Summarize the following court judgment. he levy of luxury tax is within the competence of the State legislature	 the said legislature would be well within its competence to enact a law for recovery of an amount which though already refunded to a party	 partakes of the nature of a luxury tax in the light of that law. [707 C] & CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 1689 1690 and 1692 1705 of 1972. From the Judgment and order dated the 15th October	 1970 of the Kerala High Court at Ernakulam in O.P. Nos. 934 and 944 and W.A. 693 Nos. 15	 17	 18	 20	 22	 24	 27	 31	 32	 51 55 of 1965 and W.A. No. 170 of 1965 respectively. T. section Krishnamurthy Iyer	 C. K. Viswanatha Iyer and T. A. Rama chandran for the Appellants in C.As. 1689	 1962 and in C.As. 1694 to 1705 of 1972 C. K. Viswanatha Iyer and T. A. Ramachandran for the appellants in C.As. 1690 and 1693. D. V. Patel and K. R. Nambiar for Respondents in all the appeals. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KHANNA	 J. Whether the provisions of the Luxury Tax on Tobacco (Validation) Act	 1964 (Act 9 of 1964) (hereinafter referred to as the Act) enacted by the State Legislature of Kerala are void on the grounds that (1) the State Legislature lacked the legislative competence to enac that Act	 and (2) the provisions of the Act contravened article 301 of the Constitution and were not protected by article 304 is the main question which arises for determination in these 16 civil appeals Nos. 1689	 1690 and 1692 to 1705 filed on certificate against the judgment of the Kerala High Court. A Division Bench of the High Court has up held the validity of the Act. We may set out the chequered history giving rise to civil appeals 1689 and 1692. Learned counsel for the parties are agreed that it is not necessary to set out the facts of the other cases and that the decision in the above two appeals would also govern those other cases. The appellants were dealers in tobacco and tobacco preparations in Mattancherry in erstwhile Cochin State. In 1909 Cochin Tobacco Act (Act 7 of 1084 M.E.) was enacted by the Maharaja of Cochin. Section 4 p of that Act prohibited the transport	 import or export	 sale and cultivation of tobacco	 except as permitted by the Act and the rules framed thereunder. In pursuance of the power given by that Act the Diwan of Cochin made rules relating to matters specified in the Act. Under the rules it became necessary to obtain a licence for cultivation of tobacco plant. Drying	 curing	 manufacturing and the storing of tobacco cultivated in the State was to be done under the supervision of an Excise officer in licenced manufacturing yards and store houses. The system which was in force for the collection of tobacco revenue up to August 1950 was to auction what were called A class and class shops. In addition	 there were class shops	 the licence for which was granted either on the recommendation of or in consultation with class licensees. A somewhat similar law was in operation in the erstwhile Travancore State. On April 1	 1950 after the Constitution had come in force and Travancore Cochin had become a Part State Finance Act (No. 25 of 1950) extended the Central Excises and Salt Act (No. 1 of 1944) to Part State of Travancore Cochin by section 11 thereof. Section p 13 (2) of the Finance Act provided that "if immediately before the 1st lay of April 1950	 there is in force in any State other than Jammu and Kashmir a law corresponding to	 but other than	 an Act referred to in r sub sections (1) or (2) of section 11	 such law is hereby repealed with effect from the said date. ". In consequence of this provision in 3 L 159SCI/176 694 Finance Act	 1950	 the rules which were in force on April 1	 1950 were changed in the Cochin area by notification dated August 3	 1950 and the system of auction sales of A class and class shops was done away with and instead graded licence fees were introduced for various classes of licensees	 including class licensees. Similar change was made for the Travancore area. Notification dated January 25	 1951 was issued in this context. A class licensees under the new rules were called stockists	 class licensees were wholesale sellers and class licensees were retailers. A class licensees were to pay a specified minimum fee for a fixed maximum quantity of tobacco and tobacco goods possessed by them and an additional fee for an additional quantity. The fee was to be levied only in respect of the tobacco imported into the State The State of Travancore Cochin collected licence fee from the appellants for the period from August 17	 1950 to December 31	 1957. In 1956 the appellants	 who were A class licensees	 filed writ petitions in Kerala High Court for refund of the licence fee collected from them on the ground that the Cochin and Travancore Tobacco Acts stood repealed by the Finance Act of 1950 because of the extension of the Central Excises and Salt Act to Part State of Travancore Cochin. The petitions were opposed on behalf of the State and it was contended that the Cochin Act or the similar Travancore Act did not stand repealed from April 1	 1950. It was urged that the State was competent to frame new rules under the Cochin Tobacco Act and the corresponding Travancore Act. It was further stated that the tax in question could be validly levied under entry 60 or 62 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. The High Court dismissed the petitions holding that the laws under which the new rules were framed were in force and were valid under entry 62 of List II of the Seventh Schedule. The 13: appellants then came up in appeal to this Court. It was held by this Court in its judgment dated January 24	 1962 reported in (1962) Supp. 2 SCR 741 that the Cochin Tobacco Act of 1084 and the rules framed thereunder as also similar provisions in Travancore	 requiring licences to be taken out for storage and sale of tobacco and for payment of licence fee in respect thereof were law corresponding to the provisions of the and hence stood repealed on April 1	 1950 by virtue of section 13(2) of the Finance Act	 1950. It was further held that as the parent Acts	 namely	 the Cochin Tobacco Act and corresponding Travancore Act had stood repealed	 the new rules framed in August 1950 and January 1951 under those Acts for the respective areas of Cochin and Travancore for the issue of licences and payment of fee therefore for storage of tobacco were invalid ab initio. After the above decision of this Court the appellants made a demand to the respondent State that the amounts of Rs. 1	14	750 collected by the State from them by way of licence fee under the invalid rules might be refunded to them. The respondent State refunded. 73	500 to the appellants on April 29	 1963. On July 10	 1963 the appellants filed original petition No. 1268 of 1963 in the Kerala High Court for issue of a writ to the respondent State to pay the balance amount of Rs 41.250 which along with interest came to Rs. 52	800 to the appellants. During the pendency of the above petition on December 16	 695 1963 the Governor of Kerala promulgated ordinance No. 1 of 1963 which was later replaced by Kerala Luxury Tax on Tobacco (Validation) Act of 1964 (Act of 1964). This Act received the assent of the President on March 3	 1964. Original petition No. 1268 of 1963 was thereupon amended with a view to challenge the validity of the above mentioned Act. In the meanwhile	 on January 21	 1964 demand was made in view of the ordinance by the State Government calling upon the appellants to pay the amount of Rs. 73	500 which had been refunded to them by the State Government. Original petition No. 934 of 1964 was filed by the appellants in the Kerala High Court to challenge the validity of demand notice dated January 21	 1964 as also the vires of the Act. At this stage it may be appropriate to refer to the relevant provisions of the Act. The preamble of the Act reads as under: "PREAMBLE: WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for the levy of a luxury tax on tobacco for the period beginning with the 17th day of August	 1950 and ending on the 31st day of December 1957	 and the validation of the levy and collection of fees for licences for the vend and stocking of tobacco for the aforesaid period: BE it enacted in the Fifteenth Year of the Republic of India as follows: " Section 2(ii) of the Act defines tobacco to include leaf of the tobacco plant	 snuff	 cigars	 cigarettes	 beedies	 beedi tobacco	 tobacco powder and other preparations or admixtures of tobacco. Section 3 is the charging section and provides that "for the period beginning with the 17th day of August 1950 and ending on the 31st day of December	 1957	 every person vending or stocking tobacco within any area to which this Act extends shall be liable and shall be deemed always to have been liable to pay a luxury tax on such tobacco in the form of a fee for licence for the vend and stocking of the tobacco	 at such rates as may be prescribed	 not exceeding the rates specified in the Schedule". Section 4(1) of the Act gives power to the State Government to make rules by publication in the gazette to carry out the purposes of the Act. According to sub section (3) of section 4 of the Act	 'the rules and notifications specified below purported to have been issued under the Tobacco Act of 1087 (Travancor Act 1 of 1087) or the Cochin Tobacco Act	 VII of 1084	 as the case may be	 in so far as they relate or purport to relate to the levy and collection of fees for licences for the vend and stocking of tobacco	 shall be deemed to be rules issued under this section and shall be deemed to have been in force at all material times. " Along the rules and notifications specified in subsection (3) of section 4 are rules published on August 3	 1950 and January 25	 1951. Sections 5 and 6 read as under: "5. Validation Notwithstanding any judgment	 decree or order of any court	 all fees for licences for the vend or stocking of tobacco levied or collected or purported to have been 696 levied or collected under any of the rules or notifications specified in sub section (3) or section 4 for the period beginning with the 17th day of August	 1950 and ending on the 31st day of December	 1957	 shall be deemed to have been validly levied or collected in accordance with law as if this Act were in force on and from the 17th day of August	 1950 and the fees for licences were a luxury tax on tobacco levied under the provisions of this Act	 and accordingly	 (a) no suit or other proceeding shall be maintained or continued in any court for the refund of any fees paid or purported to have been paid under any of the said rules or notifications; and (b) no court small enforce a decree or order directing the refund of any fees paid or purported to have been paid under any of the said rules or notifications. Recovery of licence fees refunded Where any amount paid or purported to have been paid as a fee for licence under any of the rules or notifications specified in sub section (3) of section 4 has been refunded after the 24th day of January	 1962	 and such amount would not have been liable to be refunded if this Act had been in force on date of the refund	 the person to whom the refund was made shall pay the amount so refunded to the credit of the Government in any Government treasury on or before the 16th day of April	 1964	 and	 where such amount is not so paid	 the amount may be recovered from him as an arrear of land revenue under the Revenue Recovery Act for the time being in force. " According to the appellants	 the label given to the tax imposed by the charging section was only a cloak to disguise its real nature of being an excise duty. The State Legislature	 as such	 was stated to be in competent to levey excise duty on tobacco. It was also stated that the provisions of the Act were violative of the provisions of article 301 of the Constitution. In the meanwhile	 a single Judge of the High Court dismissed on July 20	 1964 original petition No. 1268 of 1963 which had been filed by the appellants. The appellants thereupon filed appeal before a Division Bench of the High Court against the judgment of the learned single Judge. The learned Judges of the Division Bench allowed original petition No. 963 of 1964 and quashed demand notice dated January 21 1964 issued by the State asking for refund of Rs.73	500. The High Court relied upon a decision of this Court in the case of Kalyani Stores vs state of Orissa(1) and held that in the absence of any production or manufacture of tobacco inside the appellant State it was not competent for the State Legislature to impose a take on tobacco imported from outside the State. The provisions of Act 9 of 1964 were held to violate article 301 of the Constitution and not protected by article 304. The learned Judges also set aside the judgment (1) ; 697 Of the single Judge and allowed the appeals against that judgment in original petition No. 1268 of 1963. The State of Kerala thereafter came up in appeal to this Court. As per judgment dated July 30	 1969 reported in (1970)1 SCR 700 this Court held that the High Court had not correctly appreciated the import of the decision in Kalyani Stores (supra). It was held that only such restrictions or impediments which directly and immediately impeded the free flow of trade	 commerce and intercourse fell within the prohibition imposed by article 301. This Court further observed that unless the High Court first came to the finding whether or not there was the infringement of the guarantee under article 301 of the Constitution	 the further question as to whether the statute was saved under article 304 (b) did not arise. The case was accordingly sent back to the High Court with the direction to take further affidavits in the matter. The Court left it open to the parties to argue as to whether the levy in question was in substance a duty of excise and as such whether it was not competent for the State Legislature to enact the provisions in question. After remand affidavits were filed on behalf of the appellants and the respondent State. The learned Judges of the High Court as per judgment under appeal gave the following findings: "(1) The levy being in respect of goods produced out side the State	 it cannot be	 and is not	 an excise duty falling within entry 84 of the Union List. (2) The tax is on tobacco	 an article of luxury	 consumed within the taxing territory	 levied on the occasion of its stocking and vending by the importers into the taxing territory. It clearly answers the description of luxury tax falling within entry 62 of the State List. (3) There being no competing internal goods	 the mere fact that the levy is only on imported goods can only have	 like any other tax	 the economic effect of reducing the demand by reason of increasing the price. The consequent diminution in the quantity of goods imported into the taxing territory is too remote an effect to be a direct impediment to the free flow of trade offending article 301 of the constitution. (4) However	 the payment of the tax in the shape of a licence fee being a condition precedent to bringing the goods into the taxing territory	 there would appear to be a direct impediment on the free flow of goods and therefore of trade into that territory notwithstanding that the taxable event is not the movement of the goods but the stocking after completing their journey and reaching their destination	 the levy in advance being only for convenience of collection. (5) Even assuming that the levy offends article 301	 it is saved by article 304(b) being a reasonable tax levied in the 698 public interest	 the condition in the proviso thereto being satisfied by the assent of the President in view of article 255. (6) The guarantee in article 301 and the saving in article 304(b) being in respect of both inter State and inter State trade	 the fact that the taxing territory is only a part of the State is of no consequence. " On behalf of the appellants	 their learned counsel Mr. Krishnamurthy Iyer has at the outset contended that the question as to whether the levy of the licence fee upon the appellants constitutes excise duty is concluded by the decision of this Court of January 24	 1962 and the same operates as res judicata. As against that	 Mr. Patel on behalf of the respondent State submits that the question decided by this Court on January 24	 1962 was different from that which arises in these appeals and that the said decision does not operate as res judicata. The above submission of Mr. Patel	 in our opinion	 is wellfounded. What was decided by this Court in its judgment dated January 24	 1962 was that the Cochin Tobacco Act r and the similar Travancore Act taken along with the rules framed under those Acts by the respective Diwans were in substance law corresponding to the . The Cochin Tobacco Act and the similar Travancore Act	 it was further held	 stood repealed on April 1	 1950 by virtue of section 13(2) of the Finance Act	 1950. So far as the rules are concerned which were issued on August 3	 1950 and January 25	 1951	 this Court held that as the parent Acts under which those rules were issued stood repealed on April 1	 1950	 there would be no power in the State Government thereafter to frame new rules in August 1950 and January 1951 for there would be no law to support the new rules. The above question does not arise for determination in these appeals before us. What we are concerned with is the constitutional validity of the Kerala Act 9 of 1964. This Act was enacted subsequent to the above decision of this Court rendered on January 24	 1962. No question relating to the validity of the above mentioned Act in the very nature of things could arise at the time of the earlier decision in 1962. We	 therefore	 are of the view that the judgment dated January 24	 1962 of this Court does not operate as res judicate regarding the points of controversy with which we are concerned in these appeals. It has next been argued on behalf of the appellants that the levy for the licence fee for stocking and vending of tobacco	 even though described as luxury tax in charging section 3 of the Act	 is in reality and substance an excise duty on tobacco. Excise duty on tobacco under entry 84 of List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution can only be levied by Parliament and	 as such	 according to the learned counsel for the appellants	 the State Legislature was not competent to enact the impugned Act 9 of 1964. This; contention. in our opinion	 is equally devoid of force. Excise 699 duty	 it is now well settled	 is a tax on articles produced or manufactured in the taxing country. Generally speaking	 the tax is on the manufacturer or the producer	 yet laws are to be found which impose a duty of excise at stages subsequent to the manufacture or production [see p. 750 51 of the judgment of this Court delivered on January 24	 1962 in the case between these very parties	 reported in (1962) Supp. 2 SCR 741]. The fact that the levy of excise duty is in the form of licence fee would not detract from the fact that the levy relates to excise duty. It is	 however	 essential that such levy should be linked with production or manufacture of the excisable article. The recovery of licence fee in such an event would be one of the modes of levy of the excise duty. Where	 however	 the levy imposed or tax has no nexus with the manufacture or production of an article	 the impost or tax cannot be regarded to be one in the nature of excise duty. In the light of what has been stated above	 we may now turn to the provisions of the impugned Act 9 of 1964. The charging section 3 of this Act creates a liability for payment of luxury tax on the stocking and vending of tobacco. There is no provision of this Act which is concerned with production or manufacture of tobacco or which links the tax under its provisions with the manufacture or production of tobacco. The same is the position of the rules issued on August 3	 1950 and January 25	 1951 and Mr. Krishnamurthy Iyer on behalf of the appellants has frankly conceded that those rules are in no way concerned with the production or manufacture of tobacco. It would	 therefore follow that the levy of tax contemplated by the provisions of section 3 of the Act has nothing to do with the manufacture or production of tobacco and	 as such	 cannot be deemed to be in the nature of excise duty. Argument that the provisions of the Act fall under entry 84 of List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution must	 therefore	 be held to be bereft of force. The next argument which has been advanced on behalf of the appellants is that the tax on the vending and stocking of tobacco cannot be considered to be luxury tax	 as contemplated by entry 62 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. According to that entry	 the State Legislatures can make laws in respect of "taxes on luxuries	 including taxes on entertainments	 amusements	 betting and gambling". Question	 therefore	 arises as to whether tobacco can be considered to be an article of luxury. The word "luxury" in the above context has not been used in the sense of something pertaining to the exclusive preserve of the rich. The fact that the use of an article is popular among the poor sections of the population would not detract from its description or nature of being an article of luxury. The connotation of the word "luxury" is something which conduces enjoyment over and above the necessaries of life. It denotes something which is superfluous and not indispensable and to which we take with a view to enjoy	 amuse or entertain ourselves. An expenditure on something which is in excess of what is 700 required for economic and personal well being would be expenditure on Luxury although the expenditure may be of a nature which is incurred by a large number of people	 including those not economically well off. According to Encyclopaedia Britanica	 luxury tax is "a tax on commodities or services that are considered to be luxuries rather than necessities. Modern examples are taxes levied on the purchase of jewellery	 perfume and tobacco". It has further been n said: "In the 19th and 20th centuries increased taxes have been placed on private expenditure upon alcohol	 tobacco	 entertainment and automobiles. Such expenditure is superfluous in the sense that a large part of it may be said to be in excess of what is required for economic efficiency and personal well being	 although the expenditure affects large numbers of people." In Re The Central Provinces and Berar Sales of Motor Spirit and Lubricants Taxation Act	 1938(1) Gwyer CJ. while dealing with excise duty described spirits	 beer and tobacco as articles of luxuries. It is no doubt true that for those who have been lured by the charms and blandishments of Lady Nicotine there are few things which are so soothing to the distraught nerves and so entertaining as tobacco and its manifold preparations. One of them has gone to the extent of saying that he who doth not smoke hath either known no great griefs	 or refuseth himself the softest consolation	 next to that which comes from heaven (Bulwer Lytton	 What will He do with It ?). Charles Lamb in "A Farewell to Tobacco" observes: "For thy sake	 tobacco	 I would do anything but die". The fact all the same remains that the use of tobacco has been found to have deleterious effect upon health and a tax on tobacco has been recognized as a tax in the nature of a luxury tax. One of the earliest indictments of tobacco is in Robert Burton 's Anatomy of Melancholy wherein he says: "It 's a plague	 a mischief	 a violent purger of goods	 lands	 health	 hellish	 devilish	 and damned tobacco	 the ruin and overthrow of body and soul. " Another indictment is from James I of England (Counterblaste to Tobacco) when it is said: "A custom (smoking) loathsome to the eye	 harmful to the brain	 dangerous to the lungs	 and in the black stinking fume thereof	 nearest resembling the horrible Stygian smoke of the pit that is bottomless." The taxation of the objects or procedures of luxurious consumption has aimed at two purposes	 on the surface contradictory: the suppressing or limiting of this consumption and the deriving of a public (1) 701 income from it. On closer inspection a good deal of this contradiction vanishes when it is seen that prohibition and taxation of luxury tend equally to fix certain levels and standards of living	 as against economic and social progress	 which is tending to "level" such differences (see page 634 of the Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences Volumes IX X	 14th Printing). It may be added that there is nothing static about what constitutes an article of luxury. The Luxuries of yesterday can well become the necessities of today. Likewise	 what constitutes necessity for citizens of one country or for those living in a particular climate may well be looked upon as an item of luxury for the nationals of another country or for those living in a different climate. A number of factors may have to be taken into account in adjudging a commodity as an article of luxury. Any difficulty which may arise in borderline case would not be faced when we are dealing with an article like tobacco	 which has been recognised to be an article of luxury and is harmful to health. The learned Judges of the High Court were of the opinion that the levy of tax in question was violative of article 301 of the constitution	 according to which subject to the provisions of Part XIII	 trade	 commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free. The learned Judges in this connection took the view that the levy of tax as a condition preceding to the entry of goods into a place directly impeded the flow of trade to that place. The conclusion arrived at by the High Court in this respect	 in our opinion	 was correct and sound. The appellants were A class licensees. According to rule 16 of the rules issued on January 25	 1951	 A class licensees shall be entitled to purchase tobacco from any dealer within or without the State without any quantitative restriction. This class of licensees could sell only to other A class licensees or class licensees. It was also mentioned in that rule that the licence fee would be realised only for the quantities brought in from outside. Perusal of the rules shows that it was imperative for the A class licensees to pay the licence fee in advance before they could bring tobacco within the taxable territory. We agree with the learned Judges of the High Court that such levy directly impedes the free flow of trade and as such is violative of article 301 of the Constitution. The next question which arises for consideration is whether the levy of tax is protected by article 304(b) of the Constitution. Article 3041b) reads as under `"304. Notwithstanding anything in article 301 or article 303	 the Legislature of a State may by law (a) . . . . . (b) impose such reasonable restrictions on the freedom of trade. commerce or intercourse with or within that State as may be required in the public interest; 702 Provided that no Bill or amendment for the purposes of clause (b) shall be introduced or moved in the Legislature of a State without the previous sanction of the President. " We may observe that the requirement of the proviso regarding the sanction of the President has been satisfied. It is no doubt true that the assent of the President was given subsequent to the passing of the Bill by the legislature but that fact would not affect the validity of the impugned Act in view of the provisions of article 255 of the Constitution. Clause (b) of article 304 empowers the Legislature of a State notwithstanding anything in article 301 or article 303 but subject to the sanction of the President to impose reasonable restrictions on the freedom of trade	 commerce or intercourse with or within that State as may be required in the public interest. Article 302 confers power upon Parliament to impose by law such restrictions on the freedom of trade	 commerce or intercourse between one State and another or within any part of the territory of India as may be required in the public interest. Perusal of article 302 and article 304 shows that while Parliament can impose restrictions on the freedom of trade	 commerce or intercourse between one State and another or within any part of the territory of India as may be required in the public interest	 so far as the State Legislatures are concerned	 restrictions must satisfy two requirements	 firstly	 they must be in the public interest and	 secondly the restrictions should be reasonable. Shall J. speaking for the majority of the Constitution Bench in the case of State of Madras vs N. K. Nataraja Mudaliar(1) observed that the exercise of the power to tax may normally be presumed to be in the public interest. The above observations though made in the context of article 302 have equal relevance under article 304. Not much argument is needed to show that the power to tax is essential for the maintenance of any governmental system. Taxes are levied usually for the obvious purpose of raising revenue. Taxation is also resorted to as a form of regulation. In the words of Justice Stone	 "every tax is in some measure regulatory" Sonzinky vs United State(2)1. According to Roy Blough	 the taxing power "becomes an instrument available to government for accomplishing objectives other than raising revenues" [The Federal Taxing Process	 page 410 (Quoted on page 263 of American Constitutional Law by Trsolini and Shapiro	 3rd Ed.]. To some extent every tax imposes an economic impediment to the activity taxed as compared with others not taxed	 but that fact by itself would not make it unreasonable. It is well settled that when power is conferred upon the legislature to levy tax	 that power must be widely construed; it must include the power to impose a tax and select the articles or commodities for the exercise of such power; it must likewise include the power to fix the rate and prescribe the machinery for the recovery of tax. This power also gives jurisdiction to the legislature to make such provisions as	 in its (1) ; (2) ; (1937) 703 Opinion	 would be necessary to prevent the evasion of the tax. As observed by Chief Justice Marshall in M 'Culloch vs Maryland (1)	 "the power of taxing the people and their property is essential to the very existence of Government	 and may be legitimately exercised on the objects to which it is applicable to the utmost extent to which the Government may choose to carry it". There can also be no doubt that the law of taxation in the ultimate analysis is the result of the balancing of several complex considerations. The legislatures have a wide discretion in the matter. In considering the question as to whether the restriction is reasonable in public interest	 the court will have to balance the importance of freedom of trade as against the requirement of public interest. Article 304(b) necessarily postulates that considerations of public interest may require and justify the imposition of restrictions C` on the freedom of trade provided they are reasonable. In determining the reasonableness of the restriction	 we shall have to bear in mind the importance of freedom of trade and the requirement of public interest. It is a question of weighing one relevant consideration against another in the context of the larger public interest [see Khyerban Tea Co. Ltd. vs State of Madras(2)]. We agree with Mr. Krishnamurthy Iyer that the onus of showing that the restrictions on the freedom of trade	 commerce or intercourse in the public interest are reasonable	 is upon the State. It is also true that no effort was made in the affidavit filed on behalf of the State in this case to show as to how the restrictions were reasonable	 but that fact would not necessarily lead the court to hold that the restrictions are unreasonable. If the court on consideration of the totality of facts finds that the restrictions are reasonable	 the court would uphold the same in spite of lack of details in the affidavit filed on behalf of the State. In judging the question of reasonableness of restriction in the present case	 we must bear in mind that the levy of luxury tax relates to tobacco	 the consumption of which involves health hazard. Regulation of the sale and stocking of an article like tobacco which has a health hazard and is considered to be an article of luxury by imposing a licence fee for the same	 in our opinion	 is a permissible restriction in public interest within article 304(b) of the Constitution. The material on record shows that except for cultivation of tobacco on experimental basis	 no tobacco is grown in the area with which we are concerned. The levy of luxury tax is bound to result in raising the price of tobacco in the area of erstwhile States of Travancore and Cochin. Once of the likely effects of the enhancement of the price of a commodity entailing health hazards is to lower its consumption. The fact that there is no commercial production of tobacco in the area with which we are concerned would show that there is no discrimination between tobacco brought from outside that area and the locally grown tobacco because in fact there is no tobacco of the latter category	 except that grown on experimental basis. 4 Ed.579	 607. (2) [1964] 5 S.C.R.9 75. 704 Argument has been advanced on behalf of the appellants that the provisions of the Act do not apply to the entire State of Kerala but apply only to those areas which were parts of erstwhile States of Travancore and Cochin. The restriction of the operation of the Act to only a part of the area of the State would show	 it is urged	 that the restriction is unreasonable. This contention	 in our opinion	 is not well founded. The fact that the operation of the Act is confined to a particular area and does not extend to the entire State is due to historical reasons. The object of the Act was to validate the recoveries already made. In the case of Nazeeria Motor Service etc. vs State of Andhra Pradesh & Anr.(1)	 the appellants	 who were motor transport operators	 challenged the increase in surcharge of the fares and freights imposed by the Andhra Pradesh Motor Vehicles (Taxation of Passengers and Goods) Amendment and Validation S Act	 1961. It was urged that the Act fell within the mischief of article 301 of the Constitution and was not protected by article 304(b) and article 19(1)(f) of the Constitution. Contention was also advanced that the provisions of the said Act were violative of article 14 of the Constitution. In support of the above contentions	 reference was made to the fact that the Act had been made applicable to the Andhra area and had not been made applicable to the Telengana area. Some other grounds were also relied upon to challenge the validity of the Act. This Court upheld the validity of the Act and repelled the contentions. No doubt this Court referred to the circumstance that the levy of tax was confined only to the Andhra area and was not operative in the Telengana area in the context of the argument that the Act was violative of article 14 of the Constitution	 the fact all the same remains that one of the grounds advanced with a view to assail the validity of the Act was that its provisions were not applicable to the Telengana area. We are unable to accede to the submission that this Court lost sight of the fact that the Act was not applicable to the Telengana area in holding that its provisions were protected by article 304(b) of the Constitution. It is also true that the levy of tax relates only to the period from August 17	 1950 to December 31	 1957	 but that too was due to the historical reason that the licence fee had been realised only during that period and the object of the impugned Act was to validate the recovery already made. Argument has also been advanced by Mr. Krishnamurthy Iyer that the impugned Act is a colourable piece of legislation because what is sought to be done is to validate the levy made under provisions of law which were found to have been repealed. It is further pointed out that those provisions of law were found by this Court to be similar to the provisions of the Central Execises and Salt Act and as such	 those provisions were beyond the competence of a State Legislature. Any levy made under those provisions cannot	 according to the learned counsel	 be validated by the State Legislature. The above argument has a seeming plausibility	 but	 on deeper examination	 we find it to be not tenable. It is no doubt true	 as stated by (1) ; 705 this Court in the case of Jaora Sugar Mills (P) Ltd. vs State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors. (1) that when an Act passed by a State Legislature is invalid on the ground that the State Legislature did not have legislative competence to deal with the topics covered by it	 in that event even Parliament cannot validate such an Act	 because the effect of such attempted validation	 in substance	 would be to confer legislative competence on the State Legislature in regard to a field or topic which	 by the relevant provisions of the schedules to the Constitution	 is outside its jurisdiction. Where a topic is not included within the relevant List dealing with the legislative competence of the State Legislature	 Parliament	 by making a law cannot attempt to confer such legislative competence on the State Legislatures. The above principle would	 however	 have no application where	 as in the present case	 what is sought to be done is to validate the recovery of licence fee for stocking and vending of tobacco. The impugned provisions under which that levy is sought to be made with a retrospective effect have nothing to do	 as already pointed out above	 with production and manufacture of tobacco. The levy is sought to be made as luxury tax which is within the competence of the State Legislature and not as excise duty which is beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature. If the levy in question can be justified under a provision which is within the legislative competence of the State Legislature	 the levy shall be held to be validly imposed and cannot be considered to be impermissible. Where a challenge to the validity of a legal enactment is made on the ground that it is a colourable piece of legislation	 what has to be proved to the satisfaction of the court is that though the Act ostensibly is within the legislative competence of the legislature in question	 in substance and reality it covers field which is outside its legislative competence. In the present case we find that in enacting the impugned provisions	 the State Legislature	 as already pointed out above	 has exercised a power of levying luxury tax in the shape of licence fee on the vend and stocking of tobacco. The enactment of a law for levying luxury tax is unquestionably within the legislative competence of the State Legislature in view of entry 62 in List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. As such	 it cannot be said that the impugned Act is a colourable piece of legislation. In the case of Jaora Sugar Mills (P) Ltd. access was levied under the Madhya Pradesh Sugarcane (Regulation of Supply and Purchase) Act	 1958 on sugarcane. This Court in the earlier case of Diamond Sugar Mills(2) had held that such a levy was not valid. Following the above decision the Madhya Pradesh High Court struck down section 23 which was the charging section of the Madhya Pradesh Sugarcane (Regulation of Supply and Purchase) Act	 1958. There were similar Acts in several other States which suffered from the same infirmity and to meet that situation	 Parliament passed the . The Act made valid by section 3 all the assessments and collections made before its commencement under the various State Acts and laid down that all the provisions of the (1) (2) ; 706 State Acts as well as the relevant notifications	 rules	 etc.	 made under the State Acts would be treated as part of section 3. It was further provided that the said section shall be deemed to have existed at all material times when the cess was imposed	 assessed and collected under the State Acts. The appellant	 a sugar factory	 was asked to pay the cess for the years 1959 60 and 1960 61. The appellant challenged the levy. The High Court having dismissed the petition	 the appellant came to this Court. Among the various contentions which were advanced on behalf of the appellant in the case were: (1) What the validation of the Act had done was to attempt to cure the legislative incompetence of the State Legislatures by validating State Acts which were invalid on the ground of absence of legislative competence in the respective State Legislatures; (2) Parliament lrad passed the Act in question not for the purpose of levying a cess of its own	 but for the purpose of enabling the respective States to retain the amounts which they had illegally collected. The Act was	 therefore	 a colourable piece of legislation; and (3) The Act had not been passed for the purposes of the Union of India and the recoveries of cesses which were retrospectively authorised by it were not likely to go into the Consolidated Fund of India. The Constitution Bench of this Court speaking through Gajendragadkar CJ. repelled all the above contentions. It was held by this Court that if collections are made under statutory provision which are invalid because they deal with a topic outside the legislative competence of the State Legislature	 the Parliament can in exercise of its undoubted legislative competence	 pass a law retrospectively validating the said collections by converting their character into collections made under its own statute operating retrospectively. So far as the present case is concerned	 we have already pointed out above that it was within the competence of the State Legislature to make a law in respect of luxury tax and to recover that tax in the shape of licence fee for vend and stocking of tobacco. The State Legislature has sought to validate the recovery of the amounts already made by treating those amounts as luxury tax. The fact that the validation of the levy entailed converting the character of the collection from an impermissible excise duty into permissible luxury tax would not render it unconstitutional. The only conditions are that the levy should be of a nature which can answer to the description of luxury tax and that the State Legislature should be competent to enact a law for recovery of luxury tax. Both these conditions as stated above are satisfied. As regards the power of the legislature to give retrospective operation to a tax legislation	 we may also refer to the case of Rai Ramkrishna & Ors. vs State of Bihar(1) wherein it was held that where the legislature can make a valid law	 it can provide not only for the prospective operation of the material provisions of the said law but can also provide for the retrospective operation of the said provisions. The legislative power was held to include the subsidiary or the auxiliary power to validate law which had been found to be `H invalid. It was also observed that in judging the reasonableness of the retrospective operation of law for the purpose of article 304(b)	 (1) ; 707 The test of length of time covered by the retrospective operation could nob by itself be treated as decisive. Again	 in the case of Epari Chinna Krishna Moorthy	 Proprietor	 Epari Chinna Moorthy & Sons	 Berhampur	 Orissa vs State of Orissa(1) the Constitution Bench of this Court repelled the argument that a legislation should be held to be invalid because its retrospective operation might operate harshly in some cases. As a result of the above	 we would hold that the impugned provisions are protected by article 304(b) of the Constitution. Lastly	 it has been argued that section 6 of the impugned Act is invalid because it provides for payment of an amount which had been refunded in pursuance of the order of this Court. Section 6 is thus stated to be an encroachment by the legislature upon a judicial field. This contention	 in our opinion	 is bereft of force. If a provision regarding the levy of luxury tax is within the competence of the State Legislature	 the said Legislature would be well within its competence to enact a law for recovery of an amount which	 though already refunded to a party	 partakes of the nature of luxury tax in the light of that law. If an amount can answer to the description of luxury tax	 there would be no legal impediment to recovering the same as luxury tax	 even though initially it was recovered or sought to be recovered as something different from luxury tax. As a result of the above	 we dismiss these appeals	 but	 in the circumstances	 leave the parties to bear their own costs. P.B.R Appeals dismissed.

The Finance Act 1950 extended the Central Excise and Salt Act	 1944 to the Part State of ' Travancore Cochin and repealed the Cochin Tobacco Act	 1909 and the Tobacco Act (Travancore Act I of 1087). Thereafter a system of licensing was introduced by which the licensees were required to pay a specified fee in respect of tobacco imported into the State. The appellants challenged unsuccessfully in the High Court the collection of the licence fee for the period between August 1950 and December 1957. The Act and rules having been declared by this Court as invalid ab initio	 the State refunded a portion of the licence fee collected. but the appellants filed writ petitions claiming refund of the remainder of the licence fee paid by them. During the pendency of the writ petitions the Kerala Luxury Tax on Tobacco (Validation) Act of 1964 (Act 9 of 1964) was passed by the State legislature to provide for the levy of a luxury tax on tobacco and validate the levy and collection of fees for licences for the vend and stocking of tobacco for the period between August 17	 1950 and December 31	 1957 and it received the assent of the President. The appellants then challenged the validity of the 1964 Act	 but the State on the other hand demanded payment of the part of the fee earlier refunded to the parties The validity of the demand notice was questioned by the appellants on the question of validity of the 1964 Act	 the High Court held that (1) the levy being in respect of goods produced outside the State	 was not an excise duty falling within Entry 84 of the Union List; (2) the tax clearly answers the description of luxury tax falling within entry 62 of State	 List; (3) however	 the payment of the tax being a condition precedent to the bringing of the goods into the taxing territory	 it was a direct impediment on the free flow of goods	 and (4) even so	 it is saved by Article 304(b) being n reason able tax levied in public interest. Dismissing the appeals	 ^ HELD. (1) The judgment of this Court in A. B. Abdullkadir & ors. vs The State of Kerala & Anr. [1962] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 741 does not operate as res. judicata regarding the points in controversy in these appeals. What was held in that case was that the Cochin Tobacco Act and the similar Travancore Act taken along with the rules framed under those Acts were in substance law corresponding to the Central Excise and Salt Act. The Cochin Tobacco Act and the similar Travancore Act stood repealed on April 1	 1950 and there would be no power in the State Government thereafter to frame new rules in August 1950 and January 1951 for there would be no law to support the new rules. In the instant case what is questioned is the constitutional validity of Act 9 of 1964 which was enacted subsequent to the above decision of this Court. [698 C G] (2)(a) The argument that the provisions of the Act fell under Entry 84 of List I of the Seventh Schedule is bereft of force. The liability to pay the tax is on stocking and vending of tobacco. There is no provision in the Act which is concerned with production or manufacture of tobacco or which links the tax under its provisions with the manufacture or production of tobacco. [699 D E] 691 (b) Excise duty is a tax on articles produced or manufactured in the taxing country. Generally speaking	 the tax is on the manufacturer or producer	 yet laws are to be found which impose a duty of excise at stages subsequent to the manufacture or production. [698H	 699A] A. B. Abdulkadir & Ors vs The State of Kerala & Anr. [1962] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 741 referred to. (c) Where	 however	 the levy imposed or tax has no nexus with the manufacture or production of an article	 the impost or tax cannot be regarded to be B one in the nature of excise duty. [699 B C] (3) The word `luxury ' has not been used in the sense of something pertaining to the exclusive preserve of ' the rich. The connotation of the word `luxury ' is something which conduces enjoyment over and above the necessaries of life. There is nothing static about what constitutes an article of luxury. The luxuries of yesterday could well become the necessities of today. Likewise	 what constitutes necessity for citizens of one country or for those living in a particular climate may well be looked upon as an items of luxury for the nationals of another country or for those living in a different climate. A number of factors may have to be taken into account in adjudging the commodity as an article of luxury. [699 G	 701B] (4) (a) The High Court was right in its view that the levy of tax was violative of Article 301 of the Constitution. But while the Parliament can impose restrictions on the freedom of trade	 commerce or intercourse between one State and another or within any part of the territory of India as may be required in the public interest	 so far as the State legislatures are concerned	 restrictions must satisfy two requirements	 firstly they must be in public interest	 and secondly	 the restrictions should be reasonable. State of Madras vs N. K. Nataraja Mudaliar ; referred to	 (b) To some extent every tax imposes an economic impediment to the activity taxed as compared with others not taxed. But that fact by itself would	 not make it unreasonable. The law of taxation in the ultimate analysis is the result of ' the balancing of several complex considerations. The legislatures have a wide discretion in the matter. [702G	 703 AB] (c) In considering the question whether the restriction is reasonable in public interest the Court will have to balance the importance of freedom of trade as against the requirement of public interest. [703 B] Khyerban Tea Co. Ltd. vs State of Madras [1964] S S.C.R. 975 referred to. (d) The onus of showing that the restrictions on the freedom of trade	 commerce or intercourse in the public interest are reasonable is upon the State. [703D] In the present case the levy of luxury tax relates to tobacco the consumption of which is a health hazard. Regulation of the sale and stocking of such an article and treating it as an article of luxury by imposing a licence fee is a permissible restriction in public interest within article 304(b) of the Constition. [703 F] (e) The fact that the operation of the Act was confined to a particular area	 and did not extend to the entire State was due to historical reasons. The object of the Act was to validate the recoveries already made. [704 B] Nazeeria Motor Service etc. vs State of Andhra Pradesh (f) The levy of tax is protected by Article 304(b) of the Constitution as the requirement of the proviso regarding the sanction of the President has been satisfied. Though the assent of the President was given subsequent to the 692 passing or the Bill by the State Legislature	 that fact would not affect the validity of the impugned Act in view of the provisions of Article 255 of the Constitution. [702 AB] (5)(a) Where a topic is not included within the relevant List dealing with the legislative competence of the State Legislature	 Parliament	 by making a law cannot attempt to confer such legislative competence on the State legislatures This principle would	 however	 have no application where what is sought to be done is to validate the recovery of licence fee for stocking and vending of tobacco. The impugned provisions have nothing to do with the production and manufacture of tobacco. The levy is sought to be made as luxury to which is within the competence of State legislature and not as excise duty which is beyond the legislative competence of the State legislature. If the levy in question could be justified under a provision which is within the legislative competent of the State legislature	 the levy shall be held to be validly imposed and cannot be considered to be impermissible. [705 B D] (b) The impugned Act cannot be said to be a colourable piece of legislation. Where a challenge to the validity of a legal enactment is made on the ground that it is a colourable piece of legislation what is to be proved is that though the Act ostensibly is within the legislative competence of the legislature in substance and reality it covers a field which is outside its legislative competence. In the present case	 in enacting the impugned provisions the Slate legislature has exercised power of levying luxury tax in the shape of licence fee on the vend and stocking of tobacco. The enactment of a law for levying luxury tax is unquestionably within the legislative competence of the State legislature in view of Entry 62 in List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. [705 E F] Jaora Sugar Mills (P) Ltd. vs State of Madhya Pradesh & ORS. and Diamond Sugar Mills Ltd. & Anr. vs The State of Uttar Pradesh & Anr. ; distinguished. (c) The State legislature has sought to validate the recovery of the amounts already made by treating those amounts as luxury tax. The fact that the validation of the levy entailed converting the character of the collection from an impermissible excise duty into permissible luxury tax would not make it an Inconstitutional. The only conditions are that the levy should be of a nature which can answer to the description of luxury tax and that the State legislature should be competent to enact a law for recovery of luxury tax. Both these conditions are satisfied. [706 FG] (6)(a) Where the State legislature can make valid law it can provide not only for the prospective operation of the material provisions of the law but can also provide for the retrospective operation of the provisions. [706 G] (b) In judging the reasonableness of the retrospective operation of law for the purpose of Article 304(b)	 the test of length of time covered by the retrospective operation could not by itself be treated as decisive. [706H	 707A] (c) It is not correct to say that the legislation should be held to be invalid because its retrospective operation might operate harshly in some cases. [707A] Rai Ramkrishna & Ors. vs State of Bihar [1964] 1 S.C.R. 897 and Epari Chinnaa Krishna Moorthy	 Proprietor	 Epari Chinna Moorthy & Sons. Berhampur	 Orissa vs State of Orissa [964] 7 S.C.R. 185 applied.