Summarize the following court judgment. ition No. 5545 of 1980. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.) Pankaj Malik and Mr. R. P. Singh for the Petitioners. section N. Kacker and Rathin Das for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by FAZAL ALI	 J. True to the spirit and letter of our Constitution and in fulfilment of the promises made by our national leaders to the people of India	 the Government sought to introduce agrarian 851 reforms so as to reserve the lands to the tillers of the soil giving marginal relief or compensation to the erstwhile landlords or tenants in chief	 through various statutes passed by almost all the States in the country. I n order to hasten and safeguard the agrarian reforms the Constitution takes full care by virtue of the insertion of the directive principles of Stale policy contained in part IV	 which are undoubtedly the heart and soul of our Constitution and have in fact been complied with in a variety of spheres. Ceaseless attempts made by the landlords to challenge the constitutional validity of the aforesaid reforms met with little success. Having failed in their attempts to undo the socialist reforms passed for the purpose of building an egalitarian society and bringing about marked improvement in the condition of the poor suffering tillers by the various Acts passed by the States	 the landlords left no stone unturned and were always on the look out for an opportunity to ' seize the lands from the tenants on one pretext or the other through manpowers muscle power or money power. Nevertheless	 the constitutional validity of most of the Acts came up for decision in the High Courts and in this Court and by and large each one of them was held to be constitutionally valid	 thus setting at naught the attempts of the landlords to take back possession of the lands which should have been given to the tillers of the soil long before. The landlords were thus unable to get hold of any opportunity to pounce upon the land which went and should have gone to the actual tillers of the soil. Thereafter	 some of the bigger landlords tried through their dextrous methods aud legal ingenuity to defeat the laudable social endeavour of the Government by making a show of the so called complete destruction of their assess and properties reducing them to starvation. This case is yet another glaring illustration of such an adroit attempt made by the tenants in chief to deprive the actual tillers of the rights conferred on them by the Land Reforms Acts of West Bengal passed from 1953 to 1977. In view	 however	 of the modern trends of the decisions of this Court	 which always made a practical and pragmatic approach to any progressive step taken by the Parliament	 the attempts of the landlords ultimately proved to be a grotesque failure. Coming now to the facts of the case	 a brief history of the admirable object of the agrarian reforms introduced by the Government of West Bengal may be necessary as a prelude to our discussion of the subject	 In fact	 all the contentions raised before us stand 852 concluded by a recent decision of this Court as we shall show hereafter. Not content with the addition of Art.31C of the Constitution which was introduced by the constitution (25th Amendment) Act	 1971	 the petitioners chose to call into aid the decisions of this Court in Minerva Mills Ltd. vs Union of India & Ors and Waman Rao & Ors. vs Union of Indian & Ors	 which also proved to be an exercise futility because the ratio of	 these cases is in no way of any assistance to the petitioners. In the instant case	 we are concerned with agrarian reforms achieved from time to time by the Government of West Bengal in order to improve the lot of the tillers of the land by giving them as many facilities as could be possible within the framework of the law and the Constitution. Having realised that the West Bengal Estates Acquisition 'Act	 1953 (hereinafter referred to as the '1953 Act ') could not be challenged the landlords waited for future litigations swoop down on the validity of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act	 1955 (hereinafter referred to as the '1955 Act ') as amended by the West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act	 1972 and the West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act	 1977 (for facility	 to be referred to as the 'Amendment Act of 1972 ' and 'Amendment Act of 1977 ' respectively). In the first round which was the subject matter of a decision of this Court Sri Sri Kalimata Thakurani and Sri Sri Raghunath Jew & Ors. etc. vs Union of India & Ors. to which one of us Fazal Ali	 J.) was a party	 this Court negatived the constitutional objections and contentions raised by the landlords against the reforms introduced by the 1955 Act and the 1972 and 1977 Amendment Acts. Unfortunately	 however	 there appears to be some small lacuna in the above judgment which was unhesitatingly exploited by the petitioners so as to attempt to destroy the progressive amendments of 1972 and 1977 particularly taking advantage of certain observations made in that case to which we shall come later. To begin with	 in the 1953 Act which was enforced with effect from 12th February	 1954	 Section 4 introduced a more or less radical reform for the benefit of the actual tillers by abolishing the rights of 853 the intermediary (ex landlords). By virtue of this section all estates and the rights of every intermediary was to vest in the State free from all encumbrances from a date mentioned in a notification issued by the Government. In order	 however	 to be just and fair to the erstwhile landlords they were conferred the status of raiyats or tenants. By virtue of section 6 they were entitled to retain certain categories of lands like lands comprised in home steads or ' appertaining to buildings and structures	 etc.	 of non agricultural land in khas possession. Section 6(d) expressly provided that so far as agricultural land in khas	 possession was concerned it would not exceed twenty five acres in area to be chosen by the landlord. No serious grievance was made before us regarding the provisions of sections 4 to 6 excepting that the ceiling of twenty five acres was not sufficient for the landlords to make both their ends meet and enable them to earn their livelihood Such a plea has to be stated only to be rejected because the landlords who had huge lands comprising home stead lands or those appertaining to buildings or structures and non agricultural lands in khas possession were not at all touched by the 1953 Act. In these circumstance therefore	 we do not take any serious notice of this grievance which in fact was not pressed before us. Realising the current trends in the social	 approach of the agrarian reforms made by the courts	 the counsel for the petitioners confined his arguments to three infirmities from which the 1953 Act and the 1972 and 1977 Amendment Acts suffered. However	 during the course of arguments the challenge remained confined only to certain specific amendments made by the 1972 and 1977 Amendment Acts and the points raised before us may be summarised thus: (1) that the total ceiling area allowed to be retained by the 1953 Act in respect of agricultural land in khas possession of the raiyats was drastically reduced	 (2) that although the status of raiyats was conferred on the erstwhile landlords which was heritable and transferable	 the institution of bargardars was introduced in order to enable the raiyats to cultivate their lands on a 50:50 basis	 and ' (3) that while the Amendment Act of 1972 had given a right to the raiyats to resume the lands given to the 854 bargardars for their personal cultivation	 the subsequent amendments took away this right and made the right of the bargardar both heritable and transferable causing serious detriment and prejudice to the raiyats. We now proceed to refer only to those provisions whose constitutional validity has been seriously challenged by the petitioners. It appears that by the 1972 Amendment Act certain changes were made and a reference was made particularly to section 14M which may be extracted thus "14M. Ceiling area (1) The ceiling area shall be	 (a) in the case of a raiyat	 who is an adult unmarried person	 2.50 standard hectares; (b) in the case of a raiyat	 who is the sole surviving member of a family	 2.50 standard hectares; (c) in the case of a raiyat having a family consisting of two or more but not more than five members	 5.00 standard hectares; (d) in the care of a raiyat having a family consisting of more than five members	 5.00 standard hectares	 plus 0.50 standard hectare for each member in excess of five	 so	 however that the aggregate of the ceiling area for such raiyat shall not	 in any case	 exceed 7.00 standard hectares	 (e) in the case of any other raiyat	 7.00 standard hectares; (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub section (1)	 where	 in the family of a raiyat	 there are more raiyats than one	 the ceiling area for the raiyat	 together with the ceiling area of all the other raiyats in the family shall not	 in any case	 exceed	 (a) where the number of members of such family does not exceed five	 5.00 standard hectares; 855 (b) where such number exceeds five	 5.00 standard hectares	 plus 0.50 standard hectare for each member in excess of five	 so	 however	 that the aggregate of the ceiling area shall not	 in any case	 exceed 7.00 standard hectares. (3) For the purpose of sub section (2)	 all the lands owned individually by the members of a family or jointly by some or all the members of such family shall be deemed to be owned by the raiyats in the family. " It was submitted that the drastic reduction of the area of the raiyat has been reduced to 2.50 standard hectares being the minimum and 7.00 standard hectares being the maximum according to the nature of cases mentioned in cls.(a) to (e) of section 14M(I) and cls.(a) and (b) of section 14M(2)	 as extracted above	 which worked serious injustice to the tenants. A strong exception was taken to the amendment of s.17 of the 1955 Act particularly the substitution of s.17.(c) and the various provisos to that section. The validity of s.17(6) was also challenged on the ground that the legislation was confiscatory. The provisions of the proviso to cl.(8) of s.2 added by the 1977 Amendment Act to the 1955 Act was seriously assailed. The said proviso runs thus: "Provided that such person or member of his family resides for the greater part of the year in the locality where the land is situated and the principal source of his income is produced from such land. " A similar challenge was made to the addition of s.21B in the 1955 Act by the 1977 Amendment Act. On similar grounds the aforesaid provisions were also challenged in the decision of this Court in Sri Sri Kalimata Thakurani 's case (supra) which did not meet with any success. It was	 however	 pointed out by the counsel for the petitioners that this Court did not accept the arguments of the petitioners in that case because it was under an erroneous impression that the 1955 Act and the Amendment Acts of 1972 and 1977 were added to the Ninth Schedule in the Constitution of India and were 856 therefore	 immune from challenge. To some extent the counsel is right in his statement that such an inadvertent mistake has crept in due to oversight because the 1955 Act and the Amendment Acts of 1972 and 1977 were added to the ninth Schedule by the 4th Amendment of the Constitution of 1976 being entry numbers 181 to 185. Hence	 it could	 be reasonably argued that the constitutional validity ' of the provisions	 mentioned above	 was justiciable and could be gone into. Before dealing with these arguments it may be necessary to extract certain portions of the decision of this Court in Sri Sri Kalimata Thakurani 's case (supra) where this Court after dealing with the various provisions ' observed thus: "In the instant case	 it is clear that the 1955 Act as also the Amendment Act of 1972 were added to the Ninth Schedule	 being entry Nos. 80 and 81	 prior to April 24	 1973. In these circumstances	 it is manifest that the aforesaid Acts are completely immune from challenge on the ground that they are violative of any of the rights enshrined in Part III of the Constitution. The learned counsel for the petitioner	 therefore	 was fully justified in making the concession before us. " The error is undoubtedly there but neither the counsel for the petitioners nor the counsel for the respondent drew our attention to this omission. Even if the Acts were not included in the Ninth Schedule their constitutional validity could not be questioned because this Court has clearly held in Sri Sri Kalimata Thankurani 's case that the provisions are otherwise reasonable and give full effect to the pragmatic and socialistic approach	 where the following observations were made: "It would be seen that s.17 permits the cultivator to terminate the Cultivation of the land by bargardar and resume possession under his own cultivation if the conditions mentioned in clauses (a)	 (b) and (d) of sub section (l) of section 17 are satisfied. Clause (d) may be extracted thus: "That the person owning the land requires it bonafide for bringing it under personal cultivation." "Thus	 the cultivator has a	 right to get back the land for personal cultivation if he requires it for his bona fide 857 use and proves the some to the satisfaction of the authority appointed under s.17(1). " Referring to some of the provisions of the 1972 Amendment Act this Court held that the provision by which the right of bargardar was protected and made heritable could not be challenged as being either unconstitutional	 unreasonable or arbitrary. ' But this Court made some observations which were in favour of the petitioner and which may be extracted as follows . "But when the Bargardor on his	 own volition surrenders or abandons the land	 there is no reason why the tenant should not be allowed to resume ' cultivation and instead be compelled to get the land cultivated by some other person nominated by the authority concerned under s.49 of the 1955 Act. This provision therefore appears to us to be extremely harsh and works serious injustice to the rights of the tenants particularly after the ceiling are of the tenant has been considerably reduced by the Amendment Act of 1972. Thus	 the tenant having a small area guaranteed to him for his unit	 he should have at least fuller and more effective rights to get that area cultivated by him or even 'by a bargardar of his choice subject to resuming the same	 if the bargardar surrenders or abandons the land. . Unfortunately	 however	 though the provisions of sub sections (3)	 (4) and (5) of s.20B	 which is only a penal section) perilously border on arbitrariness and amounts to serious curbs on the fundamental right of the cultivator to pursue his occupation	 we cannot however strike down these provisions because they are contained in the Amendment Act of 1972 which has been placed in the Ninth Schedule prior to April 54	 1973	 and therefore fall within the protective umbrella and are immune from challenge. " A capital was therefore made out of the above observations in Sri . Sri Kalimata Thakurani 's case. Reliance was also placed on a decision of this Court in Sasanka Sekhar Maity & Ors	 v Union of India & Ors where A.P. Sen	 J.	 speaking for the Court	 made the following observations: 858 In order	 therefore	 to reconcile the fundamental rights of the community as a whole with the individual rights of the more fortunate section of the community	 it was fundamentally necessary to make the impugned legislation to secure to a certain extent the rights of that part of the community which is denied its legitimate share in the means of livelihood. "The broad objectives or any	 legislation relating to agrarian reforms are materially four	 viz.	 (I) to maximise the agricultural output and productivity	 (2) a fair and equitable distribution	 of agricultural income	 (3( increase in employment opportunities	 and (4) a social or ethical order. Though the abolition of the zamidari system in the State of West Bengal was an important step forward	 the feudal structure remained so far as the peasants were concerned. These objectives have been achieved through progressive legislation " These observations put the petitioners completely out of court demolish the contentions advanced before us. The four objectives mentioned by Sen	J. in the passage extracted above are clearly brought out and implemented by virtue of the impugned amendments in the 1955 Act. So far as the decision in the case of Sri Sri Kalimata Thakurani (supra) is concerned	 in view of the crystallisation of the law in Minerva Mills	 Waman Rao (supra) and Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Co. vs M/S. Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. & Anr. cases which have been followed and amplified is the recent decision of this Court in State of Tamil Nadu 	 etc vs L Abu Kavur Bai & Ors. the matter is no longer res integra and even if there was an inadvertent error in the observations of this Court in Sri Sri Kalimata Thakurani 's case	 the same has become redundant as the impugned provisions can be supported as squarely falling within the four corners of Art.39(b) of the Constitution as the intention of the Acts is to secure and promote the objectives contained in Art.39(b). In this connection	 we might extract a few observations from L. Abu Kavur Bai Ors (supra): 859 "In view of Art.31C	 which gives protective umbrella against Art.31(2) also	 the Court cannot strike down the Act merely because the compensation for taking over the transport services or its units is not provided for. The reason for this is that Art.31C was not merely a pragmatic approach to socialism but imbibed a theoretical aspect by which all means of production	 key industries	 mines	 minerals	 public supplies	 utilities and services may be taken gradually under public ownership. management and control. " It was further argued by the petitioners that there was no clear nexus between the Act and the objectives contained in Art.39(b). We are	 however	 unable to agree with this argument because the question of nexus has been clearly expounded by this Court both in the Minerva Mills and Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Co. 's cases as also in the case of L. Abu Kavaur Bai & Ors. (supra) where a Constitution Bench of this Court	 speaking through one of us (Fazal Ali	J.)	 made the following observations: D "Another important facet of Art.31C which has been emphasised by this Court is that there should be a close nexus between the statute passed by the legislature and the twin objects mentioned in clauses (b) and (c) of Art.39. In approaching this problem and considering the question of nexus a narrow approach ought not to be made because it is well settled that the courts should interpret a constitutional provision in order to suppress the mischief and advance the object of the Act. The doctrine of nexus cannot be extended to such an extreme limit that the very purpose of Art.39(b)&(c) is defeated If the nexus is present in the law then the protection of Art.31C becomes complete and irrevocable. " It was also argued that by virtue of the various amendments made by the 1972 and 1977 Amendment Acts no process of distribution is involved. This argument cannot be accepted in view of the observations of this Court by Krishna Iyer	J. in State of Karnataka vs Ranganatha Reddy & Anr. where the learned Judge observed as follows: 860 "The next question is whether nationalisation can have nexus with distribution. To 'distribute '; even in its simple dictionary meaning	 is to allot to divide into classes or into groups and 'distribution ' embraces arrangement	 classification	 placement	 disposition	 apportionment	 the way in which items	 a quantity	 or the like is divided or apportioned; the system of dispersing goods throughout a community. ' ' The above observations were followed and amplified in L. Abu Kavur Bai ' case (supra) thus: "It is obvious	 therefore	 in view of the vast range of transactions contemplated by the word 'distribution ' as mentioned in the dictionaries referred to above	 it will not be correct to construe the word 'distribution ' in a purely literal sense so as to mean only division of a particular persons. The words	 apportionment	 allotment	 allocation	 classification	 clearly fall within the broad sweep of the word 'distribution '. So construed	 the word 'distribution ' as used in Art.39(b) will include various facets	 aspects	 method and terminology of a broad based concept of distribution In view of the aforesaid observations	 the challenge to the impugned provisions of the Acts no longer survives. Moreover	 what could have been a better mode of distribution contemplated by Art.39(b) than to take away the surplus agricultural lands from the landlords and distribute it amongst the poor suffering landless tillers of the soil who had suffered for centuries as vassals slaves of the rich zamindars	 The Acts have not touched the non agricultural homestead lands or buildings 'standing thereon but has taken over only a major portion of the agricultural lands	 leaving with the landlords a portion prescribed within the ceiling limit	 and distributed the excess to the tillers of the soil which along constitute their main source of sustenance and livelihood. The claim of the raiyats (erstwhile landlords that the Acts amount to confiscation is absolutely untenable and	 if we dare say	 it amounts only to shedding of crocodile tears and an anathema or a taboo. We are therefore convinced that the impugned amendments were manifestly and pointedly made for the purpose of giving effect to and securing the 861 Objects of Art.39(b) because these Acts clearly intended to distribute the material resources of toe community	 viz.	 the agricultural lands to a large number of tillers of the soil. in order to serve the common good of the aforesaid people. The challenge to the impugned Acts and amendments must therefore fail as the amendments fall within the letter and spirit. Of Art.39(b). Finally	 it was suggested that the provision of the amendment by which the raiyat is enjoined to reside In the village itself for a large part of the year seems to be harsh and arbitrary. This argument does not hold any water for two reasons (1) that when once it is found that the Act is meant to promote and effectuate the objectives contained in Art.39(b)	 which is no doubt the case here	 no other ground of challenge would survive because by virtue of Art.31C any Act which seems to secure the objects of Art.39(b) cannot be challenged being violative of article 14	 19 or 31. (2) Secondly	 the provision that the land owner should reside in the village is both salutary and beneficial	 the object being that if a raiyat wants to cultivate his own land he must give his whole hearted attention to the said land instead of living the village and carrying on other avocations of life. One of us	 (Fazal Ali	J.) had clearly adverted to this aspect of the matter in Sri Sri Kalimata Thakurani 's case (supra) and observed h as follows: "The dominant object of the proviso is to abolish the age old institutions of absentee land holder by insisting that the cultivator to whom land is allotted must give full and complete attention to the soil and as a result of. which there will be maximum utilisation of the agricultural resources which would increase production. . It is obvious that the tenant has to remain in the village for the purpose of cultivating the lands. sowing the seeds	 growing it and harvesting it. These processes would doubtless requires the presence of the tenant for a greater part of the year which is that the proviso predicates. If 862 the tenant is permitted to leave the village for more than half the year then the very purpose of giving such a vast area for cultivation to a tenant will be foiled Moreover the proviso merely insists that the tenant should remain in the village or its periphery for 'greater part of the year ' which appears to be not only responsible but absolutely essential if the land has to be cultivated in a scientific manner in order to yield the maximum possible production	 which would result in better and equitable distribution of agricultural products for the use of the people of the country. " For the reasons given above all the contentions raised by the petitioners fail and the writ petition is dismissed but without any order as to costs. S.R. Petitions dismissed.

The petitioners	 in this round of challenge assailed the validity of Section 14M	 17(c)	 17(6) and 21 B of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act	 calling to their aid certain observations made by this Court in Sri Sri Kalimata Thakurani and Sri Sri Raghunath Jain & Ors etc vs Union of India & Ors. ; and the decisions in Minerva Mills Ltd. vs Union of India & Ors. [1981] 1 S.C.R. 206 and Waman Rao & Ors. vs Union of India & Ors. ; The petitioners raised the following points: (i) that the total ceiling area allowed to be retained by the 1953 Act in respect of agricultural land in Khas possession of the Raiyats was drastically reduced; (ii) that although the status of Raiyats was conferred on the erstwhile landlords which was heritable and transferable	 the institution of bargards was introduced in order to enable the raiyats to cultivate their lands on a 50:50 basis and	 (iii) that while the Amendment Act of 1972 had given a right to the raiyats to resume the lands given to the bargardars for their personal cultivation; the subsequent amendments took away this right and made the right of the bargardar both heritable and transferable causing serious detriment and prejudice to the raiyats. Dismissing the petitions	 the Court. ^ HELD :1.1 The impugned amendments were manifestly and pointedly made for the purpose of giving effect to and securing the objects of Article 39(b) because these Acts clearly intended to distribute the material resources of the community viz	 the agricultural lands to a large number of tillers of the soil in order to serve the common good on the aforesaid people. The Amendments fall within the letter and spirit of Article 39(b) of the Constitution. 1 lie Acts have not touched the non agricultural home stead lands	 or buildings of the Land owners standing thereon but has taken over only a major portion of the agricultural lands	 leaving with the landlords a portion prescribed within the 850 ceiling limit and distributed the excess to the tillers of the soil which alone constitute their main source of sustenance and livelihood. The claim of the raiyats (erstwhile landlords) that the Acts amount to confiscation is absolutely untenable and amounts only to shedding crocodile tears and an anathema or taboo. [860 H; 861 A B; 860 G] 1.2 The error regarding the addition of Amending Acts as items of Entry in the Ninth Schedule was inadvertently crept in the decision of Sri Sri Kalimata Thakarani 's case. Even if the Acts were not included in the Ninth Schedule their constitutional validity could not be questioned because the provisions are otherwise reasonable and give full effect to the pragmatic and socialistic approach as contained in Article 39(b) of the Constitution. Sri Sri Kalimata Thakurani and Sri Sri Raghunath Jew and Ors vs Union of India & Ors. [1981]2 S.C.R 950 Minerva Mills Ltd vs Union of India and Ors ; ; Waman Rao & Ors v Union of India & Ors ; Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Co vs M/s Bharat Coking Coal Ltd and Anr 	 Sasanka Sekhar Maity & Ors	 Union of India & Ors	 ; 	 State of Tamil Nadu etc vs L. Abu Kavur Bai and Ors CA Nos 957 966 (N) of 1973 decided on 31 10 83 followed. 1.3 The Amendment Acts cannot be challenged as violative of the doctrine of nexus or involving no process of distributions; State of Karnataka v Rangnatha Reddy & Anr ; 	 Minerva Mills Ltd vs Union of India & Ors ; 	 Sanjeeva Coke Manufacturing Co. vs M/s Bharat Coking Coal Ltd and Anr 	 and State of Tamilnadu etc vs L. Abukavar Bai & Ors C.A. No. 957 966 (N) of 1973 decided on 31 10 1983 followed. 1.4 The provisions of the Amendment by which the raiyat is enjoined to reside in the village itself for a large part of the year cannot be said to be either harsh or arbitrary. Sri Sri Kalimata Thakurani etc. vs Union of India & Ors. [1981]2 S.C.R. 950	 applied.