Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 2139 of 1968. Appeal by certificate from the judgment and order dated July 16	 17	 1968 of the Bombay High Court in S.C.A. No. 504 of 1967. V. M. Tarkunde	 Y. R. Dandige and A. G. Ratnaparkhi	 for appellant No. 1. section V. Natu	 K. K. Khamberker	 P. Kesava Pillai and M. R. K. Pillai	 for respondent No. 1. B. D. Sharma	 for respondent No. 2. Y. section Dharinadhjkari	 Advocate General	 Madhya Pradesh and 1. N. Shroff	 for Advocate General Madhya Pradesh (InterVener) O. P	 Rana	 for Advocate General U.P. (Intervener). 41 D. Goburdhan	 for Advocate General	 Bihar (Intervener). A. V. Rangam and A. Subhashini	 for Advocate General	 Tamil Nadu (Intervener). K. M. Nair	 for Advocate General	 Kerala (Intervener). O. N. Tikku and Vineet Kumar	 for AdvocateGeneral	 J. & K. (Intervener). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Sikri	 C.J. This appeal by certificate of fitness granted by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay	 Nagpur Bench	 is directed against the Judgment of the High Court in Writ Petition No. 504 of 1967 filed under articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution	 by Vithal Rao	 respondent *fore us	 hereinafter referred to as the petitioner. The petitioner was a tenant of some fields in village Binakhi in Petwari Circle No. 10	 Nagpur. He had applied to the Agricultural Lands Tribunal under a local act for fixing the purchase price of the said fields. On May 3	 1962	 a notice was issued under section 39 of the Nagpur Improvement Trust Act	 1936 hereinafter referred to as the Improvement Act. Section 39 of this Act deals with the preparation	 publication and transmission of notice as to improvement schemes and supply of documents to applicants. On November 17	 1961 the Improvement Trust applied for sanction of its scheme by the Government	 and on January 9	 1965	 the Government sanctioned the scheme under section 45 of the Improvement Act. On February 28	 1966 proceedings were started before the Land Acquisition Officer and on June 12	 1967 an award was passed by the Land Acquisition Officer fixing the compensation at Rs. 45	910/ for 44.19 acres of land acquired. On June	 15	 1967 the petitioner filed the writ petition under articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. In this petition the validity of the Improvement Act was challenged on various grounds	 one of the grounds being that the Improvement Act was in violation of article 14 of the Constitution inasmuch as it empowered the acquisition of lands at prices lower than those which would have been payable if they had been acquired under the Land Acquisition Act	 1894. The High Court held that as the acquisition is by the State in all cases where the property is required to be acquired for the purposes of a scheme framed by the Trust and such being the position	 it is not permissible without violating the guarantee under Article 14 of the Constitution for the State to acquire any property 42 under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act as amended by the Improvement Trust Act in so far as they relate to the basis of determination and payment of compensation. It must	 therefore	 be held that the provisions of paragraphs 10(2) and 10(3) in so far as they add a new Clause (3) (a) to Section 23 and a proviso to Sub section (2) of Section 23 of the Land Acquisition Act are ultra vires as violating the guarantee of Article 14 of the Constitution. In the result the petition was allowed	 the award set aside	 and the matter was remanded to the Land Acquisition Officer for determination of compensation according to the law and in the light of the decision by the High Court. As the case was important	 the High Court granted a certifi cate under article 1 3 2 ( 1 ) and article 1 3 1 ( 1 ) (c) of the Constitution. Before	 we deal with the contentions of the learned counsel for the appellant we may briefly examine the relevant provisions of the Improvement Act. This Act came into force on December 25	 1936. It was passed before the Government of India Act	 1935 came into force. The Preamble states : "Whereas it is expedient to make provision for the im provement and expansion of the Town of Nagpur in the manner hereinafter provided. " Section 3 of the Act creates the Nagpur Improvement Trust as a body corporate. Chapter IV of the Act deals with the Improvement schemes. Section 26 provides for the matters which may be included in an improvement scheme. One of the matters is "the acquisition by purchase	 exchange	 or otherwise of any property necessary for or affected by the execution of the scheme." Section 27 describes various types of improvement schemes. They are (a) a general improvement scheme	 (b) a re building scheme; (c) a re housing scheme; (d) a street scheme; (e) a deferred street scheme (f) a development	 scheme; (g) a housing accommodation scheme; (h) a future expansion or improvement scheme and (i) a drainage or drainage including sewage disposal scheme. The scheme in pursuance of which the lands in the present case were acquired was a housing accommodation scheme. Section 3	9	 as stated above	 provides for the issue of a notice after an improvement scheme has been	 framed. Unders. 41	 the Trust is obliged to serve a notice of the proposed acquisition of land on certain persons. Section 43 enables the Improvement Trust to abandon an improvement scheme after considering any objection	 representation or statement of dissent received and after hearing all persons	 or to apply to the State Government for sanction to 43; the scheme with such modifications	 if any	 as the Trust may consider necessary. The decision would be that of the Improvement Trust. Section 44 gives wide powers to the Government to sanction with or without modification or to refuse a sanction or to return for	 consideration any improvement scheme submitted to it under section 43. Under section 45 the State Government is obliged to notify the sanction of an improvement scheme. Section 46 enables the Trust to alter an improvement scheme 'before it has been completed	 subject to certain conditions. Chapter V deals with the powers and duties of the Trust where a scheme has been sanctioned. Chapter VI deals with acquisition and disposal of land. Under section 58 the Trust is enabled ' to acquire by purchase	 lease or exchange any land within the area comprised in a sanctioned scheme. Section 59 deals with	 compulsory acquisition and may be set out in full : It provides "59 The Trust may	 with the previous sanction of the	 State Government	 acquire land under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act	 1894	 as modified by the provisions of this Act	 for carrying out any of the purposes of this Act. " Section 60 says that "a Tribunal shall be constituted	 as provided in section 62	 for the purpose of performing the functions of the Court in reference to the acquisition of land for the Trust	 under the Land Acquisition Act	 1894. " Section 61 modifies the Land Acquisition Act in the following words: "For the purpose of acquiring land under the Land Acquisition Act	 1894	 for the Trust (a)	 the Tribunal shall except for the purposes of section (54) of that Act	 be deemed to 'he the Court	 and the President of the Tribunal shall be deemed to be the Judge thereunder; (b) the Act shall be subject to the further modifications as indicated in the Schedule; (c) the President. of the Tribunal may summon witnesses and enforce their attendance and may compel the production of documents	 by the same means	 and so far as may be	 in the same	 manner	 as is provided in case of a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure	 1908; and (d) the award of the Tribunal shall be deemed to be the award of the. Court under the Land Acqui sition Act	 1894	 and shall be final. " 44 We need not deal with the provisions dealing with the constitution of the Tribunal	 remuneration of its members	 etc. Section 68 enables an owner to apply to the Trust requesting that the acquisition of land not required for the purposes of a scheme may be abandoned on his executing an agreement to 	Observe conditions specified by the Trust in respect of the development of the property and to pay a charge to be calculated in accordance with subsection (2) of section 69 of the Act. The Trust can abandon an acquisition without requiring sanction of the Government. The Schedule modifies the Land Acquisition Act in various respects. The relevant modifications are these : 1. After clause (e) of section 3	 the following clause shall be deemed to be inserted	 namely	 "(ee) the expression 'local authority ' includes the Trust constituted under the Nagpur improvement Trust Act	 1936. (1) The first publication of a notice of an im provement scheme under section 39 of the Nagpur Improvement Trust Act	 1936	 shall be substituted for	 and have the same effect as publication in the official Gazette	 and in the locality of	 a notification under subsection (1) of section 4	 except where a declaration under section 4 or section 6 has previously been made and is still in force. (2) subject to the provisions of clauses IO and II of this Schedule	 the issue of a notice under sub section (4)of section 32 of the Nagpur Improvement Trust Act	 1936	 in the case of land acquired under that sub section	 and in any other case the publication of a notification under section 45 of the Nagpur Improvement Trust Act	 1936	 shall be substituted for	 and have the same effect as a declaration by the State Government under section 6	 unless a declaration under the last mentioned section has previously been made and is in force. 3.The full stop at the end of section II shall be deemed to 'be changed to a semi colon	 and the following shall be deemed to 'be added	 namely "and (iv)the costs which	 in his opinion	 should be allowed to any person who is found to be entitled to compensation and who is not entitled to receive the additional	sum of fifteen percentum mentioned in sub section (2) 45 of section 23 as having been actually and reasonably in curred by such person in preparing his claim and putting	 his case before the Collector. The collector may disallow wholly or in part costs	 incurred by any person	 if he considers that the claim made by such person for compensation is extravagant." 4. . . . . 5.(1) In sub section (3) of section 17 after the figure "24" ' the words	 figures	 and letter "or section 24 A" shall be deemed to be inserted. (2)To section 17	 the following shall be deemed to be added	 namely.: "(5) When proceedings have been taken under this section for the acquisition of any land	 and any person sustains damage in consequence of being suddenly dispossessed of such land	 compensation shall be paid to such person for such dispossession. " Para 6 of the Schedule inserts section 17 A. It reads : "17 A. In every case referred to in section 16 or section 17	 Collector shall	 upon payment of the cost of acquisition	 make overcharge of the land to the Trust and the land shall thereupon vest in the Trust	 subject to the liability of the Trust to pay any further costs which may be incurred on account of its acquisition. " Para 10 amends section 23 thus : "10(i). . . . . . 10(2) The full stop at the end of sub section (2) of section 23 shall be deemed to be changed to a colon	 and the following proviso shall be deemed to be added : "Provided that this sub section shall not apply to any land acquired under the Nagpur Improvement Trust Act	 1936	 ex cept (a) buildings in the actual occupation of the owner or occupied free of rent by a relative of the owner	 and land appurtenant thereto	 and (b) gardens not let to tenants but used by the owners as a place of resort. " 10 (3) For the purposes of clause first of sub section (1) of this section (a) the market value of the land shall be the market value according to the use to which the land was 46 put at the date with reference to which the market value is to be determined under that clause;. . . " Another advantage which is said to accrue to these persons is provided by section 48 A	 as inserted by para 14. It reads : "48 A. (1) If within a period of two years from the date of the publication of the declaration under section 6 in respect of any land	 the Collector has not made an award under section 1 1 with respect to such land	 the owner of the land shall	 unless he has been to a material extent responsible for the delay	 be entitled to receive compensation for the damage suffered by him in consequence of the delay. (2)The provisions of Part III of this Act shall apply so far as may be	 to the determination of the compensation payable under this section. " It would be seen that the effect of the modifications in two respe cts is tremendous. First	 the owner whose land is acquired under the Improvement Act is paid compensation not according to the market value of the land but the market value according to the use to which the land was put at the date with reference to which the market value is to be determined in that clause. In other words	 if the land is being used for agricultural purposes	 even though it has a potential value as a building site	 the potential value is to be ignored. The second respect in which the owner suffers if the land is acquired under the Improvement Act is that he does not get a solatium of 1 5 % which he would have got if the land had been acquired under the Land Acquisition Act. It is true that he has some minor advantages which have been pointed out by the learned counsel but they have no comparison in value to the loss suffered by virtue of the market value being determined according to the use to which the land was being put or the loss of 15% of the market value of the land. The first point which was raised was : whether it is the State which is the acquiring authority or it is the Improvement Trust which is the acquiring authority	 under the Improvement Act. it seems to us that it is quite clear	 especially in view of. section 17A as inserted by para 6 of the Schedule	 that the acquisition will be by the Government and it is only on payment of the cost of acquisition to the Government that the lands vest in the Trust. It is true that the acquisition is for the Trust and may be at its instance	 but nevertheless the acquisition is by the Government. If this is so	 then it is quite clear that the Government can acquire for a housing accommodation scheme either under the 'Land Acquisition Act or under the Improvement Act. If this is 47 so	 it enables the State Government to discriminate between one owner equally situated from another owner. This Court held in Nandeshwar Prasad vs U.P. Govt.(1) that the fact that the lands could be acquired for a scheme under the Kanpur Urban Development Act. (U.P. Act VI of 1945) did not preventthe Government from acquiring the lands for the same purposeunder the Land Acquisition Act (as amended by the Kanpur Act). We may mention that the Kanpur Act amended acquisition of land for the Board in a similar manner as in the Nagpur Improvement Trust Act. A similar point was abandoned in P. Vaijravelu Mudaliar vs Special Deputy Collector	 Madras(2) by Mr. Viswanatha Sastri in view of the above decision of this Court in Kanpur case. The question then arises whether the High Court is right in holding that the impugned provisions were hit by article 14 of the Constitution. It is now well settled that the State can make a reasonable classification for the purpose of legislation. It is equally wellsettled that the classification in order to be reasonable must satisfy two tests (i) the classification must be founded on intelligible differentia and (ii) the differentia must have a rational relation with the object sought to be achieved by the legislation in question. In this connection it must be borne in mind that the object itself should be lawful. The object itself cannot be discriminatory	 for otherwise	 for instance	 if the object is to discriminate against one section of the minority the discrimination cannot be justified on the ground that there is a reasonable classification because it has rational relation to the	 object sought to be achieved. What can be reasonable classification for the purpose of determining compensation	 if the object of the legislation is to compulsorily acquire land for public purposes ? It would not be disputed that different principles of compensation cannot be formulated for lands acquired on the basis that the owner is. old or young	 healthy or ill	 tall or short	 or whether the owner has inherited the property or built it With his own efforts	 or whether the owner is 'a politician or an advocate. Why is this sort of classification not sustainable ? Because the object being to compulsorily acquire for a public purpose	 the object is equally achieved whether the land belongs to one type or another type. Can classification be made on the	 basis of the public purpose for the purpose of compensation for which land is acquired ? In (1) ; (1) ; 	 619. 48 other words can the legislature lay down different principles of compensation for lands acquired say for a hospital or a school or a Government building ? can the legislature. say that for a hosPital land will be acquired at 50% of the market value for a school at 60% of the value and for a Government building at 70% of the	 market value ? All three objects are Public Purposes and as far as ' the owner is concerned it does not matter to him whether it is one Public Purpose or other. article 14 confers an individual right and in order to justify a classification there should be something which justifies a different treatment to this individual right. It seems to us that ordinarily a classification based on the public purpose is not permissible under article 14 for the purpose of determining Compensation. The Position is different when the owner of the land himself is the	 recipient of benefits from an improvement scheme	 and the benefit to him is taken into consideration in fixing compensation. Can classification be made on the basis of the authority acquiring the land ? In other words can different principles of compensation be laid if the land is acquired for or by an Improvement Trust or Municipal Corporation or the Government ? It seems to us that the answer is in the negative because as far as the owner is concerned it does not matter to him whether the land is acquired by one authority or the other. It is equally immaterial whether it is one Acquisition Act or another Acquisition Act under which the land is acquired. If the existence of two Acts enables the State to give one owner different treatment from another equally situated the owner who is discriminated against	 can claim the protection of article 14. It was said that if this is the true position the State would find it impossible to clear slums	 to do various other laudable thing	. If this argument were to be accepted it would be totally destructive of the protection given by article 14. It would enable the State to have	 one law for acquiring lands for hospital	 one law for acquiring lands for schools	 one law acquiring lands for clearing slums	 anoth er for acquiring lands for Government buildings; one for acquiring lands in New Delhi and another for acquiring lands in old Delhi. It was said that in many cases	 the value of the land has increased not because of any effort by the owner but because of the general development of the city in which the land is situated. There is no doubt that this is so	 but article 14 prohibits the expropriation of the un earned increment of one owner while leaving his neighbour untouched. This neighbour could sell his land reap the unearned increment. If the object of the legislation is to tax unearned increment it should be done throughout the State. The State cannot achieve this object piece meat by compulsory acquisition of land of some owners leaving others alone. If the object is to clear 49 slums it cannot be done at the expense of the owners whose lands are acquired	 unless as we have said the owner are directly benefited by the scheme. If the object is to build hospitals it cannot be done at the expense of the owners of the land which is acquired. The hospital	 schools etc. must be built at the expense of the whole community. It will not be denied that a statute cannot tax some owners of land leaving untaxed others equally situated. If the owners of the land cannot be taxed differently how can some owners be indirectly taxed by way of compulsory acquisition ? It is urged that if this were the	 law it	will tic the hands of the State in undertaking social reforms. We do not agree. There is nothing in the Constitution which debars the State from bettering the lot of millions of our citizens. For instance there is nothing to bar the State from taxing unearned increment if the object is to deny owners the full benefit of increase of value due to development of a town. It; seems to us	 as we have already said that to accede to the contentions of the appellant and e States would be destructive of the protection afforded by article 14 of the Constitution. The States would only have to constitute separate acquiring bodies for each city	 or Division or indeed to achieve one special public purpose and lay down different principles of compensation. In P. Vajravelu Mudaliar vs Special Deputy Collector	 Madras(1) there were two Acts under which the land of an owner could be acquired. The land could have been acquired for various schemes under the Land Acquisition Act	 referred to as the Principal Act	 in the judgment	 and the Amending Act (The Land Acquisition (Madras Amendment) Act	 1961). Court observed : "The land could have been acquired for all the said purposes under the Principal Act after paying the market value of the land. The Amending Act empowers the State to acquire land for housing scheme at a price lower than that the State has to pay if the same was acquired under the Principal Act. " The Court examined various justifications for the classi fications which were put forth by the State	 and then con cluded: "From whatever aspect the matter is looked at	 the alleged differences have no reasonable relation to the object sought to be achieved. It is said that the object of the Amending Act in itself may project the differences in the lands sought to be 	 acquired under the two Acts. This argument puts the cart before the horse. It is one thing to say that the existing differ (1) ; L631 Supreme Court/73 50 ences between persons and properties have a reasonable relation to the object sought to be achieved and it is totally a different thing to say that the object of the Act itself created the differences. Assuming that the said proposition is sound	 we cannot discover any differences in the people owning lands or in the lands on the basis of the object. The object is to acquire lands for housing schemes at a low price. For achieving that object	 any land falling in any of the said categories can be acquired under the Amending Act. So	 too	 for a public purpose any such land can be acquired under the principal Act. We	 therefore	 hold that discrimination is writ large on the Amending Act and it cannot be sustained on the principal of reasonable classification. We	 therefore	 hold that the Amending Act clearly infringes article 14 of the Constitution and is void". In Balammal & Ors. vs State of Madras(1) in which the facts are substantially similar	 the Board constituted under the Madras City Improvement Trust Act	 (Madras Act 16 of 1945) was authorised by virtue of sec. 71	 with the previous sanction of the Government	 to acquire land under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act	 1894 for carrying out any of the purposes of the Act which included Town Expansion Scheme (This sec. 71 is equivalent to see. 59 of the Improvement Act). For the purpose of acquiring land for the Board under the Land Acquisition Act	 1894 sec. 73 provided inter alia	 that the	 said Act shall be subjected to the modifications specified in the Schedule (This section 73 corresponds to sec. 61 of the Improvement Act). The Schedule to the Act provided for modification in the Land Acquisition Act for certain specific purposes. The Madras Act of 1945 as replaced by the Madras City Improvement Trust Act (Madras Act 37 of 1950) made an important change inasmuch as the result was that by the change persons whose lands were compulsorily acquired under the Madras Act 37 of 1950 were deprived of the right to the solatium which would be awardable if the lands were acquired under the Land Acquisition Act. In this connection this Court observed : "But	 in our judgment	 counsel for the owners is right in contending that sub cl. (2) of cl. 6 of the Schedule to Act 37 of 1950	 insofar as it deprived the owners of the lands of the statutory addition to the market value of the lands under section 23 (2) of the Land Acquisition Act is violative of the equality clause of the Constitution	 and is on that account void. If the (1) ; 51 State had acquired the lands for improvement of the town under the Land Acquisition Act	 the acquiring authority was bound to award in addition to the market value 15% statutory under section 23(2) of the Land Acquisition Act. But by acquiring the lands under the Land acquisition Act as modified by the Schedule to the Madras City Improvement Trust Act 37 of 1950 for the Improvement Trust which is also a public pur pose the owners are	 it is claimed	 deprived of the right to that statutory addition. An owner of land is ordinarily entitled to receive the solatium in addition to the market value for compulsory acquisition of his land	 if it is acquired under the Land Acquisition Act	 but not if it is acquired under the Madras City Improvement Trust Act. A clear case of discrimination which infringes the guarantee of equal protection of the law arises	 and the owners of the lands which are compulsorily acquired must on the decisions of	 it his Court	 be deemed invalid". After reviewing some earlier cases	 the Court held: " We. therefore	 hold that cl. 6 sub cl. (2) of the Schedule read with section 73 of Madras Act 37 of 1950 which deprives the owners of the statutory right to solarium at the rate of 15% on the market value of the lands	 is invalid	 and the owners of the lands are entitled to the statutory solatium under section 23(2) of the Land Acquisition Act in consideration of compulsory acquisition of their land. " The learned counsel was not able to satisfy us that the above case was distinguishable. We are of the opinion that the case was rightly decided and must govern this case. In this view of the matter	 it is not necessary to refer to all the cases referred to us at the Bar. We may mention that Mr. Tarkunde also placed reliance on article 31 (A) (1) (a) of the Constitution. It is now well settled that article 3 1 (A)( 1 )(a) has relevance to agrarian reforms and development. It has nothing to do with acquisition of land for building of a capital of a State. In the result the appeal	 fails and is dismissed with costs. U.C. Appeal dismissed.

The petitioner was tenant of some fields in a village in Patwari Circle 10	 Nagpur. He had applied to the Agricultural Lands Tribunal under a local Act for fixing the purchase price of the said fields. The land in question was however acquired under the Nagpur Improvement Trust Act; 1936. Dissatisfied with the compensation awarded the petitioner filed a petition under articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. In this petition the validity of the Improvement Act was challenged on various grounds	 one of the grounds being that the Improvement Act was in violation of article 14 of the Constitution inasmuch as it empowered the acquisition of lands at prices lower than those which would have been payable if they had been acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894. The High Court allowed the petition and set aside the award. Appeal in this Court against the High Court 's judgment was filed with certificate. Dismissing the appeal. HELD : The effect of the modifications made by Improvement Act in the Land Acquisition Act in two respects is tremendous. First the owner where land is acquired under the Improvement Act is paid compensation not according to the market value of the I and but the market value according to the use to which the land was put at the date with reference to which the market value is to be determined in that clause. In other words	 if the land is being used for agricultural purposes even though it has a potential value as a building site	 the potential value is to be ignored. The second respect in which the owner suffers if the land is acquired under the Improvement Act is that he does not get a solatium of 15% which he would have got if the land had been acquired under the Land Acquisition Act. It is true that be has some minor advantage but they have no comparison in value to the loss suffered by virtue of the market value being determined according to the use to which the land was being put or the loss of 15% of the market value of the land. [146D] It is quite clear especially in View of section 17A as inserted in the Land Acquisition Act by para 6 of the Schedule to the Improvement Act	 that the acquisition will be by the Government and it is only on payment of the cost of acquisition by the Government that the land vest in the Trust. It is true that the acquisition is for the Trust and may be at its instance	 but nevertheless the acquisition is by the Government. If this is so	 it enables the State Government to discriminate between one owne 'r equally situated from another owner. [45G] 40 It is now well settled that the State can make a reasonable classification for the purpose of the legislation provided it is based on intelligible differentia having a rational relation with the object sought to be achieved by the legislation in question. In this connection it must be home in mind that the object itself should be lawful. [47D] The legislature cannot lay down different principles of _ compensation for lands acquired say for a hospital or a school or a Government building. An three objects are public purposes and so far as the owner is concerned it does not matter to him whether it is one public purpose or the other. article 14 confers an individual right and in order to justify a classification there should be something which justifies a different treatment to this individual right. Ordinarily a classification based on the public purpose is not permissible under article 14 for the purpose of determining compensation. [48A] Similarly different principles cannot be laid if the land is acquired for or by an Improvement Trust or Municipal Corporation or Government because so far as the owner is concerned it does not matter to him whether the land is acquired by one authority or the other. [48D] It is equally immaterial whether it is one Acquisition Act or another Acquisition Act under which the land is acquired; if the existence of two Acts enables the State to give one owner different treatment from another 	equally situated the owner who is discriminated against can claim the protection of article 14. [48E] TO accede to the contention of the appellant and the intervening states would be destructive of the protection afforded by article 14 of the Constitution. The States would only have to constitute separate acquiring bodies for each city	 or Division or indeed to achieve one special public purpose and lay down different principles of compensation. [49D] Nandeshwar Prasad vs U.P. Govt. 	 ; 	 P. Vairavelu mudaliar vs Special Deputy Collector	 Madras; 	 ; 619 and Balammal & Ors. vs State of Madras	 ;