Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 419 of 1957. Appeal by certificate from the judgment and decree dated January 16	 1953	 of the Madras High Court in A. section No. 164 of 1949. M. section K. Sastri	 for the appellants. Ravindra Narain	 for the respondents. April 14. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SUBBA RAO	 J. This appeal by certificate	 is directed against the judgment of the High Court of Judicature at Madras dated January 16	 1953	 modifying the decree of the Court of the Subordinate Judge	 Dindigul	 in 0. section No. 7 of 1948	 a suit filed by the respondents for compensation under the provisions of the (XIII of 1855). The appellant	 Gobald Motor Service Ltd. (hereinafter called the Company)	 was engaged in the business of transporting passengers by bus between Dharapuram and Palni	 among other places	 in the State of Madras. On September 20	 1947	 one of the buses of the Company	 bearing registration number MDC 2414	 left Dharapuram for Palni at about 3 p.m. At a place called Thumbalapatti between Dharapuram and Palni	 one Rajaratnam	 along with his brother by name Krishnan	 boarded the bus. The bus met with an accident at about 3 miles from Palni	 as a result of which some of the passengers	 including Rajaratnam	 sustained injuries. Rajaratnam died of 932 the injuries received in the accident on September 23	 1947. The first plaintiff	 his father; the second plaintiff	 his widow; and plaintiffs 3 to 7	 his sons	 instituted 0. section No. 7 of 1948 against the Company in the Court of the Subordinate Judge	 Dindigul	 for compensation under section 1 of the (hereinafter called the Act) for loss of pecuniary benefit sustained by them personally	 and under section 2 thereof for the loss sustained by the estate on account of the death of Rajaratnam. They alleged in the plaint that the driver	 who was in charge of the bus	 was incompetent and inexperienced	 that he was guilty of rash and negligent conduct in the driving of the bus	 and that the accident was the result of his incompetence and negligence. The Company in its written statement denied the said allegations and leaded that the accident was the result of the central plea of the left rear spring suddenly giving way	 that Rajaratnam was also guilty of contributory negligence and that in any event the damages claimed were excessive. The learned Subordinate Judge came to the conclusion that there was no proof that the bus was driven at a reckless speed at the scene of the accident	 but the fact that the accident occurred on the off side of the road was itself evidence of his negligence and it had not been rebutted by the defendants. He further held that the driver was not proved to be incompetent. On those findings	 he held that the defendants were liable for the negligence of their servant	 and be awarded damages as follows: (1)Plaintiff 1 . Rs. 3	600 under section 1 of the Act. (2) Plaintiffs 2 to 7. Rs. 25	200 under section 1 of the Act. (3) Plaintiffs 2 to 7. Rs. 6	000 under section 2 of the Act. Against the said decree	 the defendants preferred an appeal to the High Court and it came to be disposed of by a division bench of that court. The High Court on a review of the entire evidence held that the speed at which the bus was driven was excessive	 having regard to the nature of the ground on which the accident happened	 that there was negligence on the part of the 933 driver	 and that the appellants were liable therefore. But the High Court discounted the plea that the appellants	 apart from their being constructively liable for the negligence of the driver	 were also negligent in employing Joseph	 who was not a competent driver. Both the courts	 therefore	 concurrently held that the accident occurred on account of the negligence of the driver. On the question of damages	 the High Court confirmed the amount of compensation awarded to the plaintiffs 2 to 7 both under sections 1 and 2 of the Act	 but in regard to the first plaintiff	 it reduced the compensation awarded to him from Rs. 3	600 to Rs. 1	000; with this modification	 the appeal was dismissed with costs. Learned counsel for the appellants raised before us the following points: (1) The finding of the High Court that the bus was driven at an excessive speed at the place where the accident occurred	 based on probabilities	 was erroneous. (2) The concurrent finding of the two courts that respondents 2 to 7 would be entitled to damages in a sum of Rs. 25	200 for the loss of pecuniary advantage to them was not based upon any acceptable evidence but only on surmises. (3) The High Court went wrong in awarding damages separately for loss of expectation of life under section 2 of the Act	 as damages under that head had already been taken into consideration in giving compensation to respondents 2 to 7 for the pecuniary loss sustained by them by the death of Rajaratnam. The first question for consideration is whether the accident was due to any negligence on the part of the driver Joseph. A clear picture of the topography and the physical condition of the locality where the accident took place would	 to a large extent	 help us in deciding the said question. The accident took place at Puliampatti where the road passed over a culvert and then took a sharp bend with a downward gradient. To the east of the road was a drain and that was marked off by 5 stones 2 feet high. At a distance of 20 or 25 feet from the stones	 there were trees. The bus after crossing the culvert crashed against the 5th stone with so much force that the latter 934 was uprooted and broken. It next attacked a tamarind tree which was stated to be at a distance of 20 or 25 feet from the stone	 and its bark was peeled off and it travelled some more distance before it finally came to rest. The evidence disclosed that some of the passengers were knocked and thrown down within the bus itself and sustained injuries	 while Rajaratnam was thrown out of the bus into the ditch at a place 161 feet south of the tamarind tree. It must be self evident from the said picture of the accident that the bus must have been driven at a high speed. P.Ws. 3 and 4	 two of the passengers in the bus	 P.W. 6	 a brother of Rajaratnam	 who also travelled in the bus	 and P.W. 5	 who ran a coffee and tea stall at the place of the accident	 swore in the witness box that the bus was being driven at a high speed when the accident happened. Their evidence reinforces the compelling impression of high speed caused by the objective features thrown out by the topography of the place of the accident. On the other hand	 on the side of the defendants (appellants herein) D. W. 2	 who claimed to have travelled in the bus	 deposed that the bus was travel ling at the usual speed	 but his cross examination discloses that he was an improvised witness. D.W. 3	 who was sitting by the side of the driver	 deposed to the same effect	 but he was an employee of the Company and was obviously interested to support their case. The evidence adduced on the side of the defence is certainly not convincing. An attempt was made to calculate the speed of the bus on the basis of the time given by P. W. 6 as to when Rajaratnam boarded the bus and the time when the bus dashed against the tree	 and the mileage covered between the two points within the said time. On the basis of such a calculation it was contended that the speed would have been less than 15 miles per hour; but it is not possible to deduce the speed from such a calculation	 as the witnesses were speaking of the time only approximately and not with reference to any watch. That apart	 it cannot be said that the bus maintained an even pace throughout. The High Court	 on the basis of the evidence and on broad probabilities	 held that 935 the speed at which the bus was driven was excessive	 having regard to the nature of the ground on which the accident happened; and having gone through the evidence	 we are quite satisfied that the said finding was justified on the material placed before them. It must	 therefore	 be held that there was negligence on the part of the driver. Apart from the positive evidence	 in the present case the accident took place not on the main road	 but on the off side uprooting the stone at the drain and attacking a tamarind tree 25 feet away from the said stone with such a velocity that its bark was peeled off and the bus could stop only after travelling some more distance from the said tree. The said facts give rise to a presumption that the accident was caused by the negligence of the driver. Asquith	 L. J.	 in Barkway vs South Wales Transport Co. (1) neatly summarizes the principles applicable as to onus of proof in the following short propositions: "(i) If the defendants ' omnibus leaves the road and falls down an embankment	 and this without more is proved	 then the res ipsa loquitur	 there is a presumption that the event is caused by negligence on the part of the defendants	 and the plaintiff succeeds unless the defendants can rebut this pre sumption. (ii) It is no rebuttal for the defendants to show	 again without more	 that the immediate cause of the omnibus leaving the road is a tyre burst	 since a tyre burst per se is a neutral event consistent	 and equally consistent	 with negligence or due diligence on the part of the defendants. When a balance has been tilted one way	 you cannot redress it by adding an equal weight to each scale. The depressed scale will remain down. This is the effect of the decision in Laurie vs Raglan Building Company Ltd.	 (2)	 where not a tyre burst but a skid was involved. (iii) To displace the presumption	 the defendants must go further and prove (or it must emerge from the evidence as a whole) either (a) that the burst itself was due to a specific cause which does not connote negligence on their part but points to its (1) 	 471. (2) 936 absence as more probable	 or (b) if they can point to no such specific cause	 that they used all reasonable care in and about the management of their tyres. " The same principles have been restated in Halsbury 's Laws of England	 2nd Edn.	 Vol. 23	 at p. 671	 para 956	 thus: "An exception to the general rule that the burden of proof of the alleged negligence is in the first instance on the plaintiff occurs wherever the facts already established are such that the proper and natural inference immediately arising from them is that the injury complained of was caused by the defendant 's negligence	 or where the event charged as negligence tells its own story ' of negligence on the part of the defendant	 the story so told being clear and unambiguous. To these cases the maxim res ipsa loquitur applies. Where the doctrine applies	 a presumption of fault is raised against the defendant	 which	 if he is to succeed in his defence	 must be overcome by contrary evidence	 the burden on the defendant being to show how the act complained of could reasonably happen without negligence on his part. Where	 therefore	 there is a duty on the defendant to exercise care	 and the circumstances in which the injury complained of happened are such that with the exercise of the requisite care no risk would in the ordinary course of events ensue	 the burden is in the first instance on the defendant to disprove his liability. In such a case	 if the injurious agency itself and the surrounding circumstances are all entirely within the defendant 's control	 the inference is that the defendant is liable	 and this inference is strengthened if the injurious agency is inanimate. " The said principles directly apply to the present case. Here	 the events happened tell their own story and there is a presumption that the accident was caused by negligence on the part of the appellants. But it is 	said that this presumption was rebutted by proof that the accident was due to the rear central bolt of the bus 937 suddenly giving way. The High Court	 after considering the relevant evidence	 held that it was not possible to hold that the accident was caused by the break in the bolt. We have gone through the evidence and we do not see any flaw in that conclusion. The scope of the liability of a master for the negligence of his servant has been succinctly stated by Baron Parke in Joel vs Morison (1) thus: 'The master is only liable where the servant is acting in the course of his employment. If he was going out of his way	 against his master 's implied commands	 when driving on his master 's business	 he will make his master liable; but if he was going on a frolic of his own	 without being at all on his master 's business	 the master will not be liable. " Again	 in Storey vs Ashton (2) Cockburn	 L.C.J.	 says: "The true rule is that the master is only responsible so long as the servant can be said to be doing the act	 in the doing of which he is guilty of negligence	 in the course of his employment as servant. " In the same case	 Lush	 J.	 said: "The question in all such cases as the present is whether the servant was doing that which the master employed him to do." In the present case	 admittedly	 on account of the negligence of the driver in the course of his employment the said accident happened	 and	 therefore	 the appellants are liable therefore. The next question is whether the courts below were right in awarding compensation of Rs. 25	200 for the pecuniary loss unstained by the respondents 2 to 7 by reason of the death of Rajaratnam	 under section 1 of the Act. Section 1 of the Act reads: "Whenever the death of a person shall be caused by wrongful act	 neglect or default	 and the act	 neglect or default is such as would (if death had not ensued) have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof	 the party who would have been liable if death had (1) (1834) 6 Car. & P. 501 ; 172 E.R. 1338. (2) 118 938 not ensued shall be liable to an action or suit for damages	 notwithstanding the death of the person injured	 and although the death shall have been caused under such circumstances as amount in law to felony or other crime. Every such action or suit shall be for the benefit of the wife	 husband	 parent and child	 if any of the person whose death shall have been so caused	 and shall be brought by and in the name of the executor	 administrator or representative of the person deceased; and in every such action the Court may give such damages as it may think proportioned to the loss resulting from such death to the parties respectively	 for whom and for whose benefit such action shall be brought; and the amount so recovered	 after deducing all costs and expenses	 including the costs not recovered from the Defendant	 shall be divided amongst the before mentioned parties	 or any of them	 in such shares as the Court by its judgment or decree shall direct." This section is in substance a reproduction of the English Fatal Accidents Acts	 9 and 10 Vict. 93	 known as the Lord Campbell 's Acts. The scope of the corresponding provisions of the English Fatal Accidents Acts has been discussed by the House of Lords in Davies vs Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries Ltd.(1). There	 Lord Russell of Killowen stated the general rule at p. 606 thus: "The general rule which has always prevailed in regard to the assessment of damages under the	 Fatal Accidents Acts is well settled	 namely	 that any benefit accruing to a dependent by reason of the relevant death must be taken into account. Under those Acts the balance of loss and gain to a dependent by the death must be ascertained	 the position of each dependent being considered separately." Lord Wright elaborated the theme further thus at p. 611: "The damages are to be based on the reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit or benefit reducible (1) 939 to money value. In assessing the damages all circumstances which may be legitimately Pleaded in diminution of the damages must be considered. The actual pecuniary loss of each individual entitled to sue can only be ascertained by balancing	 on the one band	 the loss to him of the future pecuniary benefit	 and	 on the other	 any pecuniary advantage which from whatever source comes to him by reason of the death. " The same principle was restated with force and clarity by Viscount Simon in Nance vs British Columbia Electric Railway Company Ltd. (1). There	 the learned Lord was considering the analogous provisions of the British Columbia legislation	 and he put the principle thus at p. 614: "The claim for damages in the present case falls under two separate heads. First	 if the deceased had not been killed	 but had eked ou t the full span of life to which in the absence of the accident he could reasonably have looked forward	 what sums during that period would he probably have applied out of his income to the maintenance of his wife and family?" Viscount Simon then proceeded to lay down the mode of estimating the damages under the first head. According to him	 at first the deceased man 's expectation of life has to be estimated having regard to his age	 bodily health and the possibility of premature determination of his life by later accidents; secondly	 the amount required for the future pro vision of his wife shall be estimated having regard to the amounts he used to spend on her during his lifetime	 and other circumstances; thirdly	 the estimated annual sum is multiplied by the number of years of the man 's estimated span of life. 	 and the said amount must be discounted so as to arrive at the equivalent in the form of a lump sum payable on his death; fourthly	 further deductions must be made for the benefit accruing to the widow from the acceleration of her interest in his estate; and	 fifthly	 further amounts have to be deducted for the possibility of the (1) 940 wife dying earlier if the husband had lived the full span of life; and it should also be taken into account that there is the possibility of the widow remarrying much to the improvement of her financial position. It would be seen from the said mode of estimation that many imponderable enter into the calculation. Therefore	 the actual extent of the pecuniary loss to the respondents may depend upon data which cannot be ascertained accurately	 but must necessarily be an estimate	 or even partly a conjecture. Shortly stated	 the general principle is that the pecuniary loss can be ascertained only by balancing on the one hand the loss to the claimants of the future pecuniary benefit and on the other any pecuniary advantage which from whatever source comes to them by reason of the death	 that is	 the balance of loss and gain to a dependent by the death must be ascer tained. The burden is certainly on the plaintiffs to establish the extent of their loss. Both the courts below found	 on the evidence the following facts: (1) The family owned a building worth Rs. 2	00	000 at Palni	 and 120 acres of nanja land worth about Rs. 1	000 per acre. (2) It was engaged in the business of manufacturing Indian patent medicines from drugs and had been running a Siddha Vaidyasalai at Palni for a period of 30 years and had also branches in Colombo and Madras. (3) Rajaratnam studied in the Indian School of Medicine for two years and thereafter set up his own practice as a doctor	 having registered himself as a practitioner in 1940. (4) He took over the management of the family Vaidyasalai at Palni. (5) Rajaratnam was earning in addition Rs. 200 to Rs. 250 per month in his private practice. (6) He had a status in life	 being Municipal Councillor of Palni and sometimes its Vice Chairman	 and was maintaining a fairly good standard of life and owned motor cars. (7) He was aged 34 years at the time of his death and	 therefore had a reasonably long span of life before him	 if the accident had not taken place. On the said findings	 the High Court summarized the position thus: 941 age 34 carrying on business as a Doctor	 with reasonable prospects of improving in his business. He was living in comfort and by his early death plaintiff	 	 2 to 7 have lost their prospects of education	 position in society and even possible provision in their favour. Under the circumstances	 the award of Rs. 25	000 as damages must be accepted as quite reasonable. " When the courts below have	 on relevant material placed before them	 ascertained the said amount as damages under the first head	 we cannot in second appeal disturb the said finding except for compelling reasons. Assuming that Rajaratnam had not died	 he would have spent	 having regard to his means and status in life	 a minimum of Rs. 250 on respondents 2 to 7; and his income	 as indicated by the evidence	 would certainly be more than that amount. The yearly expenditure he had to incur on the members of the family would have been about Rs. 3	000 and the sum of Rs. 25	200 would represent the said expenditure for just over 8 years. In the circumstances	 the balance of loss and gain to the dependents by	 the death of Rajaratnam	 in the sense stated by Lord Wright and Viscount Simon	 could not be less than Rs. 25	200; indeed	 having regard to the circumstances of the case	 it is a moderate sum; it is rather a conservative estimate. We	 therefore	 accept that figure as representing the damages for respondents 2 to 7 in respect of their claim under the head of pecuniary loss to them by the death of Rajaratnam. The last	 contention raises an interesting point. Under section 2 of the Act the respondents 2 to 7 were awarded Rs. 5	000 as damages for loss of expectation of life. It was contended that this amount should go in reduction of Rs. 25	200 awarded under section 1 of the Act on the ground that otherwise it would be duplication of damages in respect of the same wrong. The second proviso to section 2 of the Act reads: "Provided that in any such action or suit	 the executor	 administrator or representative of the deceased may insert a claim for and recover any 942 pecuniary loss to the estate of the deceased occasioned by such wrongful act	 neglect or default	 which sum	 when recovered	 shall be deemed part of the assets of the estate of the deceased." While section 1 of the Act is in substance a reproduction of the English Fatal Accidents Acts	 9 & 10 Vict. 93	 known as the Lord Campbell 's Acts	 section 2 thereof corresponds to a provision enacted in England by the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provision) Act	 1934. The cause of action under section 1 and that under section 2 are different. While under section 1 damages are recoverable for the benefit of the persons mentioned therein	 under section 2 compensation goes to the benefit of the estate; whereas under section 1 damages are payable in respect of loss sustained by the persons mentioned therein	 under section 2 damages can be claimed inter alia for loss of expectation of life. Though in some cases parties that are entitled to compensation under both the sections may happen to be the same persons	 they need not necessarily be so; persons entitled to benefit under section 1 may be different	 from those claiming under section 2. Prima facie as the two claims are to be based upon different causes of action	 the claimants	 whether the same or different	 would be entitled to recover compensation separately under both the heads. But a difficulty may arise where the party claiming compensation under both the heads is the same and the claims under both the heads synchronize in respect of a particular sub head or in respect of the entire head. In that situation	 the question is whether a party would be entitled to recover damages twice over in respect of the same wrong. In England this question came under judicial scrutiny in Rose vs Ford (1). There the question was whether and to what extent deductions would have to be made in giving compensation both under the English Fatal Accidents Acts and the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provision) Act	 1934. A young woman called Rose was killed in an accident. Her father sued for damages under both the Acts. It was contended that as he got damages for personal loss	 he could not be (1) 	 835. 943 awarded once again compensation for the loss of expectation of life. Though in that case it was held that the father was entitled under both the Acts	 Lord Atkin made the following observations	 which are appropriate to the present case: "I should add that I see no difficulty as to the alleged duplication of damages under the Act of 1934 and the Fatal Accidents Acts. If those who benefit under the last mentioned Acts also benefit under the will or intestacy of the deceased personally	 the damages under those Acts will be affected. If they do not	 there seems no reason why an increase in the deceased 's estate in which they take no share should 	affect the measure of damages to which they are entitled under the Act. " A similar question arose in Feay vs Barnwell There	 Mrs. Feay was killed in an accident and her husband sued for damages under both the Acts. It was held that	 as the husband was the claimant under both the Acts	 credit should be given in assessing the damages under the Fatal Accidents Acts	 for what was given to him under the Law Reform Act	 1934. So too	 in Ellis vs Raine (2)	 where the parents of an infant	 who had been negligently killed in an accident	 claimed damages under both the Acts	 Goddard	 L. J.	 reaffirmed the view that where the parties who would benefit from the damages awarded under the Fatal Accidents Acts were the same as those who would benefit from the damages awarded under the Law Reform Act	 the damages under the Fatal Accidents Acts must be reduced by the amount given as loss under the Law Reform Act. Finally the same view has been reaffirmed and restated with clarity in Davis vs Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries Ltd. (3). There Lord Macmillan described the nature of the two heads thus at p. 610: "The rights of action in the two cases are quite distinct and independent. Under the Law Reform Act the right of action is for the benefit of the deceased 's estate; under the Fatal Accidents Acts (1) (2) (3) 944 the right of action is for the benefit of the deceased 's dependents. But	 inasmuch as the basis of both causes of action may be the same	 namely	 negligence of a third party which has caused the deceased 's death	 it was natural to provide that the rights of action should be without prejudice the one to the other. It is quite a different thing to read the provision as meaning that in assessing damages payable to dependents under the Fatal Accidents Acts no account is to be taken of any benefit which the dependents may indirectly obtain from an award under the Law Reform Act through participation in the deceased 's estate. . . it is appro priate that any benefit taken indirectly by a dependent by way of participation in an award under the Law Reform Act should be taken into account in estimating the damages awarded to that dependent under the Fatal Accidents Acts." Lord Wright addressed himself to the same question and answered it at p. 614 thus: "The injury suffered by the individual from the death cannot be computed without reference to the benefit also accruing from the death to the same individual from whatever source. " The principle in its application to the Indian Act has been clearly and succinctly stated by a division bench of the Lahore High Court in Secretary of State vs Gokal Chand (1). In that case	 Sir Shadi Lal	 C. J.	 observed at p. 453 thus: "The law contemplates two sorts of damages: the one is the pecuniary loss to the estate of the deceased resulting from the accident; the other is the pecuniary loss sustained by th e members of his family through his death. The action for the latter is brought by the legal representatives	 not for the estate	 but as trustees for the relatives beneficially entitled; while the damages for the loss caus ed to the estate are claimed on behalf of the estate and when recovered form part of the assets of the estate. " An illustration may clarify the position. X is the (1) Lahore 451. 945 income of the estate of the deceased	 Y is the yearly expenditure incurred by him on his dependents (we will ignore the other expenditure incurred by him). X Y	 i.e.	 Z	 is the amount he saves every year. The capitalised value of the income spent on the dependents	 subject to relevant deductions	 is the pecuniary loss sustained by the members of his family through his death. The capitalised value of his income	 subject to relevant deductions	 would be the loss caused to the estate by his death. If the claimants under both the heads are the same	 and if they get compen sation for the entire loss caused to the estate	 they cannot claim again under the head of personal loss the capitalised income that might have been spent on them if the deceased were alive. Conversely	 if they got compensation under section 1	 representing the amount that the deceased would have spent on them	 if alive	 to that extent there should be deduction in their claim under section 2 of the Act in respect of compensation for the loss caused to the estate. To put it differently	 if under section 1 they got capitalised value of Y	 under section 2 they could get only the capitalised value of Z	 for the capitalised value of Y+Z	 i.e.	 X	 would be the capitalised value of his entire income. The law on this branch of the subject may be briefly stated thus: The rights of action under sections 1 and 2 of the Act are quite distinct and independent. If a person taking benefit under both the sections is the same	 he cannot be permitted to recover twice over for the same loss. In awarding damages under both the heads	 there shall not be duplication of the same claim	 that is	 if any part of the compensation representing the loss to the estate goes into the calculation of the personal loss under section 1 of the Act	 that portion shall be excluded in giving compensation under section 2 and vice versa. In the instant case	 under section 1 of the Act both the. courts gave compensation to plaintiffs 2 to 7 in a sum of Rs. 25	200. This sum was arrived at by taking into consideration	 inter alia	 the reasonable provision the deceased	 if alive	 would have made for them. 119 946 Under section 2 both the courts awarded damages for the loss to the estate in a sum of Rs. 5	000. That figure represents the damages for the mental agony	 suffering and loss of expectation of life. There was no duplication in awarding	 damages under both the heads. No material has been placed before us to enable us to take a different view in regard to the amount of compensation under section 2 of the Act. The judgment of the High Court is correct and the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed.

A bus run by the appellant met with an accident as a result of which R died. R 's dependents and heirs e.g. the father	 widow and sons	 brought a suit for compensation under section 1 of the 	 for loss of pecuniary benefit sustained by them personally and under section 2 thereof for the loss sustained by the estate on account of the death of R. The	 High Court found that the bus was driven at an excessive speed and there was negligence on the part of the driver and that the appellants were liable for the same. On the question of damages	 it confirmed the amount of compensation of RS. 25	000 under section 1 of the Act for the loss of pecuniary advantage and of Rs. 6	000 under section 2 of the Act for loss of expectation of life. The questions for consideration were (1) whether the accident was due 117 930 to any negligence on the part of the driver; (2) whether the courts below were right in awarding compensation under section 1 of the Act for pecuniary loss sustained by the widow and the sons of the deceased; and (3) whether the sum awarded as damages under section 2 of the Act for loss of expectation of life should go towards the reduction of the compensation awarded for pecuniary loss sustained under section 1 of the Act	 as otherwise it would be duplication of damages in respect of the same wrong. Held	 that where on the basis of the evidence and on broad probabilities it is found that the speed at which the bus was driven was excessive having regard to the nature of the ground on which the accident happened	 there is a presumption that the accident was caused by the negligence of the driver. As the driver was acting in the course of his employment	 the master would be liable for such accident	 unless the presumption is rebutted by the master. In the present case	 on account of the negligence of the driver in the course of his employment the accident happened	 and	 therefore	 the appellant was liable for the same. Barkway vs South Wales Transport Co. Ltd.	 [1948] 2 All E.R. 460	 Joel vs Morison	 (1834) 6 Car. & P. 501 and Storey vs Ashton	 	 applied. That the actual extent of the pecuniary loss to the aggriev ed party may depend upon data which cannot be ascertained accurately	 but must necessarily be an estimate	 or even partly a conjecture. Shortly stated	 the general principle is that the pecuniary loss can be ascertained only by balancing on the one hand the loss to the claimants of the future pecuniary benefit and on the other any pecuniary advantage which from whatever sources come to them by reason of the death	 that is	 the balance of loss and gain to a dependant by the death must be ascertained. Davies vs Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries Ltd.	 and Nance vs British Columbia Electric Railway Company Ltd.	 	 followed. Where the courts below have on relevant material placed before them ascertained the amount of damages under the head of pecuniary loss by the dependants of the deceased	 such findings cannot be disturbed in second appeal except for compelling reason. Held	 further	 that the rights of action under sections 1 and 2 of the are quite distinct and independent. If a person taking benefit under both the sections was the same	 he cannot be permitted to recover twice over for the same loss. In awarding damages under both the heads	 there shall not be duplication of the same claim	 that is	 if any part of the compensation representing the loss to the estate goes into the calculation of the personal loss under section 1 of the Act	 that portion shall be excluded in giving compensation under section 2 and vice versa. 931 in the instant case	 under section 1 of the Act the sum of com pensation was arrived at by taking into consideration	 inter alia	 the reasonable provision the deceased	 if alive	 would have made for his widow and sons. Under section 2 the figure for damages awarded for the loss to the estate represents the damages for the mental agony	 suffering and loss of expectation of life; thus there was no duplication in awarding damages under both the heads. Rose vs Ford	 	 Feay vs Barnwell	 	 Ellis vs Raine	 and Secretary of State V. Gokal Chand	 Lah. 451	 referred to.