Summarize the following court judgment. s Nos. 79 and 80 of 1963 and 140 of 1962. Petitions under article 32 of the Constitution of India for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. section N. Andley	 Rameshawar Nath and P. L. Vohra	 for the petitioner (in Petition Nos. 79 and 80 of 1963). Sarjoo Prasad	 Ajoy Kumar Gajdhar Mahapatra and A. D. Mathur for the petitioner (in Petition No. 140/1962). section V. Gupte Additional Solicitor General	 section B. Misra	 R.Ganapathi lyer and R. N. Sachthey	 for the respondents (in all the petitions). M. C. Setalvad	 J. B. Dadachanji	 Ravinder Narain and O. C. Mathur	 for the interveners (in Petition No. 140/ 1962). January 23	 1964. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by GAJENDRAGADKAR J. The petitioners in these three petitions have moved this Court under article 32 of the Constitution and claimed a declaration that the operative provisions of the Orissa Private Lands of Rulers (Assessment of Rent) Act		 1958 (hereinafter called `the Act ') and the Rules framed thereunder are unconstitutional and ultra vires. The private lands in the possession and enjoyment of the three respective petitioners have been assessed by the Revenue Officers in conformity with the Rules framed under the Act. The petitioners claim a writ or direction	 or order 304 in the nature of certiorari quashing the said orders of assessment. The petitioner in Writ Petition No. 140/1962 is the Patrani Saheba of Keonjhar and is in possession and enjoyment of eight villages	 viz.	 Mangalpur; Barigan; Nua Rampas; Nilung; Ghutru; Mohadijore; Patang and Anara in the district of Keonjhar. These villages were granted to her for maintenance a long time ago and as such	 they have been recorded in the village papers as Khoraki Posaki (Maintenance Grant) Lands since the last settlement of 1918. She has held these lands without paying assessment; and her case is that the relevant provisions of the Act which authorise the levy of assessment in respect of her lands are unconstitutional and invalid. In her petition	 she has referred to the fact that from time to time	 the Government of the day had refrained from levying any assessment in respect of her lands and thereby recognised her right to hold the said villages on assessment free basis. The Revenue Officer of Keonjhar levied an assessment in respect of the said villages purporting to act under the Rules framed under the provisions of the Act. The petitioner then preferred appeals to the Board of Revenue against the said assessment orders but these appeals were dismissed. The assessment levied against the petitioner in respect of these lands is of the order of Rs. 9	000 and odd and it has to be paid by her from 1958 retrospectively. The petitioner in W.P. No. 79/1963 is Smt. Rani Ratna Prova Devi who is the wife of Raja Sankar Pratap Singh Deo Mahindra Bahadur	 ex Ruler of Dhenkanal State in Orissa. At the time when the State of Dhenkanal. merged with India	 the petitioner was in possession and enjoyment of lands in five villages as a Proprietor. In respect of these lands	 assessment had never been levied; but purporting to give effect to the relevant provisions of the Act	 the Revenue Officer Dhenkanal assessed rent in respect of all the lands which are in possession and enjoyment of the petitioner. The appeals preferred by the petitioner against the said order of assessment failed; and so	 the petitioner filed the present writ petition challenging the validity of the Act as well as the validity of the assessment order. 305 The petitioner in W.P. No. 80 of 1963 is the ex Ruler of Dhenkanal. On the date of merger he held and was in possession of 89 acres 18 dec. and 5 kadis of land in Niz garh Town as his private lands. These lands were never subjected to the payment of rent and yet the Revenue Offi cers assessed rents in respect of these lands under the provisions of the Act. The petitioner failed in persuading the Appellate Authority to set aside the order of assess ment	 and so	 has filed the present writ petition challenging the validity of the Act and the order of assessment. Thus	 the facts on which the three petitions claim relief are substantially similar and they have raised common points of law for our decision. That is why the three petitions have been heard together and would be disposed of by a common judgment. The Act which is challenged in the present proceedings was passed by the Orissa Legislature because "it was thought expedient to provide for assessment of rent with respect to the private lands of Rulers in the State of Orissa". It received the assent of the Governor on the 21st May. 1958 and was published in the State Gazette on the 6th June	 1958. It consists of 15 sections and the main object of the Act is to authorise the levy of rent in respect of the private lands of persons included in the definition of the word "Ruler" prescribed by section 2(h) of the Act. Section 2(e) defines 'Private land ' as meaning any land held on the date of merger by a Ruler free from payment of rent	 while section 2 (h) defines a "Ruler" as meaning the Ruler of a merged territory in the State of Orissa and includes his relatives and defendants. Thus	 the definition of the word "Ruler" is an inclusive definition and takes within its sweep the re latives of the Ruler and his dependents	 with the result that private lands held by such relatives or dependents by virtue of the grants made by the ruling Prince or otherwise come within the mischief of the operative provisions of the Act. Section 2(i) provides that all other expressions used and not defined in the Act shall have the same meaning as are respectively assigned to them under the tenancy laws in force in the concerned areas. Section 3 contains the main operative provision and it lays down that notwith 134 159 S.C. 20 306 standing anything contained in any other law	 custom	 con tract or agreement to the contrary	 the private lands field by a Ruler shall	 with effect from the date of commencement of this Act	 be liable to assessment and levy of rent as provided in the Act. Thus	 the effect of this provision is that private lands held by Rulers which till then were not liable to pay rent or assessment	 were made liable to pay the same. In other words the exemption from the payment of assessment or rent which the private lands of Rulers enjoyed till then ceased to be operative	 and the said lands were treated like other lands in the State liable to pay assessment and rent. Section 4 provides for the appointment of Revenue Officers	 and sections 5 and 6 deal with the classification of lands and prescribe the maximum rates of rent	 and the procedure in determining the rent respectively. Under section 5	 the lands have to be classified as irrigated wet land	 rainfed wet land	 and dry land; this section provides that subject to the provisions of section 6	 the rates at which the fair and equitable rent shall be assessed with respect to the said three categories of land shall not exceed the amount as may be prescribed from time to time by the State Government. The proviso to section 5 deals with the special category of cases where the tenants of the Ruler have already acquired rights of occupancy	 and lays down that the rent payable by the Ruler in respect of such lands shall be such proportion of the rent received by him from the tenants as may be prescribed. Under section 6	 the considerations which have to be borne in mind in determining the rates of fair and equitable rent are specified by clauses (a) to (e)	 viz.	 the nature of the soil and general productivity of such land; the class under which the land is assessable; market value of the land; the prevailing rates of rent obtaining for similar lands in the neighbourhood; and such other matters relating thereto as may be prescribed. It is thus clear that whereas section 5 requires the classification of the Ruler 's private lands to be made and provides for the prescription of the maximum of the rent which may be levied in respect of them	 section 6 indicates the factors which have to be borne in mind in determining the rates of fair and equitable rent. Clause (e) 307 shows that in addition to the factors mentioned in clauses (a) to (d)	 other matters may also be specified by the Rules. The rest of the sections deal with matters relating to the levy and recovery of assessment with which we are not concerned in the present petitions. The first contention which has been raised before us by the petitioners is that the provisions contained in sections 5 and 6 are invalid inasmuch as they contravene article 14 of the Constitution. It is convenient to refer to some facts set out in W.P. No. 79/1963 in support of this argument. We have already noticed that under section 6 certain considerations which the Act considers to be relevant have been prescribed	 and so	 the Revenue Officer has to bear those considerations in mind in determining the fair and equitable rent in respect of a given land. W.P. No. 79/1963 points out that as a result of the consideration of the relevant factors mentioned in section 6	 the rates fixed by the preliminary pattas in respect of the petitioner 's lands are in every case higher than the rates of rent which are in operation in res pect of the Revisional Settlement Khatian. Basing them selves on the fact that in the calculation of the rent made by the Revenue Officers in respect of the private lands of Rulers they have arrived at a figure of rent which is gene rally higher than the rent which would be determined in case the rates current under the Settlement prevailing in respect of the other lands were applied	 the petitioners contend that in their operation the relevant provisions of the Act have introduced an illegal discrimination as between their lands and the other lands liable to assessment of rent in the State of Orissa. It is also urged in support of this argument that it would not be a valid consideration for levying higher assessment in respect of the private lands of Ruler that they were not required to pay assessment until the Act was passed. The legislature may in its authority make the private lands of Rulers liable to assessment of rent	 but when these lands are brought within the class of assessable lands	 they should be treated in the same way as the other assessable lands are treated in Orissa. That	 briefly stated	 is the contention on which the validity of the Act is challenged under article 14. Prima facie	 there is 308 some force in this contention. But	 on the whole we are not satisfied that the plea thus raised by the petitioners can be said to displace and rebut the initial presumption of constitutionality in favour of the impugned statute. In dealing with the question raised before us	 it is neces sary to bear in mind the fact that in regard to other assessable lands	 a survey settlement which had already been made was in operation and was expected to continue in opera tion for a certain specified period; usually	 when a settle ment has been made and assessment levied in pursuance of it	 it cannot be revised merely by an executive order during the stipulated period	 though	 of course	 the legislature can	 if it so desires	 make a law prescribing for a fresh assess ment even during the said specified period. But	 in the present case	 the legislature appears to have taken the view that it was not necessary or expedient to introduce a fresh settlement in regard to all the other assessable lands	 and so	 it has passed the present statute only in regard to the private lands of Rulers. That is one relevant and historical fact which cannot be ignored. Proceeding to deal with the private lands of Rulers on this basis	 the legislature had to prescribe the method of determining the rent payable by the said lands; and the re levant factors specified by section 6 appear to be just and substantially similar to the considerations which are generally taken into account at the time of survey settlement for determining the proper revenue assessment on ryotwari lands. There has been some argument at the Bar before us as to whether the market value of the land which has been prescribed as a relevant consideration by section 6 was also treated as relevant on the occasion of the earlier settlement. No material has	 however	 been placed before us in that behalf	 and so	 it is not possible to decide whether this consideration was taken into account on the earlier occasion or not	 and if it was not	 what the effect of the said circumstance would be on the validity of the impugned statute. Having regard to the relevant factors prescribed by section 6	 it would	 however	 not be unreasonable to take the view that fair and equitable tests have been laid down for determin 309 ing the rent which should be assessed in respect of the pri vate lands of the Rulers	 and in the absence of any proof that there has been a material departure in that behalf	 we find it difficult to uphold the plea that section 6 can be attacked on the ground that it has contravened article 14 of the Constitution. The problem posed by the requirement to levy assessment on these private lands had to be dealt with by the legislature on an ad hoc basis. The settlement of rent and assessment introduced by the Act had been made applicable to these lands for the first time	 and so	 strictly speaking	 these lands cannot be treated as comparable in every respect with the lands which were governed by the rates prescribed under the previous settlement and that may help to meet the argument that the impugned Act contravenes article 14. If the two categories of lands do not constitute similar lands in all particulars	 no valid complaint can. be made on the ground that there has been discrimination as between them. That is another aspect which may be relevant. There is yet another factor which may be mentioned in this connection. It appears that in 1959	 the Orissa Legislature has passed an Act	 No. 3 of 1959 with a view to consolidate and amend the laws relating to survey	 record of rights and settlement operations in the State of Orissa	 and so	 it appears that after the settlement operations are duly conducted and completed under the relevant provisions of this latter Act	 assessment in regard to all the assessable lands	 including the private lands with which we are con cerned in the present proceedings would be made on the basis prescribed by it. The operation of sections 3	 5 and 6 of the impugned Act is	 therefore	 limited to the period between June	 1958 when the Act came into force and the date when the assessment determined under the provisions of the subsequent Act actually come into operation in respect of all the lands. That is another factor which has to be considered in dealing with the question about the validity of the impugned Act. The allegations made by the petitioners	 in challenging the validity of the Act are somewhat vague and the mate 31O rials placed by them in support of their challenge are in sufficient	 inadequate and unsatisfactory. The reply made by the State is also not very helpful or satisfactory. It is precisely where a challenge to the validity of a statute is made by a party under Article 14 and he fails to adduce satisfactory evidence in support of his challenge that the task of the Court to decide the issue becomes very difficult. In considering the validity of a statute under article 14	 we cannot ignore the well established principle that the legislature can make class legislation	 provided the classification on which it purports to be based is rational and has a reasonable nexus with the object intended to be achieved by it	 and so	 on the failure of the party to show that the said classification is irrational	 or has no nexus with the object intended to be achieved by the impugned Act	 the initial presumption of constitutionality would help the State to urge that the failure of the party challenging the validity to rebut the initial presumption goes against his claim that the Act is invalid. In all cases where the material adduced before the Court in matters relating to article 14 is unsatisfactory	 the Court may have to allow the State to lean on the doctrine of initial presumption of constitutionality and that is precisely what has happened in these cases. On the whole therefore we must hold that the petitioners have failed to show that the impugned Act contravenes article 14 of the Constitution. it is then argued that the Act is invalid because the definition of the expression "Ruler" is inconsistent with the definition of the said word prescribed by article 366(22) of the Constitution. article 366(22) defines a "Ruler" in relation to an Indian State as meaning the Prince	 Chief	 or other person by whom any such covenant or agreement as is referred to in clause (1) of article 291 was entered into and who for the time being is recognised by the President as the Ruler of the State	 and includes any person who for the time being is recognised by the President as the successor of such Ruler. There is no doubt that the definition of the word " Ruler" prescribed by section 2(h) of the Act is wider than that prescribed by article 366(22). The dependents of the Ruler and his relatives are not included in the latter defini 311 tion	 though they are expressly included in the former. But it must be remembered that the definitions prescribed by article 366 are intended for the purpose of interpreting the articles in the Constitution itself	 unless the context otherwise requires	 and so	 the argument that the definition of the word "Ruler" prescribed by the Act is inconsistent with the definition prescribed by article 366(22)	 has really no substance or meaning. Besides	 it is fallacious to assume that the Act has made any provision in respect of Rulers as such; what the Act has purported to do is to authorise the levy of assessment and rent in respect of lands situated in Orissa; these lands are the private lands of the Rulers as defined by section 2 (h)	 and so	 there is no doubt that the whole object of defining the word "Ruler" is to specify and describe the lands in respect of which the operative provisions of the Act would come into play. The subject matter of the levy consists of the private lands and the compendious way adopted by the legislature in describing the said lands is that they are the private lands of the Rulers. It is in that connection that the word "Ruler" has been broadly defined in an inclusive manner. If the legislature had said that the private lands of the Rulers as well as the private lands of the dependents and relatives of Rulers were liable to the levy permitted under section 3	 the petitioners would not have been able to raise any objection because	 then	 it would have been unnecessary to define the word "Ruler" in a comprehensive. Once it is conceded	 as it must be	 that the Orissa Legislature was competent to pass the Act under Entry 18 of List II of the Seventh Schedule	 it is idle to suggest that the method adopted by the Act in describing the lands which are made liable to pay assessment	 introduces any infirmity in the Art itself. Therefore	 we are satisfied that the contention that the definition of the word "Ruler" is inconsistent with article 366(22) and that makes the whole Act void	 is without any substance. The third argument which was faintly urged before us is that the Act contravenes the provisions of article 31 of the Constitution. This argument is wholly misconceived. article 31(1) deals with the deprivation of property save by autho rity of law	 and cannot obviously be invoked against any 312 of the provisions of the Act; and article 31(2) deals with compulsory acquisition or requisition which also is entirely inapplicable to the present Act. What the Act has purported to do is to authorise the levy of assessment in respect of lands which till then had been exempted from the said levy	 and as article 31(5)(b)(i) provides nothing contained in clause (2) shall affect the provisions of any law which the State may make for the purpose of imposing or levying any tax or penalty. If the Orissa Legislature has imposed a tax in the form of the assessment of the private lands of Rulers	 clearly it has not purported either to deprive the Rulers of their property	 or to acquire or requisition the said property; it is a simple measure authorising the levy of a tax in respect of agricultural lands and as such	 it is entirely outside the purview of article 31. It appears that in Pratap Kessari Deo vs The State of Orissa & Ors.(1) the validity of the Act was challenged before the Orissa High Court and the said High Court has repelled the challenge and upheld the validity of the Act. In our opinion	 the view taken by the Orissa High Court is right. The result is. the petitions fail and are dismissed with costs. One set of hearing fees. Petition dismissed.

The petitioners in these three writ petitions challenged the operative provisions of the Orissa Private Lands of Rulers (Assessment of Rent) Act	 1958 and the	 Rules framed thereunder. These petitioners possess 302 private lands in the State of Orissa	 which before the impugned Act were not subjected to the payment of rent	 but which were assessed by the Revenue Officers in conformity with the Rules framed under the Act. The petitioners claims a writ in the nature of certiorari quashing the said orders of assessment. The Act was passed by the Orissa Legislature because it was thought expedient to provide for assessment of rent with respert to the private lands of Rulers in the State of Orissa. The main object of the Act is to authorise the levy of rent in respect of the private lands of persons included in the definition of the word "Ruler" prescribed by section 2(h) of the Act. Section 2(h) defines a "Ruler" as meaning the Ruler of a merged territory in the State of Orissa and includes his relatives and dependants. The petitioners attacked the pro visions of the Act mainly on the ground that they contravened article 14 of the Constitution. Held:(i) that section 6 of the Act does not contravene article 14 of the Constitution for the reason that fair and equitable tests have been laid down under section 6 of the Act for determining the rent which should be assessed in respect of the private lands of the Rulers. In the present case the legislature had prescribed the method of determining the rent payable on the private lands; and the relevant factors specified by section 6 appear to be just and substantially similar to the considerations which are generally taken into account at the time of survey settlement for determining the proper revenue assessment on ryotwari lands. The problem posed by the requirement to levy assessment on these private lands had to be dealt with by the legislature on an ad hoc basis. The settlement of rent and assessment introduced by the Act had been made applicable to these lands for the first time	 and so	 these lands could not be treated as comparable in every respect with the lands which were governed by the rates prescribed under the previous settlement. (ii)In considering the validity of a statute under article 14 the wellestablished principle is that the legislature can make class legislation	 provided the classification on which it purports to be based is rational and has a reasonable nexus with the object intended to be achieved by it. If the party fails to show that the said classification is irrational	 or has no nexus with the object intended to be achieved by the impugned Act	 the initial presumption of constitutionality would help the State to urge that the failure of the party challenging the validity to rebut the initial presumption goes against his claim that the Act is invalid. In all cases where the material adduced before the court in matters relating to article 14 is unsatisfactory	 the court may have to allow the State to lean on the initial presumption of constitutionality. (iii)There is no substance in the contention that the impugned Act is void because the definition of the word "Ruler" is inconsistent with Art	 366(22) of the Constitution. There is no doubt that the definition of the word "Ruler" prescribed by section 2(h) of the Act is wider than that prescribed by article 366(22) of the Constitution. 303 The definitions prescribed by article 366 are intended for the purpose of interpreting the articles in the Constitution itself	 unless the context otherwise requires. The whole object of defining the word "Ruler" in the Act is to specify and describe the lands in respect of which the operative provisions of the Act would come into play. It is in that connection that the word "Ruler" has been broadly defined in an inclusive manner. (iv) The impugned Act is entirely outside the purview of article 31 of the Constitution as it has not purported either to deprive the Rulers of their property	 or to acquire or requisition the said property. It is a simple measure authorising the levy of a tax in respect of agricultural lands. Pratap Kesari Deo vs The State of Orissa	 A.I.R. 1961 Orissa 131	 relied on.