Summarize the following court judgment. 328 of 1951.Petition under article 32 of the Constitution for issue of writs in the nature of certiorari	 prohibition and mandamus. The facts appear in the judgment. The petitioner in person. C.K. Daphtary	 Solicitor General of India	 (J. B. Dadachanji	 with him) for the respondent. December 21. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by PATANJALI SASTRI.C.J. This is a petition under article 32 of the Constitution for the enforcement of the petition er 's fundamental rights under article 19 (1) (f) and article 31(1) alleged to have been violated by the Central Bank of India Ltd.	 a company incorporated under the Indian Compa nies Act	 1882	 and having its registered office at Bombay	 (hereinafter referred to as "the Bank"). It appears that the petitioner held five shares in the Share capital of the Bank which sold those shales to a 51 392 third party in purported exercise of its right of lien for recovery of a debt due to it from the petitioner	 and the transfer was registered in the books of the Bank in the year 1937. The petitioner thereupon instituted a series of pro ceedings in the High Court at Bombay on its original and appellate jurisdiction challenging the validity of the said sale and transfer. The latest of these proceedings was a suit filed against the Bank in 1951 wherein the plaint was rejected on 2nd March	 1951	 under Order 7	 Rule 11 (d)	 of the Code of Civil Procedure as barred by limitation. The petitioner now prays that all the adverse orders made in the previous proceedings be quashed and the said High Court be directed to have "the above suit set down to be heard as undefended and pronounce judgment against the respondent or to make such orders as it thinks fit in relation to the said suit". It may be mentioned here that though the aforesaid order rejecting the petitioner 's plaint was appealable	 the petitioner did not prefer an appeal on the somewhat extraor dinary ground that "the appeal if filed could not be heard by the Judges of the said Court as all of them were disqual ified from hearing such appeal" either because of their interest in the Bank or because of their prejudice against him. We are of opinion that the petitioner has misconceived his remedy and the petition must fail on a preliminary ground. Neither article 19 (1) (f) nor article 31 (1) on its true construction was intended to prevent wrongful individual acts or to provide protection against merely private conduct. Article 19 deals with the "right to free dom" and by clause (1) assures to the citizen certain funda mental freedoms including the freedom "to acquire	 hold and dispose of property" subject to the power of the State to impose restrictions on the exercise of such rights to the extent and on the grounds mentioned in clauses (2) to (6). The language and structure of article 19 and its setting in Part III of the Constitution clearly show that the article was intended to protect those freedoms against State action other than in the legitimate exercise of its power to regu late private rights in the public interest	 393 Violation of rights of property by individuals is not within the purview of the article. The position is no better under article 31 (1). The petitioner has urged that clause (1) should be construed apart from and independently of the rest of the article and	 if so construed	 its language is wide enough to cover in fringements of rights of property by private individuals. He laid emphasis on the omission of the word "State" in clause (1) while it was used in clause (2) of the same article as well as in many other articles in Part III. Referring to entry No. 33 of the Union List	 entry No. 36 of the State List and entry No	 42 of the Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution	 he also argued that	 while these entries read with article 246 empowered Parliament and the State Legislatures to make laws regarding acquisition or requisitioning of property for the purposes of the Union or the State as the case may be. no power was conferred to make laws regarding "deprivation of property" by the State	 so that the "deprivation" contemplated in clause (1) could only be deprivation by individuals. Sub section (1) of section 299 of the Government of India Act	 1935	 corresponding to clause (1) of article a 1 was	 it was pointed out	 omitted in the draft article 19 (later numbered as article 81) which retained in a modified form only the provision contained in sub section (2) of that section relating to compulsory acquisition of property for public purposes. But	 clause (1) was subsequently restored and article was enacted in its present form as recommended in Drafting Committee 's Report and this	 it was claimed	 showed that clause (1) was intended to operate as a distinct provi sion apart from clause (2). We see no force in any of these arguments. In support of the argument that clause (1 ) should be construed in isolation from the rest of the article	 the petitioner relied on certain observations of our learned brother Das in Chiranjit Lal vs The Union of India (1)	 where the view was expressed that clause (1)enunciated the general principle that no person should be deprived (1) [1950] S.C	R	. 860. 394 of his property except by authority of law and laid down no condition for payment of compensation	 while clause (2) dealt with deprivation of property brought about by acquisi tion or taking possession of it and required payment of compensation. In other words	 deprivation referred to in clause(1) must be taken to cover deprivation otherwise than by acquisition or requisitioning of property dealt with in clause (2). We consider it unnecessary for the purpose of the present petition to go into that question. Even assuming that clause (1) has to be read and construed apart from clause (2)	 it is clear that it is a declaration of the fundamental right of private property in the same negative form in which article 21 declares the fundamental right to life and liberty. There is no express reference to the State in article 21. But could it be suggested on that account that that article was intended to afford protection to life and personal liberty against violation by private individuals ? The words "except by procedure established by law" plainly exclude such a suggestion. Similarly	 the words "save by authority of law" in clause (1) of article 31 show that it is a prohibition of unauthorised governmental action against private property	 as there can be no question of one private individual being authorised by law to deprive anoth er of his property. The argument based on the entries in the Lists is fallacious. It is not correct to suggest that	 merely be cause there is no entry in the Lists of the Seventh Schedule relating to "deprivation of property" as such	 it is not within the competence of the legislatures in the country to enact a law authorising deprivation of property. Such a law could be made	 for instance	 under entry No. 1 of List II	 entry No. 1 of List II or entry No. 1 of List III. Article 31 (1) itself contemplates a law being passed authorising deprivation of the properties	 and it is futile to deny the existence of the requisite legislative power. Nor does the legislative history of the article lend any support to the petitioner 's contention. Section 299 395 (1) of the Government of India Act	 1935	 was never inter preted as prohibiting deprivation of property by private individuals. Its restoration	 therefore	 in the same form in article 31	 after omission in the original draft article 19	 could lead to no inference in support c. of the peti tioner 's contention	 which indeed proceeds on the fundamen tal misconception that article 19(1)(f) and article 31 (1)	 which are great constitutional safeguards against State aggression on private property	 are directed against in fringements by private individuals for which remedies should be sought in the ordinary law. In this view it is unnecessary to deal with certain other objections to the maintainability of the petition raised by the Solicitor General on behalf of the Bank. The petition is dismissed. We make no order as to costs. Petition dismissed.

Article 19(1)(f) of the Constitution is clearly intended to protect the freedom to acquire	 hold and dispose of property against State action other than in the legitimate exercise of its power to regulate private rights in the public interest. Similarly	 article S1(1) provides a safe guard against deprivation of property by the State except by procedure established by law. Violation of rights of property by private individuals is not within the purview of those articles. A person whose rights of property are infringed by a private individual must therefore seek his remedy under the ordinary law and not by way of an application under article 32.