Summarize the following court judgment. A. No. 2020 of 1972. Appeal by certificate from the judgment and order dated March 28	 1968 of the Rajasthan High Court at Jodhpur in Income tax ' Reference No. 1 1 of 1963. N. D. Karkhanis and A. G. Ratnaparkhi	 for the appellant. section C. Manchanda	 P. L. Juneja	 section P. Nayar and R. N. Sachthey	 for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by JAGANMOHAN REDDY	 J. This appeal is by special leave against the judgment of the High Court of Rajasthan in I an income tax reference under section	 66 (1 ) by which it answered the two questions referred to it in the negative. Before this appeal was filed	 Appeal No. 1238/1969 had been filed on a certificate but that is dismissed without costs because this Court had in several cases ' held that in Income tax references if the High Court does not give any reasons while granting the certificate	 the certificate can be revoked. The assessee	 a firm carrying on mining business at Udaipur with a branch at Mandal	 had pursuant to an invitation to tender for mica mining in accordance with the terms and conditions prescribed in the Mineral Concession Rules	 tendered for certain areas for Rs. 1	57	150/ of which Rs. 3	360/ was payable towards the mica scrap lying on the surface. The lease was for 20 years and the areas which were offered had been worked by other Private companies for 15 years. This offer of the appellant was accepted and the lease was granted to it. In the relevant assessment year 1952 53 for which the previous year for the head office ended on October 30	 1951 and for the branch ended 362 on March 30	 1952	 the appellant claimed Rs. 7	857/ being the 1/20th of the tender money as revenue expenditure incurred during that year. The claim of the assessee was rejected by the Income tax Officer on the ground that the money was paid for the value of the land which it had acquired because the mine granted to the assessee had already been worked by the private companies. In an appeal against this order	 the Appellate Assistant Commissioner confirmed the disallowance of the expenditure as in his view	 it was a capital nature expended for the acquisition of a	 capital asset. Against this order	 an appeal was filed to the Appellate Tribunal. The Tribunal however allowed Rs. 3	360/paid for mica scrap lying on the surface as a revenue expenditure incurred in the acquisition of stock in trade	 but disallowed the claim for the balance of Rs. 1	53	800/ which was paid under the tender as a capital expenditure. The assessee had also claimed Rs. 3	200 as the fee paid by it a the rate of Re. 1/ per acre per year for prospecting licence. The income tax Officer disallowed this amount under section 10(2) (xv) of the Indian Income tax Act	 1922 (hereinafter called the 'Act ') on the ground that the licence was obtained by the assessee only that year	 that the fee was paid in addition to the royalty payable on the value of the emeralds excavated and sold and that it was an initial expenditure for procuring a right to respect mines. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner in an appeal by the assessee negatived the claim on the ground that under that licence the assessee had a right to win and commercially exploit the minerals which the assessee actually carried out. The Tribunal while dismissing the appeal filed against the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner observed that the prospecting licence fee cannot be equated to a payment made for the purchase of stock in trade	 that it was not based	 on any quantity of minerals	 that the minerals had to be won and extracted from the earth and the term "prospecting licence" shows that the mine had not yet started working as a mine and that the payment was to initiate the business. It also held that the period of on	 year for which the licence was obtained cannot justify the fee paid as a revenue expenditure. The assessee thereafter filed ' application under section 66(1) of the Act and as in its opinion a question of law did arise	 the	 Tribunal referred the following two questions to the High Court for its opinion : 1. Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case	 the prospecting licence fee of Rs. 3	200/is allowable as revenue expenditure ? 2. Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the caste the appropriate Part of Rs. 1	53	800/ was allowable as revenue expenditure ? 363 Taking the second question first	 it is contended before us by the learned advocate for the appellant that Rs. 1	53	800/ paid for pillars of mica standing in the land leased out after the other private companies had worked it was a revenue expenditure because the tender which was given and accepted was on the basis of the calculations in the Indian Mining Hand Book for a specific quantity of mica in the mines which was the assessee 's stock intrade. The revenue however submits that the amount of the lease was a capital outlay incurred for the initiation of the business	 and that the pillars of mica cannot be stock in trade unless the mica was excavated	 and brought to the surface. A large number of cases decided in this country and in England	 dealing with different topics were referred and arguments addressed before us dealing with many analogies of one kind or other	 tendu leaves mangoes	 apples	 sand	 brickearth	 lime and other commodities all with a view to persuade us to ascertain what is the true test to be applied to the particular facts of this case ' We do not however propose to refer to cases dealing with variety of topics except perhaps to determine the nature of the expenditure incurred in this case by the assessee. This Court in Pingle Industries Ltd. vs Commissioner of Income tax	 Hyderabad(1) had occasion to examine exhaustively the relevant Indian and English cases for determining what is a capital expenditure and what is a revenue expenditure. That was also a case of mining where the assessee obtained leases for excavating Shahabad stones for a period of 12 years for which an annual payment of Rs. 28	000 was agreed upon. The majority of Judges	 Kapur	 J. and Hidayatullah	 J. (as he then was) (section K. Das	 J. dissenting) held that the assessee acquired by his long term lease the right to win stones	 that the stones in situ were not its stock in trade in a business sense but a capital asset from which after extraction it converted the stones into its stock in trade. It was also held that the payment was neither rent nor royalty but a lump payment in instalments for acquiring a capital asset of enduring benefit to its trade; the amounts being out goings on capital account	 were therefore not allowable deductions. The proposition as qualified by Lord Cave in Atherton vs British insulated and Helsby Cables. Ltd.(2) that in the absence of any special circumstances leading to the 'opposite conclusion	 when an expenditure is made	 not only once and for all	 but with a view to bringing it into existence an asset or advantage for the enduring benefit of a trade	 has been applied	 explained and varied from time to time as the circumstances of the particular case required. The application of these principles to the various cases and the conclusions reached by courts in those cases often (1) (2) 	213. 6 L498Sup CI/73 364 lead to irreconciliable results. It is because the topic itself is a troublesome one and is not rendered any the less difficult by resorting to principles. "It is not always easy" observed Romer	 L.J. in (;olden Horse Shoe (New) Ltd. vs Thurgood (H. M. Inspector of Taxes(1) "to determine whether a particular asset belongs to one category or the other" nor does it depend in any way "on what may be the nature of the asset in fact or in law. " In our own Court this difficulty has been put very tersely	. if we may say so with respect	 by Hidayatullah	 J. (as lie then was) in Abdul Kayoom vs Commissioner of Income tax(2) when he said: ". none of the tests is either exhaustive or universal. Each case depends on its own facts	 and a close similarity between one case and another is not enough	 because even A single significant detail may alter the entire aspect. In deciding such cases	 one should avoid the temptation to decide cases (as said by Cordozo. The nature of the Judicial Process	 p. 20) by matching the colour of one case against the colour of another. To decide	 therefore	 on which side of the line a case falls	 its broad resemblance to another case is not at all decisive. What is decisive is the nature of the business	 the nature of the expenditure	 the nature of the right acquired	 and their relation inter se	 and this is the only key to resolve the issue in the light of the general principles	 which are followed in such cases. " The determining factor will depend largely on the nature of the tract 	 in which the asset is employed. The several cases which do not deal with the mining leases but are concerned with different assets are of little help in the same way as in Mohanlal Hargovind vs C.I.T.(3)	 cases relating to the purchase or leasing of mining quarries	 deposits of brick earth were considered not to be of assistance by the Privy Council in case of a contract for collecting and removing tendu leaves. The principles enunciated for determining the nature of the expenditure have been sought to be applied to different situations arising on the facts of each case	 but the difficulty in matching them with the seeming irreconciliabiliiy are perhaps explicable only on the ground that the determination in any particular case is dependent on the character of the lease or agreement	 the nature of the asset	 the purpose for which the expenditure was incurred and such other factors as in the facts and circumstances of that case would indicate. If we confine our attention to the mining leases	 what appears to us (1) (3) (2) at 703. 36 5 to be an empirical test is that where minerals have to be won	 extracted and brought to surface by mining operations	 the expenditure incurred for acquiring such a right would be of a capital nature. But where the mineral has already been gotten and is on the surface	 then the expenditure incurred for obtaining the right to acquire the raw material that is the mineral	 would be a revenue expenditure laid out for the acquisition of stock in	trade. An expenditure incurred for acquiring a right to take away sand from the surface of river beds has been treated as if the sand was stock in trade	 M.A. Jabbar vs Commissioner of Income tax(1) in the same way as tendu leaves have been treated by the Privy Council in Mohanlal Hargovind 's case. In the former case	 Bhargava	 J. indicated a number of factors which led to the conclusion that the expenditure incurred by the assessee in obtaining the lease was revenue expenditure for the purpose of obtaining stock in trade and not capital expenditure which were : (1) that the lease was for a very short period of 11 months only; (2) that the sole right which was acquired by the assessee under the lease deed was to take away the sand lying on the surface of the leased land where no question of raising	 digging or excavating for the sand before obtaining it was involved. In other words	 no operation had to be performed on the land itself and "is not a case where the gravel is in any true sense" as appointed out in Golden Horse Shoe (New) Ltd. 's case "was won from the soil . it is merely shovelled up where it lies. " In the latter case the Privy Council said that the leases for the right to collect and remove tendu leaves under which a certain sum was payable by instalments as a consideration for the grant of that was a revenue expenditure it pointed 'Out that the contracts were short term contacts	 that the picking of the leaves had to start at once or practically at once and to proceed continuously and that under the contract it is tendu leaves and nothing but tendu leaves that are acquired. At page 478 while comparing that case with the case of Kauri Timber Co. Ltd. I.	. Commissioner of Taxes(2 )where the company 's business consisted in cutting and disposing of timber and it had in some cases acquired timber bearing lands and in other cases it purchased the standing timber	 the lease itself being for 99 years	 the Privy Council observed "In the present case the trees were not acquired nor were the leaves acquired until the appellants had reduced them into their own posse ssion and ownership by picking them. The two cases can	 in their Lordshops ' opinion	 in no sense be regarded as comparable. If the tendu leaves had. been stored in a (1) (2) [1913] A.C. 771. 366 merchant 's godown and the appellants had bought the right to go and fetch them and so reduce them into their possession and ownership it could scarcely have been suggested that the purchase price was capital expenditure. Their Lordships see no ground in principal or reason for differentiating the present case from that supposed. " The analogy referred to in the above passage is sought to be applied to the facts of this case but in our view there is hardly any justification for such a conclusion having regard to the findings of the Tribunal and the income tax authorities. The learned advocate for the assessee contends that the Income tax Officer	 the Appellant Assistant Commissioner and the Tribunal	 each of them had given different findings for coming 	to the conclusion that the expenditure was of a capital nature while the High Court gave yet another reason to answer the questions against the assessee. Inasmuch as the correctness or otherwise of the order depends greatly upon what has been found as facts. of this case	 it would be useful to examine the respective orders. The Income tax Officer	 as we have earlier stated held that the money was paid for the value of the land which the assessee had acquired because the mine granted to the assessee had already been worked by other private companies. This finding	 according to the learned advocate	 is contrary to the facts set out in the statement of the case by the Tribunal in which a reference was made to paragraph 5 of the invitation to tender. It reads "As the area has been worked by a private com pany during the past fifteen years	 all the known mines and quarries and prospecting pits have acquired a value which can be determined on the principles of 'mine valuation '. Intending applicants are therefore requested to visit the area before April 15	 1950 and assign their own value and offer it. According to the assessee	 as already pointed out	 it had offered Rs. 1	57	150/ after the mica had been valued on the principles of mine valuation which represented a payment of stock in trade. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner has rejected the claim of the assessee with these observations : "On merits the appellant 's claim cannot be sustained because the circumstances detailed above	 clearly indicate that the payment of tender money was for the acquisition of capital asset and not	 as sought to be made out	 for the stock of ores. The stock was not 367 here on the surface but it was still embedded with the only difference that its availability could be more definitely gauged than in the case of an unworked area. It would not make any material difference whether the miner acquires a lease on ordinary terms for an area which does not give a clear indication of the possible existence of ore or he acquires on more expensive terms an area which is in such a condition that it gives definite indication about the possibility of existence of ore therein and also broadly the extent thereof. Acquisition in either case would be of a capital asset and payment therefore	 small or large	 a capital expenditure. " Earlier the Appellate Assistant Commissioner had stated that when the lease was allotted to the appellant by the Mining Department "it was made clear that any mica scrap left by the predecessor exploiters M/s. Duduwala & Co.	 on the surface would be removed either by these exploiters within three months or if not so removed it would stand forfeited to the Rajasthan Government in any case it was not to come to the appellants. " In the light of what has been stated	 it is clear that the Appellate Assistant Commissioner made a distinction between mica that has been 	excavated and brought it; the surface and the mica which was still embedded and had to be excavated even though it was more easily avail able because of the labour already expanded in the working out of the mine by the other private companies. The conclusions of the Tribunal are set out in the following passage . "In our opinion	 the amount paid cannot be equated to payment for raw materials. The raw materials have to be won and extracted before they could be said to be stock in trade. The sum represents the price that was paid by the assessee for obtaining the right to	 extract and win emerald and mica in an area which had already been worked and developed by a predecessor for 15 years. If the assessee had to start running a mine	 it had to incur similar expenditure. In this case	 the amount had been incurred and was paid for by the assessee. Thus this amount in our opinion represents capital expenditure incurred for the purpose of obtaining certain benefits of a capital nature. This is not in the nature of any royalty or rent paid by the assessee to the authorities. In this connection	 reference was made on behalf of the assessee to the provisions of Rule 51 of the Mineral Concession Roles which prohibits premium being paid for obtaining such a licence. This rule occurs in Chapter 5 which applies to grant 368 of mineral concessions by Private persons and we do not consider that the rule is relevant for considering the question in issue before us where the grant is by the State. We do not also think that this is in the nature of any premium. This is merely for the purpose of getting benefits of certain structures and other works carried out in the area which had already been worked as a mine previously. This cannot be equated to a premium that is contemplated by rule 5 1. We therefore agree with the authorities below in holding that the assessee has not made out the claim for de duction of the amount. " The finding of the Tribunal given in the above excerpt is clear and consistent with that given by the Income tax Officer and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner in that all of them distinguished between raw materials which had already been extracted and brought to the surface and those that have still to be extracted. Apart from the objection that no question was formulated by which the findings of the Tribunal were challenged on any admissible grounds	 there are	 in our view	 no contradictions in the fin ding of the Tribunal as submitted by the learned advocate for the assessee because what the Tribunal was dealing with in the latter part of the passage cited above	 were the contentions urged on behalf of the assessee	 firstly	 that the amount was a royalty or rent 'paid to the authorities and secondly	 what was paid was in the nature of premium. While rejecting these contentions the Tribunal gave its reasons but that is not to say that the conclusion that the amount was a capital expenditure was not based on the finding that mica had to be extracted and brought to the surface before it could be considered as the assessee 's stock in trade. In our view the principles which have been applied in the Pingle Industries ' case are equally applicable to the facts and circumstances of this case. The test for ascertaining whether the amount spent is of a capital nature is	 whether it was spent for obtaining a right of an enduring character which in the case of mining leases is to acquire rights over land for winning the mineral. In other words	 where the mineral is part of the land and some mining operations have to be performed to extract it from the earth	 the amount paid to acquire a right over or in the land to win that mineral is of an enduring character and hence a capital expenditure. In this case the mica pillars which have been exposed by the mining operation of other private companies had no doubt enhanced the value of the right which was leased 369 to the appellant but nonetheless.the appellant still had to carry out some mining operations to extract the mineral from the pillars which was embedded in the land. If the private companies before the mica was exposed had taken the lease	 they would have paid a much lesser amount which nonetheless would have been a capital expenditure. It is the labour and expense which the private companies expanded that has enured for the benefit of the Government and enhanced the capital value of the lease. This is not a case as is contended	 of mica having been given so as to form part of the stock in trade of the assessee as in the case of Golden Horse Shoe (New) Ltd. vs Thurgood (H. M. Inspector of Taxes) (1) In that case the company had acquired rights in certain dumps of 'tailings ' or residuals that remained after the extraction of gold from ore taken from certain gold mines. It was contended on behalf of the revenue that the company 's rights in tailings and dumps were part of the undertaking which the company was formed to acquire and any sum paid therefore was capital expenditure	 and that the company 's rights in the dump was the purchase of a wasting asset. This contention was negatived and it was held that the purchase price of	 the tailings was an admissible deduction in computing the company 's profits for income tax purposes . Lord Hanworth	 M.R. at page 298 observed "After careful consideration of	 the present case	 in the course of which my mind has fluctuated on either side	 I think it is to be decided upon its own facts that none of the tests suggested affords a strict rule of guid ance. It seems	 then	 that the Company bought these dumps which were no longer in a natural but in an artificial condition; which were in such a state that they would not have passed under a lease of "beds opened	 or unopened	 minerals"	 see Boileau vs Heat Ch. D. 301) for the purpose of treating them as the stock in trade	 lying stored and ready to their hand	 at a fair price of pound 122	750	 and their intention was to use them up and make what they could of them by and after treatment. They had not to win them from the soil; they had been gotten already. If the metaphor of working a mine be applied	 it might be said that the purchase of the dumps was a capital outlay. If the metaphor of making gas or coke from coal	 or of a miller making flour from wheat	 be applied	 it may be said that it was an outlay to be placed in the profit and loss account. But metaphors do not provide exact definitions and are often misleading. It is safer (1) 370 to give an interpretation to the facts of this case as found in the case stated and upon the law relevant to them. " This passage at once indicates the difficulties which he in common with other Judges have felt When called :upon determine the nature of the expenditure. The lease in this case was for a long period it conferred a right to excavate the mica because on the findings of the Tribunal mica had to be extracted from the mine though	 the 	earlier working out of the those mines by other companies had made it much easier to perform the final operations and because of it a higher amount had to be paid. Nonetheless the amount paid was for acquiring a right of enduring nature to extract and remove the mica to bring it to the surface	 grade it and pay royalty to the Government in accordance with the quality of Leach grade of mica extracted. We accordingly hold that the 	expenditure incurred is a capital expenditure and that the second question has been rightly answered. On the first question whether the prospecting licence fee of Rs. 3	200/ is allowable as revenue expenditure	 the contention on behalf of the assessee is that it is a licence fee	 not a lease amount nor does it create an interest in the land. The Income tax Officer	 the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Tribunal have all held that the fee paid for prospecting licence was not 	of a revenue nature. It was submitted before the Tribunal that under a prospecing licence issued under Chapter 3 of the Mineral Concession Rules	 1943 the licensee had a right to win and carry away the minerals for commercial purposes	 and for that reason the amount should be treated as in the nature `of a purchase price of a stock in trade. In support of this contention the provisions of T. 23 were referred to but the Tribunal rejected that contention because in its view the amount was paid	 as and by way of prospecting fees which was for initiation of a business as in the case of other minerals and that the character of the licence did not change merely because the licensee had certain rights over the minerals obtained under the prospecting licence nor was it based on any quantity ' of minerals. The minerals had to be won and extracted from the earth and the term 'prospecting licence ' shows that the mine has not yet started working as a mine. It was a fee paid irrespective of the quantity of minerals obtained which demonstrated clearly that the object of the payment was to initiate the business. That apart	 the period for which the licence was obtained viz.	 one year	 does not also make it a revenue payment and consequently it held that the authorities Tightly disallowed the amount. The finding by the Income tax ;authorities as well as the Tribunal that it was a payment for 371 initiating the mining operations was a finding of fact. In oar view also the	 fee was paid to obtain a licence to carryout	 investigate	 search and find the mineral with the objectof conducting the business of extracting ore from the earth. It is therefore clear that the fee was paid for initiating the business and is of a capital nature. By no stretch of argument can the fee paid for a prospecting licence be equated to a payment made for the purposes of stock in trade. We think that the Income tax authorities	 the Tribunal and the High Court are right in coming to that conclusion. Our answer to the first question is	 therefore also in the negative. The two questions having been answered against the assessee	 the appeal is dismissed with costs. V.P.S. Appeal dismissed.

The assessee	 a firm carrying on mining business	 took on lease for 20 years certain areas which had been worked previously by. others	 and in which mica pillars had been exposed by those earlier mining operations. Mica scrap was also lying on the surface. The assessee paid a sum of money	 part of which was towards the mica scrap lying on the surface. The assessee also paid at Re. 1 / per acre per year as fee for prospecting licence.	 The assessee claimed the 1/20th part of the money paid for the lease as well as the fee paid for the prospecting licence as revenue expen diture for purposes of income tax. The Tribunal allowed the money paid for the mica scrap lying on the surface as revenue expenditure	 but disallowed the other claims. The High Court also	 on reference	 held against the assessee (appellant). Dismissing the appeal to this Court	 HELD : The expenditure incurred for the lease	 as well as the fee paid for the prospecting licence	 were not allowable as revenue expenditure. [362G H; 371C] (1)The test for ascertaining whether the amount spent for the lease is of a capital nature	 is whether it was spent for obtaining a right of an 	enduring character	 which	 in the case of mining lease is to acquire rights over land for winning the mineral. In other words	 where the mineral is part of the land and some mining operations have to be performed to extract it from the earth	 the amount paid to acquire a right over	 or in the land	 to win that mineral	 is of an enduring character	 and hence	 a capital expenditure. But where the mineral has already been gotten and is on the surface	 then the expenditure incurred for obtaining the right to acquire the raw material	 that is	 the mineral would be a revenue expenditure laid out for the acquisition of a stock in trade. [365A B; 368G H] In the present case	 the findings of the Tribunal are clear and consistent with those given by the Income tax Officer and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner	 in that	 all of them distinguished between the raw materials which had already been extracted and brought to the surface	 and those that are still to be extracted. The mica pillars which had been exposed by the earlier mining operations	 had enhanced the value of the right which was leased to the appellant	 but none the less	 the appellant still had to carry out some mining operations to extract the mineral from the pillars which were embedded in the land. The lease was for a long period and it conferred a right to excavate the mica. The amount paid was therefore for acquiring a right of an enduring nature to extract and remove the mica	 to bring it to the surface	 grade it	 and pay royalty to the Government in accordance with the quality of each grade of mica extracted. [368C D	 H; 369A C; 370B D] Pingle Industries Ltd. vs Commissioner of Income tax Hyderabad	 	 followed. 361 Artherten vs British Insulated and Helsby Cables Ltd. 	 213	 Kauri Timber Co. Ltd. vs Commissioner of Taxes	 [1913] A.C. 771	 Golden Horse Shoe (New) Ltd. vs Thurgood (H.M. Inspector of Taxes)	 18T.C. 280	 Abdul ayoom vs Commissioner of Income Tax	 at 703	 Mohanlal Hargovind vs C.I.T.	 and M.A. Jabbar vs Commissioner of income Tax	 	 referred to. (2)The term prospecting licence ' shows that the mine has not yet started working as a mine. The finding by the authorities and the Tribunal that the fee paid for the prospecting licence was a payment for initiating the mining operations was a finding of a fact. It was	 in fact	 a fee paid irrespective of the quantity of minerals obtained showing that the object of the payment was to initiate the business. The period for which the licence was obtained	 namely one year	 does not also make it a revenue payment. The fee paid to obtain the licence to carry out	 investigate	 search and find the mineral with the object of conducting the business of extracting ore from the earth	 is a fee paid for indicating the business and therefore	 is of a capital nature and could not be equated to a payment for the purposes of stock in trade. [370D H; 371A B]