Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 598 of 1962. Appeal from the judgment and order dated March 18	 1961 of the Maharashtra High Court (Nagpur Bench) at Nagpur in Special Civil Application No. 30 of 1960. WITH Civil Appeals Nos. 695 and 700 of 1962. Appeals from the judgment and orders dated October 12	 1961 and March 18	 1961 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Misc. Petitions Nos. 122 of 1961 and 319 of 1960 respectively. 949 M. C. Setalvad and section Shaukat Hussain	 for the appellant (in C.A. No. 598/62). W. section Barlingay and A. G. Ratnaparkhi	 for respondent No. 1 (in C.A. No. 598 of 1962). section G. Patwardhan	 Udai Pratap Singh and M. section Gupta	 for the appellant (in C.A. No. 695/62). A. N. Goyal	 for respondent No. 1 (in C.A. No. 695/ 62). N. Shroff	 for respondent No. 2 (in C.A. No. 695/62). M.C. Setalvad and M. section Gupta	 for the appellant (in C.A. No. 700/62). G. section Pathak	 J. B. Dadachanji	 O. C. Mathur and Ravinder Narain	 for the respondents Nos. 1 to 4 and 6 to 9 (in C.A. No. 700/62). N. Shroff	 for respondent No. 10 (in C.A. No. 700/62). March 3	 1964. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by AYYANGAR	 J. These three appeals which are on certificates of fitness granted by the High Courts the first by the High Court of Bombay at Nagpur and the two others by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh raise a common question as regards the construction of article 277 of the Constitution and the validity of certain terminal taxes imposed by the respective appellant municipal authorities under notifications issued under Ch. IX of the C.P. & Berar Municipalities Act	 1922	 subsequent to the coming into force of the Constitution	 and so have been heard together. Civil Appeal 598 of 1962 is an appeal from the High Court of Bombay at Nagpur and has been filed by the Municipal Committee of Amravati against a decision of the High Court allowing the 1st respondent 's petition under articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. The Municipal Committee of Amravati has been established under the 950 C.P. & Berar Municipalities Act	 1922 (C.P. & Berar Act II of 1922) hereinafter referred to as the Act. Chapter IX of the Act deals with the imposition	 assessment and collection of taxes which might be imposed by the Municipal Committee. Section 66 specifies the taxes which	 subject to the provisions of the Chapter	 the Committee may from time to time impose. Its first sub section specifies in its several clauses 15 varieties of taxes and among them is cl. (o) which reads: "The terminal tax on goods or animals imported into or exported from the limits of the municipality provided that terminal tax under this clause and an octroi under cl. (e) shall not be in force in any municipality at the same time 	 ' The other sub clauses which are relevant for the considera tion of the question arising in the appeal are sub cls. (2)	(3) and (4) of section 66 and they read : (2) The State Government may	 by rules made under this Act	 regulate the imposition of taxes under this section	 and impose maximum amounts of rates for any tax. (3) The first imposition of any tax specified in subsection (1) shall be subject to the previous sanction of the State Government. (4) Subject to the control of the State Government	 a committee may abolish any tax already imposed and specified in sub section (1) clauses (a) to (in) inclusive	 or may	 within the limits imposed under sub section (2)	 vary the amount or rate of any such tax : Provided that in the case of any municipality indebted to the Government	 the abolition of any tax or a reduction in the amount or rate thereof shall be subject to the previous sanction of the State Government. " 951 Section 67 lays down the procedure for the imposition of taxes and it provides : "67. (1) A committee may	 at a special meeting	 pass a resolution to propose the imposition of any tax under section 66. (2) When such a resolution has been passed	 the committee shall publish	 in accordance with rules made under this Act	 a notice defining the class of persons or description of property proposed to be taxed	 the amount or rate of the tax to be imposed and the system of assessment to be adopted. (3) (4) (5) The State Government	 on receiving such proposals	 may sanction or refuse to sanction the same	 or sanction them subject to such modifications as it may think fit	 or return them to the committee for further consideration. (6) No modification affecting the substance shall be made under sub section (5)	 unless and until the modification has been accepted by the committee at a special meeting. (7) (8) A notification of the imposition of a tax under this section shall be conclusive evidence that the tax has been imposed in accordance with the provisions of this Act. " The procedure for the variation of the taxes is to be found in section 68 and it reads "68. (1) A committee may	 at a special meeting	 pass a resolution to propose the abolition of any tax already imposed	 or a variation in the amount or rate thereof. (2) 952 (3) If the proposal is to increase the amount or rate of any tax	 the committee shall publish	 in the manner prescribed by rules made under this Act	 a notice showing in detail the effects of the proposal. (4) Any inhabitant of the municipality objecting to the proposed increase may	 within thirty days from the publication of the notice	 submit his objection in writing to the committee. (5) The committee shall take the proposal and all objections received thereto )into consideration at a special meeting	 and may modify the proposals as it may think fit	 and may pass a final resolution on the proposal. (6) If the proposal requires the previous sanction of the State Government under the provisions of section 66	 sub section (4) or sub section (5)	 the committee shall forward it to the State Government and it shall be dealt with in the manner provided in section 67	 sub sections (4)	 (5) and (6). (7). . . . (8). . . . (9) The publication in the manner prescribed of the abolition or variation of any tax under this section shall be conclusive proof that such abolition or variation has been made in accordance with the provisions of this Act." From even before the constitution of the municipality under the Act and at a time when the municipal committee was governed by the Berar Municipal Law of 1886 which was in force prior to the Act and whose taxation provisions were continued by the Act of 1922	 a terminal tax on goods imported by road or rail had been imposed by the Munici pality by virtue of a notification dated August 10	 1916 on several specified kinds of goods. This notification exempted silver	 bullion and coin from the operation of this tax. This was superseded by a notification of June 2	 1921 under which the Schedules were modified and the terminal tax 953 imposed was confined to goods imported into or exported out of the Municipal area by rail. The notification of June 1921 was amended from time to time by other items being added and the rates being increased but no change was effected in the taxes imposed after 1936. Under the scheme of the distribution of taxing powers between the provinces and the Central Government under the Government of India Act	 1935 terminal taxes on goods carried by rail were assigned exclusively to the Federal Centre under item 58 of List I to Sch. VII	 but the validity of the levy and collection of the terminal tax in force	 before the 1st April	 1937 was continued by section 143 of the Government of India Act	 1935 and it was by virtue of this continuance that these taxes were continued to be levied after April 1	 1937 Their continuance after January 26	 1950 when after the repeal of the Government of India Act	 1935	 the Consti tution came into force with the same scheme of distribution of taxing power on the relevant item identical with that under the Government of India Act	 was by reason of article 277 which was practically in the same terms as section 143 of the Government of India Act	 1935. The taxes imposed by the pre Constitution notification could	 therefore	 be legally levied and collected even after the Constitution came into force. Subsequent to January 26	 1950 there was a notification on December 1	 1959	 under which to the list of goods liable to terminal tax imported into or exported out of the Municipal area	 not merely by rail	 but also by road were added three new items silver and silver jewellery	 gold and gold jewellery	 and precious stones	 and these three specified items were subjected to the tax at the same rates as had been imposed on other articles by the notifications which were in force from before the Constitution. Before the notification was issued the procedure indicated by section 67 was gone through and the Government accorded their sanction to the rules made by the Municipal Committee for the imposition of the tax on the newly added articles. The validity of the tax imposed by this notification was challenged by the 1st respondent who was carrying on business within Amravati municipality in gold	 silver and precious stones	 954 on the ground of legislative incompetency which had not been saved by Article 277 of the Constitution	 in a petition under Article 226. The learned Judges of the High Court by a majority accepted the contention raised by the respondent and allowed the petition but granted a certificate of fitness and hence this appeal. The facts of the other two appeals are nearly similar but we shall refer to them after dealing with the	 common question which arises in these appeals. It is common ground that the right to levy a terminal tax is now vested in the Union Parliament under Entry 89 of the Union List which reads : "Terminal taxes on goods or passengers carried by railway	 sea or air; taxes on railway fares and freights"	 so that if the levy by the appellant of the terminal tax on the newly added items	 and the same principle would apply to an increase in the rate of the duty	 had to rest on the independent taxing power of the State	 the same would have to be struck down for want of legislative competence. Besides it is necessary to add that whereas under the notifications in force prior to 1st April 1937 when Part III of the Government of India Act was brought into force	 articles imported into or exported out of the municipal area by road were not subject to the tax	 and that state of affairs continued till long after the Constitution came into force	 a terminal tax was imposed by the impugned notification of December 1959 on goods imported or exported by road a tax which it was not open to the State to impose even with the aid of article 277. But ignoring this feature of the impugned notification	 insofar as it brought in goods carried by road within the scope of the terminal tax	 it is admitted that the validity of the imposition cannot be justified if it was a fresh imposition. What is	 however	 urged in support of the validity of the imposition is that the same is saved by article 277 which runs: "277. Any taxes	 duties	 cesses or fees which	 immediately before the commencement of this Constitution	 were being lawfully levied by the 955 Government of any State or by any municipality or other local authority or body for the purposes of the State	 municipality	 district or other local area may	 notwithstanding that those taxes	 duties	 cesses or fees are mentioned in the Union List. continue to be levied and to be applied to the same purposes until provision to the contrary is made by Parliament by law. " If learned Counsel for the appellant is right in his contention 'that the impugned tax which he is now seeking to sustain	 'was the tax which "was being lawfully levied" by the municipality before the commencement of the Constitution he would certainly be well founded in the submission that the fact that the terminal taxes are under the distribution 	of taxing powers under the Constitution assigned to the Union would make no difference for the valid continuance of the levy. The question	 therefore	 is whether this was the tax which was being levied by the municipal authority before the Constitution and for whose continuance the Article provides. The first submission of Mr. Setalvad for the appellants was that this condition would be satisfied whenever a 	terminal tax (without reference either to the article on which it was levied or the rate) was being lawfully levied by the municipality prior to the commencement of the 	Constitution and as in this case admittedly a terminal tax was being levied on certain articles that condition was satisfied. His argument was that the words 'tax or duty ' in the opening part of article 277 should be read as meaning a tax or duty under a specified legislative Entry	 and if such a tax or duty was being levied before the commencement 	of the Constitution other duties of the same type or falling within the same category might be imposed after the Constitution notwithstanding that such duties or taxes were mentioned in the Union List by reason of the words "shall continue to be levied". Secondly	 he said that the word 'levy ' meant not merely the ascertainment	 i.e.	 assessment and collection of the tax but included its imposition	 i.e.	 also the charging and if that expression were understood in that wide sense it would comprehend a case where other 956 items than those originally specified were brought into the fold of the taxing provision. The learned Attorney General who appeared for the State and supported Mr. Setalvad	 however	 went a step further and submitted that it was not even necessary that a terminal tax should be actually imposed and was being collected prior to the Constitution	 but that it was sufficient if the State enactment had vested in the municipality a power to levy such a tax. The argu ment of the learned Attorney General has to be rejected as lacking any substance	 for on no construction	 wide or narrow	 of the expression 'levy ' in the phrase 'continue top be levied ' can such a case be comprehended. From the mere fact that a State enactment has authorised a municipality to levy a tax it cannot be said that a tax which had never been imposed was "being lawfully levied" by the municipality	 not to speak of the tax etc. collected being "applied to the same purposes" before the commencement of the Constitution as contemplated by the concluding portion of the Article. Coming next to what one might term the narrower submission of Mr. Setalvad we do not find it possible to agree with it either. His first submission may be expanded thus : The expression "taxes	 duties	 cesses" with which article 277 opens	 has to be read in the context of Part XII in which the Article occurs and so read has to be understood as referring to the class or category of taxes which were levied and collected by the State	 municipality etc. before the commencement of the Constitution. In other words	 the reference here is to the entries in the legislative lists which permit such taxes to be levied	 and so read and taken in conjunction with the circumstance that the Article is one designed to prevent the dislocation of the finances of the State or other local authorities	 the terms of the Article would be satisfied and the legislative power to continue to levy the tax would be conferred "notwithstanding that the tax	 etc. are mentioned in the Union List". This argument	 in our opinion	 proceeds on ignoring the terms of article 277. If	 as is admitted	 the sole object sought to be achieved by this provision for "continuance" is to avoid dislocation of the finances of the State and local authorities	 957 by depriving them of the revenues which they were deriving at the commencement of the Constitution	 it would mean that the intention was to permit the existing range of taxes to be continued	 not that the Article conferred on them authority to expand the range of their taxation by subjecting new items to taxation or by increasing the rates of duty. This consideration apart	 it is not possible to read the words "notwithstanding that the taxes etc. are mentioned in the Union List" as conferring an unlimited legislative power to impose what in effect the argument involves new taxes	 though of the same type or nature as existed before the Constitution. The question of the proper construction of section 143(2) of the Government of India Act	 1935 which is for all practical purposes identical with article 277 came up for consideration before this Court in Rama Krishna Ramanath vs The janpad Sabha	 Gondia(1). There it was submitted on behalf of the respondent local authority that by virtue of section 143 (2) of the Government of India Act the Provincial Legislature was vested with a plenary power to legislate in respect of every tax which was being lawfully levied by local authorities prior to the commencement of the Government of India Act. This Court rejected that contention and observed "Section 143 (2) which is a saving clause and obviously designed to prevent a dislocation of the finances of Local Governments and of local authorities by reason of the coming into force of the provisions of the Government of India Act distributing heads of taxation on lines different from those which prevailed before that date	 cannot be construed as one conferring a plenary power to legislate on those topics till such time as the Central Legislature intervened. Such a construction would necessarily involve a power in the Provincial Legislature to enhance the rates of taxation a result we must say from which Mr. Sanyal did not shrink	 but having regard to the language of the section (1) [1962] Supp. 3 S.C.R. 70. 958 providing for a mere continuity and its manifest purpose this construction must be rejected. " No doubt	 even the words "continue to be levied and to be applied to the same purposes" might import and imply a limited legislative power in the State. The scope of this limited power was also examined by this Court in the same case and it was stated : "In the context the relevant words of the sub section could only mean 'may continue to be levied if so desired by the Provincial Legislature ' which is indicated by or is implicit in the use of the expression 'may ' in the clause 'may be continued until provision to the contrary is made by the Federal Legislature. ' This would therefore posit a limited legislative power in the Province to indicate or express a desire to continue or not to continue the levy. If in the exercise of this limited power the Province desires to discontinue the tax and effects a repeal of the relevant statute the repeal would be effective. Of course	 in the absence of legislation indicating a desire to discontinue the tax	 the effect of the provision of the Constitution would be to enable the continu ance of the power to levy the tax but this does not alter the fact that the provision by its implication confers a limited legislative power to desire or not to desire the continuance of the levy subject to the overriding power of the Central Legislature to put an end to its continuance and it is on the basis of the existence of this limited legislative power that the right of the Provincial Legislature to repeal the taxation provision under the Act of 1920 could be rested. Suppose for instance	 a Provincial Legislature desires the continuance of the tax but considers the rate too high and wishes it to be reduced and passes an enactment for that purpose	 it cannot be that the legislation is incompetent and that the State Government 959 must permit the local authority to levy tax at the same rate as prevailed on April 1	 1937 if the latter desired the continuance of the tax. If such a legislation were enacted to achieve a reduction of the rate of the duty	 its legislative competence must obviously be traceable to the power contained in words 'may continue to be levied ' in section 143 (2) of the Government of India Act. " Dealing next with the import of the words 'may continue to be levied ' the same was summarised in these terms : (1) The tax must be one which was lawfully levied by a local authority for the purpose of a local area	 (2) the identity of the body that collects the tax	 the area for whose benefit the tax is to be utilised 'and the purposes for which the utilization is to take place continue to be the same	 and (3) the rate of the tax is not enhanced nor its incidence in any manner altered	 so that it continues to be the same tax. It is obvious that if these tests were applied the submission on behalf of the appellant cannot be accepted. But authority apart	 we cannot	 even if this decision were put aside	 accede to the construction for which Mr. Setalvad contends. It is not disputed that in ultimate analysis the answer to the question raised should turn on the meaning of the word 'levied ' in the phrase 'continue to be levied ' which is the operative word conferring a power. Mr. Setalvad submits that 'levied ' is a word of wide and varying import and includes in its denotation not merely the actual collection of the tax	 but the imposition in the sense of the creation of the charge by the statute	 as well as the ascertainment of the amount due from the tax payer. Mr. Setalvad is right	 for before a tax can be collected from any tax payer	 its quantum must be ascertained and assessed	 and for this to be lawfully done there must be legislative sanction in other words an imposition of the charge because it is the charge under the Statute that is quantified ' by the authorities acting under the taxing enactment. The acceptance of this construction however does not lead to the result desired	 for what can "continue to be levied" is what "was being lawfully levied" in the same sense of the	 960 word "levied"	 prior to the Constitution. Admittedly	 there was no imposition of the charge now sought to be recovered prior to the Constitution	 i.e.	 the Act did not impose the charge by section 66 but merely enabled the Municipal Committee by appropriate procedure to impose the tax. If	 of course	 this power had been availed of and a charge had been imposed it would be a different matter. So long as the Municipal Committee did not pass the necessary resolutions and impose the tax there was no charge levied on the commodity	 so that it could not be said that the tax "was being lawfully levied" before the commencement of the Constitution. The words "was being lawfully levied ' obviously mean "was actually levied" and it would not be sufficient to satisfy those words that the Municipal authority could lawfully levy the tax	 but had not availed itself of that power. There is another circumstance to which also reference may be made. The last portion of article 277 uses the words "continue to be levied" and "to be applied to the same "purposes". By reason of this collocation between the concept of the levy and of application of the proceeds of the tax 	 the Constitution makers obviously intended the word 'levy ' to be understood as including the collection of the 	tax	 for it is only when a tax is collected that any question of its application to a particular purpose would arise. It is apparent that if the word "levied" were understood in the sense which Mr. Setalvad contends	 there could be no "application" of the proceeds of the tax to the same pur poses as at the commencement of the Constitution. For ex concessis at that date there were no proceeds to be applied. In this connection learned Counsel for the respondent referred us to the decision in Chuttilal vs Bagmal and Balwantrai(1) where the relationship between the levy and the application of the tax has been referred to as an aid to the construction of the expression "continue to be levied" in article 277. We find ourselves in agreement with the views there expressed. The decision of the High Court is	 therefore	 correct and "the appeal fails. (1) I.L.R. [1956] Madhya Bharat 339. 961 CIVIL APPEAL No. 695 OF 1962. In this appeal a notification was issued under sub sections (5) and (7) of section 67 of the C.P. & Berar Municipalities Act	 1922	 on December 9	 1960 imposing a terminal tax on gun powder imported into or exported out of the municipal area by rail. It is admitted that previous to the Constitution there was no tax imposed on gun powder. The position in this case is	 therefore	 identical with that in Civil Appeal No. 598 of 1962 which we have just disposed of and it follows that this appeal also fails and should be dismissed. CIVIL APPEAL No. 700 OF 1962. In Civil Appeal 700 of 1962 the original notification imposing terminal taxes in respect of goods coming into or going out of the municipal area by rail was one dated March 17	 1926 which was operative from April 1	 1926. This was amended by a notification under section 67 (5) of the C.P. Berar Municipal Act	 1922 dated September 23	 1960 by which new articles were included to the list of items imported into or exported from the municipal area by rail subject to the terminal tax and besides the rate of tax on the previously existing items was also increased. It was this inclusion of new articles for the levy of terminal tax by the notification of 1960 and the increase in the rate of duty on articles	 already subjected to tax	 that was impugned in the writ petition filed by the respondent before the High Court. On our reasoning on the basis of which we have dismissed Civil Appeal 598 of 1962 it would follow that this appeal should also fail. We can see no difference between the inclusion of new items and the increase in the rate of duty because if there is an increase it would not be a mere continuance of the duty which had been lawfully levied which is the only purpose and function of article 277. The judgment of the High Court allowing the writ petition of the respondent was therefore correct. In the result	 ;all the three appeals fail and are dismissed with costs of the contesting respondent or respondents. in each appeal. Appeals dismissed.

A terminal tax on goods imported by road or rail was imposed by the Amravati Municipality by virtue of a notification dated August 10	 1916. This notification exempted silver	 bullion and coins from the operation of this tax. When terminal taxes on goods imported by rail were assigned exclusively to the Federal Centre under the Government of India Act	 1935	 the municipality was authorised by section 143 to continue to levy the terminal taxes which were actually levied before the enforcement of the Act. Likewise	 the terminal taxes imposed by the pre Constitution notification were allowed to be levied and collected even after the Constitution came into force by virtue of article 277 of the Constitution. In 1960	 the Municipality levied terminal taxes on three new items	 viz.	 silver and silver jewellery	 gold and gold jewellery and precious stones. In a writ petition filed under article 226 of the Constitution	 the validity of the newly imposed terminal tax was challenged by the respondent who was carrying on business	 within the limits of the Municipality	 in gold	 silver and precious stones on the ground of legislative incompetence. The writ petition was granted by the High Court and the appellant came to this court after obtaining a certificate of fitness from the High Court. Dismissing the appeal: Held: The newly imposed terminal taxes on silver and silver jewellery	 gold and gold jewellery and precious stones had never been imposed by the Municipality and hence it could not be said that those were "being lawfully levied" by the Municipality and "applied to the same purposes" before the commencement of the Constitution as required by article 277 of the Constitution. article 277 was not intended to confer an unlimited legislative power to impose what in effect were new taxes	 though of the same type or nature as existed before the Constitution. Rama Krishna Ramanath vs The Janpad Sabha	 Gondia	 [1962] Supp. 3 S.C.R. 70 and Chuttilal vs Bagmal and Balwantrai	 I.L.R. [1956] M.B. 339. referred to.