Summarize the following court judgment. ivil Appeal No. 937 of 1977. From the Judgment dated 24.3.1977 of the Allahabad High Court in Second Appeal No. 2746 of 1965. Shanti Bhushan	 J.P. Goyal	 Satish Chandra	 V.M. Tar kunde. R.P. Singh	 A.K. Shukla	 J.M. Khanna	 M.R. Bidsar	 K.K. Gupta. Vijay Kumar Verma	 Ms. Shefali Khanna	 P.K. Chakraborty and R.C. Verma for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by THOMMEN	 J. This appeal by	leave arises from the judg ment. Of the Full Bench of the Allahabad High Court in Second Appeal No. 2746 of 1965	 whereby the High Court	 reversing the finding of the courts	 below; held that the suit instituted by the present respondent was maintainable under section 180 of the United Provinces Tenancy Act	 1939 (the 'Act '). That is the only question which arises for consideration in this appeal brought by the defendant in the suit. 678 The suit relates to 10 plots of land of Which the plain tiff is the proprietor and situated in District Muzaffarna gar. The suit was instituted for ejectment of the defendant appellant Lala Raghuraj Swarup .(now represented by his Legal Representatives and hereinafter referred to also as the 'sub tenant ')	 who was granted a sub lease in the suit properties by the original tenants	 Raimal and Bhartu (the 'tenants ') for a period of five years commencing from 1.1.1950 and expiring on 31.12. However	 on 14.9.1954 the tenants surrendered their interest in the holding to the plaintiff. The plaintiff thereupon issued notice dated 2.11.1954 to the defendant calling upon him to deliver vacant possession of the land to the plaintiff on 31.12.1954 which was the agreed date of expiry of the sub lease. Since the defendant failed to comply with that de mand	 the plaintiff instituted the suit for ejectment under section 180 of the Act. Various conntentions were	 raised by the defendant in answer to the plaint allegations and all of them	 except the question whether the suit was maintainable under section 180 of the Act	 were rejected by the trial court as well as by the first appellate court. Holding that the suit was not maintainable	 they stated that	 in view of the fact that the defendant was holding the land as a sub tenant	 he was liable to be ejected only in terms of section 175	 and not section 180	 and had the suit been brought under section 175	 it would have been stayed in terms of the Government Notification dated January 23	 1953 stating that all suits	 applications or proceedings under section 175 were stayed. It is not disputed that had the suit been brought under section 175	 it was liable to be stayed for the notification is still in force and has remained in force at all material times. On the other hand	 if the suit was rightly brought under section 180	 there was no stay and in that event	 all the other issues having been found in favour of the plain tiff	 the suit has to be	 and ought to have been	 decreed. The High Court has so held by the impugned judgment. To examine this question	 we shall presently refer to sections 175 and 180	 but before we do so	 it is necessary to refer to the provisions concerning the status of a sub tenant (vis a vix a tenant) whose rights are extinguished by operation of law. The expression 'tenant ' in sub section (23) of section 3 of the Act includes a 'sub tenant ' as defined in sub section (22) of that section. These sub sections read: 679 "3(22). 'sub tenant ' means a person who holds land from the tenant thereof other than a permanent tenure holder	 or from a grove holder or from a rent free grantee or from a grantee at a favourable rate of rent and by whom rent is	 or but for a contract express or implied	 would be payable; 3(23). 'tenant ' means the person by whom rent is	 or .but for a contract express or implied would be	 payable and	 except when the contrary intention appears	 includes a subtenant	 but does not include a mortgagee of proprietary or under proprietary rights	 a grove holder	 a 'rent free grantee	 a grantee at a favourable rate of rent or	 except as otherwise expressly provided by this Act	 an under pro prietor	 a permanent lessee or a thekadar;" It is not disputed that the defendant at the material time was a 'sub tenant ' as defined under section 3(22) in terms of the sub lease granted to him by Raimal and Bhartu	 who were 'tenants ' within the meaning of section 3(23). Nor is it disputed that the defendant and Raimal and Bhartu were non occupancy tenants as defined under section 31 which reads: "31. All tenants other than permanent tenure holders	 fixed rate tenants	 tenants holding on special terms in Oudh	 ex proprietary tenants	 occupancy tenants and hereditary tenants are non occupancy tenants. " Sections 45 to 48 speak of extinction of tenancies. Section 45	 so far as it is materi al to the facts of this case	 provides: "45. The interest of a tenant shall be extin guished (c) . . . by surrender	 or by abandonment; It is not disputed that	 in respect of the two tenants	 their interests had become extinguished in terms of clause (c) by reason of surrender of their interests in the holding on 14.9.1954 in favour of the proprietor 680 plaintiff. The effect of such surrender on the interest of the sub tenant is dealt with in section 47. It is with reference to this section that the applicability of section 180 has to be considered. It iS important to remember that the material portions of section 47	 namely	 sub sections (1)	 (4) and (5) dealing with the interests of sub tenants on the extinction of the tenants ' interests	 are concerned only with tenants other than permanent tenure holders or fixed rate tenants. In other words	 these sub Sections (unlike sub section (2) concerning a transferee from a permanent tenure holder or a fixed rate tenant or sub section (3) dealing with mortgages executed prior to January	 1902) deal with non occupancy tenants	 as in the present case	 and not with any other class of tenants. Section 47	 so far as it is material	 reads: "47. (1) Except as otherwise provid ed in sub section (3) and sub section (4) the extinction of the interest of a tenant	 other than. a permanent tenure holder or a fixed rate tenant	 shall operate .to extinguish the interest of any tenant holding under him . . (2) Subject to the provisions of section 16 of the Land Acquisition Act	 1894	 the extinction of the interest of a permanent tenure holder or a fixed rate tenant shall not of itself affect the rights of any transferee from such tenant under a valid transfer	 but after the transfer all covenants binding and enforceable as between the landholder and the tenant shall be binding and enforceable as between the landholder. and the transferee. (4) Where	 at the time Of the extinc tion by surrender or abandonment	 or by death without any heir entitled to inherit such interest	 of the interest in a holding of a tenant other than a permanent tenUre holder or fixed rate tenant	 there is in existence a valid sub lease of the whole or of a portion of the holding	 executed on or after the first day of January	 1902	 all covenants	 binding and enforceable as between the tenant and the sub tenant shall	 subject to the provisions of sub section (5)	 be binding and enforceable as between the tenant 's landholder and the sub tenant for the remainder of the term of the sub lease or for five years	 whichever period may be the shorter. 681 (5). In the cases referred to in sub section (3) and sub section (4)	 if the rent payable by the sub tenant is less than that hitherto payable by the tenant	 the sub tenant shall have the option of vacating the holding	 but shall	 if he continues in posses sion	 be liable to pay rent at the rate hith erto payable by the tenant . " Section 47(1) shows that in the case of all non occupan cy tenants	 (as distinguished from permanent tenure holders or fixed rate tenants with whom we are not concerned) the extinction of their interests as such tenants will	 subject to the protection of sub sections (3) and (4)	 operate to extinguish the interests of tenants holding under them. The interest of the defendant	 being that of a	 nonoccupancy sub tenant	 is thus liable to be extinguished consequent on the extinction of the interests of the non occupancy tenants Raimal and Bhartu. This extinction of the defendant 's inter est is	 however	 subject to the provisions contained is the relevant sub sections	 which on the facts of this case	 are sub seCtions (4) and (5). Sub section (4) shows that	 in the event of the. extinction of the interest of a nonoccupancy tenant by reason of his surrender or abandonment of such interest	 or his death without any heir to inherit such interest	 all covenants binding and enforceable as between the tenant and the subtenant	 subject to the provisions of sub section (5)	 will be binding and enforceable as between ' the tenants ' landholder (proprietor) and the sub tenant for the remainder Of the term of the sub lease or for five years whichever period may be the shorter. This means that the terms and .conditions under which the defendant held the sub lease under Raimal and Bhartu continued to be binding and enforceable between the plaintiff and the defendant for the period from 14.9. 1954	 which was the date of surrender by the tenants	 till 31.12.1954	 which was the date on which the defendants ' sub lease expired. This is	 however	 subject to sub section (5) which provides that	 if the rent payable by the sub tenant is less than the rent that was payable by the tenant	 the sub tenant has the Option of vacating the holding or continuing in possession for the period permitted by the statute on payment of rent at the higher rate which was applicable to the tenant. These provisions show that	 notwithstanding the extinc tion of the interest of the tenant by reason of his surren der or any other reason mentioned under sub section (4)	 a sub tenant whose subtenancy has not expired	 is protected for the remainder of the term of the sub lease or for 5 years	 whichever period be the shorter	 but subject to the requirement of sub section (5) about rent. The statutory 682 right vested in the defendant thus remained in force only for the statutorily limited period	 and not any further. The limited right of the sub tenant thereafter for the purpose of removal of standing crops and other products of the earth	 and his obligation to vacate the holding are stated in section 48: "48. When the interest of a sub tenant is extinguished he shall vacate his holding but shall have in respect of the removal of stand ing crops and other products of the earth the same rights as the tenant would have upon ejectment in accordance with the provisions of this Act". This section further emphasises the need to vacate the holding upon extinguishment of the interest	 but without prejudice to the right of removal of the standing Crops etc. We shall now consider the two provisions under which a suit can be brought. Section 175 (the operation of which now remains stayed) deals with the ejectment of a non occupancy tenant	 while section 180 deals with ejectment of a person in occupation of land without consent. We shall first read section 175	 and then section 180	 so far as they are .material: "175 . . a non occupancy tenant shall also be liable to ejectment on the application of the landholder on any of the following grounds	 namely: (a) that he is a tenant holding from year to year; (b) that he is a tenant holding under 	a lease for a period which has expired or will expire before the end of the current agricultural year. " Significantly	 this section	 dealing with a non occupan cy tenant	 refers to a tenant falling under clause (a) or clause (b)	 i.e.	 a tenant having a present interest in terms of an unexpired lease or an expired lease under which he holds over. The section has no application to past ten ants whose interests have become extinguished for the rea sons stated in section 45 or section 47 or whose lease has been duly determined. On the other hand	 persons who are not	 or	 ' who are no longer	 tenants at the time of the suit	 and liable to ejectment	 have to be proceeded against under section 180: 683 "180. (1) A person taking or retaining posses sion of a plot of land without the consent of the person entitled to admit him to occupy such plot and otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of the law for the time being in force	 shall be liable to ejectment under this section on the suit of the person so entitled	 and also to pay damages which may extend to four times the annual rental value calculated in accordance with the sanctioned rates applicable to hereditary tenants. Section 180 has no application to a present tenant. This section provides for ejectment of a person in occupation of land without a valid consent. He is a person who has taken or retained possession of land without the consent of the landlord and contrary to law. He may have taken possession by trespass	 or after being in lawful occupation	 retained possession contrary to the will of the person entitled to admit him to occupy the land and without the support of law; in either event he is a person liable to be ejected under section 180. It makes no difference. for the purpose of this section that a person was in unauthorised occupation at all material times	 or	 the occupation was authorised at its commencement	 but became unauthorised by reason of the authority to occupy having been extinguished by operation of law	 or duly determined by the person entitled to give such authority. Unlike section 175	 which is	 as seen above	 confined to a person who is a tenant either in terms of an unexpired lease or by reason of .his being allowed to continue in possession after the expiry of the period of the lease	 section 180 concerns a person who was never	 or who is no longer	 a tenant. Apart from a mere trespasser	 a person remaining in possession of the land	 notwithstanding the extinguishment of his interestor determination of his lease	 and without the consent of andcontrary to the will of the landlord	 and otherwise than as permitted by law	 equally falls within the ambit of section 180. Any such person does not hold under a lease and is not a 'tenant" within the meaning of section 175. He has no present right of 'holding ' or 'retaining possession ' of the land. The expression 'hol ding ' is defined under section 3(7) as :. "a parcel or parcels of land held under one lease	 engagement or grant	 or in the absence of such lease	 engagement or grant under one tenure and in the case of a thekadar includes the theka area". 684 This shows that there must be an existing or continuing legal relationship between the owner and ' the person in possession of the land. In the absence of any such relation ship	 either 'because no lease or anyother interest or right was ever granted or because it was duly determined or extin guished	 a person retaining possession of the land without the consent and contrary to the will of the landlord does not come within. the purview of section 175. While the legislature provides for the ejectment of a nonoccupancy tenant on the grounds specified under section 175	 section 180 is meant for ejectment of a person who has no present right to retain possession of land either because his occupation commenced without any such right or the right by which he commenced the occupation has since been duly extinguished or terminated in accordance with the law in force. Speaking of section 180	 K. Subba Rao	 J. (as he then was) in Bhinka & Ors vs Charan Singh	 [1959] Supp. 2 SCR 798 at 808	 observes: " . . The word "taking" applies to a person taking possession of a land. otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of the law; while the word "retaining" to a person taking possession in accordance with the provisions of the law but subsequently retain ing the same illegally So construed	 it is section 180	 and not section 175	 which should apply 'to a person who is in unlawful or unauthorised occupation of land. Mr. V.M. Tarkunde	 counsel for the the appellant defendant	however	 submits that the defendant is not in unlawful or unauthorised or illegal occupation of the land	 but he is inoccupation by reason of his being a lessee	 although the term of the lease has since expired. In the Case Of such a person	 it is section 175 that applies. Mr. Tarkunde says that the interest of the defendant in the land continues eveni.after termination of the period of his sub lease and notwithstanding the plaintiffs notice calling upon ' him to quit. His interest in the land	 counsel says	 is not extinguished by reason of the extinction of the interests of the tenants. The defendant ceased to be a sub tenant and was elevated ' to the position of a tenant upon the extinction of the interests of the tenants by reason of their surrender of the holding	 This argument is urged by counsel on the basis of his construction of 685 section 47 which	 in our view	 is not correct. Section 47(1)	 as seen above	 specifically says that	 except as otherwise provided in sub section (3) and sub section (4)	 the extinguishment of the interest of a non ocCupancy tenant will	 extinguish the interest of his sub tenant. Once the interest Of the person under whom the defendant held the land was extinguished	 the defendant was no longer a sub tenant	 but a person enjoying a legal right for a limited period in terms of the statute. As stated by this Court in Birendra Pratap Singh & Anr. vs Gulwant Singh & Ors.	 ; 	 878 879: " . The subsequent possession was	 however	 under a legal right and that right accrued to the appellants under sub section (4) of section 47 . . This sub section does not lay down that the original sub lease executed by the chief	 tenant	 who surrenders his1 rights	 is to continue in force. What this provision does is to create a new right in the sub tenant and that is the limited right to continue in possession for the re mainder of the term of the sub lease or for five years whichever period may be shorter . . ". This shows that the sub tenant was no longer a holder ' of. any parcel of land once his right to hold was extinguished and his statutory right for the limited. period had also expired in terms of section 47. When that event has oc curred	 he has no further interest in the land and his continued occupation is	 as pointed out by this Court in Bhinka (supra)	 only an unauthorised or illegal occupation. Referring to sub section (4) of section. 47	 this Court	 in Birendra Pratap Singh (supra) stated: " . So far as the right granted by section 47(4) is concerned	 it is granted by the statute itself for 'a limited period and	 once that period expires	 it cannot be held that the right continues thereafter. There is no requirement in law that	 after the expiry of that period. there must be eviction from .the land in order to extinguish the right granted by section 47(4). The possession subsequent to 30th June	 1951 cannot	 therefore	 be held to be in pursuance of a right .conferred on a sub tenant referred to in section 47(4) Of the Tenancy Act 686 and	 consequently	 the land was not held by the appellants thereafter in the capacity mentioned in section 19(vii) of the Act. ."		 This observation regarding section 47(4) of the Act was made by this Court with reference to section 19(vii) of the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act	 1950 (No. 1 of 195 1). The ' construction placed on section 47(4) of the Act in that decision supports the view we have indicated on the point in issue	 and that .decision was rightly relied on by the High Court in coming to the conclusion which it did. Mr. J.P. Goyal	 supplementing the arguments of Mr. Tarkunde	 places reliance on certain observations of this Court in Biswabani (P) Ltd. vs Santosh Kumar Dutta & Ors.	 [ ; That decision refers to the protection of a statutory tenant in terms of the West Bengal Premises Tenacy Act	 1956. This Court stated that	 even after the expiry of the contractual tenancy	 the tenant would continue as a statutory tenant	 except where he has surrendered possession or has been evicted under the enabling provisions of the relevant Rent Restriction Act. That decision has no rele vance to the facts of this case where the question relates to the construction of the relevant provisions of the Act under Which separate and special provisions have been made to regulate the rights and liabilities of different catego ries of tenants	 including non occupancy tenants with whom alone we are concerned. Their liability to ejectment	 'fo llowing the extinction of their interests and rights in the land	 is regulated by statute. The views expressed by the Full Bench of the High Court are correct. The learned Judges have rightly held that insofar as the defendant has continued to remain in occupa tion of the land even after the expiry of the .period of his lease	 and despite the landlord 's notice to quit the prem ises	 he can no longer be regarded as a tenant referred to in clause (a) or (b) of section 175 and	 therefore	 that section has no application to him. The right section in terms of which a suit has to be brought against him	 as the plaintiff has done in the present case	 is section 180. Accordingly there is no merit in this appeal. R.M. SAHAI	 J. While joining ' in the opinion of brother Thommen	 J.	 few words are being added	 on nature of inter est created 687 under sub section (4) of Section 47 of the U.P. Tenancy Act of 1939 (referred hereinafter as the Act). Sub tenant	 literally or statutorily either in the Rent Control legislations or agricultural tenancies	 normally	 is a 	person in possession holding from the tenant. His right or interest depends on provi sions in the Statute. Under U.P. Tenancy Act	 sub;tenant according toclause (22) of section 3 holds land from a tenant. Even though he isinclud ed in the definition of tenant in clause (23) and is non occupationally under Section 31 of the Act	 yet	 he is inferior class of tenant a she is specifically precluded by Section 39 from subletting and has nosecurity of tenure as he can be evicted under Section 175 of the Actand his inter est in the holding extinguishes	 statutorily	 under Section47 on extinction of interest of his tenant under Section 45 of the Act. Similar provision for extinction .of tenancy existed in Agra TenancyAct of 1926. Sub section 3 .and 4 are	 in fact	 identical with sub section.2 and 3 of the 1926 Act. Even Section 28 of N.W.P. Tenancy Act 1901(Act II of. 1901) provided for extinction of interest of sub tenant onejectment of his tenant under Section 57 of that Act. And on extinc tion	 for other reasons	 the covenant binding and enforceable as bet ween tenant and the sub tenant became binding between tenants land holder and the sub tenant .and he was permitted	 at his option	 tocontinue	 in possession for the remainder period of lease	 on paymen tof the rent which was being paid by the tenant	 Therefore	 continuanceof sub tenant under the covenant between tenant and sub tenant exis ted in Tenancy legislations right from 1901. But there existed a vitaldifference between 1901 Act on one hand and 1926 and 1939 Act on the other. In 1901 Act the sub lessee could continue . 'for the remainderperiod of the term of the sub lease ' whereas under 1926 and 1939 Actsthe period was fixed depending on if the sub tenancy was createdbefore or after 1st January 1902. In the former case the sub lesseecould continue for	 'the remainder term of the sub lease or for the lifetime of the tenant or for ten years '	 whichever period was the shortest and in latter 'for the remainder period of the lease or five years ' whichever Was shorter. Reason for fixation of period by latter enact ments	 namely 1926 and 1939 was to remove uncertainty about landholders interest as the tenants	 particularly widows	 who had.lmited .interest	 only	 at times created permanent sub tenancy or subtenancies for long durations under 1901 Act. This resulted in mass of litigation and at times there was sharp divergence of. opinion between Board of Revenue	 the highest. authority in the hierarchy of revenue courts dealing with agricultural holdings and the High Court. It was to. put this controversy at end and reationalise the law	 ineeping with the. 688 spirit of those times when tiller of the soil concept was still far	 that the Legislature altered the law and provided for durational or limited interest. To appreciate its nature during subsistance of the covenant and thereafter it is necessary to extract relevant sub sections of Section 47: "47. (1)Except as otherwise provided in sub section (3) and sub section (4) the extinction of the interest of a tenant	 other than a permanent tenure holder or a fixed rate ten ant	 shall operate to extinguish the interest of any tenant holding under him. (2) . . . (3) . . . . . (4) Where	 at the time of the extinction by surrender or abandonment	 or by death without any heir entitled to inherit such interest	 of the interest in a holding of a tenant other than a permanent tenure holder or fixed rate tenant	 there is in existence a valid sub lease of the whole or of a portion of the holding	 executed on or after the first day of January 1902	 all covenants. binding and enforceable as between the tenant and the sub tenant shall	 subject to the provisions of sub section (5)	 be binding and enforceable as between the tenant 's landholder and the sub tenant for the remainder of the term of the sub lease or for.five years	 whichever period may be the shorter. (5) In the cases referred to in sub section (3) and subsection (4)	 if the rent payable by the sub tenant is less than that hitherto payable by the tenant	 the sub tenant shall have the option of vacating the holding	 but shall	 if he Continues in possession	 be liable to pay rent a.t the rate hitherto payable by the tenant. What is apparent	 from a bare perusal of sub section (1) of Section 47 is that it is Wider in application and immedi ate in operation. 689 It extends to every tenant holding under a tenant other than permanent tenure holder or fixed rate tenant. The interest of such tenant extinguishes	 automatically and immediately by operation of law on extinction of interest of his chief tenant. No further requirement is contemplated. He becomes liable to ejectment. If he .continues in possession he is a trespasser unless he holds With consent of the landholder/landlord expressly or impliedly. For sub tenants it has been made more explicit by Section 48 of the Act as he is required to vacate the holding except for the standing crops and produce which he is permitted to remove as any other tenant ejected in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Thus a tenants more so a Sub tenant	 continuing in possession after extinction	 of his interest as provided by Section 47	 cannot be considered to be in possession in any other capacity but as retaining possession otherwise than in accordance with the law for the time being in force. Is the result! any different for a sub tenant who is permitted to continue for the remainder period of sub lease by sub section (4) of Section 47? Tenancy extinguishes under section 45 for various reasons. Consequence of it on right of a tenant holding under him is mentioned in Section 47. Since sub tenant	 is tenant and holds from the tenant his interest	 too	 extinguishes by operation of law. But the Legislature made an exception in favour of those sub tenants whose interest came to an end either because the tenant surrendered or. abandoned his holding or died without any heir to inherit his interest	 obviously	 to avoid any preju dice to a weaker class of tenant due to conduct of his tenant or for reasons beyond control of anyone. But the expression	 'Except as provided ' in sub section (1) does not carve out an exception to extinction of interest of sub tenant but to its immediate operation. That is interest in the holding is extinguished but from a future date namely expiry of the period of leases or five years whichever is shorter. This benefit or .concession cannot be stretched to vest any fresh tenancy right.in ' him after expiry of the period. On a combined reading of sub section (1) of Section 47 with sub section (4) the plain and simple meaning that emerges is that the interest of .a sub tenant extinguishes on surrender by his tenant but this	 is deferred for the period mentioned in this sub section. The right created by sub section (4) being limited in operation it cannot extend beyond the 	period mentioned in it	. Otherwise the sub section (4) and sub section (1) of the Act would be on cross purpose with each other. Interpreting the Sub section in any other manner would be against principle of construction	 as sub section (4). cannot be read in isolation. That is the consequence provided for in sub section (1) do take place but in the 690 manner provided by sub section (4). To put it	 simply	 the extinction is complete but its operation is postponed to a later date. Effort was made to distort the otherwise plain and simple construction by urging that since sub section (5) enjoins paying of same rent	 as the tenant who had surren dered	 the right and interest of the sub tenant stands enhanced	 by operation of law and he stands substituted in.place of his tenant with higher rights than he held. Natural follow up of it	 added the .learned counsel	 is that new right or interest created under Section 47(4) cannot extinguish after expiry of the period except as provided under section 45 of the Act. The argument suffers from inherent fallacy	 Section 47(4) does not arrest extinction. It only postpones it. In Birendra Pratap vs Gulwant Singh and Others	 ; this Court while construing sub section (4)of Section 47 observed as under: "So far as the right granted by Section 47(4) is concerned	 it is granted by the statute itself for a limited period and	 once that period expires	 it cannot be held that the right continues thereafter. " No new tenancy is created. What is made binding and enforce able is the old covenant existing between the tenant and sub tenant for the remainder period of the sub lease. Thus whatever right a sub tenant acquires under sub section (4) it ceases to operate after the expiry of period of lease or the period mentioned in the sub section. No second extinc tion is visualised. That would be not. only doing violence to the language of the sub sections but would also result in nullifying the . effect of sub section '(1) completely. Status of a person in possession after expiry of the remainder period of lease or five years as provided in Section 47(4) can neither be .of statutory tenant nor a tenant holding over as understood is common parlance. He is a person in possession without authority of law. A sub tenant whose extinction is postponed as a matter of conces sion because of the tenant 's prejudicial acts cannot be placed any higher than other sub tenants who are required 'to vacate their holding immediately under Section 48. Therefore retention of possession by such person cannot be except 	otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of the Act for the time being in force. 691 The Full Bench therefore did not commit any error of law in applying the ratio laid down by this Court in Birendra Pratap Singh vs Gulwant Singh and Others	 (supra) that the effect of extinction of sub tenant 's interest under Section 47(1) of the Act was not only that	 'he could no longer be .held to be in the capacity of sub tenant ' but even the 'new right ' of continuance for the remainder period of lease which was created under Section 47(4) was limited and did not vest any right in such person to continue after that date nor any fresh right of sub tenancy could be deemed to accrue consequently possession of Such person after expiry of the extended period	 was Otherwise that in accordance with the provision of taw against whom a suit for ejectment under Section 180 of the Act was maintanable. The appeal thus as held by brother Thommen	 J.	 is devoid of any merit. ORDER For the reasons stated by us in our separate but concurring judgments dated August 21	 1991	 we see no merit in fids appeal and it is accordingly dismissed with costs throughout. R.P. Appeal dismissed.

The defendant appellant was a sub tenant in terms of a sub lease granted to him by the non occupancy tenants for a period of five years from 1.1.1950 expiring on 31.12.1954 in respect of the land in dispute of which the plaintiff re spondent was the proprietor. On 14.9.1954 the original tenants surrendered their interests in the holding to the proprietor who .issued a notice dated 2.11.1954 to the sub tenant demanding vacant possession of the land by 31.12.1954	 the agreed date of expiry of the sub lease	 and	 since the latter failed to comply with the notice	 the propriter filed a suit fro	 ejectment under section 180 of the nited Provinces Tenancy Act	 1939. The Trial Court as well as the first appellate court decided all the issues in favour of the plaintiff	 but dismissed the suit as not maintainable holding that the defendant being a sub tenant was liable to be ejected only in terms of section 175 and not under section 180 of the Act	 and had the suit been brought under section 175 it would have been stayed in terms of the Government Notification dated 23.1.1953. In the second appeal by the plaintiff the High Court held that the suit was rightly brought under section I80 and	 finding the other issues in favour of the plaintiff	 it decreed the suit. Aggrieved	 the defendant filed the appeal by special leave to this Court. It was contended on behalf of the defendant appellant that his interest in the land was not extinguished on the extinction of the 673 tenants ' interest but continued even after termination of the period of his sub lease notwithstanding the plaintiffs ' notice; that although the term of lease had expired	 he was not in unlawful or unauthorised occupation but was in pos session of the land by reason of his being a lessee	 and	 therefore	 section 175of the United Provinces Tenancy Act	 was applicable; and that he ceased to be a sub tenant and was elevated to the position of a tenant on the extinction of the interests of the tenants on their surrender of the holding. Dismissing the appeal	 this Court	 HELD: (By the Court Dr. T.K. Thommen & R.M. Sahai	 JJ.) (1) The interest of a non occupancy sub tenant	 is liable to be extinguished consequent on the extinction of the inter ests of the nonoccupancy tenant	 and he enjoys a legal right for a limited period in terms of the statute. (2) A person who continues to remain in occupation of the land even after the expiry of the period of his lease	 and despite the landlords ' notice to quit the permises	 can no longer be regarded as a tenant as referred to in clause (a) or clause (b) of section 175 of the United Provinces Tenancy Act	 1939. (3) The persons who axe not	 or are no longer	 tenants at the time of the suit	 and liable to ejectment	 have to be proceeded against under section 180 of the United Provinces Tenancy Act	 1939. Per Dr. Thommen	 J. 1.1 The extinguishment of the interest of a non occupan cy tenant would	 as envisaged by section 47(1) of the United Provinces Tenancy Act	 1939	 extinguish the interest of his sub tenant except as otherwise proVided in sub sections (3) and (4). [685A B] 1.2 Notwithstanding the extinction of the interest of the the by reason of his surrender or any other reason mentioned under subsection (4) of section 47	 a sub tenant whose sub tenancy had not expired	 was protected for the remainder of the term of the sub lease or for 5 years	 whichever period be the shorter	 but subject to the requirement of sub section (5) about rent. [681G H] 2.1 In the instant case	 the interests of the tenants had become extinguished in terms of clause (c) of section 45 of the United Provinces 674 Tenancy Act by reason of surrender of their interests in the holding on 14.9.54 in favour of the proprietor plaintiff. [679G H] Once the interest of the person under whom the defendant held the land was extinguished	 the defendant was no longer a sub tenant	 but a person enjoying a legal right for a limited period in terms of the statute. [685B] Birendra Pratap Singh & Anr. vs Gulwant Singh & Ors.	 ; 	 referred to. Biswabani (P) Ltd. vs Santosh Kumar Dutta & Ors. 	 ; 	 held inapplicable. The interest of the defendant	 being that of a nan occupancy subtenant	 was	 subject to the provisions of sub ss.(4)and (5) of section 47	 liable to be extinguished consequent on the extinction of the interests of the non occupancy tenants. [681 B C] 2.2 The statutory right vested in the defendant remained in force only for the statutority limited period	 for the purpose of removal of standing crops and other products of the earth	 and he had an obligation to vacate the holding	 as envisaged by section 48. [681H; 682A] 2.3 The terms and conditions under which the defendant held the sub lease under the tenants continued to be binding and enforceable between the plaintiff and the defendant for the period from 14.9.1954	 which was the date of surrender by the tenants	 till 31.12.1954	 which was the date on which the defendant 's sub lease expired. This was	 however	 sub ject to sub section (5) of section 47 which provided that	 if the rent payable by the sub tenant was less than the rent that was payable by the tenant	 the sub tenant had the option of vacating the holding or continuing in possession for the period permitted by the statute on payment of rent at the higher rate which was applicable to the tenant. [681E F] 3.1 Section 175 of the United Provinces Tenancy Act	 dealing with a non occupancy tenant	 is confined to a person who is a tenant either in terms of an unexpired lease or by reason of his being allowed to continue in possession	 after the expiry of the period of the lease. The section has no application to past tenants whose interests have become extinguished for the reasons stated in section 45 or section 47 or whose lease has been duly determined. [682F G; 683E] 675 675 3.2 There must be an existing or continuing legal rela tionship between the owner and the person in possession of the land. In the absence of any such relationship	 either because no lease or any other interest or right was ever granted or because it was duly determined or extinguished	 a person retaining possession of the land without the consent and contrary to the will of the landlord does not come within the purview ors. [684A B] 3.3 Persons who are not	 or	 who are no longer	 tenants at the time of suit	 and liable to ejectment	 have to be proceeded against under section 180. [682G H] 3.4 section 180 has no application to a present tenant. It is meant for ejectment of a person who has no present right to retain possession of land either because his occupation commenced without any such right or the right by which he commenced the occupation has since been duly extinguished or terminated in accordance with the law in force. [683B; 684B C] Bhinka & Ors. vs Charan Singh	 [1959] Supp. 2 SCR 798	 referred to. The learned Judges of the High Court were correct in holding that insofar as the defendant continued to remain in occupation of the land even after the expiry of the period of his lease	 and despite the landlord 's notice to quit the premises	 he could no longer be regarded as a tenant re ferred to in clause (a) or (b) of section 175 and	 therefore	 that section had no application to him. The right section in terms of which a suit had to be brought against him	 as the plaintiff did in the instant case	 was section 180. [686G H; 687A] Per Sahai. J.: 1.1 Sub tenant	 literally or statutorily either in the Rent Control legislations or agricultural tenancies	 normal ly is a person in possession holding from the tenant. His right or interest depends on provisions in the statute. [687C] 1.2 Under U.P. Tenancy Act	 sub tenant according to clause (22) of section 3 holds land from a tenant	 and even though he is included in the definition of tenant in clause (23) and is non occupancy tenant under section 31 of the Act	 yet	 he is inferior class of tenant as he is specifically precluded by section 39 from subletting and has no security of tenure as he can be evicted under section 175 of the Act and his interest in the holding 676 extinguishes	 statutorily	 under section 47 on extinction of interest of his tenant under section 45 of the Act. [687C D] 2.1 A combined reading of sub sections (1) and (4) of section 47 shows that the interest of a sub tenant extinguishes on surrender by his tenant but this is deferred for the period mentioned in sub section (4). The extinction is complete but its operation is postponed to a later date. The right creat ed by sub section (4) being limited in operation it cannot extend beyond the period mentioned in it. [689G H; 690A B] 2.2 Section 47 is wider in application and immediate in operation. It extends to every tenant holding under a tenant other than permanent tenure holder or fixed rate tenant. The interest of such tenant extinguishes	 automatically and immediately by operation of law on extinction of interest of his chief tenant. No further requirement is contemplated. He becomes liable to ejectment. If he continues in possession he is a trespasser unless he holds with consent of the landholder/landlord expressly or impliedly	 and	 as envis aged by section 48	 he is required to vacate the holding .except for the standing crops and produce which he is permitted to remove as any other tenant ejected in accordance with the provisions of the Act. [689A C] ' Section 47(4) does not arrest extinction. It only postpones it. [690C D] Birendra Pratap vs Gulwant Singh and Others	 ; referred to. 2.3 The expression	 'Except as provided ' in sub section (1) of section 47 does not carve out an exception to extinction of interest of Subtenant but to its immediate operation. That is interest in the holding is extinguished but form a future date namely expiry of the period of leases or five years whichever is shorter. This benefit or concession cannot be stretched to vest any fresh tenancy right in him after expiry of the period. [689F G] 2.4 No new tenancy is created by sub section (4) of section 47. What is made binding and enforceable is the old covenant existing between the tenant and sub tenant for the remainder period of the sub lease. Whatever right a sub tenant ac quires it ceases to operate after the expiry of period of lease or the period mentioned in the sub section. No second extinction is visualised. [690E F] 3.1 Status of a person in possession after expiry of the remainder 677 period of lease or five years as provided in section 47(4) can neither be of statutory tenant nor a tenant holding over as understood in common parlance. He is a person in possession without authority of law. [690G] 3.2 A sub tenant whose extinction is postponed as a matter of concession because of the tenant 's prejudicial acts cannot be placed any higher than other sub tenants who are required to vacate their holding immediately under section 48. Therefore	 retention of possession by such person cannot he except otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of the Act for the time being in force. [690G H; 691A] 4. The full Bench of the High Court was right in holding that the effect of extinction of sub tenant 's interest under section 47(1) of the Act was not only that 'he could no longer be held to he in the capacity of subtenant ' but even the 'new right ' of continuance for the remainder period of lease which was created under section 47(4) was limited and did not vest any right in such person to continue after that date nor any fresh right of sub tenancy could be deemed to ac crue; consequently	 possession of such person after expiry of the extended period	 was otherwise than in accordance with the provision of law against whom a suit for ejectment under section 180 of the Act was maintainable. [691A C]