Summarize the following court judgment. l No. 1812 of 1969. (From the Judgment and Order dated 31 1 1969 of the Rajasthan High Court in Civil Misc. Writ No. 733 of 1968). S.K. Mehta and Girish Chandra	 for the appellant. S.T. Desai	 G. A. Shah and S.K. Dholakia	 for respond ent No. 1. L.M. Singhvi	 S.M. Jain and Indra Mapwana	 for respond ents 2 3 Leila Seth and G.S. Chatterjee for the Intervener. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by: SARKARIA	 J. Whether on the facts of this case	 the contract dated 15 6 1968 between the Union of India and the Central India 440 Machinery Manufacturing Company Ltd. (Wagon & Structural Division) Bharatpur (hereinatter called tile Company) for tile manufacture and supply of wagonS	 was a contract of sale or work contract	 is the principal question mat falls to be determined in this appeal by certificate	 field by the Union of India against a judgment dated January 31	 1969 of the High Court of Rajasthan. It arises out of these facts: The Company	 Respondent No. 1 herein entered into a Contract (No. 67/Rs(1)/954/15/396	 dated 15 6 1968 with the Union of India through the Railway Board for the manufacture and Supply of 258 BG Bogie covered BCX type wagons and 812 MG covered wagons of MBC type to the Railways. The sales tax authorities of the State (Respondent 3 herein) under the Rajastan Sales Tax Act	 levied the sales tax treating the contract as one of sale and delivery of wagons. Under a similar past contract	 the appellant reimbursed the Company the amount of sales tax for the wagons supplied by it to the appellant in the months of March and April	 1967. In March 1967	 the High Court of Mysore in the case of Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.	 Bangalore Division vs The Commissioner of commercial Taxes	 Mysore	 C) held that the contract for the supply of wagons to the Railway Board by HAL was in the nature of works contract and therefore sales tax was not payable on such supplies. In view of this decision	 the Railway Board by its letter dated June 7	 1968 informed the Company that the money paid by it to the Company which was not deposited with the Sales tax Department should be re funded because the real nature of the transaction was that of a works contract and not a sale or purchase and therefore the Railway Board was not liable to reimburse the Company for the amount of sales tax if any	 paid by the Company to the State of Rajasthan. While in reply to the Railway Board at Company contended that the contract was for sale of wagons and not a contract for works	 it took a contrary position in its representation to the Commissioner of Sales tax	 Rajasthan. Instead of giving any relief	 the Sales tax Department informed the Company that it should stop purchasing material on the strength of Form 'C ' under the Central Sales tax Act. Such stoppage would have saddled the Company with a further liability to pay tax at the enhanced rate on the purchase of material used for the manufacture of wagons. The Commercial Tax Officer provisionally assessed the Company under section 7(D) of the Rajasthan Sales tax Act on the Sale of wagons to the Railway Board for the month of May 1968	 and served a demand notice for payment of Rs. 1	91	827/79p. including Rs. 1	899.29p/ as penalty. Since the Company was registered as a dealer under the Sales tax Act	 it had to bear	 in the first instance	 the charge of the tax although its incidence normally passes on to the purchaser	 in the absence of a contract to the contrary under the provisions of section 64(a) of Sales of Goods Act. By its letter of August 14	 1968	 the Railway Board finally informed the Company that	 in future it would not reimburse the Company ' for the sales tax if paid by it in connection with the supply of wagons (1) ; 441 The Company thereupon invoked the writ jurisdiction of the High Court by a petition under Article 226 of the Constitu tion. In the writ petition	 the Commercial Taxes Officer Special Circle Jaipur	 the Union of India through the Rail way Board and the State of Rajasthan were impleaded as Respondents. The relief prayed in the petition was: "(1) That an appropriate Order be made determining whether the contract in question is in the nature of a contract for sale of goods	 or works contract. (2) That in the event of a finding that the contract is in reality a contract for sale the respondent Union of India be prohibited from claiming refund from the petitioner of the sum of Rs. 1	56	703.20 lying in its hands for payment of Sales Tax. (3) . . (4) That an appropriate writ	 Directive or order be made directing the respondent Union of India through the Railway Board to reim burse the Petitioners in respect of Sales Tax for the purchases from May 1968 onwards from month to month. " The writ petition was contested by the Union of India	 inter alia	 on the ground that the contract in question was contract for works and not a contract of sale. The State of Rajasthan and the Commercial Taxes Officer in their joint reply contended that the contract was one for sale of wag ons. At the final hearing before the High Court all the parties requested the Court to resolve the dispute in the exercise of its extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution	 notwithstanding the availability of an alternative remedy. The Court	 in consequence	 proceeded to decide the dispute on merits. After examining in detail the terms and conditions of the contract as disclosed by the relevant documents on the record	 the High Court took the view that the contract in question was a contract for the manufacture and Sale of wagons to the Union of India by the Company and as such sales tax was payable on these transac tions. It thus decided the main issue against the Union of India and allowed the writ petition. Hence this appeal by the Union of India. The question	 whether a contract is one for sale of goods or for executing works or rendering services	 is largely one of fact	 depending upon the terms of the Con tract	 including the nature of the obligations to be dis charged thereunder and the surrounding circumstances. It is therefore	 necessary to examine the terms and conditions of contract in question. There is no consolidated contract deed formally executed by the parties	 on record. There are however	 several documents	 including 442 the correspondence between the parties	 which embody the terms and conditions of the contract. By its letters No. 67/RS(1)/954/15 dated December 23	 1967	 and letter dated June 15	 1968	 the Railway Board communicated to the Company	 the former 's acceptance of the offer made by the Company in its earlier letters	 including the letter	 dated 12 12 1967	 to manufacture and supply	 B.G. Bogie covered wagons BCX Type and M.G. Covered wagon MBC Type. The numbers of the wagons to be supplied and the price per wagon of each type were indicated in these let ters. Paragraph 2 of the letter	 dated December 23	 1967	 stated: "2. Terms and Conditions: The contract shall be governed by the General Conditions of Contract A5 51 (Revised) in so far as these are not inconsistent with the Special Condi tions of contract attached as per Annexure 'A ' and these given in Paras 3 and 7 below. " Paragraphs 3 to 6 of the letter provide as under: "3. Delivery: The delivery of the stock F.O.R	 your works siding is required to be completed by 30 6 69. Packing 01 axle boxes: Packing of axle boxes (Wherever necessary) will be done by Western Railway. No packing charges on account of the same will be received from you." "5. Inspecting Authority: Joint Direc tor (R.I.)	 R.D.S.D.	 Calcutta or his repre sentative shall constitute the Inspecting Authority for the inspection of stock built by you against this order. Accounting and payments: F.A. & C.A.O.	 Northern Railway	 New Delhi will maintain accounts and arrange all payments. " Para 7 dealt with "Material Escalations"	 while in para 8 it was expressed that the order was being issued in the name of the President of India. Now the salient Standard Conditions referred to in paragraph 2 of this letter may be seen	 Conditions 1 and 2 are as follows: "1. The "Purchaser" means the President of India in the case of carriage underframes and goods wagons (hereinafter called vehicles) ordered for Indian Railways. " 2. "The work" includes materials of every kind" . Standard Condition 15 is crucial and may be extracted in full. "SYSTEM OF PAYMENT 15. Payments for completed vehicles delivered by the Contractor shall be made in two instalments	 viz. 90 per 443 cent on completion and 10 per cent as provided in paragraph (2) of this clause. The proce dure for such payment will be as follows: (1 ) The Contractor on receipt of a Certifi cate signed by the Inspecting Officer (whose decision shall be final) to the effect that one or more vehicles have been completed will submit to the Purchaser on account bill for 90 per cent of the value of vehicles in question	 together with the completion certificate	 the Purchaser will pay the 90 per cent bill	 and on payment of this bill the vehicles in ques tion will become the property of the Purchas er. (underlining ours) (2) The balance of 10 percent shall be treated as security for the due fulfilment of the contract and the Contractor .shall be entitled to receive payment of the balance of 10 per cent on vehicles as completed on his receiving a certificate from the Purchaser to the effect that the actual delivery of the vehicles in question has been taken	 that the delivery was made in the due time	 and that the Contract has been duly fulfilled in every respect in so far as it relates to the com pleted vehicles. Condition 16 lays down that if the "defect arises from inferiority of material or workmanship	 or from imperfect protection or other default on the Contractor 's part	 the Railway shall be at liberty to ask the Contractor to remedy the defect and deduct from any money due to the Contractor. The Special Conditions of Contract contains in Annexure 'A ' to the letter dated 23 12 1967	 are as under: SPECIAL CONDITIONS 1.3 Material Escalations: Adjustments due to variations in the cost of material will be confined to the variations in the prices of steel at Col. 1 rate through Governmental action for controlled categories and those fixed by J.P.C. for de controlled categories of steel. The escalation would be allowed in respect of such of the quantities of the material which were purchased and paid for the manufacture of wagons on order after the variation in price over the base date and subject to examination of the actual amounts paid for the supply of such tonnage of steel which is considered reasonable for the manu facture of the wagons on order and for which prices have varied over the base date whether supplied to the Contractor or sub contractor . 4. Specifications and Drawings: The stock shall be built conforming to specifications and drawings indicated in the order which axe obtainable on 444 payment from the Research Design and Standards Organisation	 Lucknow	 with such modifications as may be required or approved by the Railway Board	 from time to time during the execution of this contract. The basic price shall have reference to the specification shown in the order. Any modification to specification or design shall be subject to price adjustment over and above the basic price . . 		 Special Condition 4 is important. A good deal of .argument was made as to whether 90% advance made under this Condition should be taken as payment towards the price of the material or towards the price of the wagons. This condition reads: "4 . Terms of Payments: (a) 'On Account ' payment upto 90% of the value of steel and other raw materials pro cured by the firm for this order will be 	made against such materials	 on its receipt in the firms ' works	 on production of a cer tificate to that effect from the concerned officer of the Inspection and Liaison Organi sation and on the firm furnishing necessary indemnity bond to the paying Authority. Note: 'On Account ' payment will be per missible on steel procured according to Joint Director (Iron & Steel)	 Calcutta 's planning after taking into consideration any steel offers from the floating stock held by the Railways. If such offers are refused and steel of similar quality is obtained from other sources such quantities will be excluded from 'On Account ' payment. The claim for 'On Account ' payment will be accompanied by a further certificate that similar steel has not been offered from the floating stock held by the Railways and refused by the Wagon Build ers. (b) Payment of 90% of the full contract price less 'On Account ' payment already .made vide (a) above will be made on production of inspection certificate for each completed wagon. (c) Payment of the balance 10% of the contract price will be made on the certifica tion by the consignee Railways that wagons have been received in complete condition and in good working order	 provided that the payment so made shall be provisional and subject to adjustment and finalisation by deduction of rebate in acordance with provi sion of clause 1.4" (underlining ours) 445 The other material Special Conditions are: "5. USE OF RAW MATERIALS SECURED WITH THE GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE: Where any raw materials for the execu tion of the contract are procured with the assistance of Government either by issue from Government stock or purchase under arrange ments made or permit(s) or licence(s) issued by Government	 the Contractor shall hold the said materials as trustee for Government and use such materials economically and solely for the purpose of the contract against which they are issued and not dispose of them	 without the permission of the Government and return	 if required by the purchaser	 all surplus or unserviceable materials that may be left with after ' the completion of the con tract or at its termination for any reason whatsoever	 on his being paid such price as Government may fix with due regard to the condition of the material. The freight charges for the return of the materials according to the directions of the purchaser shah be borne by the Contractor	 in the event of the contract being cancelled for any de fault on his part. The decision of Government shall be final and conclusive. (underlining ours) "10. Sales Tax: If and .when State and Inter State Sales Tax on the stock on order becomes payable under Law such payments will be reimbursed by the Railway Board. The Rail way Board will	 not	 however	 be responsible for the payments of sales tax paid under mis apprehension of Law. No sales tax on materi als including steel or components will be reimbursed by the Railway Board. (underlining ours) The material part of the Indemnity Bond which was subse quently executed by the Company in connection with the Contract	 provide: "Whereas under Railway Board 's order No. 67/ RS(1)/954/15 dated 23 12 1967	 the said Contractor has been given the contract for manufacture of 258 Nos. B.G. covered wagons BCX type with Transition type Centre Buffer couplers at both ends and 812 numbers MG covered wagons MBC type (1968 69 R.S.P.) at Bharatpur. And whereas advance payment are to be made by the Railways to the Contractor against Railway Board 's said order . That the Contractor shall hold at his works at Bharatput and/or at the works of his sub contractors the Stores and articles of the Railways in respect of which advance may be made to him against the said order. 2 502SCI/77 446 That the said Stores and articles shall be such as are required for the execution of the above contract and the advance made to him by the Railways is without prejudice to the provision of the contract and is subject to inspection and rejection of the Stores and any advance .made against stores and articles rejected or found unsatisfactory on inspection shall be refunded immediately to the Railways. That the Contractor shah be solely responsible for the safe custody and protec tion of the said stores and articles against all risks till they are duly delivered to the Railways or as they may direct. The said articles and materials shall at all times be open to inspection of any officer authorised by the Railways. (underlining ours) Now these presents witnesseth that the Contractor . hereby undertakes to indemni fy the Railways	 should any loss or damage or deterioration occur in respect of the said stores and articles while in his possession or in the possession of his sub contractors or if any refund becomes due to the Railways without prejudice to any other remedies available	 the Railways may also deduct such amount from any sums due	 or any sum which at any time herein after may become due to the Contractor . . " Clause (0) of section 2 of the Rajasthan Sales Tax Act	 1954	 defines "sale". It says: " 'Sale ' with all its grammatical varia tions and cognate explanations	 means any transfer of property in goods for cash or for deferred payment or for any other valuable consideration	 and includes a transfer of goods on the hirepurchase or other system of payment by instalments . " Thus	 transfer of property in goods for a price is the linchpin of the definition. Under Section 4 the 	 also	 in the definition of the term "sale" stress is laid on the element of transfer of property in the goodS. According to the Roman jurists	 also	 the purport of a contract of sale is that the seller divests himself of all proprietory right in the thing sold in favour of the buyer. It is this requisite which often distinguishes a contract of sale of goods from a contract for work and services. Even so	 the difficulty of distinguishing between these two types of contracts is an age old one. It was much debated even by the Roman jurists (see Inst. III	 24	4	 and De Zuluete	 The Roman	 Law of Sale	 pp. 15	 16). Difficulty has also been felt in England and other Common law jurisdictions to the effect of a contract to make a chattel and deliver it when made. Generally	 such a contract is one of sale of Chattel	 but not always. Jurists have differed much and striven much about the test for distinguishing between these two types of contracts. Since each contract presents its own features	 and imponderables it has not been possible to devise an infallible test of universal application. Accord ing to Pollock & Mulla	 "the test would seem to be whether the thing 447 to be delivered has any individual existence before delivery as the sole property of the party who is to deliver it". H the answer is in the affirmative	 it is a 'sale ' of the thing	 otherwise not. Another learned author enunciates that "the general rule deducible from the cases seems to be that if the main object of the contract is the transfer from A to B	 for a price	 of the property in a thing in which B had no previous property	 then the contract is a contract of sale	 (See Chalmers Sale of Goods, 16th Edn, page 52). The broad criteria for distinguishing between these two types of contracts have been neatly summed up in Halsbury 's Laws of England, (3rd Edn., Vol. 34, page 6) thus: A contract of sale of goods must be distinguished from a contract for work and labour. The distinction is often a fine one. A contract of sale is a contract whose main object is the transfer of the property in and the delivery of the possession of	 a chattel as a chattel to the buyer. Where the main object of work undertaken by the payee of the price is not the transfer of a chattel qua chattel	 the contract is one. for work and labour. The test is whether or not the work and labour bestowed end in anything that can properly become the subject of sale; neither the ownership materials	 nor the value of the skill and labour as compared with the value of the materials is conclusive	 although such matters may be taken into consideration in determining in the circumstances of a particu lar case	 whether the contract is in substance one for work and labour or one for the sale of a chattel. " Let us now apply the above criteria to the contract in question. The contract is expressly one for the manufacture and supply of wagons for a price. Price has been fixed taking the wagon as a unit. Payment of the price is made for each vehicle on its completion and delivery by the contrac tor to the Purchaser	 who is described as the Union of India acting through the Railway Board. Such payment is made in two instalments	 viz.	 90 per cent of the value of the vehicle on completion against an 'On account ' bill	 together with the Completion Certificate from the Inspecting Officer appointed by the Railway Board	 and the balance of 10 per cent after delivery. If clause (1) of the Standard Condi tion 15 is not inconsistent with anything in the Special Conditions	 and as we shall presently notice it is not so it clinches the issue in as much as it declares in unequivocal terms the invention of the contracting parties that on. payment of the 90 per cent of the value	 'the vehicles in question will become the property of the pur chaser. " Prima facie	 the contract in question has all the essential attributes of ' a contract of sale of moveable. That is to say	 hare is an agreement to sell finished goods manufactured by the Sellers (Company) for a price	 the property in the goods passing to the Purchaser	 on comple tion and delivery pursuant to the agreement. Mr. Mehta	 learned counsel for the appellant	 contended that what clause (1) of Standard Condition 15 appears to convey about. 448 the transfer of the property in the completed vehicle stands inferentially negated and superseded by the terms of the Special Conditions and the Indemnity Bond to which the Standard Conditions	 are subject. It is urged that under Special Conditions read with the Indemnity Bond the property in the raw material purchased by the Company for the con struction of the wagons	 passed to the Railway Board as soon as the latter advance 90 per cent of the value of such material	 which thereafter is held by the Company merely as an agent or trustee for the Board. Our attention has been invited to Special Condition 4 under which 'On Account ' payment upto 90% of the value of 'steel and other materials" procured by the Company for this Order" will be made against such materials	 on production of a certificate from the officer of the Inspection and Liaison Organisation and on furnishing necessary indemnity Bond to the Paying Authority. We are also adverted to the Note under clause ( 'a) of that Condition	 according to which "On Account" payment will not be permissible against steel procured by the Company from a source other than the floating stock held by the Railways	 except when an offer to procure it from that source is refused. Counsel has also referred to Special Conditions 5 which obligates the contractor to hold "as trustee for Government" any raw materials for the execution of the contract" procured with the assistance of Government either by issue from Government stock or purchase under arrangement made or permit(s) or licence(s) and to "use such materials economically and solely for the purpose of the contract against which they are issued and ' not dispose of them	 without the permission of the Government." Mr. Mehta fur ther pointed out that under Special Condition 6	 other essential components	 viz.	 wheelsets for all the stock (and roller bearing axle boxes and C.F. couplers Wherever ap plicable) are supplied to the contractor free of cost F.O.R. against a proper undertaking for their safe custody. Counsel further took us through the contents of the Indemni ty Bond and placed special emphasis on its clause: "That the contractor shall hold at his works at Bharatpur and/or at the works of his Sub contractors the Stores and articles of the Railways in respect of which advance may	 be made to him against the said order. " From a conjoint reading of the Special Conditions 4	 5	 7 and the Indemnity Bond it is sought to be spelt out that all the raw materials and components used in the manufacture of the wagons	 belonged to the Railway Board; such materials were either procured under Special Condition 4 against 90% 'On Account ' payment which should be taken as a payment towards the price of the material purchased and held by the Company on behalf of the Railway Board	 or procured under Special Condition 6 free of cost. It is maintained that since purchases of raw material against 90% 'On Account ' payment were made by the Company on behalf of and/or the Railway Board	 that was why in the Indemnity Bond	 the "stores and articles" in respect of which the advance has been made by the Railway Board	 are described as 'of the Railways". It is further submitted that in view of the facility available to the contractor	 there was little or no possibility of any materials other than those procured against 90% 449 'on account ' payment	 or supplied free of cost by the Rail way under Special Condition 6	 being used in the manufacture of the wagons by the Company. In sum	 the proposition propounded is that since the raw materials and components used in the manufacture of a wagon under the terms of the contract belonged to the Railway Board	 the wagon produced had	 at the time of its completion and delivery	 no individ ual existence as the sole property of the Company. Although counsel has not specifically cited from Pollock and Mulla 's commentary on the 	 the test sought to be invoked is the same which has been suggested by the learned authors. Judged by this test	 proceeds the argument	 the contract in question is not a contract of sale of wagons	 but one for work and labour. In support of his contentions	 Mr. Mehta relies on three decisions of this Court: M/s. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.	 Bangalore Division vs The Commissioner of Commercial Taxes	 Mysore(1) State of Gujarat vs Kailash Engineering Co.(2) and the other in State of Gujarat (Commissioner of Sales Tax	 Ahmedabad)	 vs M/s. Variety Body Builders(3). According to counsel	 the terms and conditions of the contract which came up for considera tion in M/s. Hindustan Aeronautics were substantially the same	 and there it was held that the contract was one for work and not of sale of vehicles. On the other hand	 Dr. L.M. Singhvi	 Learned Advocate General appearing for the State of Rajasthan	 and Shri section T. Desai	 learned counsel appearing for the Company have pointed out that there is nothing in the Special Conditions which militates against or is inconsistent with the Standard Condition 15; that the Special Conditions	 read as a whole	 show beyond all doubt that the raw materials purchased by the Company against 90% advance payment do not become the property of the. Railway Board or the Union of India	 because under the express terms of the contract	 such advance payment is made towards the "contract price" of the wagons and not towards the price of the materials purchased by the Company	 al though to safeguard the interests of the Railway Board some restrictions have been placed with regard to the use and disposal of those materials on the Company who had become aware thereof by purchase for a price. In refutation of the stand taken by the appellant	 it is asserted that under the terms and conditions of the contract	 it is not obligatory for the Company to purchase all the materials required for the construction of the wagons	 from the Government Stores or with the assistance of the Government against 90% advance payment. It is submitted that in accord with the terms of the contract	 lot of raw material against which no such advance was taken	 was purchased by the Company and used in the construction of the wagon. With our permission	 an affidavit has been filed before us on behalf of ' the Company to support this assertion of fact. (1) ; (2) [1967] 195 S.T. (1360). (3) ; 450 Dr. Singhvi has further submitted that the terms of the contract in question are materially different from those which were in question in Hindustan Aeronautics case and in M/s. Variety Body Builders (supra) and consequently those decisions cannot govern the instant case. According to the Counsel	 the instant case is more in line with the decisions of this Court in Patnaik and Company vs State of Orissa(1) and T.V. Sundram lyengar & Sons vs State of Madras.(2) The first question for consideration is: whether all the raw materials used in the construction of the wagons are those against the 90% value of which advance is drawn by the Company from the Railway under Special Condition 4 ? In this connection	 it may be noted that there is noth ing in the terms and conditions of the contract which ex pressly or by necessary implication binds the Company to procure and use only this raw material for which advance has been drawn by it from the Railway. There is positive evi dence (i.e. unrebutted affidavit of Shri C.P. Gupta	 Senior Accounts and Finance Officer of the Company) that m execu tion of the contract in question	 the Company has used such raw material also against which no advance was drawn from the Railway. The raw material used in the manufacture of the wagons may be split up into three categories: 1. Wheelsets	 axle boxes supplied by the Railway free of cost (vide Special Condition 6). Raw materials such as steel against which advance was drawn. Raw materials against which no such advance wag drawn. The first category was admittedly the property of the Railway There can be no dispute that the third category was	 at all times material	 the property of the Company. Contro versy converges on category (2). Does such material procured by the Company	 against 90% advance	 become the property of the Railway before its use in the manufacture of the wagons ? Should the "on account" payment received from the Railway by the Company under Special Condition 4	 on 90% of the value of the materials	 be taken as payment towards the price of the materials ? Or	 should it be taken as payment towards the price of the wagons ? Answers to these questions turn on a construction of the terms and conditions of the contract. A correct construc tion	 in turn	 depends on a reading of the Standard and Special conditions as a whole. It would not be proper to cull out a sentence here or a sub clause there and read the same in isolation. Again what is required is not a (1) [1965] 16	 S.T.C. 369 (S.C.). (2) [1975] 35	 S.T.C. 24 (S.C.). 451 fragmentary examination in parts but an overall view and understanding of the whole. Again	 it is the substance of the documents constituting the contract	 and not merely the Form which has to be looked into. The real intention of the contracting parties is primarily to be sought within the four corners of the documents containing Standard and Special Conditions of the ContraCt. If such intention is clearly discernible from these documents	 it will not be proper to seek external aid from the stereotyped Indemnity Bond which is not only collateral but also posterior in point of time to the con tract. It will bear repetition that there is no conflict or inconsistency between Standard Condition 15 and the Special Conditions. The terms and conditions of the contract	 read as a whole	 indubitably lead to the conclusion that the property in the materials procured or purchased by the Company	 against the 90% value of which advance is taken from the Railway	 does not before their use. in the con struction of the wagons	 pass to the Railway. Reasons for arriving at this conclusion are as under: (i) Clause (a) of Special Condition 4 which pro vides for "On Account" payment upto	 90% of the ' value of steel and other raw materials procured by the firm (Compa ny) is to be read with Clause (b) which makes it clear that such 'On Account ' payment is a part of the "full contract price" "for each completed wagon". (ii) Condition 5 while imposing restrictions as to. the use and disposal of materials against which advance is taken	 further gives a pre emptive right to the Govern ment to purchase all surplus or unserviceable materials from the Company on its "being paid such price as Government may fix with due regard to the condition of 'the material". If the materials belonged to the Government or the Railway	 no question of purchasing the same from the Company could arise. No one can be a seller and purchaser of the same property at the same time. (iii) Special Condition to provides in unequivo cal terms that no Sales Tax on materials including steel or components will be reimbursed by the Railway. Board". This condition postulates two things: First	 that the Company becomes the owner of the materials by purchase and therefore	 in that capacity becomes liable to the charge of Sales Tax which it cannot	 because of this covenant to the contrary	 pass on to the President/Railway Board. Second	 such steel and components are not the property of the Rail way. They were not supplied by the President/Railway free of charge under Special Condition 6. (iv) There is no condition or term in the contract that the material purchased	 by the Company after drawing 'on account ' payment to the extent of 90% of the value of the material shall become the property of the Railway. 452 (v) Standard Condition 16 provides that if within twelve months after delivery	 any "defect arises from inferiority of material or workmanship" the Company shall be liable to remedy the deffect	 and to deduction of money due to it. This Condition also presupposes that the inferior material used was not the property of the Railway but of the Company. (vi) The stipulation in the Indemnity Bond making the Company responsible for safe custody and protection of the "Stores and articles" against all risks till they are duly delivered to the Railway	 or as they may direct	 nor the use of the words "of the Railway"	 therein	 in our opinion	 in the face of clear Conditions of the contract	 is a ground to hold that the materials purchased by the Company construc tion of the wagons would become the property of the Railway immediately on advance of an amount equal to 90% of their value under Special Condition 4. As rightly pointed out by the High Court the word 'of ' in the expression "Of the Railway" used in the Indemnity Bond in the context of "stores and articles" appears to have been loosely used. Moreover these "stores and articles" might include the wheel sets and articles supplied by the Railway free of charge from its stores under Special Condi tion 6. The expression Of the Railways ' might have been possibly used in the context of such components belonging to the Railway. Furthermore	 under Condition 5	 in respect of all surplus material	 the Railway had been given a right of preemption. Even so much capital cannot be made out of the use of this loose expression in the Indemnity Bond	 when the Conditions embodied in the contract docu ments read as a whole	 clearly show that the property in the materials purchased by the Company with the assistance of the ' Railway/Government does not pass to the Railway. The upshot of the above discussion is that with the exception of wheelsets (with axle boxes and coupleS)	 sub stantially all the raw materials required for the construc tion of the wagons before their use belong to the Company and not to the President/Railway Board. In other words with the exception of a relatively small proportion of the compo nents supplied under Special Condition 6	 the entire wagons including the material at the time of its completion for delivery is the property of the Company. This means that the general test suggested by Pollock and Chalmers has been substantially albeit not absolutely satisfied so as to indicate that the contract in question was one for the sale of wagons for a price	 the Company being the seller and the President/Railway Board being the buyer. It is true that technically the entire wagon including all the material and components used in its construction cannot be said to be the sole property of the Company before its delivery to the Purchaser. But as pointed out by Lord Halsbury in the above quoted passage from his renowned work neither the ownership of the materials nor the value of the skill and labour as compared with the value of the materials used in the manu facture is conclusive. Nevertheless	 if the bulk of the material used in the construction belongs to the manufactur er 453 who sells the end product for a price that will be a strong pointer to the conclusion that the contract is in substance one for the sale of goods and not one for work and labour. Be that as it may Clause (1) of Standard Condition 15 dispels all doubt with regard to the nature of the contract. This clause stipulates in unmistakable terms that as soon as a vehicle has been completed	 the Company will get it examined by the Inspecting Officer and submit to the Pur chaser an 'On Account ' Bill for 90% of the value of the vehicle and within 14 days of the receipt of such bill together with a certificate of the Inspecting Officer	 the Purchaser will pay 90% bill and on such payment	 the vehicle in question will become the property of the Purchaser. There could be no clearer expression of the intention of the contracting parties than this clause that the contract was	 in substance	 one for the sale of manufactured wagons by the Company for a stipulated price. We would therefore affirm the finding of the High Court on this point. The ratio of Hindustan Aeronautics (supra) is not ap plicable. The present case has some special features which did not figure in Hindustan Aeronautics. In that case from the terms and conditions the contract then under considera tion and the report of the Commercial Tax Officer	 these facts appeared to be well established: (i) the material used in the construction of coaches before its use was the property of the Railway. (ii) There was no possibility of any other material being used excepting which belonged to the President/Railway before its use in the construction of coaches purch. This fact was borne out from the report of the Commercial Tax Officer. (iii) Further in the contract in question in that case	 there was no term corresponding to Clause (1) of Standard Condition 15. This Court therefore found that the difference between the price of a coach and the cost of material could only be the cost of services rendered by the assessee. Such is not the case here. The bulk of the material used in the construction of the wagons	 as already discussed above	 in the instant case belongs to the Company before its use. State of Gujarat (Commissioner of Sales	 Tax	 Ahmeda bad) vs M/s. Variety Body Builders (supra) cited by Shri Mehta	 also is clearly distinguishable from the facts of the instant case. There the bulk of the materials used in the construction of coaches was supplied by the Railway. Even labour was supplied by the Railway. The contractor mainly contributed his labour and skill to manufacture the end product	 being the Railway Coaches	 under the constant supervision and control of the Railway. From the totality of the material terms and conditions in the agreement	 in that case	 it was 454 not possible to hold that the parties intended that the Contractor transferred the property in the coach to the Railway after its completion. Reality of the transaction as a whole indicated that the contract was one for work and labour while in the instant case the converse is true. The case before us is more in line with the decision of this Court in Patnaik and Company vs state of Orissa (supra). The appellants therein had entered into an agree ment with the State of Orissa for the construction of bus bodies on the chassis supplied by the Governor. The agreement provided inter alia that the appellants were responsible for the safe custody of the chassis from the date of their receipt from the Governor till their delivery and they had to insure their premises against fire	 theft etc. at their own cost. The appellants had to construct the bus bodies in the most substantial and workmanlike manner	 both as regards materials and otherwise in every respect in strict accordance with the specifications. They had to guarantee the durability of the body for two years from the date of delivery. It was also provided that all works under the contract should be open to inspection by the Controller or Officers authorised by him and such officers had the right to stop any work which had been executed badly or with materials of inferior quality and on receipt of a written order the appellants had to dismantle or replace such defective work or material at their own cost. The Builders were entitled to 50% of the cost of the body build ing at the time of delivery and the rest one month thereaf ter. The question before the Constitution Bench of this Court was whether on these facts	 the contract was one for work or a contract for sale of goods. This Court held (by majority) that the contract as a whole was a contract for sale of goods and therefore the appellants were liable to sales tax on the amounts received from the State of Orissa for the construction of the bus bodies. In reach ing at this conclusion the Court paid due regard to the fact that under that contract the property in the bus body did not pass to the Government till the chassis with the bus body was delivered at the destination to be named by the Controller. Till the delivery was made the busbody re mained the property of the builder. This clinching circum stance also prominently figures in Standard Condition 15 in the instant case	 also. For the foregoing reasons	 the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. P.H.P. Appeal dismissed.

The appellant and respondent No. 1 company entered into a contract for the manufacture and supply of wagons. By the correspondence exchanged	 the number of wagons to be supplied and the price of wagon of each type was 	indicated. It was provided that the contract would be governed by the Standard Conditions in so far as they are not inconsist ent with the ' correspondence exchanged between the parties. Under the Standard conditions	 90 per cent of the payment had to be made against the Company submitting the bill to the purchaser together with the completion certificate and on payment of such 90 per cent price the vehicle in question would become the property of the purchaser. The balance of 10 per cent was to be treated as security for the due ful filment of the contract. The balance was to be received on the receipt of certificate from the purchaser to the effect that the actual delivery of the vehicle was taken and that the delivery was made in due time. One of the clauses provided that where any raw materials for the execution of the contract are procured with the assistance of the appel lant the company would hold the said materials as trustee for Government and use such materials economically and solely for the purpose .of the contract against which they are issued and not dispose them of without the permission of the Government and return	 if required by the purchas er. all surplus or unserviceable materials that might be left after the completion of the contract or its termination for any reason whatsoever on his being paid such price as Government might fix with due regard to the condition of the material. Clause 10 further provided that if and when the State and inter State Sales Tax on the stock on order becomes payable under law such payments would be reimbursed by the Railway Board. The Railway Board	 however	 is not to be made. liable for the payment of Sates Tax paid under misapprehension of law. No sales tax on materials including steel and components would be reimbursed by the Railway Board. That the stores and articles shall be such as arc required for the execution of the contract and the advance made by the Railways is without prejudice to	 the provisions of the contract and is subject to inspection and rejection of the stores. That the said articles and materials shall at all times be open to inspection of any officer authorised by the Railways. There are 3 categories of materials	 the first category admittedly was the property of the Railways; the second category is the material procured by the Company against 90 per cent advance; and the third category was at all times material of the Company. Para graph 3 of the letter exchanged between the parties fixed the period of delivery. Pars 4 provided for doing the packing of axle boxes by the Railway for which no packing charges were to be recovered from the Company. Section 2(0) of the Rajasthan Sales Tax Act	 1954 defines sale as any transfer of property in goods for cash or for deferred payment or for any other valuable consideration. The appellant relied on the following circumstances: Under the Special Conditions read with the indemnity bond the property in the raw materials purchased by the Company for the construction of the 438 wagons passed to the Railway Board as soon as the latter advanced 90 per cent of the value of such material; which thereafter is held by the Company merely as an agent or trustee for the Board. Condition No. 5 obligates the con tractor to hold "as trustee for Government" and raw materi als for the execution of the contract procured with the assistance of Government and further requires the contractor to use such materials economically and solely for the pur pose of the contract against which they are issued and not to dispose them of without the permission of the Government. The Railway wagon at the time of its delivery had no indi vidual existence as the sole property of the Company. The respondents contended that there was nothing in the Special Conditions which militates or is inconsistent with the Standard Condition No. 15. The Special Conditions	 read as a whole show that the raw materials purchased by the Company against 90 per cent of advance payment do not become the property of the Railway Board or the Union of India because under the express terms of the contract such advance payment is made towards the contract price of the wagons ' and not towards price of the materials. Dismissing the appeal	 HELD: (1) Transfer of property in goods for a price is the linch pin of the definition of 'sale '. The difficulties in distinguishing between the contract of sale and work contract is an age old one. It was much debated even by the Roman Jurists. According to Pollock & Mulla	 the test would be whether the thing to be delivered has any individual existence before delivery as the sole property of the party who is to deliver it. If the answer is in the affirmative it is sale of the thing otherwise not. Another rule is that if the main object of the contract is the transfer from A to B for a price of the property in a thing in which B had no previous property then the contract is a contract of sale. According to Lord Halsbury	 the distinction is often a fine one. A contract of sale is a contract whose main object is the transfer of the property in and the delivery of the possession of a chattel as a chattel to the buyer. Where the main object of work undertaken by the payee of the price is not the transfer of a chattel qua chattel the contract is one for work and labour. The test is whether or not the work and labour bestowed and in anything that can properly become the work and labour bestowed and in anything that can properly become the subject of sale	 neither the ownership of materials nor the value of the skill and labour as com pared with the value of the materials is conclusive	 al though such matters may be taken into consideration in determining in the circumstances of a particular case wheth er the contract is in substance one for work and labour or one for the sale of a chattel. [446 F H	 447 A D] (2) The question	 whether a contract is one for sale of goods or for executing work or rendering services is largely one of fact depending upon the terms of the contract includ ing the nature of the obligations to be discharged thereun der and the surrounding circumstances. In the present case the contract is expressly one for the manufacture and supply of wagons for a price. Price has been fixed taking the wagon as a unit. Payment of the price is made for each vehicle on its completion and delivery by the contrac tor to the purchaser who is described as the Union of India acting through the Railway Board. The payment is made in two instalments; 90 per. cent of the value of the vehicle on completion against an On Account Bill together with the completion certificate and 10 per cent after delivery. The real intention of the contracting parties is pri marily to be sought within the four corners of the docu ments containing Standard and Special Condition of the contract. If such intention is deafly discernible from these documents it would not be proper to seek external aid from the stereo typed indemnity bond. The terms and condi tions of the contract read as a whole undoubtedly lead to the conclusion that the property in the material procured or purchased by the Company against the 90 per cent value of which 439 advance is taken from the Railways	 does not before their use in the construction of the wagons	 pass to the Railways	 for the following reasons: (a) On account payment upto 90 per cent is a part of the full contract price for each completed wagon; (b) Condition No. 5 while imposing restric tion as to the use and disposal of material against which advance is taken further gives a pre emptive right to the Government to pur chase all surplus or unserviceable materials from the company on its "being paid such price as Government may fix with due regard to the condition of material". If the materi al belonged to the Government or the Rail ways	 no question of purchasing the same from the Company could arise. No one can be seller and purchaser of the same property at the same time. (c) Condition No. 10 which provides that no sales tax on materials including steel and components will be reimbursed by the Railway Board clearly postulates that the Company becomes the owner of the materials by pur chase and	 therefore	 becomes liable to pay the sales tax. There is no condition or term in the contract that the material purchased by the Company after drawing on Account pay ment to the extent of 90 per cent of the value of the material became the property of the Railways. The conditions embodied in the contract read as a whole clearly show that the property in the material purchased by the company with the assistance of the Railway	 does not pass to the Railway. Thus	 most of the raw materials required for the construc tion of the wagons belong to the Company and not to the Railway Board. With the exception of a relatively small proportion of the compo nents	 the entire wagon including the materi al	 at the time of its completion for deliv ery	 is the property of the Company. Clause 15 stipulates in unmistakable terms that as soon as a vehicle has been completed the Company will get it examined by the Inspecting officer and submit to .the purchaser an On Account Bill for 90 per cent of the value of the vehicle. This clearly shows that the contract was in substance one for the sale of manufactured wagons by the Company for the stipulated prices. [441 G	 447 E F	 451 B H & 455 B C] M/s. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. Bangalore Division vs The Commissioner of Commercial Taxes	 Mysore ; and State of Gujarat (Commissioner of Sales Tax	 Ahmeda bad) vs M/s. Variety Body Builders ; 	 distin guished. Patnaik & Company vs State of Orissa [19651 16 STC 369 (SC)	 followed.