Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No.3985 of 1988. From the Judgment and Order dated 31.12.1987 of the Andhra Pradesh Administrative Tribunal	 Hyderabad in R.P.No. 967 of 1987. WITH S.L.P. (C) No. 9290 of 1988 with S.L.P (C) No. 2150/87 CMP No. 25521/88 and C.A.1342/86 K.Madhava Reddy	 C. Sitaramiah	 P.P.Rao	 G. Prabhakar	 K.R. 31 Nagaraja	 P.K. Rao	 Ms. C.K. Sucharita	 B. Kanta Rao	 K. Ram Kumar	 B. Krishna Prasad and T.V.S.N. chari (N.P.) for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by K. JAYACHANDRA REDDY	 J. The questions that arise for consideration in all these connected cases are confined only to some of the posts of civil services of Andhra Pradesh in view of certain special provisions applicable to these services. Article 371D of the Constitution of India is peculiar to the State of Andhra Pradesh due to historical background. It was enacted by the Constitution (Thirty Second) Amendment Act which applied only to the State of Andhra Pradesh	 with a view to give effect to certain safe guards in the matter of employment opportunities for resi dents of Telangana region. This Article empowers President to provide by order for equitable opportunities and facili ties for the people belonging to different parts of the State of Andhra Pradesh in the matter of public employment and in the matter of education. This Article also provides for constitution of an Administrative Tribunal to receive representations for the redressal of the grievances and for passing necessary orders. Accordingly the President of India made Andhra Pradesh Public Employment (Organisation of Local Cadres and Regulation of Direct Recruitment) Order	 1975 ( 'Presidential Order ' for short) by virtue of which the State of Andhra Pradesh has been divided into six zones and local cadres of posts in respect of the local areas were created. In respect of Andhra Pradesh Panchayati Raj Engi neering Service the two such zonal posts are junior Engineer and Assistant Engineer. The main question that arises for consideration in these cases is whether the promotion from Junior Engineer to Assistant Engineer should be on the basis of Statewide list or the zonal list. Some of the promotions made were questioned by the affected persons before the Administrative Tribunal which disposed them of indicating that such promotions should be made on the basis of the Statewide list. The State of Andhra Pradesh has questioned the same in C.A.No. 1342/86	 C.A.No. 3985/88 and S.L.P. (Civil) No. 9290/88 mainly on the ground that promotions should be confined to only within local cadres and zonal posts. S.L.P. (Civil) No. 2150/87 is filed by two such Engineers whose representation was disposed of by the Tribu nal directing the Government to redetermine their positions in the Seniority list instead of giving a definite declara tion as prayed for by them. Shri K.Madhava Reddy	 learned counsel appearing for the State of Andhra Pradesh	 submitted that both the posts of Junior Engineer and Assistant Engineer are zonal posts under the Presidential Order and the zonal seniority list has to be followed in the matter of promotions from 32 Junior Engineer to Assistant Engineer and not the Statewide seniority list of Junior Engineers. He also submitted that all promotions made so far pursuant to certain orders should be treated as provisional and that the State Government should be permitted to review these promotions on the basis of the zonal seniority list and that all further promotions shall be made on the basis of the zonal seniority list. According to the learned counsel	 for the purpose of promo tion to the higher post of Executive Engineer which is not a zonal post	 a Statewide seniority list of Assistant Engi neers of all zones should be prepared on the basis of which promotion to the post of Executive Engineer will be made. Shri Sitaramiah	 learned counsel appearing for respondents	 submitted that Article 371D(2) refers only to direct re cruitment and the Presidential Order made under the said Article cannot make a departure and cannot be made applica ble for promotions also. On the other hand	 it is the State wide list that should be the basis for promotions. In sup port of his submissions he invited our attention to the provisions of Article 371D and the Presidential Order and emphasised the word 'employment ' as occurring in the Article should be confined only to direct recruitment. Shri P.P. Rao	 learned counsel appearing for other set of respondents in the appeals filed by the State of Andhra Pradesh	 submit ted that even if either of the lists is to form the basis for promotions his clients are not affected and their promo tions are being unnecessarily delayed. Some of the Engineers of the Andhra Pradesh Panchayati Raj Engineering Service got themselves impleaded in the appeal filed by the State of Andhra Pradesh and Shri B. Kanta Rao appearing on their behalf supported the stand taken by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. To appreciate these rival contentions it becomes neces sary to refer to some of the relevant provisions of Article 371D as well as the Presidential Order and some of the notifications made thereunder and the relevant provisions of the A.P. Panchayati Raj Engineering Service Rules. On Novem ber 1	 1956 as a result of reorganisation of the States the erstwhile State of Hyderabad was trifurcated and Telangana region became a part of the newly formed State of Andhra Pradesh. Certain safeguards were envisaged for the Telangana area in the matter of development and also in the matter of employment opportunities and education facilities for the residents of that area. In the year 1957 the Public Employ ment (Requirement as to Residence) Act was enacted inter alia to provide for employment opportunities for residents of Telangana area. Some of the relevant provisions were held to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court due to a variety of causes. The working of the safeguards gave rise to dis satisfaction sometimes in the Telangana area and sometimes in the other areas of the State and even led to violent agitations. A consensus was arrived 33 among several leaders of Andhra Pradesh to make a concerted effort to analyse the factors which have been giving rise to the dissatisfaction and they suggested certain measures known as "Six Point Formula" and the same has been endorsed by the State Government. A bill was brought forward to provide for necessary constitutional authority for giving effect to this formula and the same became the Constitution (Thirty Second) amendment Act under which Article 371D was introduced. The relevant provisions of this Article for our purpose are as under: "371 D. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh (1) The President may by order made with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh provide	 having regard to the requirements of the State as a whole	 for equitable opportunities and facilities for the people belonging to different parts of the State	 in the matter of public employment and in the matter of education and different provisions may be made for various parts of the State. (2) An order made under clause (1) may	 in particular: (a) require the State Government to organise any class or classes of posts in a civil service of	 or any class or classes of civil posts under	 the State into different local cadres for different parts of the State and allot in accordance with such principles and procedure as may be specified in the order the persons holding such posts to the local cadres so organised; (b) specify any part or parts of the State which shall be regarded as the local area (i) for direct recruitment to posts in any local cadre (whether organised in pursuance of an order under this article or constituted otherwise) under the State Government; (ii) for direct recruitment to posts in any cadre under any local authority within the State; and (iii) for the purpose of admission to any University within the State or to any other educational institution which is subject to the control of the State Government; XX XX XX (10) The provisions of this article and of any order made by the President thereunder shall have effect notwithstanding anything in any other provision of this Constitution or in any other law for the time being in force. " 34 It may be noted that clause (3) provides for constitu tion of an Administrative Tribunal. Now we may note some of the relevant provision in the Presidential Order. In para 2 definitions of the various expression used in the Order are given. They read thus: "Para 2. Interpretations: (1) In this Order	 unless the co text otherwise requires: (a) xx xx xx (b) 'direct recruitment ' includes recruitment made on a temporary basis but does not include recruitment made in pursuance of any scheme approved by the State Government providing for the regularisation of the services of persons holding posts on a temporary basis before the commencement this order; (c) 'local area ' in relation to any local cadre	 means the local area specified in paragraph 6 for direct recruitment to posts such local cadre	 and includes	 in respect of posts belonging the category of Civil Assist ant Surgeons	 the local area specified in sub paragraph (5) of paragraph 8 of this Order; (d) 'local authority ' does not include any local authority which is not subject to the control of the State Government; (e) 'local cadre ' means any local cadre of post under the State Government organised in pursuance of paragraph 3	 or constituted otherwise for any part of the State; (f) 'local candidate ' in relation to any local area	 means a candidate who qualifies under paragraph 7 as a local candidate relation to such local area; (g) xx xx xx (h) 'Schedule ' means a Schedule appended to this Order; (i) xx xx xx (j) 'specified gazetted category ' means any gazetted category specified in the Third Schedule and includes any other gazetted category notifies as such by the Central Government; (k) xx xx xx (l) xx xx xx 35 (m) 'Zone ' means a zone specified in the Second Schedule comprising the territories mentioned therein. xx xx xx Para 3. Organisations of Local Cadres: (1) The State Government shall	 within a period of eighteen months from the commencement of this order	 organise classes of posts in the civil services of	 and classes of civil posts under the state into different local cadres for different parts of the State to the extent	 and in the manner	 hereinafter provided. (G.O. Ms. No. 794	 G.A.(A) dated 12.11.1976) "Provided that	 notwithstanding the expira tions of the said period	 the president may by order	 require the State Government	 whenever he considers it expedient so to do	 to orga nise any classes of posts in the civil serv ices of	 and classes of civil posts	 under the State into different local cadres for differ ent parts of the State." (Proviso is added as per G.O. Ms. No. 34	 G.A.D. (SPFA)	 dated 24th January	 1981). (2) The posts belonging to the category of Junior Assistant	 and to each of the other categories equivalent to	 or lower than that of a Junior Assistant in each department in each district shall be organised into a sepa rate cadre. Explanation: For the purposes of this sub paragraph	 subparagraph (1) of paragraph 6	 and sub paragraph (1) of paragraph 8	 a cate gory shall be deemed to be equivalent to or lower than that of a Junior Assistant if the minimum of the scale of pay	 of a post belong ing to a category or where the post carries a fixed pay	 such fixed pay equal to or lower than the minimum of the scale of pay of a Junior Assistant. (3) The posts belonging to each non gazetted category	 other than those referred to in sub paragraph (2)	 in each department in each zone shall be organised into a separate cadre. (4) The posts belonging to each specified gazetted category in each department in each zone shall be organised into a separate cadre. (5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub paragraphs (3) and (4)	 the State Govern ment may	 where it considers it expedient to do so and with the approval of the Central Government	 organise the posts belonging to any of the categories 36 referred to therein	 in any department	 or any establishment thereof	 in two or more continu ous zones into a single cadre. xx xx xx Para 4. Allotment of persons: (1) Persons holding posts required to be organised into local cadres shall be allotted to such cadres by the State Government or any officer or authority authorised by it in this behalf in accordance with the principles and procedure hereinafter specified. (2) In allotting persons to local cadres due regards shall be had to all or any of the following	 namely: (a) the administrative needs of the posts in the local cadres; (b) the need for the composition of balanced local cadres with reference to age and senior ity	 groups; (c) the length of service of the persons concerned in the part of the State for which the local cadre is organised; (d) knowledge of the persons concerned of the languages spoken and the law in force in the part of the State lot which the local cadre is organised; (e) preference of the persons concerned for allotment to any local cadre	 where feasible. xx xx xx Para 5. Local cadres and transfer of persons: (1) Each part of the State for which a local cadre has been organised in respect of any category of posts	 shall be a separate unit for purposes of recruitment	 appointment	 discharge	 seniority	 promotion and transfer	 and such other matters	 as may be specified by the State Government	 in respect of that category of posts. xx xx xx Para 13. Certain appointments and promotions to be provisional: Any certain appointments and promotions made after the commencement of this order or any order made in pursuance of the proviso to paragraph 3	 as the case may be	 and before any local cadre has been orga nised under the provisions of this Order made in pursuance of the Proviso to 37 paragraph 3	 to any post which is required to be included in such cadre shall be provisional and shall	 within a period of twelve months after such organisation	 be reviewed and readjusted in accordance with the provisions of this order. Explanation: For the purposes of this para graph	 any local cadre shall be deemed to be organised	 with the allotment of persons to it under paragraph 4. (Substituted as per G.O. Ms. No. 234	 GAD (SPF A) Dept.	 dated 24th Jan.	 1981). xx xx xx THE SECOND SCHEDULE (See paragraphs 2 (1) (m) and 8 (4) Zones Zone I Shrikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts. Zone II East Godavari	 West Godavari and Krishna districts. Zone III Gunrur	 Prakasam and Nellore districts. Zone VI Chittoor	 Cuddapah	 Anantapur and Kurnool districts. Zone V Adilabad	 Karimnagar	 Warangal and Khammam districts. Zone VI Hyderabad	 Nizamabad	 Mahabubnagar	 Medak and Nalgonda districts. THE THIRD SCHEDULE [See paragraphs 2(1) (j) and (4) Specified Gazetted Categories Sr. No. Category Name of the Department (1) (2) (3) xx xx xx 30. Assistant Engineers Panchyati Raj Enginee ring Department 30 A. Junior Engineers do xx xx xx 40. Junior Engineers Public Works Department (Irrigation) 41. Assistant Engineers Public Works Department (Irrigation) 42. Junior Engineers Public Works Department (R&B) 43. Assistant Engineers do " (emphasis supplied ) 38 It is clear from these provisos that the primary purpose of Article 371D was to promote speedy development of the backward areas of the State of Andhra Pradesh with a view to secure balance in the development of the State as a whole and to provide equitable opportunities to different areas of the State in the matter of education	 employment and career prospects in public service. Accordingly the Presidential Order was made. From the above extracted provisions of the Order it can be seen that State of Andhra Pradesh was divided into six zones and the 4th zone	 with which we are concerned	 com prises of Chittoor	 Cuddapah	 Anantpur and Kurnool Dis tricts. As noted above Schedule III enumerates various specified gazetted categories and Junior Engineers and Assistant Engineers in the Panchayati Raj Engineering De partment as well as in the Public Works Department (Irriga tion) and (Roads and Buildings) are among those various categories mentioned therein. Paragraph 3 provided for organisation of local cadres in respect of classes of posts in the civil services in the State of Andhra Pradesh. Under para 3(4) the posts belonging to each specified category in each department in each zone shall be organised into a separate cadre. Para 4 provides for the allotment of persons holding posts into such local cadres to be organised. Para 5 which is important	 lays down that each part of the State for which a local cadre has been organised in respect of any category of posts	 shall be a separate unit for purposes of not only recruitment etc. but also in respect of promotion. Para 13 lays down that in certain appointments or promotions after the commencement of the Presidential Order or any order made in pursuance of the proviso to paragraph 3 and before any local cadre has been organised	 shall be provi sional and shall within a period of twelve months after such organisation of local cadre	 be reviewed and readjusted in accordance with the provisions of the Presidential Order. A.P. Panchayati Raj Engineering Service Rules were framed in the year 1963. These Rules provide for the ap pointments of different categories of engineers. After the Presidential Order was issued a new Rule 2 A was introduced on 26.11.79 to bring the State Rules in conformity with the provisions of the Presidential Order. Rule 2 A reads thus: "Rule 2 A Unit of Appointment: For purposes of recruitment	appointment	 discharge for want of vacancy	 re appointment	 seniori ty	 transfer	 promotion and appointment as full member in respect of category 4	 Deputy Executive Engineers	 each 39 zone comprising the districts specified against each shall be a separate unit: xx xx xx Zone IV: Chittoor	 Cuddapah	 Anantpur and Kurnool districts. xx xx xx Provided that the post of Deputy Executive Engineers in the office of the Chief Engineer (Panchayati Raj) shall be filled on a tenure basis by drafting persons equitably from different units and the period of tenure shall not ordinarily exceed three years; Provided further that the posts of Deputy Executive Engineers in the Rigs Divisions notified as Special Officers under the Andhra Pradesh Public Employment (Organisations of Local Cadres and Regulation of Direct Recruit ment) Order	 1975 shall be filled by drafting persons from the units over which the respec tive Rigs Division is having jurisdiction. (G.O. Ms. No. 1024 PR	 dated 26.11.1979). " Regarding the scope of this rule it is the submission of the learned counsel for the State of Andhra Pradesh that a combined reading of Rule 2 A read with para 13 of the Presi dential Order would show that the said Rule has retrospec tive effect	 therefore the Government is at liberty to revise the promotions made otherwise then on the basis of the zonal seniority list. But Shri Sitaramiah	 learned counsel	 submitted that the said Rule cannot be given retro spective effect and the same applies to vacancies arising thereafter and therefore the promotions already made should not be disturbed. It is an admitted fact that there was a Statewide list of Junior Engineers before 28.10.75 namely before the Presi dential Order was made. Questioning some of the promotions made by the Government	 representation petitions were filed before the A.P. Administrative Tribunal. In such matters the Tribunal observed that as a precautionary measure the jun iors to the petitioners therein in the Statewide list cannot be promoted before the petitioners ' cases are considered for the appointment to the post of Executive Engineer which is a higher post. In all the orders passed by the Tribunal there is an indication that the Statewide list should be the basis for promotion. Though they appear to be in the nature of interim 40 directions but the ratio relied upon is that the promotion should be on the basis of the Statewide list. Therefore the question that has been canvassed by the State Government in all these matters is that the observation and the directions given by the Administrative Tribunal are opposed to the very object underlying the Presidential Order and is contrary to various provisions therein. At this juncture it is essential to note the principle and object underlying the zonal system as provided for in the Presidential Order. We have already noted that the object underlying Article 371D is to promote speedy develop ment of the backward areas and to provide equal opportuni ties to different areas of the State in the matter of em ployment etc. This Article is a special provision which makes departure from the general scheme of the Constitution. In High Court of Andhra Pradesh and Ors. vs V.V.S. Krishnamurthy and Ors.	 after referring to the Statement of Objects and ' Reasons of the Constitution (Thirty Second) Amendment Act	 it was observed as under: "It will be seen from the above extract	 that the primary purpose of enacting Article 371D was two fold; (i) To promote "accelerated development of the backward areas of the State of Andhra Pradesh so as to secure the balanced development of the State as a whole". and (ii) to provide "equitable opportunities" to dif ferent areas of the State in the matter of education	 employment and career prospects in public service. (1) To achieve this primary object	 Clause (1) of Article 371D empowers the President to provide by order	 "for equitable opportunities and facilities for the people belonging to different parts of the State in the matter of public employment and in the matter of educa tion. " Clause (2) of the Article is complemen tary to Clause (1). It particularises the matters which an order made under Clause (1) may provide. For instance	 its sub clause (c) (i) enables the President to specify in his Order	 "the extent to which	 the manner in which and the conditions subject to which	 preference or reservations shall be given or made in the matter of direct recruitment to posts in any local cadre under the State Government or under any local authority. Sub clause (c) further makes it clear that resi dence for a specified period in the local area	 can be made a condition for recruitment to any such local cadre. Thus	 Clause (4) also	 directly is designed to achieve the primary object of the legislation. " 41 The Presidential Order was made keeping in view this Object and suitable provisions are inserted. With a view to achieve this Object and in conformity with the provisions of the Order	 the State is divided into six zones and certain specified gazetted services are included in the local cadres. The A.P. Panchayati Raj Engineering Services is one such and two categories of posts namely Junior Engineers and Assistant Engineers are such zonal posts. It may be men tioned here that the validity of the Presidential Order is not being questioned. Therefore we have to proceed on the basis that all the provisions of the Presidential Order are valid. The further and rather the main submission of the re spondents is that the Presidential Order only lays down the criteria for claiming eligibility as a local candidate on the basis of the period of residence or of stay in that local area and reservations are meant to be made to the local cadre only in respect of direct recruitment to the said posts mentioned therein and therefore the power con ferred under the Article should be confined only to direct recruitment. In this context the learned counsel also relied very much on the expressions used in Article 371D (1) and (2). The learned counsel also submitted that initially the Junior Engineers are selected by the Public Service Commis sion and are given a ranking and they are allotted to the local cadre and to that extent that may become a zonal post. But when it is a question of promotion to the higher post of Assistant Engineer though shown as a zonal post by virtue of being included in the local cadre	 it should be only on the basis of the seniority in the Statewide list originally prepared by the public Service Commission. The learned counsel very much relied on the expression 'in the matter of public employment ' and the other expressions used in Article 371D (1) and (2). First we shall consider the submission that the purport of Article 371D and the Presidential Order in respect of direct recruitment does not apply to promotion. The expres sion 'in the matter of public employment ' in clause (1)	 in our view	 is of wider import. The public employment can be by way of direct recruitment or by promotion. In The General Manager; Southern Railway vs Rangachari	 ; this Court considered the scope of Articles 16 (1)	 (2) and (4) and it was observed that Articles 16 (1) and (2) of the Constitution are intended to give effect to Articles 14 and 15(1) of the Constitution and they arc supplemented to each other. Regarding the meaning of the word "employment" it is noted that: "Article 16 (1) should	 therefore	 be con strued in a broad and general	 and not pedan tic and technical way	 so construed	 "matters relating to employment" cannot mean merely matters prior to the act of appointment nor can 'appointment ' to any 42 office mean merely the initial appointment but must include all matters relating to employ ment	 whether prior or subsequent to the employment	 that are either incidental to such employment or form part of its terms and conditions and also include promotion a selec tion post. "Although Article 16(4) which in substance is an exception to articles 16 (1) and 16(2) and should	 therefore	 be strictly construed	 the court cannot in construing it overlook the extreme solicitude shown by the Constitution for the advancement of socially and education ally backward classes of citizens. " It is thus concluded that Article 16(4) authorises the State to provide for reservation of appointments as well as selection posts. At this juncture it may be noted that Article 371D (10) declares that any order made by the Presi dent shall have effect notwithstanding anything in any other provision of the Constitution or in any other law for the time being in force. Therefore notwithstanding anything contained in the A.P. Panchayati Raj Engineering Service Rules	 the promotions have to be based on zonal list other wise the very object sought to be achieved as per Article 371D and the Presidential Order would be defeated. Shri Sitaramiah	 however	 laid considerable stress on Article 371D (2) which empowers the President to make an order "in particular" to specify any part or parts of the State which shall be regarded as the local area for direct recruitment in any local cadre. It is submitted that if clauses (1) and (2) of Article 371D are read together the Presidential Order can make provision only in respect of appointments by way of direct recruitment and cannot be applied for promotion also. But as laid down in Rangachari 's case the word "employment" should be interpreted in a broad and general manner. The ratio therein should be applied in interpreting the words "in the matter of public employment" occurring in Article 371D also. Consequently it must be held that Article 371D and the Presidential Order apply both for direct recruitment and for promotion in respect of categories specified in the Third Schedule. Article 371D (2) does not make any departure from this principle. The words "in particular" therein only lay emphasis on the aspect of creating local cadres for different parts of the State for the purpose of direct recruitment and treat such parts as local areas. This does not in any manner restrict the scope of Article 371D wherein it is clearly declared that in the matter of public employ ment	 the President is empowered to make an order in the manner stated therein and the public employment cannot but be interpreted to include promotion also. It therefore emerges that Article 371D is in general terms and applies to the public employment as a whole and Article 371D(2) in particular applies to direct recruitment. It is only comple mentary to clause (1) and particularises 43 the matters which an order made under clause (1) provides for. Any other interpretation would defeat the object under lying these two provisions. The other submission of Shri Sitaramiah	 as already noted	 is that even assuming that Rule 2 (a) which came into existence in 1979 is valid and applies to promotion also then it can have only prospective effect and all the promo tions prior to this Rule should be only on the basis of the Statewide list. In considering this argument we have to bear in mind para 13 of the Presidential Order which specifically lays down that certain appointments and promotions after the commencement of the Order should be treated as provisional and the same should be reviewed an readjusted in accordance with the Presidential Order for the purpos of preparing the local cadres and allotting to the zones. The learned coun sel	 however	 relied on two judgments of this Court in Y. V. Rangiah and Others etc. vs J. Sreenivasa Rao and Others etc.	 	 and N.T. Devin Katti and Others vs Karnataka Public Service Commission and Others	 ; 	 in support of his submission that the said Rule cannot be given retrospective effect and that the promotions should be made only in accordance with the unamended A.P. Pan chayati Raj Engineering Service Rules	 1963. But having regard to the historical background and the object underly ing Article 371D and the Presidential Order and in particu lar para 13 of the Order the promotions	 if any	 made	 should be treated only as provisional. If Rule 2(a) is viewed from this angle particularly in the light of paras 5 and 13 of the Presidential Order it becomes clear that the said Rule has to be given retrospective effect so that the promotions to the junior posts can be brought in conformity with Article 371D and the Presidential Order. Accordingly any promotions made should be treated only as provisional and they should be reviewed and readjusted. This leads us to the question whether the promotions from the post of Junior Engineer to Assistant Engineer should be based on zonal seniority list or on the Statewide seniority list. Rule 2(a) makes it abundantly clear that for the purpose of recruitment	 appointment	 promotion	 transfer etc. each zone shall be a separate unit. Para 5 of the Presidential Order is also to the same effect. When once each zone is treated as a separate unit for the purpose of promotion also in respect of zonal posts then by virtue of Article 371D and the Presidential Order	 as observed above	 the promotion from the post of Junior Engineer to the post ' of Assistant Engineer which are both zonal posts	 should be on the basis of the zonal seniority list inasmuch as the post of Junior Engineer and the next promotion post namely" Assistant Engineer are included in the local cadre and the zonal list as we find in the Third Schedule. With regards the higher posts which are not included in the local cadre and which are Statewide posts	 it 44 becomes obvious that the Statewide seniority list of the Assistant Engineers of all zones should be prepared and that should be the basis of promotion to the post of Executive Engineer which is not a zonal post. Therefore it emerges that the directions given by the Tribunal to ensure that no Junior Engineer is promoted earlier than their seniors in the Statewide seniority list to the post of Executive Engi neer	 should be quashed. Shri Sitaramiah	 however	 pointed out certain anamolies if such a principle is to be followed. According to the learned counsel	 if the promotions are to be made only on the basis of the zonal list than there is every possibility of some of the seniors in the Statewide list not getting promotions and the same would result in some of the juniors becoming seniors which would ultimately affect the promo tional avenues for the Statewide higher post like Executive Engineer. But it must be noted that Article 371D is of exceptional nature and the object is to provide equal oppor tunities in the backward areas in respect of the specified posts mentioned in the Third Schedule which are included in the local cadre which thus became zonal posts. As mentioned in para 5 of the Presidential Order and Rule 2 (a) of the Engineering Service Rules such zones should be treated as separate units for the purpose of promotions also. Therefore there is valid nexus to the object that is sought to be achieved and even if there is some anamoly it cannot on that basis be said that such promotions for zonal posts on the basis of the zonal seniority list amounts to discrimination. In S.Prakasha Rao and another vs Commissioner of Commercial Taxes and Others	 	 a Bench of three Judges of this Court affirmed the view taken by the Administrative Tribunal	 Andhra Pradesh that the zonal seniority list prepared pursuant to the initial organisation and creation of local cadres is to be maintained and such zonal seniority list is the criteria for promotion. In the result we hold that all promotions of Junior Engineers (redesignated as Assistant Executive Engineers) to the next higher post of Assistant Engineers (re designated as Deputy Executive Engineers) have to be made on the basis of the zonal seniority lists as indicated above and not on the basis of the Statewide seniority list of Junior Engi neers. The promotions made after the Presidential Order dated 18.11.75 should be treated as provisional and the Government is permitted to review these promotions on the basis of zonal seniority lists and re adjust the same. All the future promotions from the post of Junior Engineer to the post of Assistant Engineer should necessarily be made on the basis of the zonal seniority lists. For the purpose of promotion to the post of Executive Engineer	 which is not a zonal post	 a Statewide seniority list of the Assistant Engineers of all zones should be prepared and such Statewide seniority 45 list should form the basis of promotion to the post of Executive Engineer. The State Government is accordingly directed to prepare such lists i.e. zonal seniority lists of various zones for the purpose of promotions from Junior Engineers to Assistant Engineers within the zones and also Statewide seniority list of the Assistant Engineers of all zones for the purpose of promotion to the post of Executive Engineer. Such of the Directions given by the Tribunal in the matters before us which are contrary to or different from the above conclusions	 remain quashed. The inter se seniority and the consequent promotions of respondent Nos. 1 to 5 in Civil Appeal No. 3935/88 as well as the petitioners in Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 2150/87 shall be determined subject to the above directions. All these mat ters are disposed of accordingly with the above directions. In the circumstances of the cases	 there will be no order as to costs. G.N. Appeals disposed of.

Article 371D of the Constitution of India	 which is peculiar to the State of Andhra Pradesh only	 empowers the President to provide by order for equitable opportunities and facilities for the people belonging to different parts of the State in the matters of public employment and educa tion. As provided therein the President of India made the Andhra Pradesh Public Employment (Organisation of Local Cadres and Regulation of Direct Recruitment) Orders	 1975	 by virtue of which the State was divided into six zones	 and local cadres of posts in respect of the local areas were created. In respect of Andhra Pradesh Panchayati Raj Engi neering Service the two such zonal posts were Junior Engi neer and Assistant Engineer. Before the Administrative Tribunal	 some promotions made from Junior Engineer to Assistant Engineer were questioned	 and the Tribunal held that promotions should be made on the basis of the Statewide list and directed the State Government to redetermine the position of the petitioners before it	 in the seniority list. Aggrieved by the Tribunal 's order	 the State Government and the affected officials have approached this Court by way of the present appeals and special leave petitions. On behalf of the State Government	 it was contended that both the posts of Junior Engineer and Assistant Engineer were zonal posts under the Presidential Order and the zonal seniority list had to be followed in the 28 matter of promotions from Junior Engineer to Assistant Engineer and not the Statewide seniority list of Junior Engineers. On behalf of the Respondents it was contended that Article 371D (2) of the Constitution refers only to direct recruitment and the Presidential Order made under the said Article cannot make a departure and cannot be made applica ble for promotions also. It was further contended that it is the Statewide list that should be the basis for promotion. Disposing of these matters	 this Court	 HELD: 1. Notwithstanding anything contained in the A.P. Panchayati Raj Engineering Service Rules	 1963 the promo tions have to be based on zonal list; otherwise the very object sought to be achieved as per Article 371D of the Constitution of India and the Presidential Order issued thereunder would be defeated. The word 'employment ' should be interpreted in a broad and general manner. The expression 'in the matter of public employment ' in clause (1) of Arti cle 371D is of wider import. The public employment can be by way of direct recruitment or by promotion. The Presidential Order would apply both for direct recruitment and for promo tion in respect of categories specified in the Third Sched ule. Article 371D (2) does not make any departure from this principle. The words 'in particular	 therein only lay empha sis on the aspect of creating local cadres for different parts of the State for the purpose/of direct recruitment and treat such parts as local areas. This does not in any manner restrict the scope of Article 371D wherein it is clearly declared that in the matter of public employment	 the Presi dent is empowered to make an order in the manner stated therein and the public employment cannot but be interpreted to include promotion also. It	 therefore	 emerges that Article 371D is in general terms and applies to the public employment as whole and Article 371D(2) in particular ap plies to direct recruitment. It is only complementary to clause (1) and particularises the matters which an order made under clause (1) provides for. Any other interpretation would defeat the object underlying these two provisions. [42 D H	 43 A] The General Manager	 Southern Railway vs Rangachari	 ; 	 relied on. Article 371D is of exceptional nature and the objective is to provide equal opportunities in the backward areas in respect of the specified posts mentioned in the Third Schedule which are included in the local cadres which thus became zonal posts. As mentioned in para 5 of the 29 Presidential Order and Rule 2 A of the A.P. Panchayati Raj Engineering Service Rules	 such zones should be treated as separate units for the purpose of promotions also. There fore	 there is valid nexus to the object that is sought to be achieved and even if there is some anamoly it cannot on that basis be said that such promotions for zonal posts on the basis of the zonal seniority list amounts to discrimina tion. [44 D E] 2.2. Rule 2 A makes it abundantly clear that for the purpose of recruitment	 appointment	 promotion	 transfer etc. each zone shall be a separate unit. Para 5 of the Presidential Order is also to the same effect. When once each zone is treated as separate unit for the purpose of promotion also in respect of zonal posts then by virtue of Article 371D and the Presidential Order	 the promotion from the post of junior Engineer to the post of Assistant Engi neer which are both zonal posts	 should be on the basis of the zonal seniority list inasmuch as the post of Junior Engineer and the next promotion post namely Assistant/Engi neer are included in the local cadres and the zonal list in the Third Schedule. With regard to the higher post which included in the local cadre and which are Statewide posts	 it becomes obvious that the Statewide seniority list of the Assistant Engineer of all zones should be prepared and that should be the basis of promotion to the post of Executive Engineer which is not a zonal post. Therefore	 the direc tions given by the Tribunal to ensure that no Junior Engi neer is promoted earlier than their seniors in the Statewide seniority list to the post of Executive Engineer	 should be quashed. [43 F H	 44 A B] section Prakasha Rao and Anr. vs Commissioner of Commercial Taxes and Ors.	 	 relied on. High Court of Andhra Pradesh and Ors. vs V.V.S. Krishna murthy and Ors.	 	 referred to. All promotions of Junior Engineers (redesignated as Assistant Executive Engineers) to the next higher post of Assistant Engineers (redesignated as Deputy Executive Engi neers) have to be made on the basis of the zonal seniority list and not on the basis of the Statewide seniority list of Junior Engineers. Having regard to the historical background and the object underlying Article 371D and the Presidential Order and in particular para 13 of the Presidential Order	 the promotions	 if any made should be 30 treated only as provisional. If Rule 2 A is viewed from this angle particularly in the light of paras 5 and 13 of the Presidential Order it becomes clear that the said Rule has to be given retrospective effect so that the promotions to the junior posts can be brought in conformity with Articles 371D and the Presidential Order. The promotions made after the Presidential Order dated 18.11.1975 should be treated as provisional and the Government is permitted to review these promotions on the basis of zonal seniority lists and re adjust the same all the future promotions. from the post of Junior Engineer to the post of Assistant Engineer should necessarily be made on the basis of the zonal seniority lists. For the purpose of promotion to the post of Executive Engineer	 which is not a zonal post	 a Statewide seniority list of the Assistant Engineers of all zones should be prepared and such statewide seniority list should form the basis of promotion to the post of Executive Engineer. The State Government is accordingly directed to prepare such lists i.e. zonal seniority lists of various zones for the purpose of promotions from Junior Engineers to Assistant Engineers within the zones and also the statewide seniority list of the Assistant Engineers of all zones for the purpose of promotions to the post of Executive Engineer. Such of the directions given by the Tribunal in the matters	 which are contrary to and different from the conclusions now reached	 shall remain quashed. [44 D E; 44 D H; 45 A B] 3.3. The inter se seniority and the consequent promo tions of Respondent Nos. 1 to 5 in Civil Appeal No. 3935/88 as well as the petitioners in Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 2150/87 shall be determined subject to the directions	 now given. [45 B C] Y. N. Rangiah and Ors. J. Sreenivasa Rao and Ors. 	 [1983]3 SCC 284; N.T. Devin Katti and Ors. vs Karnata ka Public Sen	ice Commission and Ors.	 ; 	 referred to.