Summarize the following court judgment. Appeals No&323 and 324 of 1956. Appeal from the judgment and orders dated April 27	 and July 13	 1956	 of the Madras High Court in Writ Appeals Nos. 42 and 88 of 1956 arising out of the orders dated March 23	 and July 9	 1956	 of the said High Court in Writ Petitions Nos. 333 and 564 of 1956. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri	 J. B. Dadachanji	 section N. Andley and Rameshwar Nath	 for the appellant. Daphtary	 Solicitor General of India		 R. Gan. pathy Iyer and R. Gopalkrishnan	 for respondents Nos. 3 and 4. 665 1957. February 19. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VENKATARAMA AYYAR J. These are appeals against the judgment of the High Court of Madras on a certificate given under article 133 (1) (c) of the Constitution	 and they raise a question of some importance as to the true legal character of a permit when it is renewed under the provisions of the (IV of 1939) hereinafter referred to as the Act. In order to appreciate the contentions of the parties	 it is necessary to state the material facts leading up to the present dispute. Towards the end of 1952	 the appropriate authorities under the Act decided to grant two additional permits for stage carriages in the Ondipudur Agricultural College route in the town of Coimbatore in the State of Madras		 and invited applications therefor under section 57 of the Act. There were as many as 39 applicants	 and by his order dated December 3	 1952	 the Regional Transport Authority granted one permit to applicant No. 24	 the Thondamuthur Trading Company Ltd.	 and another to applicant No. 30	 the V.C.K. Bus Service. There were appeals by some of the unsuccessful applicants to the Central Road Traffic Board	 which by its order dated February 19	 1953	 set aside the order of the Regional Transport Authority and granted the permits	 one to Stanes Transports Ltd.	 and another to Thirumalaiswami Goundar. Revisions were preferred against this order by the aggrieved applicants under section 64 A of the Act	 and by its order dated July 9	 1953	 the Government confirmed the grant of the permit to Stanes Transports 	Ltd.	 but set aside the permit given to Thirumalaiswami Goundar	 and granted it instead to Annamalai Bus Transport Ltd. Thereupon	 applicants Nos. 24 and 30 moved the High Court of Madras under Aft. 226 for a writ of certiorari to quash the order of the Central Road Traffic Board dated February 19	 1953 and of the Government dated July 9	 1953; but the applications were dismissed by Rajagopala Ayyangar J. on March 8	 1954. Against the orders of dismissal	 Writ Appeals Nos. 31 and 32 of 1954 were preferred	 and they were 666 dismissed by Rajamannar C. J. and Panchapakesa Ayyar J. on March 21	 1956. It should be mentioned that the operation of 'the order dated February 19	 1953 was stayed pending the disposal of the revision under section 64 A and the writ proceedings in the High Court	 with the result that both Thondamuthur Trading Company Ltd. and V.C.K. Bus Service which had been granted permits by the Regional Transport Authority on December 3	 1952	 continued to run their buses notwithstanding cancellation of those permits on February 19	 1953. It should also be mentioned that in June 1954 the business of the V.C.K. Bus Service which was the grantee of one of the permits under the order of the Regional Transport Authority dated December 3	 1952	 was taken over by a Company called the V.C.K. Bus Service Ltd.	 which is the appellant before us	 and by an order of the Regional Transport Authority dated July 7	 1954	 it was recognised as the transferee of the permit granted to V.C.K. Bus Service. To continue the narrative	 the permit which was the subject matter of the litigation aforesaid was for a period of one year and a half	 and it expired on June 30	 1954. Before its expiry	 the appellant applied on April 15	 1954	 for a renewal thereof for a period of three years. This application was duly notified under s.57	 and objections to the grant were preferred by both Stanes Transports Ltd.	 and Annamalai Bus Transport Ltd. On September 5	 1954	 the Regional Transport Authority granted a permit to the appellant for a period of one year from July 1	 1954 to June 30	 1955	 obviously in the expectation that Writ Appeals Nos. 31 and 32 of 1954 would by then have been decided. On March 19	 1955	the appellant again applied for a renewal of the permit	 and that was also notified under section 57	 and no objections having been filed to the grant thereof	 the Regional Transport Authority by his order dated June 23	 1955	 renewed the permit for a period of three years from July 1	 1955 to June 30	 1958. It is this permit that forms the subject matter of the present litigation. It has been already stated that Writ Appeals Nos. 31 and 32 of 1954 were dismissed on March 21	 1956. 667 Apprehending that the Regional Transport Authority might	 in view of the judgment of the High Court	 cancel the permit which was renewed on June 23	 1955	 the appellant filed Writ Petition No. 333 of 1956 for a Writ of Prohibition restraining the Regional Transport Authority from Cancelling the permit	 and that was dismissed by Rajagopala Ayyangar J. on the ground that when the original permit was set aside	 the renewal thereof fell to the ground. The appellant filed Writ Appeal No. 42 of 1956 against this order	 and that was heard by Rajamannar C. J. and Panchapakesa Ayyar J. who by their judgment dated April 27	 1956	 held	 following a previous decision of that Court in K. Muthuvadivelu vs Regional Transport Officer(1) that the renewal having been obtained on the basis of a permit which had been subsequently cancelled	 it could not be regarded as a fresh permit	 that when the original permit was set aside	 it must be taken to be non est for all purposes	 and that the renewal must therefore be held to be a nullity. In the result	 they dismissed the appeal	 but granted a certificate under article 133(1)(c)	 observing that the case raised a point of general importance	 which was stated by them in these terms: When an application for renewal of a permit is made and granted and eventually it is held that the original permit was itself wrongly granted	 does the renewed permit subsist for the period for which it was renewed	 or does it automatically cease to be in force when it is finally decided that the original permit was not granted validly ? This matter now comes before us in Civil Appeal No	 323 of 1956. After the High Court delivered its judgment in Writ Appeal No. 42 of 1956 on April 27	 1956	 the respondents herein	 viz.	 Stanes Transports Ltd.	 and Annamalai Bus Transport Ltd.	 applied to the Regional Transport Authority to grant them permits in accordance with the decisions of the High Court	 and on May 5	 1956	 the Regional Transport Authority cancelled the permit granted by him on June 23	 1955	 in favour (1) A.I.R. 1956 Mad. 86 668 of the appellant	 and granted permits instead to the respondents. Thereupon	 the appellant filed Writ Petition No. 554 of 1956 for a writ of certiorari to quash the order dated May 5	 1956	 on the grounds which had been put forward in Writ Petition No. 333 of 1956 and Writ Appeal No. 42 of 1956. That petition was dismissed by Rajagopalan J. on July 9	 1956	 and the Writ Appeal No. 88 of 1956 filed against that order was dismissed by Rajamannar C. J. and Panchapa kesa Ayyar J. on July 13	 1956. Leave to appeal against that judgment was also given under article 133 (1) (c)	 as the subject matter thereof was the same as that of Writ Appeal No. 42 of 1956 in respect of which leave had already been granted. Civil Appeal No. 324	 of 1956 relates to this matter. Thus	 both the appeals relate to the same matter	 and raise the same point for determination. Mr. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri	 learned counsel who appeared in support of the appeals	 contends that the view taken by the learned Judges of the High Court that when a permit is set aside by higher authorities	 it should be treated as wholly non existent	 and that	 in consequence	 a renewal thereof must be held to be void	 is not sound	 that on a correct interpretation of sections 57 and 58	 a renewal is practically in the nature of a new grant	 that the permit which was granted to the appellant for the period July 1	 1955 to June 30	 1958	 though styled a renewal	 was in substance a fresh permit	 and that the fact that the old permit was set aside did not therefore affect the rights of the appellant under this permit. He also argues that the Act and the rules framed thereunder contain elaborate provisions as to when a permit could be cancelled	 forming in themselves a complete code on the subject	 that the cancellation of the original permit is not one of the grounds on which a renewed permit could be set aside	 and that the order of the Regional Transport Authority dated May 5	 1956	 was therefore ultra vires. The contention of the learned Solicitor General for the. respondents is that when a permit is renewed	 the renewal is	 on a true construction of the provisions of the Act	 in substance as in name a continuation of the 669 previous permit	 and that	 in consequence	 when the	 grant of a permit is set aside by a higher authority	 the renewal thereof must also stand automatically set aside	 and that further even if a renewed permit is not to be regarded as a continuation of the original permit		 seeing that it is granted on the basis of that permit it should be held to be subject to an implied term that it should cease if the original permit is cancelled. The two points that arise for decision on these contentions are: (1) when a permit is renewed	 is it a continuation of the original permit	 or is it	 in fact	 a new one? and (2) if a renewed permit is not a continuation of the original permit	 is the grant of it subject to the implied condition that it is liable to be cancelled	 if the original permit is cancelled ? On the first question	 it is necessary to refer to certain provisions of the Act material thereto. Section	57 prescribes the procedure to be followed in the grant of stage carriage permits. Under sub section (2)	 applications therefor have to be made not less than six weeks before the date appointed by the Regional Transport Authority therefor. Sub section (3) requires that they should be: published in the prescribed manner	 and provision is made for representations being made in connection therewith. When any representation is so received	 sub section (5) provides that the person making it is to be given an. opportunity of being heard thereon in person or by a	 duly authorised representative	 and that the application for permit is to be disposed of at a public hearing. Section 58 deals with renewals	 and is as follows: (1) " A permit other than a temporary permit issued under section 62 shall be effective without renewal for such period	 not less than three years and not more than five years	 as the Regional Transport Authority may in its discretion specify in the permit: Provided that in the case of a permit issued or renewed within two years of the commencement of this Act	 the permit shall be effective without renewal for such period of less than three years as the Provincial Government may prescribe. 670 (2) A permit may be renewed on an application made and disposed of as if it were an application for a permit: Provided that	 other conditions being equal	 an application for renewal shall be given preference over new applications for permits. " The contention of the learned counsel for the appellant based on section 58 (2) is that under the Act an application for renewal is to be dealt with exactly as an application for a new permit	 that it is to be notified under section 57 and representations have to be called for in connection herewith and considered at a public hearing	 that though the grant of the previous permit furnishes a ground of preference	 it is subject to the limitation that the other conditions are equal and is thus only one of several factors to be taken into account	 and that therefore when a renewal is actually granted	 it is on an independent consideration of the merits and it cannot be distinguished from a fresh grant. It was further argued that the proviso to section 58(2) meant little	 because it was well established that the grant of a permit was not a matter of right	 and the authorities under the Act would be acting within their powers if they refused an application for renewal and granted a fresh permit to a new applicant. It was also contended that though the statute spoke of a renewal of a permit	 that expression did not accurately bring out the true position	 because in legal terminology	 renewal imports that the transaction which is renewed	 as for example	 a lease	 is to operate for a further period but on the same terms	 but that when a permit was renewed	 it was open to the authorities to impose new conditions	 to alter the period during which it was to operate and generally to modify its terms	 and that therefore the use of the word 	renewal " should not lead to the. inference that it was the original permit that was being continued. There is force in these contentions	 but there are other provisions bearing on this question	 and when they are reviewed as a whole	 it is abundantly clear that the intention of the legislature was to treat a renewal as a continuation of the previous permit. To 671 start with	 section 58(1) enacts that a permit shall be effective for the period specified therein	 but this is qualified by the words " without renewal ". Therefore	 when there is a renewal	 the effective period is not the original period specified	 but the period up to which the renewal is granted. That indicates that the life of a renewed permit is one and continuous. The matter is placed beyond doubt when we turn to the rules which have been framed under the Act. Rule 184 (1) provides that when a renewal is granted	 it shall be endorsed on the permit itself	 and Form No. 33	 which is prescribed therefor is as follows: " This permit is hereby renewed up to the day of. . 19 Thus	 what is renewed is " this permit". In this connection	 reference must be made to the definition of " permit " in section 2(2) of the Act 'as " the document issued by a Provincial or Regional Transport Authority Rule 1985 is very material for the purpose of the present discussion	 and it runs as follows: If an application for the renewal of a permit has been made in accordance with these rules and the prescribed fee paid by the prescribed date	 the permit shall continue to be effective until orders are passed on the application or until the expiry of three months from the date of receipt of the application whichever is earlier. If orders on the application are not passed within three months from the date of receipt of the application	 the permit holder shall be entitled to have the permit renewed by the Transport Authority for the period specified in the application or for one year whichever is less and the Transport Authority shall call upon the permit holder to produce the registration certificate or certificates and Part B or Parts A and B of the permit	 as the case may be	 and endorse the renewal in Parts A and B of the permit accordingly and return them to the permit holder ". Under this rule	 when an application for renewal is made	 the permit already granted is to be in force 'until an order is passed thereon	 and what is more important	 if no order is passed within three months	 672 the permit 'becomes automatically renewed for the 		period mentioned in the rule. This goes a long way to support the contention of the respondents that on the scheme of the Act	 renewal is a continuation of the original permit. It should also be mentioned that the rules provide for different forms for an application for fresh permit and one for renewal	 and the fee to be paid along with those applications is also different. A reading of the relevant provisions of the Act and of the rules leads indubitably to the conclusion that a renewal is a continuation of the permit previously granted. The fact that the grant of renewal is not a matter of course	 or that it is open to the authorities to impose fresh conditions at the time of renewal does not	 when the permit is in fact renewed	 alter its character as a renewal. We shall now consider the authorities cited by learned counsel for the appellant as supporting the view that a renewal under the Act is in the same position as a fresh permit. In Mahabir Motor Co. vs Bihar State(1)	 the point for decision was whether an appeal lay under section 64 (f) against an order granting a renewal of a permit. The contention before the Court was that the Act made a distinction between the grant of a permit and a renewal thereof	 and that as section 64 (f)	 provided only for an appeal against an order granting a permit	 no appeal lay against an order granting a renewal. In repelling this contention the Court observed "Both grant. and renewal stand more or less on the same footing by reason of sections 47	 57 and 58 of the . . This observation has reference to the procedure to be followed in the renewal of a permit and the right of appeal given under a. 64 as part of that procedure. It has	 no bearing on the character of a permit when it is renewed. Another decision on which the appellant strongly relied is Anjiah vs Regional Transport Officer	 Guntur There	 the	 facts were that an order of suspension had been passed for breach of one of the (1) Patna 429. (2) [1956] Andhra Law Times 347. ] 673 conditions of the permit. The correctness of the order was challenged before higher authorities	 but without success. Meantime	 the period fixed in the permit had expired	 and it had been renewed. The question was whether the period of suspension could be enforced against the renewed permit. It was held by the Andhra High Court that it could not be	 because the renewal was	 in essence	 a new permit and not a mere continuance of the old one. The reason for ' this decision was thus stated in the judgment: " There is no right of renewal as such and when a permit is renewed	 there is no right either	 on the part of the permit holder to insist upon the continuance of the old terms. It would be undesirable that there should be any such restrictions upon the right of the authorities to grant the permit to anybody they choose or subject to any conditions that they think it to be necessary to impose	 provided that they are acting all the time in the public interest and subject to the provisions of the and the. Rules made thereunder. " These considerations	 though not without force	 can. not	 in our opinion	 outweigh the inference to be drawn from the other provisions to which we have made reference and for the reasons already given	 we are unable to agree with this decision. In the view that we have taken that under the provisions of the Act and the rules	 a renewal is a continuation of the original permit	 there can be no doubt as to what the rights of the appellant are. When the proprietor of V. C. K. Bus Service was granted a permit by the Regional Transport Authority on December 3	 1952	 that grant was subject to the result of the decision of the higher authorities. On September 5	 1954	 when the permit was renewed in favour of the appellant	 that was subject to the decision of the High Court in Writ Appeal No. 32 of 1954	 which was then pending. When the renewed permit dated September 5	 1954	 was again renewed on June 23	 1955	 that was likewise subject to the result of the decision in Writ Appeal No. 32 of 1954. When the High Court by its judgment dated March 674 21	 1956	 passed in the said Writ Appeal upheld the cancellation of the permit which had been granted by the Regional Transport Authority on December 3	 1952 to V. C. K. Bus Service	 the permit renewed on June 23	 1955	 became ineffective at least as from that date. The Regional Transport Authority was therefore right in treating it as having become void	 and granting by his order dated May 5	 1956	 permits to the respondents. The second question arises on the alternative contention advanced by the respondents that even if the renewal is to be regarded	 not as a continuation of the original permit but as an independent grant	 it must be held to have been subject to an implied condition that if the original permit is ultimately set aside	 the renewal thereof should come to an end. Mr. Sastri	 learned counsel for the appellant	 disputes the correctness of this contention. He argues that when there is a document embodying the terms ' of a contract	 it is not permissible to imply therein a condition	 if that will contradict or vary any terms contained in it	 that to read into the permit a condition that it is to cease if the decision of the High Court went against the appellant	 ' would be to modify the terms contained therein that it is to be effective upto June 30	 1958	 and that it could not therefore be implied. He also relies on the following observation of Lord Parker in P. A. Tamplin Steamship Company Limited vs AngloMexican Petroleum Products Company Limited (1) : " This principle is one of contract law	 depending on some term or condition to be implied in the contract itself and not on something entirely dehors the contract which brings the contract to an end. It is	 of course	 impossible to imply in a contract any term or condition inconsistent with its express provisions	 or with the intention of the parties as gathered from those provisions. " It is undoubted law that when the terms of a contract or grant are reduced to writing	 no condition can be implied therein	 which will be inconsistent with its express terms. But the contention of the respondents (1) 	 422. 675 involves no conflict with this principle. They do not seek to obtain any modification or alteration of the terms of the permit	 leaving it to operate subject to such modification or alteration. They want that the whole permit with all its terms as to duration and otherwise should be held to have become inoperative. What they are pleading is a condition subsequent on the happening of which the permit will cease	 and to that situation the observation quoted above has no application. Reference may be made in this connection to the following observation occurring later in the speech of Lord Parker in F. A. Tamplin Steamship Company Limited vs Anglo Mexican Petroleum Products Company	 Limited (supra): " Moreover	 some conditions can be more readily implied than others. Speaking generally	 it seems to me easier to imply a condition precedent defeating a contract before its execution has commenced than a condition subsequent defeating the contract when it is part performed." Thus	 there is no legal obstacle to implying a condition that the renewal should stand cancelled if the right of the appellant to the original permit was negatived by the High Court. That brings us on to the question of fact	 whether on an examination of the permit and of the circum. stances under which it came to be granted	 we can infer that it was the intention of the Regional Transport Authority to renew the permit subject to the result of the decision of the High Court in the appeal which was then pending before it. The permit granted to the V. C. K. Bus Service on December 3	 1952	 had been cancelled on February 19	 1953	 and it was only by reason of the stay orders that the bus was permitted to run. When the appellant applied for renewal on April 15	 1954	 there was opposition to the grant thereof from both the respondents herein	 based on the decision of the Government dated July 9	 1953	 and it was in view of their objection that the Regional Transport Authority renewed the permit for one year from July 1	 1954 to June 30	 1955. It is true that 87 676 when the appellant applied again for renewal on March 19	 1955	 the respondents did not raise objection thereto	 but as the appeals in the High Court were still pending	 they had good reason to believe that the renewal would not affect whatever rights might be declared in their favour by the High Court. As all the papers relating to the grant of the original permit and the subsequent proceedings were part of the record before the Regional Transport Authority when he renewed the permit on June 23	 1955	 it is impossible to resist the conclusion that he really intended to renew the permit only subject to the decision of the High Court. It is of the utmost importance in this connection to bear in mind that the appellant applied not for a fresh permit but for a renewal	 and in sanctioning it	 the Regional Transport Authority expressly acted in exercise of his powers under Rule 134 A read with section 58 of the Act	 and if he did not expressly provide that it was subject to the decision of the High Court	 it must be because he must have considered that that was implicit in the fact of its being only a renewal. That that is how the appellant understood it is clear beyond doubt from the proceedings taken by it immediately after the High Court pronounced its judgment. But it is argued for the appellant on the strength of the decision in Veerappa Pillai vs Raman & Raman Ltd.(1) that the mere knowledge on the part of the authorities that the rights of the parties were under litigation is not a sufficient ground to import a condition in the permit that it is subject to the result of that litigation	 when in its terms it is unconditional. We do not read that decision as authority for any such broad contention. There	 the question related to five permits	 which had been originally granted to one Balasubramania. Raman and Raman Ltd. obtained a transfer of the relative buses	 and applied to the transport authorities for transfer of the permits to itself. Then	 Veerappa having subsequently obtained a transfer of the same buses from Balasubramania	 (1) ; 677 applied to have the permits transferred in his name. On October 3	 1944	 he also instituted a suit in the Sub Court	 Kumbakonam	 to establish his title to the buses against Raman and Raman Ltd.	 and that was decreed in his favour on May 2	 1946. Raman and Raman Ltd. appealed against this decision to the Madras High Court	 which by its judgment dated September 2	 1949	 reversed the decree of the Sub Court and held that it was entitled to the buses. While these proceedings were going on	 the transport authorities suspended on March 28	 1944	 the permits which had been granted to Balasubramania and instead	 they were issuing temporary permits from time to time to Veerappa	 who had been appointed receiver in the suit in the Sub Court	 Kumbakonam. On March 29	 1949	 the Government decided to discontinue the policy of granting temporary permits indefinitely	 and accordingly granted permanent permits	 to Veerappa. Then on October 14	 1949	 Veerappa applied for renewal of these permanent permits	 and that was granted by the Regional Transport Authority on January 3	1950. The question was whether this order was bad on the ground that it was inconsistent with the decision of the High Court that it was Raman and Raman Ltd.	 that had obtained a valid title to the buses. This Court held that the ownership of the buses was only one of the factors to be taken into account in granting the permits	 and that as the Regional Transport Authority granted the renewal on an appreciation of all the facts	 his decision was not liable to be questioned in proceedings under article 226. It should be noted that the renewal which was granted on January 3	 1950	 was of permanent permits granted in pursuance of the	 order of the Government dated March 29	 1949	 which had quite plainly declared as a matter of policy that notwithstanding the pendency of litigation between the parties	 permanent permits should be granted to Veerappa. There can be no question of implying thereafter a condition that they were subject to the decision of the Court. Moreover	 the renewal was granted on January 3	 1950	 after the litigation had ended on September 2	 1949	 and any attack on that order could only be by 678 way of appeal against it	 and that had not been done	 We are of opinion that the decision in Veerappa Pillai vs Raman & Raman Ltd. (1) is of no assistance to the appellant. In the result	 we affirm the decision of the High Court both on the ground that the renewal dated June 23	 1955	 is a continuation of the permit granted on December 3	 1952	 and must fall to the ground when that stood finally set aside by the judgment of the High Court in Writ Appeal No. 32 of 1954 dated March 21	 1956	 and on the ground that it was an implied condition of that renewal that it was to be subject to the decision of the High Court in that appeal	 and that in the event which had happened	 it had ceased to be effective. These appeals fail	 and are dismissed with costs in Civil Appeal No. 323 of 1956. Appeals dismissed.

The appellant was granted a permit for stage carriage by the Regional Transport Authority under the provisions of the 	 but on appeal to the appellate authority	 the Central Road Traffic Board	 by the unsuccessful applicants the order granting the permit was set aside and the order of the Central Road Traffic Board was approved by the Government in revision. The appellant	 thereupon	 moved the High Court for a writ of certiorari to quash the proceedings of the Central Road Traffic Board and the Goverment. During the pendency of these proceedings there was a stay of operation of the order setting aside the grant of the permit to the Appellant	 with the result that be continued to run his buses notwithstanding the cancellation of his permit. Before the expiry of the period fixed in the original 664 permit	 he applied for and got a renewal of the permit from the Regional Transport Authority under section 58 of the Act. The High Court finally dismissed the application for a writ of certiorari and 'the question arose as to the validity of the renewal of the permit in view of the High Court 's decision. The matter was raised before the High Court once again by proceedings under article 226 of the Constitution and the High Court held that the renewal having been obtained on the basis of a permit which had been subsequently cancelled	 it could not be regarded as a fresh permit	 that when the original permit was set aside	 it must be taken to be non est for all purposes	 and I that the renewal must therefore be held to be a nullity. The appellant appealed to the Supreme Court. Held:(1) Under the provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act	 1949 and the rules framed thereunder	 a renewal is a continuation of the original permit. When the original permit was renewed in favour of the appellant it was subject to the decision of the High Court in the proceedings under article 226 of the Constitution which were then pending and	 therefore	 when the order granting the original permit was fin ally set aside the renewed permit became void. Anjiah vs Regional Transport Officer	 Guntur	 1956 Andhra Law Times	 347	 disapproved. (2)When the appellant applied for a renewal of his permit under section 58 of the Act and not merely for a fresh permit the order of the Regional Transport Authority granting the renewal must be held to have been made subject to the implied condition that the right of the appellant to the original permit is recognized by the High Court and that accordingly	 in the event that had happened	 the renewed permit ceased to	 be effective.	. Veerappa Pillai vs Raman & Raman Ltd.	 ; 	 explained and distinguished.