the Respondents name in the seniority list of 1968. Learned counsel then urged that Hira Lal Kapoor	 one of the petitioners was promoted on June 23	 1981 on the basis of his seniority in Grade D	 therefore	 other petitioners are also entitled to their seniority with effect from the date of their appointment in Grade D. In the written submis sion filed on behalf of Respondents it is stated that the Deputy Regional Manager of Delhi had granted promotion to H.L. Kapoor on June 2	 1981 on ad hoc and temporary basis. On receipt of representations and. protests from Respondent No. 5 Ashok Kumar Sharma and the General Secretary. Northern Railway Men 's Union	 order of promotion issued in favour of H.L. Kapoor was cancelled and Sh. A.K. Sharma	 Respondent No. 5 was promoted. Since the petitioners were placed in higher Grade C with effect from November 1	 1972 they are entitled to seniority with reference to date of their place ment in that Grade and they have no legal right to claim seniority in that Grade against those who were appointed to that Grade before November 1	 1972. Learned counsel for the petitioners referred to Lok Sabha questions asked by Sh. Suraj Bhan	 M.P. and the an swers given to those questions with regard to seniority of direct recruits and promotees	 (Annexures K of the petition). The petitioners have asserted that in reply to the Lok Sabha questions	 it was clearly stated by the Rail way Administration that direct recruit Train Examiners posted on working posts before November 1	 1972 in Grade C in the scale of Rs.205 280 will not be treated senior to the Train Examiners promoted en masse with effect from November 1	 1972. In the counter affidavit filed by the respondents it is stated that the reply to the Lok Sabha questions as contained in Annexure K to the petition is of no relevance as the said questions were not admitted at all and no reply was given by the Railway Board. It appears that the General Manager had prepared a draft reply to the Lok Sabha ques tions but the reply had not been finalised by the Railway Board which is the competent authority. The Railway Board could have modified the draft of the reply as prepared by the General Manager but since the question was not admitted no reply was sent to the Lok Sabha. The petitioner can therefore draw no support from Annexure K to the petition. Learned counsel for the petitioners then urged that the petitioners were not promoted to Grade C instead they were placed en masse in Grade C on the abolition of Grade D therefore the date of their seniority should not be deter mined from the date of their placement in 1037 Grade C instead they are entitled to their seniority with reference to the date of their appointment in Grade D. He placed reliance on the directions	 contained in paragraph 2 of the Railway Board 's circular dated October 30	 1972 that the petitioners ' salary in Grade C shall be fixed in accord ance with Rule 2017 R II read with rule 2019 II. He urged that if the petitioners were treated to have been promoted to Grade C with effect from November 1	 1972 in that case their salary could have been fixed in accordance with Rule 2018 (R II) (PR 22/C). It is true that the petitioners were not promoted from Grade D to Grade C instead Grade D was abolished and the petitioners and all other incumbents holding posts in Grade D were placed en masse in Grade C and the Railway Board issued directions that their salary shall be fixed in accordance with the Rule 2017 read with Rule 2018 (R II) (PR 22/C). Whether petitioners were promoted to Grade C or whether they were placed en masse in that Grade does not make any difference so far as their entry to Grade C is concerned	 in either case	 they entered Grade C with effect from November 1	 1972. Reference to a particular rule for determining their pay in the higher grade cannot change the criteria for determining seniority. The Railway Board had never issued any direction for determining the petition ers seniority with reference to their date of appointment in the initial entry grade. The petitioners have failed to show that any person junior to them has been made senior to them. Their grievance is without any substance. In view of the above discussion we find no merit in the petitions. We accordingly dismiss the same with costs. All interim orders stand discharged. S.L. Petitions dismissed.

The petitioners were railway employees. The Railway Board issued a circular dated July 2	 1970	 laying down procedure for filling up posts of train examiners and upgra dation of posts. It directed that vacancies arising in Grade C after 1.4.1966 to the extent of 50 per cent would be maintained in that grade and the remaining 50 per cent would be down graded to be filled by promotion of skilled arti sans. It further directed that 50 per cent of the vacancies in Grade C should be filled by direct recruitment of appren tice Train Examiners with five years ' training to the extent of 80 per cent thereof and the remaining 20 per cent by promotees from Grade D as laid down in paragraph 1 of the Circular dated 27.10.1965 of the Board. This procedure was directed to be followed till the cadre position was norma lised and the excess in the Grade of Rs.205 280 were elimi nated. Paragraph 2 of the circular further directed that those promoted to Grade C in the scale of Rs.205280 as on April 1	 1966 would be assigned seniority amongst themselves in the order of their inter se seniority in the Grade of Rs. 180 240 for the purposes of confirmation	 etc.	 in that grade and they would rank senior to those recruited as apprentice train examiners with five years ' training and appointed after 1.4.66 in the grade of Rs.205 280. The result of the circular was that all those promotees	 who had been appointed to Grade D prior to 1.4.66 stood absorbed in Grade C and they were granted seniority in that grade with retrospective effect	 that is	 with effect from April 1	 1966. The Railway Board later took a policy decision to abol ish the entry grade D of train examiners in the pay scale of Rs. 180 240	 and in order to implement that decision issued a circular dated October 30	 1972	 abolishing the entry Grade D of the train examiners and placing the incumbents of that grade en masse in grade C in the scale of Rs.205280 with effect from 1.11.72. Paragraph 2 of the circular di rected that the pay of the staff brought from Grade D (Rs.180 240) to grade C 1019 (Rs.205 280) would be fixed under Rule 2017 A (III) read with rule 2019 II. As all the incumbents of grade D in the scale of Rs. 180 240 were placed en masse in the higher grade C in the scale of Rs.205 280	 a provisional seniority list of grade C Train Examiners working in Delhi Division was prepared on November 16	 1981. In that seniority list	 the petitioners were shown senior to some of the respondents as the seniority was not determined in accordance with Rule 302 of the Railway Establishment Manual. This seniority list was not prepared in accordance with the prescribed criteria	 as had been done in the other Divisions. The Board issued a circular dated 28.11.81	 directing that the Delhi Division should also fail in line with the other Divisions of the Northern Railway	 and the seniority of the train examiners appointed between 1.4.66 and 1.11.72 should be prepared in accordance with the existing practice. viz. on the basis of the date of appointment in the particular grade. In pursuance of that direction	 seniority of the train examiners of grade C placed in that grade between 1.4.66 and 1.11.72	 was published in 1981 by the authorities of the Delhi Division of the Northern Railway. After inviting objections	 the seniority list was finally published in December	 1982. In that seniority list	 the petitioners were shown junior to respondents 5 to 10. Aggrieved	 the peti tioners moved this Court by writ petitions	 challenging the validity of the seniority list and for quashing the circu lars dated July 2	 1970 and November 28	 1981 of the Railway Board	 and restraining the respondent Railway authorities from altering or issuing the seniority list in pursuance of the circular dated November 28	 1981 of the Railway Board and for maintaining the seniority list issued in 1968. Dismissing the petitions	 the Court	 HELD: The Respondents Nos. 5 to 10	 who belonged to the group of apprentice train examiners were directly placed to working posts in grade C after completion of 5 years ' train ing in accordance with the circular dated July 2	 1970 of the Railway Board	 and each one of them had been placed in grade C prior to 1.11.72	 while the petitioners were placed in grade C with effect from 1.11.72	 in pursuance of the circular dated 30.10.72 of the Railway Board. Since the respondents 5 to 10 were appointed to grade C earlier and the petitioners were placed in that grade later	 the peti tioners were shown in the seniority list junior to the respondents concerned. No valid objection can be raised against respondents ' seniority. [1027H; 1028A C] 1020 The petitioners challenged the validity of the Railway Board 's circular dated July 12	 1970	 in 1981 after 11 years. All the petitioners were in service on the date that circular was issued and they were aware that their col leagues (promotees belonging to grade D) were placed in grade C and they had been granted seniority with retrospec tive effect	 but none of them challenged the validity of the circular. Now	 the petitioners cannot be permitted to chal lenge the validity of that circular after 11 years. The petitioners should have challenged the circular within a reasonable period of time which they did not do. It is wellsettled that anyone	 who may feel aggrieved by an admin istrative order or decision affecting his right	 should act with due diligence and promptitude and not sleep over the matter. Taking up old matters after a long time is likely to result in administrative complications and difficulties and would create insecurity and instability in the service which would affect its efficiency. The petitioners are	 therefore	 not entitled to challenge the validity of the Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970	 after 11 years. Even otherwise	 on merits. there is no legal and constitutional infirmity in the circular. In order to reorganise the cadre of the train examiners to cope with the increased work load	 the Railway Board issued a Notification dated October 27	 1965	 reorganising the cadre. The validity of the notifica tion was challenged before this Court in Roshan Lal Tandon 's case. The Court struck down only a portion of the notifica tion and the rest of the directions contained in the notifi cation remained unaffected. After the judgment of the Court	 the Railway Board reconsidered the matter	 and	 with a view to implementing the decision of this Court and further carrying out its policy of reorganisation as initiated under its circular dated October 27	 1965	 issued the circular dated July 2	 1970 [1029A H; 1030A B] The scheme of reorganisation of the cadre as contemplat ed by the circular dated October 27	 1965	 was to be opera tive with effect from April 1	 1966. The Petitioners ' sub mission that the date April 1	 1966	 was fixed in an arbi trary manner without any basis	 is untenable. The promotees	 who were placed in the higher grade C with effect from April 1	 1966	 were undoubtedly senior to the petitioners in grade D	 and none of the petitioners ' rights were affected by their promotions. The Railway Board implemented the reorgan isation scheme after the decision of this Court in Roshan Lal Tandon 's case. As promotion to grade C had been stayed during the pendency of Tandon 's case in this Court	 the Railway Board was justified in granting promotion with retrospective effect from April 1	 1966	 as initially	 the reorganisation was proposed to be implemented from that date	 which could not be done on account of stay orders issued by this Court. The petitioners 1021 cannot claim parity with those who had been promoted to grade C under the Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970	 as they do not belong to that class. Equality can be claimed amongst equals and not with unequals. The persons	 who had acquired the right of promotion under the Railway Board 's notification dated October 27	 1965	 but could not be promoted on account of litigation	 formed a separate class	 and the petitioners could not equate themselves with them	 as they were not entitled to promotion under the notification dated October 27	 1965. There is no merit in the petitioners ' plea of discrimination. [103AF H] The validity of the Railway Board 's circular dated July 2	 1970	 was challenged by a writ petition before the Delhi High Court	 which upheld the same. Again	 the validity of that circular as well as the circular dated January 28	 1981 of the Railway Board was challenged by a writ petition before the Delhi High Court	 which upheld the same. [1032F H] By the Circular dated October 30	 1972	 of the Railway Board	 the entry grade of train examiners in the scale of Rs. 180 240	 was abolished and all the train examiners in that grade were placed in the scale of Rs.205 280 with effect from November 1	 1972. The petitioners were included in grade C with effect from November 1	 1972	 and	 there fore	 they are entitled to seniority with effect from that date in Grade C. The petitioners are not entitled to claim seniority in grade C with reference to the date of their appointment in grade D. The respondents 5 to 10 were ap pointed in grade C earlier than the petitioners and	 there fore	 they are senior to the petitioners. Rule 302 of the Railway Establishment Manual lays down a general rule for determining seniority from the date of appointment in a particular grade when a person is promoted to or placed in a higher grade	 his seniority is determined with reference to the date of such promotion or placement unless the relevant rules provide to the contrary. Seniority in lower grade has no meaning for determining seniority in the higher grade except for determining inter se seniority of the promotees. In the absence of any contrary provision in the Rules	 the general rule of seniority laid down by Rule 302 must pre vail. [1034G H; 1035A E] It appears that in the seniority list prepared in 1968	 the names of some of the respondents were shown in grade D on a wrong assumption. The respondents 5 to 10 were appren tices undergoing training	 and in accordance with the direc tions contained in the Railway Board 's notification dated October 27	 1965. they were entitled to appointment 1022 straightaway on completion of their training. They were drawing stipend at a rate which was the scale prescribed for grade D	 but they did not belong to grade D and could not be included in the seniority list of grade D. The petitioners cannot draw advantage from the mistake committed in includ ing the names of the respondents in the seniority list of 1968. [1035F H; 1036A] The petitioners were placed in higher grade C with effect from November 1	 1972	 and they are entitled to seniority with reference to their placement in that grade and they have no legal right to claim seniority in that grade as against those who were appointed to that grade before November 1	 1972. [1036C D] Whether the petitioners were promoted to grade C or were placed en masse in that grade	 does not make any difference in so far their entry to grade C is concerned; in either case	 they entered grade C with effect from November 1	 1972. The petitioners have failed to show that any person junior to them has been made senior to them. Their grievance is without any substance. [1037C E]