Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 210 of 1959. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated January 16	 1958	 of the Patna High Court in Mis. Judicial case No. 156 of 1957. B. C. Ghose and P. K. Chatterjee	 for the Appellant. section P. Varma	 for Respondents Nos. 1 to 5. R. C. Dutta	 for Respondents Nos. 6 to 20. 1960. November 7. The Judgment of Hidayatullah	 Das Gupta and Ayyangar	 JJ.	 was delivered by Ayyangar	 J.	 and that of section K. Das and Shah	 JJ.	 was delivered by Shah	 J. AYYANGAR. The sole question which arises in this appeal	 which comes by way of special leave is as to whether sales under which goods were delivered outside the State of Bihar for the purpose of consumption but not within the State of first delivery or first destination	 are exempt from the levy of sales tax by the Bihar State by virtue of article 286(1)(a) of the Constitution as it stood before the recent amendment. The India Copper Corporation Ltd. (referred to hereafter as the assessee company) carries on business in copper and various other materials and mineral pro. ducts and the office of its General Manager is in the district of Singhbhum in Bihar. The period covered by the assessment now in dispute is January 26	 1950 to March 31	 1950. The normal practice of the assessee company was to deposit sums of money from time to time provisionally towards payment of sales tax in advance and have the amount finally adjusted after the completion of the assessment of each year. The assessee company followed this practice in respect of the amount of sales tax due by it for the year 1949 50. For the financial year April 1	 1949 to March 31	 1950	 the Superintendent of Sales tax	 Singhbhum	 278 computed the tax liability of the company in the sum of Rs. 3	60	703 4 0 by an order of assessment dated November 13	1950	 and the company made payment of the amount due by it beyond the sums already paid. It would be noticed that this financial year comprised two periods (1) before the Constitution	 viz.	 April 1	 1949 to January 25	 1950	 and (2) the post Constitution period from January 26	 1950 to March 31	 1950. There is now no controversy as regards the sales tax payable in respect of sales effected during the pre Constitution period. The assessee company however raised a dispute that in respect of the post Constitution period	 it was not liable to pay any sales tax in respect of sales to buyers	 under which though the property in the goods passed within the State	 delivery of the goods was effected outside the State of Bihar for consumption outside that State on the ground that such sales were exempted from tax by article 286(1)(a) of the Constitution as it originally stood. It addressed a formal letter to the Commissioner of Commercial Taxes	 Bihar	 on December 30	 1952	 making this demand enclosing a statement showing full particulars of the goods sold	 the bill numbers	 the date and the amount etc.	 to enable the refund claimed to be calculated. The assessee company followed it up by a formal petition for review of the assessment order by filing a revised return under section 12(2) of the Bihar Sales tax Act together with an application for refund. The departmental authorities rejected these applications by order dated July 20	 1953. Further proceedings before the department by way of revision etc. failed to secure to the assessee company the relief which it claimed and thereafter it filed an application under articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution before the High Court of Patna praying for the issue of a writ to quash the order of assessment dated November 30	 1950	 and the orders rejecting the prayers for review	 reassessment and refund and for a direction to the departmental authorities to refund the sum realised by them in so far as the tax related to sales as a result of which goods were delivered outside the State of Bihar. 279 The learned Judges of the High Court held that the order of the Superintendent of Sales tax	 Singhbhum	 dated November 13	 1950	 should be set aside and that the matter should go back to the Superintendent to make a reassessment according to law for the post Constitution period. A further direction was added requiring the respondent to refund to the assessee so much of the tax as had been paid in excess of the amount of reassessment to be made by the Superinten dent in accordance with the law as laid down by the Court. In formulating the law applicable	 the learned Judges drew a distinction between sales as a direct result of which goods were delivered in a State outside the State of Bihar and consumed in that State and those cases in which the goods thus delivered	 were not consumed in the State of first destination but were re exported from the State of first destination to other States. They held that the first category of sales were covered by the Explanation to article 286 (1)(a) of the Constitution and were " inside " the State of first delivery and consequently " outside " the State of Bihar within the meaning of the Article and therefore exempt from tax by the Bihar State. In regard	 however	 to the second category of sales	 it was held that they were not within the Explanation and were therefore outside the constitutional exemption under article 286(1)(a). The assessee company not being satisfied	 filed an application to the High Court for a Certificate of fitness under articles 132 and 133 of the Constitution	 but this having been rejected	 they applied to and obtained special leave from this Court under article 136 of the Constitution and that is how the appeal is now before us. Three points were urged before us by Mr. B. C. Ghose	 learned Counsel for the appellants: (1) that on a proper construction of article 286(1)(a) and the Explanation thereto (as it stood before the Article was amended by the Constitution Sixth Amendment Act	 1956) every sale as a direct result of which goods were delivered for consumption outside the State	 was not within the taxing power of the State in which the 280 goods were at the time of the sale	 and 	in which property passed as a result thereof	 and that it was immaterial whether the delivery was for the purpose of consumption in the State of first destination or whether the delivery in such State was not for the purpose of consumption therein but	 for re export to other States	 (2) that even if article 286(1)(a) exempted only sales in which as a direct result of the sale the goods were delivered for the purpose of consumption in the State of first destination	 on the pleadings and the evidence before the Court the assessee company must be taken to have established that all the sales effected by it and in regard to which exemption from payment of tax was claimed	 conformed to this requirement	 (3) a narrower submission	 that even it be that to fall within the Explanation the delivery has to be for the Purpose of consumption in the State of first destination	 the learned Judges of the High Court erred in requiring the assessee company to prove not merely that the goods were delivered for the purpose of consumption but further that the goods so delivered were actually consumed within that State. We shall now deal with these points in that order. Article 286(1)(a) together with the Explanation on whose construction the first point depends ran in these terms: " Article 286(1). No law of a State shall impose	 or authorise the imposition of	 a tax on the sale or purchase of goods where such sale or purchase takes place (a) outside the State; or (b). . . . . . . . . . . Explanation. For the purposes of sub clause (a) a sale or purchase shall be deemed to have taken place in the State in which the goods have actually been delivered as a direct result of such sale or purchase for the purpose of consumption in that State	 notwithstanding the fact that under the general law relating to sale of goods the property in the goods has by reason of such sale or purchase passed in another State. " The scope and the purpose of this Explanation was 281 discussed and explained by this Court in The State of Bombay vs Unitea Motors (India) Ltd. (1) and it is the passage in this judgment extracted below on which reliance was placed by the learned Counsel in support of his submission: ". . . The authors of the Constitution had to devise a formula of restrictions to be imposed on the State power of taxing sales or purchases involving inter State elements which would avoid the doubts and difficulties arising out of the imposition of sales tax on the same transaction by several Provincial Legislatures in the country before the commencement of the Constitution. This they did by enacting clause (1) (a) with the Explanation and clause (2) of Article 286. Clause (1)(a) prohibits the taxation of all sales or purchases which take place outside the State but a localised sale is a troublesome concept	 for	 a sale is a composite transaction involving as it does several elements such as agreement to sell	 transfer of ownership	 payment of the price	 delivery of the goods and so forth	 which may take place at different places. To solve the difficulty an easily applicable test for determining what is an outside sale had to be formulated	 and that is what	 in our opinion	 the Explanation was intended to do. It provides by means of a legal fiction that the State in which the goods sold or purchased are actually delivered for consumption therein is the State in which the sale or purchase is to be considered to have taken place	 notwithstanding the property in such goods passed in another State . An " outside " sale or purchase is explained by defining what is an inside sale	 and why actual delivery and consumption in the State are made the determining factors in locating a sale or purchase will presently appear. The test of sufficient territorial nexus was thus replaced by a simpler and more easily workable test: Are the goods actually delivered in the taxing State	 as a direct result of a sale or purchase	 for the purpose of consumption therein ? Then	 such sale or purchase shall be deemed to have taken place (1) ; 	 1081 36 282 in that State and outside all other States. The latter States are prohibited from taxing the sale or purchase; the former alone is left free to do go. Multiple taxation of the same transaction by different States is also thus avoided. " It might be mentioned that this portion of the judgment is unaffected by the dissent expressed in the later decision in The Bengal Immunity Company Ltd. vs The State of Bihar (1). The argument based upon this passage was broadly on these lines: Article 286 (1)(a) imposes a ban on the legislative power to levy a tax on sales which are outside " the taxing State. What sales are " outside is not easy to decide because that depends upon " the situs " of a sale	 which cannot	 in most cases	 be located in any one place with certainty being dependent on a variety of factors which might or might not converge. The Constitution makers did not directly define what was meant by a 	sale that was " outside the State " but achieved the same purpose by explaining an " inside " sale with the result that what was not an " inside " sale should be held to bean 	outside" sale. It must however be pointed out that it was not disputed that the terms of the " Explanation " would not be satisfied unless the delivery was for the purpose of consumption therein	 i.e. in the State of first destination	 If the terms of the Explanation were satisfied	 the State of " delivery. cum consumption "	 (to coin a convenient expression to designate the State in which goods are delivered as a direct result of the sale for the purpose of consumption therein)	 used in the Explanation	 would have power to tax the sale as being one fictionally " inside " it. In such an event all the other States in India	 barring that State would be prevented from taxing that sale because the sale would be " outside " those States. This however	 it was urged	 would not exhaust the operation of the Explanation	 but further that the Explanation was exhaustive of what the Constitution makers conceived to be a sale which alone may be the subject of tax by a State. The deduction learned Counsel made from these premises was twofold (1) that (1) 283 in cases where goods were as a direct result of the sale delivered outside the State of Bihar for the purpose of consumption in the State of first destination	 the conditions of the Explanation were satisfied and the sales being " outside " the State of Bihar could not be taxed by that State. So far there is no dispute and indeed the learned Judges of the High Court have	 subject to a matter of detail to which reference will be made later	 accepted the contention of the assessee. (2) a further consequence	 that in cases where goods were delivered as a result of the sale outside the State of Bihar	 but not for the purpose of consumption in such State of first destination	 the terms of the Explanation were no doubt not satisfied and consequently the	 sale was not inside such State of delivery and indeed not " inside " any State in India within the Explanation	 but that such sales also must be held to be " outside " every State in India within article 286 (1)(a). The learned Judges of the High Court repelled this contention and	 in our opinion	 correctly. The passage in the judgment of the United Motors case extracted earlier dealt with Explanation sales and with none else. When the terms of the Explanation were satisfied such sales were by a fiction deemed to be " inside " the State of delivery cum consumption and therefore " outside " all other States. In such cases therefore	 only the State " inside " which the sale is deemed to take place by virtue of the Explanation	 is exempt from the ban imposed by article 286(1)(a). All other States would be subject to that ban in respect of such sales. The learned Chief Justice however did not	 in the passage extracted	 deal with the case of sales which did not satisfy the terms of the Explanation. The situs of what might be termed 1 non Explanation ' sales has therefore to be determined independently of the terms of the Explanation. Such sales would be exempt from tax only if the sale took place " outside the State but not otherwise. The next question is	 does a sale take place " outside " the State	 where as a result of the contract of 284 sale	 the property in the goods passes to the purchaser within the State; in other words	 is a sale completed by the passing of property within the State not " inside" a State	 for the more reason that as a direct result of the sale the goods are delivered outside the State. The answer depends on the meaning to be attributed to the words " a sale or purchase which has taken place " outside the State occurring in the body of article 286 (1). The expression " outside the State " is capable of being understood in more senses than one. It could be understood as comprehending cases where no element or ingredient which constitutes a sale takes place within the State; in other words as applying solely to those cases where there exists no territorial nexus between the State imposing the tax and the sale. Obviously	 this could not have been intended to be incorporated in article 286(1) because the tax in such cases would be beyond the legislative power of the State under Entry 54 of the State List read with article 246 of the Constitution. The expression " outside " has therefore to be understood not as a sale so " outside " as not to have any territorial connection between the State in question and the sale	 but in a somewhat narrower sense. The real difficulty arises in ascertaining the precise content of the narrower sense in which the word is used as meaning a sale in substance " outside " the State	 though there might be some elements of the sale which if the exemption under article 286(1)(a) were not enacted	 would enable a State to levy a tax on the sale on the ground that it was within the legislative power of the State under article 246 read with Entry 54. As already pointed out	 the situs of a sale is not easy to determine and several factors which constitute a completed transaction of sale including the delivery of the goods	 lay claim to be considered as in themselves constituting sufficient next to justify their being treated as determining the locus of a sale. Thus	 merely by way of illustration	 the place where the goods are at the time of the contract of sale	 the place where the contract of sale is concluded	 the place where the property in the goods passes and that 285 in which the delivery takes place compete for recognition as constituting the locus of a sale. Before the Constitution	 these and other similar factors were treated as affording sufficient territorial connection to endow the State in which any of the events occurred with legislative competence to tax the sale. This led to a multiplicity of the taxation of the same transaction of sale by a plurality of States	 with the result that the consumer was hard hit and trade itself	 and national economy suffered in the process. It has been pointed out that article 286(1)(a) was designed to counteract that state of affairs. If a single State was designed to have the power to tax any particular transaction of sale	 the question that next falls to be considered is the determination of that State in regard to which it could be predicated that the sale in question was not " outside " that State or in other words	 the determination of the particular State in regard to which it could be said that the sale was " inside " that State. The key to the problem is afforded by two indications in the Article itself: (1) the opening words of Article 286(1) which speak of a sale or purchase taking place and (2) the non obstante clause in the Explanation which refers to the general law relating to " sale of goods under which property in the goods has	 by reason of such sale or purchase	 passed in another State. " These two together indicate that it is the passing of property within the State that is intended to be fastened on	 for the purpose of determining	 whether the sale in question is " inside " or " outside " the State	 and therefore	 subject to the operation of the " Explanation " that State in which property passes would be the only State which would have the power to levy a tax on the sale. As was explained in the recent decision of this Court in Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distributing Co.	 of India	 Ltd. vs The Commercial Tax Officer (1) : " By sale here (article 286(1)(a) ) is meant a completed transaction by which property in the goods passes. Before the property in the goods passes	 the contract (1) C.A. 751 of 1957 & C.A. 10 of 1958 (Unreported). 286 of sale is only executory	 and the buyer has only a chose in action. . . . The Constitution thinks in terms of a completed sale by the passing of property and not in terms of an executory contract for the sale of goods. " Notwithstanding that is not an " outside " sale	 the power of the State to tax might be negatived by the operation of the Explanation which by its non obstante clause shifts the situs of the sale and renders the sale transaction one within the delivery cum consumption State	 i.e. as the State in which the sale transaction must be deemed to take place. Where the terms of the Explanation are satisfied	 the sale transaction will	 by a legal fiction created by it	 be deemed to take place "inside" the State of delivery and therefore " outside " the State in which the property passes. The conclusion reached therefore is that where the property in the goods passes within a State as a direct result of the sale	 the sale transaction is not outside the State for the purpose of article 286(1)(a)	 unless the Explanation operates. We need also add that the power of the State to impose the tax might still not be available unless the transaction in question is unaffected by the other bans imposed under sub cl. (1)(b)	 (2) and (3) of article 286. The submission therefore of learned Counsel for the appellants	 that in respect of non Explanation sales the State of Bihar has no power to levy a tax by reason of such sales being 'outside " the State within article 286(1)(a) must be rejected. The second contention urged by the learned Counsel for the appellant was that even assuming he was wrong on the first point	 all the sales by the assessee company fell within the terms of the Explanation to article 286(1)(a) being sales as a direct result of which the goods were delivered for consumption in the State of first destination	 and that the learned Judges of the High Court were in error in considering	 that some of the sales did not conform to this requirement. In support of this submission learned counsel drew our attention to two matters. He first referred us to the application dated December 30	 1952 made on behalf 287 of the assessee company to the Commissioner of Commercial Taxes	 Bihar	 Patna in which the claim for refund of the tax paid was rested on the following ground : After getting out that the tax on sales effected between the period January 26	 1950 to March 31	 1950 was not assessable by virtue of article 286 of the Constitution	 the application stated: " Total sales of raw materials of copper and brass sheet and circles sold by us and despatched under railway receipts for buyers ' consumption are as follows". Then followed the sales effected and the tax paid in respect of the sales. The claim in this form was annexed to and made part of the petition to the High Court under article 226 and 227 of the Constitution and in paragraph 9 of the petition	 this letter was referred to and a copy thereof was incorporated and marked as 1A. In this paragraph which was the other matter relied on the claim for refund was said to be " on sales made to buyers outside Bihar State for consumption ". Learned Counsel strongly pressed upon us that paragraph 9 and the annexure had clearly asserted that the sales which were the	 subject of the claim for refund involved a delivery of the goods outside the State of Bihar for consumption in the State of first destination and the State of Bihar not having filed any counter affidavit challenging the correctness of these allegations	 the High Court should have held that the terms of the Explanation were satisfied and should have ordered the refund claimed. We however consider that this submission is without force. Neither in the claim put forward in Exh. 'A ' nor in para graph 9 of the petition was any distinction drawn between sales under which deliveries were effected outside the State of Bihar for the purpose of consumption in the State of first destination and those in which the deliveries outside the State were effected for the purpose of consumption not in the State of first destination but in other States. In fact	 this was made clear in the later paragraphs of the petition to the High Court from which it is apparent that the assessee company made a claim for tax exemption in 288 respect of sales in which the delivery took place outside the State of Bihar	 whether the delivery was for the purpose of consumption in the State of first destination or otherwise. In paragraph 17(1) of the petition to the High Court the assessee stated: " (the petitioner was not liable to pay tax on goods delivered outside the State of Bihar which was also for consumption outside the State of Bihar "	 and again in clause (iii) of the same paragraph this was repeated: " the goods being outside the State of Bihar	 delivered outside the State of Bihar and consumed outside the State of Bihar were not liable to sales tax by the State of Bihar " and similarly in cl. (v) of the same paragraph a reference was made to " goods delivered outside the State of Bihar for consumption outside the State of Bihar ". The same idea is emphasized in paragraph 19 also which contained the prayer of the petition. On these averments it is clear that the claim made by the assessee was that to invoke the exemption contained in article 286(1)(a) it was sufficient that the goods were delivered outside the State of Bihar and that it was immaterial whether the delivery was for the purpose of consumption in the State of first destination or otherwise. This involved the same argument which was raised by the learned Counsel that we have dealt with earlier. The learned Judges of the High Court were therefore right in drawing a distinction between the two types of sales which we have already indicated. The last point that was urged by the learned Counsel was that the learned Judges of the High Court erred in requiring the assessee to prove that the goods delivered outside the State of Bihar were actually consumed in the State of first destination before the exemption from tax could be availed of In their judgment now under appeal the learned Judges have stated: "The petitioner would not be entitled to exemption if the goods were not consumed in the State of first destination but were re exported from the State of first destination to other States) '. Learned Counsel for the appellant complained that 289 under the Explanation to article 286(1)(a) there need be no proof of actual consumption of the goods delivered in the State of first destination but that the Explanation was satisfied if the purpose of the delivery tinder the sale was for consumption in that State. If after a sale that satisfied that requirement	 viz.	 for the purpose of consumption in the State of first destination	 the buyer under such a sale for his own purposes reexported the goods that was not a matter with which the seller was concerned and would not affect the character of the sale as one falling within the Explanation to article 286(1)(a). Learned Counsel therefore urged that the learned Judges of the High Court went wrong in requiring proof on the part of the assessee that the goods were actually consumed within the State of first delivery outside Bihar and that this was an unwarranted addition to the requirements of the Explanation. We consider this submission well founded and indeed the learned Counsel for the respondent did not dispute that the actual order of the High Court went beyond the terms of the Explanation to article 286(1)(a). The order of the High Court will	 therefore	 be modified by making it clear that if the goods were as a direct result of the sale delivered outside the State of Bihar for the purpose of consumption in the State of first delivery the assessee would be entitled to exemption of the sales tax imposed and that it would not be necessary for the assessee to prove further that the goods so delivered were actually consumed in the State of first destination. Subject to this modification	 the appeal fails	 but in the circumstances of the case there will be no order as to costs. SHAH J. We agree with the conclusion of Mr. Justice Rajagopala Ayyangar	 J.	 but because our approach to the question is somewhat different	 we propose to record our reasons separately. The Bihar Sales Tax Act	 1947	 was enacted in exercise of legislative authority conferred upon the Provincial Legislatures by entry 42 in List II read 37 290 with section 100(3) of the Government of India Act	 1935. By section 2(g) of the Act	 " sale " was defined (in so far as it is material) as meaning any " transfer of property in goods for cash or deferred payment or other valuable consideration. . provided. . provided further that notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the Indian Sales of Goods Act	 1930	 the sale of any goods (i) which are actually in Bihar at the time when	 in respect thereof	 the contract of sale as defined in section 4 of that Act is made	 or (ii) which are produced or manufactured in Bihar by the producer or manufacturer thereof	 shall	 wherever the delivery or contract of sale is made	 be deemed for the purposes of this Act to have taken place in Bihar." Under entry 42 of List II of the Government of India Act	 1935	 the Provincial Legislatures could tax sales by selecting some fact or circumstance which provided a territorial nexus with the taxing power of the State even if the property in the goods sold passed outside the Province or the delivery under the contract of sale took place outside the Province. Legislation taxing sales depending solely upon the existence of a nexus	 such as production or manufacture of the goods	 or presence of the goods in the Province at the date of the contract of sale	 between the sale and the Legislating Province could competently be enacted under the Government of India Act	 1935 see the Tata Iron and Steel Co.	 Ltd. vs The State of Bihar and Poppatlal Shah vs The State of Madras (2). By article 286 of the Constitution	 certain fetters were placed upon the legislative powers of the States as follows: article 286: " (1) No law of a State shall impose	 or authorise the imposition of	 a tax on the sale or purchase of goods where such sale or purchase takes place (a) outside the State ; or (b) in the course of the import of the goods into	 or export of the goods out of	 the territory of India. (1) (2) ; 291 Explanation:For the purposes of sub cl. (a) a sale or purchase shall be deemed to have taken place in the State in which the goods have actually been delivered as a direct result of such sale or purchase for the purpose of consumption in that State notwithstanding the fact that under the general law relating to sale of goods the property in the goods has by reason of such sale or purchase passed in another State. (2) Except in so far as Parliament may by law otherwise provide	 no law of a State shall impose	 or authorise the imposition of	 a tax on the sale or purchase of any goods where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter State trade or commerce : Provided that the President may by order direct that any tax on the sale or purchase of goods which was being lawfully levied by the Government of any State immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall	 notwithstanding that the imposition of such tax is contrary to the provisions of this clause	 continue to be levied until the thirty first day of March	 1951. (3) No law made by the Legislature of a State imposing	 or authorising the imposition of	 a tax on the sale or purchase of any such goods as have been declared by Parliament by law to be essential for the life of the community shall have effect unless it has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent. " With a view to impose restrictions on the taxing power of the States under the pre Constitution statutes	 amendments were made in these statutes by the Adaptation of Laws Order. By the Adaptation of Laws Order	 1951	 in the Bihar Sales Tax Act was incorporated with retrospective operation from January 26	 1950	 section 33	 which provided: " ' (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act	 (a) a tax on the sale or purchase of goods shall not be imposed under this Act (i) where such sale or purchase takes place outside the State of Bihar ; or 292 (ii) where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of import of the goods into	 or export of the goods out of	 the territory of India ; (b) a tax on the sale or purchase of any goods shall not	 after the 31st day of March	 1951	 be imposed where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter State trade or commerce except in so far as Parliament may by law otherwise provide; (2) The Explanation to cl. (1) of article 286 of the Constitution shall apply for the interpretation of sub cl. (1) of cl. (a) of sub section " By this amendment	 on the taxing power of the Bihar State the same restrictions were engrafted on the pre Constitution statute as were imposed by article 286 of the Constitution upon post Constitution statutes. This court has held in the Bengal Immunity Co.	 Ltd. vs The State of Bihar (1) that the operative provisions of the several parts of article 286 namely cl. (1) (a)	 (1)(b) and (2) and cl. (3) were intended to deal with different topics and one could not be projected or read into another. Therefore	 by the incorporation of section 33 in the Bihar Sales Tax Act read with article 286	 notwithstanding the amplitude of the power otherwise granted by the charging section read with the definition of " sale "	 a cumulative fetter of triple dimension was imposed upon the taxing power of the State. The Legislature of the Bihar State could not since January 26	 1950	 levy a tax on sale of goods taking place outside the State or in the course of import of the goods into	 or export of the goods out of the territory of India	 or on sale of any goods where such sale took place in the course of inter State trade or commerce. By the Explanation to article 286(1)(a) which is incorporated by sub section (2) section 33 of the Bihar Sales Tax Act	 a sale is deemed to take place in the State in which the goods are actually delivered as a direct result of such sale for the purpose of consumption in that State even though under the law relating to sale of goods the property in the goods has by reason of such sale passed in another State. In the State of Bombay vs The United Motors (India) Ltd. (2)	 it was held that (1) (2) ; 293 since the enactment of article 286(1)(a)	 a sale described in the Explanation which may for convenience be called an " Explanation sale " is taxable by that State alone in which the goods sold are actually delivered as a direct result of sale for the purpose of consumption in that State. The right to tax arises because the sale is deemed to take place in that State and outside all other States and the latter States are prohibited from taxing the sale ; the former alone is left free to do so. The Bihar Sales Tax Act enacted in exercise of the power conferred by entry 42 of List II of the Government of India Act	 1935	 upon the Provincial Legislatures is saved by article 372 of the Constitution as existing law	 but by the combined operation of sub sections (1) and (2) of section 33	 the Bihar State is incompetent to tax sales of goods in the course of imports into and exports out of the territory of India	 and after March 31	 1951	 sales of goods in the course of inter State trade or commerce. In view of the exposition of the content of the Explanation to article 286(1)(a) by this court in the United Motors case (1)	 the Bihar State is also incompetent to tax " Explanation sales " where the goods are delivered in another State as a direct result of the sale for consumption in that State. By this last ban	 to the extent provided by subs. (1)(a)(i) and sub section (2) of section 33	 the State of Bihar is deprived of its power to tax sales; but the ban does not wholly extinguish the power of the State to tax sales relying upon a real territorial nexus between the sale and the State. In other words	 by enacting that a tax shall not be imposed under the Act when the sale takes place outside the State of Bihar in section 33(1)(a)(i)	 only the power to tax " Explanation sales " which do not take place within the State of Bihar in taken away	 but not the power to tax " non Explanation sales " in which though under the general law of sale of goods the property passes outside the State	 there exists between the taxing power of the State and the sale a nexus as contemplated by the definition of sale in section 2(g). If the sale is one in which the goods have been delivered outside the State of (1) ; 294 Bihar	 but not as a direct result of the sale or not for the purpose of consumption in the State of first delivery	 the sale will not be covered by the Explanation	 and the right to tax the sale	 if arising otherwise under the Act relying upon the territorial nexus	 will not be impaired by the prohibition imposed by cl. (1)(a)(i) of section 33. The right of the State of Bihar to tax a sale relying upon a real territorial nexus not being impaired by section 33 of the Act	 all sales as defined by section 2(g) of the Bihar Sales Tax Act are liable to be taxed	 except those falling within section 33(1)(a)(ii)	 section 33(2) and " Explanation sales " outside the State of Bihar. The appellant company carries on the business of manufacturing copper and other mineral products in the State of Bihar. It has its registered office and its place of business in the District of Singhbhum in the State of Bihar and is registered as a " dealer " under the Bihar Sales Tax Act	 1947. The appellant company sent out its products to various places in India in the year of assessment ending on March 31	 1950 and has paid the tax assessed by the Sales Tax Officer. The appellant is now seeking to obtain a refund of the tax paid for the period between January 26 and March 31	 1950	 on the plea that the tax was paid under a misapprehension of the law. The High Court in an application under article 226 of ' the Constitution directed the Sales Tax authorities to refund so much of the tax as was not proved to have been paid in respect of sales of goods delivered and consumed in the State of first destination. On the goods delivered and consumed in the State of first destination outside Bihar	 the appellant could not be called upon to pay sales tax. That is undisputed. The appellant also claimed that on the goods delivered for consumption in the State of first delivery outside Bihar	 it was not liable to pay sales tax	 even if there was no evidence to prove that the goods were in fact consumed in such State. In our judgment	 the High Court was in error in directing that the exemption provided by article 286(1)(a) read with the Explanation which was at the material time incorporated by section 33 in the Bihar Sales Tax Act by the Adaptation of 295 Laws Order	 1951	 only applied to all sales of goods delivered and consumed in the State of first destination. If the goods were delivered for consumption	 it is immaterial whether they were in fact consumed in the State where they were delivered. The power of the State to levy sales tax relying upon the territorial nexus between the taxing power of the State and the sale	 is impaired for reasons already set out to the extent to which it is restricted by the incorporation of article 286(1)(a)(i) and the Explanation thereto	 in that Act. Therefore	 sales effected on or after January 26	 1950	 where goods are as a direct result of the sale delivered in another State for consumption in that other State	 are not liable to be taxed. The directions issued by the High Court will therefore be modified as follows: The order of the Superintendent of Taxes is set aside. He is directed to grant refund of tax paid in the light of this judgment. The appellant will be entitled to exemption from payment of tax if the goods are	 as a direct result of the sale	 delivered in another State for the purpose of consumption in that State. Appeal dismissed subject to modification.

The appellant effected sales during the period 26 1 1950 to 31 3 1950	 whereunder the property in the goods passed in the State of Bihar but delivery was effected outside Bihar for consumption outside Bihar. In some of these sales the goods were delivered in the State of first destination for consumption therein whilst in other cases the goods were not for consumption in the State of first delivery of destination. The appellant contended that both these categories of sale were exempt from tax under article 286(1)(a) as they were outside sales. Held (per Hidayatullah	 Das Gupta and Rajagopala Ayyangar	 JJ.) that the sales where delivery in the State of first destination was for consumption therein	 were outside the State of Bihar within the Explanation to article 286(1)(a) and Bihar could not tax them	 but the sales where delivery in the State of first destination was not for consumption therein were not " Explanation Sales " and were not " outside " sales and Bihar could tax them. Where the property in the goods passed within the State as a direct result of the sale the sale was not an " outside " sale for the purpose of article 286(1)(a) unless it fell within the Explanation. In the first category of sales the appellant was entitled to the. exemption and it was not necessary for it to prove that the goods delivered for consumption in the State of first destination were actually consumed therein. The State of Bombay vs United Motors (India) Ltd.	 and Bengal Immunity Company Ltd. vs The State of Bihar	 	 referred to. Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distributing Co. of India Ltd. vs The Commercial Tax Officer	 C. A. No. 751 of 57 and C. A. No. 10 of 1958 (Unreported)	 relied on. Per section K. Das and Shah	 Jj. Section 33 introduced in the Bihar Sales Tax Act by the Adaptation of Laws Order	 1951	 engrafted the same restrictions on the taxing power of the State on the pre Constitution statutes as were imposed by article 286 upon post Constitution statutes. Section 33(1)(a)(1) of the Act took away only the power to tax " Explanation Sales " but not the power to tax " non Explanation Sales ". A sale in which goods had been delivered outside Bihar	 but not as a direct result of 277 the sale or not for the purpose of consumption in the State of first delivery was not covered by the Explanation	 and the right to tax the sale	 if it arose otherwise under the Act	 was not impaired by section 33(1)(a)(i).