Summarize the following court judgment. Civil Appeal Nos. 1286	 1287 and 2511 of 1969 From the Judgment and Order dated 20 8 1968 and 3 4 1969 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Civil Writ Nos.800/66	 2625/65 and LPA No 141 of 1969. Harbans Singh and R. N. Sachthey for the Appellant in all the appeals. E. C. Agarwala and M. L. Srivastava for the Respondent in C.A. 1286/69. 406 H.K. Puri for the Respondent in C. A. 1287/69 N. N. Keswani for the Respondent in C.A. 2511/69 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SHINGHAL	 J. These three appeals by certificates granted by the High Court of Punjab and Haryana are directed against two judgments of that court dated August 20? 1966	 and another judgment of that court dated November 22	 1968. The High Court first decided the writ petition of constable Dwarka Das	 which is the subject matter of appeal No.1286 of 1969	 and disposed of the other two writ petitions	 which are the subject matter of appeals Nos. 1287 and 2511 of 1969	 on the basis of that judgment. These three appeals therefore Raise common questions of law and have been heard together at the request of learned counsel for the parties and will be disposed of by a common judgment The writ petitioners in all the three cases were recruited as constables in the police force of the Punjab State. It is not in dispute before us that (i) they were police officers of the State	 (ii) they were enrolled as police officers	 (iii) they had put in more than three years service after their recruitment and enrolment as police officers	 and (iv) they were discharged under the provisions of rule 12.21 of the Punjab Police Rules	 1934	 (hereinafter referred to as the Rules and not by way of punishment under the provisions of Chapter XVI of the Rules. No attempt has been made to distinguish one case from the others on facts. On the other hand learned counsel for the parties are in agreement that the facts of the three cases are quite similar and they raise the common question of law whether the orders of discharge were valid. The respondents challenged the validity of those orders by writ petitions which were allowed by the impugned judgments of the High Court and the three appeals are before us for that reason. It has been argued by Mr Harbans Singh	 on behalf of the appellant State	 that even though the respondents had put in more than three years service as police officers of the State Government	 their appointments were temporary and could be terminated for that reason even if the termination could not strictly be said to fall within the purview of rule 12.21 of the Rules. that in fact is the only question II for consideration in these appeals and can easily be answered with reference to the provisions of the 	 hereinafter refer red to as the Act	 and the Rules. 407 Section 1 of the Act defines "Police" to include all persons who A shall be enrolled under it. Section 2 provides that the entire police establishment under the State Government shall be deemed to be one police force	 and shall be formally enrolled. It further provides that the conditions of service of the members of the subordinate ranks of the police force shall be such as may be determined by the State Government. Section 8 is also relevant	 for it expressly provides that every police officer appointed to the police force of the State (other than an officer mentioned in section 4)	 shall receive on his appointment a certificate in the form annexed to the Act	 by virtue of which he shall be vested with the powers	 functions and privileges of a police officer. The certificate states that the police officer concerned has been appointed a member of the police force under the Act	 and vested with the powers. functions and privileges of a police officer. The certificate is not therefore the order of appointment or enrolment	 but is subsequent to the appointment and the enrolment	 even though it is a part of the process of appointment and enrolment	 in as much as it certifies that the police officer has been vested with the necessary powers	 functions and privileges of a police officer. The certificate does not however have any bearing on the question whether its holder is a permanent or a temporary police officer	 for that is a matter which has to be governed by the other conditions of his service. It is not in dispute before us that such certificates were issued to all the three respondents and that they functioned as police officers for more than three years. Chapter XII of the Rules deals with the appointment and enrolment of police officers. Clause (3) of rule 12.2. provides	 inter alia	 as follows	 "(3) All appointments of enrolled police officers are on probation according to the rules in this chapter applicable to each rank. " It is therefore obvious that as the respondents were enrolled police officers	 they were on probation. The period of probation has not been specified in the Rules	 but rule 12.21 provides for the discharge of an inefficient police officer as follows "12.21. A constable who is found unlikely to prove an efficient police officer may be discharged by the Superintendent at any time within three years of enrolment. There shall be no appeal against an order of discharge under this rule. " 408 So if rules 12.2(3) and 12.21 are read together	 it will appear that the maximum period of probation in the case of 3 police officer of the rank of constable is three	 years	 for the Superintendent OF Police concerned has the power to discharge him within that period. It follows that the power of discharge cannot be exercised under rule 12.21 after the expiry of the period of three years. If therefore it is proposed to deal with an inefficient police officer after the expiry of that period	 it is necessary to do so in accordance with the rules of Chapter XVI of the Rules which makes provision for the imposition of various punishments including dismissal from the police force. It is not permissible to ignore those rules and make a simple order of discharge under rule 12.21 after the expiry of the period of three years for that will attract article 311 of the Constitution. The Superintendent of Police concerned could not have ignored that requirement of the law and terminated the services of the three respondents after the expiry of the period of three years from their enrolment in the police force of the State. The High Court therefore rightly set aside the orders of termination of the services of the three respondents and to that extent the impugned judgments are correct. But we are constrained to say that it was not justified in holding that "a constable who has obtained a certificate under rule 12.22 cannot be dealt with under rule 12.21"	 and that "if he is to be removed from service	 procedure prescribed in Chapter XVI has to be followed. " The reason is that	 as has been shown	 the certificate prescribed under rule 12.22 is meant to serve the purpose of section 8 of the Act by vesting a police officer with the powers	 functions and privileges of a police officer	 and has to be issued on his appointment as such. The certificate is thus a letter of authority	 and enables the police officer concerned to enter upon his duties as a police officer. It has to be granted almost from the inception	 when a person is appointed and enrolled as police officer	 and it is not correct to say that the mere issue of the certificate puts its holder beyond the reach of rule 12.21 even if it is found that he is unlikely to prove an efficient police officer and has not completed the period of three years after his enrolment. Except for this slight clarification	 we find no merit in these appeals and they are dismissed with costs. M.R. Appeals dismissed.

The respondent writ petitioners were constables of the Punjab State Government	 and had put in more than 3 years service	 when they were discharged for inefficiency	 under Rule 12.21 of the Punjab Police Rules	 1934. the High Court allowed their writ petitions challenging the validity of their discharge orders. It was contended by the State that although the respondents had put in more than three years service	 their appointments were temporary and could be terminated for that reason	 even if the termination could not strictly b said to fall within the purview of rule 12.21. Dismissing the appeal. the Court ^ HELD: If rules 12.2(3) and 12.21 are read together	 it will appear that the maximum period of probation in the case of a police officer of the rank of constable is three years and the power of discharge cannot be exercised under rule 12.21 after expiry of that period. If it is proposed to deal with an inefficient police officer after the expiry of three years	 it is necessary to do so in accordance with the rules of Chapter XVI of the Rules which makes provision for the imposition of various punishments including dismissal from the police force. [408A B] The High Court was not justified in holding that a constable who had obtained a certificate under rule 12.32 cannot be dealt with under rule 12.21 "I`hat certificate is meant to serve the purpose of section 8 of the Police Act. 1861	 by vesting a public officer with the powers	 functions and privileges of a police officer and has to be issued on his appointment as such. The certificate is a letter of authority and enables the police officer to enter upon his duties as a police officer. It has to be granted almost From the inception and it is not correct to say what the mere issue of the certificate puts its holder beyond the reach of rule 12.21 even if it is found that he is unlikely to prove an efficient police officer and has not completed the period of three years of his enrolment. [408D G]