Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal Nos. 1448 & 1587 of 1971. (From the Judgment and Decree dated the 29 1 1971 of the Madras High Court in Writ Appeal No. 119/70 and Writ Peti tion No. 471/70) Lal Narain Sinha	 Solicitor General	 8. N. Prasad (in CA No. 1448/71) and Girish Chandra	 for the appellants. 316 K.K. Venugopal and K.R. Nambiar for the respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by RAY	 C.J. These appeals are by certificate against judgment and order dated 29 January 1971 of the High Court of Madras. The respondents filed writ petitions in the High Court for a declaration that the Presidential Order dated 27 April 1960	 the Railway Board orders dated 25 January 1962	 Memo randa or Orders of the Ministry of Home Affairs dated 3 March 1966 and the Posts & Telegraph Department Orders dated 6 February 1965	 4 December 1965. 23 September 1967	 19 June 1968 and 9 February 1970 are void. The Presidential Order dated 27 April 1960 was inter alia as follows : XXX XXX XXX 5. Training of administrative personnel in the Hindi Medium . . (a) In accordance with the opinion expressed by the Committee in service training in Hindi may be made obligatory for Central Government employees who are aged less than 45 years. This will not apply to employees below Class III Grade	 industrial establishtments and work charged staff. In this Scheme no penalty should be imposed for failure to attain the prescribed standard by the due date. Facilities for Hindi training may continue to be provided free of costs to the trainees. (b) Necessary arrangements may be made by the Ministry of Home Affairs for the train ing of typists and stenographers employed under the Central Government in Hindi type writing and stenography. (c) The Ministry of Education may take early steps to evolve a standard key board for Hindi typewriters. XXX XXX XXX 7. Recruitment to local offices of Central Government Department : (c) The Committee has agreed with the recommendation of the Commission that the Union Government would be justified in pre scribing a reasonable measure of knowledge of Hindi language as a qualification for entering into their services provided a sufficiently long notice is given and the measure of lin guistic ability prescribed is moderate	 any deficiency being made good by further in service training. This recommendation may be applied for the present in regard to recruitment in the local offices of the Central Government De partments in the Hindi speaking areas only and not in the local offices in non Hindi speaking areas. The directions under (a)	 (b) and (c) above will not apply to offices under the Indian and Audit and Accounts Department . " 317 The Railway Board Notification dated 25 January 1962 inter alia stated as follows: "The progress of Hindi training of staff on the Railways is very slow and the facili ties provided by the Government are not being utilized properly. Immediate steps should be taken to correct the position and ensure that the facilities offered by the Government are not misused. Since training in Hindi is obligatory and is being imparted during work ing hours	 wilful absence from Hindi classes should be treated as absence from duty and dealt with as such. " The Home Ministry Memorandum dated 3 March 1966 inter alia stated as follows: In service training in Hindi was made obligatory for all Central Government Employees below 45 years of age	 excluding employees below Class III Grade	 industrial establishments and workcharged staff. The pro gramme for facilitating the progressive use of Hindi should be completed by March 1966. Steps for the fuller use of facilities under the Hindi Teaching Scheme were being laid down. The facilities indicated that employees working in a Ministry should get themselves enrolled in the Hindi classes and failure to attend these classes should be discouraged and the obligatory training should include their appearance at the examinations. One of the Posts & Telegraph 's Orders referred to above is set out as a type. This Order provides teaching facili ties and free training in Hindi during office hours. One of the petitioners in the High Court was Murasoli Maran. He described himself as a sitting Member of Parlia ment and stated that he had duty to represent the people. The locus standi of the petitioner was challenged in the High Court '. The High CoUrt rightly held that the petition er could not maintain the petition in the High Court. The petitioner in the other writ petition described himself as Assistant Manager in the Office of the Post Master General	 Madras. His locus standi was not chal lenged. The petitioners contended in the High Court that the Presidential Order ceased to have any effect because the Second Language Commission was not appointed as contemplated under Article 344 of the Constitution. The second conten tion was that the Presidential Order and other orders	 circulars and memoranda issued pursuant thereto were incon sistent with section 3 of the Official Language Act 1963	 as amended	 inasmuch as they placed persons like the petition ers in a disadvantageous position on account of their having no proficiency in the Hindi language. The two relevant Articles in the Constitution are Arti cles 343 and 344. Broadly stated	 Article 343 provides as follows. The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. For a period of 15 years from the commencement of the Constitution	 the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement. The proviso to Article 343 (2) is that the President may	 318 during the said period	 by order authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language. Parlia ment may by law provide for the use	 after the said period of 15 years	of the English language for such purposes as may be specified in the law. Article 344 is as follows. The President shall	 at the expiration of five years from the commencement of the Con stitution and thereafter at the expiration of ten years from such commencement	 by order constitute a Commission. It shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to (a) the progressive use of the Hindi Language for the official purposes of the Union; (b) re strictions on the use of the English language for all or any of the official purposes of the Union; (c) the language to be used for all or any of the purchases mentioned in Article 348. Article 344 further provides that a Committee shall be constituted and it shall be the duty of the Committee to examine the recommendations of the Commission constituted under Article 344(1) and to report to the President their opinion thereon. Article 344(6)	 provides that notwithstanding anything in Article 343	 the President may	 after consideration of the report referred to in clause (5)	 issue directions in accordance with the whole or any part of that report. Article 351 provides that it shall. be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language	 to devel op it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India. In exercise of the posers conferred on the Parliament by Article 343(3) of the Constitution	 the Parliament passed the . Section 3 of the Act provided us follows : "Notwithstanding the expiration of the period of fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution	 the English language may	 us from the appointed day	 continue to be used	 in addition to Hindi	 (a) For all the official purposes of the Union for which was 		being used immediately before that day	 and (b) for the transaction of business in Parlia ment. " In 1968	 the Parliament amended the and sub section (4) was added to section 3. Sub section (4) as introduced by Amendment in 1968 is as fol lows: "Without prejudice to the provisions of sub section (1) or sub section (2) or sub section (3)	 the Central Government may	 by rules made under section 8	 provide for the language or languages to be used for the official purpose of the Union	 including the working of any Ministry	 Department	 Section or Office	 and in making such rules	 due consideration shall be given to the quick and efficient disposal 319 of the official business and the interests of the general public and in particular	 the rules so made shall ensure that persons serving in connection with the affairs of the Union and having proficiency either in Hindi or in the English language may function effectively and that they are not placed at a disadvantage on the ground that they do not have proficiency in both the languages. " On 7 June 1955	 the Official Language Commission was ap pointed by the President under Article 344(1) of the Consti tution. The Commission submitted its report in which the arrangements made by Government of India for training their employees on voluntary basis in Hindi Language was reviewed. The Commission was of opinion that if experience showed that no adequate results were forthcoming under such option al arrangements	 necessary steps should be taken by the Government of India making it obligatory on Government ser vants to qualify themselves in Hindi within the requisite period	 to the extent requisite for the discharge of their duties. The recommendations of the Official Language Com mission were placed before a Committee of the Parliament as envisaged under Article 344(4) of the Constitution. The Committee was of opinion that the Government should pre scribe obligatory requirements on Government servants to qualify themselves in Hindi language. The President of India after considering the report of the Committee	 issued the Presidential Order dated 27 April 1960 to which a reference has already been made. Training in Hindi was made obligatory for employees. Pursuant to the Presidential Order of 27 April 1960	 the Home Ministry issued an office Memorandum dated 3 March 1966.Reference has already been made to that order. The Home Ministry Order made it obligatory for Government em ployees below 45 years of age excluding certain classes of employees to have	 what is described	 "In service training in Hindi". The Memorandum stated that 20 per cent of the employees should be deputed to attend the Hindi classes every year. The Memorandum also stated that failure to attend these classes should attract penalties. The obligatory training was to include their appearance at the examinations. Pursuant to the Home Ministry instructions	 the Post Master General	 Madras	 under the directions of the Director General of posts and Telegraph	 issued a Memoran dum referring 10 the Presidential Order of 27 April 1960 and the Home Ministry Order dated 3 March 1966. The Posts & Telegraph Memorandum made "In service training in Hindi" compulsory for all Central Government employees who were aged less than 45 as on 1 January 1961. The Memorandum further outlined the facilities and incentives provided for the Hindi teaching. Specific mention was made that attend ance to Hindi class was compulsory and was treated as part of duty. Non compliance of Government Orders was to be treated as breach of discipline. Solicitor General contended on behalf of the appel lant that the instructions were aimed at promoting the policy of the constitutional 320 provisions that Hindi should be the official language of the Union It was said that with a view to achieving the objec tive the employees of the Government of India ought to be trained in Hindi language. It was also said that no one was placed at a disadvantage even if one could not qualify oneself in Hindi because no penalty was prescribed for an employee who did not attain any particular standard. It was submitted that the Government was within its right to issue orders obliging its employees to take training in the Hindi language	 so that ultimately when Hindi became the language of the Union	 they could perform their duties in an effi cient and smooth manner. The High Court upheld the contention of the respondents and held that the directions were inconsistent with section 3 of the . The High Court held that the penal consequences which followed if a Government employee absented himself from Hindi Classes had the effect of putting such an employee at a disadvantage. Counsel for the respondents contended first that under Article 343(3)	 Parliament may by law provide for the use	 after the period of fifteen years	 of the English language for such purposes as may be specified in the law. Emphasis was placed on Article 343 of the Constitution to submit that Article 343 is transitional and directions of the President are limited to the period of 15 years from the commencement of the Constitution. The following reasons were advanced: The fact that the Commission has to be constituted under Article 344 at the expiration of five years from the com mencement of the Constitution. namely	 1955 and thereafter at the expiration of ten years from the commencement of the Constitution	 namely	 1960 and not thereafter	 would show that the directions issued by the President under Article 344(6) are limited to the period of fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution. The position which would prevail after 1965 would not be within the knowledge of the Commission of the years 1955 and 1960 because the Parliament has to decide the same. The recom mendations of the Commission and the directions of the President cannot relate to the period after 1965. By reason of Article 344(2)(a) and (b) the recommenda tions of the Commission as to the progressive use of the Hindi language and the restrictions on the use of the Eng lish language are matters to come within the period of fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitu tion. Article 344(3) of the Constitution which requires the Commission to have due regard to the claims of non Hindi speaking persons in public services	 indicates that these claims cart be protected only when both English and Hindi language continue. Article 344(6) which states that notwithstanding any thing in Article 343	 the President may issue directions should be related to purposes of sub clauses (a) to (e) of Article 344(2). 321 Council for the respondent relied on Article 349 in support of the contention that the affect of Article 349 is that after fifteen years from the commencement of the Con stitution	 if Parliament desires to substitute Hindi for English it can do so under unfettered discretion but during fifteen years it can substitute Hindi for English language by Presidential directions. The second broad contention on behalf of the respondent was that the (referred to as the Act) occupies a field covered by Parliamentary Legislation. Reference was made to Objects and Reasons of the 	 to show that acquiring of proficiency in Hindi is the principal purpose. Section 3(4) of the Act which was introduced and inserted by Amendment in 1968	 was said by the respondent to cover that area and inasmuch as the speaks of rules and the same being laid before Parliament that is the only mode of direc tions. In other words	 it was said that the Presidential Order would not have any effect when the Official Lan guages Act occupied the field. The third head of submissions was that the Presidential Order is inconsistent with section 3(4) of the Act. It was said in the High Court that if the Presidential Order was inconsistent with section 3 (4) of the Act it would to that extent be void. It was stressed that Under section 3(4) of the Act	 persons were not to be placed at a disad vantage on the ground that they do not have proficiency in both the languages	 namely	 English and Hindi. In the forefront stands Article 343 which states that the official language of the	 Union shall be Hindi in Deva nagari script. Article 351 states that it shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language	 to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius	 the forms	 style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule. The original calculation of the framers of the Constitution was that for a period of fif teen years the English language should be used for all official purposes. That is why two Commissions were contem plated under Article 344 one in 1955 and one in 1960. The provisions of Article 344 indicate that it shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the Presi dent as to the progressive use of the Hindi language. The provisions of the Constitution indicate the progress towards the use of Hindi language. It is in this context that Article 344 is enacted for the purpose of achieving the object of replacing English by Hindi within a period of fifteen years. Article 343(3) states that Parliament may by law after the period of fif teen years provide for the use of. English language. Al though the Constitution considered the period of 15 years for replacing English the Constitution also found that it might not be possible to complete it. Therefore	 Article 343(3) provides merely for extension of time for the use of English language after the period of 15 years. The progres sive use of the Hindi language is thereby 	not to be im paired. Extending the time for the use of the English 322 language does not amount to abandonment of progress in the use of Hindi as the official language of the Union. Comparing clauses (2) and (3) of Article 343 it will be noticed that while English is permitted to be continued for all official purposes for which it was being used clause (3) contemplated that having regard to the progress made Parliament	 if necessary will choose the purpose for which the use of the English language might be continued. Article 344(6) provides that notwithstanding anything in Article 343	 the President may	 after consideration of the report of the Committee referred to in clause (5)	 issue directions. The non abstante clause in Article 344(6) does not operate on1y against Article 344(1) and (2) but against the entire Article 344 for the reason that so far as transi tion is concerned the directions under Article 344(6) may continue. Article 343 and 344 deal with the processes of transition. The ultimate aim is provided in Article 351 which fulfils the object of the spread and development of the Hindi language and enrichment of the composite culture of India. Article 344(6) takes into account this objective and is intended to determine the pace of progress and to achieve the same. The provisions in Article 344 indicate that if there is a second Commission at the expiration of ten years from the commencement of the Constitution	 the President may	 after consideration of the report issue directions at the end of fifteen years. The provisions contained in Article 344(6) are not exhausted by using it once. The President can use it on more than one occasion. Further the effect of the power used cannot be said to be exhausted on the expiry of fifteen years. The PreSidential Order which was issued in 1960 continues to be in force and cannot be said to have exhausted itself at the end of 15 years from the commence ment of the Constitution. It would be strange that the steps necessary for the change should be given up at the expiry of 15 years because what is said to be a switch over from English to Hindi has not been possible and Parliament provided by law for r. he continued use of the English language for particular purposes specified in that law. The Presidential Order keeps in view the ultimate object to make the Hindi language as official language	 but take is into note the circumstances prevailing in our country and considers it desirable that the change should be a gradual one and due regard should be given to the just claims and the interests of persons belonging to the nonHindi speak ing areas. The purpose of the Presidential Order is to promote the spread of the Hindi language and to provide the Central Government employees the facilities to take training in Hindi language when they are in service. The Presidential Order was validly made and there has been and can be no challenge to it. It is erroneous to suggest that the Presidential Order of 1960 became invalid after the passing of the Act. The High Court failed to see the sequence of the Presidential Order and the Act. 323 The Act merely continues the use of the English language in addition to Hindi. The Act does not provide anything which can be interpreted as a limitation on the power of the President to issue directions under Article 344(6) of the Constitution. The Presidential Order has no inconsist ency with the Act. The non obstante provisions in Article 344(6) empower the President. Therefore	 the Presidential Order is paramount. Parliament is legislating in a different field. The filed is the per missive use of English language in addition to Hindi during the period following 15 years because the change to Hindi could not be complete. 	 The transitional period has exceeded 15 years. The Presidential Order keeps in view the steps to replace the use of English language. The operation of the Act and the Presidential Order is in different fields and has different purposes. The Act is to continue the use of English language after the expiry of fifteen years. Presidential Order on the other hand is to provide for the progressive use of the Hindi language. The contention of the respondent that persons are placed at a disadvantage is incorrect. The Presidential Order confers an additional qualification on those who learn Hindi. The Presidential Order does not take away anything from the Government employees. Prizes are offered and there may be increase in pay. These are incentives. The measures taken for enforcement of provisions for learning Hindi by providing for absence from classes as breach of discipline and insisting on appearance at the examinations are steps in aid of fulfilling the object of what is described as "in service training in Hindi language. " Such enforcement of attendance and examinations for proficiency is necessary for completion of training. The contention that the Presiden tial Order conflicts with section 3(4) of the Act is un sound. The "in service training" of the employees is during hours of duty and free of cost. Even if they fail there is no penalty. There is no treatment of unequals alike. For the foregoing reasons	 the judgment of the High Court is set aside. The Presidential Order and other Orders challenged in the writ petitions are upheld. The appeals are accepted. The writ petitions are dismissed. Parties will pay and bear their own costs. S.R. Appeal allowed.

Presidential Orders dated 27th April 1960 and the var ious orders and circulars issued pursuant thereto by the Home Ministry	 P & T Department and Railway Board	 compel ling attendance in "Hindi in service training" as part of duty and providing for penal consequences for non attendance were quashed by the Madras High Court as being inconsistent with section 3 of the as amended by Act 1 of 1968 which was law made by Parliament under article 343(3) of the Constitution. In appeals to this Court on certificates	 the appellant Union contended: (i) The instructions were aimed at promoting the policy of the constitutional revisions that Hindi should be the official language of the Union; (ii) No employee was placed at a disadvantage even if one could not qualify oneself in Hindi because no penalty was prescribed for an employee who did not attain any particular standard; and (iii) The Government was within its rights to issue orders obliging its employees to take training in Hindi language	 so that ultimately when Hindi became the language of the Union they could perform their duty in an efficient and smooth manner. The respondents reiterated their stand	 namely	 (i) Article 343 of the Constitution is transitional and directions of the President are limited to the period of 15 years from the commencement of the Constitution in view of the provision in Articles 343	 344(1)	 344(2)(a) and (b)	 344 (3)	 344 (6) indicating that directions should relate to purposes of subclauses (a) to (e) of Article 344(2); (ii) When the embodied the field covered by Parliamentary legislation	 the Presidential Order would not have any effect; (iii) The Presidential Order is inconsistent with section 9 (4) of the as amended in 1968 and to that extent void; and (iv) Under section 3(4) of the 	 persons were not to be placed at a disadvantage on the ground that they do not have proficiency in both the languages	 namely	 English and Hindi. Dismissing the writ petitions and allowing the appeals	 HELD: (1) The Presidential Orders dated 27th April 1960 and the various orders and circulars issued by Home Minis try	 P & T Department and Railway Board pursuant thereto are valid. [323H] (2) The Presidential Order was validly made and there has been and can be no challenge to it. The President Order keeps in view the ultimate object to make the Hindi language as official language	 but takes into note the circumstances prevailing in our country and considers it desirable that the change should be a gradual one and due regard should be given to the just claims and the interests of persons belonging to the non Hindi speaking areas. The purpose of the Presidential Order is to promote the spirit of the Hindi language and to provide the Central Government employees the facilities to take training in Hindi language when they are in service. [322F G] (3) The provisions in article 344 indicate that if there is a Second Commission at the expiration of ten years from the commencement of the Constitution	 the President	 may after consideration of the report	 issue directions at the end of fifteen years. The provisions contained in article 344(6) are not exhausted by using it once. The President can use it on more than one occasion. Further the effect of the power used cannot be said to be exhausted on the expiry of fifteen 315 years. The Presidential Order which was issued in 1960 continues to be in force and cannot be said to have exhaust ed itself at the end of fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution. It would be strange that the steps necessary for the change should be given up at the. expiry of fifteen years because what is said to be a switch over from English to Hindi has not been possible and Parliament provided by law for the continued use of the English lan guage for particular purposes specified in that law. [322D F] (4) Article 344 is enacted for the purpose of achieving the object of replacing English by Hindi within a period of 15 years. The ultimate object is provided in article 351 which fulfils the object of the spirit and development of the Hindi language and enlargement of the composite culture of India	 Articles 343 and 344 deal with the process of transi tion. Article 343(3) provides merely for extension of time for the use of English language after the period of 15 years. The progressive use of the Hindi language is thereby not to be impaired. Extending the time for the use of the English language does not amount to abandonment of progress in the use of Hindi as the official language of the Union. [321G H	 322A B] (5) Article 344(6) provides that notwithstanding any thing in article 343	 the President may after consideration of the report of the committee issue directions. The non obstante clause in article 344(6) does not operate only against article 344(1) and (2) but against the entire article 344 for the reason that so far as transition is concerned	 the direc tions under article 344(6) may continue. Article 344(6) takes this objective and is intended to determine the pace of progress and to achieve the same. [322B C] (6) The High Court failed to see the sequences of the Presidential Order and the . It is erroneous to suggest that the Presidential Order of 1960 became invalid after the passing of the Act. The Act merely continues the use of English language in addition to Hindi. The Act does not provide anything which can be interpreted as a limitation on the vower of the President to issue directions under article 344(6) of the Constitution. The Presidential Order has no inconsistency with the Act. The non obstante provision in article 344(6) empowers the Presi dent. [322G H	 323A B] (7) Parliament is legislating in a different field. The field is the permissible use of English language in addition to Hindi during the period following 15 years because the change to Hindi could not be complete. The trasitional period has exceeded 15 years. The Presidential Order keeps in view the steps to replace the use of English in Hindi and the application of the Act and the Presidential Order is in different fields and has different purposes. The Offi cial Languages Act is to continue the use of English lan guage after the expiry of 15 years	 but Presidential Order	 on the other hand is	 to provide for the progressive use of Hindi language. It confers an additional qualification on those who learn Hindi and does not take away anything from the Government employees. Prizes are offered and there may be increase in pay. These are incentives. The measures taken for enforcement of provisions for learning Hindi by providing for absence from classes as breach of discipline and insisting on appearance at the examinations are steps in aid of fulfilling the object of what is described as in service	 training in Hindi language. Such enforcement of attendance in examinations for proficiency if necessary for completion of training. The contention that the Presiden tial. Order conflicts with section 3(4) of the Act is unsound. The "In service training" of the employees is during hours of duty and free of cost. Even if they fail	 there is no penalty. There is no treatment of unequals alike.[323 B H] [323B F] Murasoli Maran etc. vs Union of India & Ors. 1972 Madras 40 reversed.