Summarize the following court judgment. iminal Appeal No. 287/ 71. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 10 9 71 of the Delhi High Court in Criminal Revision No. 310 of 1970. A.N. Mulla	 (Miss) Uma Mehta	 R.K. Mehta	 S.K. Bagga and (Mrs.) section Bagga	 for the Appellants. S.N. Anand and R.N. Sachthey; for the Respondent. D. Mookerjee	 B.P. Maheshwari	 Suresh Sethi and N.K. lain for the Intervener. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by BHAGWATI	 J. This appeal	 by special leave	 is directed against a judgment of the High Court of Delhi confirming the conviction of 594 the appellants under section 7(i) read with section 16(1)(a)(i) of the . The prosecution case was that all material times the 2nd appellant was the owner of a grocery shop situate at Maharani Bagh	 New Delhi and the 1st appellant was employed as a salesman in the shop. On 23rd June	 1969 Bhanot	 a Food Inspector went to the shop of the 1st appellant and finding the 1st appellant there as a sales man	 took from him a sample of mustard oil for analysis after paying its purchase price. He divided the sample into three parts and sent one part to the Public Analyst for analysis	 handed over the other part to the 2nd appellant and retained the 3rd part with him. The Public Analyst reported that the sample was misbranded as it was of Lin Seed Oil and it was adulterated due to the presence of artificial dye. On the strength of this report	 the appellants were chargesheeted under section 7(i) read with section 16(1)(a)(i) before the Judicial Magistrate	 Delhi. The defence of the 1st appellant was that the 2nd appellant was at no time engaged by him as the salesman and no mustard oil was purchased by Bhanot from the 2nd appellant. The 2nd appellant also claimed that he was never an employee of the l st appellant and while he was going to his house after pur chasing sarson oil for his personal use	 he was caught by two or three persons near Maharani Bagh and a sample was taken from the oil which he was carrying and his signatures were obtained by threat on certain papers. The learned Judicial Magistrate accepted the evidence led on behalf of the prosecution and rejected the defence version and held that the appellants were guilty of the offence of selling lin seed oil containing artificial dye which was an offence punishable under section 7(i) read with section 16(1)(a) (i). The learned Judicial Magistrate accordingly convicted the appellants and sentenced each of them to suffer rigorous imprisonment for nine months and to pay a fine of Rs. 1000/ . The appellants preferred an appeal	 but the appeal was rejected by the learned Sessions Judge and the convic tion was confirmed with only a slight modification in the sentence. The sentence was reduced from nine months to six months rigorous imprisonment. This led to the filing of a revision application in the High Court by the appellants	 but the revision application was also unsuccessful. Hence the present appeal by special leave obtained from this Court. The first contention raised on behalf of the appellant in support of the appeal was that the conviction was bad inasmuch as it rested solely on the evidence of Bhanot and one other Food Inspector	 namely	 Bhatnagar	 who happened to come there at the tinge of taking the sample and there was no independent witness to support the prosecution case. Now	 it is true that the prosecution could not produce :my independent witness to depose to the taking of the sample by Bhanot from the 2nd appellant at the shop of the 1st appel lant but that by itself cannot be regarded as sufficient to warrant rejection of the prosecution case out of hand. The sample was taken by Bhanot in the presence of one Keshav Dutt Sharma and a panchnama evidencing the transaction was prepared and signed by Keshav Dutt Sharma on the spot. But in the witness box Keshav Dutt Sharma turned hostile and denied that he was present at the time of taking the sample. Of 595 course. he could not deny that the endorsement B to B on the Panchanama was in his hand writing and he had put his signa ture at the foot of it	 but his explanation was that one Food Inspector came to the shop where he was working and asked him either to give a sample of the ice cream he was selling at the shop or to give his signature on the. pancha nama. This explanation is palpably dishonest and cannot be accepted by any court. Moreover	 it does not explain how the endorsement B to B came to be made by Keshav Dutt Sharma in his handwriting. There can be no doubt that Keshav Dutt Sharma was present at the time of taking of the sample and he wrote down the endorsement B to B on the panchanama and signed it as he was a witness to the transaction. It is unfortunately not an infrequent occurrence to find that pancha witnesses turn hostile and go back upon what is stated in the panchanama in utter disregard of truth. This betrays lack of character and absence of civic sense which not only result in the guilty escaping the punishment but lead to general deterioration in standards of honesty and integrity. This is a highly reprehensible phenomenon which has to be curbed in the larger interest of the administra tion of justice. Here	 apart from the endorsement B to B in the panchanama and the signature at the foot of it showing that Keshav Dutt Sharma was a witness to the taking of the sample	 we have the statement of Bhanot who said in his evidence that Keshav Dutt Sharma was taken by him to witness the taking of the sample and Keshav Dutt Sharma made the endorsement B to B on the panchanama and put his signa ture below it and this statement made by Bhanot was not challenged in the cross examination	 nor was it even sug gested to Bhanot that Keshav Dutt Sharma was not present at the taking of the sample. The prosecution case obviously cannot be thrown out merely because Keshav Dutt Sharma refused to support what had been stated by him	 in his own hand writing in the panchanama and went back upon it to the utter dismay of the prosecution. It is true that by reason of the defection of Keshav Dutt Sharma	 the prosecution was left only with the evidence of Bhanot and Bhatnagar	 but this evidence was regarded by the High Court as well as the learned Judicial Magistrate and the learned Sessions Judge sufficient to found the conviction of the appellants and we do not see why we should interfere with the concurrent view taken by them as regards the appreciation of this evidence. There is no rule of law that conviction cannot be based on the sole testimony of a food Inspector. It is only out of a sense of caution that the courts insist that the testimony of a food Inspector should be corroborated by some independ ent witness. This is a necessary caution which has to be borne in mind because the food Inspector may in a sense be regarded as an interested witness	 but this caution is a rule of prudence and not a rule of law: if it were other wise	 it would be possible for many guilty persons to escape punishment by resorting to the device of bribing punch witnesses. The conviction of the appellants cannot	 there fore	 be assailed as infirm on the ground that it rested merely on the evidence of Bhanot and Bhatnagar. The appellants then contended that on the opinion expressed by the Public Analyst	 the offence committed by the appellants was one 596 under section 16(1)(a)(i) with respect to an article of food adulterated under clause (1) of section 2 and the Court had	 therefore	 discretion	 under the proviso to section 16 (1 ) to impose a lesser sentence of imprisonment than six months for adequate and Special reasons. The argument of the appellants was that this was a fit case in which the discre tion under the proviso to section 16(1) should have been exercised and the minimum sentence of six months imprison ment should not have been imposed on the appellants. This was in substance a plea for reduction of the sentence of imprisonment and this plea raises the question as to which is the clause of section 2(i) in which the present case falls. Does it fail within the clause (1) as claimed by the appellants or within clause (j) as contended on behalf of the prosecution or within both and	 if it falls within both	 what the effect ? Section 2(i) defines 'adulterated ' and says that an article of food shah be deemed to be adulterat ed if the article fails within the description given in any of the succeeding clauses (a) to (1). Clause (j) provides that an article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated: "(j) if any colouring matter other than that prescribed in respect thereof and in amounts not within the prescribed limits of variability is present in the article." and clause (1) deems an article of food to be adulterated: "(1) if the quality or purity of the article fails below the prescribed standard or if constitu ents are present in quantities which are in excess of the prescribed limits of variability. " In the present case what was sold by the appellants was linseed oil which contained artificial dye. The standard of quality of linseed oil is defined in Paragraph A. 17.04 of Appendix B to the Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules	 1955 as follows: "A l7.04. Linseed oil (Tilli ka tel) means the oil obtained by process of expressing clean and sound linseed (Linum usitatissimum). It shall be clear	 free from rancidity	 suspended or other foreign matter	 separated water	 added colouring or flavouring substances	 or mineral oil. It shall conform to the following standards: (a) Butyro refractometer reading at 40 deg. C . 69.5 to 74.3 (b) Saponification value . . 188 to 195 (c) Iodine value . . Not less than 170 (d) Unsaphnifiable matter . . Not more than 1.5 per cent (e) Free fatty acid as Oleic acid not more than 2.0 per cent." The argument of the appellants was that the requirement of this paragraph that linseed oil shall be free from foreign matter or added colouring substances lays down a standard of quality of linseed oil and since the linseed oil sold by the appellants contained artificial dye	 the quality of the linseed oil fell below the prescribed standard and 597 hence the case was covered by clause (i) of section 2(i). The appellants contended that if clause (1) of section 2(i) was applicable in the present case	 it excluded the applica bility of clause (j) and the linseed oil containing artifi cial dye could not be said to be adulterated under that clause. It was also urged on behalf of the appellants that	 in any event	 no colouring matter was prescribed in respect of linseed oil and. therefore	 it could not be said that there was present in the linseed oil sold by the appellants artificial dye "other than that prescribed in respect there of and in amounts not within the prescribed limits 0f variability" so as to bring the case within the scope of clause (j) of section 2(i). These contentions of the appellants	 plausible though they may seem at first sight	 are without merit and must be rejected. Our reasons for saying so are as follows. It may be made clear at the out set that the different clauses of section 2(i) are not mutually exclusive. They overlap one another 	red	 it is quite possible that an article of food may be found adulterated under two or more clauses of section 2(i). Take for example a case where an article of food contains a foreign substance which affects injuriously the quality thereof and at the same time renders it unfit for human consumption. Such a case would clearly fall within clauses (b) and (f) of section 2(i) and the article of food would be deemed to be adulterated under both these clauses. So also	 a case may arise where a colouring matter not permitted under the rules is added to an article of food and such colouring matter affects injuriously the quality of the article of food and in such a case too more than one clause of section 2(i) would be attracted	 namely	 clause (b) and (i). These instances which we have given are merely by way of illustration and they show that merely because an article of food is covered by one clause of section 2(i)	 it does not exclude the applicability of another clause of the section an article of food may be deemed to be adulterated under more than one clauses of section 2(i). It is	 therefore	 not a valid argument that because the present case falls under clause (1) of section 2(i)	 the applicability of clause (j) is ipso facto nega tived and the case cannot come within that clause. That takes us to the question whether the present case falls within clause (i) of section 2(i)	 for if it does	 it would be immaterial whethere it falls also within clause (1) of section 2 (i) and in so far as the linseed oil sold by the appellants is deemed to be adulterated under clause (j) of section 2(i)	 the proviso to section 16(1) would not be attracted. Now	 the ;report of the Public Analyst showed that the linseed oil sold by the appellants contained arti ficial dye and this was clearly prohibited under the Rules. Rule 23 provided that the addition of a colouring matter to an article of food	 except as specifically permitted by the Rules	 shall be prohibited. The only artificial dyes	 which were permitted to be used in food	 were those set out in Rule 28	 and Rule 29 prohibited the use of permitted coal tar dyes in or upon any food other than those enumerated in that Rule. Linseed oil was admittedly not one of the arti cles of food enumerated in Rule 29 and hence even permitted coal tar dyes could not be added to linseed oil. It does not appear from the report of the Public Analyst 598 as to what was the artificial dye found mixed in the sample of linseed oil sent to him but we will assume in favour of the defence that it was a permitted coal tar dye. Even so	 by reason of Rules 23 and 29	 it could not be added to linseed oil. In the circumstances	 the	 linseed oil sold by the appellants contained artificial dye which was prohibited under the Rules. The argument of the appellants was that since colouring matter was prohibited in respect of linseed oil	 it could not be said that any colouring matter was prescribed in respect of linseed oil by the Rules and hence the presence of artificial dye in linseed oil did not at tract the applicability of clause (j) of section 2(i). It was said that clause (j) of section 2(i) would be attracted only if a colouring matter is prescribed in respect of an article of food and the article is found to contain a co louring matter different from that prescribed. But if no colouring matter is prescribed	 which would be the position where colouring matter is totally prohibited	 it cannot be said that the article of food contains a colouring matter other than that prescribed in respect of it. This argument has the merit of ingenuity but it has no force and cannot be sustained. When no colouring matter is permitted to be used in respect of an article of food	 what is prescribed in respect of the article is "nil colouring matter" and if the article contains any colouring matter	 it would be "other than that prescribed in respect" of the article. Clause (j) of section 2(i) is not merely intended to cover a case where one type of colouring matter is permitted to be used in respect of an article of food and the article contains another type of colouring matter but it also takes in a case where no colouring matter is permitted to be used in respect of an article of food	 or in other words	 it is prohibited and yet the article contains a colouring matter. There is really no difference h3 principle between the two kinds of cases. Both are equally reprehensible; in fact the latter may in conceivable cases be more serious than the former. Where no colouring matter is permitted to be used in an article of food	 what is prescribed in respect of the arti cle is that no coIouring matter shall be used and if any colouring matter is present in the article in breach of that prescription	 it would clearly involve violation of cl. (j) of section 2(i). The words of clause (j) of section 2(i) "other than that prescribed in respect thereof recall to the mind similar words used in section 29(2) of the Limita tion Act which makes certain provisions of the Limitation Act applicable in cases where a special or local law pre scribes a period of limitation different from the period prescribed by the Schedule to the Limitation Act. These words of section 29(2) of the Limitation Act came up for interpretation before this Court in Vidyacharan Shukla vs Khubchand Baghel.(1) It was contended in that case that on 	a true construction of these words	 it is only where a period of limitation is specifically prescribed in the Schedule and a special or local law prescribes a different period of limitation	 that section 29(2) would be attracted and that section would have no application where no time limit is prescribed by the Schedule. This contention was negatived and it was held by this Court that where the Schedule does not specifically prescribe any period of limitation for an application but is silent and a special or local law prescribes a period of limitation for such an ; 599 application	 it can appropriately be said that the special or local law has prescribed a period of limitation differ ent from that prescribed in the Schedule and section 29(2) would be applicable. The analogy of this decision is very apt and it supports the construction we are inclined to place on the words "other than that prescribed in respect thereof" in clause (j) of section 2(i). We take the view that even where the Rules prescribe that no colouring matter or artificial dye shall be used in respect of an article of food	 clause (j) of section 2(i) would apply if it is found that some colouring matter or artificial dye is present in the article. Here	 the linseed oil sold by the appellants contained artificial dye despite the prohibition in the Rules and hence the case was dearly covered by clause (j) of section 2(i) and the linseed oil must be deemed to be adulterated under that caluse. That would exclude the applicability of the provi so to section (1)	 since the offence in this view would be one with respect to an article of food deemed to be adul terated under clause (j) of section 2(i). The appellants ' plea invoking the liberality of the provision enacted in the proviso to section 16(1) must	 in the circumstances	 be rejected and the minimum sentence of imprisonment for six months must be maintained. The appellants then pleaded that in any event on the facts and circumstances of the present case the benefit of the should be given to them and they should not be consigned to the rigours of jail life. This plea also does not impress us. It is no doubt true and that was laid down by this Court in the first pronouncement made by it on the subject in Isher Das vs State(1) that the operation of the is not excluded in case of persons found guilty of offences under the Prevention of the Food Adulteration Act	 1954. To quote the words of Krishna lyer	 3.	 in P.K. Tejani vs M.R. Dange(2) "The rehabilatory purpose of the is pervasive enough technically to take within its wings an offence even under the Act". But in the very same decision in Isher Das 's case (supra) this Court sounded a note of caution which must be borne in mind: "Adulteration of food is a menace to public health. The has been enacted with the aim of eradicating that anti social evil and for ensur ing purity in the articles of food. In view of the above object of the Act and the intention of the legislature as revealed by the fact that a minimum sentence of imprisonment for a period of six months and a fine of rupees one thou sand has been prescribed	 the courts should not lightly resort to the provisions of the in the case of persons above 21 years of age found guilty of offences under the . ." The imperatives of social defence must discourage the applicability of the probation principle. No chances can be taken by society with a man whose anti social activites	 in the guise of a respectable trade	 jeopardise the health and well being of numerous innocent consumers. (1) (2) [1974] 2 S.C.R. 154. 600 The adulterator is a social risk. It might be dangerous to leave him free to carry on his nefarious activities by applying the probation principle to him. Moreover	 it must be remembered that adulteration is an economic offence prompted by profit motive and it is not likely to lend itself easily to therapeutic treatment by the probationary measure. It may be pointed out that the Law Commission also in its Forty Seventh Report recommended the exclusion of applicability of the probationary process in case of social and economic offences and presumably in response to this recommendation	 the Legislature has recently amended the by introducing section 20AA providing that nothing contained in the or section 360 of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 1973 shall apply to a person convict ed of an offence under the Act unless that person is under eighteen years of age This amendment of course would not apply in the present case but it shows the legislative trend which it would not be right for the court to ignore. We cannot	 therefore	 give the benefit of the to the appellants and release them on probation. We accordingly confirm the conviction and sentence recorded against the appellants and dismiss the appeal. P.H.P. Appeal dismissed.

The second appellant was the owner of a grocery shop and the first appellant was his salesman in the shop. Food Inspector Bhanot purchased a sample from appellant No. 1 of mustard oil after complying with the formalities prescribed by the Act. The Public Analyst reported that the sample was misbranded as it was of in seed oil and it was adulterated due to the presence of artificial dye. The appellants were charge sheeted under section 16(1)(a)(i). The learned Magis trate convicted the appellants and sentenced them to suffer rigorous imprisonment for 9 months. On appeal	 the learned Sessions Judge confirmed the conviction but reduced the sentence from 9 months to 6 months. The High Court	 in revision upheld the decision of the Sessions Judge. On appeal of Special Leave the appellants contended: 1. The conviction was bad since it rested solely on the evidence of Food: Inspector Bhanot. The offence committed by the appellants on the opinion of the Public Analyst fell under sec tion 16(1)(a)(i) read with clause (1) of section 2 (i) and	 therefore	 the Court had discretion under the proviso to section 16(1) to impose a lesser sentence than the minimum of 6 months. In any event	 the benefit of the 		 should be given to the appel lants. Dismissing the appeal	 HELD: 1. There is no rule of law that conviction cannot be based on the sole testimony of a Food Inspector. It is only out of a sense of caution that the courts insist that the testimony of a Food Inspector should be corroborated by some independent witness. This is a necessary caution which has to be borne in mind because the Food Inspector may in a sense be regarded as an interested witness. But this cau tion is a rule of prudence and not a rule of law. If it were otherwise it would be possible for many guilty persons to escape punishment by resorting to the device of bribing Panch witnesses. In the present case	 the sample was taken in the presence of witness Krishan Datt Sharma who has turned hostile. His explanation is palpably dishonest and cannot be accepted. There is also the evidence of another Food Inspector Bhatnagar. The Courts below accepted their evidence and there is no reason to interfere with the con current view taken by the courts below. [595A G] 2. Section 2(1) defines "Adulterated" and says that an article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated if the article fails within the description given in my of the succeeding clauses (a) to (1). Clause (j) provides that an article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated if any colouring matter other than 593 that prescribed in respect thereof and in amounts not within the prescribed limits of variability is present in the article. Clause (1) deems an article of food to be adulter ated if the quality or purity of the article fails below the prescribed standard or its constituents are present in quantities which are in excess of the prescribed limits of variability. [596C D] 3. It is wrong to contend that if an article fails within clause (1) it cannot fail under clause (j) or any other clause. Different clauses of section 2(i) are not mutually exclusive; they	 overlap one another and it is quite possible that an article of food may be found adulter ated trader two or more clauses of section 2(i). [597A C] 4. The report of the public analyst showed that the linseed oil contained artificial dye and this was clearly prohibited under rule 23. The only artificial dyes which were permitted to be used in food were those set out in rule 28 and Rule 29. prohibited the use of permitted coal tar dyes in or upon any articles of food other than those enu merated in that Rule. Lin seed oil was not one of the arti cles of food enumerated in rule 29 and hence artificial dye	 even if permitted coal tar dye could not be added to linseed oil. [597G H	 598A] 5. The contention of the appellants that clause (j) would be attracted only if colouring matter is prescribed and the article of food is found to con:sin a colouring matter different from that prescribed was negatived. When no colouring matter is permitted to be used in respect of an article of food what is prescribed in respect of the article is 'nil ' colouring matter and if the article contains any colouring matter it would be "other than that prescribed in respect" of the article. [597A C	 598B D] Vidyacharan Shukla vs KhubchandBaghel	 ; 	 relied on. The operation of the is not excluded in case of persons found guilty of offence under the . Howev er	 imperatives of social defence must discourage the ap plicability of the probation principle. No chances can be taken by Society with a man whose anti social activities in the guise of a respectable trade jeopardise the health and well being of numerous innocent consumers. The adulterator is a social risk; it might be dangerous to leave him free to carry on his nefarious activities by applying the probation principle to him. Adulteration is an economic offence prompted by profit motive and it is not likely to lend itself easily to therapeutic treatment by probationary measure. [599D	 G H	 600A B] Isher Das vs State and 1. K. Tejani vs M.R. Dhange	 [1974] 2 S.C.R. 154 followed.