Summarize the following court judgment. view Petition Nos. 571 586 & 586A of 1985. In Transfer Cases Nos. 52 to 68 of 1982. By Circulation. The Order of the Court was delivered by ORDER We have considered the grounds urged in the Review Petition and since we find no substance in them. the Review Petition are dismissed. PER THAKKAR	 J. While it is not agreeable to disagree with the. majority. my conscience commands. and my sense of duty demands. that I should disagree. Disagree with the proposed order dismissing the Review Petitions in limine with the remark that "we find no substance in them"	 without affording to the Petitioners any opportunity of hearing in the Court to substantiate the grounds urged by them. One of the grounds urged. ground No. 8 in the Petitions	 is: "8. That during the course of arguments the parties had proceeded on the assumption that the Hon 'ble Court would 901 decide only the 7 questions framed by the then Hon 'ble Chief Justice and the individual petitions on merits would be dealt with either by the Division Benches of this Hon 'ble Court or by the respective High Courts. It was on this assumption that the parties addressed their arguments and submissions only on those general questions. It is for this reason that written submissions were made only in T.C. No. 55 of 1982 amongst all the Railway matters. None of the Petitioners had been given any opportunity to argue their cases on merits. The judgment under review dismissed all the Transferred Cases and thus all these petitions stand decided on merits also. It is	 therefore	 necessary that in the interest of justice	 the petitioner should be given another opportunity to argue their petitions on merits. This has caused serious prejudice to their cases is apparent from the facts of a few cases reference whereto is made herein after. " It is not possible to say that there is no substance in this ground because no notices have been issued on the Review Petitions and the averments have not been controverted by the other side. So also it is not stated in the majority judgment that the averment is factually untrue. Reference may be made to ground number 9 in Review Petitions Nos. 57 1 to 586A of 1985 which reads as under: ' '9. That it may be submitted 'that the petitioner Shri Narpat Singh had been served with the Office Order identical to the one reproduced in para 3 above and was charged with stoppage of work from 3.2. 1981 and missing from his place of duty and for intimidating and pressurising the loyal employees for not joining duty. The fact is that the petitioner	 Narpat Singh is a patient of Asthama and was under the treatment of the Rail way Medical Authorities between December 1980 to 1.2.1981 as outdoor patient. On 2.2. 1981 while on duty as Shed man is DSL/Shed BGKt in shift 6 hours to 14 hours	 he developed breathing difficulties and was unable to perform his duties. He obtained sick memo G/92 on 2.2.1981 from GFO/DSL BGKt and while leaving duty proper charge was handed over by the petitioner. He was advised complete rest and sick certifi cate No. 62 of 2.2.1981 for 27 days was submitted. 902 In these circumstances the petitioner could not be treated as on un authorised absence from work from 3.2.1981 when he had obtained G 92 on 2.2.1981 and had sent in his sick certificate and had observed all clue formalities of reporting sick as required under the rules. Had the cases been argued on merits	 the petitioner	 Narpat Singh would have shown to the Hon 'ble Court as to how he could not be treated on un authorised absence and that the dismissal order has been malafidely issued in a mechanical manner and cannot be substained. " That the matter of Narpat Singh was not argued on its individual merits is correct. Unless the factual averments made in para 9 are shown to be untrue	 these may be consid ered adequate to vitiate the impugned order on the ground that it manifests non application of mind and is built on 'no evidence '. This is a good ground to entertain the Review Petition and issue notice to the other side for heating in the Court. In the majority judgment ; (451) paragraph 59 the proposition of law has been enunciat ed that the pleasure under Article 310(1) can be exercised even by an authority specified in the Act or rules made under Article 309 (proviso) in the passage quoted below: "Thus	 though trader Article 310(1) the tenure of a govern ment servant is at the pleasure of the President or the Governor	 the exercise of such pleasure can be either by the President or the Governor acting with the aid and on the advice of the Council of Ministers or by the authority specified in the Acts made under Article 309 or in rules made under such Acts or made under the proviso to Article 309 and in the case of clause (c) of the second proviso to Article 311 (2)	 the inquiry is to be dispensed with not on the personal satisfaction of the President or the Governor but on his satisfaction arrived at with the aid and on the advice of the Council of Ministers . " (Emphasis supplied) Serious Constitutional questions	 such as the following	 arise in this context: When the Constitution advisedly invests powers in regard to the exercise of pleasure on the incumbents of highest executive office can these powers be exercised by any other official	 say Divl. Mechani 903 cal Engineer (DME)? By a process of interpretation (and not amendment) can it be so construed that what the President by virtue of Article 310 (1) can do	 the DME of the Railway can do by virtue of the same Article? It would virtually amount to amending Article 310 (1) by adding the words "or by any other authority . ". That is to say to rewrite an article in the Constitution. Is this permissible? What is more	 the power under Article 310 (1) is exercisable even by the President or the Governor	 not on his personal satisfaction	 but with the aid and on the advice of the Council of Ministers. Can the same power be exercised by a D.M.E. or any other lower functionary acting on his own	 there being no question of his acting with the aid or advice of the council of Ministers? Can the DME who does not even act in the name of the President	 surrogate for the President? It is certainly an important Constitutional issue which requires to be examined	 but has not been examined	 from this perspective though the point was debated. This is another ground to entertain the Review Petition and to issue a notice to the other side for heating in the Court. Another ground for entertaining the Review Petition is this: Will it not be tantamount to speaking in two voices to hold that principles of Natural Justice need not be complied with even in regard to the quantum of punishment to be inflicted on a workman	 even though the law declared so far demands that even a black marketeer cannot be black listed without observing the principles of Natural Justice? Is a workman who 'sweats ' for the Nation not entitled to the same treatment as a black marketeer who 'bleeds ' the Nation? 5. An extremely serious and important ground for review also arises in the context of the doctrine enunciated in the following passages ; (522	523)	 paragraphs 170	 173: "It may be that the railway servants went on these strikes with the object of forcing the Government to meet their demands. Their demands were for their private gain and in their private interest. In seeking to have these demands conceded they caused untold hardship to the public and prejudicially affected public good and public interest and the good and interest of the nation. . . . In the context of an all India strike where a very large	 number of railway servants had struck work	 the railway services paralysed	 loyal workers and superior officers assaulted and intimidated	 the country 904 held to ransom	 the economy of the country and public inter est and public good prejudicially affected	 prompt and immediate action was called for to bring the situation to normal. In these circumstances	 it cannot be said that an enquiry was reasonably practicable." The workers certainly have a right to struggle and strive for economic justice in a country the Constitution of which	 in the preamble	 proclaims it to be a "Sovereign SOCIALIST Secular Democratic Republic". Going on strike in the course of such a struggle cannot be characterized as holding the country to ransom and be frowned upon. Nor can they be condemned as seekers of private gain for endeavouring to remove their economic distress and plight to bring about a just society. And it cannot be said on that account that it is not "reasonably practicable" to hold the inquiry in the case of any workman if there is a country wide general strike by workers. Article 311 (2)(b) was surely not de signed by the Founding Fathers in order to ' enable 'braking ' a strike called in support of workers ' demands for socio economic justice. The issue therefore deserves to be exam ined in the light of this perspective and the Review Peti tions deserve to be admitted. On these grounds and in the light of the other grounds urged in the Review Petitions	 the Review Petitions deserve to be heard in the Court. It is therefore directed that the Review Petitions be admitted	 notices be issued to the Respondents	 and the matters may be placed in the Court for further hearing.

The petitioners	 who were Railway employees	 were either dismissed or removed from service without holding any en quiry for striking work	 paralysing railway services	 as sualting and intimidating loyal workers and superior offi cers	 etc. The writ petitions flied in the High Courts challenging the orders of dismissal or removal stood trans ferred to this Court	 heard along with other writ petitions and civil appeals and by judgment dated 11th July	 1985 dismissed. The	 petitioners sought review of the said judgment alleging that during the course of arguments	 parties had proceeded on the assumption that the Court would decide only the seven questions framed by the then Hon 'ble the Chief Justice	 and the individual petitions on merits would he dealt with either by the Division Benches of this Court or by the respective High Courts	 that the parties addressed their arguments and submissions only on those general ques tions	 that written submissions were made only in transfer case No. 55 of 1982 amongst all the railway matters	 that none of the petitioners had been given any opportunity to argue their cases on merits	 that the judgment under review dismissed all the transferred cases and thus all these petitions stand decided on merits also	 that this has caused serious prejudice to their cases and	 therefore	 in the interest of justice	 another opportunity should he given to argue the petitions on merits. Dismissing the Review Petitions	 HELD: Per P.N. Bhagwati	 C.J.	 V.D. Tulzapurkar	 R.S. Pathak and D.P. Madon	 JJ. 899 The Review Petitions are dismissed as there is no sub stance in the grounds urged. Per M.P. Thakkar	 J. dissenting. There is good ground to entertain the Review Peti tions and issue notice to the other side for hearing. [904E] 2. There is substance in the grounds because no notices have been issued on the Review Petitions and the averments have not been controverted by the other side. In the majori ty judgment also it has not been stated that the averments are factually untrue. [901D E] 3. That the matter of Narpat Singh was not argued on its individual merits is correct. Unless the factual averments made in Para 9 of the Review Petition are shown to be un true	 these may be considered adequate to vitiate the im pugned order on the ground that it manifests non application of mind and is built on 'no evidence '. [902C] 4. In the majority judgment the proposition. of law has been enunciated that the pleasure under Article 310(1) can be exercised even by an authority specified in the Act or rules made under the proviso to Article 309. [902D E] 5. The power under Article 310(1) is exercisable even by the President or Governor	 not on his personal satisfaction	 but with the aid and on the advice of the Council of Minis ters. Can the same power be exercised by a Divisional Me chanical Engineer or any other lower functionary acting on his own	 there being no question of his acting with the aid or advice of the Council of Ministers? Can the D.M.E. who does not even act in the name of the President	 surrogate for the President? It is certainly an important Constitu tional issue which requires to be examined	 but has not been examined from this perspective though the point was debated. [903B D] 6. Will it not tantamount to speaking in two voices to hold that principles of Natural Justice need not be complied with even in regard to the quantum of punishment to be inflicted on a workman	 even though the law declared so far demands that even a black marketeer cannot be black listed without observing the principles of Natural Justice? Is a workman who 'sweats ' for the Nation not entitled to the same treatment as a black marketeer	 who 'bleeds ' the Nation? [903D E] 900 7. The workers certainly have a right to struggle and strive for economic justice in a country the Constitution of which in the Preamble	 proclaims it to be a "Sovereign SOCIALIST Secular Democratic Republic". Going on strike in the course of such a struggle cannot be characterized as holding the country to ransom and be frowned upon. Nor can they be condemned as seekers of private gain for endeavour ing to remove their economic distress and plight to bring about a just society. And it cannot be said on that account that it is not "reasonably practicable" to hold the enquiry in the case of any workman if there is a country wide gener al strike by workers. [904B 904D] 8. Article 311(2)(b) was surely not designed by the Founding Fathers in order to enable 'breaking ' of a strike called in support of workers ' demands for socio economic justice. The issue therefore deserves to be examined in the light of this perspective. [904D]