Summarize the following court judgment. iminal Appeals NO. 158 and 197 of 1968. Appeals by certificate/special leave from the judgment and order dated November 3	 1967 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 602 of 1967 and Murder Refer ence No. 45 of 1967. J.P. Mitter	 J. C. Talwar and R. L. Kohli for the	 appellant (in both the appeals). Kartar Singh Chawla and R. N. Sachthey	 for the	 respondent (in both the appeals). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Ramaswaini	 J. The appellant Piara Singh and one Nand Lal Sehgal were tried together by the Sessions Judge of Kapurthala	 who by his judgment dated 1st July	 1967 convicted the appellant under section 302 I.P.C. and sentenced him to death. The appellant was also Convicted and sentenced to 5 years ' rigorous imprisonment under section 3 of the Explosive Substances Act and to 5 years ' rigorous imprisonment under section 326 of the Indian Penal Code. Nand Lal Sehgal was sentenced to life imprisonment under section 302 read with sections 109 and 113	 I.P.C. and to 5 years ' rigorous imprisonment under section 4 of the Explosive Substances Act. Both the convicted persons filed appeals in the. Punjab and Haryana High Court	 viz. Criminal Appeal No. 602 of 1967 and 601 of 1967. The State of Punjab also filed a criminal revision No. 1006 1967 for enhancement. of sentence of Nand Lal Sehgal. By a of common judgment dated 3rd November	 1967	 the High Court dismissed the appeal of the appellant and confirmed the sentence of death imposed upon him. The High Court	 however	 acquitted Nand Lal Sehgal by allowing his appeal and dismissed the revision petition filed by the State of Punjab. These are two appeals one by certificate and the other by special leave on behalf of the appellant Piara Singh against the judgment of the Punjab and Haryana High Court dated 3rd November	 1967. The case	 of the prosecution was that one Ram Sahai P.W	 19	 who was the organising Secretary of Jagatjit Kapra Mills. Mazdoor Union	 Phagwara	 had proceeded on hunger strike from 1st October; 1966 in front of the gate of the Jagatjit Textile Mills	 Phagwara (hereinafter called the Mills) in order to compel the management to accept certain demands of that Union regarding dearness allowance	 gratuity. for re employment of the labourers who had been turns out of service and the like. The hunger strike of	 Ram Sahai was supposed to last till death or the acceptance of the 238 demands by the Mills whichever was earlier. A tent had been fixed outside the gate of the Mills and Ram Sahai used to sit on a cot under the tent. On 4th October	 1966	 at 1.45 p.m. Ram Labhaya	 Postman	 P.W. 31 came there with a registered parcel addressed to Ram Sahai. On the parcel being opened	 a bomb inside it exploded	 as a result of which Radhey Sham	 Shadi Lal and Charanjit Lal died and P.W. 1 1 Chanan Singh	 P. W. 14 Moti Lal	 P.W. 16 Madhu Parshad	 P.W. 17 Tara Singh	 P.W. 18 Ram Dass	 P.W. 20 Muni Lal and P.W. 21 Naunihal Singh received injuries. It is alleged for the prosecution that tile parcel had been despatched by the appellant from Amritsar at the instance of Nand Lal Sehgal and that the approver Mohinder Singh had helped the appellant in preparing the parcel containing the bomb. The first clue in connection with the crime was obtained by the police on 8th October	 1966 when at about 4.00 p.m.	 P.W. 25 Amrik Singh	 a resident of Amritsar appeared before Sub Inspector Mohinderpal Singh. P.W. 59 and made a statement that he had known Piara Singh before and was friendly with him	 that on 3rd October	 1966	 Piara Singh who was carrying a Jhola	 which appeared to contain something bulky	 met him and. in response to an invitation for tea	 told Amrik Singh that he was in a hurry to go for some work. Three or four days later	 Amrik Singh read in a newspaper regarding explosion of a bomb near the Textile Mills Phagwara On the 7th October	 1966	 Sri Niwas	 P.W. 27 who '	 is a deed writer	 met him and told him that Piara Singh had despatched a parcel from Amritsar. The most important witness in the case	 is Mohinder Singh	 P.W. 8 who was tendered pardon under section 337 of the Code of Criminal Procedure by the District Magistrate	 Kapurthala. The evidence of approver is to the effect that he was working in the Mills since 1951 and three or four years later Piara Singh also joined service in that Mills and was working as his subordinate. Piara Singh developed cordial relations with Nand Lal Sehgal and used to assist him in breaking up labour strikes. One and a half months before the occurrence	 Piara Singh came to the approver 's residence and told him that Sehgal wanted one Ram Singh who Was employed in the Textile Mills. Ganga Nagar	 to be killed	 Piara	 Singh suggested the device of sending a bomb in a parcel to the victim and when the parcel would be opened	 the bomb would explode. About 15 days before the incident	 Piara Singh again came to the approver and told him that he had secured a bomb and he wanted to get prepared two wooden boxes	 one smaller in size. than the other. The approver and Piara Singh thereafter went to the shop of Nazar Singh P.W.22 a carpenter of Phagwara	 who made the box. Later in the evening they went to of Gian Singh	 P.W. 23 a carpenter of village Chachoki	which is said to be half a mile from Phagwara. Piara Singh got prepared 239 from him six pieces of phaties of raw wood. After it had become dark	 Piara Singh brought to the approvers house these articles as also a bomb saying that he had removed the fuse of the bomb so that if it should fall	 it may not explode. On 2nd October	 1966 Piara Singh came to the approver 's house at 10 pm. and informed him of Sehgal 's intention that the bomb should now be sent so as to explode at Ram Sahai who was the leader of the strikers at Phagwara. Piara Singh thereafter prepared a wooden box from the six pieces ' of phaties. The	 approver described the arrange ment	 for packing the bomb as follows: "Placing the fuse in the bomb after removing the pin and placing a wire in its place	 we placed it in that 	box. Then the box was closed and the lid was placed on it with Kabza and Kundi. In that Kundi a nut was placed and a bolt was fitted in it so that the box may not open. Then the box was also tied with strings so that the Phaties may not give way on account of the pressure of the lever. Then from the hole	 which was on one side of the box corresponding to	 the wire fitted in the bomb	 the wire was pulled out. Then that wooden box was placed in the bigger box. Piara Singh accused had brought with him a piece of Khaddar cloth and a parcel was made of the bigger box in that cloth. The pieces of Khaddar which were spare placed in between the two boxes so that the smaller box may not move inside the bigger box. Because of the spare pieces of cloth were not sufficient so I gave two shirts of my children to Piara Singh. Those shirts were of Poplin of blue colour. Piara Singh tore one shirt into pieces and placed those pieces also in between those boxes. Before the parcel was prepared in the Khaddar cloth the bigger box was secured with nails. " At	 about 1 a.m. the approver and Piara Singh went to the house of Sehgal and explained to him how they had prepared the parcel. Piara Singh told Sehgal that when Ram Sahai would open the parcel the bomb would explode and he would die. made over a sheet of paper to Piara Singh on which was written the address of Ram Sahai. Sehgal also gave Rs. 40/ to Piara Singh for expenses and instructed him that the parcel had to. be sent through the Post Office at Amritsar. Next day on 3rd October	 1966 Piara Singh came to the approver in the morning carrying a Jhola in which he placed the parcel containing the wooden box. The approver took Nara Singh to the Railway Station Phagwara. In the evening Piara Singh returned at about 6 p.m. and told the approver that he had got the parcel despatched as directed by Sehgal from Am where he a so met Amrik Singh. Both of them then went to the house of Sehgal and 240 Piara Singh banded over the registration receipt to him saying that it should be destroyed. At about 2 p.m. on the next day	 i.e	 4th October	 1966	 the approver learnt about the explosion of the bomb	 The High Court considered that the statement of the approver Was sufficiently corroborated by the evidence of Nazar Singh P.W. 22	 Gian Singh P.W. 23	 Sardara Singh P.W. 24	 Amrik Singh P.W. 25 and Sri Niwas P.S. 27 so far as the appellant was 'Concerned. The High Court accordingly held that charges under Ss. 302 and 326	 I.P.C. and section 3 of the Explosive Substances Act were established against the appellant. As regards Nand Lal Sehgal the High Court took the view that there was no independent corroboration of the approver 's evidence which could reasonably lead to the inference that Sehgal was instrumental in the commission of the crime. The High Court	 therefore	 acquitted Nand Lal Sehgal. In support of his appeal Mr. Mitter contended	 in the first place	 that by reason of the acquittal of Nand Lal Sehgal the evidence given in the case concerning Nand Lal Sehgal must be totally rejected. It was contended that the evidence of the approver so far as it concerns Nand Lal Sehgal must be eliminated. In other words	 the argument was that the effect of acquittal of Nand Lal Sehgal was to weaken if not to destroy the approver 's evidence so far as it concerns the appellant also In this connection Mr. Mitter relied upon the principle of issue estoppel and referred to the decision of the Judicial Committee in Sambasivam vs Public Prosecutor	 Federation of Malaya	(1)	 and the decision of this Court in Pritam Singh vs State of Punjab	(2) and Manipur Administration vs Thokchom Bira Singh("). In our opinion	 there is no justification for this argument. It is true that Nand Lal Sehgal was acquitted by the High Court which took the view that the evidence of the approver was not corroborated so far as Nand Lal Sehgal was concerned. But there is no finding of the High Court that the approver had implicated Nand Lal. Sehgal falsely. The High Court considered that there was no legal corroboration of the approver 's evidence as regards Nand Lal Sehgal and in the absence of such corroboration it was not safe to upheld the conviction of Sehgal. That is a different thing from saying that the Court found that the approver 's evidence regarding the participation of Nand Lal Sehgal is false. In any event	 the principle of issue estoppel has no application to the present case. It should be stated that the principle ' of issue estoppel is different from the principle of double jeopardy or autre fois acquit as embodied in section 403 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The prin (1)	 [1950] A.C.458. (2) A (3) ; 241 ciple of issue estoppel is a different principle	 viz. where an issue of fact has been tried by a competent court on a former occasion and a finding has been reached in favour of an accused	 such a finding would constitute an estoppel or res judicata against the prosecution not as a bar to the trial and conviction of the accused for a different or distinct offence but as precluding the reception of evidence to disturb that finding of fact when the accuses is tried subsequently even for a different offence which might be permitted by the terms of section 403(2)	 Cr. P.C. Speaking on the principle of estoppel Dixon	 J. said in King vs Wilkes(1) "Whilst there is not a great deal of authority upon the subject	 it appears to me that there is nothing wrong in the view that there is an issue estoppel	 it it appears by record of itself of as explained by proper evidence	 that the same point was determined in favour of a prisoner in a previous criminal trial which is brought in view on a second criminal trial of the same. prisoner. that seems to be implied in the language used by Wright	 J. in R. vs Ollis which in effect I have adopted in the foregoing statement. There must be a prior proceeding determined against the Crown necessarily involving an issue which again arises in a subsequent proceeding by the Crown against the same prisoner. The allegation of the Crown in the subsequent proceeding must itself be inconsistent with the acquittal of the prisoner in the previous proceeding. But if such a condition of affairs arises I see no reason why the ordinary rules of issue estoppel should not apply. Such rules are not to be confused with those of res judicata	 which in criminal proceedings are expressed in the pleas of autre fois acquit and autre fois convict. They are pleas which are concerned with. the judicial determination of an alleged criminal liability and in the case of conviction with the substitution of a new liability. Issue estoppel is concerned. with the judicial establishment of a proposition of law or fact between parties. It depends upon. well known doctrines which control the reltigation of issues which are settled by prior litigation. " In a subsequent case Marz vs The Queen(2)	 Dixon	 C.J. stated as follows : "The law which gives effect to issue estoppels is not concerned with the correctness or incorrectness of the finding Which amounts to an estoppel still less with the processes of reasoning by which the finding was reached in fact. . It is enough that an issue or issues (1) ; a	 pp. 518 519. (2) ; 242 have been directly raised and found. Once that is I done	 then	 so long as the finding stands	 if there by any subsequent litigation between the same parties	 no allegations legally	 inconsistent with the finding may be made by one of them against the other	 Res judicate pro veritate accipitur. And . this applies in pleas of the Crown. " Again in Brown vs Robinson(1) Herron and Maguire	 JJ. said "Before issue estoppel can succeed in a case such as this there must be prior proceeding determined against the Crown necessarily involving an issue which again arises in a subsequent proceeding by the Crown against the same prisoner . It depends upon an issue or issues having been distinctly raised and found in the former proceeding". The principle of issue estoppel has received the approval of this Court in Pritam Singh vs State of Punjab (2) and Manipur Administration vs Thokchom Bira Singh (3) and several later decisions. But the principle cannot be invoked in the present case because the parties are different and the decision upon any issue as between State and Nand Lal Sehgal in the same litigation cannot operate as binding upon the State with regard to present ' appellant. For issue estoppel to arise there must have been distinctly raised and inevitably decided the same issue in the earlier proceedings between the same parties '. 'In our opinion	 mr. Mitter is unable to make good his argument on this aspect of the case. It was then contended on behalf of the appellant that there was no corroboration of the approver 's evidence so far as he was concerned. An accomplice is undoubtedly a competent witness under the Indian Evidence	 Act. There can be	 however	 no doubt that the very fact that he has participated in the commission of the offence introduces a serious taint in his evidence and Courts are naturally reluctant to act on such tainted evidence unless it is corroborated in material particulars by other independent	 evidence. It would not	 however	 be right to expect that such independent corroboration should cover the whole of the prosecution case or even all the material particulars of the prosecution case. If such a view is adopted it will render the evidence of the accomplice wholy superfluous. On the other hand	 it will not be safe to act upon such evidence merely because it is corroborated in minor particulars or incidental	 details because	 in such	 a case	 corroboration does not afford the necessary assurance that the (1) [1960] S.R.(N.S.W.)297	301. (2) A.I.R. 1956 S.C. 415. (3) [1964]7 S.C.R. 123. 243 main story disclosed by the approver can be	 reasonably and safely accepted as true '. It is well settled that the appreciation of approver 's '	evidence has to satisfy a double test. His evidence must show that he is reliable witness and	 that is a test which is common to all the witnesses. If this test is satisfied the second test	 which still remain to be applied is that the approver 's ' evidence must receive sufficient corroboration. (See Sarwan Singh vs State	 of Punjab) (1). In the present case the High Court has rightly applied this	 principle and reached the conclusion that the approver 's evidence was materially corroborated so far as the appellant was concerned. In the first place	 the approver	 said that while going from his house when he fled from Phagwara	 he had thrown the remaining pieces of the shirt in a cluster of sarkandas. As a result of search A.S.I. Pritam Singh recovered torn pieces of cloth Exs. P.9/ 11 to P. 9/ 3 from a bush about 150 yards	 from the Mill. The testimony of the expert Mr. Longia P.W. 7 shows that Exs. P. 9/1 to P. 9/3 were parts of the same cloth as pieces Exs. P. 10/1 to P. 10/3 which were used for Dacking the bomb between the inner and the outer boxes. If the approver was not a participant to the packing of the hand grenade	 he could not possibly be in possession of the pieces. of cloth Exs. P. 9/1 to P. 9/3. In the second place	 the evidence of Nazar Singh	 P.W. 22 indicates that he made the outer box for Piara Singh and was paid Re. 1/ by him. Gian Singh	 P.W. 23 also said that he had been asked by Piara Singh to make Phaties about 4" in length for the preparation of the box. Amrik Singh	 P.W. 23 has also given corroborative evidence. Piara Singh had met him at Amritsar on 3rd October 1966 and told him that Piara Singh had despatched the parcel. The testimony of Sri Niwas	 P.W. 27 is crucial in this case. He has corroborated the statement of the approver. in important particulars. The evidence of Sri Niwas was criticised on behalf of the appellantas Sri Niwas made his statement to the police after some delay viz.	 on the 17th October	 1966. On this point Sub Inspector Mohinderpal Singh explained that earlier on 9th October	 1966	 he tried to contact Sri Niwas	 but the latter was not found in his seat in Phagwara Chowk. He made another effort to trace him on 13th October	 1966	 but it was equally fruitless. It is true that the Sub Inspector could have made more strenuous efforts to trace out Sri Niwas	 but he was going to other places also in connection with the investigation. The High Court has held that merely on account of this delay the statement of Sri Niwas could not be rejected. On the contrary the High Court has found the evidence of Sri Niwas to be true and reliable. It is manifest that there is sufficient corroboration of the evidence of the approver so far as the appellant is concerned and the argument of Mr. Mitter must be rejected on this aspect of the case. (1) ; 244 Lastly	 it was contended that the hand grenade could not be arranged in the manner stated by the approver	 but that the hand grenade was intact and when the parcel was opened	 some one may have caused it to explode. In this connection Mr. Mitter referred to the evidence of expert Mr. Murti P.W. 6. According to Mohinder Singh	 only one hole was made in the inner box through which the wire fitted in the grenade in place of the safety pin was taken out. The argument of the appellant was that	two holes should have been made in the inner box	 but according to the approver only one hole Was made. It was also said that according to the report of the expert	 bent steel wire was found in the first parcel which was sent to him. It was argued that the report of the expert was not consistent with the evidence of the approver who said that the safety pin of the wire had been removed. It was suggested that Mohinder Singh would have probably thrown the safety pin and not kept it in the box. The High Court has examined in detail the argument of the appellant on this point and reached the conclusion that the statement of the approver with regard to	 the packing	 of the hand grenade should be accepted as 'true. The question involved is one of appreciation of evidence and not a question of law. In any event	 we see no sufficient reason for taking a view different from that of the High Court in this matter. For	 these reasons we hold that there is no merit in these appeals which are accordingly dismissed. Y.P. Appeals dismissed.

The appellant and S were	 charged for an offence under section 302 I.P.C: and under the Explosive Substances Act. The prosecution relied upon the evidence of the approver. The approver 's statement was corroborated	 (a) by the recovery of a piece of cloth which was part of the same cloth used in the clime	 (b) by the evidence of that the box was made for the appellant	 and (c) by the evidence regarding despatch of the parcel by the appellant. The Sessions Judge convicted the appellant and S	 against which both appealed. The conviction of the appellant was upheld by the High Court	 as it considered that the statement of the approver was corroborated by the evidence of other witnesses so far the	appellant was concerned. But the High Court acquitted S being of the view that there was no independent corroboration of the approver 's evidence which lead to the inference that S was instrumental in the commission of the crime. In appeal to this Court	 the appellant contended that (i) the affect of acquittal of S was to	 weaken	 if not to destroy	 the approver 's evidence so far as it concerned the appellant	 relying on the principles of issue estoppel; and (ii) there was no corroboration of the approver 's evidence so far as the appellant was concerned. Dismissing the appeal	 HELD : (i) For the principle of issue estoppel to arise	 there must have been distinctly raised and inevitably decided the same issue in the earlier proceedings between the same parties. But the principle cannot be invoked in the present case because the parties are different and the decision upon any issue as between State and S	 in the same litigation cannot operate as binding upon the 'State with regard to the present appellant. [242 D E] Pritam Singh vs State of Punjab	 A.I.R. 1956 S.C. 415. and Manipur Administration vs Thokchom Bira Singh	 ; 	 followed. Sambasivam vs Public Prosecutor	 Federation of Malaya	 	 King vs Wilkes	 ; at pp. 518 519	 Marz vs The Queen	 ; 	 Again in Brown v	 Robinson	 	 301	 applied. (ii)The application of approver 's evidence has to satisfy a double test. His evidence must show that he is a reliable witness and that is a test which is common to all the witnesses. If this test is satisfied the second test which still remains to be applied is that the approver 's evidence must receive sufficient corroboration. It would not however	 be right to expect that such independent corroboration should cover the whole of the prosecution case. In the present case	 the High Court had rightly applied this Principle and reached the conclusion that the approver 's evidence was materially corroborated so far as the appellant was concerned. [243 A C] 237 Sarwan Singh vs State of Punjab	 ; 	 followed.