Summarize the following court judgment. iminal Appeal No. 73 of 1966. 105 Appeal from the judgment and order dated March 31	 1965 of the Calcutta High Court in Criminal Revision No. 921 of 1963. P.K. Chatterjee	 for the appellants. B.K. Bhattacharya	 G.S. Chatterjee for P.K. Bose	 for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Bachawat	 J. The complainant Sarajit Kumar Bose was a forest ranger having his headquarters at Bara Bazar range in the district of Purulia. Bibhuti Bhusan Dasgupta was the editor and Ram Chandra Adhikari was the printer and publisher of "Mukti" a local Bengali weekly journal with its registered office at Purulia town. At the instance of Sripati Gope	 a resident of Bhuni	 P.S. Patanda	 district Singhbhum they published a letter in the weekly issue of Mukti dated the 4th Asar	 1388 B.S. corresponding to June 19	 1965. The letter which bore the caption "Wild law in the land of the Nags (barbarians)"	 contained several defamatory statements concerning Sarajit Bose. On his complaint	 Sripati Gope and Bibhuti Dasgupta were charged with an offence punishable under sec. 500 of the Indian Penal Code and Ram Adhikari was charged with an offence punishable under sec. 501 I.P.C. They were tried jointly by Shri S.M. Chatterjee	 Magistrate	 First Class	 Purulia. The Magistrate convicted all of them of the offences with which they were respectively charged	 and passed appropriate sentences. The appeals filed by them against the order were dismissed by the Sessions Judge	 Purulia. The order concerning the conviction and sentence of Sripati Gope has now become final. The two courts rejected his claim for protection under the first exception to section 499 I.P.C. A revision petition filed by Bibhuti Dasgupta and Ram Adhikari was dismissed by the High Court. They have filed the present appeal after obtaining a certificate under Article 134(1 ) (c) of the Constitution. All the courts concurrently found that the publication was not made by the appellant in good faith for the public good and that they were not entitled to the protection of the ninth exception to sec. 499 as claimed by them Mr. Chatterjee attacked this finding. The ninth exception to section 499 provides that "it is not defamation to make an imputation on the character of another provided that the imputation be made in good faith for the protection of the interests of the person making it	 or any other person	 or for the public good. " Section 52 provides that "nothing is said to be done or believed in "good faith" which is done or believed without due care and attention. " The appellants ' case is that on their L2Sup C[169 8] 106 behalf one Dol Gobinda Chakravarty made enquiries and was satisfied about the truth of the defamatory statements. It appears that Dol Govinda did not make any report to the appellants in writing. The enquiries made by him did not reveal that all the defamatory imputations in the publication were true. On the materials on the record it is impossible to say that the appellants published the statements in good faith or with due care and attention. In Harbhajan Singh vs State of Punjab (1) the Court held that the accused person was entitled to the protection of the ninth exception to sec. 499 if he. succeeded in proving a preponderance of probability that the case was within the exception. We do not find that the courts below placed upon the appellant any heavier burden of proof. Mr. Chatterjee next contended that the trial of Bibhuti Dasgupta was illegal as he was not personally examined under sec. '342 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. To appreciate this argument it is necessary to refer to the following facts. On September 27	 1961 the Magistrate examined the complainant and issued summons to. the three accused. On the application of Bibhuti Dasgupta the Magistrate passed an order o.n December 12	 1961 dispensing with his personal appearance and permitting him to appear by his pleader. On September 17	 1962 the examination of prosecution witnesses was concluded. On the same day Ram Adhikari was examined under sec. On December 21	 1962 the lawyer representing Bibhuti Dasgupta flied a petition stating that he was undergoing an operation in Calcutta and that the lawyer may be examined on his. behalf under sec. On the same date the Magistrate allowed the application and examined his lawyer. On April 17	 1963 the Magistrate delivered judgment. The plea that the trial of Bibhuti Dasgupta was vitiated on account of his non examination under section 342 was not taken before the Magistrate or the Sessions Judge or at the hearing of the revision petition in the High Court. It was taken for the first time in the petition for grant of the certificate under article 134( 1 )(c). In this background let us examine the contention. As a general rule save where the magistrate dispenses with the personal attendance of the accused person the first step in a criminal proceeding is to bring him before the magistrate. The attendance of the accused is secured if necessary by summons or by warrant of arrest. Thereafter the inquiry or trial proceeds in his presence. Section 205 of the Code of Criminal Procedure empowers the Magistrate whenever he issues a summons to dispense with the personal attendance of the accused and permit him to appear by a pleader. The section runs as follows : (1) ; 107 "205. (1) Whenever a Magistrate issues a summons	 he may	 if he sees reason to do so	 dispense with the personal attendance of the accused and permit him to appear by his pleader. (2) But the Magistrate inquiring into or trying the case may	 in his discretion at any stage of the proceedings	 direct the personal attendance of the accused	 and	 if necessary	 enforce such attendance in the manner hereinabove provided. " The form of summons issued to the accused runs as follows "Whereas your attendance is necessary to answer to a charge of (state shortly the offence charged) you are hereby required to appear in person (o.r by pleader	 as the case may be) before the (Magistrate) of. on the . day . of . Herein fail not. " Section 540A empowers the magistrate at any stage of an inquiry or trial to dispense with the personal attendance of the accused if he is represented by a pleader. The section is as follows : "540A (1) At any stage of an inquiry or trial under this Code	 if the Judge or Magistrate is satisfied	 for reasons to be recorded	 that the personal attendance of the accused before the Court is not necessary in the interests of justice	 the Judge or Magistrate may	 if the accused is represented by a pleader	 dispense with his attendance and proceed with such inquiry or trial in his absence	 and may	 at .any subsequent stage of the proceedings	 direct the personal attendance of such accused. (2) If the accused in any such case is not represented by a pleader	 or if the Judge or Magistrate considers his personal attendance necessary	 he may if he minks fit	 and for reasons to be recorded by him	 either adjourn such inquiry or trial	 or order that the case of such accused be taken up or tried separately. " The point in issue is whether the pleader can represent the accused for purposes of sec. 342 and whether the examination of the pleader in place of the accused is sufficient compliance with the section in a case where the magistrate has dispensed with the personal attendance of the accused and permitted him to appear by a pleader. On this question there is a sharp conflict of judicial opinion. Most of the decisions upto 1962 are referred to in Prova Devi vs Mrs. Fernandes(1). In that case a Full Bench of Calcutta High Court by a majority decision held that the magistrate may in his discretion examine the pleader on behalf of the (1) A.I.R. 1962 Cal. 108 accused under sec. This view is supported by numerous decisions of other High Courts	 but from time to time many judges expressed vigorous dissents and came to the opposite conclusion. The two sides of the question are ably discussed in the majority and minority judgments of the Calcutta case. After a full examination of all the decided cases on the subject	 we are inclined to agree with the minority opinion. The main arguments in favour of the view that the examination of the pleader is sufficient compliance with the provisions of section 342 may be summarized as follows. The pleader authorised to appear on behalf of the accused can do all acts which the accused can do. The representation of the pleader extends throughout the trial except as provided in section 366(2). The form .of the summons shows that the pleader may answer to charge on behalf of the accused at every stage of the proceedings. He may even plead guilty under secs. 242	 243	 251A	 255 and 271. There is no reason why he cannot be examined under section 342. 'That section is subject to and controlled by. section 205. The accused can refuse to answer questions under sec. 342 and there is no point in insisting on his personal attendance if he has no intention to answer them. Accused persons will suffer harassment and inconvenience if the magistrates have no discretion to dispense with their personal examination under section 342. Having considered all these arguments we are not convinced that pleader can be examined in place of the accused under section 342. Section 342 reads as follows : "342. ( 1 ) For the purpose of enabling the accused to explain any circumstances appearing in the evidence against him	 the Court may	 at any stage of any inquiring or trial without previously warning the accused	 put such questions to him as the Court considers necessary	 and shall	 for the purpose aforesaid	 question him generally on the case after the witnesses for the prosecution have been examined and before he is called on for his defence. (2) The accused shall not render himself liable to punishment by refusing to answer such questions	 or by giving false answers to them; but the Court and the jury (if any) may draw such inference from such refusal or answers as it thinks just. (3) The answers given by the accused may be taken into consideration in such inquiry. or trial	 and put in evidence for or against him in any other inquiry into or trial for	 any other offence which such answers may tend to show he has committed. (4) No oath shall be administered to the accused when he is examined under sub section (1 ). " 109 Sub section (1 ) of sec. 342 consists of two parts. The first part gives a discretion to the Court to question the accused at any stage of an inquiry or trial without previously warning him. Under the second part the Court is required to question him generally on the case after the witnesses for the prosecution have been examined and before he is called for his defence. The second part is mandatory and imposes upon the Court a duty to examine the accused at the close of the prosecution case in order to give him an opportunity to explain any circumstances appearing against him in the evidence and to say in his defence what he wants to say in his own words. He is not bound to. answer the. questions but if he refuses to answer or gives false answers	 the consequences may be serious	 for under sub section (2) the Court may draw such inference from the refusal or the false answers as it thinks fit. Under sub sec. (3) the answers given by the accused may be taken into consideration in the inquiry or trial. His statement is material upon which the Court may act	 and which may prove his innocence	 (see State of Maharashtra vs Laxman Jairam(1). Under sub sec. (4) no oath is administered to him. The reason is that when he is examined under sec. 342	 he is not a witness. Before sec. 342A was enacted	 he was not a competent witness for the defence. His statement under sec. 342 was intended to take the place of what he could say in his own way in the witness box. (see Hate Singh vs State of Madhya Bharat(2). Under sec. 342A	 he is now a competent witness. But the provisions of sec. 342A does not affect the value of his examination under sec. Under sub section (3) of section 342 his answers may be put in evidence for or against him in other inquiries or trials for other offences. For instance	 if in a trial for murder he says that he concealed the dead body and did not kill the victim his statement may be used as evidence against him in a subsequent trial for an offence under sec. The privilege of making a statement under sec. 342 is personal to the accused. The clear intention of the section is that only he and nobody else can be examined under it. This conclusion is reinforced if we look at sec. The whole of his examination including every question put to him and every answer given by him must be recorded in full and interpreted to him in a language which he understands	 and he is at liberty to explain or add to his answers; and when the whole is made conformable to what he declares is the truth the record has to be signed by him and the Magistrate. The idea that the pleader can be examined on his behalf is foreign to the language of secs. 342 and 364. It was well observed by Rankin J. in Promotha Nath vs Emperor(3) that: (1) [1962] Supp. 3 S.C.R. 230. (2) A.I.R. 1953 S.C. 468	 470. (3) A.I.R. 1923 Cal. 470	 481. 110 ". the intention of the statute iS that at a certain stage in the case	 the Court itself shall put aside all Counsel	 all 'pleaders	 all witnesses	 all representatives	 and shall call upon an individual accused with the authority of the Court 's own voice	 to take advantage of the opportunity which then arises to. state in his own way anything which he may be desirous. of stating. what is necessary is. that the accused shall be brought face to face solemnly with an opportunity given to him to make a statement from his place in the dock in order that the Court may have the advantage of hearing his defence if he is willing to make one with his own lips? ' The proposition that a pleader authorised to appear on behalf of the accused can do all acts which the accused himself can do at the trial is too wide. If the statute gives the accused a personal privilege or imposes upon him a personal duty	 only he can exercise the privilege or perform the duty. Thus under sec. 366(2) the accused must hear the judgment in person unless the sentence is one of fine only or unless	 he is acquitted. Under sec. 342A only the accused can give evidence in person and his pleader 's evidence cannot be treated as his. The answers of the accused under section 342 is intended to be a substitute for the evidence which he can give as a witness under sec. The privilege and the. duty of answering questions under sec. 342 cannot be delegated to a pleader. No doubt the form of the summons show that the pleader may answer the charges against the accused	 but in so answering the charges	 he cannot do. what only the accused can do personally. The pleader may be permitted to represent the accused while the prosecution evidence is being taken. But at the close of the prosecution evidence the accused must be questioned and his pleader cannot be examined in his place. Sections 205 and 540A do not expressly mention that the pleader cannot be examined under sec. 342	 but this does not lead to the inference that the pleader can be so examined. On the other hand	 secs. 353	 360	 361 and 366 expressly provide that the pleader may represent the accused for certain purposes	 but from this fact alone no inference can be drawn that the pleader cannot represent the accused for purposes of section 342 or other sections. It is from	 the scheme	 purpose and language of sec. 342 that we are driven to the conclusion that the examination under the section must be of the accused person and not his pleader. In Dorabshah vs Emperor(1) the Bombay High Court held that where the accused is permitted to appear by his pleader (1) A.I.R. 1926 Bom. 111 under sec. 205 the pleader may on his behalf be examined and may plead guilty under secs. 242 and 243. Whether the Court can act upon an admission of guilt by the pleader under secs. 242	 243	 251A	 255 and 271 does not directly arise in this case and we express no opinion on it. It is sufficient to say that the language of those sections and the effect of admissions under them are entirely different. We are not impressed with the argument that an accused person will suffer inconvenience and harassment if the Court cannot dispense with his attendance for purposes of sec. The examination under the section becomes necessary when at the close of the prosecution evidence the magistrate finds. that there are incriminating circumstances requiring an explanation by the accused. If there is. no evidence implicating the accused	 no explanation from him is necessary and he need not be examined under section 342. If there is evidence implicating him	 it is in his interest that he should be examined personally. There are exceptional cases when an examination of the accused personally under sec. 342 is not necessary or possible. Where the accused is a company or other juridical person it cannot be examined personally. It may be that the Court may then examine a director or some other agent on its behalf [see Express Diary Ltd. vs Corporation of Calcutta(1)]. Exceptional cases apart	 only the accused in person can be examined under section 342. We therefore hold that the Magistrate should have examined Bibhuti Dasgupta personally and the examination of his pleader was not sufficient compliance with sec. This conclusion does not dispose of Bibhuti Dasgupta 's appeal. Under sec. 537 the conviction and sentence are. not reversable on account of any error	 omission or irregularity in any proceedings during the trial unless the error	 omission or irregularity has ' in fact occasioned a failure of justice. Mere non examination or defective examination under sec. 342 is not a ground for interference unless prejudice is established. [see Tilakeshwar Singh vs The State of Bihar(2) K.C. Mathew vs The State of Travancore Cochin(3)	 Ram Shankar Singh vs State West Bengal (4)]. Looking at the facts of this case we do not find that any prejudice was caused to Bibhuti Dasgupta by his non examination under sec. The prosecution evidence was closed on September 17	 1962. Ram Adhikari appeared in Court and was examined personally. Bibhuti Dasgupta did not appear in Court on that date. After 3 months o.n December 21	 1962 his pleader was examined on his behalf at his express request. The Magistrate delivered judgment on April 17	 1963. (1) I.L.R. (2) (3) ; 	 1061 2. (4) [1962] Supp. 1. S.C.R. 49	 64 112 On that date Bibhuti Dasgupta was. present in Court. He made no complaint at any time before the Magistrate or the Sessions Judge or the High Court that he had suffered any prejudice. Even in this Court Mr. Chatterjee could not point out what further explanation could have been given by Bibhuti Dasgupta if he had been examined personally. We are satisfied that the omission to examine him under sec. 342 did not cause him any prejudice and has not in fact occasioned a failure of justice. We are	 therefore	 not inclined to interfere with his conviction and sentence. In the result	 the appeal is dismissed. Y.P. Appeal dismissed.

In a defamation case	 at the instance of the accused his personal appearance. was dispensed .with by the Magistrate under section 540 A Cr. His advocate was examined under section 342 at the close of the trial and the accused was convicted. On the questions: (i) whether the pleader can represent the accused for purposes of section 342 and whether the examination of the pleader in place of the accused is sufficient compliance with the section in a case where the Magistrate has dispensed with the personal attendance of the accused 'and permitted him to appear by a pleader; and (ii) whether mere non examination of the accused or defective examination under section 342 vitiates the trial	 HELD: (i) The privilege of making a statement under section 342 is personal to the accused and the scheme	 purpose and language of the section lead to the conclusion that only he and no body else can be examined under it. If the statute gives the accused a personal privilege or imposes upon him a personal duty only he can exercise the privilege or perform the duty. The second part of section 342 is mandatory and imposes upon the court a duty to examine the accused at the close of the prosecution case in order to give him 'an opportunity to explain any circumstances appearing against him in the evidence and to say in his defence what he wants to say in his own words. The answers of the accused under section 342 is intended to be a substitute for the evidence which he can give under section 342 A and the privilege and duty of 'answering questions under section 342 cannot be delegated to a pleader. Though sections 205 and 540 A which empower a Magistrate to dispense with the personal appearance of the accused do not expressly mention that the pleader cannot be examined under section 342	 it does not lead to the inference that the pleader can be so examined. G H	 109 B; 110 C D	 109 E; 110 F H] Dorabshah vs Emperor	 A.I.R. 1926 Bom. 218	 disapproved. (ii) Under section 537 the conviction and sentence are not reversible on account of any error	 omission or irregularity in 'any proceedings during the trial unless the error	 omission or irregularity has in fact occasioned a failure of justice. Therefore the mere non examination of the accused in the present case	 under section 342 was not a ground for interference since no prejudice was established. [111 F] Tilakeshwar Singh vs The State of Bihar	 [1955] 2 S.C.R. 105	 K.C. Mathew vs The State of Travancore Cochin	 [1955] 2 S.C.R. 1057 and Ram Shankar Singh vs State of West Bengal	 [1962] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 49	 64	 referred to.