Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal No. 3955 (NCE) of 1987. From the Judgment and Order dated 16.11.1987 of the Patna High Court in Election Petition No. 4 of 1985. 924 R.K. Garg and D.K. Garg for the Appellant. S.N. Singh	 H.L. Srivastava	 B.M. Sharma and T.N. Singh for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SAIKIA	 J. This election appeal under S.116A of the Representation of the People Act 1951	 hereinafter referred to as 'the Act '	 is from the Judgment of the Patna High Court (Ranchi Bench) in the respondent 's Election Petition No. 4 of 1985 allowing the petition and declaring the elec tion of the appellant to the Bihar Legislative Assembly from the 286 Chandan Kyari (S.C.) Constituency to be void. Pursuant to the Notification of Election to the Bihar Legislative Assembly	 the Returning Officer of the 286 Chandan Kyari (S.C.) Assembly Constituency announced the following programme: A. Last date for filing nomination paper 6.2.1985 B. Date of the Scrutiny of the nomination paper 7.2.1985 C. Last date of withdrawal of candidature 9.2.1985 D. Date of Poll 5.3.1985 E. Date of counting 6.3.1985 The appellant	 the respondent and 17 others filed their nomination papers; and the Returning Officer accepted the nomination papers found valid at the scrutiny. Three of them withdrew their candidature	 leaving 16 contesting candidates in the field. The Returning Officer prepared and published the following list of contesting candidates with the allot ted symbols: section No. Name Party Symbol 1. Ayodhya Rajak Independent Boat 2. Uma Bawri " Horse 3. Kokil Rajwar " Cultivator cutting crops 4. Kiriti Bhusan Das " Fish 5. Tilakdhari Bawri " Two leaves 6. Dulal Das Independent Spade & Stroker 925 7. Nakul Chandra Rajak Independent Rising Sun 8. Panchanan Rajak " Ladder 9. Padam Lochan Rajwar B.J.P. Lotus 10. Mahindri Rajwar Independent Bicycle 11. Murura Dasi Jharkhand A Woman carrying a Mukti Morcha basket on her head. Yogendra Bawri Indian Scale Congress (J) 13. Ramdas Ram Independent Camel 14. Lata Devi (Mali) Indian Hand National Congress(I) 15. Shankar Bawri Independent Swastik within the circle 16. Haru Rajwar Marxist Bow and arrow coordination The poll was held according to schedule on 5.3.1985; and	 after counting	 the following result was announced on 6.3.1985 by the Returning Officer: section No. Name Party Votes secured 1. Ayodhya Rajak Independent 187 2. Uma Bawri " 590 3. Kokil Rajwar " 4564 4. Kiriti Bhusan Das " 477 5. Tilakdhari Bawri " 1458 6. Dulal Das " 550 7. Nakul chandra Rajak " 387 8. Panchanan Raj ak " 434 9. Padam Lochan Rajwar B.J.P. 8231 10. Mahandri Rajwar Independent 2500 926 11. Marura Dasi Jharkhand 2228 Mukti Morcha 12. Yogendra Bawri Indian Congress (J) 1163 13. Ramdas Ram Independent 195 14. Lata Devi (Mali) Indian National 8659 Congress (I) 15. Shankar Bawri Independent 486 16. Haru Rajwar Independent 8229 The appellant Lata Devi (Mali) was declared elected. The respondent Haru Rajwar filed an election petition in the Patna High Court (Ranchi Bench) calling in question the election of the appellant to the Bihar Legislative Assembly on the ground	 inter alia	 that on 14.2.1985	 he received a notice of the intention of the Returning Officer to change his allotted election symbol and though	 through counsel	 he objected on 15.2.1985	 the Returning Officer re allotted the respondent 's 'bow and arrow ' symbol to Murura Dasi and instead allotted the symbol of 'ladder ' to him. It was urged in the petition that he contested and won the earlier elec tion from the same constituency with the same 'bow and arrow ' symbol; the sudden change of his symbol left him with less than 20 days time for campaign and it resulted in confusion amongst his supporters as a result of which his election was materially affected by the change; that the election was liable to be declared void on the ground of violation of section 30(d) of the Representation of the People Act which	 according to him	 prescribed atleast 20 days time for election campaign	 which he did not have after change of the symbol; and that the election was void also for viola tion of Rule 10(5) of the Conduct of Election Rules	 1961 under which	 according to him	 the election symbol could not be changed without permission of the Election Commission. It is the appellant 's case that she did not receive any notice of the election petition against her. The trial proceeded ex parte. The respondent election petitioner examined himself at the trail. The High Court by its impugned order dated 16.11.1987 allowed the petition and declared the appellant 's election to be void holding that the result of the election in so far as it concerned the returned candidate was materially af fected by violation of Rule 10(5) of the Conduct of Election Rules	 1961. Hence this appeal. 927 Mr. R.K. Garg	 the learned counsel for the appellant submits	 inter alia	 what even assuming what was stated by the respondent election petitioner to be true	 there was no breach of section 30(d) of the Representation of the People Act inasmuch as the minimum 20 days time was available after the date of withdrawal of nomination paper to the date of poll; that there was no violation of Rule 10(5) of the Conduct of Election Rules; and that even assuming that there was violation of this rule	 the election petitioner dismally failed to prove by evidence that the result of the election was materially affected thereby	 inasmuch as no sufficient evidence was adduced in proof of his claims	 and he himself could not have proved his averments. Mr. S.N. Singh	 the learned counsel for the respondent	 relying on AH Party Hill Leaders ' Conference	 Shillong vs Captain W.A. Sangama	 AIR 1977 SC 2 155	 and Roop Lal Sathi vs Nachhattar Singh Gill	 ; 	 strenuously argues that the violation of Rule 10(5) is itself sufficient to have materially affected the result of the election particularly in view of the fact that in the instant con stituency of backward voters	 the symbol was very important	 and change thereof had disastrous consequences to the re spondent candidate. The material facts relevant to this appeal are not in dispute. The list of contesting candidates with respective symbols was published on 9.2.1985; the election petitioner 's symbol 'bow and arrow ' was reallotted to candidate Murura Dasi and the symbol of ladder in place of 'bow and arrow ' was re allotted to the respondent; the poll took place on 5.3.1985; and the result was announced on 6.3.1985. The respondent election petitioner in the High Court examined himself as P.W. 1 and deposed to the following effect: " . . I was given the symbol of 'bow and arrow '. I canvassed for my votes with the symbol of 'bow and arrow ' till Febru ary 15	 1985. The Returning Officer changed my symbol and allotted to me the symbol of 'Sirhi ' (ladder). The symbol of 'bow and arrow ' was given to Murura Dasi	 the another candidate. I was the sitting MLA and my symbol in the last election was also 'bow and arrow '. I lost the election this time by a margin of 430 votes. In the election held in the year 1980	 I won the election by a margin of 9611 votes. This time the main reason of my defeat in the election is the change of my symbol. Due to change of my symbol	 the voters were misled and they 928 could not be apprised of this change. I could not canvass for my votes with the symbol of 'ladder ' in that constituency and in that area. I was known largely and properly in the areas as the MLA with the symbol of 'bow and arrow '. The candidate of Congress party was declared elected in this election. The elec tion of my constituency was held in March 5	 1985. I did not get 20 days time as provided in law after the change of my symbol. " When recalled	 he added that the symbol was a free symbol which had been allotted to him earlier i.e. the symbol of 'bow and arrow '. "The last date of withdrawal of the nomination paper was February 9	 1985. By the change of symbol 'bow and arrow '	 I was materially affected and it affected the course of election and the voters were misled and they wrongly voted for Murura Dasi. " Evidence of no other witness appears on record. The question before us is	 whether on the basis of the above evidence on record the High Court was justified in holding that the result of the election was materially affected and in declaring the appel lant 's election to be void on that ground. Section 100 of the Representation of the People Act	 195 1 states the grounds for declaring an election to be void. Sub section 1(d)(iv) says: (1) subject to the provisions of sub sectiOn (2) if the High Court is of opinion (d) that the result of the election	 in so far as it concerns a returned candidate	 has been materially affected (iv) by any noncom pliance with the provisions of the Constitution or of this Act or of any rules or orders made under this Act	 the High Court shall declare the election of the returned candidate to be void: Sub section (2) is not relevant for the purpose of this case. Was there in this case. any violation of section 30(d)? Under section 30 of the Representation of the People Act	 1951	 as soon as the notification calling upon a constituen cy to elect the member or members	 is issued	 the Election Commission shall	 by notification in the Official Gazette appoint	 amongst others	 under clause (d) the date or dates on which a poll shall	 if necessary	 be taken	 which or the first of which shall be a date not earlier than the twenti eth day after the last date for the withdrawal of candida ture. In the instant case the last date for the withdrawal of nomination was 9.2.1985 and the date of poll was 5.3.1985. There was	 therefore	 clear compliance with the requirement of S.30(d). The respondent himself stated that on 14.12.1985 he received notice of intention of the Return ing Officer to change his election symbol and the symbol was actually changed on 15.2.1985. We agree with the High Court that only the spirit of S.30(d) was not complied with. In terms	 this provision was 929 clearly complied with. The submission that it was violated	 has	 therefore	 to be rejected. Rule 10 of the Conduct of Election Rules	 1961 deals with preparation of list of contesting candidates. Sub rule (4) thereof requires that at an election in an assembly constituency	 where a poll becomes necessary	 the Returning Officer shall consider the choice of symbols expressed by the contesting candidates in their nomination papers and shall	 subject to any general or special direction issued in this behalf by the Election Commission (a) allot a different symbol to each contesting candidate in conformity	 as far as practicable	 with his choice; and (b) if more contesting candidates than one have indicated their preference for the same symbol decide by lot to which of such candidates the symbol will be allotted. Under sub rule (5) the allotment by the Returning Officer of any symbol to a candidate shall be final except where it is inconsistent with any directions issued by the Election Commission in this behalf in which case the Election Commission may revise the allotment in such manner as it thinks fit. The change of symbol has not been proved to be violative of Rule 10(5). Even assuming violation	 as Mr. Garg submits	 was there enough evidence to show that the result of the election	 in so far as it concerned the returned candidate	 was materially affected? The election petitioner before the High Court deposed that he lost the election by a margin of 430 votes. From the result sheet it appears that the appel lant secured 8659 votes and the respondent secured 8229 votes. The difference is	 therefore	 of 430 votes. Murura Dasi despite the 'bow and arrow ' symbol secured 2228 votes. The election petitioner has not stated and proved that more than 430 voters would have voted for him	 had the symbol of 'bow and arrow ' not been changed	 and that they voted for Murura Dasi only for her having the symbol of 'bow and arrow '. How could that be proved would. of course	 depend on the facts and circumstances of the case. The result of election	 in so far as it concerns a returned candidate	 may be affected in various ways by various factors stated under section 100(1)(d). So far as the burden and measure of proof of such material effect is concerned	 the law has been enunciated by several decisions of this Court. What is required to be demonstrated by evi dence will vary according to the way in which the result of the election in so far as it concerns the returned candidate is alleged to have been materially affected. It is to be noted that in an election petition what is called in ques tion is the election and what is claimed is that the elec tion 930 of all or any of the returned candidates is void	 with or without a further declaration that the election petitioner himself or any other candidate has been duly elected. De claring the election of the returned candidate void does not	 by itself	 entitle the election petitioner or any other candidate to be declared elected. Vashit Narain Sharma vs Der Chandra and Ors.	 ; 	 was a case of improper acceptance or rejection of nomination paper and the manner of proving that the result of the election had been materially affected was slightly different from that of the instant case as that involved the question of possible distribution of wasted votes. However	 this Court has stated that the result of the election being materially affected is a matter which has to be proved and the onus of proving it lies upon the petitioner. Their Lordships observed: "It will not do merely to say that all or a majority of the wasted votes might have gone to the next highest candidates. The casting of votes at an election depends upon a variety of factors and it is not possible for any one to predicate how many or which proportion of the votes will go to one or the other of the candidates. While it must be recognised that the petitioner in such a case is confronted with a difficult situation	 it is not possible to relieve him of the duty imposed upon him by Section 100(1)(c) and hold without evidence that the duty has been discharged. Should the petitioner fail to adduce satisfactory evi dence to enable the court to find in his favour on this point	 the inevitable result would be that the Tribunal would not interfere in his favour and would allow the election to stand. " In Inayatullah Khan vs Diwanchand Mahajan & Ors	 19	 where a nominated candidate was found to have been disqualified under section 7(d) of the Act the question arose as to what had happened to the election as a result. It was contended that the margin of votes was small and that the result of the election must be taken to have been materially affected because Nandial	 a disqualified candidate	 got 8	000 odd votes	 which in the event of his not contesting would have gone to Mahajan. Evidence was led to show how the votes which went to Nandial would have been divided and both sides claimed that if Nandial had not contested the elec tion	 the votes would have gone to them. The Madhya Pradesh High Court observed that the evidence on this part of the case was exceedingly general and apart from the statement by the witnesses who came forward as to their opinion	 there was 931 nothing definite about it. All the evidence which had been brought to Court 's notice was not decisive of the matter under section 100 of the Act in view of the test laid down in Vashit Narain Sharma 's case (supra). It can	 therefore	 be taken as settled that the party who wishes herein to get an election declared void has to establish by satisfactory evidence that the result of the poll had in fact been mate rially affected by the violation of Rule 10(5) of the Rules. For doing this	 it has to be demonstrated that the votes would have been diverted in such a way that the returned candidate would have been unsuccessful. In the instant case there was no evidence to demonstrate the returned candidate having derived any benefit from the change of symbol of the election petitioner. Murura Dasi	 to whom the 'bow and arrow ' symbol was later allotted	 was not the successful candidate. The election petitioner was required to show that such number of votes had gone in favour of the successful candidate instead of in favour of the petitioner	 simply because of the change of symbol as would	 without that number of votes	 make the successful candidates unsuccess ful. The petitioner	 besides making bare statement	 had not produced any other satisfactory evidence in support of such a proposition. In S.N. Balakrishna vs Fernandes	 ; ; 	 which was a case under section 100(1)(d)(ii) and section 123(4) corrupt practice charged against an agent other than election agent	 on the question of the result of the election	 in so far it concerned the returned candidate	 being materially affected	 Hidayatullah	 C.J. observed at para 58: "In our opinion the matter cannot be consid ered on possibility. Vashit Narain 's case insists on proof. If the margin of votes were small something might be made of the points mentioned by Mr. Jethmalani. But the margin is large and the number of votes earned by the remaining candidates also sufficiently huge. There is no room	 therefore	 for a reasonable judicial guess. The law requires proof. How far that proof should go or what it should contain is not provided by the legislature. In Vashit 's case; 	 	 and in Inayatullah vs Diwanchand Mahajan	 [1958] 15 Ele LR 219 at pp. 235 246 (MP) the provision was held to prescribe an impossible burden. The law has however remained as be fore. We arc bound by the rulings of this Court and must say that the burden has not been successfully discharged. We cannot over look the rulings of this Court and follow the English rulings cited to us. " 932 In Chhedi Ram vs Jhilmit Ram and Ors.	 which was also a case of improper acceptance of nomination paper	 Chinnappa Reddy	 J. observed that the answer to the question whether the result of the election could be said to have been materially affected must depend on the facts	 circumstances	 and reasonable probabilities of the case. Under the Indian Evidence Act	 a fact is said to be proved when after considering the matters before it	 the Court either believes it to exist or considers its existence so probable that a prudent man ought	 under the circumstances of the particular case	 to act upon the supposition that it exists. If having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case	 a reasonable probability is all one way	 the Court must not lay down an impossible standard of proof and hold a fact as not proved. As was reiterated in Shiv Charan Singh vs Chandra Bhan Singh	 ; 	 in the absence of any proof the result of an election can not be held to be materially affected; and it is not permissible in law to set aside the election of the returned candidate on mere surmises and conjectures. A decision in election petition can be given only on positive and affirmative evidence and not on mere speculation and suspicious	 however strong they are. Indeed	 in the instant case there is no such positive and affirma tive evidence. 	Mere assertions by the election petitioner were not enough. Nothing was alleged and proved against the successful candidate. There could be no proposition or contention that a candidate with a particular symbol would always be successful at the hustings or that a particular voter or a number of voters would always vote for a symbol irrespective of the candidate to whom it is allotted. Mr. S.N. Singh relies on paragraph 29 of the Judgment in All Party Hill Leaders ' Conference	 Shillong vs Captain W.A. Sangma	 (supra) wherein Goswami	 J. observed: "For the purpose of holding elections	 allot ment of symbol will find a prime place in a country where illiteracy is still very high. It has been found from experience that symbol as a device for casting votes in favour of a candidate of one 's choice has proved an inval uable aid. Apart from this	 just as people develop a sense of honour	 glory and patriotic pride for a flag of one 's country	 similarly great fervour and emotions are generated for a symbol representing a political party. This is particularly so in a parliamentary democracy which is conducted on party 933 lines. People after a time identify themselves with the symbol and the flag. These are great unifying insignia which cannot all of a sudden be effaced. " There is no dispute about the importance of the symbol in a backward constituency. This will	 however	 not absolve the election petitioner of his burden of proving that the result of the election has been materially affected. In Roop Lal Sathi vs Nachhattar Singh Gill	 (supra) in the facts of that case	 this Court observed that: "The symbols order was issued by the Election Commission under Article 324 of the Constitu tion in exercise of its undoubted powers of superintendence	 direction and control of the conduct of all elections to Parliament and Legislature of every State. It is also relata ble to Rules 5 and 10 of the Conduct of Elec tions Rules framed by the Central Government in exercise of their powers under section 169 of the Act. Rule 4 of the Conduct of Elections Rules provides that every nomination paper presented under section 33 of the Act shall be in Forms 2 A to 2 E	 as may be appropriate. Forms 2 A and 2 B require the candidate to choose symbol. Under Rule 5(1) the Election Commis sion by notification may specify the symbols that may be chosen by candidates at elections to Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies. Under Rule 10(4) the Returning Officer shall consider the choice of symbols expressed by contesting candidates and "subject to any general or special direction issued by the Election Commission" allot different symbols to different candidates. The allotment of symbols by the Returning Officer is final under sub rule (5) of Rule 10 except where it is inconsistent with any directions issued by the Election Commission in that behalf in which case the Election Commission may revise the allotment in such manner as it thinks fit." Mr. Singh 's submission is as if the violation of sub rule (5) of Rule 10 would ipso facto make an election void. That	 however	 is not the legal position as would be clear from the provision itself. Section 100(1)(d)(iv) of the Act clearly says that subject to the provisions of sub section (2) if the High Court is of opinion that the result of the election	 in so far as it concerns a returned candidate	 has been materially affected (iv) by any non compliance with the provisions of the Constitution or of this Act or of any rules or orders made under this 934 Act	 the High Court shall declare the election of the re turned candidate to be void. The violation of sub rule (5) of Rule loper se will not invalidate the election. The election petitioner has also to prove that the result of the election	 in so far as it concerns the returned candidate	 was materially affected. From the evidence on record considered in light of the law enunciated above	 we have no doubt that the election petitioner dismally failed to discharge the burden of prov ing that the result of the election	 in so far it concerned the appellant	 who has been the returned candidate	 was materially affected. The High Court was in error in holding	 without sufficient evidence	 that it was materially affect ed. In the result	 the impugned Judgment of the High Court is set aside and this appeal is allowed with costs which we quantify at Rs.3	000 (Rupees three thousand). Let steps be taken under Section 116C(2) of the Act. R.S.S. Appeal allowed.

In the election to the Bihar Legislative Assembly held in 1985	 the appellant was declared elected from the 286 Chandan Kyari (S.C.) Constituency. The respondent	 a sitting M.L.A.	 who secured 430 votes less than the appellant	 filed an election petition in the Patna High Court (Ranchi Bench) calling in question the election of the appellant. The respondent 's main grievance was that the Returning Officer re allocated his 'bow and arrow ' symbol to another candidate Murura Dasi	 and instead allotted the symbol of 'ladder ' to him	 and this sudden change of symbol left him with less than 20 days time for campaign which resulted in confusion amongst his supporters as a result of which his election was materially affected. On this premise the respondent contend ed that the election was liable to be declared void on the ground of (i) violation of section 30(d) of the Representa tion of People Act	 1951	 which according to him prescribed atleast 20 days time for election campaign	 which he did not have after change of the symbol; and (ii) violation of Rule 10(5) of the Conduct of Election Rules	 1961 under which	 according to him	 the election symbol could not be changed without permission of the Election Commission. The respond ent election petitioner examined himself. Evidence of no other witness appears on record. The High Court allowed the petition and declared the appellant 's election to be void holding that the result of the election in so Tar as it concerned the returned candi date was materially affected by violation of Rule 10(5) of the Conduct of Election Rules	 1961. Before this Court	 it was contended on behalf of the appel lant that 922 (i) the appellant did not receive any notice of the election petition against her and the trial had proceeded ex parte; (ii) there was no breach of section 30(d) of the Representa tion of the People Act Inasmuch as the minimum 20 days time was available after the date of withdrawal of nomination paper to the date of poll; (iii) there was no violation of Rule 10(5) of the Conduct of Election Rules; and (iv) even assuming that there was violation of this rule	 the election petitioner dismally failed to prove by evidence that the result of the election was materially affected thereby	 inasmuch as no sufficient evidence was adduced in proof of his claim	 and he himself could not have proved his aver ments. Allowing the appeal	 this Court	 HELD: (1) Under s.30 of the Representation of the People Act	 1951	 as soon as the notification calling upon a con stituency to elect the member or members is issued	 the Election Commission shall	 by notification in the Official Gazette appoint	 amongst others	 under clause (d)	 the date or dates on which a poll shall	 if necessary	 be taken	 which or the first of which shall be a date not earlier than the twentieth day after the last date for the withdrawal of candidature. [928F] (2) In the instant case	 the last date for the withdraw al of nomination was 9.2.1985 and the date of poll was 5.3.1985. There was	 therefore	 clear compliance with the requirement of section 30(d). The respondent himself stated that on 14.2.1985 he received notice of intention of the Return ing Officer to change his election symbol and the symbol was actually changed on 15.2.1985. This Court agrees with the High Court that only the spirit of section 30(d) was not complied with. In terms	 this provision was clearly complied with. [928G 929A] (3) The violation of sub rule (5) of Rule 10 per se will not invalidate the election. The election petitioner has also to prove that the result of the election	 in so far as it concerns the returned candidate	 was materially affected. [934A B] (4) The party who wishes to get an election declared void has to establish by satisfactory evidence that the result of the poll had in fact been materially affected by the violation of Rule 10(5) of the Rules. For doing this	 it has to be demonstrated that the votes would have been di verted in such a way that the returned candidate would have been unsuccessfull. [931B] 923 Vashist Narain Sharma vs Dev Chandra & Ors.	 ; ; lnayatullah Khan vs Diwanchand Mahajan & Ors.	 ; S.N. Balakrishna vs Fernandes	 ; 	 ; Shiv Charan Singh vs Chandra Bhan Singh	 ; and Chhedi Ram vs Jhilmit Ram & Ors.	 	 referred to. (5) A decision in an election petition can be given only on positive and affirmative evidence and not on mere specu lation and suspicion	 however	 strong they are. In the instant case	 there is no such positive and affirmative evidence. Mere assertions by the election petitioner were not enough. [932D] (6) There could be no proposition or contention that a candidate with a particular symbol would always be success ful at the hustings or that a particular voter or a number of voters would always vote for a symbol irrespective of the candidate to whom it is allotted. [932E] (7) There is no dispute about the importance of the symbol in a backward constituency. This will however	 not absolve the election petitioner of his burden of proving that the result of the election has been materially affect ed. [933B] All Party Hill Leaders ' Conference	 Shillong vs Captain W.A. Sangama	 ; and Roop Lal Sathi vs Nach hattar Singh Gill; 	 	 referred to. (8) The election petitioner has not stated and proved that more than 430 voters would have voted for him	 had the symbol of 'bow and arrow ' not been changed	 and that they voted for Murura Dasi only for her having the symbol of 'bow and arrow '. How could that be proved would. of course	 depends on the facts and circumstances of the case. [929F] (9) In the instant case	 the election petitioner dismal ly failed to discharge the burden of proving that the result of the election	 in so far as it concerned the appellant	 who has been the returned candidate	 was materially affect ed. The High Court was in error in holding	 without suffi cient evidence	 that it was materially affected. [934C]