Summarize the following court judgment. : Criminal Appeal No. 316 of 1971. (Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 17th September	 1971 of the Patna High Court in Criminal Revision No. 2488 of 1971) and Criminal Appeal No. 317 of 1971. (Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 7th October	 1971 of the Patna High Court in Criminal Revision No. 1491 of 1971.) D. Goburdhan and D.P. Sharma for the appellants in both the appeals. S.C. Agrawala and V.J. Francis for respondents in both the appeals. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SHINGHAL	 J. The point for consideration in these appeals by special leave is whether affidavits	 sworn or affirmed before magistrates who are not in seisin of the case under section 145 of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 hereinafter referred to as the Code	 could be read in evi dence under that section ? The High Court has held such affidavits to be inadmissible in evidence	 in its impugned judgments dated September 17	 1971 and October 7	 1971	 and that is why the present appeals by special leave have arisen at the instance of the aggrieved parties. It is not in controversy that in the absence of any specific provision to the contrary in the Code	 the affida vits have to be Sworn or affirmed in accordance with the provisions of the Oaths Act	 1873. It is also not in con troversy that the Oaths Act of 1969 has no application to the controversy. Sub section (1) of section 145 of the Code provides	 inter alia	 that the Magistrate making an order under it shall require the parties concerned in the dispute to attend his court in person or by pleader and to put in such docu ments	 or to adduce	 "by putting in affidavits	 the evidence of such persons" as they rely upon in support of their claims. The affidavits contemplated by the sub section are therefore evidence for purposes of the proceedings before the Magistrate concerned even though the Evidence Act does not apply to them by virtue of the express provision of section 1 of that Act. Chapter XLVI of the Code deals with miscellaneous mat ters including the affidavits referred to in sections 539	 539 A and 539 AA. Section 539 deals with courts and persons before whom affidavits and affirmations to be used before any High Court or any officer of such Court may be sworn and affirmed. Section 539 A relates to 176 affidavits in proof of conduct of public servants	 while section 539 AA relates to the authorities before whom affi davits to be used under section 510A or 539 A may be sworn or affirmed. An affidavit under section 145 is not however of a formal character because it is meant to prove or dis prove the competing claim of the parties as respects the fact of actual possession of the subject or dispute. There is thus no provision in the Code specifying the courts or persons before whom the affidavits referred to in section 145 have to be sworn and affirmed. This has therefore to be done according to the general provisions relating to affidavits. The definition of "affidavit" in section 3(3) of the (Act X of 1897) only states that it shall include affirmation and declaration in the case of persons by law allowed to affirm or declare instead of swearing. But it is an essential characteristic of an affidavit that it should be made on oath or affirmation before a person having authority to administer the oath or affirmation It is here that section 4 of the Oaths Act comes into operation which provides as follows: "4. The following Courts and persons are authorised to administer by themselves or by an officer empowered by them in this behalf	 oaths and affirmations in discharge of the duties or in exercise of the powers imposed or conferred upon them respectively by law : (a) all Courts and persons having by law or consent of parties authority to receive evidence;" Then follow clause (b) and a proviso	 with which we are not concerned. It is therefore clear that all courts and persons having by law or consent of parties authority to receive evidence are authorised to administer oaths and affirmations	 but they can do so only where they are otherwise acting" in the discharge of the duties or in exercise of the powers imposed or conferred upon them respectively by law." So the court or person mentioned in clause (a) of section 4 of the Oaths Act can administer oath or affirmation to the deponent in an affidavit only if the	 court or person in acting in the "discharge of the duties or in exercise of the powers im posed or conferred upon them respectively by law." In the present cases	 the Magistrates concerned with the proceeding under section 145 of the Code were discharging the duties imposed and exercising the powers conferred by the Code	 and they alone could administer the oaths and affirmations to the persons who made the affidavits	 and not the magistrates who were not discharging any such duty or exercising any such power. As the affidavits in the cases before us were admittedly not sworn or affirmed before Magistrates who were dealing with the disputes under section 145 of the Code	 they were not proper affidavits and did not constitute evidence for purpose of section 145. A similar view 177 has been taken in Nandial Ghost vs Emperor(1)	 Hemdan vs State Rajasthan and others(2)	 Govind vs State and oth ers(3)	 Krishna Chandra Naik vs Sk. Makbul and others(4) Mahesh Thakur and others vs Lakshman Prasad Thakur and another(5) and State Madhya Pradesh vs Triveni Prasad(6) on which reliance has been placed by counsel for the respond ents. We have gone through Ahmad Din vs Abdul Selem	(7) which has been cited with approval in Shambhu Nath Chopra vs State	(8) on which reliance. has been placed by counsel for the appellants. We find however that in Ahmad Din 's case (supra) the Punjab High Court did not take proper notice of the requirement of section 4 of the Oaths Act that the courts and persons mentioned in clause (a) could administer oaths only "in discharge of the duties or in exercise of the powers imposed or conferred upon them respectively by law. " We have also examined the reasoning in Shambhu Nath Chopra 's case (supra)	 but the Delhi High Court there went wrong in holding that the evidence on affidavits referred to in section 145 of the Code was of a formal character within the meaning of section 510A so as to attract section 539 AA. At the High Court has rightly held in the two impugned judgments that the affidavits were inadmissible in evidence as they were sworn before Magistrates who were never in seisin of the case	 we find no force in these appeals and they are hereby dismissed. P.H	P. Appeals dis missed. (1) A.I.R. 1944 Cal. (2) A.1.R. (3) A.I.R. 1969 All. (4) A.I.R. 1970 Orissa 209. (5) (1971) 19 Bihar	 Law Journal 727. (6) [1971] XVI M.P.L. J. 1059a (7) A.I.R. (8) A.I.R. 1970 Delhi 210. 13 1:158SCI/77 178 STATE OF KERALA vs M.T. JOSEPH November 25	 1976 [A. N. RAY	 C.J.	 M.H. BEG AND JASWANT SINGH	 JJ.] Kerala Land Reforms Act 1963 Kerala Government Land Assignment Act 1960 Sec. 8 Whether after a person ac quires title to Government land any further restrictions can be imposed. The Government of Travancore sanctioned a scheme for the reclamation of the Vimbana Lake upon terms and conditions contained in at document dated 4 10 1963. The document provided that one Joseph his father on payment of Rs. 10 '/ per acre which was to. be recovered in 10 equal instalments would be given possession of certain tracts of land which they undertook to reclaim. The said agreement was modified by an order dated 12 2 1941 and a fresh agreement was exe cuted in July 1941. The said agreement provided that till tie remittances of all amounts due to the Government by way of land value are paid the executant shall have no right of alienation in respect of the property in question and that till then the property shall remain with the Government as sole owner. It further provided that	 until the entire land value is paid by the executant and until the assignment of the land and issue of Patta is completed	 the executant undertook not to do any act which might reduce the value of tie property. Joseph complied with the conditions laid down in the agreement and ;acquired full ownership rights by fulfilling the said terms. In 1957	 Joseph executed a deed of settlement of this land. Thereafter Kerala Land Reforms Act of 1963 was passed so that the State Land Board started proceedings for the surrender of the land. The question before the Land Board was whether the whole land should be treated as a single unit belonging to Joseph or whether it may be divided and treated as separate units of persons in whose favour Joseph made the settlement. If the children of Joseph had acquired rights under the settlement each of them could be treated as entitled to compensation for a separate unit. The State relied on section 8 of the Kerala Government Land Assignment Act 1960 which pro vides that all provisions	 restrictions conditions and limitations contained ha any Patta or other document evi dencing an assignment of Government land shall be valid and take effect according to their tenure	 any rule of law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding. Dismissing the appeal	 HELD: Tie terms in the 1941 agreement operated as a restraint upon the alientation of the rights only so long as all the amounts due to the Government by way of land revenue were not paid up. Since	 in the present case the entire amount had been paid by 10 yearly instalments before the year 1957 and since the Government had effected the mutation in its record acting upon the settlement of 1957 in favour of the children of Joseph	 it could not be said that there was any patta or other documents containing any condition to which section 8 of the Act applied. The chil dren derived rights under the deed of settlement and there fore	 each of them is entitled to compensation for a sepa rate unit. [180 C E] CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 587 696 & 598 600 of 1976. (Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgment and order dated 13th of July 1975 of the Kerala High Court in CRP Nos. 1188	 1227	 1250	 1272. 1278	 1279. 	 1284 1287	 1309	 1312 and 1386/73). 179 M.M. Abdul Khader	 Adv. and K.M.K. Nair	 for the Appellants. T.S. Krishnamoorthy Iyer and P.K. Pillai	 for RR. ex cepting R. 8 in CA 587/76. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BEG	 J. These appeals by special leave raise the ques tion whether the Kerala High Court had correctly interpreted and applied Section 8 of the Kerala Govt. Land AsSignment Act	 1960 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act ') to the cases before us. This provision reads as follows: "8. All provisions	 restrictions	 conditions and limitations over	 contained in any Patta or other document evidencing an assignment of Government land shah be valid and take effect according to their tenor	 any rule of law of usage to the contrary notwithstanding". The facts upon which the provision was sought to be applied are these: On 23 October	 1939	 the Government of Travancore sanctioned a. scheme for the reclamation of the Vimbang Lake upon terms and conditions which were set forth in a document dated 4 October	 1939. The agreement provided that one M. T. Joseph and his father	 on payment of Rs. 10/ per acre	 which were to be recovered in ten equal instal ments	 would be given possession of certain tracts of land which they undertook to reclaim. For the first two years after what is called the "Registry" of the names of the two lessees no tax was to be levied. The "Registry" was liable to be cancelled if adequate progress was not made within these two years. It appears that the agreement was modified by an order dated 12 February	 1941 and a fresh agreement was executed in July 1941 by M.T. Joseph (now dead) who entered into possession of Keyal land	 constructed the ring bunds at considerable expense	 and brought the very large tracts of and to be reclaimed under paddy cultivation. In June 1957	 M.T. Joseph executed a deed of settlement of all this land	 after he had acquired full ownership rights by fulfilling the terms of the agreement. The Act which is sought to be now applied was then passed. After that	 the Kerala Land Reforms Act of 1963. was passed so that the	 "State Land Board" started proceedings for the surrender of these lands in accordance with the provisions of the Land Reforms Act. The only question now before us is whether	 by an appli cation of section 8 of the Act	 the whole land is to be treated as a single unit belonging to M.T. Joseph (since dead)	 on the dispositions made by M.T. Joseph	 under the deed of settlement executed by him on 15th June	 1957	 distributing the land among his children	 resulted in sepa rate units for the purposes of compensation for the land surrendered. If the children had acquired right under the deed of settlement each of them could be treated as entitled to compensation for a separate unit. If the deed was of no effect	 the mere fact that the children were in possession	 under an authority from their father could not change the ' ownership of the land in the constructive possession of the father. We have been taken through the deed of agreement of July	 1941	 with the Government. which contains the follow ing term	 the effect of which has to be determined: 180 "Till the remittance of all amount due to. the Government by way tharavila (land value) etc. the executant shall have no right of alienation in respect of the schedule property and the property shall remain with the Government as sole owner. The executant shall remit the tax at the thirteenth thoram in the village office every year after the first two years of registry so long as no default is made in the payment of instalment and obtain receipt therefor. Until the entire tharavila (land value under this agreement as stated above is paid by the executant and until the assignment of the land and issue of patta is completed the executant undertakes not to do any act which may reduce the value of the property and if as stated above due to any reason the property is recovered. from the executant he shall not put forward any claim for improvements etc. and the property shall be surrendered to Government". It is clear to us that this term in the agreement oper ated as a restraint upon the alienation of rights only so. long as. all the amounts due to the Government as Tharavila had not been paid up. The whole amount had to be paid up in ten yearly instalments. It has been paid up before 1957. Furthermore	 as the Kerala High Court found	 the settlement of land on 15th June	 1957 had not merely been given effect to by a mutation in the relevant Government records but pattas had actually been given by the Government	 acting upon the settlement of 1957	 in favour of the children of M.T. Joseph. Hence	 it could not be said that there was any patta of other document containing any condition to which Section 8 of the Act could apply. We find	 from the Judgment under appeal	 that several questions	 which have no real bearing on the rights of the parties	 were: also. argued. One of these questions was whether land could be acquired by adverse possession by the alienees of the allottees of the. land from the Government under the scheme for its reclama tion. We fail to see how a question of adverse possession arises here when the Government itself recognises the rights of the children of M.T. Joseph in the pattas executed by it in their favour. The High Court recorded the following findings about the Government acting on the terms of the settlement of 15th June	 1957	 the correctness of which had not been challenged before us: "This settlement deed has been recognised by the Government mutation has been effected in the names of the children and pattas have also. been issued to them. It has been further stated on behalf of the revision petitioners (the heirs of the said Joseph and those who took under the settlement deed dated 15.6.1957) that levy under the Kerala Rice and Paddy (Procurement by Levy) Order	 1966	 has been collected from each of the shares under the deed of 1957	 that land tax has been imposed on each of the shares sepa rately and agricultural income tax collected on the income of the properties of each of the sharers". We do not think it is necessary to go into any other question. The High Court was of opinion that some facts had still to be as 181 certained when the case goes back to the Land Board for proceeding on the footing determined by the High Court. We think that we should make it clear that matters to. be still determined could not	 in view of our finding	 involve deter mination of any question of adverse possession of the claimants	 the children of M.T. Joseph. For the reasons given above	 we dismiss these appeals. We make no order as to costs. P.H.P	 Appeals dis missed.

Proceedings under section 145(1) of the Criminal Proce dure Code 1898 were going on between the parties. The appellants filed affidavits before the Magistrate. The said affidavits were not sworn before the Magistrate who was in seisin of the case but were sworn before some other Magis trate. It was contended before the Magistrate by the re spondents that the said affidavits were not admissible in evidence. The High Court held those affidavits to be inad missible. Dismissing the appeal by special leave	 HELD: (1) In the absence of any specific provision to the contrary in the Criminal Procedure Code the affidavits have to be sworn or affirmed in accordance with the provi sions of the Oaths Act	 1873. Section 145(1) of the Code provides that the Magistrate making an order under it shall require the parties concerned in the dispute to attend his court in person or by pleader and to put in such documents or to adduce by putting in affidavits the evidence of such persons as they rely upon in support of their claim. The affidavits contemplated by the sub section are	 therefore	 evidence for purposes of proceedings before the Magistrate concerned even though the Evidence Act does not apply to them. [175G H] (2) There is no provision in the Code specifying the courts before whom the affidavits referred to in section 145 have to be sworn and affirmed. The definition of affidavit in section 3(3) of.the only states that it shall include affirmation and declaration in the case of persons by law allowed to affirm or declare instead of swearing. Section 4 of the Oaths Act reads as under: "4. The following Courts and persons are authorised to administer by themselves or by an officer empowered by them in this behalf	 oaths and affirmations in discharge of the duties or in exercise of the powers imposed or conferred upon them respectively by law : (a) all Courts and persons having by law or consent of parties authority to receive evidence;" It is clear that all Courts and persons having by law or consent of parties authority to receive evidence are autho rised to. administer oaths and affirmations	 but they can do so only where they are otherwise acting in the discharge of the duties or in exercise of the powers imposed or conferred upon them respectively by law. In the present case the Magistrate concerned with the proceedings under section 145 of the Code was discharging the duties imposed and exercising the powers conferred by the Code and he alone could adminis ter the oaths and affirmations to the persons who made affidavits and not Magistrates who were not discharging any such duty or exercising any such power. [176A H] Nandial Ghose vs Emperor AIR 1944 Cal. 283	 Hemdan vs State of Rajasthan & Ors.	 AIR 1966 Raj. 5; Govind vs State and others AIR 1969 All. 405; Krishna Chandra Naik vs Sk. Makbul and others AIR 1970 Orissa 309; Mahesh Thakur and others vs Lakshman Prasad Thakur and another (1971) 19 Bihar Law Journal 727 and State of Madhya Pradesh vs Trivedi Prasad (1971) XVI H.R. Law journal 1059 approved. 175 Ahmad Din vs Abdul Salem AIR and Shambhu Nath Chopra vs State AIR 1970 Delhi 210	 over ruled.