Summarize the following court judgment. Appeals Nos. 369 to 375 of 1967. 599 Appeals from the judgment and order dated October 15	 1966 of the Gujarat High Court in Special Civil Applications Nos. 1475	 1479	 and 1480 of 1965	 and 119	 120	 12.2 and 125 of 1966 respectively. G.L. Sanghi and Ravinder Narain	 for the appellants (in all the appeals). Bishan Narain	 R. H. Dhebar and section P. Nayar	 for respondents Nos. 1 and 2 (in all the appeals). Arun H. Mehta and I.N. Shroff	 for respondent No. 3 (in all the appeals). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Shelat	 J. These appeals by certificate are directed against the judgment of the High Court of Gujarat dismissing the writ petitions filed by the appellants for quashing the notifications dated August 28	 1964 and October 18	 1965 respectively issued under sections 4 and 6 of the Land Acquisition Act	1 of 1894. The appellants are the owners of the lands in question situate at Ranoli	 District Baroda. The 3rd respondent Company also owns about 140 acres of land in the same village. The appellant 's lands are either situate adjacent to and between the Company 's lands and the railway lines or are enclaves surrounded by lands belonging to the Company. On July 22	 1961 the State Government issued a notification under sec. 4 of the Act to the effect that the appellants ' said lands were or were likely to be needed for a public purpose		 viz.	 for a fertilizer factory. That notification was withdrawn on September 11	 1961 as the lands were stated to be unsuitable for such a factory. The Government however issued the very next day a fresh notification under sec. 4 in respect of the same lands	 this time for the purpose of the 3rd respondent Company. Some of these appellants thereupon filed writ petitions challenging its validity. While these petitions were pending before the High Court this Court delivered its decision in what is known as the first Arora Case(1). To get over the difficulties arising from that decision	 first an Ordinance and then the Amendment Act XXXI of 1962	 were passed. The Amendment Act was brought into force from July 20	 1962 with retrospective effect. The Central Government thereafter made Rules under sec. 55 of the Act called the Land Acquisition (Companies) Rules which were brought into force from June 22	 1963. On July 24	 1963 the State Government withdrew the notification dated September 12	 1961 whereupon the writ petitions filed by the appellants challenging the said notifications were withdrawn. In the meantime one D.K. Master	 who was then the Special Land Acquisition Officer	 Baroda	 started an inquiry under Rule 4 of the said Rules. On August 28	1964 the State Government issued a notification under (1) [1962] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 149:A.I.R. 600 sec. 4 stating that the appellants ' said lands were needed or were likely to be needed for the establishment of a factory of the 3rd respondent Company. The appellants filed their objections in the inquiry then held under sec. 5A but they were rejected. On October 18	 1965 the State Government issued sec. 6 notification declaring that the said lands were needed for the factory of the 3rd respondent Company which it was stated was taking steps or en	gaging itself for manufacture of optical bleaching agents	 interme diate dye stuffs etc.	 which according to the Government was for a public purpose. The appellants thereupon filed writ petitions from which these appeals arise challenging the two notifications dated August 28	 1964 and October 18	 1965 respectively. When these writ petitions came on for hearing the State Government produced a notification dated October 11	 1963 authorising the Special Land Acquisition Officers of the State to perform the functions of the Collector under sec. 3(c). On certain contentions having been raised on the basis of this notification	 the High Court adjourned the hearing to enable the State Government to explain the circumstances and the reasons for issuing the said notification. On August 25	 1966 the said Master filed a further affidavit clarifying the Government 's position and the circumstances in which he performed the functions of the Collector under sec. 3(c). Before the High Court the appellants contended that the pro cedure laid down in the said Land Acquisition (Companies) Rules was not followed	 that the purpose for which the acquisition was being made was not a public purpose within the meaning of sec. 40(1)(a)	 that the acquisition was made mala fide and in colourable exercise of power	 that the State Government had not applied its mind to the facts of the case and lastly that the inquiry under sec. 5A was a quasi judicial inquiry and that as an opportunity to be heard was not given to the appellants the proceedings under sec. 5A violated natural justice. Counsel	 however	 conceded that the inquiry under section 5A was administrative but contended that the appellants were still entitled to be heard before the State Government formed its satisfaction that the lands were required for the Company. The High Court rejected all these contentions and dismissed the writ petitions. Hence these appeals. Counsel for the appellants formulated the following five pro	positions on which he impugned the High Court 's judgment: (1)that the inquiry under Rule 4 of the Land Acquisition (Companies) Rules and the consequent report made by Master to the Government were invalid; therefore there being no valid report under Rule 4 read with section 40	 no notification either under s.4 		or sec. 6 could be validly issued; 601 (2) that sec. 6 notification was issued without complying with Part VII of the Act and without a valid consent of the State Government as required by sec. 39 and therefore no notification either under sec. 4 or sec. 6 could be lawfully issued; (3) that the acquisition was made mala fide and without ap plication of mind to the relevant facts; (4) that the acquisition did not involve any public purpose; and (5) that the State Government was bound to give an oppor tunity of being heard to the appellants before taking decision under sec. 5A	 particularly when the report of the said Master was against the acquisition. We shall consider these propositions in the order in which they were urged. As regards propositions 1 and 2. the argument was that Mas ter was only a Sp. L.A. officer but was not the Collector within the meaning of Rule 4 and therefore the inquiry held by him under that Rule and the report made consequent thereto were invalid; that even if Master can be held to have been authorised to perform the functions of the Collector he was not "specially appointed" as Collector; that the State Government had not given any direction to him to make a report as required by Rule 4 and that the notification dated October 11	 1963 did not "appoint" but simply authorised him to perform the functions of the Collector. It is not in dispute that as required by the said Rules the State Government had apponited a Land Acquisition Committee before it issued the notification under sec. The affidavit of Master establishes that he worked as a Sp. L.A. officer at Baroda from December 6	 1961 to April 29 1965. On February 11	 1963 he was appointed to officiate as Special Land Acquisition Officer	 Baroda. On October 1. 1963 the Government wrote a letter to him forwarding the application dated September 11	 1963 of the 3rd respondent Company requesting the Government to acquire the lands in question and directing him to hold an inquiry according to the said Rules and to make a report. The letter also stated that be was being authorised separately to perform the functions of the Collector and that on such authorisation he would be competent to make the inquiry. On the same day	the Government issued a notification under sec. 3(c) authorising him to perform the function of the Collector within Baroda District. But on October 11	 1963 the Government issued another notification superseding the notification of October 1	 1963 and authorising all Special Land Acquisition Officers in the State to perform the functions of the Collector under the Act within the area of their respective jurisdiction. On October 10	 1963 Master had addressed a letter to the 602 Company to supply information for his inquiry under Rule 4. On October 22	 1963 he issued notices to 27 owners of the lands proposed to be acquired but only 10 of them appeared before him and he recorded their statements on October 31	 1963. There is thus no doubt that Master was instructed by the State Government to hold an inquiry and to submit his report. Rule 4 requires the Collector to make an inquiry regarding the matters stated therein	 such matters inter alia being that the land requested by the Company for acquisition is not excessive	 that the Company has made efforts and offered reasonable. price to buy the land from the owners	 that if the land happens to be good agricultural land	 there is no other alternative land suitable for the Company 's purpose and the approximate amount of compensation which would be payable if the lands were acquired. The Collector after making such inquiry has to submit his report to the Government. The Government then forwards it to the Land Acquisition Committee and the Committee has to advise the Government. Rule 4 prohibits the Government from issuing notification under section 6 unless it has consulted the Committee and considered the said report as also the report made under section 5A and unless an agreement with the Company under section 41 has been executed. The contention was that though Master held the inquiry and made the report he had functioned not as the Collector but in his capacity as the Special Land Acquisition Officer	 Baroda	 and therefore the notification under sec. 4 and section 6 were invalid. The argument was	 firstly	 that Rule 4 does not define "collector" and therefore the word "collector" must mean the Collector of the District and secondly	 that even if Master was appointed as the Collector as defined by sec. 3(c) his appointment as Collector was not valid as he was not specially appointed to perform the functions of the Collector. It was said that the notification dated October 11	 1963 did not "specially" appoint Master but was a general notification authorising not only	 Master but all the Special Land Acquisition Officers in the State appointed not only before the date of sec. 4 notification but also those who would be appointed in future. In our view	 these contentions cannot be upheld. Section 3(c) defines a Collector to mean Collector of the District and includes Deputy Commissioner and any officer specially appointed by the Government to perform the functions of a Collector under the Act. Section 20 of the General Clauses Act	 X of 1897 provides that where a Central Act empowers making rules	 the expressions used in such rules	 if made after the commencement of that Act shall have the same meaning as in the Central Act	 unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context. There being nothing repugnant in the subject or context	 the word "collector" must have the same meaning in the rules as in sec. 3(c) which includes an officer specially appointed to perform the functions of the Collector. If therefore Master can be said to have. 608 been specially appointed to perform the functions of the Collector Linder the Act no challenge can be entertained as to his competence to make the inquiry and the report under Rule 4 of the said Rules. Sanghi conceded that the notification dated October 1	 1963 did "specially" appoint Master as the Collector. Baroda but argued that as that notification was superseded it would not avail the respondents and therefore the question was whether the noti fication dated October 11	 1963 can be said to have specially appointed Master as Collector. He argued that since that notification appointed all the Special Land Acquisition Officers to perform the functions of the Collector within their respective areas the appointments made thereunder must be regarded as general and not appointments specially made and therefore it cannot be said that Master or any one of them was specially appointed as required by sec. 3(c). The argument therefore resolves itself to what is the true meaning of the words "specially appointed". In our view	 those words simply mean that as such an officer is not a Collector and cannot perform the functions of a Collector under the Act	 he has to be "specially appointed"	 that is ' appointed for the specific purpose of performing those functions. The word "specially ' has therefore reference to the special purpose of appointment and is not used to convey the sense of a special as against a general appointment. The word "specially" thus connotes the appointment of an officer or officers to perform functions which ordinarily a Collector would perform under the Act. It qualifies the word "appointed" and means no more than that he is appointed specially to perform the functions entrusted by the Act to the Collector. It is the appointment therefore which is special and not the person. from amongst several such officers. Besides	 sec. 15 of the General Clauses Act provides that where a Central Act empowers an authority to appoint a person to perform a certain function	 such power can be exercised either by name or by virtue of office. There would therefore be no objection if the appointment is made of an officer by virtue of his office and not by his name. Therefore even if the meaning of the word "specially" were to be that which is canvassed by Mr. Sanghi the Government could have issued separate notifications for each of the Sp. L.A. officers authorising them individually to perform the functions of the Collector within their respective area of jurisdiction. Instead of doing that	 if one notification were to be issued authorising each of them to perform those functions there could be no valid objection. Such a notification would have the same force as a separate notification in respect of each individual Sp. L.A. officer. Such a notification Would mean that the Government thereby appoints each of the existing Sp. L. A. officers to perform the functions of the Collector within	 their respective areas. It is true that the notification also declares that such of the Sp. L.A. officers as may be appointed in future are also authorised to preform the Collector 's functions. That only means that whenever a person would be appointed as a Sp. L.A. 604 officer for a particular area	 the notification would in effect invest him at the same time with the authority to perform the Collector 's functions. The appointment of each of these officers therefore must be held to be special and not general. But Mr. Sanghi argued that even so the notification did not "appoint" Master but merely authorised him to perform the Collector 's functions. In our View. the distinction is without difference. In the context of sec. 3(c) when an officer is authorised to perform the functions of the Collector it means that he is appointed to perfore those functions. The clause does not contemplate a separate or an additional post. What it means is that some officer who is already in the Government employment is authorised to work as a Collector for the purposes of the Act. In this sense whether he is appointed or authorised to perform the Collector 's functions he would be complying with the terms of that clause. It was then urgued that the inquiry under Rule 4 is a quasi judicial inquiry and therefore it was incumbent on Master to give an opportunity to the appellants to be heard. The Rule however provides that the officer conducting the inquiry has to hear the Company before making his report. Whether he has also to hear tile owners of the land or not need not be decided in these appeals as Master had in fact given such an opportunity to the appellants by serving them with notices and recorded the statements of such of them who cared to appear before him. There is therefore no merit in that contention. Next it was urged that the inquiry under Rule 4 has to be held after the notification under sec. 4 is issued and not before and therefore the inquiry held by Master was no 	 valid. We do not find anything in Rule 4 or in any other Rule to warrant such a proposition. The inquiry	 the report to be made consequent upon such inquiry. obtaining the opinion of the Land Acquisition Committee	 all these are intended to enable the Government to come to a tentative conclusion that the lands in question are or are likely to be needed for a public purpose and to issue thereafter sec. 4 notification. In our view	 no objection to the appointment of Master to perform the functions of the Collector under sec. 3(c) or to his competence to make the inquiry and the report under Rule 4 or their legality can be validly made It follows that the consent given by the State Government for initiating acquisition proceedings was validly given and was in compliance with the provisions of Part VII of the Act and the State Government could validly issue the impugned notifications. This disposes of Mr. Sanghi 's propositions 1 and 2. The third proposition is that the State Government exercised the power under the Act mala fide and without applying its mind to the facts of the case. Paragraph 10 of the petition containing the plea as to mala fides is in general terms without any particulars. Even such of the allegations that are to be found there arc more against the 3rd respondent Company than against the State Government. These are based on the fact that the Company had 605 sufficient land of its own and the acquisition was therefore being made so that the Company may acquire the neighbouring lands without utilising its own lands. It is true that the Company owns. 140 acres of land. But as the affidavit of the Company 's officer shows out of these 140 acres 48 acres are ravine lands	 unfit as factory sites. According to the Company	 those lands however will be utilised for housing accommodation for its 700 workmen and for amenities for them such as play grounds	 a sports club. a recreation centre and a co operative consumer society. Forty acres out of	 the rest of the land have already been used for constructing some: of the factories ' warehouses and godowns. As regards the balance: of 60 acres	 they do not form a compact block and contain in them small pockets belonging to the appellants. The Company 's case was that unless these pockets are acquired and these 60 acres are made	 into one compact lot it would not be possible to use them as factory site. These lands are	 besides	 divided by a Nal which if filled Lip would block access to the appellant 's lands. Unless the enclaves are acquired. the said Nal which divides the Company 's lands car	not be filled up. A portion of the lands in question is also necessary for an approach road leading to the proposed railway siding. Some of the land will have to be kept open as otherwise the noxious fumes omitted by the factories would prove detrimental to the: health of the neighbours. The documents produced by Master reveal that the inquiry	. held by him "	as on the question whether the Company was trying to acquire excessive land. It is therefore not possible that the Government failed to apply its mind having had Master 's report before it as also the report under sec. 5A as regards the extent of land needed by the Company. It was however arzueed though somewhat vaguely that the Company would not require as much	 as 40 acres for housing its workmen and also that the Company has its own land near the railway lines which can well be used for the proposed railway siding. No effort however was made to show that the Company would not really need 40 acres for housing purposes. As regards the proposed railway siding also there is no data to show that the Company 's land near the railway lines would be suitable for constructing such railway siding. The appellant 's lands appear to be near the existing goods platform. It may be that the Government found on the basis of the reports before it that the appellants ' lands near the goods platform would be more suitable for the railway siding than the Company 's land near the railway lines. Mr. Sanghi then contended that the fact that the Government had been trying to acquire these lands since 1962 and has been issuing one notification after another shows the exercise of the	 power to acquire was mala fide. No 1 such inference can be drawn from such a fact only. The fact	 on the other hand	 that the Government cancelled its first notification on the ground that these 606 lands were not suitable for a fertiliser factory gives a clear indication that it had applied its mind and relatives the allegation of mala fide exercise of power. The correspondence which the Company produced during the hearing of the petitions shows that as soon as the decision in the first Arora Case(1) was given the Government at once cancelled the notification in spite 'of the Company 's request to continue it. This negatives any suspicion as to collusion between the Company and the acquiring authority. It is true that Master 's opinion was adverse to acquisition but the Government was not bound to accept it. However	 the fact that a responsible officer of the Government gave an adverse opinion is yet another indication that he was acting independently without being influenced by the Government or the Company. In our view	 the appellants failed to establish their allegation either as to mala fide or the non application of mind by the State Government. The third proposition of Mr. Sanghi therefore must fail. As regards proposition No. 4	 the only argument urged was that when a particular land is being already used for one public purpose	 in this case the manufacture of "sagol"	 a building material made from lime	 the legislature could not have intended to empower the Government to destroy that purpose and substitute in its place another public purpose. We need only say that a similar argument was urged in Somavanti 's Case (2 ) and rejected by this Court. The last proposition of Mr. Sanghi was that even though an inquiry under section 5A may be an administrative inquiry	 the State Government was bound to give an opportunity to be heard to the appellants after receiving the report thereunder and before making up its mind for the purpose of issuing sec.6 notification. It is not in dispute that during sec. 5A inquiry the appellants were heard and their objections were taken on record. Under sec. 5A	 the Collector has to hear the objections of the owner. take them on r ecord and then submit his report to the Government. The section also requires him to send along with his report the entire record of his inquiry which would include the objections. The report has merely recommendatory value and is not binding on the Government. The record has to accompany the report as it is for the Government to form independently its satisfaction. Both are sent to enable the Government to form its satisfaction that the acquisition is necessary for a public purpose or for the Company. It is then that sec. 6 notification which declares that particular land is needed for either of the two purposes is issued. The Government thus bad before it not only the opinion of Master but also all that the appellants had to say by way of objections against the proposed acquisition. The appellants therefore had an opportunity of (1) [1962] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 149	 (2) 607 being heard. Neither sec. 5A nor any other provision of the Act lays down that a second opportunity has to be given before the issuance of section 6 notification. This contention also therefore cannot be sustained. These were all the contentions urged before us. As none of them can be upheld the appeals have to be dismissed. The appellants will pay to the respondents the costs of these appeals. (One hearing fee). R.K.P.S. Appeals dismissed.

On October 1	 1963	 the State Government issued a notification under section 3(c)	 authorising one M who was then the Special Land Acquisition Officer	 Baroda	 to perform the functions of a Collector and also directed him to hold an enquiry under the Land Acquisition (Companies) Rules on the application of the third respondent company requesting the government to acquire the appellant 's land. In supersession of that notification	 the Government issued another notification on October 11	 1963 authorising all Special Land Acquisition Officers to perform the functions of the Collector under the Act within the area of their respective jurisdiction. After M had made an enquiry under Rule 4	 the respondent State Government issued a notification under Section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act	 1894	 on August 28. 1964 in respect of the appellant 's land which was stated to be required for the establishment of a factory by the third respondent company. Objections filed by the appellants in an enquiry under section 5A were rejected and the State Government thereafter issued a notification under section 6 on October 18	 1965. The appellants challenged the notification by writ petitions but these were	 dismissed by the High Court. In the appeal to this Court	 it was contended on behalf of the appellants	 inter alia. (i) that M was only a Special Land Acquisition Officer and not the Collector within the meaning of Rule 4; in any event the notification of October 11	 1963 did not "specially" appoint him but was a general notification authorising all the Special Land Acquisition Officers in the State appointed not only before the date of section 4 notification but also those who would be appointed in future	. furthermore	 the notification did not "appoint" but simply authorised him to perform the functions of the Collector	 the State Goverrunent had not given any direction to him to make a report as required by .Rule 4; therefore the enquiry held by him under that Rule and the 	report made was invailed and consequently no notification either under section 4 or section 6 could be validly issued; (ii) that the section 6 notification was issued without complying with Part VII of the Act and without the valid consent of the State Government as required by section 39; (iii) that the acquisition was made mala fide and without application of mind to the relevant facts: (iv) that the acquisition did not involve any public purpose: and (v) that the State Government was bound to give an opportunity of being heard to the appellants before taking a decision under section 5A particularly when the report made by M was against the acquisition	 598 HELD: Dismissing the appeal. (i) No objection to the appointment of M to perform the functions of the Collector under section 3(c) or to his competence to make the enquiry and the report under Rule 4 or their legality can be validly made. It follows that the consent given by the State Government in initiating acquisition proceedings was validly given and was in comp liance with the provisions of Part VII of the Act and the State Government could validly issue the impugned notifications. [604G] There being nothing repugnant in the subject or context	 the word "Collector" must	 by virtue of section 20 of the 	 have the same meaning in the Rules as in section 3(c) of the Act which includes an officer specially appointed to perform the functions of the Collector. [602H] The words "specially appointed" simply mean that as a Sp. L.A. Officer is not a Collector and cannot perform the functions of a Collector under the Act. he has to be "specially appointed"	 i.e. appointed for the specific purpose of performing those functions. The word "specially" has therefore reference to the special purpose of appointing and is not used to convey the sense of a special as against a general appointment. Furthermore	 section 15 of the General Clauses Act provides that where a Central Act empowers an authority to appoint a Person to Perform a certain function such power can be exercised either by name or by virtue of office. [603C F] In the context of section 3(c) when an officer is authorised to perform the functions of the Collector	 it means that he is appointed to perform those functions. The distinction between the two is without a difference. [604B] There is no force in the contention that the enquiry under rule 4 has to be held after the notification under section 4 and not before. There is nothing in rule 4 or any other rule to warrant such a proposition. (ii) On the facts	 the appellants had failed to establish their allegation either as to mala fides or the non application of mind by the State Government. (iii) There is no force in the contention that when the appellant 's lands were already being used for the manufacture of a building	 material and that was also a public purpose	 the legislature could not have intended to empower the Government to destroy that purpose and substitute in its place another Public purpose. [606D] Arora Case	 [1962] Supp	 2 'S.C.R. 149: referred to. (iv) It is not disputed that during the section 5A enquiry the appellants were heard and their objections were taken on record. The record of the enquiry is required under section 5A to be sent to the Government so as to enable the Government to decide whether the acquisition is necessary for a public purpose or for a company. The Government thus had before it not only the opinion of M but also all that the appellants had to say by way of objections against the proposed acquisition. The appellants therefore had an opportunity	 of being heard. Neither section 5A nor any other provision of the Act lays down that a second opportunity has to be given before the issuance of the Section 6 notification. [606F 607A]