Summarize the following court judgment. iminal Appeal No. 3 of 1971. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated October 30	 1970 of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 12 of .1969 and Criminal Reference No. 10 of 1969 628 Ram Asray Misra	 Risi Ram	 O. P. Rana and R. Bana	 for the appellant. D. Mukherjee and R. N. Sachthey	 for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Dua	 J. Only two points were argued at the bar in this appeal by special leave because if we agree with the appellant 's learned counsel on these points then the appeal must succeed 	and the appellant must be acquitted without going into the other points relating to the appellant 's guilt intended to be raised on his behalf by his counsel. The relevant facts of the ease necessary for appreciating the two important points relating to the legality of the appellant 's conviction may briefly be stated On the morning of October 7	 1967 a football match was being played at the Srinagar Stadium between the Kashmir Uni versity and the Punjab University teams. The Kashmir University team (hereafter called the home team) was the first to secure one goal against the Punjab University team (hereinafter called the visiting team). The players of the home team were naturally 	cheered by the spectators	 when they scored the first goal. After ;a few minutes the visiting team equalised the score and a little later secured another goal against the home team. This in turn brought cheers and applause for the visiting team from the spectators. It appears that some of the more enthusiastic spectators rushed to the football ground and are said to have made some provocative gestures towards the players of the home team. This apparently annoyed not only the players of the home team but also their sympathisers amongst the spectators and a clash between the rival sets of sympathisers of the two teams amongst the spectators followed. As usually happens on such occasions stones were thrown at each other by the two rival groups. These rival groups are stated to be those of Kashmir is on the one side and Punjab is on the other. The headquarters of the P.A.C. (Police Armed Constabulary) are also stated to be located in the Stadium and some members of that force were present at the match. The young men of the P.A.C. came to the spot and with their dandas put the people to flight. Up to this stage there seems to be no controversy. According to the prosecution case as stated by P. W. Abdul Gani Sheikh	 on April 24	 1969 when the people bad left the Stadium the appellant	 to use the words of the witness in his examination in chief. ". was seen descending the bund	 in the direction of the stadium cycle shed. The accused carried a gun in the hand. He had a helmet on the bead. 629 Getting down the bund	 the accused got near the cycle shed. There he did something for a minute or a half. Forthwith he opened the door of the cycle shed and came out. The accused was facing the Militia wall. As he turned his face that side	 he fired a shot. The shot hit the Militia wall. I was at a distance of nearly 50 yards from the accused. After firing the shot	 the accused came on the main road which leads to the aerodrome. A zamindar was going on it. At the sight of the accused he stopped. The accused fired a shot at him. He fell along the drain adjoining the Militia wall. Thereafter the accused turned to the right side. There	 on the other side of the road	 in the direction of Hazuri Bagh Maidan	 a young man in suit and boots was going there. At the sight of the accused he too stopped. There was exchange of some talk between him and the accused. I did not hear what he spoke. However	 I saw that man facing the accused	 with. folded hands. Then the accused fired a shot at him. He fell down immediately on receiving the shot. Then the accused again turned towards that Zamindar	 at whom he had fired the first shot. He fired another shot at him. Thereafter	 the accused turned towards a boy	 aged 15 or 16 years	 who was going towards Mira Kadal. He fired a shot at him. The boy did not fall down	 may he took to his heels. He ran in the direction of the tonga stand on the side of Mira Kadal. Thereafter he fired again at the Young man in suit and boots	 at whom he had already fired a shot. Thereafter he fired another shot at the Zamindar. The accused fired more shots as well after that. In the meantime	 three more men appeared there. They were the accused 's men. Besides. a sardar of the K. A. P. also appeared at the spot. They got hold of the accused and took him inside. They were trying to snatch the rifle from the accused. Another person held the rifle and the accused was taken inside the stadium. I made a report of this occurrence at police station Sher Ghari	 which may be at a distance of 150 yards from the place of occurrence. I made an oral report. I have heard the contents of the first information report. The same are correct. The police recorded what I stated. I affixed my signatures to it. It is correct. (Note : It is marked Ext. P/ I)" The learned Sessions Judge	 Srinagar	 Qazi Mirajudin	 in whose court the appellant was tried for offences under sections 302 and 307	 I.P.C. convicted him for both the offences imposing 630 the sentence of death under section 302 and rigorous imprisonment for five years under section 307	 I.P.C. Charges under section 302 related to the death of Ghulam Mohd. Fuchey who died in the hospital on the day of the occurrence and also to the death of Aziz Teli who died two days later on October 9	 1967 at 5 50 p.m. The charge under section 307	 I.P.C; related to the injuries caused to P. W. Abdul Ghani Sheikh. On appeal	 the High Court which had before it also the sidered it necessary to examine the ballistic expert for elucidating certain points. That Court permitted the appellant also to examine another ballistic expert Siyaram Gupta by name and also Shri Ratan Sahgal and C. L. Wasan	 Commandant (U.P. P.A.C.). 	C. L. Wasan was allowed to be examined even though he had already been examined earlier as a prosecution witness. It may also be stated here that the appellant wanted to produce some more witnesses in defence	 but permission to do so was declined by the High Court and the appellant 's Counsel before us raised a grievance on this score as well. The High Court	 after considering the evidence	 dismissed the appeal and confirmed the sentence of death. An oral prayer for certificate to appeal to this Court was declined. On behalf of the appellant it is not disputed before us that somebody did resort to firing during the disturbance in the course of the football match on October 7	 1967 and two persons were actually killed as a result thereof. The first question raised before us in this connection is that there is no legal evidence that it was the appellant who fired the fatal and other shots in question on this occasion. This indeed is the principal point urged. And the second point which arises out of discussion on this point relates to the scope and effect of sections 161 and 162	 Cr. P.C. and the admissibility at the trial of the statements made by some of 'the witnesses to the police during investigation under section 161	 Cr. The High Court appears to have relied on such statements in their entirety for seeking corroboration of the statement made by the prosecution witnesses in court and ultimately for the purpose of sustaining the appellant 's conviction. Incidentally	 the manner in which the investigating agency conducted the investigation of this case also came up for serious criticism at the hands of the appellant 's counsel	 it being urged that the investigation was not objective and impartial but smacked of prejudice against the appellant and was	 therefore	 unfair. The investigation was however	 sought to be justified by the counsel for the State. The evidence of identification of the appellant on which the courts below placed reliance for convicting the appellant has to be with great care in order to see if such evidence is 631 legally admissible and on the facts and circumstances of this case this scrutiny must	 in our opinion	 include within its purview the manner in which the investigation of the alleged offences was conducted by the authorities concerned. Before dealing with the evidence relating to identification of the appellant it may be remembered that the substantive evidence of a witness is his evidence in court but when the accused person is not previously known to the witness concerned then identification of the accused by the witness soon after the former 's arrest is of vital importance because it furnishes to the investigating agency an assurance that the investigation is proceeding on right lines in addition to furnishing corroboration of the evidence to be given by the witness later in court at the trial. From this point of view it is a matter of great importance both for the investigating agency and for the accused and a fortiori for the proper administration of justice that such identification is held without avoidable and unreasonable delay after the arrest of the accused and that all the necessary precautions and safeguards are effectively taken so that the investigation proceeds on correct lines for punishing the real culprit. It would	 in addition	 be fair to the witness concerned who was a stranger to the accused because in that event the chances of his memory fading are reduced and he is required to identify the alleged culprit at the earliest possible opportunity after the occurrence. It is thus and thus alone that justice and fairplay can be assured both to the accused and to the prosecution. The identification during police investigation	 it may be recalled	 is not substantive evidence in law and it can only be used for corroborating or contradicting evidence of the witness concerned as given in court. The identification proceedings	 therefore	 must be so conducted that evidence with regard to them when given at the trial	 enables the court safely to form appropriate judicial opinion about its evidentiary value for the purpose of corroborating or contradicting the statement in court of the identifying witnesess. We may now turn to the evidence on the record. Abdul Ghani Sheikh who claims to be the eye witness to the occurrence lodged the first information report (exhibit P 1) at 11 30 a.m. at the police station only about 200 feet away from the stadium. In order to appreciate the value of this report and the value of the testimony of this witness in court in regard to the description of the alleged culprit we consider it proper to reproduce the whole of this report. It says "At the Stadium a football match was being plaved. From there the P.A.C. men chased and turned out the people. All the people came out from the gates on 632 the East and North. They were going back through the Hazuri Bagh Road. I was standing near the cycleshop which is situated close to the Stadium chowk. A P.A.C. jawan came out of the main gate. He carried a rifle. He fired a shot towards the road. It went in the direction of the Militia wall. Thereafter the P.A.C. Jawan came on the road and fired shots. lie went towards the Militia gate and inflicted bullet injuries on three of the persons going on the Road. Then a P.A.C. Sardar and a B.S.F. Jawan with three P.A.C. men who carried Dandas in the hands	 got held of the said Jawan. They took him inside the Stadium. The said Jawan fired nine or ten shots recklessly	 though the way farers were going on the road in a peaceful manner. There was no crowd	 nor was there any breach. * * * In the trial court in his examination in chief he deposed that he had seen the accused coming down the bund with a gun in his hand and helmet on his head and that he fired the fatal and other shots. The relevant portion has already been reproduced earlier in this judgment. In cross examination he stated that apart from the first information report he did not make any statement to the police excepting that he signed the seizure memos. He also could not remember if he had stated to the police that the accused was known to him. He was further unable to remember if the police had asked him this question. After the occurrence he saw the accused only in court and he was never required to identify putting on a helmetand had also grown a beard when seen in court though at thetime of the occurrence the accused had a helmet on his head. At this stage we may appropriately point out that according to P. W. Chaudhuri Ghulam Nabi Mir	 S.R.O.	 Maharajganj	 who	 on hearing reports of gun shots while he was in the police station	 had come out on the road	 the statement of Abdul Ghani Sheikh was actually recorded by him. This	 according to the S.H.O. was recorded near the Stadium gate at the chowk ' which means the police beat where three roads meet. On this report witness endorsed a note to the thana for drawing up F.I.R. Chaudhri Ghulam Nabi Mir has also stated in cross examination that he recorded the statements of the pro secution witnesses during investigation under section 161	 Cr. Curiously all those statements were admitted in evidence and marked as exhibits by the trial court. According to the concluding part of Ghulam Nabi Mir 's cross examination in court	 Abdul Ghani Sheikh had at first met him near the verandah of the 633 police station and since he was leaving in the direction of the place of occurrence Abdul Ghani Sheikh followed him. From the statements made to the police which were exhibited in evidence we find that Abdul Ghani Sheikh also made a statement on October 7	 1967 marked as exhibit D 2. It is important to point out that	 according to Abdul Ghani Sheikh	 he had not made any statement to the police besides the report exhibit P 1. From the testimony of P. W. Abdul Ghani Sheikh it is obvious that he did not give any description of the person alleged to have fired the shots in question in exhibit P 1 which was the first information given by him to the police and on which the investigation started; nor did he state in exhibit P 1 that he knew the appellant previously. He was never made to identify the accused. He has obviously told lies on a vital point when he says in the witness box that excepting exhibit P 1 he had made no other statement to the police. Though the contents of those statements cannot be used for any purpose other than that laid down in section 162	 Cr. P.C. the fact of that statement having been made can certainly be relied upon for the purpose of showing how untruthful Abdul Ghani Sheikh is or at least	 taking a charitable view of this contradiction on his part	 how undependable his memory is. No attempt was made on behalf of the State before us to show if this witness had identified the accused in the committing magistrates court. We have referred to the statement of this witness under section 161	 Cr. PC. because the High Court seems to have taken into consideration not only the statement of this witness under section 161	 Cr. P.C. for seeking corroboration of his testimony in court but the statements of a large number of other witnesses during investigation have also been used for this purpose. This is what the High Court has said in its judgment : "Lastly it was contended that although some of the eye witnesses have stated that the appellant Rameshvwar Singh was called by name at the spot by his fellow constables and saying that he would get involved	 yet the name of the appellant was not mentioned in the FIR	 nor was the fact that the appellant was called by name and warned by his fellow constables stated therein. This circumstance in our opinion is not sufficient to demolish the prosecution case or cast any serious doubt thereon. To begin with	 the first informant	 Abdul Ghani Sheikh	 has not stated in his evidence about the fact of the accused being called by name by his fellow constables. Furthermore	 this was a matter of minute detail and since the FIR was lodged imme diately after the occurrence	 it may be that this particular detail was not mentioned in the FIR by the informant. What is more important is that all the eye 634 witnesses including the informant were examined by the police immediately after the occurrence was over and the defence has not cross examined the investigating officer on the question that the fact mentioned above was not stated by the eye witness before the Investigating Officer at that time. Thus it should be taken for granted that this fact though not mentioned in the FIR was clearly stated by the eye witnesses in their state ments before the police soon after the FIR was lodged. In fact the statements of the eye witnesses recorded by the police which have been marked by the court below as Exs. D 1 to 6 clearly show that the above mentioned fact was stated before the police when they were examined soon after the FIR was lodged. Thus the charge that said fact appears to be belated one appears to us to be groundless." The High Court was clearly in error in taking into consideration the contents of the statement recorded under section 161	 Cr. P.C. during the course of investigation for the purpose of finding corroboration of the statements made in court. Section 162	 Cr. P.C. lays down the limited use of such statements. It says "Statements to police not to be signed; use of statements in evidence. in the course of an investigation under this Chapter shall	 if reduced into writing	 be signed by the person making it; nor shall any such statement or any record thereof	 whether in a police diary or otherwise	 or any part of such statement or record	 be used for any purpose (save as hereinafter provided) at any inquiry or trial in respect of any offence under investigation at the time when such statement was made; Provided that when any witness is called for the prosecution in such inquiry or trial whose. statement has been reduced into writing as aforesaid	 any part of his statement	 if duly proved	 may be used by the accused	 and with the permission of the Court	 by the prosecution to contradict such witness in the manner provided by Section 145 of the and when any part of such statement is so used	 any part thereof may also be used 635 in the re examination of such witness	 but for the purpose only of explaining any matter referred to in his cross examination. (2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to apply to any statement falling within the provisions of Section 32	 Clause (1) of the 	 or to affect the provisions of Section 27 of that Act. " The language of this section is plain and explicit and it admits of no doubt as to its meaning. We do not consider it necessary to refer to a large catena of decisions reported in law reports and cited in text books stating the legal position with regard to the restricted use of such statements as laid down in section 162	 Cr. P.C. prohibiting the court from using them as corroborative of the statements in court. Once this part of the reasoning of the High Court is elimi nated all that is left is the statement of Abdul Ghani Sheikh in court and his report exhibit P 1 made to the police. That report	 it is not disputed	 does not contain any description of the alleged culprit. Had the witness known the culprit earlier	 one would have reasonably expected him to so state in the report. if	 however	 without knowing him earlier he had formed a distinct impression of the culprit 's looks and bearing so as to 'be able to identify him later	 then also one would have expected this witness to give in the report the description of the culprit as seen by him so as to provide the investigating authorities with something tengible as guideline to start with the investigation. His identification in court without any previous identification at a test parade and without any description in exhibit P 1 to corroborate it	 is far too slender a piece of evidence to base the appellant 's conviction thereon. So	 Abdul Ghani Sheikh 's evidence seems to us to be of no value in bringing home the offence to the appellant. In the opinion of the High Court the evidence of Abdul Ghani Sheikh and of Noor Hussain is corroborated by P.Ws. Abdul Hamid and Noor Mohammed Sheikh. This is what the High Court says "The evidence given by Abdul Ghani Sheikh the informant and also Noor Hussain	 a resume of which has been given above is corroborated by Abdul Hamid and Noor Mad. Sheikh PWs in all material particulars. All these witnesses	 Noor Hussain	 Abdul Hamid and Noor Mohd. have stated that they know the accused before the occurrence and they had occasion to see him before. They disclosed the name of the accused on the 636 very date of occurence when they said that they heard his three companions shouting at him "Ramesh what are you doing	 don 't be mad	 you will be involved." Ghulam Nabi Mir	 S.I. P.W. has clearly stated that it was on the very day of occurrence that the name of Rameshwar Singh	 accused	 was disclosed by Abdul Hamid and by some other witnesses. " Here again	 the High Court has committed the same error in seeking corroboration from the statements said to have been made to the police by Abdul Hussain and others during investigation. We have also to consider further the circumstance that the High Court has not adverted to the omission on the part of the investigating authorities to take steps to arrest the appellant soon after the alleged disclosure of his name to them by the said witnesses	 According to Ch. Ghulam Nabi Mr. S.H.O.	 the appellant 's name was disclosed on the very day of the occurrence. There is no plausible reason discernible on the record as to why such steps were not taken if the appellant 's identity as a result of the disclosure of his name became known to the authorities the same day. The High Court appears to us not only to have erroneously disregarded the forms of legal process but has also failed to advert to important and vital aspects	 thereby causing serious prejudice to the appellant. In view of what has just been stated prima facie grave and substantial injustice cannot but be considered to have resulted from the infirmities in the impugned judgment. Let us now see if the evidence of Noor Hussain	 Abdul Hamid and Noor Mohd. Sheikh in any way advances the case of the prosecution. Abdul Hamid (P.W. 2) who has a cycle shop about 9 or 10 yards from the Stadium chowk claims to have gone to see the match in question. When the P.A.C. young men are said to have turned the people out of the Stadium during the course of the trouble this witness also went out. He claims to have watched the entire occurrence from the roof of his shop through the window panes because he was afraid of being seen in the open lest he may also	 be fired at. It is from there that he claims to have heard when the P.A.C. men addressed the appellant : "Have you turned mad ? Ramesh	 have you turned mad This seems to us to be wholly unacceptable and it appears to us that these words have been introduced in the	 evidence for the purpose of providing the missing link of identification of the appellant. Noor Mohd. Sheikh is the brother of Abdul Ghani Sheikh. He also did not know the appellant and he never saw him after the occurrence till he came to court	 several months later. Though he claims to have given the description of the culprit to the police and to have also expressed his ability to identify him	 he was for reasons not disclosed on the record	 never 637 made to identify the appellant at any test identification parade		 He also claims to have gone to the police station with Abdul Ghani Sheikh though the latter claims to have gone there all alone. Now	 if he had actually heard the name of the appellant being shouted by the P.A.C. men as claimed by him and had accompanied his brother to the police station then there is no reason why the name of the culprit was not disclosed to the police and not included in the report	 exhibit P 1. Noor Hussain has also stated that three young men of the appellant 's unit came to the place of occurrence after the appellant had fired 8 or 9 shots and they shouted addressing the appellant : "Ramesh what are you doing	 you will 'be implicated" and according to him they continued shouting these words for some time	 before they secured the appellant and took him inside. In his cross examination he has admitted that on the day of the occurrence no police officer asked him whether he was an eye witness. When he was approached by the police later he is stated to have told them : "The whole of the occurrence has taken place	 outside the thana and you are not aware of it" Beyond this remark there was	 according to him; no conversation between him and the police and indeed he asserts that no statement was taken from him on the day of the occurrence. In fact his position is that the statement in court was the only statement he had ever made relating to the occurrence. It is interesting to note that his statement before the police purporting to be under section 161	 Cr. P.C. is exhibited as D 6 and is dated October 7	 1967. We are wholly unable to place any reliance on the testimony of anyone of these witnesses	 who seem to us to be clearly untruthful. Further	 it appears from the evidence of C. L. Wasan (D.W. 2) who was again examined in the High Court that an informal identification parade of all the constables belonging to U.P. (P.A.C.) contingent had been held on October 7	 1967 in which the appellant was also present. Some members of the public were also there who were asked to identify the culprit but none of them were able to do so. 	 We need not dilate on this evidence as there was no formal record of any such test identification parade. The significant fact	 however	 which casts serious doubt on the truth of the story of disclosure of the appellant 's name to the police on October 7	 is the admitted omission by Ch. Ghulam Nabi Mir	 S.H.O. to summon the appellant for interrogation soon after the alleged discovery of his name. No convincing or even intelligible explanation is forthcoming for interrogating the other P.A.C. men on the 8th and 9th October. Such investigation can scarcely inspire confidence. 638 As a result of the foregoing discussion we do not consider it Possible to uphold the conclusion of the High Court on the legal evidence existing on this record. In the absence of any	 test 'identification parade and excluding from consideration the statements made under section 161	 Cr. P.C. we find no reliable material on which the appellant 's conviction can be sustained. The High Court was in error in affirming the appellant 's conviction for the offence of murder and confirming the sentence of death. It was equally in error in upholding his conviction and sentence under The appeal accordingly succeeds. and allowing 	the same we acquit the appellant.

The appeallant was convicted of the offence of murder by shooting and the High Court confirmed the ' conviction and the sentence of death. In appeal to this Court	 HELD : The conviction and the sentence should be set aside. (1)The substantive evidence of a witness is his evidence in the trial court. But then the accused person is not previously known to a witness when the identification of the accused by the witness soon after the former 's arrest is of vital importance because it furnishes to the investigating agency an assurance that the investigation is proceeding on right lines	 in addition to furnishing corroboration of his own evidence in court. [631 A C] In the. present case	 the evidence of the witness who gave the F.I.Rshowed that he did not give any description of the person who was alleged :to have fired the shots. Nor did he state in the F.I.R. that he knew the appellant previously. There was no evidence to show that the witness had identified the accused in the Committing Magistrate 's Court. Therefore	 his identification in the Sessions Court of the accused without any previous identification at a test parade	 and without any description in the F.L.R. to corroborate it	 is far too slender a piece of evidence to support the ' appellant 's conviction. B E; 635 D	 F] (2)Some of.the witnesses had stated in their evidence that they had heard the name of the accused being called but neither this fact nor the name of the accused was mentioned in the F.I.R. The High Court was in error in taking into consideration the contents of the statements recorded under section 161	 Cr. P '.C.	 of the various witnesses	 during the course of .investigation	 km the purpose of finding corroboration of their statements. in court that the name of the accused was disclosed to the police. the accused 's name was really disclosed soon after the occurrence steps would have been taken by the investigating authorities to arrest him immediately but no such action was in fact taken. [634 D; 636 C D]