Summarize the following court judgment. Criminal Appeal No. 627 of 1986. From the Judgment and Order dated 7.3. 1986 of the Bombay High Court in Crl. Appeal No. 119 of 1981. Ashok Sen	 Kapil Sibbal	 A.K. Sanghi and R.L. Sanghi for the Appellants. M.S. Rao	 A.S. Rao and C.V. Subba Rao for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SEN	 J. The short question involved in this appeal by spe cial leave directed against the judgment and order of the High Court of 'Bombay dated March 7	 1986 is whether the word 'whoever ' in sub section (1) of section 23 of the Foreign Ex change Regulation Act	 1947 before its amendment by Act XXXIX of 1957 denoted only a natural person and association of persons	 such as a firm	 would not fall within the conno tation of the word 'whoever '. By the judgment	 a learned Single Judge 140 of the High Court allowed the appeal of the Director of Enforcement under section 54 of the Act and set aside the order of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Appellate Board	 Bombay dated January 30	 1981 and restored the order of the Direc tor of Enforcement dated August 17	 1978 holding the appel lants guilty of contravention of section 12(2) of the Act read with the notification issued by the Government of India in the Ministry of Finance	 New Delhi dated April 22	 1952 and levying a penalty of Rs. 15	00	000. By its order the Foreign Exchange Regulation Appellate Board held that there could be no levy of penalty on the appellants firm for failure to repatriate foreign exchange on shipments of manganese ore made prior to September 20	 1957 i.e. prior to the amendment of section 23(1) of the Act and the introduction of section 23C by the Amendment Act and accordingly reduced the amount of penalty to Rs.3	 10	000. AS a result of the decision of the High Court	 the order of the Director of Enforcement levying a penalty of Rs. 15	00	000 on the appellants has been re stored. The facts giving rise to the appeal are as follows. Messrs Rai Bahadur Seth Shreeram Durgaprasad were a partner ship firm engaged in the business of winning	 extracting and getting manganese ore from their manganese mines at Tumsar on a very large scale. During the period from 1952 to 1958	 the partnership firm made 52 shipments of manganese ore to various foreign countries and earned huge amount of foreign exchange. It however failed to repatriate the full value in foreign exchange against the aforesaid 52 shipments and thereby contravened section 12(2) of the Act. The Director of Enforcement accordingly initiated adjudication proceedings against the appellants under section 23(1) as amended for contra vention of section 12(2) as well as section 4(1) of the Act. The appellants stated before the Director of Enforcement that they did not contest the charge under section 12(2) of the Act but questioned the liability of the firm on the ground that the amended section 23(1) as well as section 23C introduced by the Amendment Act came into force on September 20	 1957 and were therefore inapplicable to the export shipments from the year 1952 onwards till that date; and if at all	 the firm could only be held liable under the amended section 23(1) read with section 23C as from that date. It was contended that the word 'whoe ver ' in sub section (1) of section 23 of the Act before its amendment denoted only a natural person and association of persons	 such as a firm	 would not fail within the connotation of the word 'whoever '. The Director of Enforcement by his order dated August 17	 1978 repelled the contention and held that the firm and its partners had deliberately underinvoiced shipments at the time of export and also diverted the unde clared proceeds to their accounts with foreign banks with an intention not to repatriate the sale 141 proceeds in the prescribed manner within the prescribed period in respect of each shipment. He dealt with the evi dence in detail with reference to the books of account and came to the conclusion that both Durgaprasad Saraf and Umashanker Aggarwal were incharge of	 and responsible for	 the conduct of the business of the partnership firm during the relevant period. Neither of them produced any evidence to show that the contravention in question had taken place without their knowledge or that they had exercised due diligence to prevent such contravention. They were accord ingly made liable for contravention of section 12(2) of the Act for failure to repatriate the foreign exchange earned on the aforesaid 52 shipments and were imposed a penalty of Rs. 15	00	000 on the partnership firm. The Foreign Exchange Regulation Appellate Board however disagreed with the Direc tor of Enforcement and accepted the contention of the appel lants and accordingly reduced the amount of penalty to Rs.3	 10	000. Shri Asoke Sen	 learned counsel appearing for the appel lants with his usual fairness frankly concedes that article 20(1) of the Constitution would not in terms apply but	 he contends	 the principles embodied therein would still gov ern. He has confined his submissions to only one point	 namely	 that the word 'whoever ' in sub section (1) of section 23 before its amendment by Act XXXIX of 1957 connoted only a natural person i.e. those who actually contravened the provisions of section 12(1) of the Act by failure to repatriate full value of foreign exchange earned on exports and would not take in corporate liability and therefore association of persons	 such as a firm	 would not fall within the connota tion of the word 'whoever '. The learned counsel further contends that by the Amendment Act	 new section 23(1) was substi tuted and section 23C introducted w.e.f. September 20	 1957 and the effect of these provisions was that after that date	 adjudication proceedings or criminal proceedings could be taken in respect of a contravention mentioned in section 23(1) while before the amendment only criminal proceedings before a Court could be instituted to punish the offender. We are afraid	 the contention cannot prevail. It is not correct to say that the amended section 23(1) of the Act does not apply to contraventions which took place before the Amendment Act came into force. Shri Madhusudan Rao	 learned counsel ap pearing for the respondents rightly contends that on a combined reading of sections 23(1) and 12(2)	 the only possible construction is that the word 'whoever ' includes a person and therefore initiation of adjudication proceedings against the partnership firm was permissible. He draws sustenance from the provision contained in subs. (4) of section 23 which clearly contemplates prosecution of a company or other body corporate. As regards the applicability of the amended 142 section 23(1) read with section 23C with regard to initiation of adjudication proceedings in respect of contraventions which took place before the Amendment Act came into force	 he rightly contends that the matter is concluded by the deci sion of this Court in Union of India vs Sukumar Pyne	 ; In order to appreciate the contentions raised	 it is necessary to set out the statutory provisions insofar as relevant. (1) Except with the previous general or special permission of the Reserve Bank	 no person other than an authorised dealer shall . sell or lend to	 or exchange with	 any person not being an authorised dealer	 any foreign exchange. Where any export of goods has been made to which a notification under sub section (1) applies	 no person entitled to sell	 or pro cure the sale of	 the said goods shall	 except with the permission of the Reserve Bank	 do or refrain from doing any act with intent to secure that (a) the sale of goods is delayed to an extent which is unreasonable having regard to the ordinary course of trade	 or (b) payment for the goods is made otherwise than in the prescribed manner or does not represent the full amount payable by the foreign buyer in respect of the goods	 subject to such deductions	 if any as may be allowed by the Reserve Bank	 or is delayed to such extent as aforesaid: Provided that no proceedings in respect of any contravention of this sub section shall be instituted unless the pre scribed period has expired and payment for the goods representing the full amount as afore said has not been made in the prescribed manner." Section 23(1) prior to its amendment and the original sub section (3) now renumbered as section 23(4) are as follows: "23. (1) Whoever contravenes any of the provi sions of this Act or of any rule	 direction or order made thereunder 143 shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or with fine or with both	 and any Court trying any such contravention may	 if it thinks fit and in addition to any sentence which it may impose for such contravention	 direct that any currency	 security	 gold or silver	 or goods or other property in respect of which the contravention has taken place shall be confis cated. 23.(4). If the person committing an offence punishable under this section is a company or other body corporate	 every director	 manager	 secretary or other officer thereof shall	 unless he proves that the offence was commit ted without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent its commission	 be deemed to be guilty of such offence. ' ' Sub section (1) of section 23C is as follows: "23C. Offences by companies (1) If the person committing a contravention is a company	 every person who	 at the time the contravention was committed	 was incharge of	 and was responsi ble to	 the company for the conduct of the business of the company as well as the compa ny	 shall be deemed to be guilty of the con travention and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly: Provided that nothing contained in this sub section shall render any such person liable to punishment if he proves that the contravention took place without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent such contravention. " It is clear from these provisions that the word 'whoev er ' in sub section (1) of section 23 of the Act before its amendment was comprehensive enough to include an association of per sons	 such as a firm	 and did not connote a natural person alone. There is no reason why the word 'whoever ' in the section should not receive its plain and natural meaning. According to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary	 vol. 2	 p. 2543	 'whoever ' means ' 'any one who. any who '. The mean ing given in Webster Comprehensive Dictionary	 International edn.	 vol. 2 at p. 1437 is 'any one without exception 'any person who '. In our judgment. the word 'whoever ' in the unamended section 23(1) must be read in juxtaposition with section 12(2) and must mean any person who commits a 144 contravention of that section without exception. That must be the legal connotation of the word 'whoever ' and it neces sarily takes in corporate liability and includes any associ ation of persons such as a partnership firm. That construc tion of ours is borne out by the plain language of sub section (4) of section 23 inserted by Act XXXIV of 1950. It provides that if the person committing an offence punishable under sub section (1) of section 23 is a company or other body corporate	 every director	 manager	 secretary or other officer thereof shall	 unless he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent its commission	 be deemed to be guilty of such offence. The Act therefore clearly contemplated that adjudication pro ceedings under sub section (1) of section 23 prior to its amendment could be initiated not only against the person who actually commits contravention but also casts vicarious liability on an association of persons such as a partnership firm or an artificial or a legal entity like a company. It is therefore idle to contend that the appellants were not liable to pay ' penalty for failure to repatriate foreign exchange on 52 shipments of manganese ore effected through the years 1952 to 1958. Upon that view	 the learned Single Judge was right in setting aside the order of the Foreign Exchange Regula tion Appellate Board and restoring that of the Director of Enforcement levying a penalty of Rs. 15	00	000 on the appel lants for failure to repatriate foreign exchange in contra vention of section 12(2) of the Act. The contention of the learned counsel that recourse could not be had to the amended section 23(1) read with section 23C of the Act in respect of the contravention of section 12(2) for failure on the part of the appellants to repatriate foreign exchange on shipments of manganese ore made prior to Septem ber 20	 1957	 and there could be no initiation of adjudica tion proceedings under the amended section 23(1) read with section 23C or levy of penalty on the appellants must also fail for another reason. In Sukumar Pyne 's case the Court reversed the decision of the Calcutta High Court in Sukumar Pyne vs Union of India & Ors.	 AIR (1962) Cal. 590 striking down section 23(1)(a) as being violative of article 14 of the Constitution. Regarding the point	 namely	 whether section 23(1)(a) having been substituted by Amendment Act XXXIX of 1957 would have retro spective operation in respect of the alleged offence which took place in 1954	 the High Court came to the conclusion that the petitioner had a vested right to be tried by an ordinary court of the land with such rights of appeal as were open to all and although section 23(1)(a) was procedural	 where a vested right was affected	 prima facie	 it was not a question of procedure. Therefore	 the High Court came to the conclusion that the provision as to adjudication by the 145 Director of Enforcement could not have any retrospective operation. It was held that 'the impairment of a fight by putting a new restriction thereupon is not a matter of procedure only '. It impairs a substantive right and an enactment that does so is not retrospective unless it says so expressly or by necessary intendment. The Court reversed the High Court and held that effect of these provisions was that after the amendment of 1957	 adjudication or criminal proceedings could be taken up in respect of a contravention mentioned in section 23(1) while before the amendment only crimi nal proceedings before a Court could be instituted to punish the offender. In repelling the contention advanced by Shri N.C. Chatterjee that the new amendments did not apply to contraventions which took place before the Act came into force	 the Court observed: "In our opinion	 there is force in the conten tion of the learned Solicitor General. As observed by this Court in Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh vs The State of Vindhya Pradesh	 ; 	 a person accused of the commission of an offence has no vested right to be tried by a particular court or a particular proce dure except in so far as there is any consti tutional objection by way of discrimination or the violation of any other fundamental right is involved. It is well recognised that "no person has a vested right in any course of procedure "(vide Maxwell 11th Edition	 p. 216)	 and we see no reason why this ordinary rule should not prevail in the present case. There is no principle underlying article 20 of the Constitution which makes a right to any course of procedure a vested right. " These principles are clearly attracted to the facts and circumstances of the present case and therefore the initia tion of adjudication proceedings for failure to repatriate foreign exchange on shipments of manganese ore prior to September 20	 1957	 the date when the Amendment Act came into force	 was permissible. The appeal must therefore fail and is dismissed with costs. N.P.V. Appeal dis missed.

The Director of Enforcement initiated adjudication proceedings against the appellants a partnership firm	 under Section 23(1)	 as amended	 for failure to repatriate the full value in foreign exchange earned by it against export shipments of manganese ore made during 1952 1958	 and thereby contravening Section 12(2)	 as well as Section 4(1) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act	 1947. The appellants did not contest the charge under Section 12(2) of the Act but questioned the liability of the firm on the ground that the amended Section 23(1) as well as Section 23C introduced by the Amendment Act came into force on September 20	 1957 and were	 therefore	 inapplicable to the export shipments from the year 1952 onwards till that date and if at all	 the firm could only be held liable under the amended Section 23(1) read with Section 23C as from that date. It was con tended that the word 'whoever ' in sub section (1) of Section 23 of the Act before its amendment denoted only a natural person	 and association of persons	 such as a firm	 would not fall within the connotation of the word 'whoever '. The Director of Enforcement held that the firm and its partners had deliberately underinvoiced shipments at the time of export and also diverted the undeclared proceeds to their accounts with foreign banks with an intention not to repa triate the sale proceeds in the prescribed manner within the prescribed period in respect of each shipment. He also held that the two persons incharge of	 and responsible for	 the conduct of the business of the partnership firm during the relevant period did not produce any evidence to show that the contravention in question had taken place without their knowledge or that they had exercised due diligence to pre vent such contravention	 and they were accordingly made liable for contravention of Section 12(2) of the Act for failure to repatriate the foreign exchange earned on the shipments and a penalty was imposed on the partnership firm. 138 The Foreign Exchange Regulation Appellate Board	 howev er	 disagreed with the Director of Enforcement	 accepted the contention of the appellants and accordingly reduced the amount of penalty. The High Court allowed the appeal of the Director of Enforcement and restored the original order of the Director of Enforcement. In appeal to this Court it was submitted on behalf of the appellants that though Article 20(1) of the Constitution would not in terms apply	 the principles embodied thereto would still govern and that the word 'whoever ' in sub sec tion (1) of Section 23 before its amendment by Act XXXIX of 1957 connoted only a natural person i.e. those who actually contravened the provisions of Section 12(1) of the Act by failure to repatriate full value of foreign exchange earned or exports and would not take in corporate liability and	 therefore	 association of persons	 such as a firm	 would not fall within the connotation of the word 'whoever '	 that by the Amendment Act	 a new Section 23(1) was substituted and Section 23C was introducted and the effect of these provi sions was that after September 20	 1987 adjudication pro ceedings or criminal proceedings could be taken in respect of a contravention mentioned in Section 23(1)	 while before the amendment only criminal proceedings before a court could be instituted to punish the offender. On behalf of the respondents it was contended that on a combined reading of Section 23(1) and 12(2)	 the only possi ble construction was that the word 'whoever ' includes a person and	 therefore	 initiation of adjudication proceed ings against the partnership firm was permissible and sub section (4) of Section 23 clearly contemplates prosecution of a company or other body corporate. Dismissing the appeal	 this Court	 HELD: 1. It is clear from Sections 4(1)	 12(2)	 23(1)	 23(4) and 23C that the word 'whoever ' in sub section (1) of Section 23 of the Act before its amendment was comprehensive enough to include an association of persons	 such as a firm	 and did not connote a natural person alone. The word 'whoev er ' in the unamended Section 23(1) must be read in juxtapo sition with Section 12(2) and must mean any person who commits a contravention of that Section without exception. That must be the legal connotation of the word 'whoever ' and it necessarily takes in corporate liability and includes any association of persons such as a partnership firm. Such a construction is borne out by the plain language of sub section (4) of Section 23 inserted by the Act XXXIV of 139 1950 which provides that if the person committing an offence punishable under sub section (1) of Section 23 is a company or other body corporate	 every director	 manager	 secretary or other officer thereof	 unless he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent its commission	 be deemed to be guilty of such offence. The Act	 therefore	 clearly contem plated that adjudication proceedings under sub section (1) of Section 23 prior to its amendment could be initiated not only against the person who actually commits contravention but also casts vicarious liability on an association of persons such as a partnership firm or an artificial 'or a legal entity like a company. [143FH; 144A C] The High Court was right in setting aside the order of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Appellate Board and restor ing that of the Director of Enforcement levying a penalty of Rs. 15	00	000 on the appellants for failure to repatriate foreign exchange in contravention of Section 12(2) of the Act. The initiation of adjudication proceedings for failure to repatriate foreign exchange on shipments of manganese ore prior to September 20	 1957	 the date when the Amendment Act came into force	 was permissible. [144D; F] Union of India vs Sukumar Pyne	 ; 	 referred to.