Summarize the following court judgment. N: Criminal Appeal No. 243 of 1979. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 13 9 1978 of the Delhi High Court in Criminal Revision No. 271/78. U. R. Lalit	 R. Bana	 M. N. Shroff and Miss A. Subhashini for the Appellant. K.L. Arora	 R. section Sodhi and H. C. Gulati for Respondent No. 1. V. B. Ganatra	 I. N. Shroff and H. section Parihar for Respondent No. 3. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SEN J. In this appeal	 by special leave	 from the judgment of the Delhi High Court	 two questions arise which are one of very general importance. The first is	 in a case where the manufacturer of an article of food is a company	 which has nominated a person under sub so 1019 (2) of section 17 of the 	 as the person responsible	 whether the sales manager at one of its branches can be prosecuted for an offence punishable under s.16 (1) (a) read with s.7 (i) of the Act	 when the article of food sold at the branch is found to be adulterated within the meaning of s.2 (ia) of the Act. The second is	 whether after the introduction of the new s.17 by Act 34 of 1976	 when an offence is committed by a company	 which has nominated a person responsible under s.17 (2)	 it is not permissible to prosecute any other officer of the company not being nominated under subs. (2)	 unless there is allegation that the offence had been committed 'with the consent or connivance of	 or was attributable to	 any neglect on the part of such officer. Upon the first question the facts lie within the smallest possible compass. On June 23	 1977 the Delhi Administration filed a complaint under s.7 (i) read with s.16 (1) (a) and s.17 against (1) M/s. Ahmed Oomar Bhoy	 Ahmed Mills	 Bombay	 manufacturers of the well known 'postman ' brand or refined groundnut oil	 (2) their distributors M/s. Gainda Mull Hem Raj	 New Delhi	 a partnership firm	 and its managing Partner Mehar Chand Jain	 (3) M/s. Amar Provision & General Store	 Netaji Nagar Market	 New Delhi and its owner Amrik Lal	 the retailer	 (4) Y. A. Khan	 Manager Quality Control	 Ahmed Mills appointed by the manufacturers as the person responsible under section 17(2) of the Act	 and (5) the two Sales Managers	 Delhi Branch of M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy	 manufacturers	 I. K. Nangia and Y. P. Bhasin. It was alleged that on August 31	 1976	 S.D. Sharma	 Food Inspector	 New Delhi Municipal Committee lifted a sample of 'Postman ' brand refined groundnut oil from M/s. Amar Provision & General Store	 which was sold/supplied to it by M/s. Gainda Mull Hem Raj on August 20	 1976	 and the same by the Public Analyst by his report dated September 9	 1976 was found to be adulterated due to the presence of 'castor oil ' (Not an edible oil). It was further alleged that this adulterated article of food was supplied/sold to M/s. Gainda Mull Hem Raj by M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy on August 20	 1976 through its Sales Managers at Delhi	 I. K. Nangia and Y. P. Bhasin. The Metropolitan Magistrate	 Delhi by his order dated April 1	 1978 found that there was a prima facie case against M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy	 the manufacturers of the 'Postman ' brand refined groundnut oil	 their distributors at Delhi M/s. Gainda Mull Hem Raj and M/s. Amar Provision Store	 the retailer	 as well as against Y. A. Khan	 the Quality Control Manager	 Ahmed Mills	 but declined to issue any 1020 process against the respondents I. K. Nangia and Y. P. Bhasin	 the two Sales Managers of M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy at Delhi observing that though they had effected the sale of the adulterated article of food 'they were not concerned with the manufacture of the article in question but had only effected the sale thereof '. He accordingly	 dismissed the complaint against them holding that their prosecution was misconceived. The Delhi Administration moved the High Court in revision but it declined to interfere. There can be no doubt that the order made by the learned Metropolitan Magistrate refusing to issue any process against the respondents is wholly unwarranted. It cannot be said that there is no material for presuming that these respondents had not committed an offence and	 therefore	 it was not open to the learned Metropolitan Magistrate to come to the conclusion that there was no basis for proceeding against them. The test as laid down by this Court in the State of Bihar vs Ramesh Singh is that at the initial stage	 if there is a strong suspicion which leads the Court to think that there is a ground for presuming that the accused has committed an offence	 then it is not open to the Court to say that there was no sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused. In the instant case	 the allegations in the complaint constitute a prima facie case against the respondents of having committed an offence under s.7 (i) read with s.16 (1) (a) of the Act. In the complaint	 the material allegations are as follows: "6. That the adulterated article of food was supplied/ sold to M/s. Gainda Mull Hem Raj on 20 8 76 by M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy through its sales managers at Delhi I. K. Nangia and Y. P. Bhasin. That accused Y. A. Khan is the Quality Control Manager of accused No. 5 and accused I. K. Nangia and Y. P. Bhasin are the Sales Managers (Local Branch) of accused No. 5 and were incharge of and responsible to it for the conduct of its business at the time of commission of offences by accused No. 5. " The words "were incharge of" and "responsible to it for the conduct of its business" are wide enough to include all the business activities of M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy at Delhi. It is a common ground that they have a Delhi Office at 2 A/3	 Asaf Ali Road	 New Delhi	 and 1021 that the two respondents I.K. Nangia and Y. P. Bhasin are the Sales Managers. The complaint makes a specific allegation that the respondents were incharge of and were responsible to their employers for the conduct of their business at Delhi. section D. Sharma	 Food Inspector	 PW 1 has stated during the enquiry under section 202 of the Code of Criminal Procedure that the adulterated article of food in question was sold by them to the distributors M/s. Gainda Mull Hem Raj vide bill No. 62 dated August 20	 1976. Further	 he goes on to	 say	 that they were incharge of and responsible to M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy for the conduct of their business in Delhi at that time. Now	 the person actually effecting the sale of an adulterated article of food is directly liable under s.7 (i) of the Act	 which reads: "7. No person shall himself or by any person on his behalf manufacture for sale	 or store	 sell or distribute. (i) any adulterated food;" The manufactures M/s	 Ahmed Oomer Bhoy	 Bombay became liable because they were directly selling the adulterated article through their branch office at Delhi. The respondents I. K. Nangia and Y. P. Bhasin also became liable because of the words "by any person on his behalf" which include their agents and servants. That appears to be the true construction of the section. In view of this	 the learned Metropolitan Magistrate could not have dismissed the complaint against the respondents. It appears that M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy	 Bombay had appointed the accused Y. A. Khan	 Manager Quality Control	 Ahmed Mills to be the person responsible for the company under s.17 (2) on July 31	 1976. It is argued on the strength of section 17 (1) (a) (i) that the respondents could not	 therefore	 be prosecuted for the offence committed by M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy. This contention	 in our opinion	 needs only to be stated to be rejected. Not only does it involve attributing to the Legislature something which was never intended	 but it conflicts with the ordinary canons of constructions. The question turns upon a proper construction of the new section 17	 introduced by Act 34 of 1976	 which in so far as material reads: "17. (i) Where an offence under this Act has been committed by a company (a) (i) the person	 if any	 who has been nominated under sub section (2) to be in charge of	 and responsible to	 the 1022 company for the conduct of the business of the company (hereafter in this section referred to as the person responsible)	 or (ii) where no person has been so nominated	 every person who at the time the offence was committed was incharge of and was responsible to	 the company for the conduct of the business of the company; and (b) the company	 shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly: Provided that nothing contained in this sub section shall render any such person liable to any punishment provided in this Act if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge and that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence. (2) Any company may	 by order in writing	 authorise any of its directors or managers (such manager being employed mainly in a managerial or supervisory capacity) to exercise all such powers and take all such steps as may be necessary or expedient to prevent the commission by the company of any offence under this Act and may give notice to the Local (Health) Authority	 in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed	 that it has nominated such director or manager as the person responsible	 along with the written consent of such director or manager for being so nominated. Explanation. Where a company has different establishments	 or branches or different units in any establishment or branch	 different persons may be nominated under this sub section in relation to different establishments or branches or units and the person nominated in relation to any establishment	 branch or unit shall be deemed to be the person responsible in respect of such establishment	 branch or unit. (3) x x x x x x x (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing sub sections	 where an offence under this Act has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of	 or is 1023 attributable to	 any neglect on the part of	 any director	 manager	 secretary or other officer of the company	 [not being a person nominated under sub section (2)] such director	 manager	 secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly. " On the plain meaning of the section	 when an offence has been committed by a company	 where there is no nomination under section 17 (2)	 every person who at the time the offence was committed was in charge of and was responsible to the company for the conduct of the business	 is deemed to be guilt of the offence and is liable to be proceeded against and punished. Notwithstanding the nomination of a person under s.17 (2)	 any director	 manager	 secretary or other officer of the company [not being a person nominated under sub section (2)] can also be vicariously made liable if it is proved that the offence has been committed "with the consent or connivance of	 or is attributable to any neglect on the part of such person '. It is	 however	 strenuously urged that the company having nominated the accused Y. A. Khan	 Quality Control Manager	 Ahmed Mills to be the person responsible under s.17 (2)	 he is the only person liable to be proceeded against throughout the country and the prosecution of the respondents is wholly misconceived. Our attention has been drawn to the nomination form	 and it says that he shall be responsible for the company. We are afraid	 there is no substance in this contention. There is nothing in the document to show that the nomination is effective not only for the registered office of the company at Bombay but also for all its branches in different States. Such a construction would	 in our opinion	 render the Explanation to section 17 (2) wholly illusory. Where there is a large business organization with a widespread network of sales organisations throughout the country	 it ought to nominate different persons for different places or face the consequences set forth in s.17 (1) (a) (ii). The Explanation appended to s.17 (2) does	 in terms	 contemplate that where a company has different establishments or branches or different units in any establishment or branch	 it may nominate different persons in relation to different establishments or branches or units and the person so nominated in relation to any establishment or branch or unit shall be deemed to be the person responsible in respect of such establishment or branch or unit. The language of the Explanation shows a purpose and	 therefore	 a cons 1024 truction consistent with that purpose must reasonably be placed upon it. We are clear that the Explanation to section 17(2)	 although in terms permissive	 imposes duty upon such a company to nominate a person in relation to different establishments or branches or units. There can be no doubt that this implies the performance of a public duty	 as otherwise	 the scheme underlying the section would be unworkable. The case	 in our opinion	 comes with in the dictum of Lord Cairns in Julius vs Lord Bishop of Oxford: "There may be something in the nature of the thing empowered to be done	 something in the object for which it is to be done	 something	 in the conditions under which it is to be done	 something in the title of the persons for whose benefit the power is to be exercised	 which may couple the power with a duty	 and make it the duty of the person in whom the power is reposed to exercise that power when called upon to do so. " The Explanation lays down the mode in which the requirements of section 17 (2) should be complied with. Normally	 the word 'may ' implies what is optional	 but for the reasons stated	 it should in the context in which it appears	 mean 'must '. There is an element of compulsion. It is power coupled with a duty. In Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes	 11th Edn. at p. 231	 the principle is stated thus: "Statutes which authorise persons to do acts For the benefit of others	 or	 as it is sometimes said	 for the public good or the advancement of justice	 have often given rise to controversy when conferring the authority in terms simply enabling and not mandatory. In enacting that they "may" or "shall	 if they think fit"	 or	 "shall have power"	 or that "it shall be lawful" for them to do such acts	 a statute appears to use the language of mere permission	 but it has been so often decided as to have become an axiom that in such cases such expressions may have to say the least a compulsory force	 and so could seem to be modified by judicial exposition." (Emphasis supplied). Though the company is not a body or authority	 there is no reason why the same principle should not apply. It is thus wrong to suggest 1025 that the Explanation is only an enabling provision	 when its breach entails in the consequences indicated above. It is not left to one 's choice	 but the law makes it imperative. Admittedly	 M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy had not at the material time nominated any person	 in relation to their Delhi branch. The matter is	 therefore	 squarely covered by section 17 (1) (a) (ii). On the two questions formulated	 the answer is self evident. The individual liability of the sales manager is distinct and separate from the corporate liability of the manufacturer. In case of a 'company prosecution '	 the company along with its agent	 that is	 the person nominated under s.17 (2) as well as the sales manager can both be prosecuted under s.7 (i) read with s.16 (1) (a). Notwithstanding the nomination of a person responsible under section 17(2)	 there can also be prosecution of any director	 manager	 secretary or other officer of the company under section 17(4). But in such a case it is necessary for the prosecution to prove that the offence has been committed 'with the consent or connivance of	 or is attributable to	 any neglect on the part of such person '. The result	 therefore	 is that the order of the Metropolitan Magistrate is set aside and he is directed to issue summons to the respondents and proceed with the trial according to law. V.D.K. Appeal allowed.

On August 31	 1976	 the Food Inspector lifted a sample of 'Postman ' brand refined ground nut oil from M/s. Amar Provision & General Stores	 which was sold/supplied to it by M/s. Gainda Mull Hem Raj on August 20	 1976 and the same was found	 as per the Public Analyst 's report dated September 9	 1976	 to be adulterated due to the presence of Castoroil (not an edible oil). This adulterated article of food was supplied/sold to Gainda Mull Hemraj by M/s. Ahmad Oomer Bhoy through its sales managers at Delhi	 T. K. Nangia and Y. P. Bhasin. On June 23	 1977	 the Delhi Administration filed a complaint under section 7(1) read with Section 16(1)(a) and Section 17 against (i) M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy Ahmed Mills	 Bombay manufacturers of well known brand Postman groundnut oil (ii) their distributors M/s. Gainda Mull Hemraj	 New Delhi	 a partnership firm	 and its managing Partner Meher Chand Jain (iii) M/s. Amar Provision and General Stores	 Netajinagar Market	 New Delhi and its owner Amrik Lal	 the retailer (iv) Y. A. Khan	 Manager	 Quality Control	 Ahmed Mills appointed by the manufacturers as the person responsible under section 17(2) of the Act	 and (v) The two sales managers	 Delhi Branch of M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy	 manufacturers	 I.K. Nangia and Y. P. Bhasin. The Metropolitan Magistrate	 Delhi by his order dated April 1	 1978 found that there was a prima facie case against all except the two sales managers and issued process accordingly. He dismissed the complaint against the respondents on the ground "that they were not concerned with the manufacturer of the article in question	 but had only effected the sale thereof". The Delhi Administration moved the High Court in revision against dismissal	 but it declined to interfere. 1017 Allowing the appeal by special leave the Court	 ^ HELD: 1. At the initial stage	 if there is strong suspicion which leads the Court to think that there is a ground for presuming that the accused had committed an offence	 then it is not open to the Court to say that there was no sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused. [1020 C D] In the instant case	 the allegations in the complaint constitute a prima facie	 case against the respondents of having committed an offence under section 7(1) read with section 16(1)(a) of the . The words "were in charge of" and "responsible to it for the conduct of its business" are wide enough to include all the business activities of M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy at Delhi who have their office at Delhi and the two respondents are the sales Managers. [1020 E	 G H	 1021 A] State of Bihar vs Ramesh Singh	 ; ; applied. The person actually effecting the sale of an adulterated article of food is directly liable under section 7(i) of the Act. The manufacturers M/s. Ahmed Oomer Bhoy	 Bombay became liable because they were directly selling the adulterated article through their branch office at Delhi. The respondents I. K. Nangia and Y. P. Bhasin also became liable because of the words "by any person on his behalf" in Section 7 which includes their agents and servants. In view of this	 the learned Metropolitan Magistrate should not have dismissed the complaint against the respondents. [1021 C F] 3. On the plain meaning of the new section 17	 introduced by Act 34 of 1976	 when an offence has been committed by a company	 where there is no nomination under s 17(2)	 every person who at the time the offence was committed was in charge of and was responsible to the company for the conduct of the business	 is deemed to be guilty of the offence and is liable to be proceeded against and punished. Notwithstanding the nomination of a person under section 17(2)	 any director	 manager	 secretary or other officer of the company [not being a person nominated under sub section (2)] can also be vicariously made liable if it is proved that the offence has been committed "with the consent or connivance of	 or is attributable to any neglect on the part of such person". [1023 B D] 4. To construe section 17(2) of the Act to mean that the only person liable to be proceeded is the named/nominated person under section 17(2) would render the Explanation to Section 17(2) wholly illusory. [1023 E F] 5. Where there is a large business organisation	 with a widespread network of sales organisation throughout the country	 it ought to nominate different persons for different places or face the consequences set forth in section 17(1)(a)(ii). The Explanation appended to section 17(2) does	 in terms	 contemplate that where a company has different establishments or branches or different units in any establishment or branch	 it may nominate different persons in relation to different establishments or branches or units and the person so nominated in relation to any establishment or branch or unit shall be deemed to be the person responsible in respect of such establishment or branch or unit. The language of the Explanation shows a purpose and	 therefore	 a construction consistent with that purpose must reasonably be placed upon it. [1024 F H	 1025 A] 1018 The Explanation to section 17(2)	 although in terms permissive imposes a duty upon such a company to nominate a person in relation to different establishments or branches or units. There can be no doubt that this implies the performance of a public duty	 as otherwise	 the scheme underlying the section would be unworkable. [1024 A D] The Explanation lays down the mode in which the requirements of section 17(2) should be complied with. Normally	 the word 'may implies what is optional	 but for the reasons stated	 it should in the context in which it appears. mean 'must '. There is an element of compulsion. It is a power coupled with a duty. Though the company is not a body or authority	 there is no reason why the same principle should not apply. It is thus wrong to suggest that the Explanation is only an enabling provision	 when its breach entails in the consequences indicated above. It is not left to one 's choice	 but the law makes it imperative. Admittedly	 M/s. Anand Oomer Bhoy had not at the material time nominated any person	 in relation to their Delhi branch. The matter is	 therefore	 squarely conversed by section 17(1)(a)(ii). [1024D E	 H	 1025 A] Julias vs Lord Bishop of Oxford	 ; quoted with approval. The individual liability of the sales manager is distinct and separate from the corporate liability of the manufacturer. In case of a 'company prosecution '	 the company alongwith its agent	 that is	 the person nominated under section 17(2) as well as the sales manager can both be prosecuted under section 7(i) read with section 16(1) (a). Notwithstanding the nomination of a person responsible under section 17(2)	 there can also be prosecution of any director	 manager	 secretary	 or other officer of the company under section 17(4). But in such a case it is necessary for the prosecution to prove that the offence has been committed 'with the consent or connivance of	 or is attributable to	 any neglect on the part of such person '. [1025 B D]