Summarize the following court judgment. Petition No. 7667 of 1987. IN Writ Petitions Nos. 348 352 of 1985. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India). Madan Lokur for the Petitioners. G. Viswanatha Iyer and P.K. Pillai for the State of Kerala. J.R. Das and D.K. Sinha for the State of West Bengal. A.K. Ganguli and Mariarputham for the State of Himachal Pradesh. D.N. Dwivedi	 R.P. Srivastava	 Mrs. Halida Khatun and Ms. A. Subhashini for the Union of India. 747 P.H. Parekh	 E.K. Jose	 Mrs. section Dikshit	 A.V. Rangam R. Rana	 M. Veerappa	 B.R. Agarwal	 B.D. Sharma	 R.C. Verma	 C.V. Subba Rao	 D.K. Sinha	 J.R. Dass	 M.E. Sardhana	 S.K. Nandy	 A.S. Bhasme	 A.M. Khanwilkar	 P.P. Singh	 R.K. Mehta	 T.V.S.N. Chari	 A.K. Sanghi	 M.N. Shroff	 D. Goburdhan	 Suryakant	 H.K. Puri	 M.K.D. Namboodiry	 B.P. Singh	 K. Ramkumar	 E.M.S. Anam	 T	V. Ratnam	 L.R. Singh	 D.R. Agar wal	 R.S. Sodhi	 Mrs. Sushma Suri	 A. Subba Rao	 Prabir Choudhary	 D.N. Mukharjee	 S.K. Mehta	 M.K. Garg	 P. Par meshwarn	 M. Karanjawala	 L.K. Pandey	 K. Rajindera Choud hary	 P.C. Kapur	 Pramod Swarup	 T. Sridharan	 Rajesh	 N.M. Ghatate	 Ravi P. Wadhvani	 S.K. Gambhir 	and D.N. Mishra for the Interveners. The following Order of the Court was delivered by ORDER On June 22	 1984	 a three Judge Bench to which one of us was.a party delivered the judgment in a group of writ peti tions and while disapproving of the prevailing wholesale reservation on different scores in regard to admission of students into medical courses of study such as M.B.B.S. and Post Graduate specialities	 proceeded. to observe that "the very mandate of the equality clause viewed in the perspec tive of social justice would justify some extent of reserva tion based upon residence requirement within the State or on institutional preferences for students passing the qualify ing examination. " One of the considerations perhaps the primary one in formulating the scheme for creating a nation al forum for choice of candidates for the reserved seats was the growth of a broad based national approach as against the prevailing State based reservationist policy. The Judgment was delivered during the long vacation of the court perhaps with the fond hope that the scheme evolved by this Court could be implemented in the educational ses sion to follow. This Court had not then assessed what magni tude the task of implementation of the scheme would involve. When the scheme did not become operative even in the following year (1985 86)	 this Court directed the Government of India to convene a meeting in which Medical faculties of universities	 Health Secretaries of State Governments	 representatives of the Medical Council of India	 the Dental Council of India	 National Board of Examinations	 National Academy of Medical Sciences	 the Central 748 Board of Secondary Education and representatives of the Ministries of Education and Law were to participate with a view to scrutinising and giving shape to the scheme prepared by the Medical Council of India under orders of this Court and finalise every detail regarding the holding of the All India Entrance Examination for the MBBS/BDS and Post Gradu ate Courses. This meeting was held on September 16	 1985	 and after deliberations a shape was given. The resultant scheme and certain objections came to be dealt by this Court in its order dated July 21	 1986. By this order the reservation of 30% indicated in the main judgment was reduced to 15% of the total seats for MBBS course in each medical college or institution without taking into account any reservations validly made and this Court observed: "This new formula is in our opinion fair and just and brings about real equality of opportunity in admissions to the MBBS/BDS course without placing the students in one State in an advantageous or disadvantageous position as compared to the students in anoth er State." This Court dealt at length with the objections to the syllabus and ultimately said: "We approve of the syllabus since it has been accepted by the Medical Council of India	 the Government of India and all the State Governments except the State of Maha rashtra which also did not make any submis sions to the Court at the hearing of this case. " This Court further said : "Since as a result of the direction given by us on 2nd May	 1986	 our judgment dated 22nd June	 1984	 is going to be opera tive only with effect from the academic year commencing in 1987 and the first All India Entrance Examination for admission to the MBBS/BDS course would be held only in June	 1987	 we would request the Education Depart ment of each State as also the Board of Sec ondary and/or Higher Secondary Education in each State to take note of this syllabus which we have approved for the All India Entrance Examination and to suitably amend its syllabus or course for the 12th year (perhaps class) 749 so as to bring it in line with the syllabus approved by us so that the students passing the qualifying examination of the 12th class may be properly equipped to face the All India Entrance Examination. It would be desirable if a common syllabus is adopted at +2 level throughout the country so that there may be uniformity in the educational pattern and the students in various States may be able to appear in the All India Entrance Examination on a footing of equality without any undue advantage to one as against the other. " By the same order	 the Court held that the Central Board of Secondary Education would be the agency to conduct the All India Entrance Examination for admission to the MBBS course. It was further clarified that the scheme in the main judgment as modified later is meant to apply to medical colleges or institutions maintained or run by the Union of India	 any State Government or Municipal or Local Authority. That order also directed that : "All India Entrance Examination for MBBS/BDS course shall be held once in a year which may commence at any time between 15th July and 1st August each year. The dates indicated in paragraph 14 of the Scheme of All India En trance Examination for MBBS/BDS course are quite in order but we would add one more date	 namely	 that the result of the All India Entrance Examination shall be declared some time between the 15th and the 20th June. A list of successful candidates shall be pre pared in order of merit and it shall comprise the names of as many students as the number of vacant seats available for admission plus 10% more and there shall also be a waiting list as indicated in paragraph 8 of the scheme. There shall also be an interval of time of at least three weeks between the date of publication of the list and the date of admission to the medical colleges or institu tions covered by the scheme. " There is an apparent mistake in the working schedule in this part of that order. If the examination is to be held between July 15 and August 1	 the result cannot be declared between the 15th and the 20th of June. We clarify this apparent error by directing that the examination shall be held be tween 16th May and 31st May and the results shall be noti fied between 15th and 20th June. The list of the candidates as directed in that order will be prepared within one week from the publication of the results and three weeks ' time shall be allowed to 750 intervene before actual admission starts. By the end of August such process having been completed	 actual teaching should start from the beginning of September. In all medical colleges/institutions to which the scheme applies	 teaching for MBBS/BDS course should start on the first working day of September and even those institutions which are outside the scheme might as well commence their academic sessions from September so that throughout the country there would be uniformity in that regard. In that order	 this Court further held: "The schemes of examination for admission to MBBS/BDS course . . are therefore approved by us	 subject to the various modifications discussed and formulated in this judgment. We would direct the Govern ment of India to revise these schemes in accordance with the modifications directed in this judgment and to submit such revised schemes to this Court within two weeks from today. The Government of India will supply copies of the revised schemes to the learned advocates appearing on behalf of the State Governments	 the Medical Council of India and the Bombay University so that if the revised schemes are not in accordance with the direc tions given by us in this judgment in any respect	 they may be able to point out such discrepancies in the revised schemes. " The Writ Petitions were directed to be placed for hear ing on 4th of August	 1986	 for confirmation of the revised schemes prepared by the Government of India in accordance with the directions given in that judgment. The revised schemes were not placed for finalisation before the Court in the manner directed but ultimately the concerned authorities proceeded with the making of arrangements for holding of the All India Entrance Examination. At that stage	 several applications were moved objecting to the holding of the examination in the absence of a final clearance from this Court. In that order of 21st July	 1986	 this Court had directed: "We would like to make it clear that students shall be entitled to appear at the All India Entrance Examination even if the result of the qualifying examination has not yet been declared	 provided they have appeared at the qualifying examination but they cannot be admitted to the MBBS/ BDS course unless they have passed the qualifying examination. " 751 In the advertisement which was given calling for applica tions from candidates seeking admission to the entrance examination	 eligibility was limited to successful candi dates in the qualifying examination and the above direction of this Court was not reflected there. On 30th of April	 1987	 this Court made the following order: "We understand that notice of the Scheme has been served on all the States. Some of the States have filed their objections to the proposed Scheme. The remaining States may file their objections by June 15	 1987 latest. The Registry of this Court will serve a copy of this Order on the Chief Secretary of each State to enable those States who have not filed objections to do so by the aforesaid date. Those States who do not have a copy of the Scheme with them will apply to the Regis try within time for such copy. It is distinct ly understood that no further time will be allowed to any State for filing objections. The Union of India will file its response to those objections by July 10	 1987. The matter shall be listed on July 14	 1987 for final disposal. Meanwhile	 the examination scheduled for May 3	 1987 shall stand postponed. The postponement of the examination shall be notified publicly in all prominent newspapers	 the All India Radio and Doordarshan immediate ly. We also restrain the States and their respective medical Colleges from filling up 15% of the seats in the First Year M.B.B.S. Course . . . until fur ther orders. " In compliance with the said direction	 the objections filed by the various States have been placed before us which are being disposed of by this order. The States which have filed ' their objections are the following: (1) Assam (2) Goa (3) Gujarat (4) Haryana (5) Karnataka (6) Kerala 752 (7) Orissa (8) Punjab (9) Rajasthan (10) Tamil Nadu (11) Uttar Pradesh (12) West Bengal. Apart from these States	 the Bombay Municipal Corporation has sent some objections to the scheme. Most of the States had a common objection	 namely	 some more time is needed to Conveniently adapt to the switch over as contemplated by the scheme and	 therefore	 implementation of the Scheme. under the main judgment should be deferred at least for two more years. We have already pointed out that the Scheme was intended to be enforced in 1985 86 academic session and when it was deferred to the next year	 the Court was hopeful that it could be introduced in the academic session of 1986 87. We have indicated at length by quoting from the order of July 21	 1986	 how under adverse circum stances it was not possible to enforce it in that academic session but the Court felt assured that the Scheme would be operative in the current academic session	 namely	 of 1987 88. Even in April	 1987 when injunction against filling the 15% of the seats was directed	 this Court seems to have still been hopeful of the working out the Scheme in this session. For reasons which we shall indicate presently	 it is not possible to enforce the Scheme in the current academ ic session of 1987 88. By the time the Scheme is put into operation in 1988 89 Session	 all States would have four years of notice of this judgment proposing the switchover to the Scheme. Four years ' period is certainly sufficient notice and no one can have any occasion to feel aggrieved that there is any hustling up in the implementation of the Scheme. We are	 therefore	 not impressed at all by the stand taken in the objections that more time necessary for imple menting the Scheme and	 therefore	 its implementation should be deferred until 1990. The next objection which most of the States have voiced is that the syllabus curriculum of study in some of these States being different from the syllabus formulated under the orders of this Court	 the students would be handicapped when taking the entrance examination. Here again we see no force. We have extracted at considerable length from a part of the order of July 21	 1986	 where this aspect was 753 in the mind of the Court and as the Scheme syllabus was already prepared	 the Court indicated that the courses of study at least for the 12th Class should be so changed as to fit into the syllabus. The State Governments should have taken immediate steps for that purpose. Now that we are deferring the implementation of the scheme till the next session	 a gap of almost two years would have intervened between the earlier order of the Court and the time when the Scheme would be implemented. Those States who have not taken steps to bring their syllabi in line with the Scheme sylla bus must be blamed for indifference but there is still time to remedy the situation. Such of the students who propose to sit at the entrance examination must from now on undertake an extended study of the subjects covered by the syllabus in case some portions from the approved scheme syllabus are not covered by their own. We do not consider this objection as a valid one for deferring the implementation of the Scheme any further beyond the coming session. On behalf of some of the States like Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu	 it was pointed out that the medium of study in the qualifying course being the State language	 it would be difficult for the students to take the All India Entrance Examination in English. This is not the first time this objection has been raised. Even on an earlier occasion	 it was claimed that the entrance examination should be held by adopting regional or State languages. On this count	 the Court had indicated the reasons and had refused to accept that request. We do not think there is any justification to take a different view of the situation. We would reiterate that the medium of study of the MBBS Course being in Eng lish	 those students who propose to study the MBBS have got to be reasonably proficient in that language. Besides	 the manner in which the entrance ' examination would be held	 does not require long answers to be written so that profi ciency in English should become an absolute necessity so far as that examination itself is concerned. In these circum stances we do not see any real force in the objection relat ing to the language of the examination. On behalf of the State of Assam	 a plea was raised that the enforcement of the Scheme should be deferred for a period of five years. By way of justification for such a request	 it was maintained that the State has suffered badly on account of the continuous agitation for about three to four years and during this period	 the educational institu tions were mostly closed and the State is still in a process of recovery. It is a fact that the State passed through a period of agitational cloud but we do not think there would be any justification to keep the 754 State out from the national stream. It is quite possible that for the first year or two	 some inconvenience may be experienced but we are sure	 the young students from Assam would maintain high spirits and would match up to the na tional standards for competition in respect of the 15% seats. We are of the view that it would be in the interest of the State of Assam to quickly join the national stream. A similar request has been made on behalf of the State of Punjab though on different grounds. It is stated that the prevailing situation of law and order in Punjab being what it is	 it may be difficult for students from outside Punjab to be in Punjab for pursuing their courses of studies in the MBBS and equally unfavourably would be the position for youngsters from Punjab to go out to other institutions located in different parts of the country. We cannot shut our eyes to the realities of the situation but there is still almost a year for the Scheme to be implemented and we hope the present situation would not continue so long. In case the present situation continues	 it may be open to the State of Punjab to apply for directions of this Court when the Scheme is about to be implemented. For the present we reject the request of the Punjab State '. Ours is a large country and the level of education is not uniform throughout. Undoubtedly some States are more advanced than others in the field of education. The idea underlying the Scheme is to bring about a national cohesion and understanding and the Scheme has to be looked at from that stand point. In introducing a Scheme of this type which requires a switch over from the prevailing pattern	 there is bound to be some inconvenience. Whether it is introduced now or two years after	 would indeed bring about a feeling of anxiety and uncertainty till one gets used to it. This is a part of human nature. We have found a general welcome to the Scheme but an objection to its implementation. The Scheme is intended to be implemented and if the Scheme is welcome	 its implementation should also be received well. There could	 therefore	 be no room for objection at the threash hold. Now that the objections are not entertained and the Scheme is finalised and the syllabus was earlier approved all formalities for the holding of the examina tion are complete. The next question is as to when should the examination be held. Learned counsel for the Union of India as also the Indian Medical Council suggested that it could be done in October this year so that the candidates selected at the entrance examination could join the 1987 88 755 Session from November. In most of the colleges	 admission in respect of 85% seats has been completed and actuaL teaching has either begun or is about to begin. By November a sub stantial part of the course would have been read. To meet the situation	 learned counsel for the Union of India sug gested that we should direct the colleges and institutions to have a supplementary course for the students admitted against. the 15% vacancies. In the absence of consent from the institutions	 it would be difficult to work out that. As it is	 there exists a lot of confusion in the field and we do not propose to add to it by giving a direction of the type proposed. On the other hand it would be appropriate to bring the Scheme into operation from the coming year so that all the preliminaries can be properly conducted and in regular course the students can seek admission to the 1988 89 Session. We accordingly direct the authorities to hold the examination in the manner directed	 in June	 1988. The Union of India	 the Medical Council	 the Dental Council	 the several States	 Universities and Medical Colleges or insti tutions who are covered by the Scheme are directed to comply with these orders in time so as to give full effect to what has been said here. We have no intention to accept any application for further modification or alteration of our orders except in regard to the State of Punjab to the extent we have indicat ed in this order. We had put the parties appearing before us to notice of our intention and we reiterate it in our present order that no such application shall be entertained. We hope and trust that all concerned would cooperate in giving an easy workable switch over to the Scheme to be implemented in the 1988 89 academic session so far as the MBBS/BDS course is concerned. In view of our directing the Scheme to be operative from the 1988 89 academic session	 the order of injunction passed on 20th of April	 1987	 regarding the 15% seats is recalled. The respective institu tions are now free to fill up these vacancies in accordance with their own procedure of admission. A copy of this order shall be communicated forthwith by the Registry to the Chief Secretary of every State and or Union Territory as the case may be.

Pursuant to this Court 's directions regarding the reser vation of seats for admission to different courses of study such as MBBS/BDS and Post Graduate Specialities and holding of an All India Entrance Examination therefor	 contained in its judgment delivered in a group of writ petitions on June 22	 1984	 a Scheme was prepared by the Medical Council of india	 in consultation with various authorities	 and submit ted to the Court. The Court considered the said Scheme along with objec tions and	 by its order dated July 21	 1986 approved the Scheme and the syllabus with modifications and the States were directed to bring their syllabi for the 12th year in line with the syllabus approved by this Court. The Central Board of Secondary Education was directed to hold the All India Entrance Examination. The Scheme was intended to be implemented from the 1985 86 academic session but was de ferred to 1986 87 academic session and later to 1987 88 academic session. The revised Schemes in accordance with the Court 's directions were not placed before the Court for confirma tion/finalisation in the manner indicated by the Court and when the concerned authorities proceeded with making neces sary arrangements for holding the All India Entrance Exami nation	 several applications were moved objecting to the holding of the examination	 in the absence of final clear ance from this Court. On 30th April	 1987 this Court restrained the States and their respective medical colleges from filling up the 15% reserved seats in the first year MBBS course until further orders	 and the States which had not filed their objections were directed to do so. 745 Several States filed objections. The common objection was that more time was needed to conveniently adapt to the switch over as contemplated by the Scheme and. therefore	 implementation of the Scheme under the main judgment should be deferred at least for two more years. Another objection was that the syllabus curriculum of study in some of the States being different from the syllabus formulated under the orders of this Court	 the students would be handicapped when taking the entrance examination. Yet another objection was that the medium of study in the qualifying course being the State language	 it would be difficult for the students to take the All India Entrance Examination in English. This Court	 disposing of the objections	 HELD: 1.1 Ours is a large country and the level of education is not uniform throughout. Undoubtedly some States are more advanced than others in the field of education. The idea underlying the Scheme is to bring about a national cohesion and understanding and the Scheme has to be looked at from that stand point. In introducing a Scheme of this type which requires a switch over from the prevailing pat tern	 there is bound to be some inconvenience. Whether it is introduced now or two years after	 it would indeed bring about a feeling of anxiety and uncertainty till one gets used to it. This is a part of human nature. There is general welcome to the Scheme	 but there is an objection to its implementation. The Scheme is intended to be implemented and if the Scheme is welcome	 its implementation should also be received well. There could	 therefore	 be no room for objec tion at the threshhold. [754E F] 1.2 It would be appropriate to bring the Scheme into operation from the coming year so that all the preliminaries can be properly conducted and in regular course the students can seek admission to the 1988 89 session. Accordingly	 the authorities will hold the examination in June	 1988. [755C] It may be open to the State of Punjab to apply for directions of this Court when the Scheme is about to be implemented in case the present law and order situation continues. [754D] 1.3 As the Scheme syllabus had already been prepared	 the Court had indicated in the order of July 21	 1986 that the courses of study at least for the 12th Class should be so changed as to fit into the syllabus. The State Government should have taken immediate steps for that pur 746 pose. Now that implementation of the Scheme is being de ferred till the next session	 a gap of almost two years would have intervened between the earlier order of the Court and the time when the Scheme would be implemented. The implementation of the Scheme cannot	 therefore	 be deferred any further beyond the coming session. [753A	 C] 1.4 The medium of study of the MBBS course being in English	 those students who propose to study the MBBS have got to be reasonably proficient in that language. Besides	 the manner in which the entrance examination would be held does not require long answers to be written so that profi ciency in English should become an absolute necessity so far as that examination itself is concerned. [753E F] 1.5 By the time the Scheme is put into operation in 1988 89 session	 all the States would have four years of notice of the judgment proposing the switch over to the Scheme. Four years ' period is certainly sufficient notice and no one can have any occasion to feel aggrieved that there is any hustling up in the implementation of the Scheme. [752F] 1.6 In view of the direction that the Scheme should be operative from the 1988 89 academic session	 the order of injunction regarding the 15% seats is recalled. The respec tive institutions are now free to fill up these vacancies in accordance with their own procedure of admission. [755F]