Summarize the following court judgment. No. 46 of 1972. S	 K. Bagga	 for the	 petitioner. Prodyot Kumar Chakravarty and G. section Chatterjee	 for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Khanna	 J. This is a petition through jail under article 32 of the Constitution for issuing a writ of habeas cot pus by Kanu Biswas	 who has been ordered by the District Magistrate 24Parganas to be detained under section 3 of the (Act 26 of 1971) "with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. " The order of detention was made by the District Magistrate on November 13	 1971. The petitioner was arrested in pursuance of the detention order on November 14	 1971 and was served the same day with the order as well as the grounds of detention together with vernacular translation thereof. On November 18	1971 the District Magistrate sent report to the State Government about the passing of the detention order along with the grounds of detention and other necessary particulars. The State Government considered the matter and approved the detention order on November 24	 1971. Necessary report was also sent on that day by the State Government to the Central Government. On December 13	 1971 the State Government placed the case of the petitioner before the Advisory Board. In the meanwhile	 on December 12	 1971 the State Government received a representation of the petitioner. The representation was considered by the State Government and was rejected on January 11	 1972. The representation was thereafter forwarded to the Advisory Board. The Board	 after considering the	 material placed before it	 including the petitioner 's representation	 and after hearing the petitioner in person	 sent its report to the State Government on January 14	 1972. Opinion was expressed	 by the Board that there was sufficient cause for the detention of the petitioner. On February 2	 1972 the State Government confirmed the order for the detention of the petitioner. Communication about the confirmation of the order was thereafter sent to the petitioner. Affidavit of Shri B. Mukhopadhya	 District Magistrate of 24 Parganas	 who passed the impugned order	 has been filed in opposition to the Petition. Mr. Bagga has argued the case amicus curiae on behalf of the petitioner	 while the State has been represented by Mr. Chakravarti. 548 It has been argued on behalf of the petitioner that the particular acts on account of which the order for the detention of the petitioner has been made were not germane to the maintenance of public order and	 as such	 the order for his detention could not be validly made for preventing him from acting in a manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. In this respect we find that according to the grounds of detention	 the order for the petitioner s detention was made on the ground that he had been acting in a manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order as evidenced by the particulars given below; taken separately or collectively "That on 26 9 71 at about 18.30 hours while Baidyanath Bandopadhya of Champapukur	 P.S. Basirhat	 District 24 Parganas along with his wife were travelling ill a 3rd class compartment of Up Basirhat local train from Barasat	 You along with your associates attacked him and his wife with open knives between Champapukur R/s and Basirhat R/S and robbed them of Wrist Watch	 Gold Ornaments	 Cash valued at Rs. 725// by putting them in fear of death. By your such activities you created terror and panic among the travelling passengers and public order was disturbed thereby. On 4 11 71. at about 21.40 hours	 you and your associates armed with bombs	 daggers	 knives and iron rods etc. attacked police on the platform at Beliagliata railway station with a view to take their lives and to intimidate the public you charged two bombs which exploded with terrible sound endangering the on duty police. Your such action was so violent that it created panic and confusion among the passengers there then. YOU have thus action in a manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. " It would appear from the above that the petitioner and his associates attacked a husband and wife with open knives in the	 third class compartment of a running train and robbed them of valuable property	 including wrist watch	 gold ornaments and cash by putting them in fear of death. The grounds of detention further show that the above act of the petitioner and his associates created terror and panic among the travelling passengers and thereby disturbed public order. The second incident which took place at 9.40 p.m. on November 4	 1971 related to the attack by the petitioner and his associates on a police party on the platform of Belighata railway station with a view to kill them. The petitioner and his associates are stated to have been then armed with bombs. daggers	 knives and iron rods and they exploded two bombs 549 with terrible sound. It is further stated that the above act of the petitioner and his associates created panic and confusion among the passengers and thus disturbed public order. Each one of the above two incidents of September 26	 1971 and November 4	 1971	 in our opinion	 affected public order and not merely law and order. The distinction between the concept of public order and that of law and order has been adverted to by this Court in a number of cases. In the case of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia vs State of Bihar(1)	 Hidayatullah J. (as he then was) said that any contravention of law always affected order	 but before it could be said to affect public order	 it must affect the community at large. He considered three concepts	 law and order	 public order and the security of the State	 and observed that to appreciate the scope and extent of each one of them	 one should imagine the concentric circles. The largest of them represented law and order	 next represented public order and the smallest represented the security order	 just asan act might affect public order but not the security of the State. In the subsequent case of Arun Ghosh vs State of West Bengal 2 the Court dealt with the matter in the following words: "Public order is the even tempo of the life of the community taking the country as a whole or even a specified locality. Disturbance of public order is to be distinguished from acts directed against individuals which do not disturb the society to the extent of causing a general disturbance	 of public tranquility. It is the degree of disturbance and its effect upon the life of the community in a locality which determines whether thedisturbance amounts only to a breach of law and order. Take for instance	 a man stabs another. People may be shocked and even disturbed	 but the life of the community keeps moving at an even tempo	 however much one may dislike the act. Take another case of a town where there is communal tension. A man stabs a member of ' the other community. This is an act of a very different sort. Its implications are deeper and it affects the even tempo of life and public order is jeopardized because the repercussions of the act embrace large sections of the community and incite them to make further breaches of the law and order and to subvert the public order. An Act by itself is not determinant of its own gravity. In its quality it may not differ from another but in its poten tiality it may be very different." (1)[1966] 1 S.C.R. 709. (2) 550 The question where a man has only committed a breach of law and order or has acted in a manner likely to cause a disturbance 	of the public order	 according to the dictum laid down in the above case is a question of degree and the extent of the reach of the act upon the society. Public order is what the French call "order publique" and is something more than ordinary maintenance of law and order. The test to be adopted in determining whether an act affects law and order or public order	 as laid down in the above 		case	 is : Does it lead to disturbance of the current of life of the community so as to amount to a disturbance of the public order 	or does it affect merely an individual leaving the tranquility of the society undisturbed ? The principle enunciated above has been followed by this Court in the case of Nagendra Nath Mondal V. State of West Bengal(1) and Nandlal Roy Ca	 Nonda Dulal Roy @ Pagla vs State of West Bengal (WP No. 15 of 1972	 decided on March II	 1972.) In the light of what has been observed above	 we have no doubt that each one of the incidents of September 26	 1971 and November 4	 1971 was prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. When two passengers are robbed at the point of knife while travelling in a third class compartment of a running train	 the act of the miscreants affects not only the passengers who are deprived 	of their valuables but also the other passengers who watch tile whole thing in fear as helpless spectators. There is bound to be consequent terror and panic amongst the travelling public. Like wise	 attack directed against a police party on the platform of railway station by exploring bombs is bound to create panic an. confusion among the passengers at the railway station. The act ' in question in the very nature of things would adversely affect the even tempo of life of the community and cause a general disturbance of public tranquility. Reference has been made on behalf of the petitioner to the 	case of Sudhir Kumar Saha vs Commissioner of Police	 Calcutta & A nr. The petitioner in that case along with others committed various acts on three occasions. On the first occasion lie attached the people of a locality with a knife and by hurling bottles at them. ' On the other two.occasions he attacked the people of another locality by hurling bombs at them. It was held that the incidents were not interlinked and could not have prejudiced tile maintenance of public order. As against the above solitary decision	 Mr. Chakravarti on behalf of the respondent State has referred to the principle laid down in the case of Arun Ghosh vs State of West Bengal (supra) as well as in the case of Nagendra Nath Mondal V. State of West 	Bengal (supra). Apart from those two cases	 we find that in the (2) ; (1) [1972] I S.C.R. 498. 551 case of Tapan Ku mat ' Mukherjee and Ors. vs State of West Bengal(1) the allegation against the detenu was that he along with other associates committed robbery in respect of a fat	 and a watch at the point of dagger in a running train	 and this created disturbance of public order. Contention was raised that the act of the detenu and his associates related only to law and order and not to public order. This contention was repelled and it was observed that the innocent passengers would be terror stricken by the acts of the detenu and his associates. Another incident which was referred to in that case related to throwing of bombs on a shop. The bombs exploded and as a result of the panic so caused in the locality	 all the shops and houses around the place were closed. The above round was held by this Court to be germane to the disturbance of public order. In case of Nandlal Roy (supra)	 the ground of detention recited that the detenu and his associates while committing theft of rice from a wagon threw bombs upon the members of the Railway Protection Force. One member of the Railway Protection Force was injured. The explosion of the bombs was stated to have created panic in the station	 area and the adjoining locality. It was held that the activity of the petitioner created not merely a question of the maintenance of law and order but created a disturbance which would be comprehended by the	 expression " order publique". The detention order was consequently upheld. In section K. Kedar vs State of West Bengal (WP No. 35 of 1972 decided on May 2	 1972) the allegation against the detenu was that he and his associates while removing railway material charged bombs and ballast upon R.P.F. party as a consequence of which the members of R.P.F. party fired in self defence. The activity of the petitioner was considered to be prejudicial to the maintenance of public order and the detention order was upheld. The facts of the present case are much more akin to those of Tapan Kumar Mukherjee and Ors. vs State of West Bengal (supra). The past activities of the petitioner as revealed in the grounds of detention	 in our opinion	 showed a propensity to disturb public order. The authority concerned	 in the circumstances	 could have validly made the order for the detention of the petitioner to prevent him from acting in a manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. The petition consequently fails and is dismissed. V.P.S. Petition dismissed.

The petitioner and his associates attacked a husband and wife with open knives in the third class compartment of a running train and robbed them of valuable property by putting them in fear of death on one occasion	 and on another occasion	 attacked a police party on the platform of a railway station with bombs. dagger$	 knives and iron rods and exploded bombs with a view to kill the police party. The petitioner was detained by an order under section 3 of the with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner Prejudicial to the maintenance of public order	 and the 'grounds of detention were that the two incidents created terror and panic among passengers and disturbed public order. The	 petitioner challenged the order of detention in this Court. Dismissing the petition. HELD : Both the incidents referred to in the order affected public order and not merely law and order. [550 E F] The question whether a man only committed a breach of law and order or has act ad in a manner likely to cause disturbance of the public order	 is a question of degree and the extent of the reach of the act upon the society. The test to be adopted in determining whether an act affects law and order or public order is : Does it lead to disturbance of the current of life of the community so as to amount to a 	disturbance of the public order or does it affect merely an individual leaving the tranquillity of the society undisturbed ? When two passengers are robbed at the point of knives while travelling in a third class compartment of a running train the act affects riot only the passengers who are deprived of their valuables but also the other passengers who are watching in fear as helpless spectators. Likewise	 the attack against the police party on the platform of a railway station by exploding bombs is bound to create panic and confusion among the passengers at the railway station. Consequently	 there is bound to be terror and panic amongst the travelling public. Therefore	 the acts in question	 in the very nature of things	 would adversely affect the even tempo of life of the community and cause a general disturbance of public tranquillity. [550 A F] Tapan Kumar Mukherjee and ors. vs State of West Bengal	 A.I.R. 1972 S.C. 840. followed. Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia vs State of Bihar	 [1966] 1 S.C.R. 709	 .Arun Ghosh vs State of West Bengal	 [1970] 3 S.C.R. 288	 Nagendra Nath Mondal vs State of West Bengal	 ; 	 Nandlal Roy @ Nonda Dulal Roy @ Pagla vs State of West Bengal	 W.P. No. 15 of 1972	 decided on March 11	 1972. Sudhir Kumar Saha vs Commissioner of Police Calcutta and Anr.	 ; and section K. Kader vs State of West Bengal	 W.P. 35 of 1967 decided on May 2	 1972	 referred to. 547