Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 91 of 1954. Appeal from the judgment and decree dated December 10	 1948	 of the Madras High Court in Regular First Appeal No. 609 of 1946	 arising out of the judgment and decree dated March 30	 1946	 of the Court of the Subordinate Judge of Chicacole in Original Suit No. 1 of 1943. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri and R. Ganapathy Iyer	 for the appellant. K. M. Rajagopala Sastri and section K. Sastri	 for respondents Nos. 1	 2	 3	 5 7	 13 and 24 27. October 6. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SINHA J. The only question for determination in this appeal by the first defendant	 on a certificate granted by the High Court of Madras	 is whether the renewal of a lease for running a salt factory	 granted by the Government in favour of the appellant and others (defendants 1 to 7)	 could be treated as an asset of the dissolved partnership between the contesting parties. The trial court decided this question in favour of the contesting defendants. On appeal by the plaintiffs and some defendants on the side of the plaintiffs	 the High Court of Madras determined this controversy in favour of those appellants. Hence	 this appeal by the first defendant whose interest is identical with that of defendants 2 to 7. The reference in this judgment to I appellant ' will	 thus	 include the interest of the other non appealing defendants also. The relevant facts of this case	 upon which the appeal depends	 may shortly be stated as follows: The contesting parties used to carry on the business of salt manufacture in accordance with the rules laid down by the Government under the Madras Salt Act 76 (Mad. 4 of 1889) (which will	 hereinafter	 be referred to as the Act). It is not permissible to manufacture salt otherwise than tinder the provisions of the Act. The land and the factory where salt used to be manufactured by the parties	 are Government property. It appears that the first plaintiff	 the father of plaintiffs 2 to 4	 plaintiff 5	 the first defendant and the deceased father of defendants 2 to 7	 had made bids for the lease of the land and the factory	 and the highest bid of the defendants aforesaid	 was accepted; and in pursuance thereof	 a lease for 17 years from January 1926	 to December	 1942	 was granted by the Government in favour of the first defendant and the father of defendants 2 to 7. 'By a deed of partnership dated March 18	 1926	 the first plaintiff with a two anna share	 the father of plaintiffs 2 to 4	 having a similar share	 and plaintiff 5 with another two anna share	 on the one hand	 and the first defendant	 having a five anna share	 and the father of defendants 2 to 7	 with the remaining five anna share	 entered into a partnership for running the salt factory. The terms of the partnership will have to be discussed in detail hereinafter. They contributed a sum of Rs. 30	000 for paying the premium for the lease and for other incidental expenses in running the factory	 in proportion to the shares just indicated. The father of defendants 2 to 7	 who had a five anna share in the business	 died in August	 1935	 and the defendants 2 to 7 were admitted as partners in place of their father. In accordance with the rules of the salt department	 the requisite licence for the manufacture of salt	 was granted to the first defendant and the father of the defendants 2 to 7	 in	 whose name	 the lease also stood. In or about the year 1939	 differences arose between the parties	 but the business continued to be carried on by the defendants 1 to 7. In August 1941	 in accordance with the changed policy of the Government	 which substituted the practice of settling salt leases by renewal of the lease in favour of those lease holders whose conduct had been satisfactory in the opinion of the Department	 for the old practice of settling salt leases to highest bidders	 the Collector enquired from the old 77 lease holders whose record had been satisfactory from the point of view of the salt department	 whether they would take renewal for a period of 25 years. The appellant as also. the other defendants aforesaid	 their conduct having been satisfactory	 were amongst those lessees who had been 2invited to make applications for the renewal of their leases. Accordingly	 they made their application in July	 1942	 and a fresh lease for 25 years	 was granted to them on April 15	 1943	 for the period January	 1943 to December	 1967	 in pursuance of the Collector 's order passed in November	 1942 (exhibit P 15(a)). The terms of the new lease will have to be discussed later in the course of this judg ment. As the term of the previous lease and of the licence to manufacture and sell salt which 'was the partnership business was to expire at the end of December	 1942	 one of the contesting defendants	 served a notice upon one of the plaintiffs to the effect that as. the partnership was expiring at the end of the month	 the partners should settle their accounts	 and make arrangements for the disposal of the unsold stock of 82102 maunds of salt. The reply to the notice was given on December 28	 1942	 through an advocate	 alleging inter alia that the application for the renewal of the lease for a period of 25 years had been made on behalf and with the consent of all the partners	 and that	 thus	 the partnership business was agreed to be continued even after the expiry of the term of the previous partnership. The answer further attributed fraud and "evil intention " to the other party. The answer also called upon the defendants to pay a penalty of Rs. 2	500 per head	 and to hand over the entire partnership lease property to the plaintiffs ' party. Thus	 the exchange of the notices aforesaid was a prelude to the institution of the suit on January 5	 1943	 that is to say	 even before the fresh lease had been executed by the Government in favour of the contesting defendants 1 to 7. The suit was instituted on the footing that the original partnership continued even after December	 1942	 inasmuch as the fresh lease had been obtained in pursuance of a unanimous resolution of all the partners 78 to obtain the new lease for the partnership business. But an alternative case also was sought to be made out that even if the partnership did not continue after December	 1942	 as a result of. the acts of the defendants	 the benefit of the fresh lease for 25 years should be treated as an asset of the dissolved partnership business	 and should be taken into account in the process of dissolution of the partnership. The plaint as framed contained a large number of reliefs to which	 the plaintiffs claimed	 they were entitled	 for example	 a declaration that the partnership was continuing	 and that the defendants 1 to 7 had forfeited their rights in the partnership as a result of their fraudulent acts	 an injunction restraining defendants 1 to 7 from carrying on the salt works independently of the partnership and on their own account	 and the declaration that the renewal of the lease in the name of the defendants 1 to 7	 for a further period of 25 years	 was for the benefit of the partnership. But at the trial	 the plaintiffs	 perhaps	 realizing the weakness of their position	 elected to put in a memorandum in the trial court on February 8	 1946	 confining their prayers to reliefs on the basis of a dissolved partnership	 and giving up other reliefs	 which they claimed on the footing of the partnership still continuing. Thus	 at the trial	 the reliefs claimed were confined to taking accounts between the parties of the dissolved partnership	 and treating the fresh lease for 25 years	 as part of the assets of the dissolved firm. It is	 therefore	 not necessary to refer to the defendants ' written statement	 except with reference to the plaintiffs ' claim to have the renewed lease for 25 years treated as an asset of the dissolved partnership. The contesting defendants 1 to 7 stoutly denied that the plaintiffs ' claim in respect of the fresh lease for 25 years	 was well founded. They asserted that they only were entitled to run the business on the fresh lease and licence meant only for their benefit and not for the benefit of the dissolved partnership. The trial court passed a preliminary decree	 declaring that the partnership stood dissolved on December 31	 1942	 and for taking accounts. As regards the 79 benefit of the renewed lease for 25 years	 the trial court negatived the plaintiffs ' claim that the dissolved partnership carried any firm or trade name	 which(	 could be said to have any tangible goodwill	 and that the defendants could not be restrained from carrying on the business in their own names as they had been doing in the past. After expressing a doubt as to whether there was any goodwill of a particular firm name	 the court directed that "the Commissioner is authorized to sell the goodwill of the old firm for what it is worth by way of realization of the assets of the dissolved firm as amongst the partners. " In effect	 therefore	 the trial court decided that the plaintiffs were not entitled to the benefit of the new lease. On appeal to the High Court	 the learned Chief Justice	 delivering the judgment of the Division Bench	 came to the conclusion that the plaintiffs ' case that the fresh lease had been obtained as a result of the resolution of the partners to carry on the business after the lapse of the specific period of the partnership which came to an end in December 1942	 had not been made out. But on the alternative plea of the plaintiffs	 the Court	 after an elaborate discussion of English and Indian Law on the subject	 held that the plaintiffs were entitled to treat the new lease as an asset of the dissolved partnership. The conclusion of the High Court may better be stated in its own words	 as follows: "In conclusion	 we hold that the new lease obtained by Defendants 1 to 7 in renewal of the old lease which formed the subject matter of the partnership	 must be held by them for the benefit of the other members of the partnership	 who are entitled to share in the advantage gained by Defendants 1 to 7. As the lease itself was executed after the termination of the partnership and as it is not the case of the Appellants that any one other than defendants 1 to 7 had furnished the consideration for the new lease	 the benefit of the renewal alone 'will be treated as an asset of the partnership which terminated on 31st December	 1942	 and a value placed on it. The Commissioner appointed 80 by the lower Court may	 after taking such evidence as may be necessary	 be directed to fix the value in the first instance. In arriving at a value	 the liability of defendants 1 to 7 to furnish capital and incur the necessary expenses for carrying on the new business with its attendant risks and also possibilities of profits	 are factors to be taken into account. " In those words	 the High Court set aside the judgment and decree of the trial court	 and allowed the appeal in terms which the Commissioner appointed to take accounts of the dissolved partnership	 may not find it easy to implement. In support of this appeal	 the learned counsel for the appellant	 has contended that the High Court has misdirected itself in construing the provisions of the Indian Trusts Act	 in holding that a constructive trust had been made out in favour of the plaintiffs; that there is no absolute rule that the renewal of a lease which was the subject matter of a partnership	 must always enure to the benefit of the old partners; and that the essential ingredients of section 88 of the Trusts Act	 had not been made out in this case. He also contended that the lease by itself	 did not create a right to manufacture salt and to sell it	 and that a licence is a necessary pre requisite to carry on the business of manufacture and sale of salt in accordance with the rules of the Department	 and that it is open to the Department not to recognise any partners in the business. In this case	 it was further contended	 the licence to sell salt had been granted only in 1945. Under the English law	 there may be a presumption that the renewal of a lease which formed the subject matter of a partnership	 will enure for the benefit of the partners	 but he contended that in the circumstances of this case	 such a presumption could not arise	 and even if it did	 it was rebutted by the following facts. The term of the original partnership was a fixed one	 terminating with the term of the lease and of the licence to manufacture salt	 which came to an end with the year 1942; the partnership deed did not contemplate that this business would be extended beyond the fixed term in the event of a fresh lease 81 being obtained from the Government. It was highly significant that the term of the partnership to carry on the salt business was deliberately fixed as conterminous with the terms of the lease and the licence. The plaintiffs never took any steps to obtain a renewal of the lease	 nor was there any evidence that they asked the defendants to take a renewal for the benefit of all the partners. On the other hand	 when the defendants applied on their own behalf for a fresh lease for 25 years	 the plaintiffs put in a petition of protest	 and prayed to the Government for being included in the category of lessees in the lease to be granted for 25 years	 as co lessees	 but without any success. There is no allegation in the plaint of any attempt at concealment on the part of the appellants to the effect that they were taking the lease for their own benefit. Nor was there any evidence that the defendants had taken any advantage of their position as partners	 or had utilized any funds of the partnership for obtaining the fresh lease. Lastly	 it was contended that differences having cropped up between the parties during the years 1939 to 1942	 it could not be said that the plaintiffs placed such a confidence in the defendants as to place them in the position of constructive trustees within the meaning of section 88 of the Trusts Act. On the other hand	 it was contended on behalf of the respondents that the fresh lease for 25 years	 was granted to the appellants as a result of the changed policy of the Government	 by which they substituted the renewal to approved parties in place of the old practice of settling the terms of the lease by open competition and by holding auction sales. The contesting defendants obtained the lease in their names because they were entered in the Government records as the original lessees	 and as the original lease was admittedly for the benefit of all the partners	 the new lease also must be treated as being founded on the old lease. It was also contended that section 88 of the Trust Act	 was not exhaustive	 and that even if the present case did not come strictly within the terms of that 11 82 section	 the rule of English law relating to constructive trusts	 applied to the case	 and that	 therefore	 the High Court was quite justified in coming to the conclusion that the lessees were in the position of trustees when they obtained the renewed lease. The plaintiffs failed in their attempt to be included in the category of joint lessees along with those defendants because of the changed policy and the rules of the Department. Hence	 the plaintiffs were in a position of disadvantage as compared to the defendants in whose name	 the original lease and the licence stood. In view of those facts	 it was further contended	 the plaintiffs could not either get the lease independently for themselves	 or succeed in getting their names included in the category of joint lessees. Lastly	 it was contended that in the circumstances of the present case	 the presumption of law that the defendants were constructive trustees	 had not been rebutted. Before dealing with the arguments advanced on be. half of the parties	 it is convenient to set out	 in brief outline	 the system of working salt factories under the Act (Mad. 4 of 1889)	 which was enacted to " consolidate and amend the law relating to the salt revenue in the Presidency ". Under the Act	 a " salt factory " includes any place used or intended to be used for the manufacture of salt or for the storage or keeping of the same	 as defined from time to time by the Collector of salt revenue. " Licensee "	 under the Act	 means a person to whom a licence to manufacture salt or saltpeter	 is issued	 and includes any person registered as the transferee of such licence under the provisions of the Act. Under section 8	 only licensees or public servants under the Central Government	 are authorized to manufacture salt. Section 9 of the Act	 authorizes the Collector of salt revenue to grant licences for the manufacture of salt in respect of specified salt works	 containing such particulars and conditions as the Central Government may prescribe from time to time. Such a licence may be for the manufacture of salt for sale to the Central Government or for general sale; and may be transferred or relinquished in accordance with the prescribed rules. Section 12 lays down that? 83 a licensee shall be taken to be the owner of the licence and of the salt works specified therein. It is open to the Central Board of Revenue to establish a new salt	 factory	 and	 subject to the payment of compensation	 to close any salt factory or a portion thereof	 and thus	 cancel or amend the licence. A provision has also been made by section 17 for the grant of a temporary licence for the manufacture of salt in certain contingencies. Section 25 authorizes the Collector of salt revenue to impose upon a licensee a fine according to the prescribed scale	 or to suspend a licence or even to cancel a licence for want of due diligence or default by a licensee. Section 43 contains a prohibition against the removal of salt from a salt factory otherwise than on account of the Central Government or for transport to a place of storage authorized by the Collector of salt revenue	 except under a permit and upon payment of duty at the fixed rate. The Central Government is authorized to make rules generally for carrying out the provisions of the Act	 and specially for regulating certain matters set out in section 85. Such rules	 on publication in the official gazette	 have the force of law	 and have to be read as part of the Act. It is common ground that elaborate rules have been laid down by the Government	 for regulating the manufacture and sale of salt	 so as to safeguard public revenue and to prevent the manufacture of contraband salt. It is	 thus	 clear that the business of manufacture of salt	 which the parties to the agreement of partnership carried on	 was not an ordinary occupation	 which	 is free from such strict rules and regulation as have been laid down by and under the Act. The licensee owes a special responsibility to the Government	 and	 therefore	 the transfer or relinquishment of licences under the Act	 has to be regulated according to the rules laid down by the Government. It is true that there is no absolute prohibition against such transfer or relinquishment	 but the Government through its public officers	 has the determining voice in such matters. It is in the background of the law laid down by or under the Act	 that we have to discuss the rights and 84 lease. The first lease	 a draft copy of which is on the record as ex. P 16 at pp. 101 to 105	 is an indenture between the Secretary of State for India in Council as the lessor	 and the first defendant and the father of defendants 2 to 7	 as the lessees. The consideration for the lease is the sum of Rs. 25	000/ . The lease is for a period of 17 years from January 1	 1926	 subject to either party having the right to determine the lease by a notice in writing at the close of the salt manufacturing season. It provides that on the expiry of the lease or its sooner determination as aforesaid by notice on either side	 the lessees shall leave the demised premises which had been leased out exclusively for the manufacture	 storage and sale of salt and for the works connected therewith	 without any right to erect any dwelling houses	 etc. It also provides that the lessees shall be granted a modified excise licence in Form E 1(d). It also contains the condition that the lessees shall not	 except with the written consent of the lessor	 first had and obtained	 assign	 underlet	 or part with the possession of the leased land or any portion thereof. The lessees may take a partner or partners	 who may be approved by the Collector in the business. The lease also contains detailed provisions as to how the business of manufacture has to be carried on under the supervision of the public authorities like the Collector. The renewed lease	 exh. D 18	 dated April 15	 1943	 is between His Excellency the Governor General in Council	 as the lessor and the contesting defendants as the lessees	 for a period of 25 years commencing from January 1	 1943. There is no payment of any premium for the lease. The other terms and conditions of the lease are similar to the previous one. Though temporary licences were granted from time to time	 it was only on April 17	 1945	 that a " revised permanent licence " was granted	 and the temporary licence granted for 1945	 was cancelled. The " co partnership deed " as it is called	 which is dated March 18	 1926	 is between five individuals	 and provides that those five persons should enjoy the profit 85 or bear the loss thereof	 according to the shares indicated above; " that as the licence in the salt stands in the names of Chennuru Appala Narasayya Chetty and Guruswamy Chetty out of us	 the said individuals only shall be responsible thereto "; and that " In case the said Appala Narasayya Chetty and Guruswamy Chetty or their heirs fail to render proper accounts whenever demanded according to the aforesaid terms to the remaining three sharers or their heirs during the salt lease period of seventeen years and commit defaults or any kind of frauds	 Appala Narasayya Chetty Garu and Guruswamy Chetty Garu shall pay by way of penalty to the said three sharers at the rate of Rs. 2	500/ (two thousand five hundred) per share for the year when fraud is committed	 without having anything to do with the other profits and losses. " It is	 thus	 clear that the partnership was for the fixed term of 17 years	 ending with the period of the lease	 and the parties did not	 in terms	 contemplate the continuance of the partnership after the expiry of that period. Their rights and liabilities are entirely with reference to the said period of 17 years	 there being no provision for the continuance of the business by the partnership after the expiry of the said term. If there bad been a specific stipulation in the partnership deed	 or even an indication that the partnership business would continue even after the expiration of the 17 years	 which was the term of the partnership	 different considerations may have arisen. It could then have justly been said that the managing partner owed a duty to the other partners to obtain a renewal of the previous lease. It is	 therefore	 not without significance that in para. 12 of the plaint	 the plaintiffs specifically alleged that it had been unanimously resolved by the partners that a renewal of the lease should be obtained for a further period for the benefit of the partnership	 and that as a matter of fact	 the renewal was obtained in pursuance of that resolution and by using the goodwill of the partnership. This specific case has failed in both the courts below	 but the High Court	 in disagreement with the trial court	 has accepted the alternative case as made 'out	 86 in para. 17 of the plaint	 that the renewal of the lease should be treated as an asset of the partnership in 	settling the accounts and dividing the assets of the dissolved partnership. But even in para. 17	 there is no specific case made out under section 88 of the Indian Trusts Act (II of 1882). It is not alleged	 in terms	 that the contesting defendants filled a fiduciary character	 and were	 thus	 bound to protect the interest.% of all the partners in obtaining the renewal of the lease	 or that	 in so doing	 their interests were adverse to those of the other partners	 and they had	 this gained a pecuniary advantage to the detriment of the other partners. Though the plaintiffs had suggested that the contesting defendants had large funds	 amounting to about Rs. 90	000	 of the partnership	 portion of which had been set apart for Payment of premium and for other expenses incidental to the renewal of the lease	 it had been found	 and there cannot be the least doubt about it	 that no funds of the partnership had been utilized for obtaining the new lease. As already indicated	 no premium had to be paid for the fresh lease obtained by the contesting defendants. Though no foundation was laid in the pleadings	 strictly construed	 for a case tinder section 88 of the Indian Trusts Act	 we have still to examine the question ' whether the High Court was right in holding that either under that section or under the general law	 apart from the statutory law	 the contesting defendants bad placed themselves in such a position as to render themselves accountable as constructive trustees. Section 88 is in these terms: " 88. Where a trustee	 executor	 partner	 agent	 director of a company	 legal adviser or other person bound in a fiduciary character to protect the interests of another person	 by availing himself of his character	 gains for himself any pecuniary advantage	 ' or where any person so bound enters into any dealings under circumstances in which his own interests are	 or may be	 adverse to those of such other persons and thereby gains for himself a pecuniary advantage	 he must hold for the benefit of such other person the advantage so gained. " 87 The section is in two parts. In order to bring the case within the first part	 it has to be shown that the contesting defendants had a fiduciary character	 and were thus	 in duty bound to protect the interests of the other partners in the matter of obtaining the lease; and that they obtained the lease for themselves instead	 by availing themselves of that character. As already pointed out	 it was not within the scope of the partnership in accordance with the terms of the deed	 to obtain a renewal of the lease. At the time of entering into the partnership	 the parties were fully cognizant of the rules of the Department then in force	 according to which a fresh lease could be granted to the highest bidder irrespective of any other con siderations as to whether any one of the bidders war	 a previous lessee. The renewal of the lease without payment of any premium	 was the result of the changed policy of the Government	 according to which the personal conduct of the lessees	 and not the amount of premium	 was the determining factor in the grant of a fresh lease. Because the contesting defendants bad managed the factory well and to the satisfaction of the Revenue Authorities	 they were able to obtain the fresh lease	 and it cannot be said that they had availed themselves of their character as partners in obtaining the renewal of the lease. The plaintiffs ' allegation that the goodwill of the firm had been utilized for obtaining the renewal	 has also not been found by the courts below to be true	 because the basic allegation that there was a partnership firm with a goodwill	 had not been established as a fact. In our opinion	 therefore	 the plaintiffs have failed to bring the case within the first part of section 88. We shall now examine the position whether the plaintiffs have made out a case in terms of the second part of the section. In order to do so	 it bad to be shown that the contesting defendants	 while obtaining renewal of the lease	 had placed themselves in such a position as to render their interests adverse to those of the other partners	 and had thereby obtained a pecuniary advantage	 which they. must hold for the benefit 88 of the other partners as well. In this connection	 illustrations (d) and (e) under the section	 are instruc tive. If the plaintiffs had succeeded in proving	 as they had attempted to do	 that any funds or any goodwill of the alleged firm name	 had been utilized for obtaining the renewal of the lease	 the case would have directly come under illustration (d). illustration (e)	 on the face of it	 does not apply	 because on the findings	 the defendants were not negotiating for the renewal of the lease on behalf of the entire body of partners	 nor is there any allegation that they had clandestinely stipulated for themselves a benefit to the detriment of the partnership business or funds. In this connection	 it has to be noted that the suit was instituted months before the renewed lease was actually granted	 and years before a permanent licence for the manufacture and sale of salt	 was issued to the contesting defendants. It has also to be noted that the grant of the lease by itself does confer on the grantee the right to manufacture and sell salt. The lease has to be followed by a permanent licence in order to enable the grantee to carry on the business of manufacturing	 storing and selling salt. Hence	 the lease by itself has no value unless it is followed by a licence to manufacture and sell salt	 which was granted only on April 17	 1945	 about two years and four months after the expiry of the previous lease and licence	 which	 as already indicated	 were conterminous with the term of the partnership. That is the reason why the High Court granted the decree in favour of the plaintiffs in terms which are rather amorphous and which do not easily lend themselves to conversion in terms of money. This is a business in which the personal factor of the persons in charge of managing the business	 is more important than anything else. Another important matter which has a bearing on the case	 has also to be adverted to. Between the years 1939 and 1942	 that is to say	 during the last three years of the term of the partnership	 the partners Were not on cordial terms	 and there does not appear to have been much of confidence between them. The" had already started quarreling and attributing 89 unworthy motives. There is	 therefore	 hardly any room for importing the idea of such confidence amongst partners as would render the contesting(	 defendants occupying a fiduciary position	 apart from the fact that they were partners. As already indicated	 the partnership stood automatically terminated at the end of the year 1942. The actual grant of the lease in question was made in April 1943	 and the permanent licence to manufacture and sell salt	 was granted only in 1945. Hence	 strictly speaking	 when the suit was instituted in January	 1943	 legally	 there was no lease in existence	 nor could the business of manufacture and sale of salt be effectively carried on until the grant of the permanent licence. The plaintiffs could have a cause of action in respect of the renewed lease if their substantive case of continuing partnership had been established. But that case having failed	 it is a little difficult to appre ciate how they could claim any interest in the renewed lease as an asset of the partnership business. The fiduciary character as between the partners had ceased on the termination of the original lease and of the partnership business. On such a termination	 there was no interest of the partners	 which the contesting defendants were bound to protect. For the same reasons	 the defendants ' character as partners had ceased	 and they could not	 therefore	 be said to have availed themselves of their character as partners in obtaining the fresh lease. For all these reasons	 it must be held that the plaintiffs have failed to bring the case strictly within the terms of section 88 of the Indian Trusts Act. A passing reference was made by the learned counsel for the respondents to the terms of section 90 of the Trusts Act. But it will be noticed that whereas section 88	 quoted above	 makes a specific reference to partners and agents	 etc.	 section 90	 in terms	 applies to a tenant for life	 a co owner	 a mortgagee	 or any other qualified owner of any property. Section 90	 therefore	 in terms	 could not apply to the case. Even if it did	 it does not carry the case any further in favour of the plaintiff respondents. 12 90 that even though the provisions of the Trusts Act	 did not	 in terms	 apply to the case	 the general principles of law as applied in the English courts	 support the plaintiffs ' case. In this connection	 reliance was placed upon the cases of Featherstonhaugh vs Fenwick (1)	 Clegg vs Fishwick (2)	 Clements vs Hall (3)	 Clegg vs Edmondson (4)	 In re Biss	 Biss vs Biss (5)	 Griffith vs Owen (6) . The law in England has been summarized in Halsbury 's Laws of England	 2nd Ed.	 Vol. 24 (Lord Hailsham 's Edition) in article 863 at p. 450	 as follows: " The renewal of a lease of the partnership property by one or more of the partners without the privity of the others enures for the benefit of all. The rule is the same when the intention to renew is communicated to the others if the latter are prompt to assert their rights; and it is immaterial whether the term of the partnership is definite or indefinite	 or whether the lessors would have refused to renew to the partners who are not privy to the renewal. The representatives of a deceased partner may have a right to share in the profits derived from a renewal of the lease by the surviving partner. " Most of the cases relied upon on behalf of the respondents	 form the basis of the statement of the law in England	 quoted above. On a close examination of the English precedents aforesaid	 it will be found that there is no absolute rule of law or equity that a renewal of a lease by one partner	 must necessarily enure for the benefit of all the partners. There is a presumption of fact	 as distinguished from a presumption of law	 that there is an equity in favour of the renewal of the lease enuring for the benefit of all the partners. But such a presumption being one of fact	 is rebuttable	 and must	 therefore	 depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case. The Indian Legislature has substantially adopted the English law quoted above	 while enacting (1) ; (3) ; (5) (2) ; (4) ; (6) [1907] I. ch. 91 the rules laid down in the Indian Trusts Act	 particularly	 sections 88 and 90 of the Trusts Act. In the instant case	 the facts that. the parties deliberately chose to fix the term of the partnership as conterminous with the term of the lease and licence ending with the year 1942; that they did not	 in express terms	 or by necessary implication	 make any provision for extending the period of the partnership or for obtaining renewal of the lease and the necessary licence; that there was no averment or proof of any clandestine acts on the part of the contesting defendants in the matter of obtaining the renewal of the lease; that the plaintiffs themselves made attempts	 though unsuccessful	 to get themselves included in the category of grantees at the time of the renewal of the lease ; that the special nature of the business required personal efficiency and good conduct on the part of the actual managing agents; that no funds of the expiring partnership or any goodwill of the partnership was utilized for obtaining the fresh lease; that the fresh lease and licence were granted to the contesting defendants in consideration of their personal qualities of good management and good conduct; that the parties were not on the best of terms during the last few years of the partnership	 and finally	 that the lease and the permanent licence were actually granted after the partnership stood automatically dissolved at the end of 1942	 are all facts and circumstances which point to only one conclusion	 namely	 that the renewal of the lease was not intended to be for the benefit of all the quondam partners. Those facts and circumstances amply rebut any presumption of fact that the lease should enure to the benefit of all the parties. For the reasons given above	 it must be held that the judgment and decree passed by the High Court	 in so far as they reverse those of the trial court	 are erroneous	 and must be set aside. The appeal is	 accordingly	 allowed with costs throughout	 which are attributable to the single issue which has been decided in this Court. Appeal allowed.

The appellant	 defendant No. 1 in the suit	 from which the appeal arises	 and the father of defendants 2 to 7	 as the highest bidders	 obtained a seventeen years ' lease of a salt factory from the Government and the license to manufacture and sell salt under the Madras Salt Act	 1889. They entered into a partnership with the plaintiffs to carry on their business for the period of the lease. On the death of their father	 defendants 2 to 7 were admitted into the partnership. The partnership agreement made no provision for the continuation of the partnership on expiry of the lease or for the acquisition of a fresh lease on behalf of the partnership. The lease expired	 the license came to an end and the partnership stood automatically dissolved. The Government changed its old policy of granting leases to the highest bidders and adopted one of renewing them in favour of previous lessees in whom they had confidence. The appellant 10 74 and defendants 2 to 7 applied for the renewal of the lease that stood in their names. The plaintiffs also applied for a grant of it to them. No premium was called for and none had to be paid. The Revenue Authorities chose to renew the lease in favour of the appellant and the said defendants f or a further period of 25 years. The plaintiffs filed the suit claiming that the renewal of the lease was an asset of the dissolved partnership. The trial Court found against them but the High Court on appeal reversed that finding. The suit was instituted months before the renewal of the lease and years before the renewal of the license	 which alone could enable the licensee to manufacture and sell salt. The Courts below found that the allegation of the plaintiffs that the goodwill and assets of the firm had been utilised for obtaining the renewal of the lease was unfounded	 as they had failed to prove that a partnership firmatall existed. It was also found that during the last three years of the existence of the partnership	 the parties had fallen apart and lost mutual confidence. The question for decision was whether section 88 of the Indian Trusts Act applied and the renewal of the lease in favour of the appellant and the said defendants for running the salt factory could be treated as an asset of the dissolved partnership between the contesting parties. Held	 that in order that a case might be brought within the purview of section 88 of the Indian Trusts Act	 it must be shown either that (1) a person had a fiduciary character and was thus in duty bound to protect the interests of others or that (2) he had placed himself in such a position as to render his interest adverse to those of the others and had thereby obtained a pecuniary interest which he must hold for their benefit as well. As in the instant case the fiduciary character of the partners came to an end with the termination of the original lease and of the partnership business along with it	 there could no longer be any subsisting interest in a partner which another was bound to protect nor could one partner be said to have availed of his character as a partner when he obtained the fresh lease. Section 88 of the Indian Trusts Act or the illustrations (d) or (e) thereto could	 therefore	 have no application	 nor could section go of the Act	 which in terms had no application even if applied	 improve the position of the plaintiffs. No question of a constructive trust could also arise under the general law apart from the statute. There is no absolute rule of law or equity in England that renewal of a lease by one partner must necessarily enure to the benefit of all the partners. There is	 however	 a presumption of fact that there is an equity in favour of the renewal of the lease enuring to the benefit of all the partners. Such a presumption may be rebutted by the facts of a particular case. The Indian law as enacted in the Indian Trusts Act	 and particularly sections 88 and go of that Act	 is substantially the same. In the instant case	 the facts and circumstances amply rebut that presumption. 75 Featherstonhaugh vs Fenwick	 ; 	 Clegg vs Fishwick; 	 	 Clements vs Hall	 ; 	 Clegg vs Edmondson	 ; 	 In Ye Biss	 Biss vs Biss	 and Griffith vs Owen	 [1907] I Ch. 195	 G considered.