Summarize the following court judgment. ivil Appeal No. 3927 of 1986. From the Judgment and Order dated 18.6. 1986 of the Bombay High Court in Writ Petition No. 10 of 1980. S.K. Dholakia	 A.M. Khanwilkar and Mrs. V.D. Khanna for the Appellant. V.M. Tarkunde	 Karanjawala	 Mrs. Karanjawala and H.S. Anand for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by: K. JAGANNATHA SHETTY	 J. This appeal by leave is from a decision of the Bombay High Court which allowed the respond ent 's petition for a writ of certiorari. In so doing the court quashed departmental proceedings initiated against the respondent and the resultant order terminating his services. The facts are substantially undisputed and may briefly be stated as follows: Respondent Seshrao Balwant Rao Chavan was at the rele vant time the Deputy Registrar of the Marathwada University. One Mr. Yelikar was working then as Controller of Examina tions. In or about April 1976	 Mr. Yelikar proceeded on leave and the present respondent was directed to discharge the duties of the Controller of Examinations. Accordingly	 he joined his new assignment and continued to hold 458 that post when the controversy which culminated in his dismissal took place. It is said that one Mr. Swaminathan from Madras was entrusted with the printing works needed to conduct annual examinations of the University for the years 1974 and 1975. Mr. Swaminathan submitted his bills amounting about Rs.6	00	000 for the work performed by him. The bills were not cleared immediately	 and Mr. Swaminathan complained to the University authorities. He also submitted a petition to the Prime Minister of India which was forwarded to the University for immediate action. This led to an enquiry to find out whether the bills were deliberately kept pending with any ulterior motive. The Executive Council of the University appointed a four member committee including the Vice Chancellor to enquire into the matter. The committee after investigation submitted a report in November 1977 making some prima facie observations against the respondent. Thereupon	 the Executive Council desired to have the matter thoroughly examined by another committee. It appointed Mr. N.B. Chavan for the purpose. Mr. Chavan made a detailed enquiry but found nothing against the respondent. On Decem ber 23	 1978	 he submitted a report stating inter alia that there was no delay in clearing the said bills and if there was any delay	 it was justified in the circumstances. He has stated that the University utilised the time for internal audit in which it was found that the claim of Mr. Swamina than was excessive to the extent of Rs.48	000 and odd. The report of Mr. Chavan thus gave a clean chit to the respond ent as to his conduct in discharging the duties as Control ler of Examinations. If the Executive Council had accepted the report and closed the matter that would have been better. But unfortu nately	 it was not done and another chapter was opened. On March 22	 1979	 the report of Mr. Chavan was placed before the Executive Council which without taking any decision entrusted the question to the Vice Chancellor. The Vice Chancellor was present in that meeting and agreed to take a decision in about a month. But what he did was entirely different. Purporting to act under the powers given to him by the Executive Council	 he directed departmental enquiry against the respondent. He appointed Mr. Motale	 Advocate as an Inquiry Officer who flamed three charges: First charge impeached the respondent of intentionally delaying the clearance of the bills of Mr. Swaminathan and thus tarnish ing the image of the University. Second charge alleged that the respondent did not place before the Executive Council	 the letters 	 addressed by the Chancellor of the University on July 23	 1976 and 459 August 19	 1976. Third charge accused the respondent for not producing all the available papers for scrutiny by the one man committee headed by Mr. Chavan. On October 25	 1979	 Mr. Motale submitted his ' enquiry report to the Vice Chancellor holding the respondent guilty of the charges. After a usual procedure of giving show cause notice and considering the reply thereto	 the Vice Chancel lor decided to dismiss the respondent. On January2	 1980	 he accordingly made an order. The matter did not rest there. The respondent moved the High Court under article 226 of the Constitution challenging his dismissal. When the writ petition first came up for hearing in November 1985	 the High Court took a very curious stand. It observed that the entire matter be placed before the Executive Council for taking an appropriate decision. As per this observation	 the matter came up before the Executive Council in the meeting held on December 26/27	 1985. The Executive Council passed a resolution inter alia	 ratifying the action taken by the Vice Chancellor and confirming the dismissal of the respondent. This has added a new dimension to the case. At the final disposal of the writ petition	 the High Court	 however	 examined the merits of the matter. The High Court held that the action taken by the Vice Chancellor was without authority of law. As to the ratification made by the Executive Council	 the High Court held: "That the acts done by the Vice Chancellor remain the acts without any authority or powers and that defects cannot be cured by the subsequent resolution." With these conclusions	 the High Court quashed the departmental proceedings taken against the respondent and also the order of termination of his services. Being aggrieved by the judgment	 the Marathwada Univer sity by obtaining special leave has appealed to this Court. Learned counsel for the appellant put his contention in two ways: First	 he said that on the true construction of the relevant provisions of the Marathwada University Act	 1974	 the termination of services of the respondent cannot be assailed for want of power or jurisdiction on the part of the Vice Chancellor. Counsel next said that if the order was defective or without authority	 the ratification by the Executive Council has rendered it immune from any challenge. In order to appreciate these submissions	 we must outline the 460 statutory provisions of the Marathwada University Act	 1974 (called shortly "the Act"). Section 8 specifies the officers of the University. The Vice Chancellor is one of the offi cers. Section 10 provides for appointment of the Vice Chan cellor. He shall be appointed by the Chancellor and shall ordinarily hold office for a term. of three years. Section 11 reads	 so far as material	 as follows: "11(1): The Vice Chancellor shall be the principal executive and academic officer of the University	 and shah in the absence of the Chancellor	 preside at the meetings of the Senate and at any Convocation of the Universi ty . " "11(3): It shah be the duty of the Vice Chancellor to ensure that the provisions of this Act	 the Statutes	 Ordinances and Regulations are faithfully observed. The Chancellor shall	 for this purpose	 have the power to issue directions to the Vice Chancel lor who shall give effect to any such direc tions. " 11(4): If there are reasonable grounds for the Vice Chancellor to believe that there is an emergency which requires immediate action to be taken	 he shall take such action as he thinks necessary and shall	 at the earliest opportunity	 report in writing the grounds for his belief that there was an emergency	 and the action taken by him	 to such authority or body as would in the ordi nary course	 have dealt with the matter . ." 11(6)(a): It shall be lawful for the Vice Chancellor	 as the principal executive and academic officer	 to regulate the work and conduct of the officers	 and of the teaching	 academic and other employees of the Universi ty	 in accordance with the provisions of this Act	 the Statutes	 Ordinances and Regulations." "11(7): The Vice Chancellor shah exercise such other powers and perform such other duties as are prescribed by the Stat utes	 Ordinances and Regulations. " Section 19 enumerates the authorities of the University. The Executive Council is one of the authorities specified thereunder. Section 23 to the extent necessary is in the following terms: 461 "23(1): The Executive Council shall be the principal executive authority of the University	 and shall consist of the following members	 namely	: (i) the Vice Chancellorex officio Chairman. " Section 24 deals with the powers and duties of the Executive Council. These powers and duties are wide and varied and it is sufficient if we read sub sections (1)	 (xxix) and (xii) of sec. They are as follows: "24(1): Subject to such conditions as are prescribed by or under this Act	 the Executive Council shall exercise the following powers and perform the following duties	 namely . . " "24(1)(xxix): appoint officers and other employees of the University	 prescribe their qualifications	 fix their emoluments	 define the terms and conditions of their service and discipline and where necessary	 their duties." "24(1)(x1i): delegate	 subject to the approval of the Chancellor	 any of its powers (except the power to make Ordinances)	 to the Vice Chancellor	 the Registrar or the Finance Officer	 or such other officers or authority of the University or a committee appointed by it	 thinks fit." Two other provisions are material	 namely	 secs. 37 and 84. Section 37	 omitting the unnecessary	 is in these terms: Sec. 37 Subject to the conditions prescribed by or under this Act	 the Senate may make the Statutes to provide for all or any of the following matters namely: (xvi): The term of office	 duties and condi tions of service of officers	 teachers and other employees of the University	 the provi sions of pension	 insurance and provident fund and the manner of termination of their service and other disciplinary action and their quali fications	 except those of teachers. " Section 34 is as follows: "Delegation of powers: Subject to the provi sions of 462 this Act and Statutes any officer or authority of the University may	 by order	 delegate his or its powers	 except.the power to make Stat utes	 Ordinances and Regulations	 to any other officer or authority under his or its control	 and subject to the conditions that the ulti mate responsibility for the exercise of the powers so delegated shall continue to vest in the officer or authority delegating them. " With these provisions	 we turn to consider the first question urged for the appellant. The question is whether the Vice Chancellor was competent to direct disciplinary action against the respondent. In this context	 we may make a few general observations about the position and powers of the Vice Chancellor. The University Education Commission in its report (Vol. I December 1948 to August 1949) has summarised the powers and duties as fol lows (at 421): "Duties of Vice Chancellor A Vice Chancellor is the chief academic and executive officer of his university. He presides over the Court (Senate) in the absence of the Chancellor	 Syndicate (Executive Council)	 Academic Council	 and numerous committees including the selection committees for ap pointment of staff. It is his duty to know the senior members of the staff intimately and to be known to all members of the staff and students. He must command their confidence both by adequate academic reputation and by strength of personality. He must know his university well enough to be able to foster its points of strength and to foresee possible points of weakness before they become acute. ' He must be the 'keeper of the university 's conscience '	 both setting the highest standard by example and dealing promptly and firmly with indiscipline and malpractice of any kind. All this he must do and it can be done as constitutional ruler; he has not	 and should not have autocratic power. Besides	 this he must be the chief liaison between his univer sity and the public	 he must keep the univer sity alive to the duties it owes to the public which it serves	 and he must win support for the university and understanding of its needs not merely from potential benefactors but from the general public and its elected representa tives. Last	 he must have the strength of character to resist unflinchingly the many forms of pressure to relax standards of all sorts	 which are being applied to universities today. " 463 This has been approved by the Education Commission	 1964 66. In the report of the Education Commission	 1971 (pages 610 11 para 13.32) it was stated: "The person who is expected	 above all	 to embody the spirit of academic freedom and the principles of good management in a university is the Vice Chancellor. He stands for the commitment of the university to schol arship and pursuit of truth and can ensure that the executive wing of the university is used to assist the academic community in all its activities. His selection should	 there fore	 be governed by this overall considera tion. " Dr. A.H. Homadi in his wise	 little study about the role of the Vice Chancellor in the university administration in developing coun tries has this to state (at 49): The President or the Vice Chancellor: "The President must be willing to accept a definition of educational leadership that brings about change to the academic life of the institution. He must be fired by a deep concern for education. He should instil a spirit and keeness about growth and develop ment in such a way that the professiriate feels that their goals are interlinked with those of the University	 that their success depends upon the success of the University. The professors should be given detailed infor mation about the jobs that they have to per form and their good performance should be given due recognition by administration lead ership. Even such small encouragement will boost theft morale to greater heights. The President should have faith in his own abili ties as well as on the abilities of other professors and administrators and should provide guidelines about the kind of efforts he would like his professors and administra tors to make	 setting an example by his own actions and exercises. The negative force of fear	 when used and no one denies that an element of hard headedness is some times required as a persuasive inducement to profes sors and administrators of university should be employed judiciously. Under no circum stances should the apathy and belligerence of the professors and administrators be aroused. These call for strong but sympathetic leader ship in the President. " 464 The Vice Chancellor in every university is thus the conscious keeper of the University and constitutional ruler. He is the principal executive and academic officer of the University. He is entrusted with the responsibility of overall administration of academic as well as nonacademic affairs. For these purposes	 the Act confers both express and implied powers on the Vice Chancellor. The express powers include among others	 the duty to ensure that the provisions of the Act	 Statutes	 Ordinances and Regulations are observed by all concerned. (Section 11(3)). The Vice Chancellor has a right to regulate the work and conduct of officers and teaching and other employees of the University (Section 11(6)(a)). He has also emergency powers to deal with any untoward situation (Section 11(4)). The power conferred under sec. 11(4) is indeed significant. If the Vice Chancellor believes that a situation calls for immedi ate action	 he can take such action as he thinks necessary though in the normal course he is not competent to take that action. He must	 however	 report to the concerned authority or body who would	 in the ordinary course	 have dealt with the matter. That is not all. His pivotal position as the principal executive officer also carries with him the im plied power. It is the magisterial power which is	 in our view	 plainly to be inferred. This power is essential for him to maintain domestic discipline in the academic and non academic affairs. In a wide variety of situations in the relationship of tutor and pupil	 he has to act firmly and promptly to put down indiscipline and malpractice. It may not be illegitimate if he could call to aid his implied powers and also emergency powers to deal with all such situations. Counsel for the appellant argued that the express power of the Vice Chancellor to regulate the work and conduct of officers of the University implies as well	 the power to take disciplinary action against officers. We are unable to agree with this contention. Firstly	 the power to regulate the work and conduct of officers cannot include the power to take disciplinary action for their removal. Secondly	 the Act confers power to appoint officers on the Executive Council and it generally includes the power to remove. This power is located under sec. 24(1)(xxix) of the Act. It is	 therefore	 futile to contend that the Vice Chancellor can exercise that power which is conferred on the Executive Council. It is a settled principle that when the Act pre scribes a particular body to exercise a power	 it must be exercised only by that body. It cannot be exercised by others unless it is delegated. The law must also provide for such delegation. Halsbury 's Laws of England (Vol.14th Ed. para 32) summarises these principles as follows: 465 "32. Sub delegation of powers. In accordance with the maxim delegatius non potest delegare	 a statutory power must be exercised only by the body or officer in whom it has been confided	 unless sub delegation of the power is authorised by express words or necessary implication. There is a strong presumption against construing a grant of legislative	 judicial or disciplinary power as impliedly authorising sub delegation; and the same may be said of any power to the exercise of which the designated body should address its own mind. " The counsel for the appellant next submit ted that the Executive Council in the instant case had delegated its disciplinary power to the Vice Chancellor and the Act provides for such delegation. In support of the contention he relied upon the following resolution of the Executive Council: "Full power be given to the Vice Chancellor to take a decision on this question and the Vice Chancellor informed the Executive Council that he will take decision in about a month On this decision	 Shri Gangadhar Pa thrikar gave his opinion that the Executive Council should take a decision on the note dated 16.1. 1979 submitted by him and other two members and since it was not accepted	 he does not agree with the above decision." This resolution	 in our opinion	 is basically faulty at least for two reasons. It may be recalled that the Executive Council without considering the report of Mr. Chavan	 wanted the Vice Chancellor to take a decision thereon. It may also be noted that the Vice Chancellor was present at the meeting of the Executive Council when the resolution was passed. He was given "full power to take a decision" which in the context	 was obviously on the report of Mr. Chavan	 and not on any other matter or question. He said that he would take a decision in about a month. In our opinion	 by the power delegated under the resolution	 the Vice Chancellor could either accept or reject the report with intimation to the Executive Council. He could not have taken any other action and indeed	 he was not authorised to take any other action. The other infirmity in the said resolution goes deeper than what it appears. The resolution was not in harmony with the statutory requirement. Section 84 of the Act provides for delegation of powers and 466 it states that any officer or authority of the University may by order	 delegate his or its power (except power to make Ordinance and Regulations) to any other officer or authority subject to provisions of the Act and Statutes. Section 24(1)(xii) provides for delegation of power by the Executive Council. It states that the Executive Council may delegate any of its power (except power to make Ordinances) to the Vice Chancellor or to any other officer subject to the approval of the Chancellor. (underlying is ours). The approval of the Chancellor is mandatory. Without such ap proval the power cannot be delegated to the Vice Chancellor. The record does not reveal that the approval of the Chancel lor was ever obtained. Therefore	 the resolution which was not in conformity with the statutory requirement could not confer power on the Vice Chancellor to take action against the respondent. This takes us to the second contention urged for the appellants. The contention relates to the legal effect of ratification done by the Executive Council in its meeting held on December 26/27	 1985. The decision taken by the Executive Council is in the form of a resolution and it reads as follows: "Considering the issues	 the Execu tive Council resolved as follows: 1. The Executive Council at its meeting held on March 22	 1979	 had by a resolution given full authority to the Vice Chancellor for taking further proceedings and decision in both the cases of the defaulting officers. In exercise of above authority	 the Vice Chancellor appointed an Inquiry Officer and as suggested by the Inquiry Offi cer issued Show Cause notices	 obtained re plies from the Officers and lastly issued orders for terminating their services; XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX It was further resolved that (i) There has been no inadequacy in the pro ceedings against both the officers; (ii) The punishment ordered against both the officers is commensurate with the defaults and allegations proved 467 against both the officers; and (iii) The Executive Council	 therefore	 whol ly	 endorses the actions taken by the then Vice Chancellor against both the officers. " By this resolution	 we are told that the Executive Council has ratified the action taken by the Vice Chancellor. Ratification is generally an act of principal with regard to a contract or an act done by his agent. In Friedman 's Law of Agency (Fifth Edition) chapter 5 at p. 73	 the/principle of ratifica tion has been explained: "What the 'agent ' does on behalf of the 'principal ' is done at a time when the relation of principal and agent does not exist: (hence the use in this sentence	 but not in subsequent ones	 of inverted commas). The agent	 in fact	 has no authority to do what he does at the time he does it. Subse quently	 however	 the principal	 on whose behalf	 though without whose authority	 the agent has acted	 accepts the agent 's act	 and adopts it	 just as if there had been a prior authorisation by the principal to do exactly what the agent has done. The interesting point	 which has given rise to considerable difficulty and dispute	 is that ratification by the principal does not merely give validity to the agent 's unauthorised act as from the date of the ratification: it is antedated so as to take effect from the time of the agent 's act. Hence the agent is treated as having been authorised from the outset to act as he did. Ratification is 'equivalent to an antecedent authority ' . " In Bowstead on Agency (14th Ed.) at p. 39) it is stated: "Every act whether lawful or unlaw ful	 which is capable of being done by means of an agent (except an act which is in its inception void) is capable of ratification by the person in whose name or on whose behalf it is done . . The words "lawful or unlawful"	 however	 are included primarily to indicate that the doctrine can apply to torts. From them it would follow that a principal by ratification may retrospectively turn what was previously an act wrongful against the princi ple	 e.g. an unauthorised sale	 or against a third party	 e.g. a wrongful distress	 into a legitimate one; or become liable for the tort of another by ratifying. " 468 These principles of ratification	 apparently do not have any application with regard to exercise of powers conferred under statutory provisions. The statutory authority cannot travel beyond the power conferred and any action without power has no legal validity. It is ab initio void and cannot be ratified. The counsel for the appellant	 however	 invited our attention to the case of Parmeshwari Prasad Gupta vs The Union of India	 ; It was a case of termina tion of services of the Secretary of a Company. The Board of Directors decided to terminate the services of the Secre tary. The Chairman of the Board of Directors in fact termi nated his services. Subsequently	 in the meeting of the Board of Directors the action taken by the Chairman was confirmed. In the suit instituted by the Secretary challeng ing the termination of his services	 the Court upheld on the principle that the action of the Chairman even though it was invalid initially	 could be validated by ratification in a regularly convened meeting of the Board of Directors. Ma thew	 J. while considering this aspect of the matter	 ob served [at pp. 307 and 308] "Even if it be assumed that the telegram and the letter terminating the services of the appellant by the Chairman was in pursuance to the invalid resolution of the Board of Direc tors passed on December 16	 1953 to terminate his services	 it would not follow that the action of the Chairman could not be ratified in a regularly convened meeting of the BOard of Directors. The point is that even assuming that the Chairman was not legally authorised to terminate the services of the appellant	 he was acting on behalf of the Company in doing so	 because	 he purported to act in pursuance of the invalid resolution. Therefore	 it was open to a regularly constituted meeting of the Board of Direction to ratify that action which	 though unauthorised	 was done on behalf of the Company. Ratification would always relate back to the date of the act ratified and so it must be held that the services of the appellant were validly terminated on December 17	 1953. The appellant was not entitled to the declaration prayed for by him and the trial court as well as the High Court was right in dismissing the claim. " These principles of ratification governing transactions of a company where the general body is the repository of all powers not be 469 extended to the present case. We were also referred to the decision of the Court of Appeal in Barnard vs National Dock Labour Board	 [1953] 1 All Eng. Law Reports 1113 and in particular the observation of Denning L.J.	 (at 1118 and 1119): "While an administrative function can often be delegated	 a judicial function rarely can be. No judicial tribunal can dele gate its functions unless it is enabled to do so expressly or by necessary implication. In Local Government Board vs Arlidge (2) the power to delegate was given by necessary implication	 but there is nothing in this scheme authorising the board to delegate this function and it cannot be implied. It was suggested that it would be impracticable for the board to sit as a board to decide all these cases	 but I see nothing impracticable in that. They have only to fix their quorum at two members and arrange for two members	 one from each side	 employers and workers	 to be responsible for one week at a time. "Next	 it was suggested that	 even if the board could not delegate their functions	 at any rate they could ratify the actions of the port manager	 but	 if the board have no power to delegate their functions to the port manager	 they can have no power to ratify what he has already done. The effect of ratifica tion is to make it equal to a prior command	 but as a prior command	 in the shape of dele gation	 would be useless	 so also is a ratifi cation. " These observations again are of little assistance to us since we have already held that there was no prior delega tion of power to the Vice Chancellor to take disciplinary action against the respondent. There was no subsequent delegation either. Therefore	 neither the action taken by the Vice Chancellor	 nor the ratification by the Executive Council could be sustained. In the result	 the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. N.V.K. Appeal dis missed.

The respondent was a Deputy Registrar of the appellant University. As the Controller of Examinations had proceeded on leave the respondent was discharging the duties of Con troller of Examinations. A complaint alleging that the respondent had delayed the payment of the bills of an out station party who had printed the question papers for the annual examination was received by the University. The Executive Council of the University appointed an Enquiry Officer to hold an enquiry to find out whether the bills were deliberately kept pending with any ulterior motive. The Enquiry Officer gave a clean chit to the respondent as to his conduct in discharging the duties as Controller of Examinations. The Executive Council of the University did not take any decision on the report of the Enquiry Officer	 but entrusted the question to the Vice Chancellor who was present at the meeting. The Vice Chancellor directed a departmental enquiry against the respondent and appointed an advocate as the Enquiry Officer. The Enquiry Officer by his report held the respondent guilty of all the charges levelled against him. The Vice Chancellor after giving a show cause notice and considering the reply of the respondent	 dismissed him from service. The respondent moved the High Court under Article 226 chal 455 lenging his dismissal. When the writ petition was taken up for hearing the High Court directed the entire matter to be placed before the Executive Council for an appropriate decision. The Executive Council considered the matter at its meeting and passed a resolution ratifying the action taken by the Vice Chancellor	 and confirming the dismissal of the respondent. At the final disposal of the writ petition	 the High Court examined the matter on merits and held that the action taken by the Vice Chancellor being without any au thority or power	 these defects could not be cured by rati fication by the Executive Council in its subsequent resolu tion. The High Court accordingly quashed the departmental proceedings taken against the respondent	 and also the order of termination of his services. In the appeal to this Court	 it was contended on behalf of the University: (i)That on a true construction of the several provisions of the Marathwada University Act	 1974	 the termination of services of the respondent cannot be assailed for want of power or jurisdiction on the part of the Vice Chancellor	 and (2) that if the order was defective or without authority	 the ratification by the Executive Council had rendered it immune from any challenge. Dismissing the Appeal	 the Court	 HELD: 1. The Vice Chancellor in every university is the conscious keeper of the University and the constitutional ruler. He is the principal executive and academic officer of the University. He is entrusted with the responsibility of overall administration of academic as well as non academic affairs. [464A B] 2. As the principal executive officer the Vice Chancel lor also carries with him an implied power	 the magisterial power. This power is essential for him to maintain domestic discipline in the academic and non academic affairs. In a wide variety of situations in the relationship of tutor and pupil	 he has to act firmly and promptly to put down indis cipline and malpractice. It may not be illegitimate if he could call to aid his implied powers and also emergency powers to deal with all such situations. [464D E] 3. The Marathwada University Act	 1974 confers both express and implied powers on the Vice Chancellor. The express powers include among others	 the duty to ensure that the provisions of the Act	 Statutes	 Ordinances and Regula tions are observed by all concerned. [Section 11(3)] He has a right to regulate the work and conduct of 456 Officers and teaching and other employees of the University [Sec. 11(b)(a)]. He has also emergency powers to deal with any untoward situation [Section 11(4)] a very significant power. If he believes that a situation calls for immediate action	 he can take such action as he thinks necessary	 though in the normal course he is not competent to do so. However he must report to the concerned authority or body	 who would	 in the ordinary course	 have dealt with the matter. [464B C] 4. The power 'to regulate the work and conduct of the officers ' cannot include the power to take disciplinary action for their removal. [464F] 5. When a statute prescribes a particular body to exercise a power	 it must be exercised only by that body. [464G] Halsbury 's Laws of England Vol. 1	 4th Edn. page 32	 re ferred to. The Marathwada University Act confers power to appoint officers on the Executive Council and it generally includes the power to remove. This power is located under Section 24(1) (XXIX) of the Act. [464F G] 7. The resolution of the Executive Council at a meet ing	 at which the Vice Chancellor was also present	 gave full power to the Vice Chancellor 'to take a decision on this question '. By the power delegated under the resolution	 the Vice Chancellor could either accept or reject the report with intimation to the Executive Council. He could not have taken any other action and indeed	 he was not authorised to take any other action. [465F G] : 8. The resolution was also not in harmony with the statutory requirement. Approval of the Chancellor to the delegation of power by the Executive Council to the Vice Chancellor was mandatory under section 24(1)(xii) read with section/84 of the Marathwada University Act. The resolution not being in conformity with the statutory requirement could not confer power on the Vice Chancellor to take action j against the respondent. [465H; 466A C] 9. Ratification is generally an act of principal with regard to a contract or an act done by his agent. The prin ciples of ratification in the context of the law of agency apparently do not have any application with regard to exer cise of power conferred under statutory provisions. The statutory authority cannot travel beyond the power conferred and 457 any action without power has no legal validity. It is ab initio void and cannot be ratified. [468A B] Friedman 's Law of Agency (5th Edn.) Chapter 5at page 73	 Bowstead on Agency (14th Ed.) at page 39	 Parmeshwari Prasad Gupta vs Union of India	 ; and Bernard vs National Dock Labour Board	 [1953] 1 All Eng. Law Reports 1113. In the instant case	 there was no prior delegation of power to the Vice Chancellor to take disciplinary action against the respondent. There was no subsequent delegation either. Therefore	 neither the action taken by the Vice Chancellor	 nor the ratification by the Executive Council could be sustained. [469F]