Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 1297 of 1977. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 25th of April 1977 of the Delhi High Court in Civil Writ Petition No. 245 of 1977. P. P. Rao	 A. K. Ganguli and Ashwani Kumar for the appellant. Soli J. Sorabjee	 Additional Solicitor General	 E. C. Agarwala	 B. N. Kripal and Girish Chandra for Respondent No. 1. M.N. Phadke	 section section Bindra	 Hardev Singh & R. section Sodhi for Respondent No. 3. The followiug Judgments of the Court were delivered by KRISHNA IYER	 J. What troubles us in this appeal	 coming before a Bench of 5 Judges on a reference under Article 145(3) of the Constitution	 is not the profusion of controversial facts nor the thorny bunch of lesser law	 but the possible confusion about a few constitutional fundamentals	 finer administrative normae and jurisdictional limitations bearing upon elections. What are those fundamentals and limitations? We will state them	 after mentioning briefly what the writ petition	 from which this appeal	 by special leave	 has arisen	 is about	 279 The basics Every significant case has an unwritten legend and indelible lesson. This appeal is no exception	 whatever its formal result. The message	 as we will see at the end of the decision	 relates to the pervasive philosophy of democratic elections which Sir Winston ChurchiU vivified in matchless words : "At the bottom of all tributes paid to democracy is the little man	 walking into a little booth	 with a little pencil	 making a little cross on a little bit of paper no amount of rhetoric or voluminous discussion can possibly diminish the overwhelming importance of the point. " If we may add	 the little	 large Indian shall not be hijacked from the course of free and fair elections by mob muscle methods	 or subtle perversion of discretion by men dressed in little	 brief authority. For 'be you ever so high	 the law is above you. The moral may be stated with telling terseness in the words of William Pitt: 'Where laws end	 tyranny begins '. Embracing both these mandates and emphasizing their combined effect is the elemental law and politics of Power best expressed by Benjamin Dizreeli: "I repeat that all power is a trust that we are accountable for its exercise that	 from the people and for the people	 all springs	 and all must exist." (Vivien Grey	 BK. 7) Aside from these is yet another	 bearings on the	 play of natural justice	 its nuances	 non applications	 contours	 colour and content. Natural Justice is no mystic testament of judge made juristics but the pragmatic	 yet principled	 requirement of fairplay in action as the norm of a civilised justice system and minimum of good government crystallised clearly in our jurisprudence by a catena of cases here and elsewhere. The conspectus of facts The historic elections to Parliament	 recently held across the 	country	 included a constituency in Punjab called 13 Ferozepore Parliamentary constituency. It consisted of nine assembly segments and the polling took place on March 16	 1977. According to the calendar notified by the Election Commission	 the counting took place in respect of five assembly segments on March 20	 1977 and the	 remaining four on the next day. The appellant and the third respondent were the principal contestants. It is stated by the appellant that when counting in all the assembly segments was completed at the respective segment headquarters	 copies of the results were given to the candidates and the local tally telephonically communicated to the returning officer (respondent 2). According to the scheme the postal ballots are to arrive at the returning officer 's headquarters at Ferozepore where they are to be counted. The final tally is made when the ballot boxes 280 and the returns duly reach the Ferozepore headquarters front the various segment headquarters. The poll proceeded as ordained	 almost to the very last stages	 but the completion of the counting at the constituency headquarters in Ferozepore was aborted at the final hour as the postal ballots were being counted thanks to mob violence allegedly mobilised at the instance of the third respondent. 	 The appellant 's version is that he had all but won on the total count by a margin of nearly 2000 votes when the panicked opposite party havoced and halted the consummation by muscle tactics. The postal ballot papers were destroyed. The	 ballot boxes from the Fazilka segment were also done away with en route	 and the returning officer was terrified into postponing the declaration of the result. On account of an earlier complaint that the returning officer was a relation of the appellant	 the Election Commission (hereinafter referred to as Commission) had: deputed an officer of the Commission Shri IKK Menon as observer of the poll process in the constituency. He was present as the returning officer who under compulsion had postponed the concluding 3 p.m. onwards. Thus the returning officer had the company of the observer with him during the crucial stages and controversial eruptions in the afternoon of March 21. Shortly after sunset	 presumably	 the returning officer who under compulsion had postponed the concluding part of the election	 reported the happenings by wireless massage to the Election Commission. The observer also reached Delhi and gave a written account and perhaps an oral narration of the untoward events which marred what would otherwise have been a smooth finish Lo	 the election. Disturbed by the disruption of the declaratory part of the election	 the appellant	 along with a former Minister of the State	 met the Chief Election Commissioner (i.e. the Commission) at about 10.30 A.M. on March 22nd	 with the request that he should direct the returning officer to declare the result of the election. Later in the day	 the Commission issued an order which has been characterised by the appellant as a law less and precedentless cancellation	 of the whole poll	 acting by hasty hunch and without rational appraisal of facts. By the 22nd of_March	 when the Election Commission made the impugned order	 the bulk of the electoral results in the country bad beamed in. The gravamen of the grievance of the appellant is that while he had	 in all probability	 won the poll	 he has been deprived of this valuable and hard won victory by the arbitrary action of the Commission going contrary to fairplay and in negation of the basic canons of natural justice. Of course the Commission did not stop with the cancellation but followed it up a few days later with a direction to hold a fresh poll_for the whole constituency	 involving all the nine segments	 although there were no complaints about the polling in any of the constituencies and the ballot papers of eight constituencies were available intact with the returning officer and only Fazilka segment ballot papers were destroyed or demanded on the way	 (plus the postal ballots). It must also	 be mentioned here that a demand was made	 according to the version	 of the third respondent	 for recount in one segment which was		 281 unreasonably	 turned down. The observer	 in his report to the Election Commission	 also mentioned that in two polling stations divergent practices were adopted in regard to testing valid and invalid votes. To be more pracise	 Shri IKK Menon mentioned ' in his report that at polling station No. 8	 the presiding officer 's seal on the tag as well as the paper seal of one box was broken. But the ballot papers contained in that box were below 300 and would not have affected the result in the normal course. In another case in Jalalabad assembly segment	 the assistant returning officer had rejected a number of ballot papers of a polling station on the score that they were not signed by the presiding officer. In yet another case it was reported that the ballot papers were neither signed nor stamped but were accepted by the assistant returning officer as valid	 al though the factum was not varified by Shri Menon with the assistant returning officer. Shri Menon	 in his report	 seems to have broadly authenticated the story of the mob creating a tense situation leading to the military being summoned. According to him only the ballot papers of Fazilka assembly segment were destroyed	 not of the. other segments. Even regarding Fazilka	 the result sheet had arrived. So	 far as Zira assembly segment was concerned	 some documents (not the	 ballot papers) had been snatched away by hooligans. The observer had asked the returning officer to send a detailed report over and above the wireless message. That report	 dated March 21	 reached the Commission on March 23	 but	 without waiting for the	 report we need not probe the reasons for the hurry the Commission issued the order cancelling the poll. The Chief Election Commissioner has filed a laconic affidavit leaving to the Secretary of the Commission to go into the details of the facts	 although the Chief Election Commissioner must himself have had them within his personal ken. This aspect also need not be examined by us and indeed cannot be	 for reasons which we will presently set out. Be that as it may	 the Chief Election Commissioner admitted in his affidavit that the appellant met him in his office on the morning of March 22	 1977 with the request that the returning officer be directed to declare the result. He agreed to consider and told him him off		 and eventually passed an order as mentioned above. The then Chief Election Commissioner has mentioned in his affidavit that the observer Shri Menon had apprised him of "the various incidents and developments regarding the counting of votes in the constituency" and also had submitted a written report. He has also admitted the receipt of the wireless message	 of the returning officer. He concludes his affidavits 'that after taking all these circumstances and information including the oral representation of the 1st petitioner into account on "2nd Much	 1977 itself I passed the order cancelling the poll in the said Parliamentary constituency. In my view this was the only proper course to adopt in the circumstances of the case and with a view to ensuring fair and free elections	 particularly when even a recount bad been rendered impossible by reason of the destruction of ballot papers. ' The order of the Election Commission	 resulting in the demolition of the poll already held	 may be read at this stage. 282 "ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA New Delhi Dated 22 March	 1977 Chaitra 1	 1899 (SAKA) NOTIFICATION S.O. Whereas the Election Commission has received reports from the Returning Officer of 13 Ferozepore Parliamentary Constituency that the counting on 21 March	 1977 was seriously disturbed by violence; that the ballot papers of some of the assembly segments of the Parliamentary constituency have been destroyed by violence; that as a consequence it is not possible to complete the counting of the votes in the constituency and the declaration of the result cannot be made with any degree of certainty: And whereas the Commission is satisfied that taking all circumstances into account	 the poll in the constituency has been vitiated to such an extent as to effect the result of the election; Now	 therefore	 the Commission	 in exercise of the powers vested in it under Article 324 of the Constitution	 Section 153 of the	 Representation of the People Act	 1951 and all other powers enabling it so to do	 cancels the poll already taken in the constituency and extends the time for the completion of the election up to 30 April	 1977 by amending its notification No. 464/77	 dated 25 February	 1977 in respect of the above election as follows : In clause (d) of item (i) of the said notification	 relating to the completion of election (a) in the existing item (i)	 after the words "State of Jammu and Kashmir"	 the words "and 13 Ferozepur Parliamentary constituency in the State of Punjab" shall be inserted; and (b) The existing item (ii) shall be renumbered as item (iii)	 and before the item (iii) as so renumbered	 the following item shall be inserted	 namely : "(iii) 30 April 1977 (Saturday) as the date before which the election shall be completed in "13Ferozepur Parliamentary constituency in the State of Punjab." [464/77] By order Sd/ A. N. Sen	 Secretary The Commission declined to reconsider his decision when the appellant pleaded for it. Shocked by the liquidation of the entire poll	 the latter moved the High Court under Article 226 and sought to void the order as without jurisdiction and otherwise arbitrary and violative of any vestige of fairness. He was met by the objection	 successfully urged by the respondents 1 and 3	 that the High Court 283 had no jurisdiction in view of Article 329(b) of the Constitution and the Commission had acted within its wide power under Article 324 and fairly. Holding that it had no jurisdiction to entertain the writ petition. the High Court never the less ]proceeded to enter verdicts on.the merits of all the issues virtually exercising even the entire 	jurisdiction which exclusively belonged to the Election Tribunal. The doubly damnified appellant has come up to this Court in appeal by special leave. Meanwhile	 pursuant to the	 Commission 's direction	 a re poll was held. Although the appellant 's name lingered on the ballot he did not participate in the re poll and respondent 3 won by an easy plurality although numerically those who voted were less than half of the	 previous poll. Of course	 if the Commission 's order for re poll fails in law	 the second electoral exercise has to be dismissed as a stultifying futility. Two things fall to be mentioned at this stage	 but	 in passing	 it may be stated that the third respondent had complained to the Chief Election Commissioner that the assistant returning officer of Fazilka segment had declined the request for recount unreasonably and that an order for re poll of the Fazilka assembly part should be made 'after giving personal hearing '. Meanwhile	 runs the request of the third respondents 'direct the returning officer to withhold declaration of result of 13 Ferozepore parliament constituency '. We do not stop to make inference from this document but refer to it as a material factor which may be considered by the tribunal which	 eventually	 has to decide	 the factual controversy. The second equally relevant matter is that when a statutory functionary makes an order based on certain grounds	 its validity must be judged by the reasons so mentioned and cannot be supplemented by fresh reasons in the shape of affidavit or otherwise. Otherwise	 an order bad in the beginning may	 by the time it comes to court on account of a challenge	 get validated by additional grounds later brought 	out. We may here draw attention to the observations of Bose J. in Gordhandas Bhanji (1) "Public orders	 publicly made	 in exercise of a statutory authority cannot be construed in the light of explanations subsequently given by the officer making the order of what he meant	 or of what was in Ms mind	 or what he intended to	 do. Public orders made by public authorities are meant to have public effect and are intended to effect the actings and conduct of those to whom they are addressed and must be construed objectively with reference to the language used in the order itself. " Orders are not like old wine becoming better as they grow older: A Caveat. We must	 in limine	 state that anticipating our decision on the blanket ban on litigative interference during the process of the election	 clamped down by Article 329(b) of the Constitution we do not propose to enquire into or pronounce upon the factual complex or the (1) A.I.T. 284 lesser legal tangles	 but only narrate the necessary circumstances of the case to get a hang of the major issues which we intend adjudicating. Moreover	 the scope of any actual investigation in the event of controversion in any petition under Article 226 is ordinarily limited and we have before us an appeal from the High Court dismissing a petition under Article 226 on the score that such a proceeding is constitutionally out of bounds for any court	 having regard to the mandatory embargo. in Article329(b). We should not	except in exceptional circumstances	 breach the recognised	 though not inflexible	 boundaries of Article 226 sitting in appeal	 even assuming the maintainability of such a petition. Indeed	 we should have expected the High Court to have considered the basic jurisdictional issue first	 and not last as it did	 and avoided sallying forth into a discussion and decision on the merits	 self contra dicting its own holding that it had no jurisdiction even to entertain the petition. The learned Judges observed : "It is true that the submission at serial No. 3 above in fact relates to the preliminary objection urged on behalf of respondents 1 and 3 and should normally have been dealt with & St but since the contentions of the parties on submission No. 1 are inter mixed with the interpretation of Article 329(b) of the Constitution	 we thought it proper to deal with them in the order in which they have been made. " This is hardly a convincing alibi for the extensive per incuriam examination of facts and law gratuitously made by the Division Bench of the High Court	 thereby generating apprehensions in the appellant 's mind that not only is his petition not maintainable but he has been damned by damaging findings on the merits. We make it unmistakably plain that the election court hearing the dispute on the same subject under section 98 of the R.P. Act	 1951 (for short	 the Act) shall not be moved by expressions of opinion on the merits made by the Delhi High Court while dismissing the writ petition. An obiter binds none	 not even the author	 and obliteration of findings rendered in supererogation must alley the appellant 's apprehensions. This Court is in a better position than the High Court	 being competent	 under certain circumstances	 to declare the law by virtue of its position under Article 141. But	 absent such authority or duty	 the High Court should have abstained from its generosity. Lest there should be any confusion about possible slants inferred from our synoptic statements	 we clarify that nothing projected in this judgment is intended to be an expression of our opinion even indirectly. The facts have been set out only to serve as a peg to hang three primary constitutional issues which we will formulate a little later. Operation Election Before we proceed further	 we had better have a full glimpse of tie	 constitutional scheme of elections in our system and the legislative follow up regulating the process of election. Shri Justice Mathew in lndira Nehru Gandhi(1) summarised skeletal fashion	 this scheme (1) 285 following the pattern adopted by Fazal Ali	 J. in Ponnuswami. ; He explained : "The concept of democracy as visualised by the Constitution presupposes the representation of the people in Parliament and state legislatures by the method of election. And	 before an election machinery can be brought into operation	 there are three requisites which require to be attended to	 namely	 (1) there should be a set of laws and rules making provisions with respect to all matters relating to	 or in connection with	 elections	 and it should be decided as to how these laws and rules are to be made; (2). there should be an executive charged with the duty of securing the due conduct of elections; and (3) there should be a judicial tribunal to deal with disputes arising out of or in connection with elections. Articles 327 and 328 deal with the first of these requisites	 article 324 with the second and article 329 with the third requisite (see N. P. Ponnuswami vs Returning Officer	 Nanmakkal Constituency & Ors. ; 	 229). Article 329 (b) envisages the challenge to an election by a petition to be presented to such authority as the Parliament may	 by law	 prescribe. A law relating to election should contain the requisite qualifications for candidates	 the method of voting	 definition of corrupt practices by the candidates and their election agents	 the forum for adjudication of election disputes and other cognate matters. It is on the basis of this law that the question determined by the authority to which the petition is presented. And	 when a dispute is raised as regards the validity of the election of a particular candidate	 the authority entrusted with the task of resolving the dispute must necessarily exercise	 a judicial function	 for	 the process consists of ascertaining the facts relating to the election and applying the law to the facts so ascertained. " A short description of the legislative project in some more detail may be pertinent	 especially touching on the polling process in the booths and the transmission of ballot boxes from the polling stations to the returning officer 's ultimate counting station and the crucial prescriptions regarding annuoncements and recounts and declarations. We do not pronounce upon the issues regarding the stage for and right of recount. the validity of votes or other factual or legal disputes since they fall for decision by the Election Court where the appellant has filed an election petition by way of abundant caution. A free and fair election based on universal adult franchise is the basic; the regulatory procedures vis a vis the repositories of functions and the distribution of legislative	 executive and judicative roles in the total scheme	 directed towards the holding of free elections	 are the specifics. Part XV of the Constitution plus the Representation of the People Act	 1950 (for short	 the 1950 Act) and the Representation of the People Act	 1951 (for short	 the Act)	 Rules framed there under	 instructions issued and exercises prescribed	 constitute the package of 286 electoral law governing the parliamentary and assembly elections in the country. The super authority is the Election Commission	 the kingpin is the returning officer	 the minions are the presiding officers in the polling stations and the electoral engineering is in conformity with the elaborate legislative provisions. The scheme is this. The President of India (Under Section 14) ignites the general elections across the nation by calling upon the People	 divided into several constituencies and registered in the electoral rolls	 to choose their representatives to the Lok Sabha. The constitutionally appointed authority	 the Election Commission	 takes over the whole conduct and supervision of the mammoth enterprise in volving a plethora of details and variety of activities	 and starts off with the notification of the time table for the	 several stages of the election (Section 30). The assembly line operations then begin. An administrative machinery and technology to execute these enormous and diverse jobs is fabricated by the Act	 creating officers	 powers and duties	 delegation of functions and location of polling stations. The precise exercise following upon the calendar for the poll	 commencing from presentation of nomination papers	 polling drill and telling of votes		 culminating in the declaration and report of results are covered by specific prescriptions in the Act and the rules. The secrecy of the ballot	 the authenticity of the voting paper and its later identifiability with reference to particular polling stations	 have been thoughtfully provided for. Myriad other matters necessary for smooth elections have been taken care of by several provisions of the Act. The wide canvas so spread need not engage us sensitively	 since such diffusion may weaken concentration on the few essential points concerned in this case. One such aspect relates to repoll. Adjournment of the poll at any polling station in certain emergencies is sanctioned by section 57 and fresh poll in specified vitiating contingencies is authorised by section 58. The rules run into more particulars. After the votes are cast comes their counting. Since the simple plurality of votes clinches the verdict	 as the critical moment approaches	 the situation is apt to hot up	 disturbances erupt and destruction of ballots disrupt. If disturbance or destruction demolishes the prospect of counting the total votes	 the number secured by each candidate and the ascertainment of the will of the majority	 a re poll confined to disrupted polling stations is provided for. Section 64A chalks out the conditions for and course of such repoll	 spells out the power	 and repository thereof and provides for kindred matters. At this stage we may make a closer study of the provisions regarding repoll systematically and stagewise arranged in the Act. It is not the case of either side that a total repoll of an entire constituency is specificated in the sections or the rules. Reliance is placed for this wider power upon Article 324 of the Constitution by the Commission in its order	 by the first respondent in his affidavit	 by the learned Additional Solicitor General in his argument and by the third respondent through his counsel. We may therefore have to study the scheme of. article 324 and the provisions of the	 Act together since they are integral to each other. Indeed	 if we may mix metaphors for emphasis	 the legislation made pursuant to Article 327 and that part of the Constitution specially devoted to elections must be 287 viewed as one whole picture	 must be heard as an orchestrated piece and must be interpreted as one package of provisions regulating perhaps the most stressful and strategic aspect of democracy in action so dear to the nation and so essential for its survival. The lis and the issues Two prefatory points need to be mentioned as some reference was made to them at the bar. Firstly	 an election dispute is not like an ordinary lis between private parties. The entire electorate is vicariously	 not inertly	 before the court. (See ; 	 616	 622). We may	 perhaps	 call this species of cases collective litigation where judicial activism assures justice to the constituency	 guardians the purity of the system and decides the rights of the candidates. In this class of cases	 where the common law tradition is partly departed from	 the danger that the active judge may become	 to some extent	 the prisoner of his own prejudices exists; and so	 notwithstanding his powers of initiative	 the parties ' role in the formulation of the issues and in the presentation of evidence and argument should be substantially maintained and care has to be taken that the circle does not become a vicious one	 as pointed out by J.A. Jolowicz in. 'Public Interest Parties and the Active Role of the Judge in Civil Litigation ' (sections p. 276). Therefore	 it is essential that courts	 adjudicating upon election controversies	 must play a verily active role	 conscious all the time that every decision rendered by the Judge transcends private rights and defends the constituency and the democracy of the country. Secondly	 the pregnant problem of power and its responsible exercise is one of the perennial riddles of many a modern constitutional order. Similarly	 the periodical process of free and fair elections. uninfluenced by the caprice	 cowardices or partisanship of hierarchical authority holding it and unintimidated by the threat	 tantrum or vandalism of strong arm tactics	 exacts the embarrassing price of vigilant monitoring. Democracy digs its grave where passions	 tensions and violence	 on an overpowering spree	 upset results of peaceful polls	 and the law of elections is guilty of sharp practice if it hastens to legitimate the fruits of lawlessness. The judicial branch has a sensitive responsibility her to call to order lawless behaviour. Forensic non action may boomerang	 for the court and the law are functionally the bodyguards of the People against bumptious power	 official or other. We now enter the constitutional zone relating to the controversy in this case. Although both sides have formulated the plural problems with some divergence	 we may compress them into three cardinal questions : 1.Is article 329(b) a blanket ban on all manner of questions which may have impact on the ultimate result of the election	 arising between two temporal termini viz.	 the notifi cation by the President calling for the election and the declaration of the result by the returning officer ? Is article 226 also covered by this embargo and. if so	 is section 100 broad enough to accommodate every kind of objection	 constitutional	 legal or factual	 which may have the result of invalidation of an 288 election and the declaration of the petitioner as the returned candidate and direct the organisation of any steps necessary to give full relief ? 2.Can the Election Commission	 clothed with the comprehensive functions under Article 324 of the Constitution	 cancel the whole poll of a constituency after it has been held	 but before the formal declaration of the result has been made	 and direct a fresh poll without reference to the guidelines under sections 58 and 64(a) of the Act	 or other legal prescription or legislative backing. If such plenary power exists	 is it exercisable on the basis of his inscrutable 'subjective satisfaction ' or only on a reviewable objective assessment reached on the basis of circumstances vitiating a free and fair election and warranting the stoppage of declaration of the result and directions of a fresh poll not merely of particular polling stations but of the total constituency ? 3.Assuming a constitutionally vested capacity tinder article 324 to direct re poll	 is it exercisable only in conformity with natural justice and geared to the sole goal of a free	 popular verdict if frustrated on the first occasion ? Or	 is the Election Commission immune to the observance of the doctrine of natural justice on account of any recognised exceptions to the application of the said principle and unaccountable for his action even before the Election Court ? The juridical aspect of these triple questions alone can attract judicial jurisdiction. However. even if we confine ourselves to legal problematics	 eschewing the political overtones	 the words of Justice Holmes will haunt the Court : "We are quiet here	 but it is the quiet of a storm centre. " The judicature must	 however. be illumined in its approach by a legal sociological guidelines and a princi pled pragmatic insight in resolving	 with jural tool and techniques s 	ind techniques. 'the various crises of human affairs ' as they reach the forensic stage and seek dispute resolution in terms of the rule of law. Justice Cordozo felicitously set the perspective "The great generalities of the Constitution have at content and significance that vary from age to age." Chief Justice Hidayatullah perceptively articulated the insight "One must	 of course	 take note of the synthesized authoritative content or the moral meaning of the underlying ' principle of the	 prescriptions of law	 but not ignored the historic revolution of the	 law itself or how it was connected in its changing moods with social requirements of a particular age. (Judicial Methods	 B. N. Rau Memorial Lecture) The old articles of the supreme lex meet new challenges of life	 the old legal pillars suffer new stresses. So we have to adopt the law and develop its latent capabilities if novel situations	 as here	 are encountered. That is why in the reasoning we have adopted and the 289 perspective we have projected	 not literal nor lexical but liberal and visional is our interpretation of the Articles of the Constitution and the provisions of the Act. Lord Denning 's words are instructive "Law does not stand still. It moves continually. Once; this is recongnised	 then the task of the Judge is put on a higher plane. He must consciously seek to mould the law so as to serve the needs of the time. He must not be a mere	 mechanic	 a mere working mason	 laying brick on brick	 without thought to the overall design. He must be an archi tect thinking of the structure as a whole building for society a system of law which is strong	 durable and just. It is on his work that civilised society itself depends. " The invulnerable barrier of Art.329 (b). Right at the forefront stands in the way of the appellant 's progress the broad spectrum ban of Article 329(b) which	 it is claimed for the respondents	 is imperative and goal oriented. Is this Great Wall of China	 set up as a preliminary bar	 so impregnable that it cannot be by passed even by article 226 ? That	 in a sense	 is the key question that governs the fate of this appeal. Shri P. P. Rao for the appellant contended that	 however	 wide article 329(b) may be	 it does not debar proceedings challenging	 not the steps promoting election but dismantling it	 taken by the Commission without the backing of legality. He also urged that his client	 who had been nearly successful in the poll and had been deprived of it by an illegal cancellation by the Commission	 would be left in the cold without any remedy since the challenge to cancellation of the completed poll in the entire constituency was not covered by section 1 00 of the Act. Many subsidiary pleas also were put forward but we will focus on the two inter related submissions bearing on article 329(b) and section 100 and search for a solution. The problem may seem prickly but an imaginative application of principles and liberal interpretation of the constitution and the Act will avoid anomalies and assure justice. if we may anticipate our view which will presently be explained	 section 100 (1 ) (d) (iv) of the Act will take care of the	 situation present here	 being broad enough	 as a residual provision	 to accommodate	 in expression 'non compliance '	 every excess	 transgression	 breach or omission. And the spen of the	 ban under article 329(b) is measured by the sweep of section 100 of the Act. We have to proceed heuristically now. Article 329(b) reads Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution "(b) no election to either House of Parliament or to the House or either House of the Legislature of a State shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as may be Provided for by or under any law made by the appropriate Legislature. " Let us break down the prohibitory provision into its components. The sole remedy for an aggrieved party	 if he wants to challenge any election	 is an election petition. And this exclusion of all other remedies 290 includes constitutional remedies like article 226 because of the nonobstante clause. If what is impugned is an election the ban operates provided the proceeding 'calls it in question ' or puts it in issue: not otherwise. What is the high policy animating this inhibition '? Is there any interpretative alternative which will obviate irreparable injury and permit legal contests in between? How does section 100 (1) (d) (iv) of the Act integrate into the scheme? Let us read section 100 here : "Subject to the provisions of sub section (2) if the High Court is of opinion x x x (d)that the result of the election	 in so far as it concerns a returned candidate	 has been materially affected x x x (iv) by any non compliance with the provisions of the Constitution or of the Act or of any rules or orders made under this Act the High Court shall declare the election of the returned candidate to be void. The companion provision	 viz.	 section 98 also may be extracted at this	star	 : "At the conclusion of the trial of an election petition the High Court shall make an order (a) dismissing the election petition; or (b) declaring the election all or any of the returned candidates to be void; or (e) declaring the election of all or any of the returned candidates to be void and the petitioner or any other candidate to have been duly elected. " Now arises the need to sketch the scheme of section 1 00 in the setting of Art.329(b). The troublesome word 'non compliance ' holds in its fold a teleologic signification which resolves the riddle of this case in	 a way. So we will address	 ourselves to the meaning of meanings the values within the words and the 'project unfolded '. This will be taken up one after the other. At the first blush we get the comprehensive impression that every calling in question of an election save	 at the end	 by an election petition	 is forbidden. What	 then	 is an election ? What is 'calling in question ? Every step from start to finish of the total process constitutes 'election '	 not merely the conclusion or culmination. Can the cancella tion of the entire poll be called a step in the process and for the progress of an election	 or is it a reverse step of undoing what has been done in the progress of the election	 non step or anti step setting at nought the process and	 therefore	 not a step towards the goal and hence liberated from the coils of article 329(b) ? And	 if this act or step were to be shielded by the constitutional provision	 what is an aggrieved party to do 9 This takes us to the enquiry about the ambit of section 100 of the Act and the object of article 329 (b) read with article 324. Such is the outline of the complex issue projected before us. 291 'The election philosophy and the principle in Ponnuswami Democracy is government by the people. It is a continual participative operation	 not a cataclysmic	 periodic exercise. The little man	 in his multitude	 marking his vote at the poll does a social audit of his Parliament plus political choice of his proxy. Although the full flower of participative Government rarely blossoms	 the minimum credential of popular government is appeal to the people after every term for a renewal of confidence. we have adult franchise and general elections as constitutional compulsions. 'The right of election is the very essence of the constitution ' (Junius). It needs little argument to hold that the heart of the Parliamentary system is free	 and fair elections periodically held	 based on adult franchise	 although social and economic democracy may demand much more. Ponnuswami is a landmark case in election laws and deals with the scope	 amplitude	 rationale and limitations of article 329(b). its ratio has been consistently followed by this Court in several rulings through Durga Shankar Mehta (1) and Hari Vishnu Kamath and Khare (2) down to Indira Gandhi(3). The factual setting in that case may throw some light on the decision itself. The appellant 's nomination for election to the Madras Legislative Assembly was rejected by the Returning Officer and so he hurried to the High Court praying for a writ of certiorari to quash the order of rejection	 without waiting for the entire elective process to run its full course and	 at the end of it	 when the results also were declared	 to move the election tribunal for setting aside the result of the election conducted without his participation. He thought that if the election proceeded without him irreparable damage	 would have been caused and therefore sought to intercept the progress of the election by filing a writ petition. The High Court dismissed it as unsustainable	 thanks to article 329(b) and this court in appeal	 affirmed that holding. Fazal Ali	 J. virtually spoke for the Court and explained the principle underlying article 329(b). The ambit and spirit of the bar imposed by the Article was elucidated with reference to the principle that 'it does not require much argument to show that in a country with a democratic constitution in which the legislatures have to play a very important role	 it will lead to serious consequences if the elections are unduly protracted or obstructed. ' In the view of the	 learned Judge	 immediate individual relief at an intermediate stage when the process of election is under way has to be sacrificed for the paramount public good of promoting the completion of elections. Fazal Ali	 J. ratiocinated on the ineptness of. interlocutory legal bold ups. He posed the issue and answered it thus : "The question now arises whether the law of elections in this country contemplates that there should be two attacks on matters connected with election proceedings	 one while they are going on by invoking the extraordinary jurisdiction of the High Court under article 226 of the Constitution (the ordinary (1) [1955] 1 section C. R. 267 (2) ; (3) 6 1114SCI/77 292 jurisdiction of the courts having been expressly excluded)	 and another after they have been completed by means of an election petition. In my opinion	 to affirm such a position would be contrary to the scheme of Part XV of the Constitution and the Representation of the People Act	 which	 as I shall point out later	 seems to. be that any matter which has the effect of vitiating an election should be brought up only at the appropriate stage in an appropriate manner before a special tribunal and should not be brought up at an 'intermediate stage before any court. It seems to me that under the election law	 the only significance which the rejection of a nomination paper has consists in the fact that it can be used as a ground to Call the election in question. Article 329(b) was apparently enacted to describe the manner in which end the stage at which this ground	 and other grounds which may be raised under the law to call the election in question	 could be urged. I think it follows by necessary implication from the language of this provision that those grounds cannot be urged in any other manner	 at any other stage and before any other court. If the grounds on which an election can be called in question could be raised at an earlier stage and errors	 if any are rectified	 there will be no meaning in enacting a provision like Article 329(b) and in setting up a special tribunal. Any other meaning ascribed to the words used in the article would lead to anomalies	 which the Constitution could not have contemplated	 one of them being that conflicting views may be expressed by the High Court at the pre polling stage and by the election tribunal	 which is to be an	 independent body	 at the stage when the matter is brought before it. Having thus explained the raison d 'etre of the provision	 the Court proceeded to interpret the concept of election in the scheme of Part XV of the Constitution and the Representation of the People Act	 1951. Articles 327 and 328 take care of the act of laws and rules making provisions with respect to all matters relating to or in connection with	 elections. ' Election disputes were also to be provided for by laws made under Article 327. The Court emphasised that Part XV of the Constitution was really a code in itself	 providing the entire ground work for enacting the appropriate laws and setting up suitable machinery for the conduct of elections. The scheme of the Act enacted by Parliament was also set out by Fazal Ali	 J. ' "Part VI deals with disputes regarding elections and provides for the manner of presentation of election petitions	 the constitution of election tribunals and the trial of election petitions part VII outlines the various corrupt and illegal practises which may affect the elections	 and electoral offences. Obviously	 the Act is self contained enactment so far as elections are concerned	 which means that whenever we have to ascertain the true position in regard to any matter connected made thereunder. The provisions of the Act which are material to the present discussion are sections 60	 100	 105 and with elections	 we have only to look at the Act and the rules 293 170	 and the provisions of Chapter 11 of Part IV dealing with the form of election petitions 	 their contents and the reliefs which may be sought in them. Section 80	 which is drafted in almost the same language as article 329(b) provides that 	no election shall be called in question except by an election petition presented in accordance with the provisions of this Part '. Section 1 00	 as we have already seen	 provides for the grounds on which an election may be called in question	 one of which is the improper rejection of a nomination paper	 Section 105 says that 'every order of the Tribunal made under this Act shall be final and conclusive. Section 170 provides that 'no civil court shall have jurisdiction to question the legality of any action taken or of any decision given by the Returning Officer or by any other person appointed under this Act in connection with an election. " There have been amendments to these provisions but the profile remains substantially the same. After pointing out that the Act	 in section 80	 and the Constitution	 in article 329(b)	 speak substantially the same language and inhibit other remedies for election grievances except through the election tribunal	 the Court observed "That being so	 I think it will be a fair inference from the provisions of the Representation of the People Act to state that the Act provides for only one remedy	 that remedy being by an election petition to be presented after the election is over	 and there is no remedy provided at any intermediate stage. " There is a non obstante clause in Article 329 and	 therefore	 Article 22.6 stands pushed out where the dispute takes the form of calling in question an election	 except in special situations pointed out but left unexplored in Ponnuswami. The heart of the matter is contained in the conclusions summarised by the Court thus : "(1) Having regard to the important functions which the legislatures have to perform in democratic countries	 it has always been recognised to be a matter of first importance that elections should be concluded as early as possible according to time schedule and all controversial matters and all disputes arising out of elections should be postponed till after the elections are over	 so that the election proceedings may not be unduly retarded or protracted. (2)In conformity with this principle	 the scheme of the election law in this country as well as in England is that no significance should be attached to anything which does not affect the "election"; and if any irregularities are committed while it is in progress and they belong to the category or class which	 under the law by which elections are governed	 would have the effect of vitiating the "election" and enable the person effected to call it in question	 they should be brought so before a special tribunal by means of an election petition 294 and not be made the subject of a dispute before any court while the election is in progress. " After elaborately setting out the history in England and in India election legislation vis a vis dispute resolution	 Fazal Ali J. stated "If the language used in article 329(b) is considered against this historical background	 it should not be difficult to see why the framers of the Constitution framed that provi sion in its present form and chose the language which had been consistently used in certain earlier legislative provisions and which bad stood the test of time." Likewise the Court discussed the	 connotation 	 of the expression election ' in Article 329 and observed : "That word has by long usage in connection with the process of selection of proper representatives in democratic institutions	 acquired both a wide and a narrow meaning. In the narrow sense	 it is used to mean the final selection of a candidate which may embrace the result of the poll when there is polling or a particular candidate being returned unopposed when there is no poll. In the wide	 sense	 the word is used to connote the entire process culminating in a candidate being declared elected. it seems to me that the word "election " has been used in Part XV of the Constitution in the wide sense	 that to say to connote the entire procedure	 to be gone through to return a candidate to the legislature. That the word "election" bears this wide meaning wheneverwe talk of elections in a democratic country	 is borne out bythe fact that in most of the books on the subject and in several cases dealing with the matter	 one of the questions mooted is	 when the election begins The rainbow of operations	 covered by the compendious expression election	 thus commences from the initial notification and culminates in the declaration of the return of a candidate	. The paramount policy of the Constitution framers in declaring that no election shall be called in question except the way it is provided for in Article 329 (b) and the Representation of the People Act	 1951	 compels us to read	 as Fazal Ali	 J. did in Pannuswami	 the Constitution and the Act together as an integral scheme. The reason for postponement of election litigation to. the post election stage is that elections poll not unduly be protracted or obstructed. The speed and promptitude in getting due representation for the electors in the legislative bodies is the real reason suggested in the course of judgment. Thus for everything is clear. No litigative enterprise in the High Court or other court should be allowed to hold up the on going electoral process because the parliamentary representative for the constituence should be chosen promptly. Article 329 therefore covers "electoral matters". One interesting argument	 urged without success in Ponnuswami elicited a reasoning from the Court which has some bearing on the question in the present appeal. That argument was that if nomina 295 tion was part of election a dispute as to the validity of the nomination was a dispute relating to election and could be called in question	 only after the whole election was over	 before the election tribunal. This meant that the Returning Officer could have no jurisdiction to decide the validity of a nomination	 although section 36 of the Act conferred on him that jurisdiction. The learned Judge dismissed this argument as without merit	 despite the great dailectical ingenuity in the submission. In this connection the learned Judge observed "Under section 36 of the Representation of the People Act	 1951	 it is the duty of the Returning Officer to scrutinize the nomination papers to ensure that they comply with the requirements of	 the Act and decide all objections which be made to any nomination. It is clear that unless this duty is discharged properly	 any number of candidates may stand for election without complying with the provisions of the Act and a great deal of confusion may ensue. In discharging the statutory duty imposed on him	 the Returning Officer does not call in question any election. Scrutiny of nomination papers is only a stage	 though an important stage	 in the election process. It is one of the essential duties to be performed before the election can be completed	 and anything done towards the completion of the election proceeding can by no stretch of reasoning be described as questioning the election. The fallacy of the argument lies in treating a single step taken in furtherance of an election as equivalent to election. The decision of this appeal however turns not on the construction of the single word "election"	 but on the construction of the compendious expression no election shall be called in question" in this context and setting with due regard to the scheme of Part XV of the Constitution and the Representation of the People Act	 1951. Evidently	 the argument has no	 bearing on this method of approach to the question posed in this appeal	 which appears to me the only correct method. " What emerges from this perspicacious reasoning	 if we may say so with great respect	 is that any decision sought and rendered will not amount to 'calling in question ' an election if it subserves the progress of the election and facilitates the completion of the election. 'Ale should not slur over the quite essential observation " Anything done towards the completion of the election proceeding can by no stretch of reasoning be described as questioning the election. Likewise	 it is fallacious to treat 'a single step taken in furtherance of an election as equivalent to election '. Thus	 there are two types of decisions	 two types of challenges. The first relates to proceedings which interfere with the progress of the election. The second accelerates the completion of the election and acts in furtherance of an election. So	 the short question before us	 in the light of the illumination derived from Ponnuswami	 is as to whether the order for re poll of the Chief Election Commissioner is "anything done towards the completion of the election proceeding ' and whether the proceedings before the High Court facilitated the election process or halted its progress. The question immediately arises as to whether 296 the relief sought in	 the writ petition by the present appellant amounted to calling in question the election. This	 in turn	 revolves round the point as to whether the cancellation of the poll and the reordering of fresh poll is 'part of election ' and challenging it is 'calling it in question. The plenary bar of article 329 (b) rests on two principles : (1) The peremptory urgency of prompt engineering of the whole election process without intermediate interruptions by way of legal proceedings challenging the steps and stages in between the commencement and the conclusion. (2) The provision of a special jurisdiction which can be invoked by an aggrieved party at the end of the election excludes other form	 the right and remedy being creatures of statutes and controlled by the Constitution. Durga Shankar Mehta(1) has affirmed this position and supplemented it by holding that	 once the Election Tribunal has decided	 the prohibition is extinguished and the Supreme Court 's over all power to interfere under article 136 springs into	 action. In Hari Vishnu(2) this Court upheld the rule in Ponnuswami excluding any proceeding	 including one under article 226	 during the on going process of election	 understood in the comprehensive sense of notification down to declaration. Beyond the declaration comes the election petition	 but beyond the decision of the Tribunal the ban of article 329(b) does not bind. If 'election ' bears the larger connotation	 if 'callinng in question ' possesses a semantic sweep in plain English	 if policy and principle are tools for interpretation of statutes	 language permitting the conclusion is irresistible ' even though the argument contra may have emotional impact and ingenious appeal	 that the catch all jurisdiction under article 226 cannot consider the correctness	 legality or otherwise of the direction for cancellation integrated with re poll. For	 the prima facie purpose of such a re poll was to restore a detailed Poll process and to	 complete it through the salvationary effort of a repoll. Whether in fact or law	 the order is validly made within his powers or violative of natural justice can be examined later by the appointed instrumentality	 viz.	 the Election Tribunal. That aspect will be explained presently. We proceed on the footing that re poll in one polling station or it many polling stations for good reasons	 is lawful. This shows that re poll in many or all segments	 all pervasive or isolated	 can be lawful. We are not considering whether the act was bad for other reasons. We are concerned only to say that if the regular poll	 for some reasons	 has failed to reach the goal of choosing by plurality the returned candidate and to achieve this object a fresh poll (not a new election) is needed	 it may still be a step in the election. The deliverance of Dunkirk is part of the strategy of counter attack. Wise or valid	 is another matter. On the assumption	 but leaving the question of the validity of the direction for re poll soon for determination by the Election Tribunal	 we hold that a writ petition challenging the cancellation coupled with re poll amounts to calling in question a step in 'election! and is there	 fore barred by article 329(b). If no re poll had been directed the legal perspective would have been very different. The mere cancel (1) [1955] 1 S.C.R. 267. (2) ; 297 lation would have then thwarted the course of the election and different considerations would have come into play. We need not chase a hypothetical case. Our conclusion is not a matter of textual interpretation only but a substantial assurance of justice by reading section 100 of the Act as covering the whole basket of grievances of the candidates. Sri P. P. Rao contended that the Court should not deny relief to a party in the area of elections which are the life breath of democracy and people 's power. We agree. This dilemma does not arise in the wider view we take of section 100 (1) (d) (iv) of the Act. Sri Rao 's attack on the order impugned is in substance based on alleged non compliance with a provision of the Constitution viz.	 article 324 but is neatly covered by the widely worded	 residual catch all clause of section 100. knowing the supreme significance of speedy elections in our system the framers of the Constitution have	 by implication	 postponed all election disputes to election petitions and tribunals. In harmony with this scheme section 100 of the Act has been designedly drafted to embrace all conceivable infirmities which may be urged. To make the project fool proof section 100(1) (d) (iv) has been added to absolve everything left over. The Court has in earlier rulings pointed out that section 100 is exhaustive of all grievances regarding an election. But what is banned is not anything whatsoever done or directed by the Commissioner but everything he does or directs in furtherance of the election	 not contrariwise. For example	 after the President notifies the nation on the holding of elections under section 15 and the Commissioner publishes the calendar for the poll under section 30	 if the latter orders returning officers to accept only one nomination or only those which come from one party as distinguished from other parties or independents	 is that order immune from immediate attack. We think not. Because the Commissioner is preventing an election	 not promoting it and the courts review of that order will facilitate the flow	 not stop the stream. Election	 Wide or narrow be its connotation	 means choice from a possible plurality monolithic politics not being our genius or reality	 and if that concept is crippled by the Commissioner 's act	 he holds no election at all. A poll is part a vital part of the election but with the end of the poll the whole election IS not over. Ballots have to be assembled	 scrutinised	 counted recount claims considered and result declared. The declaration determines the election. The conduct of the election thus ripens into the elector 's choice only when processed	 screened and sanctified	 every escalatory step upto the formalised finish being unified in purpose	 forward in movement	 fair and free in its temper. Article 329(b) halts judicial intervention during this period	 provided the act possesses the pre requisites of 'election ' in its semantic sweep. That is to say	 immunity is conferred only if the act impeached is done for the apparent object of furthering a free and fair election and the protective armour drops down if the act challenged is either unrelated to. or thwarts or taints the course of the election. Having held against the maintainability of the writ petition	 we should have parted with the case finally. But counsel for both the 298 candidates and	 more particularly	 the learned Additional Solicitor General	 appearing for the Election Commission	 submitted that the breadth	 applitude and implications	 the direction and depth of Article 324 and	 equally important	 the question of natural justice raised under Article 324 are of such public importance and largely fallow field going by prior pronouncements	 and so strategic for our democracy and itspower process that this Court must decide the issue here and now. Article 141 empowers and obligates this Court to declare the law forthe country when the occasion asks for it. Counsel	 otherwise opposing one another	 insistently concurred in their request that for the working of the electoral machinery and understanding of the powers and duties vested in the functionaries constituting the infra structure	 it is essential to sketch the ambit and import of article 324. This point undoubtedly arises before us even in considering the prohibition under article 329 and has been argued fully. In any view	 the Election Triburial will be faced with this issue and the law must be laid down so that there may be no future error while disposing of the	 election petition or when the Commission is called upon to act on later occasion. This is the particular reason for our proceeding to decide what the content and parameters of article 324 are	 contextually limited to situations analogous to the present. We decide two questions under the relevant article	 not argued	 but as substantive pronouncements on the subject. They are : (a) What in its comprehensive connotation does the conduct ' of elections mean or	 for that matter	 the superintendence	 direction and control ' of elections ? (b) Since the text of the provision is silent about hearing before acting	 is it permissible to import into article 324(1) an obligation to act in accord with natural justice ? Article 324	 which we have set out earlier	 is a plenary provision vesting the whole responsibility for national and State elections and	 therefore	 the necessary powers to discharge that function. It is true that article 324 has to be read in the light of the constitutional scheme and the 1950 Act and the 1951 Act. Sri Rao is right to the ex tent be insists that if competent legislative is enacted as visualized in Article 327 the Commission cannot shake himself free from the enacted prescriptions. After all	 as Mathew	 J. has observed in Indira Gandhi : (supra) "In the opinion of some of the judges constituting the majority in Bharati 's case (supra)	 Rule of Law is a basic structure of the Constitution apart from democracy. The rule of law postulates the pervasiveness of the spirit of law throughout the whole range of government in the sense of excluding arbitrary official action in any sphere." (p. 523) 299 And the supremacy of valid law over the Commission argues itself. No one is an imperium in imperio in our constitutional order. It is reasonable to hold that the Commissioner cannot defy the law armed by article 324. Likewise	 his functions are subject to the norms of fairness and he cannot act arbitrarily. Unchecked power is alien to our system. Even so	 situations may arise which enacted law has not provided for. Legislators are not prophets but pragmatists. So it is that the Constitution has made comprehensive provision in article 324 to take care of surprise situations. That power itself has to be exercised	 not mindlessly nor mala fide	 nor arbitrarily nor with partiality but in keeping with the guidelines of the rule of law and not stultifying the Presidential notification nor existing legislation. More is not necessary to specify; less is insufficient to leave unsaid. Article 324	 in our view	 operates in areas left unoccupied by legislation and the words 'superintendence	 direction and control ' as well as 'conduct of all elections ' are the broadest terms. Myriad maybes	 too mystic to be precisely presaged	 may call for prompt action to reach the goal of free and fair election. It has been argued that this will create a constitutional despot beyond the pale of accountability; a Frankenstein 's monster who may manipulate the system into elected despotism instances of such phenomena are the tears of history. To that the retort may be that the judicial branch	 at the appropriate stage	 with the potency of its benignant power and within the leading strings of legal guidelines	 can call the bluff	 quash the	 action and bring order into the process. Whether we make a triumph or travesty of democracy depends on the man as much as on the Great National Parchment. Secondly	 When a high functionary like the Commissioner is vested with wide powers the law expects him to act fairly and legally. Article 324 is geared to the accomplishment of free and fair elections expeditiously. Moreover	 as held in Virendra(1) and Harishankar(2) discretion vested in a high functionary may be reasonably trusted to be used properly	 not. perversely. If it is misused	 certainly the Court has power to strike down the act. This is well established and does not it is useful to remem "But the electorate lives in the hope that a sacred power will not so flagrantly be abused and the moving finger of history warns of the consequences that inevitably flow when absolute power has corrupted absolutely. The fear of perversion is no test of power." lndira Nehru Gandhi vs Raj Narain(3). The learned Additional Solicitor General brought to our notice rulings of this Court and of the High Courts which have held that article 324 was a plenary power which enabled the Commission to act even in the absence of specific legislation though not contrary to valid legislation. Ordering a re poll for a whole constituency under compulsion of circumstances may be directed for the conduct of elections (1) ; (2) (3) at 657. 300 and can be saved by Aft. 324 provided it is bona fide necessary for the vindication of the free verdict of the electorate and the abandonment of the previous poll was because it failed to achieve that goal. While we repel Sri Rao 's broadside attack on article 324 as confined to what the Act has conferred	 we concede that even article 324 does not exalt the Commission into a law unto itself. Broad authority 3 does not bar scrutiny into specific validity of the particular order. Our conclusion on this limb of the contention is that Art	 324 is wide enough to supplement the powers under the Act	 as here	 but subject to the several conditions on its exercise we have set out. Now we move on to a close up of the last submission bearing on the Commission 's duty to function within the leading strings of natural justice. Indeed	 natural justice is a pervasive facet of secular law where a spiritual touch enlivens legislation	 administration and adjudication	 to make fairness a creed of life. It has many colours and shades	 many forms and shapes and	 save where valid law excludes	 it applies when people are affected by acts of Authority. It is the bone of healthy government	 recognised from earliest times and not a mystic testament of judge made law. Indeed	 from the legendary days of Adam and of Kautilya 's Arthasastra the rule of law has had this stamp of natural justice which makes it social justice. We need not go into these deeps for the present except to indicate that the	 roots of natural justice and its foliage are noble and not newfangled. Today its application must be sustained by current legislation	 case law or other extant principle	 not the hoary chords of legend and history. Our jurisprudence has sanctioned its prevalence even like the Anglo American system. The dichotomy between administrative and quasi judicial functions vis a vis the doctrine of natural justice is presumably obsolescent after Kraipak(1) in India and Schmit(2) in England. Kraipak marks the watershed	 if we may say so	 in the application of natural justice to administrative proceedings. Hegde	 J.	 speaking for a bench of five judges observed	 quoting for support Lord Parker in In re : H.K. (an infant) (3) "It is not necessary to examine these decisions as there is a great deal of fresh thinking on the subject. The horizon of natural justice is constantly expanding." (p. 467) "The aim of the rules of natural justice is to secure jus tice or to put it negatively to prevent miscarriage of justice. (1) (2) (3) 	 630. 301 These rules can operate only in areas not covered by any law validly made. In other words they do not supplant the law of the land but supplement it." (p. 468) "The validity of that limitation is not questioned. If the purpose of the rules of natural justice is to prevent miscarriage of justice one fails to see why those rules should be made inapplicable to administrative inquiries. Often times it is not easy to draw the line that demarcates administrative enquiries from quasi judicial enquiries. Enquiries which were considered administrative at one time are now being considered as quasi judicial in character. Arriving at a just decision is the aim of both quasi judicial enquiries as well as administrative enquiries. An unjust decision in an administrative enquiry may have more far reaching effect than a de cision in a quasi judicial enquiry. As observed by this Court in Suresh Koshy George vs The University of Kerala(") the rules of natural justice are not embodied rules. What particular rule of natural justice should apply to a given case must depend to a great extent on the facts and circumstances of that case	 the framework of the law under which the enquiry is held and the constitution of the Tribunal or body of persons appointed for that purpose. Whenever	. a complaint is made before a court that some principle of natural justice had been contravened the court has to decide whether the observance of that rule was necessary for a just decision on the facts of that case." (p. 469) It is an interesting sidelight that in America it has been held to be 'but fundamental fairness that the tight to an administrative hearing is given. (See Boston University Law Review Vol. 53 p. 899). Natural justice is being given access to the United Nations (See American Journal of International Law Vol. 67 p. 479). It is no table that Mathew	 J. observed in Indira Gandhi (supra) "If the amending body really exercised judicial power that power was exercised in violation of the principles of natural justice of audi alteram partem. Even if a power is given to a body without specifying that the rules of natural justice should be	 observed in exercising it	 the nature of the	 power would call for its observance." (p. 513) Lord Morris of Borthy Gest in his address before the Bentham :club concluded : "We can	 I think	 take pride in what has been done in recent periods and particularly in the field of administrative (1) 11969] 1 S.C.R. 317. 302 law by invoking and by applying those principles which we broadly classify under the designation of natural justice. Many testing problems as to their application yet remain to be solved. But affirm that the area of administrative action is but one area in which the principles are to be deployed. Nor are they to be invoked only when procedural failures are shown. Does natural justice qualify to be described as a "majestic" conception? I believe it does. Is it just a rhetorical but vague phrase which can I be employed	 when needed	 to give a gloss of assurance ? I believe that it is very much more. If it can be summarised as being fair play in action who could wish that it would ever be out of action ? It denotes that the law is not only to be guided by reason and by logic but that its purpose will not be fulfilled if it lacks more exalted inspiration." (Current Legal Problems 1973	 Vol. 26 p. 16) It is fair to hold that subject to certain necessary limitations natural justice is now a brooding omnipresence although varying in its play. Once we understand the soul of the rule as fairplay in action and it is so ' We must hold that it extends to both the fields. After all	 administrative power in a democratic set up is not allergic to fairness in action and discretionary executive justice cannot degenerate into unilateral injustice. Nor is there ground to be frightened of delay	 inconvenience and expense	 if natural justice gains access. For fairness itself is a flexible: pragmatic and relative concept	 not a rigid	 ritualistic or sophisticated abstraction. It is not a bull in a china shop nor a bee in one 's bonnet. Its essence is good conscience in a given situation: nothing more but nothing less. The 'exceptions ' to the rules of natural justice are a misnomer or rather are but a shorthand form of expressing the idea that in those exclusionary cases nothing unfair can be inferred by not affording an opportunity to present or meet a case. Text book excerpts and ratios from rulings can be heaped	 but they all converge to the same point that audi alteram partem is the justice of the law without	 of course	 making law lifeless	 absurd	 stultifying	 self defeating or plainly contrary to the commonsense of the situation. Let us look at the jurisprudential aspects of natural justice	 limited to the needs of the present case	 as the doctrine has developed in the Indo Anglian systems. We may state that the question of nullity does not arise here because we are on the construction of a constitutional clause. Even otherwise	 the rule of natural justice bears upon construction where a statute is silent save in that category where a legislation is charged with the vice of unreasonableness and consequential voidness. Article 324	 on the face of it	 vests vast functions which may be powers or duties	 essentially administrative and marginally even judicative or legislative. All Party Hill Leaders Conference	 Shillong vs Capt. W. A. Satigma Ors.(1). We are not fascinated by the logo (1) ; 303 machic exercise suggested by Sri P. P. Rao	 reading 'functions ' in contradistinction to 'powers ' nor by the trichotomy of diversion of powers	 fundamentally sound but flawsome in several situations if rigidly applied. These submissions merely serve to draw the red herring across the trial. We will now zero in on the crucial issue of natural justice vis a vis Article 324 where the function is so exercised that a candidate is substantially prejudiced even if be has not acquired a legal right nor suffered 'civil consequence '	 whatever that may mean. We proceed on the assumption that even if the cancellation of the poll in this case were an administrative act	 that per se does not repel the application of the natural justice principle. Kraipak nails the contrary argument. Nor did the learned Additional Solicitor General contend that way	 taking his stand all through	 not on technicalities	 easy victories or pleas for reconsideration of the good and progressive rules gained through this Court 's rulings in administrative law but on the foundational thesis that any construction that we may adopt must promote and be geared to the great goal of expeditious	 unobstructed	 despatch of free and fair elections and leaving grievances to Ice fully sorted out and solved later before the election tribunal set out by the Act. To use a telling word familiar in officialese; 'Election Immediate '. So now we are face to face with the naked issue of natural justice and its pro tem exclusion on grounds of necessity and non stultification of the on going election. The Commission claims that a direction for re poll is an 'emergency ' exception. The rules of natural justice are rooted in all legal systems	 not any 'new theology '	 and are manifested in the twin principles of nemo judes in sua caues and audi alteram partem. We are not concerned here with the former since no case of bias has been urged. The grievance ventilated is that being condemned unheard. Sporadic applications or catalogue of instances cannot make for a scientific statement of the law and so we have to weave consistent criteria for application and principles for carving out exceptions. If the rule is sound and not negatived by statute	 we should not devalue it nor hesitate to hold every functionary who effects others ' right to it. The audi alteram partem rule has a few facets two of which are (a) notice of the case to be met; and (b) opportunity to explain. Let us study how far the situation on hand can co exist with canons of natural justice. When natural justice is universally respected	 the standards vary with situations	 contracting into a brief	 even post decisional opportunity	 or expanding into trial type trappings. Ridge vs Baldwin(1) is a leading case which restored light to an area 'benighted by the narrow conceptualism of the previous decade to borrow Professor Clark 's expression. (Natural Justice; Substance and Shadow 'Public Law ' Joumal Spring 1975). Good administration demands fairplay in action and this simple desideratum is the fount of natural justice. We have already said that the classification of functions as judicial ' or 'administrative ' is a stultifying shibboleth	 discarded in India as in England. Today	 in our jurisprudence	 the (1) ; 304 advances made by natural justice far exceed old frontiers and if judicial creativity belights penumbral areas it is only for improving the quality of government by injecting fairplay into its wheels. The learned Additional Solicitor General welcomed the dramatic pace of enlargement in the application of natural justice. But he argued for inhibiting its spread into forbidden spaces lost the basic values of article 329 be nullified. In short	 his point is that where utmost promp titude is needed and that is the raison d 'etre of exclusion of intermediate legal proceedings in election matters natural justice may be impractical and may paralyse	 thus balking the object of expeditious completion. He drew further inspiration from another factor to validate the exclusion of natural justice from the Commission 's actions	 except where specifically stipulated by statutes. He pointed out what we have earlier mentioned that an election litigation is one in which the whole constituency of several lakhs of people is involved and	 if the Election Commission were under an obligation to hear affected parties it may	 logically	 have to give notice to lakhs of people and not merely to candidates. This will make an ass of the law and	 therefore	 that is not the law. This reductio ad absurdum also has to be examined. Law cannot be divorced from life and so it is that the life of the law is not logic but experience. If	 by the experiential test	 importing the right to be heard will paralyse the process	 law will exclude it. It has been said that no army can be commanded by a debating society	 but it is also true that the House of Commons did debate	 during the days of debacle and disaster	 agony and crisis of the Second World War	 the life and death aspects of the supreme command by the then British Prime Minister 'to the distress of all our friends and to the delight of all our foes ' too historic to be lost on jurisprudence. Law lives not in a world of abstractions but in a cosmos of concreteness and to give up something good must be limited to extreme cases. If to condemn unheard is wrong	 it is wrong except where it is overbome by dire social or haphazardsolutions should be eschewed. Normally	 natural justice involves the irritating inconvenience for men in authority	 of having to hear both sides since notice and opportunity are its very marrow. And this principle is so integral to good government	 the onus is on him who urges exclusion to make out why. Lord Denning expressed the paramout policy consideratlon behind this rule of public law (while dealing with the nemo judex aspect) with expressiveness. "Justice must be rooted in confidence: and confidence is destroyed when right minded people go away thinking 'the judge was biased '."We may adapt it to the audi alteram situation by the altered statement : "Justice must be felt to be just by the community if democratic legality is to animate the rule of law. And if the invisible audience sees a man 's case disposed of unheard	 a chorus of 'noconfidence ' will be heard to say	 'that man had no chance to defend his stance '. " That is why Tuckor LJ in Russol vs Duke of Norfolk(1) (1) 	118. 305 emphasised that 'whatever standard of natural justice is adopted	 one A	 essential is that the person concerned should have a reasonable opportunity of presenting his case '. What is reasonable in given circumstances is 'in the domain of practicability; not formalised rigidity. Lord Upjohn in Fernando(1) observed that 'while great urgency may rightly limit such opportunity timeously : perhaps severely there can never be a denial of that opportunity if the principles of natural justice are applicable '. It is untenable heresy	 in our view	 to look jaw the victim or act behind his back by tempting invocation of urgency	 unless the clearest case of public injury flowing from the least delay is selfevident. Even in such cases a remedial hearing as soon as urgent action has been taken is the next best. Our objection is not to circumscription dictated by circumstances	 but to annihilation as an easy escape from a benignant	 albeit inconvenient obligation. The procedural pre condition of fair hearing	 however minimal	 even post decisional	 has relevance to administrative and judicial gentlemanliness. The Election Commission is an institution of central importance and enjoys far reaching powers and the greater the power to affect others ' right or liabilities the more necessary the need to hear. We may not be taken to say that situational modifications to notice and hearing are altogether impermissible. They are	 as the learned Additional Solicitor General rightly stressed. The glory of the law is not that sweeping rules are laid down but that it tailors principles to practical needs	 doctors remedies to suit the patient promotes	 not freezes. Life 's processes	 if we may mix metaphors. Tucker L.J. drove home this point when he observed in the Duke of Norfolk case (supra) "There are no words which are of universal application to very kind of inquiry. The requirements of natural justice must depend on the circumstances of the case	 the nature of the inquiry	 the rules under which the tribunal is acting the subject matter that is being dealth with	 and so forth". This circumstantial flexibility of fair bearing has been underscored in Wiseman vs Borneman(1) by Lord Reid when he said he would be "sorry to see this fundamental general principle degenerate into a series of hard and fast rules." Lord Denning	 with lovely realism and principled pragmatism	 set out the rule in Selvaraien(3) "The fundamental rule is that	 if a person may be subjected to pains or penalties	 or be exposed to prosecution or proceedings. or deprived of remedies or redress	 or in some such way adversely affected by the investigation and report	 when he should be told the case made against him and be afforded a fair opportunity of answering it. The investigation body is	 however	 the master of its own procedure. It need not (2) (3) 	19. 306 hold a hearing. It can do everything in writing. It need not allow lawyers. 	It need not put every detail of the case against a man. Suffice it if the broad grounds are given. It neednot name its informants. It can give the substance only. Moreover it need not do everything itself. It can employ secretaries and assistants to do all the preliminary work and leave much to them. But	 in the end	 the investigating body itself must come to its own decision and make its own report. " Courts must be tempered by the thought while compromise on principle is unprincipled	 applied administrative law in modern complexities of government must realistic	 not academic. The myriad maybes and the diverse urgencies are live factors. Natural justice should not destroy administrative order by insisting on the impossible. This general discussion takes its to four specific submissions made by the learned Additional Solicitor General. He argued that the Election Commission	 a high constitutional functionary	 was charged with conducting elections with celerity to bring the new House into being and the tardy process of notice and hearing would thwart this imperative. So no natural justice. Secondly	 be submitted that there was no final determination to the prejudice of any party by directing a re poll since the Election Court had the last word on every objectionable order and so the Commission 's order was more or less provi sional. So no natural justice. Thirdly	 he took up the position that no candidate could claim anything more than an expectation or apes and no right having crystallised till official declaration of the result	 there was no room for complaint of civil consequence. WI tat was condemned was the poll	 not any candidate. So no natural justice. Finally	 he reminded us of the far flung futility of giving a hearing to a numerous constituency which too was interested in proper elections like the candidates. So no natural justice. Schmidt was relied on and Wisemen(1) as well as Pearlberg(2) were cited in support of these propositions. We may add to these weighty rulings the decision of the House of Lords in Pearlberg. The decision of this Court in the ruling in Bihar School Examination Board vs Subhas Chandra Sinha & Ors. (3)	 where a whole university examinations was cancelled without hearing any of the candidates but was up held against the alleged vice of non hearing	 was relied on. We must admit that the law	 in certain amber areas of natural justice. 	 has been unclear. Vagueness haunts this zone but that is no argument to shut down. If it is twilit	 we must delight. So we will play down the guidelines but guard ourselves against any decision on the facts of this case. That is left for the Election Court in the light of the law applicable. (1) (2) 307 Nobody will deny that the Election Commission in our democratic scheme is a central figure and a high functionary. Discretion vested in him will ordinarily be used wisely	 not rashly	 although to echo Lord Camden wide discretion is fraught with tyrannical potential even in high personages	 absent legal norms and institutional checks	 and relaxation of legal canalisation on generous 'VIP ' assumptions may boomrang. Natural justice is one such check on exercise of power. But the chemistry of natural justice is confused in certain aspects. 	 especially in relation to the fourfold exceptions put forward by the respondents. So let us examine them each. Speed in action versus soundness of judgment is the first dilemma. Ponnuswamy has emphasised what is implicit in Article 329(b) that once the process of election has started	 it should not be interrupted since the tempo may slow down and the early constitution of an elected parliament may be halted. Therefore	 think twice before obligating a hearing at a critical stage when a quick repoll is the call. The point is well taken. A fair hearing with fun notice to both or others may surely protract; and notice does mean communication of materials since no one can meet an unknown ground. Otherwise hearing becomes hollow	 the right becomes a ritual. Should the cardinal principle of 'hearing ' as condition for decision making be martyred for the cause of administrative	 immediacy ? We think not. The full panoply may not be there but a manageable minimum may make do. In Wiseman vs Bornenwn(1) there was a hint of the competitive claims of hurry and hearing. Lord Reid said : 'Even where the decision has to be reached by a body acting judicially	 there must be a balance between the need for expedition and the need to give fall opportunity to the defendant to see material against him (emphasis added). We agree that the elaborate and sophisticated methodology of a formalised hearing may be injurious to promptitude no essential in 	in election under way. Even so	 natural justice is pragmatically flexible and is amenable to capsulation under the compulsive pressure of circumstances. To burke it altogether may not be a stroke of fairness except in very exceptional circumstances. Even in Wiseman where all that was sought to be done was to see if there was a prima facie case to proceed with a tax case where	 inevitably	 a fuller bearing would be extended at a later stage of the proceedings	 Lord Reid. Lord Morris of Borthy Gest and Lord Wilborforce suggested "that there might he exceptional cases where to decide upon it ex parte would be unfair	 and it would be the duty of the tribunal to take appropriate steps to eliminate unfairness "(Lord Denning M. R.	 in Manward vs Bornenam(2) summarised the observations of the law Lords in this form). No doctrinaire approach is desirable but the Court must be anxious to salvage the cardinal rule to the extent permissible in a given case. After all	 it is not obligatory that counsel should be allowed to appear nor is it compulsory that oral evidence should be adduced. Indeed	 it is not even imperative that written statements should be called for Disclosure of the	 prominent circumstances and asking for an immediate (1) [1967] 3 All F.R. 1945. (2) 7 1114 SCI/77 308 explanation orally or otherwise may	 in many cases be sufficient compliance. It is even conceivable that an urgent meeting with the concerned parties summoned at an hours notice	 or in a crisis even a telephone call	 may suffice. If all that is not possible as in the cue of a fleeing person whose passport has to be impounded lest he	 should evades the course of justice or a dangerous nuisance needs immediate abatement	 the action may be taken followed immediately by a hearing for the purpose of sustaining or setting aside the action to the extent feasible. It is quite on the cards that the Election Commission if pressed by circumstances	 may give a short hearing. In any view	 it is not easy to appreciate whether before further steps got under may he could not have afforded an opportunity of hearing the parties	and revoke the earlier directions. We do not wish to disclose our mind on what	 in the critical circumstances	 should have been done	 for a fair play of fair hearing. This is a matter pre eminently for the elec tion tribunal to judge	 having before him the vivified totality of all the factors. All that we need emphasize is that the content of natural justice is a dependent variable	 not an easy casualty. The learned Additional Solicitor General urged that even assuming that under ordinary circumstances hearing should be granted	 in the scheme of article 324 and in the situation of urgency confronting the Election Commission it was not necessary. Here we must demur. Reasons follow. It was argued	 based on rulings relating to natural justice	 that unless civil consequences ensued	 hearing was not necessary. A civil right being adversely affected is a sine qua non for the invocation of the audi alteram partem rule. This submission was supported by observations in Rain Gopal(1) and Col. Sinha (2). Of course	 we agree that if only spiritual censure is the penalty	 temporal laws may not take cognisance of such consequences since human law operates in the material field although its vitality vicariously depends on its morality. But what is a civil consequence	 let us ask ourselves	; by passing verbal boobytraps ? 'Civil consequence ' undoubtedly cover infraction of not merely property or personal rights but of civil liberties	 material deprivations and non pecuniary damages. In its comprehensive connotation	 everything that affects a citizen in his civil life inflicts a civil consequence. Civil is defined by Black (Law Dictionary 4th Edn.)at p.311. "Ordinally	 pertaining or appropriate to a member of a civitas of free political community; natural or proper to a citizen. Also	 relating to the community	 or to the policy and government of the citizens and subjects of a state. The word is derived from the Latin civilie	 a citizen. In law	 it has various significations." (1) ; (2) [1971] 1 S.C.R. 791. 309 'Civil Rights ' are such as belong to every citizen of the State or country	 or	 in a wider senes	 to all its inhabitants	 and are not connected with the organisation or administration of government. They include the rights of property	 marriage protection by the laws	 freedom of contract	 trial by jury	 etc. Or	 as otherwise defined	 civil rights are rights appertaining to a person in virtue of his citizenship in a state or community. Rights capable or being enforced or redressed in a civil action. Also a term applied to certain rights secured to citizens of the United States by the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments to the constitution	 and by various act	 	 of congress made in pursuance thereof. (p. 1487 Blacks Legal Dictionary) The interest of a candidate at an election to Parliament regulated by the Constitution and the laws comes within this gravitational orbit. The most valuable right in a democratic policy is the 'little man 's ' little pencil marking	 assenting or dissenting	 called his vote. A democratic right	 if denied	 inflicts civil consequences. Likewise	 the little man 's right	 in a representative	 system of government	 to rise to Prime	 Ministersbip or Presidentship by use of the right to be candidate	 cannot be wished away by calling it of no civil moment. If civics mean anything to a self governing citizenry	 if participatory democracy is not to be scuttled by the law	 we shall not be	 captivated by catchwords. The straightforward conclusion is that every Indian has a right to elect and be elected and this is a constitutional as distinguished from a common law right and is entitled to cognizance by courts subject to statutory regulation. We may also notice the further refinement urged that a right accrues to a candidate only when he is declared returned and until then it is incipient inchoate and intangible for legal assertion in the twilight zone of expectancy	 as it were. This too	 in our view	 is legicidal sophistry. Our system of 'ordered ' rights cannot disclaim cognizance of orderly processes as the right means to a right end. Our jurisprudence is not so jejune as to ignore the concern with the means as with the end with the journey as with the destination. Every candi date	 to put it cryptically	 has an interest or right to fair and free and legally run election. To draw lots and decide who wins	 if announced as the electoral methodology	 affects his right	 apart from his luckless rejection at the end. A vested interest in the prescribed process is a pro cessual right actionable if breached	 the Constitution permitting. What is inchoate	 viewed from the end	 may be complete	 viewed midstream. It is a subtle fallacy to confuse between the two. Victory is still an expectation qua mwde is a right to the statutory procedure. The appel lant has a right to have the election conducted nor according to humour or hubris but according to lay and justice. And so natural justice cannot be stumped out on this score. In the region of public law locus standi and person aggrieved	 right and interest have a broader import. in the present case	 the Election Commission contends that a hearing has been given although the appellant retorts that a vacuous mecting where nothing was disclosed and he was summarily told off would be strange electoral justice. We express no opinion on the factum or 310 adequacy of the hearing but hold that where a candidate has reached the end of the battle and the whole poll is upset	 he has a right to notice and to be heard	 the quantum and quality being conditioned by the concatenation of circumstances. The rulings cited	 bearing on the touchstone of civil consequences	 do not contradict the view we have propounded. Col. Sinha merely holds and we respectfully agree that the lowering of retirement age does not deprive a government servant 's rights	 it being clear that every servant has to quit on the prescribed age being attained. Even Binapani(1) concedes that the State has the authority to retire a servant on superannuation. The situation here is different. We are not in the province of substantive rights but procedural rights statutorily regulated. Sometimes processual protections are too precious to be negotiable	 temporised with or whittled down. Ram Gopal for the same reason is inapplicable. A tempoary servant has only a temporary tenure terminable legally without injury. Even he	 if punished	 has procedural rights in the zone of natural justice	 but not when the contract of employment is legally extinguished. Interest and right are generous conceptions in this	 jurisdiction	 not narrow orthodoxies as in traditional systems. We move on to a consideration of the argument prolix plurality making hearing impracticable and therefore expendable. Attractively ingenious and seemingly precedented	 but	 argumentum ab inconvenienti has its limitations and cannot override established procedure. Maybe	 argumentum ab impossibili has greater force	. But here neither applies for it is a misconception to equate candidates who have fought to the bitter finish	with the hundreds of thousands of voters who are interested in electoral proprieties. In law and life		 degrees of difference may	 at a substantial stage	 spell difference in kind or dimensions. Is there an. impossible plurality which frustrates the feasibility of notice and hearing if candidates alone need be notified ? In Subhash Chander Sinha(2) Hidayatullah	 CJ	 speaking for the Court repelled the plea of natural justice when a whole examination was cancelled by the concerned university authorities. The reasons given are instructive. The learned Judge said that "the mention of fairplay does not come very well from the respondents who were grossly guilty of breach of fairplay themselves at the examinations. " The court examined the grounds for cancellation of examinations and satisfied itself that there was undoubted abundance of evidence that students generally bad outside assistance in answering questions. The teamed Judge went on further to say : "This is not a case of any particular individual who is being charged with	 adoption of unfair means but of the conduct of all the examinees or at least a vast majority of them at a particular centre. If it is not a question of charging anyone individually with unfair means but to condemn the examination as ineffective for the purpose it was hold	 must (1) ; (2) ; 311 the Board give an opportunity to all the candidates to represent their cases? We think not. It was not necessary for the Board to give an opportunity to the candidates if the examinations as a whole were being cancelled. The Board had not charged any one with unfair means so that he could claim to defend himself. The examination was vitiated by adoption of unfair means on a mass scale. In these circumstances it would be wrong to insist that the Board must hold a detailed inquiry into the matter and examine each individual case to satisfy itself which of the candidates had not adopted unfair means. The examination as a whole had to	 go. " (967 968) x x x x x If at a centre the whole body of students receive assistance and manage to secure success in the neighbourhood of 100% when others at other centres are successful only at an average of 50%	 it is obvious that the university or the Board must do something in the matter. It cannot hold a detailed quasi judicial inquiry with	 a right to its alumni to plead and lead evidence etc. before the results are withheld or the examinations cancelled. If there is sufficient material on which it can be demonstrated that the university was right in its conclusion that the examinations ought to be cancelled than academic standards require that the university 's appreciation of the problem must be respected. It would not do for the Court to say that he should have examined all the candidates or even their representatives with a view to ascertaining whether they had received assistance or not. To do this would encourage	 indiscipline if not also perjury." (968 969) These propositions are relied on by the learned Additional SolicitorGeneral who seeks to approximate the present situation of cancellation of the poll to the cancellation of an examination. His argument is that one has to launch on a public enquiry allowing a large number of people to participate in the hearing if the cancellation of the poll itself is to be subjected to natural justice. He further said that no candidate was condemned but the poll process was condemned. He continued to find a parallel by stating that like the university being responsible for the good conduct of examinations	 the Election Commission was responsible for the proper holding of the poll. We do not consider the ratio in Subhash Chander (supra) as applicable. In fact	 the candidates concerned stand on a different footing from the electorate in general. They have acquired a very vital stake in polling going on properly to a prompt conclusion. And when that is upset there may be a vicarious concern for the constituency	 why	 for that matter	 for the entire country	 since the success of democracy depends on country wide elections being held periodically and properly. Such interest is too remote and recondite	 too feeble and attenuated. to be taken note of in a cancellation proceed ing. What really marks the difference is the diffusion and dilution. The 312 candidates. on the other hand	 are the spearheads	 the combatants	 the claimants to victory. They have set themselves up as nominated candidate organised the campaign and galvanised the electorate for the crown in event of polling and counting. Their interest and claim are not indifferent but immediate	 not weak but vital. They are more than the members of the public. They are parties to the electoral dispute. In this sense	 they stand on a better footing and cannot be denied the right to be heard or noticed. Even in the case of university examinations it is not a universal rule that notice need not be given. Ghanshyam Das Gupta 's(1) case illustrates this aspect. Even there	 when an examination result of three candidates was cancelled the	 Court imported natural justice. It was said that even if the enquiry involved a large number of persons	 the committee should frame proper regulations for the conduct of such enquiries but not deny the opportunity. That case was distinguished in Subhash Chander the differentia being that in one case the right exercised was of the examining body to cancel its own examinations since it was satisfied that the examination was not properly conducted. It may be a parallel in electoral situations if the Election Commission cancels a poll because it is satisfied that the procedure adopted has gone away on a wholesale basis. Supposing wrong ballot papers in large numbers have been supplied or it has come to the notice of the Commission that in the constituency counterfeit ballots had been copiously current and used on a large scale	 then without reference to who among the candidates was more prejudiced	 the poll might have been set aside. It all depends on the circumstances and is incapable of natural justice to argue that the whole constituency must be given a hearing. That is an ineffectual over kill. Lastly	 it was contended by the learned Additional Solicitor General	 taking his cue from Wiseman that the Election Commission 's direction for a re poll has only a provisional consequence since the election court was the ultimate matter of the destiny of the poll	 having power to review the decision of the Commission. It is true that Wiseman deals with the assessment of the evidence at a preliminary state merely to ascertain whether there is a prima facie case. The proceeding bad still later stages where the effected party would enjoy a full opportunity. Lord Reid said plainly that there was a difference : "It is very unusual for there to be a judicial determination of the question whether there is a prima facie case there is nothing inherently unjust in reaching such a decision (i.e.	 a prima facie decision) in the absence of the other party." Lord Wilberforce however took the view that there was 'a residual duty of fairness '. Lord Denning in Pealberg vs Party	(2) added in parenthesis "Although the tribunal. in determining whether there is a prima facie case	 is itself the custodian of fairness	 nevertheless its discretion is open to review." (PP. 737 738) (1) [1962] Supp 3 S.C.R. 236. (2) 	737. 313 Buckley	 L.J. made the point about natural justice and administrative action. "I do not forget the fact that it has been said	 that the rules of natural justice may apply to cases where the act in question is more properly described as administrative than or quasi judicial : See Ridge vs Baldwin(1) and t vs Secretary of State for Home Affairs." (p. 747) The Indian parallel would be an argument for notice and hearing from a police officer when he investigated and proceeded to lay a chargesheet because he thought that a case to be tried by the court had been made out. The present case stands on a totally different footing. What the Election Commission does is not the ascertain whether a prima facie case exists or an ex parte order	 subject to modification by him is to be made. If that were so Pearlberg would have been an effective answer. For	 Lord Denning luminously illustrates the effect "I would go so far with him as to say that in reaching a prima facie decision	 there is a duty on any tribunal to act fairly; but fairness depends on the task in hand. Take an application to a court by statute	 or by the rules	 or	 as a matter of practice	 is made ex parte. The Court itself is a custodian of fairness. If the matter is so urgent that an order should be made forthwith	 before hearing the other side	 as in the case of an interim injunction or a stay of execution the court will make the order straight away. We do it every day	 we are always ready	 of course	 to hear the other side if they apply to discharge the order. But still the order is made ex parte without bearing them. It is a prima facie decision. I agree that before some other tribunal a prima facie decision may be a little different. The party affected by it may not be able to apply to set it aside	. The case must go forward to a final decision. Here	 again	 I think the tribunal itself is under what Lord Wilberforce described as a residual duty of fairness." (1971 A C. 297	 320) When Pearlberg(3) reached the House of Lords the Law Lords considered the question again. Lord Hailsham of St. Marylebone L.C. observed : "The third factor which affects mind is the consideration that the decision	 once made	 does not make any final determination of the rights of the taxpayer. It simply enables the inspector to	 raise an assessment	 by satisfying the commissioner that there are reasonable grounds for suspecting loss of tax resulting from neglect	 fraud	 or wilful default	 that is (1) ; (2) (3) 314 that there is a prima facie probability that there has been neglect	 etc.	 and that the Crown may have lost by it. When the assessment is made		 the taxpayer can appeal against it	 and	 on the appeal	 may raise any question (inter alia) which would have been relevant on the application for leave	 except that the leave given should be discharged." (p.539) x x x x x "The doctrine of natural justice has come in for increasing consideration in recent years	 and the courts generally	 and your Lordships ' House in particular	 have	 I think rightly	 advanced its frontiers considerably. But at the same time they have taken an increasingly sophisticated view of what it requires in individual cases." (p. 540) Viscount Dilhorne observed in that case "I agree with Lord Donovan 's view (Wiseman vs Borneman 	 316) that it cannot be said that the rules of natural justice do not apply to a judicial determination of the question whether there is a prima facie case	 but I do not think they apply with the same force or as much force as they do to decide decisions which determine the rights of persons." (p. 546) Lord Pearson 's comment ran thus "A tribunal to whom judicial or quasi judicial functions are entrusted is held to be required	 to apply those principles in performing those functions unless there is a provision to the contrary. But where some person or body is entrusted by Parliament with administrative or executive functions there is no presumption that compliance with the principles of natural justice is required	 although	 as 'Parliament ' not to be presumed to act unfairly '	 the courts	 may be able in suitable cases (perhaps always) to imply an obligation to act with fairness. Fairness	 however	 does not necessarily require a plurality of bearings or representations and counter representations. If there were too much elaboration of procedural safeguards	 nothing could be done simply and quickly and cheaply. Administrative or executive efficiency and economy should not be too readily sacrificed. The disadvantage of a plurality of hearings even in the judicial sphere was cogently pointed out in the majority judgment in Cozens vs North Doven Hospital Management Committee(1). (p. 547) (1) 	 343	 346 347. 315 Lord Salmon put the matter pithily "No one suggests that it is unfair to launch a criminal prosecution without first hearing the accused." (p. 550) Indeed	 in Malloch(1) E. Lord Wilberforce observed : "A limited right of appeal on the merits affords no argument against the existence of a right to a precedent hearing	 and	 if that is denied	 to have the. decision declared void." (Foot note 30	 Public Law Spring 1975 Stevens p. 50 from Natural Justice Substance and Shadow by D. H. Clark). After all	 the Election Court can exercise only a limited power of review and must give regard to the Commission 's discretion. And the trouble and cost of instituting such proceedings would deter all but the most determined of parties aggrieved	 and even the latter could derive no help from legal principle in predicting whether at the end of the day the court would not condone their summary treatment on a subjective appraisal of the demerits of the case they had been denied the opportunity to present. The public interest would be ill served by judicially fostered uncertainty as to the value to be set upon procedural fair play as a canon of good administration. And further the Wiseman law Lords regarded the cutting out of 'hearing ' as quite unpalatable but in the circumstances harmless since most of the assessees know the grounds and their declaration was one mode of explanation. We consider it a valid point to insist on observance of natural justice in the area of administrative decision making so as to avoid devaluation of this principle by 'administrators already alarmingly insensitive to the rationale of audi alteram partem ': "In his lecture on "The Mission of the Law ' Professor H. W. R. Wade takes the principle that no man should suffer 'without being given a hearing as a cardinal example of a principle 'recognised as being indispensable to justice		 but which (has) not yet won complete recognition in the world of administration. . The goal of administrative justice can never be attained by necessarily sporadic and ex post facto judicial review. The essential mission of the law in this field is to win acceptance by administrators of the principle that to hear a men before he is penalised is an integral part of the decision making process. A measure of the importance of resisting the incipient abnegation by the courts of the firm rule that branch of audi alteram partem invalidates	 is that if it gains ground the mission of the law is doomed to fail to the detriment of all." (P. 60 : Public Law Spring 1975 Stevens Natural Justice : Substance and shadow) Our constitutional order pays more than lip service to the rule of reasonable administrative process. Our people are not yet conscious of (1) 	 1598. 316 their rights; our administrative apparatus has a hard of hearing heritage. Therefore a creative play of fairplay	 irksome to some but good in the long run	 must be accepted as part of our administrative law. Lord Hailsham L.C. in Pearlbeg presaged : "The doctrine of natural justice has come in for increasing consideration in recent years	 and the courts generally	 and (the House of Lords) in particular	 have advanced its frontiers considerably. But at the same time they have taken an increasingly sophisticated view of what is required in individual cases. (P. 63	 Public Law Spring 1975 supra) And in India this case is neither the inaugural nor the valedictory of natural justice. Moreover	 Sri Rao 's plea that when the Commission cancels	 viz.	 declares the poll void it is performing more than an administrative function merits	 attention	 although we do not pause to decide it. We consider that in the vital area of elections where the people 's faith in the democratic process is hypersensitive it is republican realism to keep alive audi alteram even in emergencies	 'even amidst the clash of arms '. Its protsan shades apart we recognise that 'hearing ' need not be an elaborate ritual and may	 in situations of quick despatch	 be minimal	 even formal	 nevertheless real. In this light	 the Election Court will approach the problem. To scuttle the ship is not to save the cargo; to jettison may be. Fair hearing is thus a postulate of decision making cancelling a poll	 although fair abridgement of that process is permissible. It can be fair without the rules of evidence or forms of trial. It cannot be fair if apprising the affected and appraising the representations is absent. The philosophy behind natural justice is	 in one sense	 participatory justice in the process of democratic rule of law. We have been told that wherever the Parliament has intended a hearing it has said so in the Act and the rules and inferentially where it has not specificated it is otiose. There is no such sequitur. The silence of a statute has no exclusionary effect except where it flows from necessary implication. article 324 vests a wide power and where some direct consequence on candidates emanates from its exercise	 we must read this functional obligation. There was much argument about the; guidelines in section 58 and 64A being applicable to an order for constituency wide repoll. It may be wholesome to be guided; but it is not illegal not to do so	 provided homage to natural justice is otherwise paid. Likewise	 Shri P. P. Rao pressed that the Chief Election Commissioner ' was arbitrary in ordering a re poll beyond Fazilka segment or postal ballots. Even the 3rd respondent had not asked for it; not was there any material to warrant it since all the ballots of all the other segments were still available to be sorted out and recounted. A whole re poll is not a joke. It is almost an irreparable punishment to the constituency and the candidates. The sound and fury	 the mammoth campaigns and rallies	 the whistle story	 317 speeches and frenzy of slogans	 the white heat of tantrums	 the expensiveness of the human resources and a hundred other traumatic consequences must be remembered before an easy re poll is directed	 urges Shri Rao. We note the point but leave its impact open for the Election Court to assess when judging whether the	 impugned orders was scary	 arbitrary	 whimsical or arrived at by omitting material considerations. Independently of natural justice	 judicial review extends to an examination of the order as to its being perverse	 irrational	 bereft of application of the mind or without any evidentiary backing. If two views are possible	 the Court cannot interpose its view. If no view is possible the Court must strike down. We have projected the panorama of administrative law at this length so that the area may not be befogged at the trial before the Election Court and for action in future by the Election Commission. We have held that article 329(b) is a bar for intermediate legal proceedings calling in question the steps in the election outside the machinery for deciding election disputes. We have further held that article 226 also suffers such eclipse. Before the notification under section 14 and beyond the declaration under r. 64 of Conduct of Election Rules	 1961 are not forbidden ground. In between is	 provided	 the step challenged is taken in furtherance of not to halt or hamper the progress of the election. We have clarified that what may seem to be counter to the match of the election process may in fact be one to clear the way to a free	 and fair verdict of the electorate. It depends. Taking the Election Commission at his word (the Election Court has the power to examine the validity of his word)	 we proceed on the prima facie view that writ petition is not sustainable. If it turned out that the	 Election Commission acted bizarre fashion or in indiscreet haste	 it forebodes ill for the Republic. For if the salt lose their savour	 wherewith shall they be salted ? Alan Barth in his 'Prophets with Honor '	 quotes Justice Felix Frankfurter regarding the standard for a judicial decision thus : "Mr. Doolay 's the Supreme Court follows the iliction returns '	 expressed the wit of cynicism	 not the demand of principle. A Court which yields to the popular will thereby licensee itself to practice despotism	 for there can be no assurance that it will not on another occasion indulge its own will. Courts can fulfil their responsibility in a democratic society only to the extent that they succeed in shaping their judgments by rational standards	 and rational standards are both impersonal and communicable." (Quotation from American Federation of Labour vs American Sash and Door Co. '335 U.S. of Alan Berth 's book published by Light & Life Publishers	 New Delhi) The above observation would equally apply to the Election Commission. Many incidental points were debated but we have ignored those micro questions and confined ourselves to macro determinations. It is for the Election Court	 not for us	 to rule on those variegated matters. 318 Certain obvious questions will claim the Election Court 's attention. Did the Commission violate the election	 rules or canons of fairness ? Was the play	 in short	 according to the script or did the dramatis personae act defiantly	 contrary to the text ? After all	 democratic elections may be likened to a drama	 with a solemn script and responsible actors	 officials and popular	 each playing his part	 with roles for heroes but not for villains	 save where the text is travestied and unscheduled anti heroes intervene turning the promising project for the smooth registration of the collective will of the people into a tragic plot against it. Every corrupt practice	 partisan official action	 basic breach of rules or deviance from the fundamental of electoral fairplay is a danger signal for the nation 's democratic destiny. We view this case with the seriousness of John Adams ' warning : " 'Remember '	 said John Adams	 'remember '	 democracy never lasts long. It soon wastes	 exhausts and murders itself. There never was a democracy that did not commit suicide." (Quoted from M. Hidayatullah in "Democracy in India and the Judicial Process" Lajpat Rai Memorial Lectures : P. 16) Only one issue remains. Is	 the provision in section 100 read with section 90 sufficient to afford full relief to the appellant if the finding is in violation or mat exercise of	 powers under article 324 ? Sri Rao says 'NO ' while the opposition says 'YES '. Lot us follow the appellant 's apprehension for a while to test its tenability. He says that the Commissioner has no power to cancel the election to a whole constituency. Therefore	 the impugned order is beyond his authority and in excess of his functions under article 324. Moreover	 even if such power exists it has been exercised illegally	 arbitrarily and in violation of the implied obligation of audi alteran partem. In substance	 his complaint is that under guise of article 324 the Commissioner has acted beyond its boundaries	 in breach of its content and oblivious of its underlying duties. Such a mal exercise clearly tantamounts to non adherence to the norms and limitations of article 324 and	 if true	 it is a noncompliance with that provision of the Constitution. It falls within section 100(1) (d) (iv). A generous	 purposeoriented	 literally informed statutory interpretation spreads the wings of 'non compliance ' wide enough to bring in all contraventions	 excesses	 breaches and subversions. We derive support for this approach from Durga Mehta. The Court there considered the same words	 in the same sections	 in the same statute. Section 100(2) (c) interpreted in that case re incamates as s	. 100(1) (d) (iv) later. Everything is identical. And Mukherjee	 J. explained. "It is argued on behalf of the respondent that the expression "non compliance ' as used in sub section (2)(c) would suggest the idea of not acting according to any rule or command and that the expression is not quite appropriate in describing a mere lack of qualification. This	 we think	 would 319 be a narrow way of looking at the thing. When a person is incapable of being chosen as a member of a State Assembly under the provisions of the Constitution itself but has nevertheless been returned as such at an election	 it can be said without impropriety that there has been non compliance with the provisions of the Constitution materially affecting the result of the election. There is no material difference between "non compliance" and "non observance" or "breach" and this item in clause (c) of sub section (2) may be taken as a residuary provision contemplating cases where there has been infraction of the provisions of the Constitution or of the Act but which have not been specifically enumerated in the other portions of the clause. " Lexical significations are not the last work in statutory construction. We hold that it is perfectly permissible for the Election Court to decide the question as one falling under section 1 00 ( 1 ) (d) (iv) A presumatic view of the Act and article 324 helps discern an organic synthesis. Law sustains	 not fails. A kindred matter viz.	 the scope of sec. 100 and sec. 98 has to be examined	 parties having expressed anxious difference on the implied powers of the Election Court. Indeed	 it is a necessary part of our decision but we may deal with it even here. Sri Rao 's consternation is that	 if his writ petition is dismissed as not maintainable and his election petition is dismissed on the ground that the Election Court had no power to examine the cancellation of poll now that a fresh poll has taken place	 he will be in the unhappy position of having to forfeit a nearvictory because a gross illegality triumphs irremediably. If this were true the hopes of the rule of law turn into dupes of the people. We have given careful thought to this tragic possibility and are convincedindeed	 the learned Solicitor General has argued for upholding	 not subverting the rule of law and agrees that the Election Court has all the powers necessary to grant all or any of the reliefs set out in sec. 98 and to direct the Commissioner to take such ancillary steps as will render complete justice to the appellant. Section 98	 which we have read earlier	 contemplates three possibilities when an election petition is tried. Part VI of the Act deals with the complex of provisions calculated to resolve election disputes. A match past this Part discloses the need to file an election petition (section 60) the jurisdiction to try which is vested in the High Court (80A). Regulatory of the further processes on presentation of a petition are sees. 81 to 96. If a candidate whose return is challenged has a case invalidating the challenger 's election he may set it up subject to the provision in sec. Then comes the finale in sec. The High Court has three options by way of conclusive determinations. It may (a) dismiss the petition (b) declare the election void; and (c) go further to declare the petitioner duly elected. Side stepping certain species of orders that may be passed under section 99 we have to explore the gamut of implied powers when the grant of power is wide and needs incidental exercises to execute the substantive power. 320 A few more sections exist which we may omit as being not germane to the present controversy. What is that controversy ? Let us project it with special reference to the present case	. Hero the	 poll proceeded peacefully	 the counting was almost complete	 the	 ballots of most stations are available and postal votes plus the votes of one	 or two polling stations may alone be missing. Sri P. P. Rao asks and whenever counsel in court or speaker on a podium asks rhetorical questions be sure he is ready with an answer in his favour : If the court holds that the cancellation by the Commissioner of the whole poll is illegal what relief can it give me since a fresh election based on that demolition has been already held '? If the court holds that since most of the ballots are intact	 repoll at one or two places is enough how can even the court hold such limited repoll. If the Court wants to grant the appellant the relief that lie is duly elected how can the intervening processes lying within the competence of the Commissioner be commandered by the Court ? The solution to this disturbing string of interrogations is simple given a creative reading of implied powers writ invisibly yet viably into the larger jurisdiction under sec. Law transcends legalism when life is baffled by surprise situations. In this larger view end in accordance with the well established doctrine of implied powers we think the Court contend if justified	 shall do	 by its command	 all that is necessary to repair the injury and make the remedy realisable. Courts are not luminous angels beating by their golden wings in the void but operational authority sanctioning everything to fulfil the trust of the rule of law. That the less is the inarticulate part of the larger is the jurisprudence of power. Both Sri Sorabjee and Sri Phadke agree to this proposition and Sri Rao	 in the light of the election petition filed and is pending	 cannot but assent to it. By way of abundant caution or otherwise	 the appellant has challenged	 in his election petition	 the declaration of the 3rd respondent as the returned candidate. He has also rayed for his being declared the duly elected candidate. There is no dispute there cannot be. that the cornerstone of the second constituency wide poll High Court for any good reason then the second poll falls and the 3rd respondent too with it. This question of the soundness of the cancellation of the entire poll is within the court	s power under section 98 of the Act. All are agreed on this. In that eventuality	 what are the follow up steps? Everything necessary to resurrect reconstruct and lead on to a consummation of the originalprocess. Maybe	 to give effective relief by way of completion of the broken election the Commissioner may have to be directed to hold fresh poll and report back together with the ballots. A recount of all or some may perhaps be required. Other steps suggested by other developments may be desired. If anything integrally linked up with and necessitated by the obligation to grant full relief has to be undertaken or ordered to be done by the election machinery	 all that is within the orbit of the Election Court 's power. Black 's Law Dictionary explains the proposition thus "Implied powers are such as are necessary to make available and carry into effect those powers which are expressly 321 granted or conferred	 and which must therefore be presumed to have been within the intention of the constitutional or legislative grant. (p. 1334 Black 's Legal Dictionary 4th Edn.) This understanding accords with justice and reason and has the support of Sutherland. The learned Additional Solicitor General also cited the case in Metajog Dobey vs H. C. Bhari ; at p. 937 and Commissioner of Commercial taxes	& Ors vs R. section Jhaver & ors. ; at p. 154/155 to substantiate his thesis that the doctrine of implied powers clothes the Commissioner with vast incidental powers. Hi illustrated his point by quoting from Sutherland (Frank E. Horack Jr.	 Vol. 3) "Necessary implications. Where a statute confers powers or duties in general terms	 all powers and duties incidental and necessary to make such legislation effective are included by implication. Thus it has been stated	 "An express statutory grant of power or the imposition of a definite duty carries with it by implication	 in the absence of a limitation	 authority to employ all the means that are usually employed and that are necessary to the exercise of the power or the performance of the duty. . That which is clearly implied is as much a part of a law as that which is expressed. " The reason behind the rule is to be found in the fact that legislation is enacted to establish broad or general standards. Matters of minor detail are frequently omitted from legislative enactments	 and "if these could not be supplied by implication the drafting of legislation would be an interminable process and the true intent of the legislature likely to be defeated. The rule whereby a statute		 is by necessary implication extended has been most frequently applied in the construction of laws relegating powers to public officers and administrative agencies. The powers thus granted involve a multitude of functions that are discoverable only through practical experience. x x x A municipality	 empowered	 by statute to construct sewers for the preservation of the public health	 interest and convenience	 was permitted to construct a protecting wall and pumping plant which were necessary for the proper working of the sewer. but were essential to public health. A country school superintendent	 who was by statute given general supervisory power over a special election	 was permitted to issue absentee	 ballots. The power to arrest has been held to include the power to take finger prints	 and take into custody non residents who were exempted from the provisions of a licensing statute. " 322 Having regard to statutory setting and comprehensive jurisdiction of the Election Court we are satisfied that it is within its powers to	 direct a re poll of particular polling stations to be conducted by the specialised agency under the Election Commission and report the results and ballots to the Court. Even a re poll of postal ballots	 since those names are known	 can be ordered taking care to preserve the secrecy of the vote. The Court may	 if necessary	 after setting aside the election of R. 3 (if there are good grounds therefore keep the case pending	 issue directions for getting available votes	 order recount and or partial re poll	 keep the election petition pending and pass final orders holding the appellant elected if only if valid grounds are established. Such being the wide ranging scope of implied powers we are in agreement with the learned Additional Solicitor General that all the reliefs the appellant claims are within the Court 's powers to grant and Sri Rao 's alarm is unfounded. Diffusion	 even more elaborate discussion	 tends to blur the precision of the conclusion in a judgment and so it is meet that we	 synopsize the formulations. Of course	 the condensed statement we make is for convenience	 not for exclusion of the relevance or attenuation of the binding impact of the detailed argumentation. For this limited purpose	 we set down our holdings 1 (a) article 329(b) is a blanket ban on litigative challenges to electoral steps taken by the Election Commission and its officers for carrying forward the process of election to its culmination in the formal declaration of the result. (b) Election	 in this context	 has a very wide connotation commencing from the Presidential notification calling upon the electorate to elect and culminating in the final declaration of the returned candidate. (a) The Constitution	 contemplates a free and fair election and vests comprehensive responsibilities of superintendence	 direction and control of the conduct of elections in the Election Commission. This responsibility may cover powers	 duties and functions of many sorts	 administrative or other	 depending on the circumstances. (b) Two limitations at least are laid on its plenary character in the exercise thereof. Firstly	 when Parliament or any State Legislature has made valid law	 relating to or in connection with elections	 the Commission shall act in conformity with	 not in violation of such provisions but where such law is silent article 324 is a reservoir of power to	 act for the avowed purpose of	 not divorced from pushing forward a free and fair election with expedition. Secondly	 the Commission shall be responsible to the rule of law	 act bona fide and be amenable to the norms of natural justice in so far as conformance to such canons can reasonably and realistically be required of it as fairplay in action in a most important area of the constitutional order	 viz.	 elections. Fairness does import an obligation to see that no 323 wrongdoer candidate benefits by his own wrong. To put the matter beyond doubt	 natural justice enlivens and applies to the specific case of order for total repoll	 although. not in full penoply but in full penoply but in flexible practicability. Whether it has been compiled with is left open for the Tribunal 's adjudication. The conspectus of provisions bearing on the subject of elections clearly expresses the rule that there is a remedy for every wrong done during the election in progress although it is postponed to the post election stage and procedure as predicated in article 329(b) and the 1951 Act. The Election Tribunal has	 under the various provisions of the Act	 large enough powers to give relief to an injured candidates if he makes out a case and such processual amplitude of power extends to directions to the Election Commission or other appropriate agency to hold a poll	 to bring up the ballots or do other thing necessary for fulfilment of the jurisdiction to undo illegality and injustice and do complete justice within the parameters set by the "existing law. In sum	 a pragmatic modus vivendi between the Commission 's paramount constitutional responsibility vis a vis elections and the rule of law vibrant with fair acting by every authority and remedy for every right breached	 is reached. We conclude stating that the bar of article 329(b) is as wide as the door of. section 100 read with section 98. The writ petition is dismissible but every relief (given factual proof) now prayed for in the pending election petition is within reach. On this view of the law ubi jus ibi remeditum is vindicated	 election injustice is avoided	 and the constituency is allowed to speak effectively. In the light of and conditioned by the law we have laid down	 we dismiss the appeal. Where the dispute which spirals to this Court is calculated to get a clarification of tile legal calculus in an area of national moment	 the parties are the occasion but the people are the beneficiaries	 and so costs must not be visited on t particular person. Each party Will bear his own costs. A word of mood for counsel. Shri Soli Sorabjee	 did	 with imaginative	 yet emphatic	 clarity and pragmatic	 yet persuasive	 advocacy	 belight the twilit yet sensitive	 zones of the electoral law; Shri P. P. Rao did	 with feeling for justice and wrestling with law	 drive home the calamities of our system if right did not speak to remedy; and Shri Phadke did	 without overlapping argument	 but with unsparing vigour	 bringing out the	 legal dynamics of quick elections and comprehensive corrections. We record our appreciation to the bar whose help goes a long way for the bench to do justice	 GOSWAMI	 J. This appeal by special leave is directed against the judgment of the Delhi High Court dismissing the writ application of the appellant under Article 226 of the Constitution. 8 1114SCI/77 324 By a notification of February 10	 1977	 made under section 14 of the Representation of the People Act	 1951	 (briefly the Act)	 the President called upon the Parliamentary Constituencies to elect members to the House of the People	 in accordance with the provisions of the Act and the rules and orders made thereunder. Simultaneously	 a notification was issued by the Chief Election Commissioner with a calendar of dates for different Parliamentary Constituencies in the country. In this appeal we are concerned with No. 13 Ferozepore Parliamentary Constituency in the State of Punjab where the poll was scheduled to be held on March 16	 1977	 and March 23 was fixed as the date before which the election shall be completed. Counting	 according to the schedule	 was to commence on March 	 20	 1977 and it actually continued on March 21	 1977. This Parliamentary Constituency consisted of nine Assembly Constituencies including the Fazilka and Zira Assembly segments. We may now briefly state the appellants ' case so far as it is material : The poll in the entire Parliamentary Constituency was peacefully over on March 16	 1977. Counting in five Assembly segments was completed on March 20	 1977	 and in the remaining four it was completed on March 21. The Assistant Returning Officers made entries in the result sheets in form 20 and announced the number of votes received by each candidate in the Assembly segments. No recounting was asked for by any candidate or his polling agent in any segment. Copies of the result sheets in Form 20 were handed over to the candidates or to their polling agents. The ballot papers and the result sheets of all the nine Assembly segments were transmitted by the Assistant Returning Officers concerned to the Returning Officer at the Headquarters. According to the result sheets the appellant	 who was the Congress candidate	 secured 1	96	016 votes	 excluding postal ballots	 as 'against his nearest rival candidate respondent No. 3	 belonging to the Akali Party	 who secured 1	94	095 votes	 excluding postal ballots. The margin of votes between the appellant and respondent No. 3 at that stage was 1921. There were 769 postal ballots	. As per programme	 counting of postal ballot papers was started by the Returning Officer (respondent No. 2) at 3.00 P.M. on March 21. 248 ballot papers out of 769 were rejected in the counting. At this stage	 it is said	 respondent No. 3 and his son incited an unruly mob of his supporters to raid the office of the Returning Officer as a result of which a grave situation was created in which many officers received injuries. 'The Returning Officer was abused and was threatened that his son and other members of his family would be murdered. All the postal ballot papers	 except those which had been rejected	 were destroyed by the mob. Some ballot papers of Fazilka Assembly segment are also said to have been destroyed by the mob in the course of their transit to the office of the Returning Officer. The Assistant Returning Officer of the Zira Assembly segment	 on his way to the office of the Returning Officer	 was attacked by the mob and some of the envelopes containing ballot papers	 paper seal accounts and presiding Officers ' diaries were snatched away from him. However the result sheets in Form 20 of all the Assembly segments in which the 325 counting had been completed by March 21	 1977	 could be preserved and were deposited in Gorvernment Treasury	 Ferozepore. In view of the violent situation created in the office of the Returning Officer	 be was prevented from ascertaining the result of the postal ballot papers and declaring the result of the election. He was made to sign a written report about the happenings to the Chief Election Commissioner (respondent No. 1). The above	 briefly	 is the version of the appellant. Deputy Commissioners are usually appointed 'as Returning Officers and originally Shri G. B. section Gosal	 who was the Deputy Commissioner	 was nominated as the Returning Officer of the aforesaid constituency	 as per notification dated January 29	 1977. It appear s on February 8	 1977	 Shri Gosal was transferred and Shri Gurbachan Singh	 a close relation of the appellant	 was appointed as the Deputy Commissioner in place of Shri Gosal. Shri Gurbachan Singh (respondent No. 2) thus became the Returning Officer. There were complaints and allegations against him and after being apprised of the same the Chief Election Commissioner of (respondent No. 1) appointed Shri I. K. K. Menon	 Under Secretary	 Election Commission	 as an Observer to be present at Ferozepore from March 16 till March 21 on which date the result was expected to be declared. On March 22	 1977	 the Chief Election Commissioner received a wireless message from the Returning Officer which may be quoted "Mob about sixteen thousand by over powering the police attacked the counting hall where postal ballot papers were being counted. Police could not control the mob being out numbered. Part of postal ballot papers excepting partly rejected ballot papers and other election material destroyed by the mob. Lot of damage to property done. 'The undersigned was forced under duress to give in writing the following : 'The counting of 13 Parliamentary Ferozepore Constituency has been adjourned due to certain circumstances which have been mentioned in the application presented by Shri Mohinder Singh Sayanwala regarding repoll of the constituency and on the polling station in which the ballot boxes have been r to be tampered with. This will be finally decided on receipt of instructions from the Election Commission 'and the result will be announced thereafter '. Counting adjourned and result postponed till receipt of further instructions from Election Commission. Incident happened in the presence of Observer at Ferozepore. Mob also destroyed the ballot papers and other election material and steel trunks of Fazilka Assembly segment at Ferozepore after the counting part of election material of Zira Assembly segment was also snatched and destroyed by the mob at Ferozepore". On the same day the Chief Election Commissioner received a written report from the Observer. The Observer also "orally apprised the Chief Election Commissioner of the various incidents at the time of 326 poll and counting in various Assembly segments". No other report from the Returning Officer was	 however	 received on that day. On the materials mentioned above which he could gather on March 22	 1977	 the Chief Election Commissioner passed the impugned order on the same day. It may even be appropriate to quote the same : "Election Commission of India New Delhi Dated 22 March	 1977 Chaitra	 1	 1899 (SAKA) NOTIFICATION S.O. Whereas the Election Commission has received reports from the Returning Officer of 13 Ferozepur Parliamentary Constituency that the counting on 21 March	 1977 was seriously disturbed by violence; that the ballot papers of some of the assembly segments of the parliamentary constituency have been destroyed by violence	 that as a consequence it is not possible to complete the counting of the votes in the constituency and the declaration of the result cannot be made with any degree of certainty; And whereas the Commission is satisfied that taking all circum 'stances into account	 the poll in the constituency has been vitiated to such an extent as to effect the result of the election; Now	 therefore	 the Commission	 in exercise of the powers vested in it under article 324 of the Constitution	 Section 153 of the Representation of the People Act	 1951 and all other powers enabling it so. to do	 cancels poll already taken in the constituency and extends the time for the completion of the election upto 30 April	 1977. x x x x x The appellant approached the Chief Election Commissioner to revoke the impugned order and to declare the result of the election	 but without success. That led to the writ application in the High Court with prayer to issue (1) a writ of certiorari calling forth the records for the purpose of quashing the impugned order; and (2) 'a writ of mandamus directing the Chief Election Commissioner and the Returning Officer to declare the result of the election; (3) alternatively	 a writ of mandamus directing the Chief Election Commissioner to act strictly in accordance with the provision of section 64A(2) thus confining its directions in regard to postal ballot papers only. The appellant made three contentions before the High Court. Firstly	 that the Election Commission had no jurisdiction to order 327 re poll of the entire Parliamentary Constituency. Secondly	 the impugned order was violative of the principles of natural justice as no opportunity of a hearing was afforded to the appellant before passing the order. Thirdly	 'that the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution was competent to go into the matter notwithstanding the provisions of Article 329(b) of the Constitution. The application was resisted by the Chief Election Commissioner (respondent No. 1) and respondent No 3	 the rival candidate. A preliminary objection was raised by respondents 1 to 3 with regard to the maintainability of the writ 'application on the ground that Article 329(b) of the Constitution was a bar to the High Courts entertaining it. Another objection was taken that the writ petition was not maintainable in view of the amended provisions of Article 226 of the Constitution. The High Court dismissed the writ application. The High Court held that Article 324 confers "plenary executive powers" on the Election Commission and there were no limitations on the functions contemplated in Article 324. The High Court observed that the law framed under Article 327 or Article 328 was in aid of the plenary powers already conferred on the Election Commission under Article 324	 and where the law so made under Article 327 or Article 328 omitted to provide for a contingency or a situation	 the said plenary executive power relating to conduct of elections conferred upon the Election Commission by Article 324(1) of the Constitution would become available to it and the	 Election Commission would be entitled to pass necessary orders in the interest of free and fair elections. The High Court also held that the Returning Officer could not deprive the candidates of the rights of recount available to them tinder rule 63 of the Conduct of Election Rules	 1961	 and after going into the facts observed that "it became impossible for the Returning Officer to comply with the provisions of rules 63(2) to 63(6)". Repelling the contention of the appellant that the Commission could not travel beyond the Act and the rules by simply relying on its powers under the Constitution	 the High Court observed "that calling upon of the parliamentary constituencies to elect members has to be in accordance with the provisions of the Act and the Rules but it does not mean that the conduct of elections by the Commission has to be held only under the Act or the Rules. The Election Commission who is vested with the power of conducting the elections has still to hold the elections in accordance with the Act and the Rules as well as under the Constitution". The High Court further held that the principles of natural justice were not specifically provided for in Article 324 but were "totally excluded while passing the impugned order". The High Court further observed that even if the principles of natural justice were impliedly to be observed before passing the impugned order the appellant was "heard not only before the issue of the notification but in any case after the notification". The High Court also 'held that it bad no jurisdiction to entertain the writ petition in view. of the bar contained in Article 329(b) of the Constitution. This appeal has come up for hearing before this ' Constitution Bench on a reference by a Two Judge Bench as substantial questions of 328 law have arisen as to the	 interpretation of the Constitution	 in particular Article 324 and Article 329(b) of the Constitution. We should	. therefore	 immediately address ourselves to that aspect of the matter. What is the scope and ambit of Article 324 of the Constitution ? The Constitution of our country ushered in a Democratic Republic for the free people of India. The founders of the Constitution took solemn care to devote a special chapter to Elections niched safely in Part XV of the Constitution. Originally there were only six articles in this Part opening with Article 324. The penultimate Article in the chapter	 as it stands	 is Article 329 which puts a ban on interference by courts in electoral matters. We are not concerned in this appeal with the newly added Article 329A which is the last Article to close the ' chapter. Elections supply the visa viva to a democracy. It was	 therefore	 deliberately and advisedly thought to be of paramount importance that the high 'and independent office of the Election Commission should be created under the Constitution to be in complete charge of the entire electoral process commencing with the issue of the notification	 by the 'President to the final declaration of the result. We are not concerned with the other duties of the Election Commission in this appeal. Article 324 came to the notice of this Court for the first time in N. P. Ponnuswami vs Returning Officer	 Namakkal Constituency and Others(1). This Court observed "Broadly speaking	 before an election machinery can be brought into operation	 there are three requisites which require to be attended to	 namely	 (1) there should be 'a set of laws and rules making provisions with respect to all matters relating to	 or in connection with		 elections	 and it should be decided as to how these laws and rules are to be made; (2) there should be an executive charged with the duty of securing the due conduct of elections; and (3) there should be a judical tribunal to deal with disputes arising out of or in connection with elections. Articles 327 and 328 deal with the first of these requisites	 article 324 with the second and article 329 with the third requisite". Further below this Court observed as follows "Obviously	 the Act is a self contained enactment so far as elections are concerned	 which means that whenever we have to ascertain the true position in regard to any matter connected with elections	 we have only to look at the Act and the rules made thereunder". Lower down this Court further observed "It is now well recognised that there a right or liability is created by a statute which gives a special remedy for (1)[1952] S.C.R. 218. 329 enforcing it	 the remedy provided by that statute only must be availed of". x x x x the Representation of the People Act to state that the Act provides for only one remedy	 that remedy being by an election petition to be presented after the election is over	 and there is no remedy provided at any intermediate stage". Ponnuswami 's case (supra) had to deal with a matter arising out of rejection of a nomination paper which was the subject matter of a writ application under Article 226 of the Constitution which the High Court bad dismissed. With regard to the construction of Article 329(b) it was held that "the more reasonable view seems to be that article 329 covers all electoral matters" '. This Court put forth its conclusions in that decision as follows : "(1) Having regard to the important functions which the legislatures have to perform in democratic countries	 it has always been recognised to be a matter of first importance that elections should be concluded as early as possible according to time schedule and all controversial matters and all disputes arising out of elections should be postponed till after the elections are over	 so that the election proceedings may not be unduly retarded or protracted. (2) In conformity with this principle	 the scheme of the election law in this country as well as in England is that no significance should be attached to anything which does not affect the 'election '; and if any irregu larities are committed while it is in progress and they belong to the category or class which	 under the law by which elections are governed	 would have the effect of vitiating the 'election ' and enable the person affected to call it in question	 they should be brought up before a special tribunal by means of an election petition and not be made the subject of a dispute before any court while the election is in progress". This Court also explained the connotation of the word "election" in very wide terms as follows: " It seems to me that the word 'election ' has been used in Part XV of the Constitution in the wide sense	 that is to say	 to connote the entire procedure to be gone through to return a candidate to the legislature. The use of the expression 'conduct of election ' in article 324 specifically points to the wide meaning	 and that meaning can also be read consistently into the other provisions which occur in Part XV including article 328(b)". 330 This Court further observed that been appropriately used with reference to the entire process which consists of several stages and embraces many steps. some of which may have an important bearing on the result of the process. x x x x x If the grounds on which an election can be called in question could be raised at an earlier stage and efforts	 if any	 are rectified	 there will be no meaning in enacting a provision like article 329 (b) and in setting up a special tribunal. Any other meaning ascribed to the words used in the article would lead to anomalies	 which the Constitution could not have contemplated	 one of them being that conflicting views may be expressed by the High Court at the pre polling stage and by the election tribunal	 which is to be an independent body	 at the stage when the matter is brought up before it. " The above decision in locus classicus on the subject and the parties before us seek to derives support from it for their contentions. The important question that arises for consideration is as to the amplitude of powers and the width of the functions which the Election Commission may exercise under Article 324 of the Constitution. According to Mr. Rao	 appearing on behalf of the appellants	 there is no question of exercising any powers under Article 324 of the Constitution which	 in terms	 refers to "functions ' under sub Article (6)	. We are however	 unable to accept this submission since functions include powers as well as duties (see Stroud 's Judicial Dictionary	 p. 1196). It is incomprehensible	 that a person or body can discharge any functions without exercising powers. Powers and duties are integrated with function. Article 324(1) vests in the Election Commission the superintendence	 direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls for	 and the conduct of	 all elections to Parliament and to the Legislature of every State and of elections to the offices of the President and Vice President held under the Constitution. Article 324(1) is thus pattern of our polity	 isto be exercised in accordance with law. That is why Articles 327 and328 provide for making of provisions with respect to all matters relating to or in connected with elections for the Union Legislatures and for the State Legislatures respectively. When appropriate laws are made under Article 327 by Parliament as well as under Article 328 by the State Legislatures	 the Commission has to act in conformity with those laws and the other legal provisions made thereunder. Even so	 both Articles 327 and 328 are " subject to the provisions" of the Constitution which include Article 324 and Article 329. Since the conduct of all elections to the various legislative bodies and to the offices of the President and the Vice President is vestedunder Article 324(1) in the Election Commission	 the framers 331 of the Constitution took care to leaving scope for exercise of residuary power by the Commission	 in its own right	 as a creature of the Constitution	 in the infinite variety of situations that may emerge from time to time in such a large democracy as ours. Every contingency could not be foreseen	 or anticipated with precision. That is why there is no hedging in Article 324. The Commission may be required to cope with some situation which may not be provided for in the enacted laws and the rules. That to be the raison d 'etre for the opening clause in Articles 327 and 328 which leaves the exercise of powers under Article 324 operative and effective when it is reasonably called for in a vacuous area. There is	 however	 no doubt whatsoever that the Election Commission will have to conform to the existing laws and rules in exercising its powers and performing its manifold duties for the conduct of free and fair elections. The Election Commission is a high powered and independent body which is irremovable from office except in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution relating to the removal of Judges of the Supreme Court and is intended by the framers of the Constitution to be kept completely free from any pulls and pressures that may be brought through political influence in a democracy run on party system. Once the appointment is made by the President. the Election Commission remains insulated from extraneous influences	 and that cannot be achieved unless it has an amplitude of powers in the conduct of elections of course in accordance with the exising laws. But where these are absent	 and yet a situation has to be tackled	 the Chief Election Commissioner has not to fold his hands and pray to God for divine inspiration to enable him to exercise his functions and to perform his duties or to look to any external authority for the grant of powers to deal with the situation. He must lawfully exercise his power independently	 in all matters relating to the conduct of elections	 and see	 that the election process is completed properly	 in a free and fair manner. "An express statutory grant of power or the imposition of a definite duty carries with it by implica tion	 in the absence of a limitation	 authority to employ all the means that are usually employed and that are necessary to the exercise of the power or the performance of the duty. That which is clearly implied is as much a part of a law as that which is expressed. "(1) The Chief Election commissioner has thus to pass appropriate orders on receipt of reports from the returning officer with regard to any situation arising in the course of an election and power cannot be denied to him to pass appropriate orders. Moreover	 the power has to be exercised with promptitude. Whether an order passed is wrong. arbitrary or is otherwise invalid	 relates to the mode of exercising the power and does not touch upon the existence of the power in him if it is there either under the Act or the rules made in that behalf	 or under Article 324(1). Apart from the several functions envisaged by the two Acts and the rules made thereunder	 where the Election Commission is required to make necessary orders or directions	 are there any other functions or the Commission ? Even if the answer to the question may be found 332 elsewhere	 reference may be	 made to section 19A of the Act which	 in terms	 refers to functions not only under the Representation of the People Act	 1950 and the Representation of the People Act	 1951	 or under the rules made thereunder	 but also under the Constitution. The Commission is	 therefore	 entitled to exercise certain powers under Article 324 itself	 on its own right	 in an area not covered by the Acts and the rules. Whether the power is exercised in an arbitrary or capricious manner is a completely different question. Mr. Rao submits	 referring to sections 58 and 64A of the Act	 that the Chief Election Commissioner has no power to cancel the poll in the entire constituency. He submits that this is a case of complete lack of power and not merely illegal or irregular exercise of power. He points out that there is a clear provision under section 58 of the Act for reordering of poll at a polling station. Similarly under section 64A there is provision for declaring the poll at a polling station void when the Election Commission is satisfied that there is destruction or loss etc. of ballet papers before counting. Counsel submits that while law has provided for situations specified in section 58 with regard to loss or destruction of ballot boxes and under section 64A with regard to loss and destruction of ballot papers before counting of votes	 no provision has been made for such an unusual exercise of power as the cancellation of the poll in the entire constituency after it has already been completed peacefully. It is therefore has argued that this is a case of complete lack of power of the Commission to pass the impugned order. It is clear even from section 58 and section 64A that the legislature envisaged the necessity for the cancellation of poll and ordering of repoll in particular polling stations where situation may warrant such a course. When provision is made in the Act to deal with situations arising in a particular polling stage it cannot be said that if a general situation arises whereby numerous polling stations may wit ness serious mal practices affecting the purity of the electoral process	 that power can be denied to the Election Commission to take an appropriate decision. The fact that a particular Chief Election Commissioner may take certain decisions unlawfully	 arbitrarily or with ulterior motive or in mala fide exercise of power	 is not the test in such a case. The question always relates to the existence of power and not the mode of exercise of power. Although section 58 and section 64A mention "a polling station" or "a place fixed for the poll" it may	 where necessary	 embrace multiple polling stations. Both under section 58 and under section 64A the poll that was taken at a particular polling station can be voided and fresh poll can be ordered by the Commission. These two sections naturally envisage a particular situation in a polling station or a place fixed for the poll and cannot be said to be exhaustive. The provisions in sections 5 8 and 64A cannot therefore be said to rule out the making of an order to deal with a similar situation if it arises in several polling stations or even sometimes as a general feature in a substantially large area. It is	 therefore	 not possible to accept the contention that the Election Commission has no power to make the impugned order for a repoll in the entire constituency. 333 Mr. Rao submits that once the Presidential notification has been made	 it is left to the President alone to amend or alter the notification and power	 in an appropriate case	 may be exercised by the President in which case the action of the President wilt be on the advice of the Cabinet which will be responsible to the Legislature. He submits that it was not the intention of the Constitution makers in the entire scheme of the electoral provisions to entrust such an extraordinary power to the Election Commission. He	 further submits that in an appropriate case the President may also promulgate an ordinance under Article 123(i) of the Constitution cancelling the poll in the entire constituency. The contention that the President can revoke	 alter or amend the notification under section 14 of the Act or that he can promulgate an ordinance in an appropriate case does not however answer the question. The question will have to be decided on the scope and ambit of power under Article 324(1) of the Constitution which vests the conduct of elections in the Election Commission. It is true that in exercise of powers under Article 324(1) the Election Commission cannot do something impinging upon the power of the President in making the notification under section 14 of the Act. But after the notification has been issued by the President	 the entire electoral process is in the charge of the Election Commission and the Commission is exclusively responsible for the conduct of the	 election without reference to any outside agency. We do not find any limitation in Article 324(1) from which it can be held that where the law made under Article 32 / or the relevant rules made thereunder do not provide for the mechanism of dealing with a certain extraordinary situation	 the hands of the Election Commission are tied and it cannot independently decide for itself what to do in a matter relating to an election. We are clearly of opinion that the Election Commission is competent in an appropriate case to order repoll of an entire constituency where necessary. it will be an exercise of power within the ambit of its functions tinder Article 324	 The submission that there is complete lack of power to make the impugned order under Article 324 is devoid of substance. The ancillary question which arises for consideration is that when the Election Commission amended its notification and extended the time for completion of the election by ordering a fresh poll	 is it an order during the course of the process of 'election ' as that term is understood ? As already pointed out	 it is well settled that election covers the entire process from the issue of the notification under section 14 to the declaration of the result under section 66 of the Act. When a Poll that has already taken place has been cancelled and a fresh poll has been ordered	 the order therefor	 with the amended date is passed as an integral part of the electoral process. We are not concerned with the question whether the impugned order is right or wrong or invalid on any account. Even if it is a wrong order it does not cease to be an order passed by a competent authority charged with the conduct of elections with the aim and object of completing the elections. Although that is not always decisive	 the impugned order itself shows that it has been passed in the exercise of power under Article 324 (1) and 334 section 153 of the Act. That is also the correct position. Such an order	 relating	 as it does	 to election within the width of the expression as interpreted by this Court	 cannot be questioned except by an election petition under the Act. What do the appellants seek in the writ application ? Oneof their prayers is for declaration of the result on the basis of thePoll which has been cancelled. This is nothing short of seeking to establish the validity of a very important stage in the election process	 namely	 the poll which has taken place	 and which was countermanded by the impugned order. If the appellants succeed	 the result may	 if possible	 be declared on the basis of that poll	 or some other suitable orders may be passed. If they fail	 a fresh poll will take place and the election will be declared on the basis of the fresh poll. This is	 in effect	 a vital issue which relates to questioning of the election since the election will be complete only after the fresh poll on the basis of which the declaration of the result will be made. In other words	 there are no two elections as there is only one continuing process of election. If	 therefore	 during the process of election	 at an intermediate or final stage	 the entire poll has been wrongly cancelled and a fresh poll has been wrongly ordered	 that is a matter which may be agitated after declaration of the result on the basis of the fresh poll	 by questioning the election in the appropriate forum by means of an election petition in accordance with law. The appellants	 then	 will not be without a remedy to question every step in the electoral process and every order that has been passed in the process of the election includ ing the countermanding of the earlier poll. In other words	 when the appellants question the election after declaration of the result on the basis of the fresh poll	 the election court will be able to entertain their objection with regard to the order of the Election Commission countermanding the earlier poll	 and the whole matter will be at large. If	 for example	 the election court comes to the conclusion that the earlier poll has been wrongly cancelled	 or the impugned order of the Election Commission is otherwise invalid	 it will be entitled to set aside the election on the basis of the fresh Poll and will have power to breathe life into the countermanded poll and to make appropriate directions and orders in accordance with law. There is	 therefore	 no foundation for a grievance that the appellants will be without any remedy if their writ application is dismissed. It has in fact been fairly conceded by counsel for the other side that the election court will be able to grant all appropriate reliefs and that the dismissal of the writ petition will not prejudice the appellants. Indeed it has been brought to our notice that an election petition has been filed by the appellants	 ex abundanti cautela	 in the High Court of Punjab and Haryana	 challenging the election which has since been completed on the basis of a fresh poll ordered by the Election Commis sion. The High Court of Punjab and Haryana will therefore be free to decide that petition in accordance with law. It is submitted by Mr. Rao that in Ponnuswami (supra) the question was of improper rejection of nomination paper which is clearly covered by section 100(1)(c) of the Act. Counsel submits ' that 335 the only ground which can be said to be raised in the election petition	 in the	 present case	 is section 100(1) (d) (iv)	 namely	 non compliance with the provisions of the Constitution or of the Representation of the People Act	 1951	 or of any rules or orders made under that Act. Ac cording to counsel	 there is no non compliance with Article 324 of the Constitution as the Election Commission has no power whatsoever to pass the impugned order under Article 324 of the Constitution. That	 according to him	 is not "non compliance with the provisions of the Constitution" within the meaning of section 100(1)(d)(iv). We are unable to accept this submission for the reasons already given. We Election Commission has passed the order professedly under Article 324 and section 153 of the Act. We have already held that the order is within the scope and ambit of Article 324 of the Constitution. It	 therefore. necessarily follows that if there is any illegality intile exercise of the power under Article 324 or under any provision ofthe Act	 there is no reason why section 100(1)(d)(iv) should not be attracted to it. If exercise of a power is competent either underthe provisions of ' the Constitution or under any other provision of law	 any infirmity in the exercise of that power is	 in truth and substance	 on account of noncompliance with the provisions of law	 since law demands of exercise of power by its repository	 as in a faithful trust	 in a proper. regular	 fair reasonable manner. (See also Durga Shankar Mehta vs Thakur Raghueraj Singh and Others) (1). The above being the legal position	 Article 329(b) rules out the maintainability of the writ application. Article 329(b) provides that 	.notwithstanding anything in this Constitution. no election to either house of Parliament. shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as may be provided for by or under any law made by the appropriate Legislature. " It is undisputed that an election can be challenged only under the provisions of the Act. Indeed section 80 of the Act provides that "no election shall be called in question except by an election petition presented in accordance with the provisions of" Part VI of the Act. We find that all the substantial reliefs which the appellants seek in the writ application	 including the declaration of the election to be void and the declaration of appellant No. 1 to be duly elected	 can be claimed in the election petition. It will be within the power of the High Court. as the election court	 to give all appropriate reliefs to do complete justice between the parties. In doing so it will be open to the High Court to pass any ancillary or consequential order to enable it to grant the necessary relief provided under the Act. The writ application is therefore barred under Article 329(b) of the Constitution and the High Court rightly dismissed it on that ground. In view of our conclusion that the High Court had no jurisdiction to entertain the writ application under Article 226 of the Constitution ' it will not be correct for us	 in an appeal against the order of the High Court in that proceeding	 to enter into any other controversy	 on the merits	 either on law or on facts	 and to pronounce finally on the same. The pre eminent position conferred by the Constitution on 336 this Court under Article 141 of the Constitution does not envisage that this Court should lay down the law	 in an appeal like this	 on any matter which is required to be decided by the election court on a full trial of the election petition	 without the benefit of the opinion of the Punjab and Haryana	 High Court which has the exclusive jurisdiction under section 80A of the Act to try the election petition. Moreover	 a statutory right to appeal to this Court has been provided under section 1 1 6A	 on any question	 whether of law or fact	 from every order made by the High Court in the dispute. So	 in view of the scheme	 of Part VI of the Act	 the Delhi High Court could not haveembarked upon an enquiry on any part of the merits of the dispute. Thus it could not have examined the question whether the impugnedorder was made by the Election Commission in breach of a rule of natural justice. That is a matter relating to the merits of the controversy and it is appropriately for the election court to try and decide it after recording any evidence that may be led at the trial. It may be that if we pronounce on the question of the applicability of the rule of natural justice	 the High Court will be relieved of its duty to that extent. But it has to be remembered that even for the purpose of deciding that question	 the parties may choose to produce evidence	 oral or documentary	 in the	 trial court. We therefore refrain from expressing any opinion in this appeal on the question of the violation of any rule of natural justice by the Election Commission in passing the impugned order. At the same time we would like to make it quite clear that any observation	 on a question of law or fact made 'in the impugned judgment of the Delhi High Court	 bearing on the trial of the election petition pending in the Punjab and Haryana High Court	 will stand vacatted and will not come in the way of that trial. That High Court will thus be free to decide the petition according to the law. We would also like to make it quite clear	 with all respect to the learned Judges who have delivered a separate judgment	 that we may not be taken to have agreed with the views expressed therein about the applicability of audi alteram partem or on the applicability of the guidelines in sections 58 and 64A to the facts and circumstances of this case	 or the desirabi lity of ordering a repoll in the whole constituency	 or the ordering of a repoll of postal ballots etc. Election	 is a long	 elaborate and complicated process and	 as far as we can see	 the rule of audi alteram partem	 which is in itself a fluid rule	 cannot be placed in a strait jacket for purposes of the instant case. It has also to be remembered that the impugned order of the Election Commission could not be said to be a final pronouncement on the rights of the parties as it was in the nature of an order covering an unforeseen eventuality which bad arisen at one stage of the election. The aggrieved party had all along a statutory right to call the entire election in question	 including the Commission 's order	 by an election petition under section 80 of the Act	 for the trial of which an elaborate procedure has been laid down in the Act. Then	 as has been stated	 there is also a right of appeal under the scales in considering at the trial of the election petition whether there may not be sufficient justification to negative the existence of 337 any implied duty on the part of the Commission	 at that stage	 to hear any party before taking its decision to order or not to order a report. We do not therefore think it necessary or desirable to foreclose a controversy like this by any general observations and will leave any issue that may arise from it for trial and adjudication by the election court. Being not altogether certain of all the facts and circumstances that may be made available	 in the appropriate forum	 it may be a premature exercise by this Court even to lay down guidelines when there is no hide boand formula of rules of natural justice to operate in all cases and at all times when a decision has to be made. Justice and fair play have often to be harmonised with exigencies of situations in the light of accumulated totality of circumstances in a given case having regard to the question of prejudice not to the mere combatants in an electoral contest but to the real and larger issue of completion of free and fair election with rigorous promptitude. Not being adequately informed of all the facts and circumstances	 this Court will not make the task of the election court difficult and embarrassing by suggesting guidelines in a rather twilight zone. As we find no merit in this appeal	 it is dismissed but	 in the circumstances of the case	 there will be no order as to the costs in this Court. P.B. R. Appeal dismissed.

Article 329(b) of the Constitution provides that notwithstanding anything in the Constitution no election to either House of Parliament or to the House	 or either House of the Legislature of a State shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as may be provided for by or under any law made by the appropriate legislature. Section 100(1)(d)(iv) of the Representation of the People Act	 1951 provides that if the High Court is of the opinion that the result of the election so far as it concerns a returned candidate has been materially affected by any non compliance with the provisions of the Constitution or of this Act or of any rules or orders made under this Act the High Court shall declare the election of the returned candidate to be void. The appellant and the third respondent were candidates for election in a Parliamentary constituency. The appellant alleged that when at the last hour of counting it appeared that he had all but won the election	 at the instance of respondent No. 3 mob violence broke out and postal ballot papers and ballot boxes from certain Assembly segments	 while being brought for counting	 were destroyed and the Returning officer was forced to postpone the declaration of the result. The Returning Officer reported the happening by wireless to the Chief Election Commissioner. An officer of the Election Commission who was deputed to be an observer at the counting stage gave a written report to the Commission in addition to an oral report about the incidents which marred the last stages of the counting. The appellant met the Chief Election Commissioner and requested him to declare the result. Eventually	 however	 the Chief Election Commissioner issued a notification stating that the counting in the constituency was seriously disturbed by violence and that ballot papers of some of the assembly segments had been destroyed by violence	 as a consequence of which it was not possible to complete the counting of votes in the constituency and declare the result with any degree of certainty. The notification further stated that taking all circumstances into account	 the Commission was satisfied that the poll had been vitiated to such an extent as to affect the result of the election. In exercise of the powers under article 324 of the Constitution it cancelled the poll already held and ordered a re poll in the entire constituency. In a petition under article 226 of the Constitution the appellant alleged that the action of the Chief Election Commissioner in ordering repoll in the whole constituency was arbitrary and violative of any vestige of fairness. The respondents in reply urged that the High Court had no Jurisdiction to entertain the writ petition in view of article 329(b) and that the Commission 's action was well within its powers under article 324. 273 The High Court dismissed the writ petition holding that it had no jurisdiction to entertain the writ petition. Yet on merits it held that article 324 does not impose any limitation on the function contemplated under that article; that principles of natural justice were not specifically provided for in that article but were totally excluded while passing the impugned order and that even if the principles of natural justice were impliedly to be observed before passing the impugned order the appellant was heard not only before the issue of the notification but in any case after the notification. In the repoll the appellant did not participate though his name appeared on the ballot and respondent No. 3 was declared elected. On the question of application of principles of natural justice it was contended on behalf of the respondents that the tardy process of notice and hearing would thwart the conducting of elections with speed that unless civil consequences ensued	 hearing was not necessary and that the right accrues to a candidate only when he is declared elected and lastly the decision of the Election Commission is only provisional and that it is he the election court which is the final authority on the subject. HELD: The catch alljurisdiction under article 226 cannot consider the correctness	 legality or otherwiseof the direction for cancellation integrated with repoll. [269 D] 1(a) Article 329(b) is a blanket ban on litigative challenge to electoral steps taken by the Election Commission for carrying forward the process of election to its culmination in the formal declaration of the result. [322 D] (b) The sole remedy for an aggrieved party	 if he wants to challenge any election	 is an election petition. This exclusion of all other remedies includes constitutional remedies like article 226 because of the non obstante clause in article 329(b). If what is impugned is an election the ban operates provided the proceeding "calls it in question" or puts it 'm issue : not otherwise. [289 E F] (c)Part XV of the Constitution is a Code in itself	 providing the entire groundwork for enacting the appropriate laws and setting up suitable machine for the conduct of elections. Articles 327 and 328 take care of the set of laws and rules making provisions with respect to all matters relating to or in connection with elections. Election disputes are also to be provided for by laws made under article 327. 'Be Representation of the People Act	 1951 is a self contained enactment so far as elections are concerned. Section 80 which speaks substantially the same language as article 329(b) provides that no election shall be called in question except by an election petition presented in accordance with the provisions of Part IV of the Act. The Act provides for only one remedy and that remedy being by an election petition to be presented after the election is over	 there is no remedy provided at any of the intermediate stages. [292 C D; F G 293 B C] Smt. Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain 	 504 505 referred to. (d)The compendious expression "election" commences from the initial notification and culminates in the declaration of the return of a candidate. The paramount policy of the Constitution framers in declaring that no election shall be called in question except the way it is provided for in article 329(b) and the Representation of the People Act	 1951 necessitates the reading of the Constitution and the Act together as an integral scheme. The reason for postponment of election litigation to the post election stage is that elections shall not unduly be protracted or obstructed. [294 D E] (e)No litigative enterprise in the High Court or other court should be allowed to hold up the on going electoral process because the parliamentary representative for the constituency should be chosen promptly. Article 329 therefore covers "electoral matters". [294 F] (f)The plenary bar of article 329(b) rests on two principles : (1) the peremptory urgency of prompt engineering of the whole election process without intermediate interruptions by way of legal Proceedings challenging the 274 steps and stages in between the commencement and the conclusion; and (2) the provision of a special jurisdiction which can be invoked by an aggrieved party at the end of the election excludes other forms	 the right and remedy being creatures of statutes and controlled by the Constitution. [295 H	 296 ] Durga Shankar Mehta [1955] 1 SCR 267 referred to. (g)If the regular poll for some reasons has failed to reach the goal of choosing by plurality the returned candidates and to achieve this object a fresh poll (not a new election) is needed	 it may still be a step in the election.[296 E F] (h)A writ petition challenging the cancellation coupled with repoll amounts to calling in question a step in 'election ' and is	 therefore	 barred by article 329(b). [296 G] (i)Knowing the supreme significance of speedy elections in our system the framers of the Constitution have	 by implication	 postponed all election disputes to election petitions and tribunals. In harmony with this scheme section 100 has been designedly drafted to embrace all conceivable infirmities which may be urged. To make the project fool proof section 100(1)(d)(iv) has been added to absolve everything left over. Section 100 is exhaustive of all grievances regarding an election. What is banned is not anything whatsoever 	done or directed by the Election Commissioner but everything he does or directs in furtherance of the election	 not contrarywise. [297 B	 C	 D] (j)It is perfectly permissible for the Election Court to decide the question as one falling under section 100(1)(d)(iv). The Election Court has all the powers necessary to grant all or only any of the reliefs set out in section 98 and to direct the Commissioner to take such ancillary steps as will render complete justice to the appellant. [319 C	 E] (k)It is within the powers of the Election Court to direct a repoll of particular polling stations to be conducted by the specialised agency under the Election Commission and report the results and ballots to the Court. Even a repoll of postal ballots can be ordered In view of the wide ranging scope of implied powers of the Court	 the appellant 's claims are within the Courts powers to grant. [322 A B] 2(a) Article 324 does not exalt the Election Commission into a law unto itself. The Article is wide enough to supplement the powers under the Act subject to the several conditions on its exercise. [300 A B] (b)The Election Commissioner 's functions are subject to the norms of fairness and he cannot act arbitrarily. The Constitution has made comprehensive provision in article 324 to take care of surprise situations. That power has to be exercised in keeping with the guidelines of the rule of law without stultifying the Presidential notification or existing legislation. It operates in areas left unoccupied by legislation and the words "Superintendence	 direction and control" as well as "conduct of all elections" are in the broadest terms.[299 A	 B C] (c)If imparting the right to be heard will paralyse the process	 the law will exclude it. In any case it is untenable heresy to lockjaw the victim or act behind his back by invoking urgency	 unless the clearest case of public injury flowing from the least delay is evident. The Election Commission is an institution of central importance and enjoys far reaching powers and the greater the power to affect other 's rights or liabilities the more necessary is the need to hear. [304 D	 G H	 305 B C] (d)It is well established that when a high functionary like the Commissioner is vested with wide powers	 the law expects him to act fairly and legally. Discretion vested in a high functionary may be reasonably trusted to be used properly	 not perversely. If it is misused certainly the Court has power to strike down the act. [299 D E] Virendra ; and Harishankar [1955] 1 1104 SCR referred to. (e)Article 324 vests vast functions which may be powers or duties	 essentially administrative and marginally even judicative or legislative. _ [302 H] 275 (f)The dichotomy between administrative and quasi judicial functions vis a vis the doctrine of natural justice is presumably obsolescent after Kraipak which marks the water shed in the application of natural justice to administrative proceedings. The rules of natural justice are rooted in all legal sys tems	 and are not any 'new theology. They are manifested in the twin principles of nemo index in sua causa and audi alteram partem. It has been pointed out that the aim of natural justice is to secure justice	 or	 to put it negatively to prevent miscarriage of justice. These rights can operate only in areas not covered by any law validly made; they do not supplant the law of the land but supplement it. The rules of natural justice are not embodied rules. What particular rule of natural justice should apply to a given case must depend to a great extent on the facts and circumstances of that case	 the framework of the law under which the inquiry is held and the constitution of the tribunal or body of per sons appointed for that purpose. Whenever a complaint is made before a court that some principle of natural justice has been contravened	 the court has to decide whether the observation of that rule was necessary for a just decision on the facts of that case. Further	 even if a power is given to a body without Specifying that rules of natural justice should be observed in exercising it	 the nature of the power would call for its observance. [300 F G	 301 B D	 303 D] Kraipak 	 In re: H.K. (an infant) and Ridge vs Baldwin ; referred to. (g)Even where the decision has to be reached by a body acting judicially	 there must be a balance between the need for expedition and the need to give full opportunity to the defendant to see the material against him. There might be exceptional cases where to decide a case exparte would be unfair and it would be the duty of the Tribunal to take appropriate steps to eliminate unfairness. Even so no doctrinaire approach is desirable but the court must be anxious to salvage the cardinal rule to the extent permissible in a given case. [307 D	 E] 3(a) Civil consequences cover infraction of not merely property or personal rights but of civil liberties	 material deprivations and non peciiniary damages. In its comprehensive connotation	 everything that affects a citizen in his civil life inflicts a civil consequence. The interest of a candidate at an election to Parliament regulated by the Constitution and the laws comes within its gravitational orbit. A democratic right	 if denied inflicts civil consequences. Every Indian has a right to elect and he elected and this is a constitutional as distinguished from a common law right	 and is entitled to cognizance by courts subject to statutory regulation. C	 E] (b)A vested interest in the prescribed process is a processual right	 actionable if breached. The appellant has a right to have the election conducted not according to humour or hubris but according to law and justice. So natural justice cannot be stumped out on the score. In the region of public	 law locus standi and person aggrieved	 right and interest have a broader import. [309 G	 H] (c)In the instant case the Election Commission claims that a hearing had. been given but the appellant retorts that all that he had was vacuous meeting where nothing was disclosed. But in law degrees of difference may at a	 substantial stage spell difference in kind or dimensions. [309 H	 310 A] (d)The case of Subhash Chander in which this Court held that it was not necessary to give an opportunity to the candidates for an examination as to why the whole examination should not be cancelled because the examination was vitiated by adoption of unfair means on a mass scale. But the ratio of that decision has no application to this case. The candidates in an election who have acquired a very vital stake in the polling going on properly stand on a different footing from the electorate in general. The interest of the electorate is too remote and recondite	 too feeble and attenuate to be taken note of in a cancellation proceeding. What really marks the difference is the diffusion and dilution. The candidates in an election are really the spearheads	 the combatants. They have set themselves up as nominated candidates organised the campaign and galvanised the electorate for the polling and counting. Their interest and claim are not indifferent but immediate. They are the 5 1114SCI 77 276 parties in the electoral dispute. In this sense they stand on a better footing and cannot be deniedthe right to be heard. In Ghanshyamdas Gupta in which the examinationresult of three candidates was cancelled this Court imported principles ofnatural justice. This case may have a parallel in electoral situations. if the Election Commission cancelled the poll it was because it was satsfied that the procedure adopted had gone awry on a wholesale basis. Therefore	 it all depends on the circumstances and is incapable of generalisation. In a situation like the present it is a far cry from natural justice to argue that the whole constituency must be given a hearing. [310 F	 H	 311 G H	 312 A	 D	 E	] Col. Singhi [1971] 1 SCR 791	 Binapani ; 	 Ram Gopal ; ; Subhash Chander Singh ; field inapplicable. Ghanshyam Das Gupta [1962] Supp. 3 SCR 36 followed. 4(a) Whether the action of the Election Commission in ordering repoll beyond certain segments of the constituency where the ballot boxes were destroyed was really necessary or not is for the Election Court to assess when judging whether the impugned order was arbitrary	 whimsical or was arrived at by extraneous considerations. [316 H	 317 A B] (b) Independently of natural justice	 judicial review extends to an examination of the order as to its being perverse	 irrational	 bereft of application of the mind or without any evidentiary backing. If two views are possible	 the Court cannot interpose its view. If no view is possible the Court must strike down. [317 B] (c)The philosophy behind natural justice is participatory justice in the process of democratic rule of law. In the vital area of election where people 's faith in the	 democratic process is hypersensitive it is realism to keep alive audi alteram even in emergencies. Hearing need not be an elaborate ritual. In situations of quick despatch	 it may be minimal	 even formal. Fair hearing is a postulate of decision making	 although fair abridgement of that process is permissible. It can be fair without the rules of evidence or forms of trial. [316 D F] (d)The silence of a statute has no exclusionary effect except where it flows from necessary implication. Article 324 vests a wide power and where some direct consequence on candidates emanates from its exercise this functional obligation must be read into it. [316 F] Observations (a)When a statutory functionary makes an order based on certain grounds	 its validity must be judged by the reasons so mentioned and cannot be supplemented by fresh reasons in the shape of affidavit or otherwise. Otherwise	 an order bad in the beginning may	 by the time it comes to court on account of a challenge	 gets validated by additional grounds later brought out. [283 B C] (b)An obiter binds none	 not even the author and obliteration of findings rendered in supererogation must allay the appellant 's apprehensions. The High Court should have abstained from its generosity. [284 C] (Per Goswami and Shinghal	 JJ. concurring) (1) The appellants ' argument that since article 324(6) refers to "functions" and not "powers"	 there can be no question of the Election Commission exerrising any power under that Article	 is without force. The term "functions" includes powers as well as duties. It is incomprehensible that a person or body can discharge any functions without exercising powers. Powers and duties are integrated with functions. [330 D E] 2(a) It is well established that an express statutory grant of power or the imposition of a definite duty carrie with it by implication	 in the absence of a limitation	 authority to employ all the means that are usually employed and that are necessary to the exercise of the power or the performance of the duty. That which is clearly implied is as much a part of a law as that which is expressed. [331 E F] 277 (b)In a democratic set up power has to be exercised in accordance with law. Since the conduct of all elections is vested under article 324(1) in the Election Commission	 the framers of the Constitution took care to leaving scope for exercise of residuary power by the Election Commission	 in the infinite variety of situations that may emerge from time to time. Yet	 every contingency could not be foreseen and provided for with precision. The Commission may be required to cope with some situation	 which may not be provided for in the enacted laws and rules. The Election Commission	 which is a high powered and independent body	 cannot exercise its functions or perform its duties unless it has an amplitude of powers. Where a law is absent	 the Commission is not to look to any external authority for the grant of powers to deal with the situation but must exercise its power independently and see that the election process is completed in a free and fair manner. Moreover	 the power has to be exercised with promptitude.[330 G	 H	 331 A B	 C E	 G] N.P. Ponnuswami vs Returning Officer	 Nanakkal Constituency and Others	 ; followed. (c) Section 19A of the Act	 in terms	 refers to the functions not only under the Representation of the People Act	 1950 and representation of the People Act	 1951 or the rules made thereunder	 but also under the Constitution. Apart from the several functions envisaged by the two Acts and the rules	 the Commission is entitled to exercise certain powers under article 324 itself on its own right in an area not covered by the Acts and rules. [332 A B] (d)Whether an order passed is wrong	 arbitrary or is otherwise invalid	 relates to the mode of exercising the power and does not touch upon the existence of the power in an authority if it is there either under the Act or the rules or under article 324(1). [331 G] 3(a) The contention that the Election Commission had no power to make the impugned order for a repoll in the entire constituency. is without substance. [332 H] (b) Both under s.58 and under section 64A the poll that was taken on a particular polling station can be voided and a fresh poll can be ordered	 by the Commission. These sections cannot be said to be exhaustive. It cannot be said that they rule out the making of an order to deal with a similar situation if it arises in several polling stations or sometimes as a general feature in a substantially large area. Although these two sections mention "a polling station" or "a place fixed for the poll" it may	 where necessary embrace multiple polling stations. [332 G H] (c)The Election Commission is competent	 in an appropriate case	 to order repoll of an entire constituency. If it does that it will be an exercise of power within the ambit of its functions under article 324. Although in cxercise of powers under article 324(1) the Election Commission cannot do some thing impinging upon the power of the President in making a notification under section 14 of the Act	 after the notification has been issued by the President	 the entire electoral process is in the charge of the Commission. The Commission is exclusively responsible for the conduct of the election without reference to any outside agency. There are no limitations under article 324(1). J333 C E] 4.The writ petition is not maintainable. Since the election covers the entireprocess from the issue of the notification under section 14 to the declaration of theresult under s.66 of the Act	 when a poll that has already taken place has been cancelled and a fresh poll has been ordered	 the order is passed as an integral part of the electoral process. The impugned order has been passed in exercise of the power under article 324(1) and section 153 of the Act. Such an order cannot be questioned except by an election petition under the Act. [333 G H	 334 A] 5(a) There is no foundation for a grievance that the appellants will be without any remedy	 if their writ application is dismissed. If during the process of election at an intermediate or final stage. the entire poll has been wrongly cancelled and a fresh poll has been wrongly ordered	 that is a matter which can be agitated after the declaration of the result on the basis of the 278 fresh poll	 by questioning the election in the appropriate	 forum. The appellants will not be without a remedy to question every step in the electoral process and every order that has been passed in the process of the election includ ing the countermanding of the earlier poll. The Court will be able to entertain their objection with regard to the order of the Election Commission countermanding the earlier poll and the whole matter will be at large. [334 B F] (b)The Election Commission has passed the order professedly under article 324 and section 153 of the Act. If there is any illegality in the exercise of the power under this Article or under any provision of the Act	 there is no reason why section 100(1)(d)(iv) should not be attracted. If exercise of power is competent either under the provisions of the Constitution or under any other provision of law	 any infirmity in the exercise of that power is on account of noncompliance with the provisions of law	 since law demands exercise	 of power by its repository in a proper	 regular	 fair and reasonable manner. [335 B D] Durga Shankar Mehra vs Thakur Raghuraj Singh and others	 [1955] 1 SCR 267 referred to. (c)The writ petition is barred under article 329 (b) of the Constitution and the High Court has rightly dismissed it on that ground. Both article 329(b) and section 80 of the Act provide that no election shall be called in question except by an election petition. All reliefs claimed by the appellant in the writ petition can be claimed in the election petition and the High Court is competent to give all appropriate reliefs to do complete justice between the parties. It will be open to the High Court to pass any ancillary or conse quential order to enable it to grant the necessary relief provided under the Act. [335 D G] 6.It will not be correct for this Court	 in this appeal	 to pronounce its judgment finally on merits either on law or on facts. The pre eminent position conferred by the Constitution on this Court under Article 141 of the Constitution does not envisage that this Court should lay down the law	 in an appeal like this	 on any matter which is required to be decided by ' the election court on a full trial of the election petition	 without the benefit of the opinion of the Punjab and Haryana High Court which has the exclusive jurisdiction under section 80A of the Act to try the election petition. [335 H	 363 A]