Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 288 of 1958. Appeal by Special Leave from the judgment and order dated December 3	 1956	 of the Punjab High Court (Circuit Bench) at Delhi in Letters Patent Appeal No. 25 D of 1956	 arising out of the judgment and order dated April 9	 1956	 of the said High Court (Circuit Bench) at Delhi in Civil Writ No. 8 D of 1955. N. C. Chatterjee and R. section Narula	 for the appellant. M. C. Setalvad	 Attorney General for India	 B. Sen and T. M. Sen	 for the respondent 1958. December 12. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by section K. DAS	 J. This is an appeal by special leave and the only question for decision is if the order of the President dated October 1	 1954	 removing the appellant from service with effect from that date is invalid	 as claimed by the appellant	 by reason of a contravention of the provisions of article 311(2) of the Constitution. The short facts are these. The appellant stated that he joined permanent Government service on April 4	 1924. In 1947	 before partition	 he was employed as Assistant Secretary	 Frontier Corps of Militia and Scouts in the then North Western Frontier Province	 under the administrative control of the External Affairs Department of the Government of India. The appellant stated that the post which be held then was a post in the Central Service	 Class 11. After partition	 the appellant opted for service in India and was posted to an office under the Ministry of Commerce in the Government of India in October	 1947. In December	 1949	 he was transferred to the office of the Chief Controller of Imports	 New Delhi	 to clear off certain arrears of work. In August	 1951	 he was posted as 894 and Deputy Chief Controller of imports	 Calcutta	 and continued to work in that post till September	 1952. He then took four months ' leave on average pay and on the expiry of his leave on January 24	 1953	 he was transferred as Section officer in the Development Wing of the Ministry of Commerce. The appellant thought that the order amounted to a reduction of his rank and lie made certain representations. As these representations bore no fruit	 he applied for leave preparatory to retirement on February 6	 1953. In that application the appellant stated: Normally I am due to retire in April 1956 but I find it difficult to reconcile myself to the new conditions of service under which I am now placed to work. I find that I would not be wasting only myself but I would also not be doing full justice to the ' interest of my Government and country in my present environment. Under the circumstances	 I pray that I may be permitted to retire from the 1st May	 1953. " On February 14	 1953	 the appellant amended his leave application and said that he had been informed by the I Administrative Branch of the Development Wing that the question of permission to retire was under consideration	 because of some difficulty with regard to the inclusion in the service of the appellant the period during which he held the	 post of Assistant Secretary	 Frontier Corps; therefore be said that he might be granted leave on full average pay for four months with effect from February 15	 1953	 if the decision to give him permission to retire was likely to be postponed beyond May 1	 1953. He amended his leave application by making the following prayer: " Leave may be sanctioned for four months from. the 15th February	 1953	 or up to the date from which I am permitted to retire whichever may be earlier ". On March 10	 1953	 the appellant was informed that he could not be allowed to retire at that stage	 but the Ministry had agreed to grant him leave from February 16	 19 3	 to April 30	 1953. The appellant then went on leave and on February 25	 1953	 he 895 wrote to Government to say that he was contemplating to join the service of Messrs. Albert David & Co. Ltd.	 Calcutta	 and for that purpose he was accepting a course of training in that Company for two months. In April	 1953	 the appellant accepted service under Messrs. Albert David & Co. Ltd.	 and he wrote to Government to that effect on April 6	 1953. On June 16	 1953	 the appellant was charged with hav ing violated r. 15 of the Government Servants ' Conduct Rules and Fundamental Rule 11. Rule 15 of the Government Servants ' Conduct Rules states	 inter alia	 that a Government servant may not without the previous sanction of Government engage in any trade or undertake any employment other than his public duties. Fundamental Rule 11 says in effect that unless in any case it be otherwise distinctly provided	 the whole time of a Government servant is at the disposal of the Government which pays him. A. P. Mathur	 Joint Chief Controller of Imports	 was asked to hold an enquiry against the appellant on the charge mentioned above. The appellant submitted an explanation and an enquiry was held by A. P. Mathur in due course. The Enquiring Officer submitted his report on September 12	 1953	 in which he found that the appellant had	 contrary to the rules governing the conditions of his service	 accepted private employment without previous sanction of Government during the period when he was still in Government service. On April 14	 1954	 the appellant was asked to show cause in accordance with the provisions of article 311(2) of the Constitution. As the whole of the argument in this case centres round this show cause notice	 it is necessary to set it out in full Sir	 I am directed to say that the Enquiry Officer appointed to enquire into certain charges framed against you has submitted his report ; a copy of the report is enclosed for your information. On a careful consideration of the report	 and in particular of the conclusions reached by the Enquiry Officer in respect of the charges framed against you the President is provisionally of opinion that a 896 major penalty	 viz.	 dismissal	 removal or reduction should be enforced on you. Before he takes that action	 he desires to give you an opportunity of showing cause against the action proposed to be taken. Any representation which you may make in that connection will be considered by him before taking the proposed action. Such representation	 if any	 should be made	 in writing	 and submitted so as to reach the undersigned not later than 14 days from the receipt of this letter by you. Please acknowledge receipt of this letter. Yours faithfully	 Sd. section Bhoothalingam	 Joint Secretary to the Government of India. " The appellant then showed cause and on October 1	 1954	 the President passed an order in which it was stated that after taking into consideration the report of the Enquiring Officer and in consultation with the Public Service Commission	 the President found that the charge had been proved against the appellant and the appellant was accordingly removed from service with effect from that date. The appellant then moved the Punjab High Court by a petition under article 226 of the Constitution in which his main contentions were (a) that he had no opportunity of showing cause against the action proposed to be taken in regard to him within the meaning of article 311 (2) of the Constitution and (b) that he had asked for leave preparatory to retirement and accepted service under Albert David & Co. Ltd. in the bona fide belief that Government had no objection to his accepting such private employment. Dulat	 J.	 who dealt with the petition in the first instance	 held against the appellant on both points. He found that there was no contravention of the provisions of article 311 (2) of the Constitution and on the second point	 he held that on the facts admitted in the case there was no doubt that the appellant had accepted private employment in contravention of the rules governing the conditions of his service and there was little substance 897 in the suggestion of the appellant that he had no sufficient opportunity to produce evidence. The second point no longer survives	 and the only substantial point for our consideration is the alleged contravention of article 311(2) of the Constitution. Mr. N. C. Chatterjee	 who has appeared on behalf of the appellant	 has submitted before us that the show cause notice dated April 14	 1954	 stated all the three punishments mentioned in article 311 (2) and inasmuch as it did not particularise the actual or exact punishment proposed to be imposed on the appellant	 the notice did not comply with the essential requirements of article 311 (2) of the Constitution; therefore	 the final order of removal passed on October 1	 1954	 was not a valid order. In the recent decision of Khem Chand vs Union of India (1) this Court explained the true scope and effect of article 311 (2) of the Constitution. It was stated in that decision that the reasonable opportunity envisaged by article 311 (2) of the Constitution included (a) an opportunity to the Government servant to deny his guilt and establish his innocence	 (b) an opportunity to defend himself	 and finally (c) an opportunity to make his representation as to why the proposed punishment should not be inflicted on him	 which he can only do if the competent authority after the enquiry is over and after applying its mind to the gravity or otherwise of the charges proved against the Government servant tentatively proposes to inflict one of the three punishments and communicates the same to the Government servant. It is no longer in dispute that the appellant did have opportunities (a) and (b) referred to above. The question before us is whether the show cause notice dated April 14	 1954	 gave the appellant a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the action proposed to be taken in regard to him. Mr. N. C. Chatterjee has emphasised two observations made by this Court in Khem Chand 's case (1). He points out that in connection with opportunity (c) aforesaid	 this Court observed that a Government (1) ; 113 898 servant can only make his representation if the competent authority after the enquiry is over and after applying its mind to the gravity or otherwise of the charges proved against the Government servant tentatively proposes to inflict one of the three punishments and communicates the same to the Government servant. Mr. Chatterjee emphasises the observation " one of the three punishments ". Secondly	 he has drawn our attention to the observations made in the judgment of the Judicial Committee in High Commissioner for India and High Commissioner for Pakistan vs I. M. Lall (1)	 which observations were quoted with approval in Khem Chand 's case (2). One of the observations made was: " In the opinion of their Lordships no action is proposed within the meaning of the sub section " (their Lordships were dealing with sub section (3) of section 240 of the Government of India Act	 1935) " until a definite conclusion has been come to on the charges	 and the actual punishment to follow is provisionally determined on." Mr. Chatterjee emphasises the expression " actual punishment " occurring in the said observations. It is to be remembered	 however	 that both in I. M. Lall 's case	 (1) and Khem Chand 's case (1) the real point of the decision was that no second notice had been given to the Government servant concerned after the enquiry was over to show cause against the action proposed to be taken in regard to him. In I. M. Lall 's case (1) a notice was given at the same time as the charges were made which directed the Government servant concerned to show cause " why he should not be dismissed	 removed or reduced or subjected to such other disciplinary action as the competent authority may think fit to enforce	 etc. " In other words	 the notice was what is usually called a combined notice embodying the charges as well as the punishments proposed. Such a notice	 it was held	 did not comply with the requirements of sub section (3) of section 240. In Khem Chand 's case (2) also the report of the Enquiring Officer was approved by the Deputy Commissioner	 Delhi	 who imposed the (1) (1948) L.R. 75 I.A. 225	242. (2) ; 899 penalty of dismissal without giving the Government servant concerned an opportunity to show cause against the action proposed to be taken in regard to him. In Khem Chand 's case (1) the learned SolicitorGeneral appearing for the Union of India sought to distinguish the decision in I. M. Lall 's case (2) on the ground that the notice there asked the Government servant concerned to show cause why he should not be dismissed	 removed or reduced or subjected to any other disciplinary action	 whereas in Khem Chand 's case(1) the notice issued to the Government servant before the enquiry mentioned only one punishment	 namely	 the punishment of dismissal. Dealing with this argument of the learned Solicitor General this Court said (at p. 1100): " A close perusal of the judgment of the Judicial Committee in I. M. Lall 's case will	 however	 show that the decision in that case did not proceed on the ground that an opportunity had not been given to 1. M. Lall against the proposed punishment merely because in the notice several punishments were included	 but the decision proceeded really on the ground that this opportunity should have been given after a stage bad been reached where the charges had been established and the competent authority had applied its mind to the gravity or otherwise of the proved charge tentatively and proposed a particular punishment. " Therefore	 the real point of the decision both in I. M. Lall 's case (2) and Khem Chand 's case (1) was that no opportunity had been given to the Government servant concerned to show cause after a stage had been reached when the charges had been established and the competent authority bad applied its mind to the gravity or otherwise of the charges proved and tentatively proposed the punishment to be given to the Government servant for the charges so proved. It is true that in some of the observations made in those two decisions the words " actual punishment " or particular punishment " have been used	 but those (1) ; (2) (1948) L.R. 75 I.A. 225	 242. 900 observations must	 however	 be taken with reference to the context in which they were made. Let us examine a little more carefully what consequences will follow if article 311(2) requires in every case that the " exact " or " actual " punishment to be inflicted on the Government servant concerned must be mentioned in the show cause notice issued at the second stage. It is obvious	 and article 311 (2) expressly says so	 that the purpose of the issue of a show cause notice at the second stage is to give the Government servant concerned a reasonable opportunity of showing cause why the proposed punishment should not be inflicted on him; for example	 if the proposed punishment is dismissal	 it is open to the Government servant concerned to say in his representation that even though the charges have been proved against him	 he does not merit the extreme penalty of dismissal	 but merits a lesser punishment	 such as removal or reduction in rank. If it is obligatory on the punishing authority to state in the show cause notice at the second stage the " exact " or " particular " punishment which is to be inflicted	 then a third notice will be necessary if the State Government accepts the representation of the Government servant concerned. This will be against the very purpose for which the second show cause notice was issued. Then	 there is another aspect of the matter which has been pointedly emphasised by dulat	 J. If in the present case the show cause notice had merely stated the punishment of dismissal without mentioning the other two punishments	 it would still be open to the punishing authority to impose any of the two lesser punishments of removal or reduction in rank and no grievance could have been made either about the show cause notice or the actual punishment imposed. Can it be said that the enumeration of the other two punishments in the show cause notice invalidated the notice ? It appears to us that the show cause notice in the present case by mentioning the three punishments gave a better and fuller opportunity to the appellant to show cause why none of the three punishments should be inflicted on him. We desire to 901 emphasise here that the case before us is not one in which the show cause notice is vague or of such a character as to lead to the inference that the punishing authority did not apply its mind to the question of punishment to be imposed on the Government servant. The show cause notice dated April 14	 1954	 stated in clear terms that " the President is provisionally of opinion that a major penalty	 namely	 dismissal	 removal or reduction	 should be enforced on you. " Therefore	 the President had come to a tentative conclusion that the charge proved against the appellant merited any one of the three penalties mentioned therein and asked the appellant to show cause why any one of the aforesaid three penalties should not be imposed on him. We see nothing wrong in principle in the punishing authority tentatively forming the opinion that the charges proved merit any one of the three major penalties and on that footing asking the Government servant concerned to show cause against the punishment proposed to be taken in the alternative in regard to him. To specify more than one punishment in the alternative does not necessarily make the proposed action any the less definite; on the contrary	 it gives the Government servant better opportunity to show cause against each of those punishments being inflicted on him	 which he would not have had if only the severest punishment had been mentioned and a lesser punishment not mentioned in the notice had been inflicted on him. We turn now to certain other decisions on which learned counsel for the appellant has relied. They are: Jatindra Nath Biswas vs R. Gupta (1)	 Dayanidhi Rath vs B. section Mohanty (2) and Lakshmi Narain Gupta vs A. N. Puri (3). In the case of Jatindra Nath Biswas (1) no second show cause notice was given and the decision proceeded on that footing. Sinha	 J.	 observed	 however: "Where there is an enquiry	 not only must he have an opportunity of contesting his case before the (1) (2) A.I.R. 1955 Orissa 33. (3) A.I.R. 1954 Cal. 3.35 902 enquiry	 but	 before the punishment is imposed upon him	 he must be told about the result of the enquiry and the exact punishment which is proposed to be inflicted." Mr. Chatterjee has emphasised the use of the word " exact ". As we have pointed out	 the decision proceeded on a different footing and was not rested on the ground that only one punishment must be mentioned in the second show cause notice. The decision in Dayanidhi Rath 's case (1) proceeded on the footing that if the punishment that is tenatively proposed against a civil servant is of a graver kind	 he can be awarded punishment of a lesser kind; but if the punishment that is tentatively proposed is of a lesser kind	 there will be prejudice in awarding a graver form of punish ment. What happened in that case was that the show cause notice stated that in view of the Enquiring Officer 's findings contained in the report with which the Secretary agreed and in consideration of the past record of the Government servant concerned	 it was proposed to remove him from Government service; in another part of the same notice	 however	 the Government servant concerned was directed to show cause why the penalty of dismissal should not be inflicted for the charges proved against him. Thus	 in the same notice two punishments were juxtaposed in such a way that it was difficult to say that the punishing authority had applied its mind and tentatively come to a conclusion as to what punishment should be given. It was not a case where the punishing authority said that either of the two punishments might be imposed in the alternative; on the contrary	 in one part of the notice the punishing authority said that it was proposed to remove the Government servant concerned and in another part of the notice it said that the proposed punishment was dismissal. In Lakshmi Narain Gupta 's case (2) the notice called upon the petitioner to show cause why disciplinary action	 such as reduction in rank	 withholding of increments	 etc.	 should not be taken against him. The learned Judge pointed out (1) A.I.R. 1955 Orissa 33. (2) A.I.R. 1954 Cal 335. 903 that there were seven items of penalties under r. 49 of the Civil Service (Classification	 Control and Appeal) Rules	 and the notice did not indicate that the punishing authority had applied its mind and come to any tentative conclusion as to the imposition of any of the punishments mentioned in that rule. On that footing it was held that there was no compliance with the provisions in article 311(2) of the Constitution. We do not	 therefore	 take these decisions as laying down that whenever more than one punishment is mentioned in the second show cause notice	 the notice must be held to be bad. If these decisions lay down any such rule	 we must hold them to be incorrect. We have come to the conclusion that the three decisions on which learned counsel for the appellant has placed his reliance do not really support the extreme contention canvassed for by him	 and we are further of the view that the show cause notice dated April 14	 1954	 in the present case did not contravene the provisions of article 311 (2) of the Constitution. The appellant had a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the action proposed to be taken in regard to him. This disposes of the principal point in controversy before us. Mr. Chatterjee referred to certain mistakes of reference in the order of the President dated October 1	 1954. Instead of referring to r. 15 of the Government Servants ' Conduct Rules	 r. 13 was referred to. There was also a reference to para. 5 of a particular Government order which prohibited Government servants from taking up commercial employment within two years of retirement. Mr. Chatterjee submitted that this particular order did not apply to Government servants in Class 11. We do not think that the inaccurate references were of any vital importance. In effect and substance the order of removal dated October 1	 1954	 was based on the ground that the appellant violated r. 15 of the Government Servants ' Conduct Rules and r. II of the Fundamental Rules; he accepted private employment without sanction of Government while he was still in Government service. That was the basis for the enquiry against 904 the appellant and that was the basis for the order of removal passed against him. For these reasons we hold that there is no merit in the appeal which must accordingly be dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed.

The appellant	 a Government servant	 was charged with having	 contrary to the rules governing the conditions of his service	 accepted private employment without sanction of Government while he was still in Government service. The Officer who held an enquiry against him found the charge to be true and submitted a report. On April 14	 1954	 a notice was issued to the appellant asking him to show cause in accordance with the provisions of article 3II(2) of the Constitution in the following terms:. . . On a careful consideration of the report	 and in particular of the conclusions reached by the Enquiring Officer in respect of the charges framed against you	 the President is provisionally of opinion that a major penalty	 viz.	 dismissal	 removal or reduction should be enforced on you. Before he takes that action	 he desires to give you an opportunity of showing cause against the action proposed to be taken. . The appellant then showed cause and on October 1	 1954	 the President passed an order removing the appellant from service with effect from that date. It was contended for the appellant	 inter alia	 that the show cause notice dated April 14	 1954	 stated all the three punishments mentioned in article 311(2) and that inasmuch as it did not particularise the actual or exact punishment proposed to be imposed on the appellant	 the notice did not comply with the essential requirements of article 311(2) and	 therefore	 the final order of removal passed on October	 1`954	 was not a valid order. Held	 that the show cause notice dated April 14	 1954	 did not contravene the provisions of article 311(2) of the Constitution. There is nothing wrong in principle in the punishing authority tentatively forming the opinion that the charges proved merit any one of the three major penalties and on that footing asking the Government servant concerned to show cause against the punishment proposed to be taken in the alternative in regard to him	 because it gives the Government servant better opportunity to show cause against each of those punishments being inflicted on him	 which he would not have had if only the severest punishment had been mentioned and a lesser punishment not mentioned in the notice had been inflicted on him. 893 High Commissioner for India and High Commissioner for Pakistan vs I. M. Lall	 (1948) L.R. 75 I.A. 225 and Khem Chand vs Union of India	 ; 	 explained. Jatindra Nath Biswas vs R. Gupta	 ; Dayanidhi Rath vs B. section Mohanty	 A.I.R. 1955 Orissa 33 and Lakshmi Narain Gupta vs A. N. Puri	 A.I.R. 1954 Cal. 335	 distinguished.