Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal Nos. 1819 1821 of 1970. Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 8/9th July 1969 of the High Court at Bombay in Income Tax Reference No. 29 of 1963. G.C. Sharma	 O.P. Dua	 Annoop Sharma and P.K. Mukherjee for the Appellants. S.T. Desai	 P.L. Juneja and S.P. Nayar for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by CHANDRACHUD	 J. The appellant	 Surjit Lal Chhabda	 had three sources of income. He had a share in the profits of two partnership firms	 he received interest from Bank accounts and he received rent from an immovable property called "Kathoke Lodge". These were his self acquired properties and until the assessment year 1956 57	 he used to be assessed as an individual in respect of the income thereof. On January 26	 1956 he made a sworn declaration before a Presidency Magistrate in Bombay that he had thrown the property Kathoke Lodge into the 'family hotchpot ' in order to impress that property with the character of joint family property and that he would be holding that property as the Karta of the joint Hindu family consisting of himself	 his wife and one child. That child was an unmarried daughter. In the assessment proceedings for 1957 58	 the appellant contended that since he had abandoned all separate claims to Kathoke Lodge	 167 the income which he received from that property should be assessed in the status of a Hindu Undivided Family. The income tax authorities and the Income tax Appellate Tribunal rejected that contention for varying reasons. The Income tax Officer held that in the absence of a nucleus of joint family property	 there was nothing with which the appellant could mingle his separate property and secondly	 that there could not be a Hindu undivided family without there being undivided family property. The appellant carried the matter in appeal to the Appellant Assistant Commissioner who differed from the Income tax Officer on both the points but dismissed the appeal on two other grounds. The A.A.C. held that even after the declaration	 the appellant was dealing with the income of Kathoke Lodge in the same way as before which showed that the declaration was not acted upon and secondly	 that even assuming that the property was thrown into the common stock and was therefore joint family property	 the income from that property could still be taxed in the appellant 's hands as he was the sole male member of the family. The Tribunal accepted the declaration as genuine and differed from the A.A.C. 's finding that it was not acted upon. The appellant	 according to the Tribunal	 was the Karta of the joint Hindu family and it was irrelevant as to how he dealt with the joint family income. The Tribunal however held that the appellant had invested his separate property with the character of joint family property	 he being a sole surviving coparcener continued to have the same absolute and unrestricted interest in the property as before and therefore	 in law	 the property had to be treated as his separate property. The appellant moved the Tribunal for referring five questions to the High Court while the respondent applied for the reference of one other question. The Tribunal referred the following question only for the opinion of the Bombay High Court under section 66(1) of the Income tax Act	 1922: "Whether	 on the facts and in the circumstances of the case	 the income from property known as 'Kathoke Lodge ' was to be assessed separately as the income of the Hindu undivided family of which the assessee was karta?" In the High Court	 it was contended on behalf of the appellant that it is open to a male member of a joint Hindu family to convert his self acquired property into joint family property by throwing it into the common hotchpot; that for effectuating this purpose it is neither necessary that there should be an ancestral or joint family nucleus nor that there should be more than one male in the joint family; and since Kathoke Lodge was impressed with the character of joint family property	 its income belonged to the joint Hindu family of which the appellant was the Karta	 the other members being his wife and unmarried daughter. On the other hand	 the Department contended that it was contrary to the basic concept of a Hindu Undivided Family that a single male along with females could form a joint Hindu family; that though a joint Hindu family could include a wife and unmarried daughters	 a 168 sole male member could not constitute a joint Hindu family along with females; and that it was necessary for the formation of a joint Hindu family that there should be more than one male capable of claiming partition of the joint family property. In the alternative	 it was urged by the Department that a single male could form a joint Hindu family along with a coparcener 's widow who is capable of making an adoption to her deceased husband but not with his own wife and unmarried daughter. The argument that the existence of ancestral or joint family property was an essential pre requisite to throwing the self acquired property into the common stock was raised but was not pressed in the High Court. On these contentions	 the real controversy before the High Court was whether a single male can form a joint Hindu family with his wife and unmarried daughter; if yes	 whether the Karta of such a family can impress his self acquired property with the character of joint family property by throwing it into the family hotchpot; and	 lastly	 whether the income of such property can be assessed as the income of the joint family. The High Court did not enter into these questions and made its task simple by saying: "Several authorities were referred to on either side in support of their respective contentions. We do not	 however	 propose in deciding this reference to go into the larger question as to whether the property of the assessee	 which was originally self acquired property	 assumed the character of a Hindu undivided family property	 as to what are the incidents of a Hindu undivided family property and under what circumstances can separate property become Hindu undivided family property. Some of these questions have been directly answered in the authorities which were cited before us. "The question referred is confined to the 'income ' from Kathoke Lodge. We would	 therefore	 without going into these larger questions	 prefer to rest our decision on the short point whether the income from the property known as Kathoke Lodge after the declaration was the income of a Hindu undivided family and in this respect whether the principle laid down by the Privy Council in Kalyanji 's case was correctly applied. " The High Court assumed for the purposes of argument that there need not be more than one male member for forming a joint Hindu family as a taxable unit and that a joint Hindu family could lawfully consist of a single male member	 his wife and unmarried daughter. On these assumptions the High Court concluded that Kathoke Lodge	 from the date of the declaration by which it was thrown into the common stock	 was the Property of the Hindu undivided family. It	 however	 held: "But the assessee has no son and therefore no undivided family. His ownership of the property and its income in fact remains the same as before. The fact of the existence of a wife or of a wife and daughter would make no difference 169 to his ownership of that property. His position as a member of the joint family after the declaration would be the same as that of a sole surviving coparcener	 but it is now settled law that a person who for the time being is the sole surviving coparcener is entitled to dispose of the coparcenary property as if it were his separate property. That is the position which the assessee held so far as his property is concerned. So far as the income is concerned	 he has the complete power of disposal over the income and	 even assuming that he is the karta of a joint Hindu family	 there is no one who can question his spending	 i.e.	 whether or not it is for legal necessity or other justifiable purpose. If then	 his right to the income remains under his personal law the same as it was before he made the declaration	 the question arises whether under the Income tax Act it must be held to be the income of the karta of the Hindu undivided family. That is precisely the question which the Privy Council answered against the assessee in Kalyanji 's case. .In our opinion	 therefore	 the assessee 's case would fall squarely within the principle enunciated by their Lord ships of the Privy Council in Kalyanji 's case and upon that view the income in the hands of the assessee would be liable to be assessed as his individual income. " The Privy Council decision on which the High Court relies is Kalyanji Vithaldas vs Commissioner of Income tax.(1) The judgment of the High Court is reported in Before examining the validity of the High Court 's reliance on Kalyanji 's case and the correctness of its conclusion that the instant case falls within the ratio of that decision	 it is necessary to have regard to the principles of Hindu Law governing joint families. The High Court did not examine those principles	 calling them "larger questions"	 and preferred wholly to rely on	 so to say	 the magic touch of Kalyanji 's case. It assumed that a joint family may consist of a single male	 a wife and daughter which means that it assumed that the appellant was a member of a joint Hindu family consisting of himself	 his wife and daughter. However	 in the very next breath the High Court concluded: "But the assessee has no son and therefore no undivided family." An examination of fundamentals might have saved the High Court from the inconsistency that a single male can constitute a "joint family" with his wife and daughter but if that male has no son	 there can be no "undivided family". In the first place	 joint family and undivided family are synonymous terms. Secondly	 when one says that a joint Hindu family consists of a single male	 his wife and daughter	 one implies necessarily that there is no son. If there were a son	 there would be two males. For our limited purpose	 fundamentals do not any more require a study of Sastric texts	 digests and commentaries because judicial decisions rendered over the last century and more have given a legalistic form to what was in a large measure a mingling of religious and 170 moral edicts with rules of positive laws. Hindu law today	 apart from the piecemeal codification of some of its branches like the laws of marriage	 succession	 minority	 guardianship	 adoption and maintenance is Judge made law	 though that does not detract from the juristic weight of Smritis like the Yajnavalkya Smriti nor from the profundity of Vijnaneshwara 's Commentary on it	 the critique bearing the humble title of 'Mitakshara '. The appellant is governed by the Mitakshara school of Hindu law but that is not of any particular consequence for the purposes of this appeal. The differences between the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga schools on the birth right of coparceners and the rules of inheritance have no bearing on the issues arising in this appeal	 particularly on the question whether a single male can constitute a joint or undivided family with his wife and unmarried daughter. A joint Hindu family under the Dayabhaga is	 like a Mitakshara family	 normally joint in food	 worship and estate. In both systems	 the property of joint family may consist of ancestral property	 joint acquisitions and of self acquisitions thrown into the common stock(1). In fact	 whatever be the school of Hindu law by which a person is governed	 the basic concept of Hindu undivided family in the sense of who can be its members is just the same. Section 2(9) of the Income tax Act	 1922 defines a "person" to include inter alia a "Hindu undivided family". Under sections 3 and 55 of that Act	 a Hindu undivided family is a taxable unit for the purposes of income tax and super tax. The expression 'Hindu undivided family ' finds reference in these and other provisions of the Act but that expression is not defined in the Act. The reason of the omission evidently is that the expression has a well known connotation under the Hindu Law and being aware of it	 the legislature did not want to define the expression separately in the Act. Therefore	 the expression 'Hindu undivided family must be construed in the sense in which it is under stood under the Hindu law(1). There is no substance in the contention of the respondent that in the absence of an antecedent history of jointness	 appellant cannot constitute a joint Hindu family with his wife and unmarried daughter. The lack of such history was never before pleaded and not only does it find no support from the record but such an assumption ignores the plain truth that the joint and undivided family is the normal condition of Hindu society. The presumption therefore is that the members of a Hindu family are living in a state of union	 unless the contrary is established.(3) The strength of the presumption may vary from case to case depending upon the degree of relationship of the members and the farther one goes from the founder of the family	 the 171 weaker may be the presumption. But	 generally speaking	 the normal state of every Hindu family is joint and in the absence of proof of division	 such is the legal presumption. Thus	 a man who separates from his father or brothers may	 nevertheless continue to be joint with the members of his own branch. He becomes the head of a new joint family	 if he has a family	 and if he obtains property on partition with his father and brothers	 that property becomes the ancestral property of his branch	 qua him and his male issue. It is true that the appellant cannot constitute a coparcenary with his wife and unmarried daughter but under the Income tax Act a Hindu undivided family	 not a coparcenary	 is a taxable unit. A Hindu coparcenary is a much narrower body than the joint family. It includes only those persons who acquire by birth an interest in the joint or coparcenary property and these are the sons	 grandsons and great grandsons of the holder of the joint property for the time being	 that is to say	 the three generations next to the holder in unbroken male descent. Since under the Mitakshara Law	 the right to joint family property by birth is vested in the male issue only	 females who come in only as heirs to obstructed heritage (sapratibandha days)	 cannot be coparceners. But we are concerned under the Income tax Act with the question whether the appellant 's wife and unmarried daughter can with him be members of a Hindu undivided family and not of a coparcenary. In the words of Sir George Rankin who delivered the opinion of the Judicial Committee in Kalyanji 's case : "The phrase `Hindu undivided family ' is used in the statute with reference	 not to one school only of Hindu law	 but to all schools; and their Lordships think it a mistake in method to begin by pasting over the wider phrase of the Act the words `Hindu co parcenary '	 all the more that it is not possible to say on the face of the Act that no female can be a member." (p. 95). Outside the limits of coparcenary	 there is a fringe of persons	 males and females	 who constitute an undivided or joint family. There is no limit to the number of persons who can compose it nor to their remoteness from the common ancestor and to their relationship with one another. A joint Hindu family consists of persons lineally descended from a common ancestor and includes their wives and unmarried daughters. The daughter	 on marriage	 ceases to be a member of her father 's family and becomes a member of her husband 's family. The joint Hindu family is thus a larger body consisting of a group of persons who are united by the tie of sapindaship arising by birth	 marriage or adoption. "The fundamental principle of the Hindu joint family is the sapindaship. Without that it is impossible to form a joint Hindu family. With it as long as a family is living together	 it is almost impossible not to form a joint Hindu family. It is the family relation	 the sapinda relation	 which distinguishes the joint family	 and is of its very essence. "(1) 172 The joint Hindu family	 with all its incidents	 is thus a creature of law and cannot be created by act of parties	 except to the extent to which a stranger may be affiliated to the family by adoption. But the absence of an antecedent history of jointness between the appellant and his ancestors is no impediment to the appellant	 his wife and unmarried daughter forming a joint Hindu family. The appellant 's wife became his sapinda on her marriage with him. The daughter too	 on her birth	 became a sapinda and until she leaves the family by marriage	 the tie of sapindaship will bind her to the family of her birth. As said by Golapchandra Sarkar Sastri in his "Hindu Law" (Eighth Ed.	 p. 240)	 "Those that are called by nature to live together	 continue to do so" and form a joint Hindu family. The appellant is not by contract seeking to introduce in his family strangers not bound to the family by the tie of sapindaship. The wife and unmarried daughter are members of his family. He is not by agreement making them so. And as a Hindu male	 he himself can be the stock of a fresh descent so as to be able to constitute an undivided family with his wife and daughter. That it does not take more than one male to form a joint Hindu family with females is well established. In Gowli Buddanna vs Commissioner of Income tax	 Mysore	 Bangalore(1)	 one Buddappa	 his wife	 his two unmarried daughters and his adopted son Buddanna were members of a Hindu undivided family. On Buddappa 's death a question arose whether the adopted son who was the sole surviving coparcener could form a joint Hindu family with his mother and sisters and could accordingly be assessed in the status of a manager of the Hindu undivided family. Speaking for the Court	 Shah J. observed : "The plea that there must be at least two male members to form a Hindu undivided family as a taxable entity also has no force. The expression `Hindu undivided family ' in the Income tax Act is used in the sense in which a Hindu joint family is understood under the personal law of Hindus. Under the Hindu system of law a joint family may consist of a single male member and widows of deceased male members	 and apparently the Income tax Act does not indicate that a Hindu undivided family as an assessable entity must consist of at least two male members. " In N. V. Narendranath vs Commissioner of Wealth tax	 Andhra Pradesh	 Hyderabad(2)	 the appellant filed returns for Wealth Tax in the status of a Hindu undivided family which at the material time consisted of himself	 his wife and two minor daughters. The claim to be assessed in the status of a Hindu undivided family rested on the circumstance that the wealth returned consisted of ancestral property received or deemed to have been received by the appellant on partition with his father and brothers. The High Court held that as the appellant 's family did not have any other male coparcener	 the assets must 173 be held to belong to him as an individual and not to the Hindu undivided family. That decision was set aside by this Court on the ground that a joint Hindu family could consist under the Hindu law of a single male member	 his wife and daughters and that it was not necessary that the assessable unit should consist of at least two male members. In both of these cases	 Gowli Buddanna 's and Narendranath 's the assessee was a member of a pre existing joint family and had	 in one case on the death of his father and in the other on partition	 become the sole surviving coparcener. But the decision in those cases did not rest on the consideration that there was an antecedent history of jointness. The alternative argument in Gowli Buddanna 's case (p. 266) was an independent argument uncorrelated to the pre existence of a joint family. The passage which we have extracted from the judgment of Shah J. in that case shows that the decision of this Court did not proceed from any such consideration. The Court held in terms categorical that the Hindu undivided family as an assessable entity need not consist of at least two male members. The same is true of the decision in Narendranath 's case (see p. 886). Thus the contention of the Department that in the absence of a pre existing joint family the appellant cannot constitute a Hindu undivided family with his wife and unmarried daughter must fail. The view of the High Court that the appellant has "no son and therefore no undivided family" is plainly unsound and must also be rejected. Accordingly	 the question whether the income of the Kathoke Lodge can be assessed in the hands of the appellant as a Karta or manager of the joint family must be decided on the basis that the appellant	 his wife and unmarried daughter are members of a Hindu undivided family. By the declaration of January 26	 1956	 the appellant threw Kathoke Lodge into the family hotchpot abandoning all separate claims to that property. The genuineness of that declaration was accepted by the Tribunal. The High Court too decided the reference on the footing that the appellant had thrown the property into the common hotchpot and that `after the declaration	 the property . would be property of a Hindu undivided family in the hands of the assessee" (p. 471). Learned counsel for the Department attempted to raise a new contention before us that there is no such thing under the Hindu law as impressing separate property with the character of joint	 family property	 that the only doctrine known in this behalf to Hindu law is the doctrine of blending and since	 prior to the declaration the family hotchpot in the instant case was empty	 there was nothing with which the Kathoke Lodge or its income could be blended and therefore	 the declaration is ineffective to convert that property into joint family property. Learned counsel for the appellant cited several decisions of the High Courts to controvert the Department 's contention. But apart from the merits of the point we ruled that the contention was not open to the Department. The statement of case framed by the Tribunal shows that such a contention was not raised before the Tribunal. The Commissioner of Income tax himself asked for the reference of a question to the High 174 Court for its opinion. That question concerns the point whether having regard to the conduct of the appellant his self acquired property could be said to be impressed with the character of joint family property. The question did not cover the contention raised before us on behalf of the Department. But above all	 though an argument was raised in the High Court on behalf of the Department that for the operation of the doctrine of blending it was essential that there should exist not only a coparcenary but also a coparcenary property	 learned counsel who appeared for the Department in the High Court "did not	 after some discussion	 press that there should necessarily be coparcenary property. " This was not a concession on a question of law in the sense as to what the true legal position was. What the Department 's counsel stated in the High Court was that he did not want to press the particular point. In our opinion	 it is not open to the Department to take before us a contention which in the first place does not arise out of the reference and which the Department 's counsel in the High Court raised but did not press. Having examined the true nature of an undivided family under the Hindu law and in view of the findings of the Tribunal and the High Court on the second aspect	 two points emerge clear : Firstly that the appellant constituted a Hindu undivided family with his wife and unmarried daughter and secondly that Kathoke Lodge which was the appellant 's separate property was thrown by him in the family hotchpot. It remains now to consider whether the income of Kathoke Lodge must be assessed in the hands of the appellant as an individual or whether it can be assessed in his status as manager of the Hindu undivided family. Since the conclusion reached by the High Court that the income of Kathoke Lodge cannot be assessed in the appellant 's status as a manager of the Hindu undivided family is based wholly on the decision in Kalyanji 's case and since that decision also loomed large in the arguments before us	 it is necessary to examine it closely. The relevant facts of that case are these : One Sicka had two sons	 Moolji and Purshottom. From his first wife	 Moolji had two sons	 Kanji and Sewdas both of whom were married but neither of whom had a son. From his second wife	 Moolji had a son Mohan Das. Kanji had a wife and a daughter while Sewdas had a wife but no issue. Moolji	 Kanji and Sewdas separated from one another in about 1919. In the same year Moolji made gifts of capital to Kanji and Sewdas. Moolji continued to live jointly with his second wife and the son Mohan Das born of her. Purshottom had a wife	 a son and a daughter. There was another family of which the head was one Vithaldas. He had three sons	 Kalyanji	 Chaturbhuj and Champsi. Kalyanji had a wife	 three sons and a daughter while Chaturbhuj had a wife and daughters. Moolji and Purshottom	 the two sons of Sicka	 who had already separated from each other started in 1912 a business called Moolji Sicka and Company in partnership with Kalyanji	 the son of Vithaldas. 175 The three partners employed their self acquired properties for the purpose of that business. In course of time	 Moolji 's sons Kanji and Sewdas	 and Vithaldas ' sons Chaturbhuj and Champsi were taken into the partnership with the result that by 1930 the partnership came to consist of seven partners : Moolji	 his sons Kanji and Sewdas; Moolji 's brother Purshottom; and Vithaldas 's sons Kalyanji	 Chaturbhuj and Champsi. The interest of Kanji and Sewdas in the firm was a gift from their father Moolji and that of Chaturbhuj a gift from his brother Kalyanji. Those of the partners whose interest in the firm was separate property were not shown to have thrown that property or the receipts therefrom into the common stock. The Privy Council had six appeals before it which were filed by the partners of the firm except Chapsi. The appeals related to the assessment year 1931 32. The controversy was whether the partners should each be assessed to super tax upon his share of the profits as an individual or whether the six shares should each be assessed as income of a Hindu undivided family. Three partners out of the six	 namely	 Moolji	 Purshotom and Kalyanji	 were each members of a Hindu undivided family. Each of these three partners had a son or sons from whom he was not divided. But the income which these partners received from the firm was their separate and self acquired property. Since the income was not thrown into the common stock	 the Privy Council held that it could not be regarded as the income of the respective joint families. The fourth partner Chaturbhuj had no son. His interest in the firm was obtained from his brother Kalyanji and therefore the income which he received from his share in the profits of the firm was a self acquired and not ancestral property. The Privy Council observed that even if Chaturbhuj were to have a son	 that son would have taken by birth no interest in the income which fell to Chaturbhuj 's share and therefore the income was assessable in the hands of Chaturbhuj as his separate income and not that of the joint Hindu family. According to the Privy Council	 in none of the cases of these four partners was the result affected by the fact that any partner had a wife and a daughter or a wife and more than one daughter. If the mere existence of a son did not make a father 's self acquired property joint family property	 it was untenable that the existence of a wife or a daughter could do so. In the case of the remaining two partners	 Kanji and Sewdas	 their interest in the firm was obtained under a gift from their father. The Privy Council assumed	 without deciding the question	 that such an interest was ancestral property in the hands of the sons so that if either Kanji or Sewdas had a son	 the son would have taken interest in the property by birth. But neither Kanji nor Sewdas had a son. Kanji 's family consisted of himself	 his wife and daughter while Sewdas 's family consisted of himself and his wife. The Privy Council held that the wife and daughter may be entitled to be maintained out of a person 's separate as well as joint family property but the mere existence of a wife or daughter did not make ancestral property joint. 176 The crucial facts in Kalyanji 's case on which the ultimate decision rested are these : (i) In regard to three partners	 Moolji	 Purshottom and Kalyanji	 though each of them was the head of his joint family which included in every case a son or sons	 the income which each received from the firm was his separate and self acquired property which was not thrown into the common stock. (ii) In regard to Chaturbhuj	 though he had no son	 that fact was irrelevant because his interest in the firm was his self acquired or separate property in which the son could have taken no interest by birth. (iii) And in regard to Kanji and Sewdas	 even if their interest in the firm was assumed to be ancestral property	 the income which they received from the firm was their separate property as neither of them had a son who could take interest in the ancestral property by birth. The appeals of the six partners before the Privy Council fall into two classes. Those of Moolji	 Purshottom	 Kalyanji and Chaturbhuj fall in one class while those of Kanji and Sewdas fall in another class. There is a point of distinction between the cases of the four partners falling within the first class on one hand and that of the appellant on the other. But the point of distinction is not that Moolji	 Purshottom and Kalyanji had a son or sons and the appellant has none	 because though the three partners were heads of their respective joint families which included in every case a son or sons	 the income which each received from the firm was his separate and self acquired property which was not thrown into the common stock. The mere existence of a son or sons in a joint Hindu family does not make the father 's separate or self acquired property joint family property. Though Chaturbhuj had no son that fact would not by itself bring his case on par with the appellant 's because Chaturbhuj 's interest in the firm was his separate property which also was not thrown in the common stock. If the mere fact that Moolji	 Purshottom and Kalyanji had each a son or sons did not make their separate property joint family property	 the mere existence of a wife or daughter could not bring about that result in Chaturbhuj 's case. As contrasted with the cases of these four partners	 Kathoke Lodge which was once the separate property of the appellant was thrown by him in the common stock	 which raises the question whether that circumstance is sufficient to justify the assessment of the income from that property in the appellant 's status as the manager of the joint family. On this point the cases of Kanji and Sewdas furnish a near parallel. They did not have to throw their interest in the firm in the common stock because that interest was	 on assumption	 their ancestral property. But even though the property was ancestral	 the income which they received from it was treated as their separate property as neither of them had a son who could take interest in the ancestral property by birth. Applying that analogy	 even if Kathoke Lodge were to be an ancestral asset	 its income would still have to be treated as the appellant 's separate property as he has no son who could take interest in that property by birth. On this reasoning	 the effect of the appellant throwing Kathoke Lodge into the family hotchpot could not be more telling than if that property was his ancestral property. 177 But then it is urged by the learned counsel for the appellant that the Privy Council was in error in its decision on the nature of income received by Kanji and Sewdas from what was assumed to be ancestral property and therefore the decision on that aspect of the matter ought not to be followed in determining the true nature of the income received by the appellant from Kathoke Lodge. This submission is founded on the disapproval by this Court of certain observations made by the Privy Council in Kalyanji 's case. The Privy Council	 in its judgment in Kalyanji 's case	 referred in passing to "Laxminarayan 's case" and observed that "The Bombay High Court on the other hand	 in Lakshminarayan 's case having held that the assessee his wife and mother were a Hindi undivided family	 arrived too readily at the conclusion that the income was the income of the family". The decision of the Bombay High Court which the Privy Council had in mind is Commissioner of Income tax	 Bombay vs Gomedalli Lakshminarayan There is a fundamental distinction between Lakshminarayan 's case and Kalyanji 's case which	 with respect the Privy Council failed to notice. In Lakshminarayan 's case the joint Hindu family consisted of a father	 his wife	 their son and the son 's wife. The property of the joint family was ancestral in the hands of the father and the son 's had acquired by birth an interest therein. (See the Judgment of Rangnekar J. at p. 369). There was a subsisting undivided family during the father 's life time and that undivided family did not come to an end on the father 's death. The same undivided family continued after the death of the father	 with the son	 his mother and his wife as its members. The effect of the father 's death was merely this that the son	 instead of the father	 became the manager of the joint family. The income from ancestral property was the income of the joint family during the father 's life time and after his death it continued to be the income of the self same joint family. The only change that had come about was that one link in the chain was snapped by death. But the death of a member of a joint Hindu family does not ordinarily disrupt the joint family. The Bombay High Court therefore held that the income of the ancestral property should be assessed in the son 's status as a manager of the undivided family and not in his individual capacity. When Lakshminarayan 's case came up before the Privy Council in appeal(1)	 it regarded itself as bound by the interpretation put in Kalyanji 's case on the expression "Hindu undivided family" as employed in section 55 of the Indian Income tax Act and observed that the facts of the case were not materially different from the facts of Kalyanji 's case. The Privy Council therefore answered the question by holding that "the income received by right of survivorship by the sole surviving male member of a Hindu undivided family can be taxed in the hands of such male member as his own individual income for the purposes of assessment to super tax under Sec. 55 of the Indian Income Tax Act	 1922". The decision of the Privy Council in Lakshminarayan 's case and the observations made by it in Kalyanji 's case regarding the view taken 178 by the Bombay High Court in Lakshminarayan 's case were expressly disapproved by this Court at least in two cases. In Gowli Buddanna 's case(1)	 after discussing the decisions in Kalyanji 's case and Lakshminarayan 's case this Court observed : "It may however be recalled that in Kalyanji Vithaldas 's case income assessed to tax belonged separately to four out of six partners; of the remaining two it was from an ancestral source but the fact that each such partner had a wife or daughter did not make that income from an ancestral source income of the undivided family of the partner	 his wife and daughter. In Gomedalli Lakshminarayan 's case the property from which income accrued belonged to a Hindu undivided family and the effect of the death of the father who was a manager was merely to invest the rights of a manager upon the son. The income from the property was and continued to remain the income of the undivided family. This distinction which had a vital bearing on the issue falling to be determined was not given effect to by the Judicial Committee in A. P. Swamy Gomedalli 's case. " In Narendranath 's(2) case too this Court disapproved of the Privy Council decision in Lakshminarayan 's case and pointed out that the Privy Council had failed to notice the distinction between the facts of Kalyanji 's case and those of Lakshminarayan 's case in observing that the Bombay High Court "arrived too readily at the conclusion that the income was the income of the family". The appellant 's counsel is thus right in his submission that the observations made by the Privy Council in Kalyanji 's case as regards the correctness of the Bombay view in Lakshminarayan 's case is not good law. In fact	 the decision of the Privy Council in appeal from the judgment of the Bombay High Court in Lakshminarayan 's case has itself been disapproved by this Court. But that does not affect the correctness of the Privy Council decision in Kalyanji 's case itself as regards the nature of the income received by the six partners from the firm. That part of the judgment in Kalyanji 's case has never been doubted and is open to no exception. For the matter of that	 the error of the Privy Council 's decision in Lakshminarayan 's case consisted in overlooking the factual distinction between that case and Kalyanji 's case	 as a result of which the ratio of Kalyanji 's case came to be wrongly applied to Lakshminarayan 's case. The ratio of Kalyanji 's case would therefore apply to the instant case	 the parallel being furnished by the cases of Kanji and Sewdas. But a word of explanation is necessary in the interests of clarity. The reason why the cases of Kanji and Sewdas furnish a close parallel is the very reason for which their cases were held by this Court to be distinguishable from Lakshminarayan 's case. In Lakshminarayan 's case the property was ancestral in the hands of the father	 the son had acquired an interest by birth therein	 there was a subsisting Hindu un 179 divided family during the life time of the father and since that family did not come to an end on the death of the father	 the Bombay High Court had rightly held that the income continued to be income of the joint family and was liable to super tax as such income. In regard to Moolji	 Purshottom	 Kalyanji and Chaturbhuj no such question arose as their interest in the firm was their separate property which was not thrown into the common stock. As regards Kanji and Sewdas	 they were divided from their father Moolji at least since 1919 in which year Moolji made gifts of capital to them. Kanji joined the firm in 1919 and Sewdas in 1930. The assessment year in reference to which the dispute arose was 1931 32. Thus the gifted property of which the income was to be charged to super tax was not the ancestral or joint family property of a subsisting Hindu undivided family consisting of Moolji	 Kanji and Sewdas. Were it so	 the case would have fallen within the ratio of the judgment of the Bombay High Court in Lakshminarayan 's case. As in the cases of Kanji and Sewdas	 so here	 the property of which the income is to be brought to tax was not the joint family property of a subsisting Hindu undivided family which had devolved on a sole surviving coparcener. In that latter class of cases the view has been consistently taken	 except for the decision of the Privy Council in Lakshminarayan 's case	 that property of a joint family does not cease to belong to the family merely because the family is represented by a single coparcener who possesses rights which an owner of property may possess. The decision of the Privy Council in Attorney General of Ceylon vs A. R. Arunachalam Chettiar and Others(1)	 the decisions of this Court in the cases of Gowli Buddanna and Narendranath and the decision of the Bombay High Court in Lakshminarayan 's case fall within that class and are not to be confused with cases like the one on hand	 which fall within the rule in Kalyanji 's case. In Arunachalam Chettiar 's case	 a father and son constituted a joint Hindu family along with females including the widow of a pre deceased son. On the death of the son in 1934 the father became the sole surviving coparcener. By a Ceylonese Ordinance	 property passing on the death of a member of a Hindu undivided family was exempt from payment of Estate Duty. On the death of the father a question arose whether	 in view of the ordinance	 his estate was liable to Estate Duty. The Privy Council held that the father was at his death a member of a Hindu undivided family	 the same undivided family of which his son	 when alive was a member	 and of which the continuity was preserved after the father 's death by adoptions made by the widows who were members of the family. In Gowli Buddanna 's case	 there was a subsisting Hindu undivided family between a father	 his wife	 two unmarried daughters and an adopted son. In respect of the income from dealings of the family	 the father was assessed during his life time in the status of a manager of the Hindu undivided family. After the death of the father the adopted son contended that he should be assessed as an individual. This contention was rejected uniformly at all stages. After examining various authorities including Kalyanji 's case	 Lakshminaryan 's case and Arunachalam 's case	 this Court held that property which belongs to a Hindu undivided family does not cease to belong 180 to it because of the temporary reduction of the coparcenary unit to a single individual	 who possesses rights which an owner of property may possess. A similar view was taken by this Court in Narendranath 's case which raised a question under the Wealth Tax Act. Narendranath 's family consisted	 at the material time	 of his wife and two minor daughters. Since the wealth returned consisted of ancestral property received by him on partition with his father and brothers	 it was held by this Court that his status was that of a Hindu undivided family and not that of an individual. While dealing with the question whether the assets which came to Narendranath 's share on partition ceased to bear the character of joint family properties and became his individual property	 this Court observed : "In this connection	 a distinction must be drawn between two classes of cases where an assessee is sought to be assessed in respect of ancestral property held by him : (1) where property not originally joint is received by the assessee and the question has to be asked whether it has acquired the character of a joint family property in the hands of the assessee and (2) where the property already impressed with the character of joint family property comes into the hands of the assessee as a single coparcener and the question required to be considered is whether it has retained the character of joint family property in the hands of the assessee or is converted into absolute property of the assessee." After referring to Kalyanji 's case and noticing the observation of the Judicial Committee that income from an ancestral source does not necessarily become the income of the undivided family consisting of a man	 his wife and daughter	 this Court held : "Different considerations would be applicable	 where property already impressed with the character of joint family property comes into the hands of a single coparcener. The question to be asked in such a case is whether the property retains the character of joint family property or whether it sheds the character of joint family property and becomes the absolute property of the single coparcener. " In the result the Court concluded that the case fell within the rule in Gowli Buddanna 's case. There are thus two classes of cases	 each requiring a different approach. In cases falling within the rule in Gowli Buddanna 's case	 the question to ask is whether property which belonged to a subsisting undivided family ceases to have that character merely because the family is represented by a sole surviving coparcener who possesses rights which an owner of property may possess. For the matter of that	 the same question has to be asked in cases where the family	 for the time being	 consists of widows of deceased coparceners as in Commissioner of Income tax	 Madras vs Rm. Veerappa Chettiar(1)	 so long as the property which was originally of the joint Hindu family 181 remains in the hands of the widows of the members of the family and is not divided amongst them. In cases falling within the rule in Kalyanji 's case	 the question to ask is whether property which did not belong to a subsisting undivided family has truly acquired the character of joint family property in the hands of the assessee. In this class of cases	 the composition of the family is a matter of great relevance for	 though a joint Hindu family may consist of a man	 his wife and daughter	 the mere existence of a wife and daughter will not justify the assessment of income from the joint family property in the status of the head as a manager of the joint family. The appellant 's case falls within the rule in Kalyanji 's case since the property	 before it came into his hands	 was not impressed with the character of joint family property. It is of great relevance that he has no son and his joint family consists	 for the time being	 of himself	 his wife and daughter. Once it is realised that there are two distinct classes of cases which require a different approach	 there would be no difficulty in understanding the implications of the apparently conflicting tests evolved as guides for deciding the two classes of cases. In Kalyanji 's case the Privy Council observed: "In an extra legal sense	 and even for some purposes of legal theory	 ancestral property may perhaps be described	 and usefully described	 as family property; but it does not follow that in the eye of the Hindu law it belongs save in certain circumstances	 to the family as distinct from the individual. By reason of its origin a man 's property may be liable to be divested wholly or in part on the happening of a particular event	 or may be answerable for particular obligations	 or may pass at his death in a particular way; but if	 in spite of all such facts	 his personal law regards him as the owner	 the property as his property and the income therefrom as his income	 it is chargeable to income tax as his	 i.e.	 as the income of an individual. In their Lordships ' view it would not be in consonance with ordinary notions or with a correct interpretation of the law of the Mitakshara	 to hold that property which a man has obtained from his father belongs to a Hindu undivided family by reason of having a wife and daughters. " On the other hand	 in Arunachalam 's case which falls within the rule in Gowli Buddanna 's case	 the Privy Council observed: "But though it may be correct to speak of him (the sole surviving coparcener) as the 'owner '	 yet it is still correct to describe that which he owns as the joint family property. For his ownership is such that upon the adoption of a son it assumes a different quality: it is such too	 that female members of the family (whose members may increase) have a right to maintenance out of it and in some circumstances to a charge for maintenance upon it. And these are incidents which arise	 notwithstanding his so called ownership	 just because the property has been and has not ceased to be 182 joint family property. it would not appear reasonable to impart to the legislature the intention to discriminate	 so long as the family itself subsists	 between property in the hands of a single coparcener and that in the hands of two or more coparceners. " Holding that it was an irrelevant consideration that a single coparcener could alienate the property in a manner not open to one of several coparceners	 the Privy Council said: "Let it be assumed that his power of alienation is unassailable: that means no more than that he has in the circumstances the power to alienate joint family property. That is what it is until he alienates it	 and	 if he does not alienate it	 that is what it remains. The fatal flaw in the argument of the appellant appeared to be that	 having labelled the surviving coparcener 'owner '	 he then attributed to his ownership such a congeries of rights that the property could no longer be called 'joint family property '. The family	 a body fluctuating in numbers and comprised of male and female members	 may equally well be said to be owners of the property	 but owners whose ownership is qualified by the powers of the coparceners. There is in fact nothing to be gained by the use of the word 'owner ' in this connection. It is only by analysing the nature of the rights of the members of the undivided family	 both those in being and those yet to be born	 that it can be determined whether the family property can properly be described as 'joint property ' of the undivided family. " These two sets of tests	 both evolved by the Privy Council govern two distinct sets of cases and there is no inconsistency between the two tests. The test evolved in Kalyanji 's case	 not in Arunachalam 's or Gowli Buddanna 's case	 has to be applied to the instant case. Kathoke Lodge was not an asset of a pre existing joint family of which the appellant was a member. It became an item of joint family property for the first time when the appellant threw what was his separate property into the family hotchpot. The appellant has no son. His wife and unmarried daughter were entitled to be maintained by him from out of the income of Kathoke Lodge while it was his separate property. Their rights in that property are not enlarged for the reason that the property was thrown into the family hotchpot. Not being coparceners of the appellant	 they have neither a right by birth in the property nor the right to demand its partition nor indeed the right to restrain the appellant from alienating the property for any purpose whatsoever. Their prior right to be maintained out of the income of Kathoke Lodge remains what it was even after the property was thrown into the family hotchpot: the right of maintenance	 neither more nor less. Thus	 Kathoke Lodge may be usefully described as the property of the family after it was thrown into the common stock but it does not follow that in the eye of Hindu Law it belongs to the family	 as it would have	 if the property were to devolve on the appellant as a sole surviving coparcener. 183 The property which the appellant has put into the common stock may change its legal incidents on the birth of a son but until that event happens the property	 in the eye of Hindu Law	 is really his. He can deal with it as a full owner	 unrestrained by considerations of legal necessity or benefit of the estate. He may sell it	 mortgage it or make a gift of it. Even a son born or adopted after the alienation shall have to take the family hotchpot as he finds it. A son born	 begotten or adopted after the alienation has no right to challenge the alienation. Since the personal law of the appellant regards him as the owner of Kathoke Lodge and the income therefrom as his income even after the property was thrown into the family hotchpot	 the income would be chargeable to income tax as his individual income and not that of the family. For these reasons	 we dismiss the appeal but there will be no order as to costs. P.H.P. Appeal dismissed.

The appellant Surjit Lal was the owner of an immovable property called "Kathoke Lodge". He used to derive rent income from the said property in addition to deriving income under other heads. In 1956	 he made a declaration throwing the said property into the family hotchpotch. The family consisted of himself his wife and an unmarried daughter. The appellant contended before the Income Tax Officer that the rent income derived from the said property should be assessed in the status of a Hindu Undivided Family. The Income Tax Officer held: 1. In the absence of a nucleus of joint family property there was nothing with which the appellant could mingle his separate property. There could not be a Hindu Undivided family without there being Undivided family property. An appeal filed before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner was dismissed but on the following grounds: (1) After the declaration the appellant was dealing with the income of the property in the same way as before and	 therefore	 the declaration was not acted upon. (2) Even assuming that the property was thrown into the common stock and was therefore joint family property	 the income from that property could still be taxed in the appellant 's hands as he was the sole male member of the family. The matter was further taken to the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal by the appellant. The Tribunal accepted the declaration as genuine and differed from the A.A.C. that it was not acted upon. The Tribunal however	 held that though the appellant had invested his separate property with the character of joint family property	 he being a sole surviving coparcener continued to have the same absolute and unrestricted interest in the property as before and	 therefore	 in law	 the property had to be treated as his separate property. Thereafter the Tribunal referred the question of law to the High Court. Before the High Court it was contended by the appellant that it is open to a male member of a joint Hindu Family to convert his self acquire property into joint family property by throwing it into the common hotchpotch	 and that it was not necessary that there should be an ancestral nucleus or that there should be more than one male in the joint family. On the other hand	 the department contended that it was contrary to the basic concept of a Hindu undivided family that a single male alongwith females could form a joint Hindu family and that it was necessary for the formation of a joint Hindu family that there should be more than one male entitled to claim partition of the joint family property. 165 The High Court did not go into the larger question and assumed for the purpose of argument that there need not be more than one male member for forming a joint Hindu family as a taxable unit. The High Court held that since the assessee had no son	 there was no undivided family. According to the High Court	 the case of the appellant fell within the ratio laid down by the Privy Council in Kalyanji 's case and that since under the personal law	 the right to the income remained as it was before the appellant made the declaration	 the income from Kathoke Lodge was liable to be assessed as the appellant 's individual income. Dismissing an appeal by Special Leave	 ^ HELD: (1) Even in the absence of an antecedent history of jointness	 the appellant could constitute a joint Hindu Family with his wife and unmarried daughter. True that the appellant could not constitute a coparcenary with his wife and unmarried daughter but under the Income Tax Act a Hindu undivided family	 not a coparcenary is taxable unit. A Hindu coparcenary is a much narrower body than the joint family. [170F	 171B] (2) The joint family with all its incidents	 is a creature of law and cannot be created by act of parties except to the extent to which a stranger may be affiliated to the family by adoption. The appellant	 however	 was not by contract seeking to introduce in his family strangers not bound to the family by the tie of a sapindaship. That it does not take more than one male to form a joint Hindu family with females	 is well established. [172A & G] (3) The contention of the Department that since prior to the declaration. the family hotchpotch in the instant case was empty and there was nothing with which the property or its income could be blended and therefore	 the declaration is ineffective to convert that property into joint family property was not raised before the Tribunal	 and the same was not pressed in the High Court. It was	 therefore	 not open to the department to take before this Court a contention which in the first place does not arise out of the reference and which the department 's counsel in the High Court raised but did not press. [173G H	 174A C] (4) The cases of Kanji and Sewdas in Kalyanji 's case furnish a near parallel to the present case. Though the property in their hands was assumed to be ancestral	 income which Kanji and Sewdas received from it was treated as their separate property	 as neither of them had a son who could take interest in the ancestral property by birth. Applying that analogy	 even if Kathoke lodge were to be an ancestral asset	 its income would still have to be treated as the appellant 's separate property as he had no son who could take interest in that property by birth. The ratio of Kalyanji 's case would	 therefore	 apply to the instant case. The reason why the case of Kanji and Sewdas furnished a close parallel is the very reason for which their cases were held by this Court to be distinguishable from Lakshmi Narain 's case. In Lakshmi Narain 's case the property was ancestral in the hands of the father	 the son had acquired an interest by birth therein there was a subsisting Hindu Undivided family during the lifetime of the father and since that family did not come to an end on the death of the father	 the Bombay High Court rightly held that the income continued to be the income of the joint family and was liable to be taxed as such. The property of a joint family does not cease to belong to the family merely because the family is represented by a single coparcener who possesses rights which an owner of property may possess. [176 D G	 177A	 178	 G H	 179A] (5) There are thus two classes of cases each requiring a different approach. In cases where the property belongs to a subsisting undivided family the property does not cease to have that character merely because the family is represented by a sole surviving coparcener who possesses rights which an owner of property may possess	 or for that matter even if the family for the time being consists only of widows of deceased coparceners. In cases where the property did not belong to a subsisting undivided family	 whether any property has acquired the 166 character of joint family property has acquired the character of joint family property in the hands of an assessee depends on the composition of the family. A joint Hindu family can consist of a man	 his wife and daughter but the mere existence of a wife or daughter will not justify the assessment of income from the joint family property in the status of the head as a manager of the joint family. Once it is realised that there are two distinct classes of cases which require a different approach there would be no difficulty in understanding the implications of the apparently conflicting tests evolved as guides for deciding the two classes of cases. Kathoke Lodge was not an asset of a pre existing joint family. It became an item of joint family property for the first time when the appellant threw what was his separate property into the family hotchpotch. The appellant had no son. His wife and unmarried daughter were entitled to be maintained by him from out of the income of Kathoke Lodge while it was his separate property. Their rights in that property are not enlarged for the reason that the property was thrown into the family hotchpotch. Not being co parceners of the appellant	 they have neither a right by birth in the property nor the right to demand partition nor indeed the right to restrain the appellant from alienating the property for any purpose whatsoever. The property which the appellant has put into the common stock may change its legal incidence on the birth of a son but until that event happens	 the property in the eyes of Hindu Law is really his. He can deal with it as a full owner	 unrestrained by considerations of legal necessity or benefit of the estate. He may sell it mortgage it or make a gift of it. Even a son born or adopted after the alienation shall have to take the family hotchpotch as he finds it. [180 G	 H	 181 A D	 182 E H	 183A] (7) Since the personal law of the appellant regards him as the owner of Kathoke lodge and the income therefrom as his income even after the property was thrown into the family hotchpotch	 the income would be chargeable to income tax as his individual income and not that of the family. [183B C]