Summarize the following court judgment. it Petition No. 16226 29 and of 1984. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India A K. Goel for the Petitioners. Harbans Lal Ashok Grover	 O.P.	 Sharma	 R.N. Poddar and C.V Subba Rao for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DESAI	 J. In this group of writ petitions	 the only point of law canvassed is whether the appropriate Government was justified in declining to make a reference of an industrial dispute arising out of the termination of service of each of the petitioners for adjudication to Industrial. Tribunal/Labour Court under Sec. 10 of the industrial Disputes Act	 1947. Writ Petition Nos. 16256 29/84: Four petitioners were the workmen employed by the second respondent Hyderabad Asbestos Cement Production Ltd. ( 'employer ' for short). The employer on April 11	 1983 issued charge sheet in identical terms to all the four petitioners calling upon them to show cause within 48 hours of the receipt of the charge sheet as to why suitable disciplinary action should not be taken against each of them. The charge sheet referred to an incident that occurred on 11th April	 1983 at 8.15 A M. between two groups of workers presumably owing loyalty to rival unions. The misconduct alleged 689 against each petitioner was the one set out in Standing Order 20 (X[V) and 20(XXV) of the Certified Standing Orders of the employer. Briefly stated	 the charges were that the petitioners were guilty of fighting or riotous or disorderly behavior as also manhandling beating etc. Other workmen of the Company which acts were subversive of the discipline expected of the workmen of the Company. It is alleged that disciplinary enquiry followed and the enquiry officer submitted his report holding each of the petitioners guilty of the misconduct imputed against him. The Assistant Vice President of the employer Company	 after having gone through the report submitted by the enquiry officer and after perusal of the record of proceedings of enquiry and the connected documents concurred with the findings recorded and reported by the enquiry officer holding the petitioners guilty of charges. After taking into consideration various relevant circumstances including the past record of the workmen	 each of the petitioners was dismissed from the employment of the employer. It may be mentioned that during the pendency of the enquiry	 all the petitioners had been put under suspension and while dismissing the petitioners	 the period of suspension was treated as absence without leave. The petitioners raised an industrial dispute as per notice dated May 12	 1984 calling upon the employer to reinstate them with backwages and treat them in service without a break. Copies of the notice were also served upon the authorities in the Labour Department of the Haryana Government. The Labour cum Conciliation Officer held conciliation proceedings and submitted a failure report on June 30 1984. The second respondent	 the State of Haryana	 after taking into consideration the report of the Conciliation Officer	 by its order dated September l	 1984 declined to make a reference on the ground that 'the Government does not consider the case to be fit for reference for adjudication to the Tribunal as it has been learnt that the services of the petitioners were terminated only after charges against them were proved in a domestic enquiry. ' The present writ petition is filed questioning the correctness and validity of this order. Writ Petition No. 16418/84: Petitioner S.K. Sharma was	 at the relevant time	 employed as Electrical Fitter in the Diesel Shed at Tuglakabad. He was Assistant Secretary of the Uttar Railway Karamchari Union	 Diesel Shed Branch. He was also a member of the Canteen Committee. On August 2	 1981 the petitioner went to the Canteen	 according to him	 in his capacity as the member of 690 the Canteen Committee	 to enquire about the working of the Can teen. On Shri Gurbachan Singh	 a Foreman	 marked the petitioner absent from duty and made an entry indicating that the petitioner had absented himself from duty and gave a direction that the petitioner should not be allowed to join duty without his permission. On the next day i.e. August 3	 1981	 when the petitioner reported for duty	 token was not issued to him by the Time Keeper and he was informed that the token could not be issued to him until he brought a slip from Foreman Shri Gurbachan Singh. As the latter was not on duty on that day	 petitioner and 10 other workmen who too had been marked absent went to the residence of the Foreman Shri Gurbachan Singh and enquired from him why they were not permitted to join duty	 Shri Gurbachan Singh declined to have given any direction in this behalf and rebuked the petitioners for coming to his residence and accused them of misbehavior. The petitioner and several others then approached the General Foreman who intervened and ordered the petitioner and others to join duty. Gurbachan Singh thereafter lodged a con plaint with the third respondent	 Senior Divisional Mechanical Engineer	 alleging that the petitioner has misbehaved with him and had attempted to manhandle him. On receipt of this report from Gurbachan Singh	 Petitioner was placed under suspension on August 5	 1981	 and was served with a charge sheet. The petitioner denied the imputation disciplinary enquiry followed. Surprisingly the enquiry officer	 Senior Local Inspector Shri Joginder Lal	 did not record the statement of Shri Gurbachan Singh who was the prime witness but examined two other witnesses who claimed to be the neighbourers of Shri Gurbachan Singh. The enquiry officer submitted his report dated October 24	 1981 holding the petitioner guilty of misconduct. On the basis of the report	 4th respondent exercising powers under Rule 6 of the Railway Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules	 1968 imposed punishment of removal from service on the petitioner. After an unsuccessful appeal to the Divisional Mechanical Engineer	 the Uttar Railway Karamchari Union espoused the cause of the petitioner and raised an industrial dispute contending that the order imposing punishment of removal from service was illegal and invalid. Central Labour Commissioner pursuant to the application from the Union dated may 29	 1982 held conciliation proceedings in which the respondents did not participate. Consequently	 a failure report was submitted. The appropriate Government being the Central 691 Government as permits order dated December	 1983 rejected the request for a reference under Sec. 10 of the on the ground 'that the penalty of removal from service was imposed on the workmen on the basis of enquiry held in accordance with the procedure laid down in the Railway Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules	 1968 and that the action of the management in imposing the penalty of removal from service is neither malafide nor unjustified and therefore the appropriate Government does not consider it necessary to refer the dispute to an Industrial Tribunal for adjudication ' It is this order which is challenged in this writ petition. The neat and narrow question of law raised in these two writ petitions can be formulated thus y whether the appropriate Government in each case was justified in refusing to make a reference on the grounds mentioned in each order more specifically that as the punishment was imposed after an enquiry held in accordance with the rules and on the report of the enquiry officer	 it is not a fit case for making the reference. In other words	 the question of law is what are the parameters of power of the appropriate Government under Sec. 10 while making or refusing to make a reference to an industrial tribunal for adjudication of an industrial dispute. The first question to be posed is whether while exercising the power conferred by Sec. 10 to refer an industrial dispute to a Tribunal for adjudication	 the appropriate Government is discharging an administrative function or a quasi judicial function. This is no more res integra. In State of Madras vs C.P. Sarathy & Anr.1) a Constitution Bench of this Court observed as under: "But	 it must be remembered that in making a reference under Sec. 10(1) the Government is doing an administrative act and the fact that it has to form an opinion as to the factual existence of an industrial dispute as a preliminary step to the discharge of its function does not make it any the less administrative in character. The Court can not	 therefore	 canvass the order of reference closely to see if there was any material before the Government to support its conclusion	 as if it was a judicial or quasi judicial determination." (1) at 347. 692 Explaining the ratio of the decision in Sarathy 's case(1)	 in Western India Match Co. Ltd. vs Western India March Co. Workers Union & Ors	(2) it was observed as under: "In the State of Madras vs C.P. Sarathy(1) ' this Court held on construction of section 10(1) of the Central Act that the function of the appropriate Government thereunder is an administrative function. It was so held presumably because the Government cannot go into the merits of the dispute its function being only to refer such a dispute for ad jurisdiction so that the industrial relations between the employer and his employees may not continue to remain disturbed and the dispute may be resolved through a judicial process as speedily as possible." (Emphasis supplied) (1) After referring to the earlier decisions on the subject in Shambhu Nath Goel vs Bank of Baroda	 Jullundur (2) it was held that	 in making a reference under Sec. 10(1)	 the appropriate Government is doing an administrative act and the fact that it has to form an opinion as to the factual existence of an industrial dispute as a preliminary step to the discharge of its function does not make it any the less administrative in character. Thus	 there is a considerable body of the judicial opinion that while exercising power of making a reference under Sec. 10(1)	 the appropriate Government performs an administrative act and not a judicial or quasi judicial act The view that while exercising power under Sec. 10(1)	 the Government performs administrative function can be supported by an alternative line of reasoning	 Assuming that making or refusing to make a reference under Sec. 10(1) is a quasi judicial function	 there is bound to be a conflict of jurisdiction if the reference is ultimately made. A quasi judicial function is to some extent an adjudicatory function in a list between two contending parties The Government as an umpire	 assuming that it is performing a quasi (1) (2) 693 judicial function when it proceeds to make a reference	 would imply that the quasi judicial determination of lis prima facie show that one who raised the dispute has established merits of the dispute. The inference necessarily follows from the assumption that the function performed under Sec. 11)(1) is a quasi judicial function. Now by exercising power under Sec. 10	 a reference is made to a Tribunal for adjudication and the Tribunal comes to the conclusion that there was no merit in the dispute	 Prima facie a conflict of jurisdiction may emerge. Therefore the view that while exercising power under Sec. 10(1) the function performed by the appropriate Government is an administrative function and not a judicial or quasi judicial function is beyond the pale of controversy. Now if the Government performs an administrative act while either making or refusing to make a reference under Sec. 10(1)	 it cannot delve into the merits of the dispute and take upon itself the determination of its. That would certainly be in excess of the power conferred by Sec. 10. Section 10 requires the appropriate Government to be satisfied that an industrial dispute exists or is apprehended. This may permit the appropriate Government to determine prima facie whether an industrial dispute exists or the claim is frivolous or bogus or put forth for extraneous and irrelevant reasons not for justices or industrial peace and harmony. Every administrative determination must be based on grounds relevant and germane to the exercise of power. If the administrative determination is based on the irrelevant	 extraneous or grounds not germane to the exercise of power it is liable to be questioned in exercise of the power of judicial review. In State of Bombay vs K. P. Krishnan and Ors.(1) it was held that a writ of mandamus would lie against the Government if the order passed by it under Sec. 10(1) is based or induced by reasons as given by the Government are extraneous	 irrelevant and not germane to the determination. In Such a situation the Court would be justified in issuing a writ of mandamus even in respect of an administrative order. Maybe	 the Court may not issue writ of mandamus	 directing the Government to make a reference but the Court can after examining the reasons given by the appropriate Government for refusing to make a reference at 243. 694 come to a conclusion that they are irrelevant	 extraneous or not germane to the determination and then can direct the Government to reconsider the matter. This legal position appears to be beyond the pale of controversy. Accordingly	 it is necessary to examine the reasons given by the Government to ascertain whether the determination of the Government was based on relevant considerations or irrelevant	 extraneous or considerations not germane to the determination. Re: Writ Petition Nos. 16226 29/84: The reasons assigned by the Government for refusing to make a reference are to be called out from the letter Annexure 'A` dated September 1	 1984 sent by the Joint Secretary	 Haryana Government	 Labour Department to the petitioners It is stated in the letter that: "the Govt. does not consider your case to be fit for reference for adjudication	 to the Tribunal as it has been learnt that your services were terminated only after charges against you were proved in a domestic enquiry. " The assumption underlying the reasons assigned by the Government are that the enquiry was consistent with the rules and the standing orders	 that it was fair and just and that there was unbiased determination and the punishment was commensurate with the gravity of the misconduct. The last aspect has assumed considerable importance after the introduction of Section 11A in the Industrial disputes Act by Industrial Disputes (Amendment) Act	 1971 with effect from December 15	 1971. It confers power on the Tribunal not only to examine the order of discharge or dismissal on merits as also to determine whether the punishment was commensurate with the gravity of the misconduct charged. In other words	 Sec. 11A confers power on the Tribunal Labour Court to examine the case of the workmen whose service has been terminated either by discharge or dismissal qualitatively in the matter of nature of enquiry and quantitatively in the matter of adequacy or otherwise of punishment. The workmen questioned the legality and validity of the enquiry which aspect the Tribunal in a quasi judicial determination was required to examine bare statement that a domes tic enquiry was held in which charges were held to be proved	 if it is considered sufficient for not exercising power of making a reference under Sec. 10(1)	 almost all cases of termination of services cannot go before the Tribunal. And it would render Sec. 2A of 695 the Act denuded of all its content and meaning. The reasons given by the Government would show that the Government examined the relevant papers of enquiry and the Government was satisfied that it was legally valid and that there was sufficient and adequate evidence to hold the charges proved. It would further appear that the Government was satisfied that the enquiry was not biased against the workmen and the punishment was commensurate with the gravity 13 of the misconduct charged. All these relevant and vital aspects have to be examined by the Industrial Tribunal while adjudicating upon the reference made to it. In other words	 the reasons given by the Government would tantamount to adjudication which is impermissible. That is the function of the Tribunal and the Government cannot arrogate to itself that function. Therefore if the grounds on which or the reasons for which the Government declined to make a reference under Sec. 10 are irrelevant	 extraneous or not germane to the determination	 it is well settled that the party aggrieved there would be entitled to move the Court for a writ of mandamus. (See Bombay Union of Journalists & Ors. vs The State of Bombay & Anr.(1) It is equally well settled that where the Government purports to give reasons which tantamount to adjudication and refuses to make a reference	 the appropriate Government could be said to have acted on extraneous	 irrelevant grounds or grounds not germane to the determination and a writ of mandamus would lie calling upon the Government to reconsider its decision. In this case a clear case for grant of writ of mandamus is made out. Writ Petition No. 16418/84: The appropriate Government being the Central Government in this case declined to make a reference as per its order dated December 9	 1983 in which it is stated that 'the action of the management in imposing on the workmen penalty of removal from service on the basis of an enquiry and in accordance with the procedure laid down in the Railway Servants (Discipline & Appeal) Rules	 1968 is neither malafide nor unjustified. The appropriate Government does not consider it necessary to refer the dispute to the industrial Tribunal for adjudication. ' Ex facie it would appear that the Government acted on extraneous and irrelevant considerations and the reasons here in before mentioned will mutatis mutandis apply in respect of present order of the Government under challenge. Therefore for the same reasons	 a writ of mandamus must be issued. (1) ; 696 Accordingly all the writ petitions are allowed and the rule is made absolute in each case. Let a writ of mandamus be issued directing the appropriate Government in each case namely the State of Haryana in the first mentioned group of petitions and the Central Government in the second petition to reconsider its decision and to exercise power under Sec. 10 on relevant and considerations germane to the decision. In other words	 a clear case of reference under Sec. 10(1) in each case is made out. We order accordingly. Respondent No. 2	 Hyderabad Asbestos Cement Products Limited in WP Nos. 16226 29 of 1984 shall pay the costs which is quantified at Rs. 2	000/ to the petitioners within four weeks from today. There will be no order as to costs in WP No. 16418/84. M.L.A. petitions allowed.

In all the writ petitions	 the petitioners were dismissed from service on the ground of misconduct after an enquiry held against each of them. They raised an industrial dispute contending that the orders imposing punishment of removal were illegal and invalid. The conciliation proceedings also failed. the State Government in W.Ps. 16226 29 of 1984 and the Central Government in W.P. No. 16418 of 1984 passed identical orders in each case refusing to make a reference to the Tribunal section 10(1) of the Industrial Disputes Act 1917 holding that the punishment was imposed on the petitioners after an enquiry has been held in accordance with the rules and that the removal from service is neither malafide nor unjustified and therefore it was not a fit case for making the reference. Hence this writ petitions. Allowing the petitions	 ^ HELD I.(i) In making a reference section 10(1) the appropriate government performs an administrative act and not a judicial or quasi judicial act and the fact that it has to form an opinion as to the factual existence of an industrial dispute :15 a preliminary step to the discharge of its function does not make it any the less administrative in character. Assuming that making or refusing to make a reference under Sec. 10(1) is a quasi judicial function	 there is 687 bound to be a conflict of jurisdiction if the reference is ultimately made. A quasi judicial function is to some extent an adjudicatory function in a list between two contending parties. The Government as an umpire	 assuming that it is performing a quasi judicial function when it proceeds to make a reference. would imply that the quasi judicial determination of this prima facie shows that one who raised the dispute has established merits of the dispute. The inference necessarily follows from the assumption that the function performed under Sec. 10(1) is a quasi judicial function. Now by exercising power under Sec. 10	 a reference is made to a Tribunal for adjudication and the Tribunal comes to the conclusion that there was no merit in the dispute	 prima facie a conflict of jurisdiction may emerge. Therefore	 the view that while exercising power under sec. 10(I) the function performed by the appropriate Government is an administrative function and not a judicial or quasi judicial function is beyond the pale of controversy. [692F H; 693A C] C State of Madras v C.P. Sarathy & Anr at 347 Western India Match Co Ltd v Western India Match Co Workers Union & Ors and Sambu Nath Goyal v Bank of Baroda Jullundur ; followed (2) Every administrative determination must be based on grounds relevant and germace to the exercise of power. If the administrative determination is based on the irrelevant	 extraneous or grounds not germane to the exercise of power it is liable to be questioned in exercise of the power of judicial review. In such a situation the court would be justified in issuing a writ of mandamus even in respect of an administrative order. Maybe	 the court may not issue writ of mandamus	 directing the Government to make a reference but the court can after examining the reasons given by the appropriate Government for refusing to make a reference come to a conclusion that they are irrelevant. extraneous or not germane to the determination and then can direct the Government to reconsider the matter. [693F H; 694A] (3) In the instant cases	 the workmen questioned the legality and validity of the enquiry which aspect the Tribunal in a quasi judicial determination was required to examine. A bare statement that a domestic enquiry was held in which charges were held to be proved	 if it is considered sufficient for not exercising power of making a reference under Sec. 10(1)	 almost all cases of termination of services cannot go before the Tribunal. And it would render Sec. 2A of the Act denuded of all its content and meaning. The reasons given by the appropriate. Government in each case would show that the Government examined the relevant papers of enquiry and the Government was satisfied that it was legally valid an that there was sufficient and adequate evidence to hold the charges proved. It would further appear that the appropriate Government in each case was satisfied that the enquiry was not biased against the workmen and the punishment was commensurate with the gravity of the misconduct charged. All these relevant and vital aspects have to be examined by the Industrial Tribunal while adjudicating upon the reference made to it. 688 In other words	 the reasons given by (he Government would tantamount to adjudication which is impermissible. that is the function of the Tribunal and the Government cannot arrogate to itself that function. Therefore if the grounds on which or the reasons for which the Government declined to make a reference under Sec. 10 are irrelevant. extraneous or not germane to the determination	 it is well settled that the party aggrieved thereby would be entitled to move the Court for a writ of mandamus. Accordingly all the writ petitions are allowed directing the appropriate government in each case to re. consider its decision and to exercise power section 10 on relevant and considerations germane to the decision. In other words a clear case for reference uss.10(1) in each case is made out. [694G H;695A D; 695A; 696 AB] State of Bombay v K.P. Krishnan & Ors [1971] I SCR 227 at 243 and hay Union of Journalists & Ors v State of Bombay