Summarize the following court judgment. N: Writ Petition Nos 446 of 1971 and 86 of 1972. (Under article 32 of the Constitution for the enforcement of fundamental rights). Civil Appeals Nos. 1319 and 1320 of 1968. From the Judgment and Order dated the 22nd March	 1968 of the Delhi High Court in Writ Petitions Nos. 798 D and 800 D of 1966. N.D. Karkhanis and Ram Lal	 for the petitioner (in W.P. 446/71 N. D. Karkhanis	 Balram Sanghai	 A. T. M. Sampath	 M. M. L Srivastava and E. C. Agarwala	 for the petitioner (in W.P. 86/72). F. section Nariman	 Additional Solicitor General of India	 B. B. Ahuja and section P. Nayar	 for the respondents (in both W.Ps.) M.C. Chagla	 L. M. Singvi	 section Sadhu Singh	 Jagmohan Khanna R. N. Kapoor	 Nirmala Gupta and Mohinder Kaur and Veena Dev Talwar	 for the respondents (in appeals). F.S. Nariman	 Additional Solicitor General of India	 section T. Desai. B.B. Ahuja and section P. Nayar	 for the respondents. (in appeals) The Judgment of the Court was delivered by PALEKAR	 J. In these proceedings two of them Writ Petition under Article 32 of the Constitution and two others which are appeal from orders passed by the Delhi High Court under Article 226relief is claimed in respect of action taken under section 132 of the Income tax	 Act	 1961 (hereinafter called the Act) by way of search and seizure of certain premises on the ground that the authorisation for the search as also the search and seizure were illegal. The challenge was based on constitutional and non constitutional grounds For the appreciation of the constitutional grounds it is not necessary to give here the detailed facts of the four cases. It is sufficient to state that in all these cases articles consisting of account books and documents and in the Writ Petitions	 also cash	 jewelry and other valuables	 were seized by the Income tax authorities purporting to act under the	 authorisation for search and seizure issued under section 132 of the Act. Broadly speaking the constitutional challenge is directed against sub sections (1) and	(5) of section 132 of the Act and incidentally also against rule 112A on the ground that these provisions are violative of the fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 14	 19(1) (f) (g) and 31 of the Constitution. The non constitutional grounds of challenge are based up on allegations to the effect that the search and seizure were not in accordance with section 132 read with Rule 112. This challenge will have to be considered in the background of the facts of the individual cases. 707 Chapter XIII of the Act deals with Income	 tax authorities. their 	powers and jurisdictions. The heirarchy of authorities as given in section 116 shows that the class of authorities designated as Director of Inspection is shown below the Central Board of Direct Taxes and above the class of authorities known as Commissioner of Income tax. The other authorities mentioned are Assistant Commissioners of Income tax. Income tax Officers	 and Inspectors of Income tax. Section 117 shows by whom these various authorities are to be appointed. Section 118 deals with subordination and control. Section 119 deals with the powers of the higher authorities to give instructions and directions to subordinate authorities. Under section 120 Directors of Inspection have to perform such functions of any other Income tax authority as may be assigned to them by the Board. The Board	 it is clear	 might assign to the Director of Inspection the functions of any other authority under the Act. We	 may then turn to part 'C ' of this Chapter which deals with the powers. Section 131 says that the authorities from the Commissioner down to the Income tax Officer shall have the same powers as are vested in a court under the Code of Civil Procedure in respect of several matters including the enforcing of attendance of any person or compelling the production of books of account and other documents. Section 132 provides for search and seizure. It appears that under section 37(2) of the Income tax Act	 1922 a limited Power of search and seizure had been first given to the Income tax authorities in 1966. The present Income tax Act initially gave that power under section 132 on the same lines as the old section 37(2). But there were further amendments in section 132 in 1964 and 1965. Under the amendment of 1965	 two sections namely sections 132 and 132A were substituted for the original section 132. We are concerned with these sections and it will be therefore	 necessary in the first instance to reproduce the same "132. (1) Where the Director of Inspection or the Commissioner. in consequence of information in his possession	 has reason to believe that (a) any person to whom a summon under sub section (1) of section 37 of the Indian Income tax Act	 1922 (XI of 1922) or under sub section (1) of section 131 of this Act	 or a notice under sub section (4) of section 22 of the Indian Income tax Act	 1922	 or under sub section (1) of section 142 of this Act was issued to produce	 or cause to be produced	 any books of account or other documents has omitted or failed to produce	 or cause to be produced	 such books of account or other documents as required by such summons or notice	 or (b) any person to whom a "summons" or notice as aforesaid has been or might be issued will not	 or would 708 not	 produce or cause to be produced	 any books of account or other.documents which will be useful for	 or relevant to	 any proceedings under the Indian Income tax Act	 1922 (XI of 1922) or under this Act	 or (c) any person is in possession of any money	 bullion jewelry or other valuable article or thing and such money	 bullion	 jewelry or other valuable article or thing represents either wholly or partly in come or property which has not been disclosed for the purposes of the Indian income tax Act	 1922 (XI of 1922)	 or this Act (hereinafter in this section referred to as the undisclosed income or property). he may authorise any Deputy Director. of Inspection	 Ins pecting Assistant Commissioner	 Assistant Director of Ins pection or Income tax Officer (hereinafter referred to as the authorised officer) to (i) enter and search any building or place where he has reason to suspect that such books of account	 other documents	 money	 bullion	 jewelry or other valuable article or things are kept; (ii) break open the lock of any door	 box	 locker	 safe	 almirah or other receptacle for exercising the powers conferred by clause (i)	 where the keys thereof are not available. (iii) seize any such books of account	 other documents	 money	 bullion	 jewelry or other valuable. article or thing found as a result of such search; (iv) Place marks of identification on any books of account or other documents or make or cause to be made extracts or copies therefrom; (v) make a note on an inventory of any such money. bullion	 jewelry or other valuable article or thing. (2) The authorised officer may requisition the services of any police officer or of any officer of the. Central Government	 or of both	 to assist him for all or any of the purposes specified in sub section (1) and it shall be the duty of every such officer to comply with such requisition. (3) The authorised officer may	 where it is not practicable to seize any such books of account	 other document	 money		bullion	 jewelry or other valuable article or thing	 serve an order on the owner	 or the person who is in imme diate possession or control thereof that he shall not remove	 part with or otherwise deal with it except with the previous permission of such officer and such officer may take such steps as may be necessary for ensuring compliance with this sub section	. 709 (4) The authorised officer may	 during the course of the search or seizure	 examine on oath any person who is found to be in possession or control of any books of account	 documents	 money	 bullion	 jewelry or other valuable	 article or thing and any statement made by such person during such examination may thereafter be used in evidence in any proceedings under the Indian Income tax Act	 1922 (XI of 1922)	 or under this Act. (5) Where any money	 bullion	 jewelry or other article or thing (hereinafter in this section and section 132A referred to as the assets) is seized under sub section (1)	 the Income tax Officer	 after affording a reasonable opportunity to the person concerned for being heard and making such enquiry as may be prescribed	 shall	 within ninety days of the seizure	 make an order	 with the previous approval of the Commissioner (i) estimating the undisclosed income (including the income from the undisclosed property) in a summary manner to the best of his judgment on the basis of such materials as are available with him; (ii) calculating the amount of tax on the income so estimated in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Income tax Act	 1922 (XI of 1922) or this Act; (iii) Specifying the amount that will be required to satisfy any existing liability under this Act and any one or more of the Acts specified in clause (a) of subsection (1) of section 230A in respect of which such person is in default or ' is deemed to be in default	 and retain in his custody such assets or part thereof as are in his opinion sufficient to satisfy the aggregate of the amounts referred to in clauses (ii) and (iii) and forthwith release the remaining portion	 if any	 of the assets to the person from whose custody they were seized; Provided that if	 after taking into account the materials available with him	 the Income tax Officer is of the view that it is not possible to ascertain to which particular previous year or years such income or any part thereof relates	 he may calculate	the tax on such income or part	 as the case may be	 as if such income or part were the total income chargeable to tax at the rates in force in the financial year in which the assets were seized; Provided further that where a person has paid or made satisfactory arrangements for payment of all the amounts referred to in clause (ii) and (iii) or any part thereof	 the Income tax Officer may	 with the previous approval of the Commissioner	 release the assets or such part thereof as he may deem fit in the circumstances of the case. 710 (6) The assets retained under sub section (5) may be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of section 132A. (7) If the Income tax Officer is satisfied that the seized assets or any part thereof were held by such person for or on behalf of any other person	 the Income tax Officer may proceed under sub section (5) against such other person and all the provisions of this section shall apply accordingly. (8) The books of account or other documents seized under sub section (1) shall not be retained by the authorised officer for a period exceeding one hundred and eighty days from the date of the seizure unless the reasons for retaining the same are recorded by him in writing and the approval of the Commissioner for such retention is obtained : Provided that the Commissioner shall not authorise the retention of the books of account and other documents for a period exceeding thirty days after all the proceedings under the Indian Income tax Act	 1922 (XI of 1922)	 or this Act in respect of the years for which the books of account or other documents are relevant are completed. (9) The person from whose custody any books of account or other documents are seized under sub section (1) may make copies thereof	 or take extracts therefrom	 in the presence of the authorised officer or any other person empowered by him in this behalf	 at such place and time as the authorised officer may appoint in this behalf. (10) If a person legally entitled to the books of account or	 other documents seized under sub section (1) objects for any reason to the approval given by the Commissioner under sub section (8)	 he may make an application to the Board stating therein the reasons for such objection and re questing for the return of the books of account or other documents. (11) If any person objects for any reason to an order made under sub section (5)	 he may	 within thirty days of the date of such order	 make an application to such authority	 as may be notified in this behalf by the	 Central Government in the Official Gazette (hereinafter in this section referred to as the notified authority	 stating therein the reasons for such objection and requesting for appropriate relief in the matter. (12) On receipt of the application under subsection (10) the Board	 or on receipt of the application under sub section (11) the notified authority	 may after giving the applicant an opportunity of being heard	 pass such orders as it thinks fit. 711 (13) The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 1898 (V of 1898)	 relating to searches and seizure shall apply	 so far as may be	 to searches and seizure under sub section (1). (14) The Board may make: rules in relation to any search or seizure under this section; in particular	 and without prejudice to (the generality of the foregoing power	 such rules may provide for the procedure to be followed by the authorised officer. (i) for obtaining ingress into such building or place to be searched where free ingress thereto is not available; (ii) for ensuring safe custody of any books of account or other documents or assets seized. Explanation 1. In computing the period of ninety days for the purposes of sub section (5)	 any period during which any proceeding under this section is stayed by an order or injunction of any Court shall be excluded. Explanation 2. In this section	 the word "proceeding" means any proceeding in respect of any year	 whether under the Indian Income tax Act. 1922 (XI of 1922) or this Act	 which may be pending on the date on which a search is authorised under this section or which may have been completed on or before such date and includes also all proceedings under this Act which may be commenced after such date in respect of any year. 132A. (1) The assets retained under sub section (5) of ' section 132 may be dealt with in the following manner	 namely (i) The amount of the existing liability referred to in clause (iii) of the said sub section and the amount of the liability determined on completion of the regular assessment or reassessment for all the assessment years relevant to the previous years to which the income referred to in clause (i) of that sub section relates	 and in respect of which he is in default or is deemed to be in default may be recovered out of such assets ' (ii) If the assets consist solely of money	 or partly of money and Partly of other assets	 the income tax Officer may apply such money in the discharge of the liabilities referred to in clause (i) and the assessee shall be discharged of such liability to the extent of the money so applied. (iii) The assets other than money may also be applied for the discharge of any such liability referred to in clause (i) as remains undischarged and for this purpose such 'assets shall be deemed to be under dist 712 raint as if such distraint was effected by the Income tax	 Officer under authorisation from the Commissioner under sub section (5) of section 226 and the Income tax Officer may recover the amount of such liabilities by the sale of such assets and such sale shall be effected in the manner laid down in the Third Schedule. (2) Nothing contained in sub section (1) shall preclude the recovery of the amount of liabilities aforesaid	 by any other mode laid down in this Act. (3) Any assets or proceeds thereof which remain after the liabilities referred to in clause (i) of sub section (1) are discharged shall be forthwith made	 over or paid to the persons from whose custody the assets were seized. (4) (a) The Central Government shall pay simple interest at the rate of nine per cent per annum on the amount by which the aggregate of money retained under section 132 and of the Proceeds	 if any	 of the assets sold towards the discharge of the existing liability referred to in clause (iii) of sub section (5) of that section exceeds the aggregate of the amounts required to meet the liabilities referred to in clause (i) of sub section (1) of this section. (b) Such interest shall run from the date immediately following the expiry of the period of six months from the date of the order under sub section (5) of section 132 to the date of the regular assessment or reassessment referred to in clause (i) of sub section (1) or as the case may be	 to the date of last of such assessments or reassessments. Rule 112 A which is also challenged as it prescribes the procedure for the enquiry under section 132(5) is as follows "112A. Inquiry under section 132(1) where any money	 bullion	 jewelry or other valuable article or thing (hereinafter referred to as assets) are seized	 the Income tax Officer shall within fifteen days of the seizure issue to the person in respect of whom enquiry under subsection (5) of section 132 is to be made requiring him on the date to be	 specified therein (not being earlier than fifteen days from the date of service of such notice) either to attend at the office of the Income tax Officer to explain or to produce or cause to be there produced evidence on which such person may rely for explaining the nature of the possession and the source of the acquisition of the assets. (2) The Income tax Officer may issue a notice to the person referred to in sub rule (1) requiring him on a date specified therein to produce or cause to be produced at such time and at such place as the Income tax Officer may specify such accounts or documents or evidence as the Income tax Officer may require and may from time to time issue further notices requiring production of such further accounts or documents or other evidence as he may require. 713 (3) The	 income	 tax Officer may examine on oath any other person or make such other inquiry as he may deem fit. (4) Before any material gathered in the course of the examination or inquiry under sub rule (3) is used by the Income tax Officer against the person referred to in sub rule (1) the Income tax Officer shall give a reasonable notice to that person to show cause why such material should be used against	 him. It will be seen in the first place that the power to direct a search and seizure is given to the Director of Inspection or the Commissioner. Secondly	 the authorisation for such search and seizure must be in favour of officers not below the grade of an Income tax Officer. Thirdly the power to authorise search and seizure can be exercised only when the Director of Inspection or the Commissioner has reason to believe (1) that in spite of the requisitions under the relevant provisions mentioned in section 132(1) (a) the required books and documents have not been produced; (2) that any person	 whether requisition under the above provisions is made or not	 will not	 or would not	 produce or cause	 to be produced	 any books of account and other documents. which will be useful for	 or relevant to	 any proceeding under the Income tax Act; or (3) that any person is in possession of any money	 bullion	 jewelry or any other valuable article or thing representing either wholly or partly undisclosed income or property. When the authorisation is given by the Director of Inspection or the Commissioner	 as the case may be	 it must be limited to the five	 purposes mentioned in sub clauses (i) to (v) of sub section (1). Sub section (14) provides for the making of rules in relation to any search or seizure. Accordingly	 rule 112 has been framed which says that the powers of search and seizure under section 132 shall be exercised in accordance with sub rules (2) to (14) under rule 112. These are detailed rules setting out the procedure for making the search and seizure and for the custody of what has been seized. Sub section (5) of section 132 deals with the special cases where	 on search	 money	 bullion	 jewelry and other valuables believed to be undisclosed income or property are seize d. What is seized cannot be kept by the departmental authorities with them indefinitely. Sub section (5) requires that a summary enquiry must be made by Income tax Officer with a view to ascertain how much of the seized valuable should be retained against unpaid tax dues. The balance must be forthwith released. the second proviso to sub section (5) further shows that the money and valuables may not also be retained by the Income tax Officer if the person	 concerned has paid or made satisfactory arrangements for payment of all the income tax dues which are summarily estimated under sub section (5). The summary enquiry under sub section (5) must be finished within 90 days of the seizure and the order which is made thereunder is subject to the previous approval of the Commissioner. Under sub section (6) of section 132 the assets retained 'under sub section (5) are to be dealt with in accordance with the provi sions of section 132 A 714 which clearly goes to show that the Income tax Officer shall proceed with the regular assessment or reassessment of the tax payable by the person concerned and after such assessment the amount of tax :so held payable is to be recouped from the assets retained under subsection 5 of section 132. The balance	 if any	 is to be returned with interest at the rate of 9% if the assessment and reassessment is not completed within six months of the date of the retention order made under sub section (5) of section 132. Even in regard to the books of account and other documents which are seized the authorised officer is not entitled to retain the same for. a period exceeding 180 days unless he records his reasons in writing for retaining the same and the Commissioner approves of the retention. The person from whose custody the books of account and other documents are seized	 is	 however	 entitled to receive copies or take extracts therefrom. Any person aggrieved by the retention of the documents is entitled to make a representation to the Board which is also the authority to which a representation could be made under sub section (11) by any person objecting to the order passed under sub section (5) retaining the assets. Broadly it will be seen that section 132 and rules 112 and 112A deal. with search and seizure and the disposal of articles seized after search. The challenge under Articles 19 and 14 is directed against sub sections (1) and (5) of section 132 and rule 112A. Dealing first with the challenge under article 19(1)(f) and (g) 	of the Constitution it is to be noted that the impugned provisions are evidently directed against persons who are believed on good grounds to have illegally evaded the payment of tax on their income and property. : Therefore	 drastic measures to get at such income and property with a view to recover the government dues would stand justified in themselves. When one has to consider the reasonableness of the restrictions or curbs placed on the freedoms mentioned in article 19(f) and (g)	 one cannot possibly ignore how such evasions eat into the vitals of	the economic life of the community. It is a well known fact of our economic life that huge sums of unaccounted money are in circulation endangering its very fabric. In a country which has adopted high rates	 of taxation a major portion of the unaccounted money should normally fill the Government coffers. Instead of doing so it distorts the economy. Therefore	 in the interest of the community it is only right that the fiscal authorities should have sufficient Powers to prevent tax evasion. Search and seizure are not a new weapon in the armory of those whose duty it is to maintain social security in its broadest sense. The Process is widely recognised in all civilized countries Our own 'Criminal Law accepted its necessity and usefulness in sections 96 to 103 and section 165 of the Criminal Procedure	 Code. In M. P. Sharma vs Satish Chandra(.) the challenge to the power of issuing a search warrant under section 96 (1) as violative of Article 19 (1) (f) was repelled on the ground that a power of search and seizure is in (1) ; 715 any system of jurisprudence an over riding power of the State for the protection of social security and that power is necessarily regulated by law. As pointed out in that case a search by itself is not a restriction on the right to hold and enjoy property though a seizure is a restriction on the right of possession and enjoyment of the property seized. That however	 is only temporary and for the limited purpose of investigation. Then the Court proceeds to say "A search and seizure is	 therefore	 only a temporary interference with the right to hold the premises searched and the articles seized. Statutory regulation in this behalf is necessary and reasonable restriction cannot per se. be considered to be unconstitutional. The damage	 if any	 caused by such temporary interference if found to be in excess of legal authority is a matter for redress in other proceedings. We are unable to see how any question of violation of article 19(1)(f) is involved in this case in respect of the warrants in question which purport to be under the first alternative of section 96(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code " p. 1081. Similar powers entrusted to those whose duty it was to enforce taxation laws were upheld by this Court in The Commissioner of Commercial Taxes and others vs R. section Jhaver and others(1). In that case section 41 of the Madras General Sales Tax Act of 1969 was. under challenge. It was held by this Court that an officer empowered by the Government under sub section (1) of section 41 was entitled to effect a search and seize goods and articles as provided in that section. Dealing with the question of search and seizure in a taxing statute the court observed at page 158 : "Now it has not been and cannot be disputed that the entries in the various Lists of the Seventh Schedule must be given the widest possible interpretation. It is also not in doubt that while making a law under any entry in the Schedule it is competent to the legislature to make all such incidental and ancillary provisions as may be necessary to effectuate the law; particularly it cannot be disputed that in the case of a taxing statute it is open to the legislature to enact provisions which would check evasion of tax. It is under this power to check evasion that provision for search and seizure is made in many taxing statutes. It must therefore be held that the legislature has power to provide for search and seizure in connection with taxation laws in order that evasion may be checked. " It is	 now too late in the day to challenge the measure of search and seizure when it is en trusted to income tax authorities with a view to prevent large sale tax evasion. Indeed the measure would be objectionable if its implement is not accompanied by safeguards against its undue and improper exercise. As a broad proposition it is now possible to state that if the safeguards are generally on the lines adopted by the 	 Criminal Procedure Code they would be regarded as adequate and render the temporary restrictions imposed by the measure reasonable. In the case just cited there was a proviso to sub section (2) of section 41 (1) (19681 (1) S.C.R. 148 716 which prescribed that all searches under the subsection shall	 so far as may be	 made in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure. After pointing out that section 165 of the Criminal Procedure Code would apply mutatis mutandis to searches made under sub section (2)	 this Court observed : "We are	 therefore	 of opinion that safeguards provided in section 165 also apply to searches made under sub section These safeguards are (i) the empowered officer must have reasonable grounds for believing that anything necessary for the purpose of recovery of tax may be found in any place within his jurisdiction (ii) he must be of the opinion that such thing cannot be otherwise got without undue delay	 (iii) he must record in writing the grounds of his belief	 and (iv) he must specify in such writing so far as possible the thing for which search is to be made	. After he has done these things	 he can make the search. These safeguards	 which in our opinion apply to searches under sub section (2) also clearly show that the power to search under sub section (2) is not arbitrary. In view of these safeguards and other safeguards provided in Chapter VII of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 which also apply so far as may be to searches made under sub section (2)	 we can see no reason to hold that the restriction	 if any	 on the right to hold property and to carry on trade	 by the search provided in sub section (2) is not a reasonable restriction keeping in view the object of the search	 namely	 prevention of evasion of tax. " We are	 therefore	 to see what are the inbuilt safeguards in section 132 of the Income tax Act. In the first place	 it must be noted that the power to order search and seizure is vested in the highest officers of the department. Secondly the exercise of this power can only follow a reasonable belief entertained by such officer that any of the three conditions mentioned in section 132(1) (a)	 (b) and (c)	 exists. In this connection it may be further pointed out that under sub rule (2) of rule 112	 the Director of Inspection or the Commissioner	 as the case may be	 has to record his reasons before the authorisation is issued to the officers mentioned in subsection (1). Thirdly	 the authorisation for the search cannot be in favour of any officer below the rank of an Income tax Officer. Fourthly	 the authorisation is for specific purposes enumerated in (i) to (v) in sub section (1) all of which are. strictly limited to the object of the search. Fifthly when money	 bullion etc. is seized the Income tax Officer is to make a summary enquiry with a view to determine how much of what is seized will be retained by him to cover the estimated tax liability and how much will have to be returned forthwith. The object of the enquiry under subsection (5) is to reduce the	 incon venience to the assessee as much as possible so that within a reasonable time what is estimated due to the Government may be retained and what should be returned to the assessee may be immediately returned to him. Even with regard to the	 books of account and documents seized	 their return is guaranteed after a reasonable time. In the meantime the person from whose custody they are seized is permitted to make copies and take extracts. Sixthly	 where money	 bullion etc. is seized	 it can also be. immediately returned to the person concerned after he makes appropriate provision for the pay 717 ment of the estimated tax dues under sub section (5) and lastly	 and this is most important	 the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code relating to search and seizure apply	 as far as they may be	 to all searches and seizures under section 132. Rule 112 provides for the actual search and seizure being made after observing normal decencies of behavior. The person in charge of the premises searched is immediately given a copy of the list of articles seized. One copy is forwarded to the authorising officer. Provision for the safe custody of the articles after seizure is also made in rule 112. In our opinion	 the safeguards are adequate to render the provisions of search and seizure as less onerous and restrictive as is possible under the cir cumstances. The provisions	 therefore	 relating to search and seizure in section 132 and rule 12 cannot be regarded as violative of articles 19(f) 'and (g). A minor point was urged in support of the above contention that section 132 contains provisions which are likely to affect even innocent persons. For example	 it was submitted	 an innocent person who is merely in custody of cash	 bullion or other valuables etc. not knowing that it was concealed income is likely to be harassed by a raid for the purposes of search and seizure. That cannot be helped. Since the object of the search is to get at concealed incomes	 any person	 who is in custody without enquiring about its true nature	 exposes himself to search. Sub section (4) of section 132 shows the way how such an innocent person can make the impact of the (search on him bearable. All that he has to do is to tell the facts to the searching officer explaining on whose behalf he held the custody of the valuables. It will be then for the Income tax Officer to ascertain the person concerned under sub section (5). It was next argued that the power for directing a search is given to an authority like the Director of Inspection who	 it is submitted	 is	 in the very nature of things	 incapable of forming any reasonable belief with regard to the requirements of section 132(1) (a) (b) & (c). The contention was that the assessee has no contact in the matter of assessment with the Director and	 therefore	 he can hardly entertain any belief	 reasonable or otherwise. It is conceded that the Income tax Officer or his superiors in the direct line	 like the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner or the Commissioner	 may be in a position to entertain the requisite belief on account of their having direct and first hand knowledge of the financial circumstances of the assessee	 the defaults he has committed or is likely to commit	 etc. But the Director of Inspection has no opportunity and is	 therefore	 thoroughly unable to form any opinion. This would only mean that any belief entertained by him would be an arbitrary belief and legis lation investing such an officer with the power to direct a search is per se unreasonable. in our opinions there is no substance in this argument. The Director of Inspection	 as already seen in section 116 of the Income tax Act	 is an officer in the Income tax Department next only in authority to the Board of Direct Taxes. Section 118 shows that all Inspecting Assistant Commissioners and Income tax officers	 besides being subordinate to the Commissioners	 are also subordinate to the Director of Inspection. Under section 119(2) 718 every income tax officer employed in the execution of the Act is required to observe and follow such instructions as May be issued to him for	 his guidance by the concerned Director of Inspection. Moreover under section 120 the Director of Inspection is required to perform such functions of any other income tax authority	 apparently	 including the Income tax Officers and his direct superiors	 as may	 be assigned to Mm by the Board. Under section 135 the Director of Inspection is competent to make any enquiry under the Act and for that purpose he is invested with all the Powers that an income	 tax Officer has under the Act in relation to the making of enquiries. It would	 therefore	 follow that in the course of his duties the Director of Inspection has ample opportunities to follow the course of Investigation and assessment carried on by the Incometax Officers and to check the information received from his sources with the actual material produced or not produced before the assessing authorities. It is not	 therefore	 correct to argue that the Director of Inspection could hardly be expected to entertain	 honestly	 any reasonable belief for the purposes of scetion 132(1) (a) (b) &(c). A subsidiary point relating to the entertainment of reasonable belief under section 132 was also raised by Mr. Karkhanis. He submitted that it was possible to say that the Director of Inspection or the Commissioner	 as the case may be	 could	 in conceivable cases	 entertain reason to believe the existence of conditions referred to in sub clauses (a) and (c) of sub section (1). For example	 where the necessary requisition is made under sub clause (a) the authority concerned may from the record ascertain whether the person to whom the requisition is issued has omitted or failed to produce or cause to be Produced the required documents. Similarly under sub clause (c) if the authority	 has received any secret information 	which	 in its opinion	 was reliable	 it may be possible for it to have reason to believe that any person is in possession 'of any money	 bullion	 jewellery etc. which is undisclosed income or property and such property is secreted in some place. But Mr. Karkhanis submitted that so far as sub clause (b) is concemed	 it win be impossible for one to say that the authority can reasonably entertain the belief that if a requisition is made the person concerned will not or would not produce or cause to be produced the required documents. In his submission	 the authority	 can entertain that belief only when a requisition is made and within reasonable time given the document is not produced. That is provided for in sub clause (a). But to say. that the authority can also have reason to believe that if a requisition is made the person concerned will not in future produce the document is	 according to Mr. Karkhanis	 a conclusion which is impossible to draw on any conceivable facts. We must say that if Mr. Karkhanis really thinks that there is substance in this argument	 than he must be blissfully unaware of the manner in which income tax is evaded. It is impossible to enumerate all the circumstances in which the necessary reasonable belief may be entertained under subclause (b). As an illustration	 however	 we may point out a case which fans completely under sub clause (b). An assessee may be 719 filing his returns from year to year regularly and his Assessments may be also completed in due course over years. Ms books of account and documents have been duly checked from year to year and the assessing officer is also completely satisfied that the returns are correct. But it might so happen that this apparently honest assessee has invested large funds in properties and other financial deals	 reliable information about which finds its way to the Director of Inspection. In such a case no oracle is needed to tell the Director of Inspection that if a requisition is made on the assessee to produce his documents in connection with these financial deals and investments	 the assessee will most certainly omit to produce or cause to be produced such documents. On the other hand	 there is danger that all these documents may be destroyed because the very fact that a requisition is made with a view to investigate concealed deals would put the assessee	 on his guard and the relevant documents may either disappear or be destroyed. Indeed	 it is possible that an assessee may	 after knowing that the game is up	 produce the requisite documents. But in the nature of things such an assessee would be rare. The question for us to consider is whether the authority under section 132(1) may entertain the reasonable belief that in such circumstances the assessee will not or would not produce the documents. In our opinion though in a very rare case a tax evader may comply with a requisition	 the Director of Inspection who has reliable information that the assessee has consistently concealed his income derived from certain financial deals may be justified in entertaining the reasonable belief that the assessee	 if called upon to produce the necessary documents	 will not produce the same. There is no substance	 therefore	 in the contention that sub clause (b) has over reached itself. The argument that section 132(5) is confiscatory in its effect has also no force. It must be remembered that the object of this provision is to expedite the return of the seized assets after retaining what is due by way of tax to Government and has been illegally withheld by the person concerned. The seizure of the assets has been made in the belief	 honestly held	 that the assets represents undisclosed income or property. But the Income tax Officer cannot merely rest on this belief. He must take a summary enquiry after notice to the person concerned and the latter has an opportunity to show that he bad duly disclosed this income. If he cannot do this the officer is entitled to proceed on the basis that it is undisclosed income and on the relevant material make a broad estimate of the tax withheld The amount of such tax which truly belongs to Government is retained by the Income tax Officer and the balance forthwith	 released We do not see how this can be described as confiscation. In fact	 the second proviso to sub section (5) shows that the assessee can get a release of all the assets seized if he can make satisfactory arrange ments for the payment of the estimated dues. Moreover it must be noted that the enquiry under sub section (5) is no substitute	 for regular Assessment or reassessment. The Income tax Officer	 having jurisdiction	 will proceed with the assessment in due course and determine the correct amount of tax payable. In the meantime the assets retained are only by way of sequestration to meet the tax dues 6 784 Sup Cl/74 720 found to be eventually payable. if by reason of the enquiry under section 132(5)	 which is admittedly a summary enquiry	 an amount in excess of the dues is retained	 the same is liable to be returned with interest at 9 per cent under section 132A. We are not	 therefore	 inclined to hold that the restrictions placed by any of the provisions of section 132	 132A or rule 112A are unreasonable restrictions on the freedoms under section 19(1) (f) & (g) . It was next argued that sections 132(1)	 and (5) are violative of the fundamental right under Article 14 on the ground (1) that they make unjust discrimination between evaders of tax	 distinguishing those who are believed to be	 in possession of undisclosed income or property from those evaders of tax who are not believed to be in possession	 and (2) that although all evaders are liable to be proceeded against under section 147 of the Act	 yet only some of them who are found in possession of undisclosed income or property are .liable to be subjected to the procedure under section 132(5). We find no substance in this argument. All evaders of tax can be proceeded against under section 132. Only in some cases the	 search may be useful; in others it may not be. If the Director of Inspection gets timely information about the undisclosed income. and its location	 he can direct a search and seizure. Otherwise	 it is futile to direct a search and seizure because the whole maneouvre will be fruitless. The provision for seizure is designed with the object of getting at the 'income which has been concealed illegally by the	 assessee. Only when he is honestly satisfied that some undisclosed income of a person is likely to come to his hands if a search is directed	 he	 will be in a position to issue the necessary authorisation. He cannot	 however	 direct a search in respect of an evader of tax who is astute	 enough to spend all his income or otherwise make it impossible to be traced. For the purposes of section 147 of the Act all evaders of tax are subject to the same procedure for assessment of tax including those against whom action is taken under section 132. Assessees whose assets could be seized for the recovery of their tax liabilities do not stand in a different class	 as such	 but stand in a different situation from those others against whom the search and seizure process	 though available	 is futile. The finding of undis closed income in the form of cash	 jewelry and the like makes the provision of sub section (5) imperative. The taxing authorities cannot keep the valuables with = indefinitely without	trying to see how much of what is now seized will go to the Government by way of tax. Therefore	 in fairness to the assessee	 sub section (5) has been deliberately introduced. In the nature of things such an enquiry is impossible in the case of tax evaders from whom nothing is or could be seized on a search. Sub section (5) of section 132 does not contemplate a different procedure in the matter of regular assessment. See section 132A which shows that those who are found in possession of undisclosed income on a seizure are liable to be regularly assessed or reassessed. Sub section (5) only contemplates a provisional summary enquiry 721 with a view to determine how much of the seized wealth can be legitimately and reasonably retained to cover the tax liability already incurred. Regular assessment follows under the law in the same manner as in the case of tax evaders who are not found in possession of concealed income. The utmost that can be said is that by reason of the seizure the Government is in a position to secure its tax dues before the regular assessment is concluded. But that does not introduce any different procedure for the regular assessment of such an assessee 's income which remains the same for all tax evaders. In one set of cases the fiscal authorities make sure of recoveries	 in the other	 they are unable to do so not because the provisions of section 132 do not operate on them	 but because action under that section by search and seizure is futile. Therefore	 there is no substance in the contention that two different procedures for assessment are adopted and hence there is a discrimination under Article 14. The plea on behalf of the assessees	 in effect	 only amounts to this "It is true that we are tax evaders. But if other evaders successfully dodge the collection of the tax by causing their concealed income to disappear	 why should we not get the same facility. " Some points of lesser substance were mentioned in the petition memos in support of the challenge under Articles 14 and 19(1)(f) and (g). They were		 however	 not urged at the time of the hearing	 as no the other grounds urged	 it was impossible to hold that the impugned provisions were violative of either Articles 14	 19 or 31. We may however	 mention in this context that these points had been raised in C. Venkata Reddy and Another vs Income tax Officer (Central) 1	 Bangalore	 and others(1) and in Ramjibhai Kalidas vs I G. Desai	 Income tax Officer	 and others(2) where they have been quite adequately dealt with and rejected. Apart from the constitutional challenge there was also a further challenge on the ground that the actual search and seizure in all these cases	 being in contravention of the requirements of section 132 and rule 112 was illegal. Several allegations have been made of malafides	 high handedness	 oppressive behavior and the like and we shall have to deal with them on the facts of each case. But so far as the two Civil Appeals are concerned	 it appears to us that it is not necessary to enter into the question of the alleged illegalities. The High Court has not done so. The relief claimed in those petitions in the High Court was for the	 return of the account books and documents which had been seized and it would appear from the record that before the High Court disposed of that matters	 the account books and documents had been already returned. However	 there was another relief claimed in the petitions and that was for a Writ of Prohibition restraining the Income tax Department from using as evidence any information gathered from the search of the articles seized. It would appear from the record that the High Court was prepared to assume for the purposes of those cases that the search and seizure was illegal. Even so the question remained whether these victims of illegal search (1) 66 Income tax Reports	 212. (2) 80 Income tax Reports	 721. 722 were entitled to a Writ of Prohibition that the Income tax authorities shall not use any information gathered from the documents which had been seized. The High Court held that they were not	 and proceeded to pass the following identical order in the two cases. It is as follows "In this case all the documents seized in pursuance of the search warrant have been returned to the petitioners and the only question is whether the information gathered as a result of such search and seizure could be used in evidence if it be held that the search and seizure was illegal. In Balwant Singh and others vs Director of Inspection (Civil Writ No. 750 D of 1966)	 announced today	 we have held that such information can be uses. It is unnecessary	 therefore	 to pronounce upon the validity of the search and seizure. This petition	 therefore	 fails and is 	dismissed with no order as to costs." Balwant Singh 's case referred to above is reported in 71 In come tax Reports	 550. We understand that an appeal had been filed to this Court but was not prosecuted. That decision not only upheld the constitutionality of section 132 of the Income tax Act but also held that there was nothing in Article 19 of the Constitution which forbids the use of evidence obtained as a result of an illegal search. Consistently with that view the relief for a Writ of Prohibition. was rejected and hence the two Civil Appeals before us. Dr. Singhvi who appeared on behalf of the appellants in the two appeals frankly conceded that there was no specific Article of the Constitution prohibiting the admission of evidence obtained in an illegal search and seizure. But he submitted that to admit such evidence is against the spirit of the Constitution which has made our liberties inviolable. In this connection he referred to some American cases which seem to recognize the validity of his submission. As to the argument based on "the spirit of our Constitution"	 we can do no better than quote from the judgment of Kania	 C. J. in A. K.Gopalan vs The State of Madras(1). "There is considerable authority for the statement that the Courts are not at liberty to declare an Act void because in their opinion it is opposed to a spirit supposed to pervade the Constitution but not expressed in words. Where the fundamental law has not limited	 either in terms or by necessary implication	 the general powers conferred upon the Legislature we cannot declare a limitation under the notion of having discovered something in the spirit of the Constitution which is not even mentioned in the instrument. It is difficult upon any general principles to limit the omnipotence of the sovereign legislative power by judicial.interposition	 except so far as the express words of a written Constitution give that authority. " Now	 if the Evidence Act 1871 which is a law 'Consolidating	 defining and amending the law of evidence	 no provision of which is challenged as violating the Constitu (1) ; at p. 120	 723 tion permits relevancy as the only test of admissibility of evidence (See section 5 of the Act) and	 secondly	 that Act or any other similar law in force does not exclude relevant evidence	 on the ground that it was obtained under an illegal search or seizure	 it will be wrong to invoke the supposed spirit of our Constitution for excluding such evi dence. Nor is it open to us to strain the language of the Constitution	 because some American Judges of the American Supreme Court have spelt out certain constitutional protections from the provisions of the American Constitution. In M. P. Sharma vs Satish Chander	 already referred to	 a search and seizure made under the Criminal Procedure Code was challenged as illegal on the ground of violation of the fundamental right under Article 20(3)	 the argument being that the evidence was no better than illegally compelled evidence. In support of that contention reference was made to the Fourth and Fifth amendments of the American Constitution and also to some American cases which seemed to hold that the obtaining of incriminating evidence by illegal seizure and search tantamounts to the violation of the Fifth amendment. The Fourth amendment does not place any embargo on. reasonable searches and seizures. provides that the right of the people to be secure in their persons	 papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated. .Thus the privacy of a citizen 's home was specifically safeguarded under the Constitution	 although reasonable searches and seizures were not taboo. Repelling the submission	 this Court observed at page 1096. "A power of search and seizure is in any system of jurisprudence in overriding power of the State for the protection of social security and that power is necessarily regulated by law. When the Constitution makers have thought fit not to subject such regulation to constitutional limitations by recognition of a fundamental right to privacy	. analogous to the American Fourth Amendment	 we have no justification to import it	 into a totally different fundamental right	 by some process of strained construction. Nor is it legitimate to assume that the constitutional protection under article 20(3) would be defeated by the statutory provisions for searches. " It	 therefore	 follows that neither by invoking the spirit of our Constitution nor by a strained construction of any of the fundamental rights can we spell out the exclusion of evidence obtained on an illegal search. So far as India is concerned its law of evidence is modeled on the rules of evidence	 which prevailed in English law	 and courts in India and in England have consistently refused to exclude relevant evidence merely on the ground that it is obtained by illegal search or seizure. In Barindra Kumar Ghose and others vs Emperor(1) the learned Chief Justice Sir Lawrence Jenkins says at page	 500 : "Mr. Das has attacked the searches and has urged that	 even if there was jurisdiction to direct the issue of search warrants	 as I hold there was	 still the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code have been completely disregarded. On this assumption he has contended that the evidence discovered by the searches is not admissible	 but to this view I cannot accede. For without in any way countenancing disregard of (1) I.L.R. 37 Calcutta 467. 724 the provisions prescribed by the Code	 I hold that what would otherwise be relevant does not become irrelevant because it was discovered in the course of a search in which those provisions were disregarded. As Jimutavahana with his shrewd common sense observes "a tact cannot be altered by 100 texts	 and as his commentator quaintly remarks : If a Brahmana be slain	 the precept 'slay not a Branmana ' does not annul the murder." But the absence of the precautions designed. by the legislature lends support to the argument that the alleged discovery should be carefully scrutinized." In Emperor vs Allahdad Khan(1) the Superintendent of Police and a Sub Inspector searched the house of a person suspected of being in illicit possession of excisable articles and such articles were found in the house searched. It was held that the conviction of the owner of the house under section 63 of the United Provinces Excise Act	 1910	 was not rendered invalid by the fact that no warrant had been issued for the search	 although it was presumably the intention of the legislature that in a case under section 63	 where it was necessary to search a house	 a search warrant should be obtained beforehand. In Kuruma vs The Queen(2) where the Privy Council had to consider the English Law of Evidence in its application to Eastern Africa	 their Lordships propounded the rule thus : "The test to be applied	 both in civil and in criminal cases	 in considering whether evidence is admissible is whether it is relevant to the matters in issue. If it is	 it is admissible and the court is not concerned with how it was obtained. " Some American cases were also cited before the Privy Council. Their Lordships observed at p. 204 thus "Certain decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States of America were also cited in argument. Their Lordships do not think it necessary to examine them in detail. Suffice it to say that there appears to be considerable difference of opinion among the judges both in the State and Federal courts as to whether or not the rejection of evidence obtained by illegal means depends on certain articles in the American Constitution. At any rate	 in Olmstead vs United State (1828) 277 U.S. 438	 the majority of the Supreme Court were clearly of opinion that the common law did not reject relevant evidence on that ground." In Kuruma 's case	 Kuruma was searched by two Police Officers who were not authorised under the law to carry out a search and	 in the search	 some ammunition was found in the unlawful possession of Kuruma. The question was whether the evidence with regard to the finding of the ammunition on the person of Kuruma could be shut out on the ground that the evidence had been obtained by an unlawful search. It was held it could not be so shut out because the finding of ammunition was a relevant piece of evidence on a charge for unlawful possession. In a later case before the Privy Council in Herman King vs The Queen(3) which came on appeal from a Court of Appeal of Jamaica	 the law as laid down in Kuruma 's case was applied although the Jamaican Constitution guaranteed the constitutional right against (1) 35 Allahabad	 358. (2) (3) 725 search and seizure in the following provision of the Jamalca (Constitution) Order in Council 1962	 Sch. 2	 section 19 "(1) Except with his own consent	 no person shall be subjected to the search of his person or his property or the entry by others on his premises. "(2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision which is reasonably required . for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime. " In other words	 search and seizure for the purposes of preventing or detecting crime reasonably enforced was not inconsistent with the constitutional guarantee against search and seizure. It was held in that case that the search of the appellant by a Police Officer was not justified by the warrant nor was it open to the Officer to search the person of the appellant without taking him before a Justice of the Peace. Nevertheless it was held that the Court had a discretion to admit the evidence obtained as a result of the illegal search and the constitutional protection against search of person or property without consent did not take away the discretion of the court. Following Kuruma vs The Queen the court held that it was open to the court not to admit the evidence against the accused if the court was of the view that the evidence had been obtained by conduct of which the prose cution ought not to take advantage. But that was not a rule of evidence but a rule of prudence and fair play. It would thus be seen that in India	 as in England	 where the test of admissibility of evidence lies in relevancy	 unless there is an express or necessarily implied prohibition in the Constitution or other law evidence obtained as a result of illegal search or seizure is not liable to be shut out. In that view	 even assuming	 as was done by the High Court	 that the search and seizure were in contravention of the provisions of section 132 of the Income Tax Act	 still the material seized was liable to be used subject to law before the Income tax authorities against the person from whose custody it was seized and	 therefore	 no Writ of Prohibition in restraint of such use could be granted. It must be therefore	 held that the High Court was right 'in dismissing the two Writ Petitions. The appeals must also fail and are dismissed with costs. The two Writ Petitions filed in this Court now remain for consideration and what is to be considered is whether there has been any illegality in the search and seizure because of the alleged contravention of the provisions of section 132 of the Act or rule 112. Writ Petition No. 446 of 1971 The petitioner Pooran Mal is a partner in a number of firms some of them doing business in Bombay and some in Delhi. His permanent residence is 12A Kamla Nagar	 Delhi. His business premises in Delhi are A.14/16 Jamuna Bhavan	 Asaf Ali Road	 New Delhi. It would appear that on an authorisation issued by the Director of Inspection	 his residence and business premises in Delhi were searched on 15th and 16th October	 1971. On the 15th his 726 premises in Bombay were also searched and at that time it appears. the petitioner was present in Bombay. When his residence was searched on 15th and 16th	 there were in his house the petitioners wife	 two or three adult sons and his father who is said to have been ailing. It was alleged on behalf of the petitioner that the search in the residential premises was malafide	 oppressive	 excessive	 indiscriminate and vexatious. The grounds for making these allegations 	seem to be (1) that the search and seizure	 in the house took place in spite of the wife 's request to postpone the search; (2) it was Dhanteras day which is a festival day; (3) petitioner 's wife was not informed that there was any authorisation; (4) her father in law was suffering from paralysis; (5) even children 's small boxes containing their pocket money were seized; (6) jewelry including that of the mother in law of the petitioner		 Kailashbai	 who had died six years earlier was seized; (7) the panchas who helped in the search were unknown to the petitioner or the members of his family; (8) the search went on from 8.00 A.M. on 15.10 till the early hours of 16.10 and the search was again resumed on the evening of 16.10. The grounds on which the wild allegations of malafides	 oppression etc. had been made do not appear to be of any substance. It is undoubtedly true that search and seizure is a drastic process and is bound to be associated with some amount of unsavory and inconvenient results. A sudden search and seizure may unnerve the inmates of the place where the search is made. But this is to be expected. When oppression and malafides are alleged	 we should have	 more substantial grounds than these. On the other hand	 the allegations of highhandedness	 malafides	etc. are wholly denied in the affidavit filed on behalf of the Department. That it was a Dhanteras day is denied. But assuming it was there is no law which says that a search and seizure cannot take place on that day. It may be that the wife had requested that the search may be postponed till her husband 's return but obviously the officers concerned could not agree to this request because the whole purpose of the search would have been defeated. It is denied that the inmates were not informed of the authorisation	 	 In fact it is alleged that the petitioner 's wife Smt. Sharda Devi was shown the authorisation and in token of the same	 she had put her signature thereon. That the petitioner 's father was suffering from paralysis might be unfortunate but it does not appear that the officers concerned caused him the least inconvenience. All throughout the search	 it is alleged	 Sharda Devi and her two educated sons Dinesh and Vinod	 were present at the time of the search. It is not denied that considerable jewelry was seized. The jewelry seized in the house was worth Rs. 37	043/ and though it is the case of	the petitioner that part of it belonged to his mother in law	 Smt. Kailashbai	 who is now dead	 it is stated on oath on behalf of the Department that in the statements recorded on 15th and 16th October	 1971 Smt. Sharda Devi had claimed the whole of the jewelry as her own	 though in the last Wealth Tax Return she had valued her jewelry at Rs. 5	0001 only. So	 far as the Panchas are concerned	 'it is denied that they were not known to the inmates of the house. In fact	 it is alleged by the Department that Pancha Mathuradas was a resident in the same house and had been called 727 at the suggestion of Sharda Devi. it is not denied that ' the search went on for a long time because a number of documents and account books were seized in the course of the search and so also a lot of jewelry and cash	 The allegation that the small boxes of the children containing their pocket money was seized is denied. We may say	 therefore		 on the whole that there is nothing in the petition inducing us to take the view that the search in the house was either malafide	 oppressive or excessive etc. The search in the business premises was made when a number of persons who usually worked there were present. Books of account	 documents	 some jewelry and a large amount of cash amounting to about Rs. 61	000/ were seized. On 16.10 there was a search in the Branch Offices of Laxmi Commercial Bank and the Punjab National Bank. 84 Silver bars were seized from Laxmi Commercial Bank and 30 silver bars were seized from the Punjab National Bank. The value of these silver bars comes to nearly 18 lakhs. It is the case of the petitioner that these bars belongs to M/s Pooran mal and Sons of Bombay who sent the same to the Motor and General Finance Company of which the petitioner is a partner and this Finance Company	 it is alleged	 kept these bars with the two banks. 84 bars were kept in the account of M/s Udey Chand Pooranmal for an alleged overdraft limit while the 30 silver bars were pledged with the Punjab National Bank in the account of the Finance Company. In all these aforesaid firms the petitioner is a partner and it is the Department 's case that all these bars are the undisclosed assets of the petitioner. It appears that the Income tax Officer made a summary enquiry as required by section 132(5) after issuing notice to the petitioner and his order dated 12 1 1972 shows	 of course prima facie	 that all the assets which had been seized in the house	 the business premises and the banks	 except for the value of the ornaments declared by Mrs. Sharda Devi in her Wealth Tax Return	 had to be retained for being appropriated against tax dues from 1969 onwards which amounted to nearly 42 lakhs. Indeed this prima facie liability was subject to regular assessment and reassessment. Mr. Karkhanis submitted that the petitioner bad been very cooperative with the department before and	 therefore	 the Director of Inspection could have no possible reason to. believe that if any requisition for documents and account books were made the same would not. be produced. This allegation about cooperation is denied by the Department and in this connection the Department has produced a chart at Annexure RI showing how the petitioner has been throughout noncooperative. Assessment for the year 1967 68 is still pending and no return has been filed for the year 1968 69 or for later years. We are not at all satisfied that the petitioner was cooperative	 and	 therefore	 the Director of	 Inspection would have no possible ground for entertaining a reasonable: belief as required by sub clauses (a) (b) & (c) of subsection (1) 'of section 132. To satisfy ourselves we called for 728 the grounds recorded by the Director before the authorisation was issued and we are quite satisfied that there were grounds for him to entertain reasonable belief as required under the sub clauses. As already pointed out the summary enquiry made under sub clause (5) of section 132 discloses that the assets seized were for the most part undisclosed income and property. Indeed the accident that undisclosed property is found on a search may not be a justification for the authorisation of a search if	 in fact there had been no grounds for entertaining reasonable belief. But finding of assets as expected by the Director of Inspection on	 the information received by him would at least support the view that the authority concerned bad reliable information on which he could entertain the necessary belief. On the whole	 therefore	 we are not inclined to hold that the search and seizure in this Writ Petition was vitiated by any illegality. Writ Petition No. 96 of 1972 The position in this Writ Petition is not different. The petitioner Ganeriwala is a businessman. His residence is 1	 Raj Narain Road	 Civil Lines	 Delhi and he runs a family business in Automobile parts in the name of Ganeriwala Trading Company. The business is at No. 1 Krishna Motor Market	 Kashimiri Gate	 Delhi. The family seems to be a partner in the firm of M/s Bisheshwar Lal Bijr Natin Barielly	 and is. supposed to have income from ancestral agricultural lands in Haryana State. It is alleged by the	 petitioner that his assessment of income had been completed upto the year 1970 71 and of Wealth Tax upto 1969 1970. The Return for 1970 71 was also filed. Even so	 it is alleged	 on 8 101971 his residential house and also the business premises were searched and documents and books of account were seized. The search was started at 8.00 A.M. and continued till the evening and	 thereafter	 the business premises were searched. The petitioner stated that though the raiding party made a very detailed search	 they did. not come across any concealed incomemash of bullion	 ornaments or jewelry. General allegations regarding the search being oppressive and excessive are made. But there is no substance in them. Objection was taken to the search on the ground that the authorities had deliberately selected Panchas who were inimical to the petitioner. This is denied. It is stated in the affidavit on behalf of the Department that one of the pancha witnesses namely Lt. Col. Raj Behari Lal was actually sitting in the house of the petitioner even before the search party entered the premises. It is also stated that both the panchas are responsible persons of the locality and the immediate neighbors of the petitioner one of them being a responsible officer in the Army. The petitioner says that he had told the authorities that he.had been on inimical terms with these panchas. But that is denied. There is	 therefore	 no reason to think that respectable panchas were not taken for the search. Another objection was made that two cash books relating to the years 1970 71 and 1971 72 were removed by the Income tax authorities but they were not duly entered in the inventory. This allegation also is denied	 In para 21 of the counter affidavit the Assistant Director of Inspection has stated that during the course of the petitioners 729 examination and the recording of his statement on October 8	 1971 the petitioner had stated that his Roker Bahis for the accounting year 1970 71 and 1971 72 did not contain any entries regarding the expenditure on the construction of the godown	 and as such those Roker Bahis were not seized from the custody of the petitioner. The other reason was that the petitioner had requested that they may not be seized as otherwise the petitioner would face difficulties in carrying on his business. It must be remembered that the search and seizure had been ordered because the petitioner had recently constructed a huge godown near his residential premises with the floor area of approximately 6700 sq. ft. on which a large investment was estimated to have been made from income which had not been disclosed in the books of account produced or returns filed by the petitioner. Since the petitioner himself told the authorities that the Roker Bahis for the two years did not contain any entries regarding the expenditure on the construction	 the authorities inspected the Roker Bahis for the year 1971 72 and finding that it did not contain 	any entries for the past 30 days it was considered by the authorities not proper to take Possession of the same. We are inclined to think that this objection by the petitioner is an afterthought with a view to malign the departmental authorities. It is not denied that the petitioner had been given a copy of the inventory of the documents seized from his custody on that very day. He	 did not raise the objection regarding the account books till November 5	 1971 i.e. nearly after one month. The petitioner is a businessman. He could not have been unaware that his Roker Bahis for the current year and the previous year were missing for such a long time. It was next alleged that a very large number of documents were seized which were really irrelevant. The authorised officer has to seize books of account and other documents which will be useful for and relevant to any proceeding under the Income tax Act. When in the course of a search voluminous documents and books of account are to be examined with a view to judge whether they would be relevant a certain amount of latitude must be permitted to the authori ties. It is true that when particularly documents are asked to be seized unnecessary examination of other documents may conceivably make the search excessive. But when the documents	 pieces of paper	 exercise books	 account books	 small memos etc. have all to be examined with a view to see how far they are relevant for the proceeding under the Act	 an error of judgment is not unlikely. At the most this would be an irregularity not an illegality. Nor can it be a valid objection to the search that it continued for about 16 hours. By their very nature the search and seizure as shown above	 would consume a lot of time. In this petition also it was alleged that the Director of Inspection could possibly have no reason to believe the existence of circumstances required by sub clauses (b) & (c) of sub section (1) 'of ' section 132 because the petitioner 's assessment for the year 1970 71 had been already completed and so also the Wealth Tax assessment for the year 1969 70. But this does not mean that on the information	 730 in the possession of the Director of Inspection he cannot entertain the necessary belief. The grounds for the belief recorded by the Director of Inspectionbefore the authorisation were shown to us and we do not the that on the material the authority could not have entertained the belief. A big godown has been newly constructed by the petitioner but his books of account did not reflect the expenditure on account of this construction. It is alleged on behalf of the Department that	 on search	 certain documents in the nature of maps etc. were seized which showed that the petitioner had constructed the building in the month preceding the date of search and the money with which the said building was constructed was unaccounted money. There is	 therefore	 no substance in the contention that the incometax authorities could not have possibly entertained the required belief. The search and seizure	 therefore	 impugned in this Writ Petition cannot be regarded as illegal. In the result the two Writ Petitions and the two appeals are dismissed with costs. S.B.W. Petitions and appeals dismissed.

In the proceedings before the Supreme Court two of them being writ petitions under article 32 of the Constitution and two others being appeals from the orders of the Delhi High Court in writ petitions under article 226 relief was claimed in respect of the search of certain premises and seizure of account books	 documents	 cash	 jewelry and other valuables by Income tax authorities purporting to act u/s 132 of the Income Tax Act	 1961. The petitioners/ appellants challenged the validity of Sec. 132(1) and (5) of Rule 112(A) on the ground that they violate article 14	 Article 19(1)(f) and (g) and 31 of the Constitution. It was also contended that a writ of prohibition to restrain the authorities from using the 'information gathered from the documents seized should be issued. In the writ petitions	 the actual search and seizure were challenged on the ground that they were carried out in contravention of the provisions of Sec. 132 and Rule 112 A. The Court negatived all the contentions. Dismissing the writ petitions and appeals	 HELD: (1) When one has to consider the reasonableness of the restrictions or curbs placed on the freedoms mentioned in article 19(i) (f) and (g)	 one cannot possibly ignore how such evasions eat into the vitals of the economic life of the community. Therefore	 in the interest of the community	 it is only right that the fiscal authorities should have sufficient powers to prevent tax evasion. As a broad proposition	 it can be stated that if the safeguards while 'carrying out search and seizure are generally on the lines adopted by the Criminal Procedure Code they would be regarded as adequate and render the temporary restrictions imposed by these measures as reasonable. On detailed examination of the provisions of Sec. 132	 and Rule 112	 it is clear that the 705 Safeguards are adequate to render the provisions of search and seizure as less onerous and restrictive as is possible under the circumstances. The provisions	 therefore	 relating to search and seizure in Sec. 132 and Rule 112 cannot be regarded as violative of articles 19(1)(f) and (g). [714F	 717C] In the course of his duties	 the Director of inspection has ample opportunities to follow the course of investigation and assessment carried on by the income Tax Officers and to check the information received from his sources with the actual material produced or not produced before the assessing authorities. It is not	 therefore	 correct to argue that the Director of Inspection could not entertain honest and reasonable belief before ordering search and seizure under Section 132(1)(a)(b) and (c). The second proviso to sub section (5) of Sec. 132 shows that the assessee can get a release of all the assets seized if he can make satisfactory arrangements for the payment of the estimated dues. So also	 the excess collection is refundable u/s 132 A with interest after the regular enquiry. The provisions of Section 132(5) are not confiscatory in nature. [717F] M. P. Sharma vs Satish Chandra ; and Commissioner of Commercial Taxes vs R. section Jhaver [1968]1 S.C.R. 148 followed. (II) The provisions of Section 132(1) and (5) cannot be challenged on the ground that they make unjust discrimination between two sets of tax evaders in .ordering search and seizure or retention of the seized wealth for recovering the tax	 in some cases and not ordering the same in other cases. All evaders of taxes can be proceeded against u/s 132. Only in some cases	 the search may be useful because of the information about the undisclosed income and wealth. Where there is no such information	 search and seizure would be futile. Therefore	 there is no substance in the contention that two different procedures for assessment are adopted an hence there is discrimination under article 14. [720C] C. Venkata Reddy and Another vs Income tax Officer	 (Central) 1	 Bangalore	 and others	 66 Income tax Reports	 212 and Ramjibhai Kalidas V.I. G. Desai	 Income tax Officer	 and others	 80 Income tax Reports	 721	 cited with approval. (III) The Income tax authorities can use as evidence any information gathered from the search of the documents and accounts and articles seized. Neither by invoking the spirit of our Constitution nor by strained construction of the fundamental rights can we spell out the exclusion of evidence obtained on an illegal search. U23F]	 A. K. Gopalan vs State of Madras	 ; and M. P. Sharma vs Satish Chandra ; Courts in India and in England have consistently refused to exclude relevant evidence merely on the ground that it is obtained by illegal search or seizure. Where the test of admissibility of evidence lies in relevancy	 unless there is an express or implied prohibition in the Constitution or other law	 evidence obtained as a result of illegal search or seizure is not liable to be shut out. [723G] (IV) In writ petition No. 446171	 on facts it was found that the allegations of mala fide and oppressiveness and highhandedness in search and seizure were not proved. On examining the records	 held that the petitioner was not co operating with the Director of Inspection. (V) Held further	 that seizure of books of account and other documents which were afterwards found to be not relevant	 along with the documents relevant for the enquiry	 does not make the search and seizure illegal. It may at the most be an irregularity. On the material on record	 the Director of inspection had proper grounds for a belief for ordering search and seizure under sub clauses (b) and (c) of sub section (1) of Sec. 132. Merely because the assessment for the relevant year was already completed	 it does not mean that on the information in the possession of the Director of Inspection	 he cannot 706 entertain the necessary belief. On facts	 in Writ Petition No. 86/72 held the search and seizure were neither oppressive nor excessive.