Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 1117(NCM) of 1976. (From the Judgment dated the 25.7.1975 of the Monopolies & Restrictive Trade Practices Commissioner New Delhi in R.T.P.E. No. 1 of 1974) N.A. Palkhivala	 F.S. Nariman	 Ashok H. Desai	 Ravinder Narain	 B. Dadachanji	 O.C. Mathur	 section Swarup	 Talat Ansari	 Shri Narain	 John and D.N. Mishra	 for the Appellant. Lal Narain Sinha	 Mrs. Shayamla Pappu	 G.A. Shah	 R.N. Sachthey	 Girish Chandra and B.B. Sawhney	 for the Respond ent. R. Narain	 J B. Dadachanji	 O.C. Mathur	 section Swarup	 Talat Ansari	 Interveners for M/s. Hindust*an Livers Ltd.	 Ashok Leyland Ltd. Escorts Ltd. K. J. John	 for M/s. Hindustan Livers Ltd. Anil B. Divan	 R. Narain	 LB. Dadachani	 O.C. Mathur	 section Swarup	 Talat Ansari	 section Narain	 Interveners for CIBA Geigy of India Ltd. Ashok	 M. Desai R. Narain J. B. Dadachanji	 O.C. Mathur	 Talat Ansari	 section Swarup & D.N. Mishra	 Interveners for Batliboi & Co. (P) Ltd. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by RAY	 C.J. This appeal is under Section 55 of the Monop olies and RestrictiveTrade Practices Act	 1969 (referred to as the Act) against 688 the judgment and order of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission (referred to as the Commission) dated 25 July	 1975. The principal question for consideration in this appeal is whether the agreement between the appellant referred to as Telco and its dealers allocating territories to its deal ers within which only the dealers can sell bus and truck chassis referred to as the vehicles produced by the company constitute a "restrictive trade practice". Section 2(o) of the Act defines "restrictive trade prac tice" to be a trade practice which has	 or may have	 the effect of preventing	 distorting or restricting competition in any manner and in particular (i) which tends to obstruct the flow of capital or resources into the stream of produc tion or (ii) which tends to bring about manipulation of prices	 or conditions or delivery or to affect the flow of supplies in the market relating to goods or services in such manner as to impose on the consumers unjustified costs or restrictions. Section 33 of the Act provides that any agreement relat ing to a restrictive trade practice falling within one or more of the categories (a) to (1) specified in sub 2section(1) thereof shall be subject to registration. Section 37 of the Act provides that the Commission may enquire into any restrictive trade practice	 whether the agreement	 if any	 relating thereto has been registered under Section 35 or not which may come before its enquiry	 and if	 after such enquiry it is of opinion that the prac tice is prejudicial to the public interest the Commission may	 by order direct that (a) the practice shall be discon tinued or shall not be repeated; (b) the agreement relating thereto shall be void in respect of such restrictive trade practice or shall stand modified in respect thereof in such manner as may be specified in the order. Section 38 of the Act provides that a restrictive trade practice shall be deemed to be prejudicial to the public interest unless the Commission is satisfied of any one or more circumstances mentioned in that section. The circum stances mentioned inter alia are these. The restriction is reasonably necessary having regard to the character of the goods to which it applies to protect the public against injury in connection with the consumption	 or installation or use of these goods. The removal of the restriction would deny to the public. as purchasers	 consumers or users of any goods	 other specific and substantial benefits or advantages enjoyed or likely to be enjoyed by them as such	 whether by virtue of the restriction itself or of any arrangements for operations resulting therefrom. The restriction is reasona bly necessary to counteract measure taken by any one person not party to the agreement with a view to preventing or restricting competition in or in relation to the trade or business in which the persons thereto are engaged. The restriction is reasonably required for purposes in connec tion with the maintenance of any other restriction accepted by the parties whether under the same 'agreement or ' 689 under any other agreement between them	 being a restriction which is found by the Commission not to be contrary to the public interest upon other grounds other than specified in this paragraph. The restriction does not directly or indirectly restrict or discourage competition to any materi al degree in any relevant trade or industry and is not likely to do so. The Commission is also to be satisfied that the restriction is reasonable having regard to the balance between the circumstances and any detriment to the public or to persons not parties to the agreement being purchas ers	 consumers or users of goods produced or sold by such parties or persons engaged or seeking to become engaged in the trade or business of selling such goods or of producing or selling similar goods resulting or likely to result from the operations of restriction. The expressions purchasers	 consumers and users include persons purchasing	 consuming or using for the purpose or in course of trade or business or for public purposes. Section 38 of the Act is described in the phraseology of restrictive trade practices as providing "gateways" to trade. The essence of the section is that when it is found by the Commission that such restrictions are necessary or justified in the circumstances mentioned in the section restrictions are permitted. Again the balancing clause after clause (h) in section 38 of the Act	 indicates when the restriction is not unreasonable having regard to the balance between the circumstances mentioned in the section and detriment to the public resulting from the operation of the restriction. Telco is a public limited company and is a leading manufacturer of heavy and medium commercial vehicles. The capital investment required for a new factory in this trade is of a high order. At present there are only four princi pal manufacturers of commercial vehicles. These are The Hindustan Motors Ltd.	 Premier Automobiles Ltd. and Ashok Leyland Ltd. and Telco. The supply of commercial vehicles is said to be below the demand. The scarcity of supply is particularly accentu ated in the case of Telco 's vehicles as they are in great demand all over the country and abroad. The export of Telco was over 80% of the total exports of commercial vehicles from the country during the year 1974 75. The marked consumer preference for Telco 's vehicles has been maintained because of the high quality if its products and also because of elaborate and comprehensive net work of after sales service provided by Telco 's dealers. Telco has of its own initiative introduced. certain procedures for a fair and wide geographical distribution of its vehicles which seek to ensure that the new vehicles are supplied not only to the urban areas of the country where there is a high demand ' but also to the remote areas such as Tripura	 Naga land	 Himachal Pradesh etc. Telco has notified to its dealers the maximum price for each model of vehicle which they could charge to consumers. In May	 1972 Telco intro duced a procedure to regulate the booking of 690 orders by its dealers and effecting the delivery of vehicles against such orders with a view to ensuring distribution of its vehicles in the chronological order in which orders had been registered with the dealers. When Telco sells vehicles it has the responsibility of providing facilities for servicing and repairing the vehi cles marketed by it. It is essential that in the interest of the consumers such facilities are widely distributed throughout the country. Even in remote areas where the demand of new vehicles is less	 it is necessary to provide facilities for after sales service in order to enable the owners of the vehicles to keep them in operation. These facilities are provided by Telco through all India net work of 68 dealers	 69 service centres of sub dealers and 13 zonal offices of Telco. Each dealer has to maintain premises for a show room and ' a service station and to keep special tools as welt as a comprehensive range of spare parts supplied by Telco. Further a dealer has also to employ technically qualified personnel some of whom have been trained by Telco in its Apprentice School at Jamshedpur. In addition Telco maintains its own staff of trained engineers and mobile vans in each of its zonal offices. The Registrar	 Restrictive Trade Agreements made an application under Section 10(a) (iii) of this Act before the Commission for enquiry under Section 37 of the Act into restrictive trade practices alleged therein. The allega tions in the petition were these. Clauses (1) and (3) of the agreement between Telco and its dealers provide for territo rial restriction or allocation of area or market and clauses 6 and 13 provide for resale price maintenance and clause 14 provides for exclusive dealership. The Registrar submitted that Clauses 1	 3	 6 and 14 show that the company is in dulging in restrictive trade practices inter alia relating to allotment of territories/areas among its dealers and exclusive dealings and Telco is not willing to abandon the restrictive trade practices. It is significant to notice that no 'particulars of such alleged restrictive trade practices were set out in the application. Clauses 1	 3	 6 and 14 in so far as they are appropriate to the present appeal are as follows : "1. (a) The Dealer agrees to buy from the Regional Sales Office of the Company regularly from time to time on principal to principal basis all such new Tata diesel truck and bus chassis with or without cab and/or body (hereinafter referred to as "the said vehi cles"	 for resale within the territory de scribed hereunder (hereinafter called "the said territory") in accordence with the provisions of this. Agreement. (b) This Agreement shall not preclude the Company from entering into or continuing any dealership agreement or agreements with any other person or persons within the said terri tory for sale of the said vehicles and resale by 691 that person thereof in the said territory	 this Agreement with the Dealer does not con stitute him a selling agent of the Company in the said territory	 much less a sole selling agent. The Dealer shah not	 either directly or indirectly and. either alone or in conjunction with others	 promote the sale of or sell any of the said vehicles to any person or party outside the said territory	 nor shall ' he sell the same to any person within the said terri tory if the said vehicles are intended to be used outside the said territory. (a) The Dealer shaH	 at his own expense	 maintain within the said territory such organ isation for the sale of the said vehicles as may	 in the opinion of the Company which shall be binding	 be deemed to be necessary to adequately cover the said territory and ensure the best possible results. Except with the written permission of the Company first obtained	 the Dealer shall not during the pendency of this Agreement either directly or indirectly engage in or promote the sale of or use	 handle or sell any truck or bus chassis	 which is not manufactured or supplied by the Company. " Telco denied that any of the alleged clauses amounted to restrictive trade practices. Telco submitted as follows: First	 though alleged clauses imposed restrictions on the dealers these did not amount to restrictive trade prac tices within the meaning of the Act. Second	 Clauses 1 and 3 which deal with certain defined territories allocated to the dealers are intended to avoid unequal and unfair distribution of the vehicles among the customers. Third	 any restriction as to maximunm price at which goods can be resold to the Telco 's dealers particularly when Clause 6 (1) (ii) specifies what is implicit therein	 namely	 that the dealer may sell below the maximum price fixed by Telco cannot possibly amount to restrictive trade practice. Fourth	 Clause 14 which prohibits a distributor from dealing in products of other manufacturers would normally not be restrictive trade practice unless there are special circumstances which exist and indicate that the agreement has the effect of preventing	 distorting or restricting competition. Telco finally submits that none of the restrictions imposed in Clauses 1	3	6	 and 14 are unreasonable having regard to the balance between the circumstances set out in section 38 of the Act and any alleged detriment to the customers of Telco and or the competitors of Telco allegedly resulting or likely to result from the operation of these restrictions. 10 112SC1/77 692 The Commission held that the moment an agreement con tained a trade practice falling within any of the clauses in Section 33(1) of the Act	 the trade practice must be regard ed as a restrictive trade practice. The Commission held that all the clauses alleged in the petition of the Regis trar amounted to restrictive trade practices. The Commis sion further said that in regard to Clauses 6 and 13 in the light of the assurance given by Telco that in its future price lists it would specifically state that the dealer is free to charge on the resale of Telco 's vehicles	 prices lower than the maximum prices fixed by Telco	 no order was required to be passed regarding the alleged practice of maintenance of minimum resale prices. The Commission further held that although the contractu al term that the dealers	 could deal only in Telco 's vehi cles was a restrictive trade practice	 it was not against public interest as it fell within subclauses (a)	 (b) and. (h) and the balancing clause of Section 38(1) of the Act. The Commisssion however held that the practice of allo cation of territories to Telco 's dealers was not justified. In the result the Commission declared that Clauses 1 and 3 of the Agreements in so far as they related to allocation of any territory or area or market to any of the dealers for the distribution of the vehicles constituted restrictive trade practice and	 therefore	 void and restrained Telco from continuing or repeating the practice. Before the Commission Telco contended that the applica tion of the Registrar was not in accordance with Regulation 55 of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices .Com mission Regulations	 1974	 referred to as Regulations. Under the Regulations an application under section 10(a)(iii) of the Act must contain facts which	 in the Registrar 's opinion	 constitute a restrictive trade practice and	 if it is in relation to any agreement	 set out	 such portions of the agreement as may be necessary to bring out the facts complained of. It has to be stated that in the present case Telco is right in contending that beyond making mere references to clauses of the agreement and bald allegations that the clauses constitute restrictive trade practice	 no facts or features are set out in the petition to show or establish as to how the alleged clauses consti tute restrictive trade practice in the context of facts. The Solicitor General contended as follows. First	 the definition of restrictive trade practice includes all trade practices permissible or forbidden provided they restrict competition or even tend to restrict competition. The instances set forth in the definition of restrictive trade practice emphasize the factors which go to establish a restrictive trade practice. Clauses (i) and (ii) in Section 2(0) of the Act afford graver instances of restrictive trade practice. Second	 Section 33 of the Act requires an agreement falling within the Clauses thereof to be registered. In short an agreement which amounts to a restrictive trade practice will be first registered and then 693 an enquiry will be made under Chapter VI of the Act as to whether the restrictive trade practice is prejudicial to the public interest. Irrespective of the injurious or beneficial consequence of a trade practice which restricts or may restrict competition	 it may fall within the defini tion. Injurious or beneficial result of the restriction is relevant only for purposes of Sections 37 and 38 of the Act. Section 33 of the Act states that any agreement relat ing to a restrictive trade practice falling within one or more of the categories mentioned therein shall be subject to registration in accordance with the provisions of Chapter V of the Act. Clauses (a) and (d) in subsection (1 ) of Section 33 are relevant in the present case. These are	 inter alia	 (a) any agreement which restricts or is likely to restrict by any method the persons or clauses of persons to whom goods are sold or from whom goods 'are bought and (d) any agreement to purchase or sell goods or to tender for the sale or purchase of goods only at prices or on terms or conditions agreed upon between the sellers or purchasers. The definition of restrictive trade practice is an exhaustive and not an inclusive one. The decision whether trade practice is restrictive or not has to be arrived at by applying the rule of reason and not on that doctrine that any restriction as to area or price will per se be a re strictive trade practice. Every trade agreement restrains or binds persons or places or prices. The question is whether the restraint is such as regulates and thereby promotes competition or whether it is such as may suppress or even destroy competition. To determine this question three matters are to be considered. First	 what facts are peculiar to the business to which the restraint is applied. Second	 what was the condition before and after the re straint is imposed. Third ' what is the nature of the re straint and what is its actual and! probable effect. Section 33(1) of the Act deals with registration of certain types of restrictive trade practices which have the subject matter described in categories mentioned in clauses (a) to (1) of Section 33(1) of the Act. An agreement will be registrable	 when it will have both the effect of re stricting competition within the meaning of Section 2(0) of the Act and also deal with the subject matter described in Clauses	 (a) to (1) of sub section (1) of Section 33 of the Act. 'Clauses (a) to (1) aforesaid describe some species of agreement which require registration. if they .are within the genus of restrictive trade practice defined in Section 2(0) of the Act. A practice which is not restrictive under section 2 (0) of the Act cannot be restrictive trade prac tice only because 0f Clauses (a) to (1) of sub section (1) of Section 33 of the Act. Section 33 does not provide statutory illustrations to Section 2(0) of the Act but only enumerates some types of trade practices which. if they are restrictive within Section 2(0) of the Act require registra tion. Section 33 fixes categories of restrictive trade prac tices. Section 33 states that any agreement relating to a restrictive trade practice falling within one or more of the categories mentioned therein shall 694 be subject to registration. Therefore	 before an agreement becomes registrable it has to be a restrictive trade prac tice in accordance with the definition of Section 2(0) of the Act. At the threshold it has to be found out whether an agreement constitutes a restrictive trade practice. In Section 33 it is stated	 for example	 that any agreement which restricts	 or is likely to restrict	 by any method the persons or clauses of persons to whom goods are sold or from whom goods are bought is one of the categories of a regis trable restrictive trade practice. In the present case it has to be found out first whether the agreement of exclusive dealership between Telco and the dealers containing the restriction on the dealer not to sell the commercial vehi cles of Telco in other territories falls within the vice: of a restrictive trade practice. Under the Act	 action can be taken against a restric tive. trade practice. Therefore	 when the authorities under the Act want to challenge any agreement or any prac tice as a restrictive trade	 practice	 it has t0 be estab lished that it is a restrictive trade practice within the definition of the Act. If it is found to. be a restrictive trade practice	 the next stage is to register agreements relating to a restrictive trade practice. Section 33 states that any agreement relating to a restrictive trade practice failing within one or more of the categories mentioned. therein shall be subject to registration. The authorities have to examine the agreement and find out whether it fails within the vice of a restrictive trade practice before the authorities can ask that the agreement be registered under Chapter V of the Act. It is only after an agreement has been registered that there is an enquiry under Chapter VI of the Act. This enquiry under Section 37 0f the Act is to find out whether a restrictive trade practice is prejudicial to the public interest. Section 38 of the Act lays down the circumstances under which a restrictive trade practice is presumed to be in the public interest and not to be deemed to be prejudi cial to the public interest. In the present case the question is whether the dealer ship agreement between Telco and the dealers whereby the dealers are not permitted to sell the commercial vehicles outside their zones amounts to a restrictive trade practice. The questions posed are: Does it prevent distort or restrict competition in any manner; Does it affect the flow of sup plies in the market relating to goods or service in such manner as to impose on the consumers unjustified costs or restrictions. The evidence about the features of the trade is this. The medium	 and heavy vehicles in the trade are restricted to those licensed by Government for manufacture in the country. The capital investment required for a new factory is of a very high order	 namely	 almost Rs. 100 crores. At present the only manufacturers of commercial vehicles are Telco which produces Tats Vehicles	 Hindustan Motors Ltd.	 which produces Hindustan Vehicles	 Premier Automobiles	 which produces Premier Vehicles and Ashok Leyland Ltd.	 which produces Leyland vehicles. The supply of commercial vehicles is far below 695 the requirement of the industry. The gap between the demand and the supply is increasing with the passage of time as the trade is developing at a faster pace than the growth in the number of vehicles produced. The Government of India esti mated during the year 1974 75 the production of 56	300 ' medium and heavy vehicles. The production	 however	 is now likely to be of the order of 35	000. The Fifth Five Year Plan for the production is said to be increased to 80	1.0	0. It is said that against this target the installation capaci ty today is 46	300 vehicles. Even if the expansion pro gramme is fully implemented the installed capacity by the end of the Fifth Five Year Plan will be only 66	975 vehicles per year. The scarcity which is a feature of this trade is accen tuated in the case of Telco 's vehicles because they are in great demand all over the country and even in the export market. ]n 1974. it is said that Telco exported vehicles amounting to 86% of the total export from the country. The export earnings are said to be Rs. 7.29 crores for 1101 vehicles. At the time of arguments it was suggested that Telco exports now vehicles worth Rs. 10 crores. The clauses relating to territorial restriction in the present case do not constitute restrictive trade practice for the following reasons: The domestic market in India is spread over this vast sub continent with very divers conditions of roads	 popula tion and demand. It is essential for the community	 the consumer and the manufacturer to have an equitable geograph ical distribution of his vehicles. Vehicles may be required for operation in any part of India and public interest requires that the channels of communication should be open throughout the country. These vehicles should ply even in the remotest areas like Ladakh	 Nagaland	 etc. A user of Telco vehicles expects to get all over the country the service of a high standard enjoined by Telco upon its dealers. Telco on its part also needs a country wide network of dealers so that sales take place and the dealers can maintain the service stations	 spare part stocks and workshops with the requisite equipment	 machinery and trained personnel all over the country. This also enables the consumers to rely on Telco 's vehicles since they in turn can expect services	 repairs and spare parts all over India. Telco has thus to ensure an all India network of dealers	 including those which will serve remote areas. It is evidence that commercial vehicles is a highly complex mechanical product. When Telco sells a vehicle it also. has a responsibility that the vehicle is kept running and maintained in the optimum condition Telco must preserve its reputation and ensure that the vehicles are only sold by dealers who have the requisite facilities and organisation to give the proper after sales service. Unlike most consum er products	 a commercial vehicle involves a continuous relationship between a dealer and a consumer. The consumer looks to the dealer	 for keeping the vehicle running and for all attendent facilities like 696 service stations	 workshops and spare parts. Reliability and repair of a vehicle	 which represents a substantial invest ment for the consumer	 is vital also to the public as a whole and there must be constantly available throughout the country a network of dealers with adequate repair and main tenance service. Even before the delivery of a commercial vehicle to the consumer	 there is a meticulous pre delivery inspection and service by the dealer. After delivery	 Telco gives three free services. Telco also gives a war ranty for a period of six months from the date of registra tion or 12 months from the date of delivery of vehicle from the factory or for a period in which the vehicle has run for a distance of 32	0.00 kilometers	 whichever expires earlier. There are outstanding distinctions between a car dealer and a commercial vehicle dealer. The peculiar characteris tics of dealers ' in commercial vehicles are these:The pur chase of a car in India rarely represents the substantial or the bulk of the investment of a purchaser. The purchase of a commercial vehicle	 however	 represents the substantial and often the only capital investment of the owner. A chassis manufactured by Telco is sold to the customer at almost a lakh of rupees and the body costs him about Rs. 15	000/ for a truck and about Rs. 40	000/ for a bus. Over 80% of per sons owning trucks are individual owners having not more than two trucks and mostly only one truck. The vehicle is normally constantly on the road and is put to the maximum possible use with often more than one driver plying it. Thus a vehicle plies on an average over a lakh of kilometers per year. The heavy investment also makes it necessary that a vehicle should be constantly on the move. The owner can ill afford to waste time and requires easily accessible and prompt Service Stations	 Workshops and stocks of spares. The purchaser regards the .truck as a life time investment. The purchaser looks to the dealer for prompt after sales service and repairs. Since 80% of truck operators are individual operators and often have scant mechanical knowl edge	 they have to depend upon the dealer for keeping the truck moving with the necessary trained personnel	 work shop	 service stations and stocks of spares. As a result of these characteristics	 the relationship between a dealer and the truck purchaser is much more constant than with the car purchaser. The standard of service he expects is more vigorous and prompt. Vehicles of Telco are in keen demand	 both because of their quality as also because of the assurance of efficient after sales service	 by the network of Telco dealers. These requirements cannot be met unless there is a network of dealers with specific territories. It is essential from the angle of the consumer	 Telco and the public that there should be widest and equitable geographical distribution of the vehicles of Telco. Public interest itself requires that the vehicles should not be concentrated in metro centres or urban areas where there is a high demand for them	 to the determent of the remote	 areas or sami urban areas. The consumer also plies trucks all over the country and expects that where ever he goes	 whether to Kerala or Assam	 there should be a dealer	 a service station	 a workshop	 trained personnel and spare parts which can attend to Telco trucks. 697 Urban area centres like Bombay	 Delhi and Calcutta	 have a very large demand as compared to the rest of the country. But at the same time Telco. has to ensure sales in places like Kashmir	 Nagaland. and Tripura	 where the demand is much less. In fact	 in some of these areas	 there are no alternative means of communication and transport like rail ways and the life of the community is largely dependent upon road transport. Even where the demand is less	 there has to be a dealer with the necessary facilities and organisation for after sales service Telco appoints dealers. for different territories in India. The geographical network is natural to the industry itself. The purchaser will purchase and get his vehicle serviced in his own territory. The purchaser looks to a dealer in his own territory with whom he has relationship and who will give him credit facilities	 who will render after sales service and from whom he can purchase spares	 who will handle warranty claims and with 'whOm he can have constant relationship for purchases in future. Unless a 'dealer is assured of customers in his own area and zones; he will not have the necessary incentive to maintain the optimum level of service stations	 workshops and spare part stocks	 nor can the dealer plan his resources including technical personnel	 capital equipment and financial resources for his future commitment. Telco regards after sales service of crucial importance to serve its consumers. It is natural and cheaper for a purchaser to buy and service his vehicles in his own terri tory. After sales service of Telco is fairly elaborate and complex and it is because of the standard of this service that Telco has been 'able to maintain the reputation. Each	 dealer is required to provide one premises for show room	 service station	 workshop	 spare parts	 shop	 canteen and also (a) rest house for drivers; (b) equipment and machinery for maintenance and repairs; (c) set or sets of special tools specially designed for carrying out repairs to Telco 's vehicle; (d) Technical personnel including person nel trained by the appellant at its factory in Jamshedpur and. (e) adequate stock of spare parts to meet the potential demand in the territory. Telco has set up 13 zonal offices throughout India at New Delhi	 Kanpur	 Ahmedabad	 Indore	 Bombay	 Bangalore	 Madras	 Vijyawada	 Bhubaneshwar	 Jamshedpur	 Gauhati	 Jul lunder and Jaipur. If the territorial restriction is re moved	 there will be a tendency for persons to book orders in areas thus starving the consumers of that area of their equitable share and disrupting the flow of vehicles in both areas. This will create pockets of artificial scarcity and dislocate the network. If the dealer is not assured of a steady demand in his territory	 he may have no incentive or may not find it economic to organise proper after sales service. This would also result in dealers diverting their supplies to metro centres starving the semi urban and rural areas. Network of dealers and service stations has a direct relation with the territorial assurances given to each dealer. It is as a result of such assurances that a dealer is able to maintain the whole chain of dealership network	 service stations	 stocks of spare parts	 trained per 698 sonnel	 equipment	 special tool kits and given the optimum service as laid down by Telco to its vehicles. Some of the dealers have even maintained mobile service vans. The dealer has to invest a large amount in providing all these facilities. The dealer is familiar with his territory and in view of the potential sales	 takes steps to improve his organisation. If these clauses are omitted	 the dealer would not make investment and would neglect the service facilities to the detriment of the consumer. In the light of scarcity in the supply of vehicle 's and the need to distribute Vehicles to all the dealers in India	 Telco makes equitable distribution of its products by taking into account these factors: (a) Population of commercial vehicles in the dealer 's territory; (b) Orders from customers pending with the dealer; (c) Preference for Tata diesel vehicles as against other makes in the territory of the dealer (d) Past sales performance of the dealer; (e) Effective after sales service provided by the dealers; (f) Special requirements of the territory during the erection of Government Projects such as steel plants	 construction of dams etc. ; (g) Emergency requirements of the territory on account of drought	 flood relief etc; (h) Government recom mendations for meeting certain specific requirements; (i) Dependence of the particular territory on road transport and (j) Requirements of State Government and nationalised trans port undertakings which are procured through dealers. The demand for the vehicles has always exceeded the supply making it imperative for Telco to ensure equitable distribution of the vehicles to the various parts of the country. There are many commercial agreements under which the territories are divided among distributors and 'such agreements do not constitute restrictive trade practice	 where the whole object is to ensure fair	 efficient and even distribution particularly of a commodity which is in short supply and in great demand. If these were not done and it was permitted for one dealer to encroach on the territory of another this would affect the flow of vehicles into the market leaving some territories unsupplied. In order to prevent this undesirable position that dealers were appointed for different territories and care was taken consistently to see that all parts of the country are treat ed equally and fairly. The exclusive dealings do not impede competition but promote it. Such dealings lead to specialisation and im provement in after sales service. The exclusive dealership agreements do not restrict distribution in any area or prevent competition. The customer has the choice of buying any make he likes. The advantage of exclusive dealership is that a dealer specialises in his own type of vehicle with all the attending advantages of trained personnel	 special service stations	 workshops and spare parts. Each set of special tools costs approximately Rs. 55	000. The set is suitable for servicing one vehicle at a time. Some dealers like the United Motors Pvt. Ltd.	 Bombay have four sets at Colaba	 Wadi Bunder	 Jogeshwari and Chembur. The invest ment of United Motors is approximately Rs. 24 lakhs. It is estimated that one service station with special tools of Telco and workshop equipment will cost as much as Rupees five lakhs. 699 It is by specialising in each make of vehicle and pro viding the best possible service that the competition between the various makes is enhanced. It is practically not possible for the same dealer to have parallel lines of service stations	 workshops	 spare parts	 trained personnel for different makes. It is also not practical for the dealer to maintain different and competitive standards laid down by different companies which may differ from manufac turer to manufacturer. If a dealer has more than one fran chise	 the competition between the various makes will be reduced. It will be difficult for the manufacturer to make the dealer responsible for his make and concentrate on it. There may be conflicts between his responsibility for after sales service. Telco commenced appointing dealers in 1954. At that time 25 or 26 dealer 's were appointed. The number increased to 68. There are also sub dealers. Each dealer is required to make a security deposit varying from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 6 lakhs. Telco pays interest 	on deposits and security depos its. A dealer has to invest a minimum of Rs. 5 lakhs in his establishment. The range of investment would vary from Rs. 5 lakhs to Rs. 50 lakhs depending upon the largeness of the place. Dealer Apprentices are trained by Telco in its factory at Jamshedpur. Telco also trains Trade Apprentices. The dealer also pays the apprentice stipend. If territorial restrictions are removed	 there will be unequal distribu tion of vehicles in various territories. While there 'will be shortage in some territories	 there will be larger sup plies in others. Vehicles are supplied by Telco according to territorial requirements. Various factors are taken into consideration in assessing the requirements of territo ries. By making it 's dealers exclusive to Telco	 there cannot be said to be any prevention	 distortion or restriction of competition in the territory in which a dealer operates	 either between manufacturers of the same type of vehicles or between dealers in these vehicle. Any manufacturer of vehicles such as those of Telco may manufacture and sell its vehicles in a territory in which Telco 's dealers operate. Any other manufacturer of vehicles 'similar to those of Talco is also free to appoint dealers of its choice in the same territory covered by Telco 's dealers. The channels for outlet for vehicles have not been blocked by the fact that the dealers appointed by Telco are exclusive to Telco nor it can be said that Telco has by its exclusive arrange ment with its dealers affected the flow of supplies of vehicles into the market. If Telco Sold themselves in each territory it could not be said that Telco was pursuing any restrictive trade practice. Would the position change if Telco asked their dealers not to sell Telco bus chassis outside the dealer 's territory? Just as Telco could not complete with itself similarly dealers would not compete with one another. The competition would be between Telco products and the products of the other manufacturers Premier	 Hindustan and Leyland. 'Restrictive trade practice is based on reason embodied in Section 2(0) of the Act. When trucks are in short supply and dealers are 700 restrained from selling at above the maximum price they cannot sell below the maximum price and compete with one another. Dealers of the same manufacturer do not compete with one another in every case irrespective of the market conditions or the character of the product sold. Competition between dealers appointed by the same manu facturer can be reduced when there is a practical possibili ty. of such competition as for example	 When the goods are in abundance. When there is an acute scarcity of goods and there is no possibility of dealers selling the product at less than the permissible price	 it would be irrational to talk of territorial limits restricting competition. Restric tion on competition postulates the existence or the possi bility of competition. On the facts proved in the present case the only competition possible is between the 	dealers and the manufacturer 'section The territorial restriction pro motes competition between the four manufacturers in every part of India while it has no effect of any theoretical competition between the dealers because such competition between dealers does not and cannot exist. The question of competition cannot be considered in vacuo or in a doctrinaire spirit. The concept of competi tion is to be understood in a commercial sense. Territorial restriction will promote competition whereas the removal of territorial restriction would reduce competition. As a result of territorial restriction there is in each part of India open competition among the four manufacturers. If the territorial restriction is removed there will be pockets without any competition in certain parts of India. If the dealer in Kashmir is allowed to sell anywhere in India wealthy cities like Delhi	 Bombay	 Calcutta will buy up trucks allocated for Kashmir and the buyer in Kashmir will not be able to get the trucks. The other three manufactur ers whose trucks are not in equal demand will have Kashmir as an open field to them without competition by Telco. Therefore	 competition will be reduced in Kashmir by the successful competitor being put out of the field. The real reason for exclusive dealership is that instead of diminishing competition between four manufacturers each dealer tries to do his best for his own trucks	 bus and thus reduce keen competition among the four manufacturers. If one dealer deals in trucks of one or more manufacturers one cannot be expected to compete with itself it is	 therefore	 clear that exclusive dealership promotes instead of re tarding competition. Clauses 1 and 3 are in the interest of the consumer and ensure equal distribution as far as possible of the goods at a fair price. These provisions do not tend to obstruct the flow of capital or resources into the stream of production or to bring about manipulation of prices or conditions of delivery or to affect the flow of supplies in the market relating to goods or services in such manner as to impose on the consumers unjustified costs or restrictions. 701 In the present case the restriction imposed by Telco on dealers not to sell bus and chassis outside their territo ries does not restrict competition for the foregoing rea sons. The other term of exclusive dealership in clauses 6 and 14 of the agreement between Telco and the dealers that the dealer will not sell commercial vehicles of other manufac turers	 does not amount to a restriction in competition because other manufacturers can appoint other persons to deal in their commercial vehicles. It is also in public interest to see that vehicles of other manufacturers are sold in the same territory by other dealers. Therefore	 there will be competition between the manufacturers of different commercial vehicles and as far as exclusive dealership of Telco commercial vehicles is concerned	 it will be in public interest ' and not be a restriction in competition. The two terms of restriction on dealers	 namely	 'sale being confined within the territory and the other being confined to dealing in only Telco vehicles are not prejudi cial to public interest. The Commission found that exclu sive nature of dealership of being confined to Telco vehi cles is not prejudicial to public interest. The territorial restriction is also. in public interest and the Commission was in error in thinking that it is not so. For the foregoing reasons the appeal is accepted. The decision of the Commission is set aside. We hold that the agreement in the present case is not within the vice of restrictive trade practice and is	 therefore	 not registra ble. We make it clear that in a given case sale of commodi ties being confined to a territory may amount to a restric tive trade practice. In the special features and facts and circumstances of the exclusive dealership agreement between Telco and the dealers the territorial restriction imposed on the sellers not to sell vehicles outside their territories is not a restrictive trade practice. Parties will pay and bear their own costs. P.B.R. Appeal allowed.

Section 2(o) of the Restrictive Trade Practices Act	 1969 defines "restrictive trade practice" to be a trade practice which tends to bring about manipulation of prices or conditions of delivery or to affect the flow of supplies in the market relating to goods or services in such manner as to impose on the consumers unjustified costs or re strictions. Section 33 provides that any agreement relating to a restrictive trade practice falling within one or more of the categories (a) to (I) specified in sub s.(1) thereof shall be registered. Section 37 enacts that the Monopo lies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission may inquire into any restrictive trade practice	 whether the agreement relating thereto had been registered under section 35 or not. Under section 38 when the Commission finds that such re strictions are necessary or justified	 in the circumstances mentioned in the section	 it may permit such restrictions. The appellant is a manufacturer of heavy and medium commercial vehicles. The appellant enters into an agreement with dealers in regard to sale of its vehicles. Clause 1 (a) of the agreement provides that a dealer shall buy from the Regional Sales Office of the company a new Tata diesel truck for resale within the territory described in accord ance with the provisions of the agreement. Clause (b) provides that the agreement shall not preclude the company from entering into any dealership agreement with any other person or persons within the said territory. Clause 3 prohibits the dealer from selling the vehicles either di rectly or indirectly to any person outside the territory. Clause 6(a) provides that the dealer shall maintain an organisation for the sale of the vehicles in accordance with the directions of the appellant. Clause 14 prohibits the dealer from handling or selling vehicles manufactured or supplied by any other company. In a petition under section 10(a)(iii) of the Act	 the Regis trar of the Restrictive Trade Practices alleged that cls. (1) and (3) of the agreement between the appellant and its dealers provided for territorial restrictions or allocation of areas or market	 cl. (6) provided for resale price main tenance	 cl. 14 provided for exclusive dealership and all these clauses of the agreement showed that the appellant was indulging in restrictive ' trade practices relating to allo cation of territories or areas among its dealers and that the appellant was not willing to abandon the restrictive trade practices. The Commission held inter alia. that cls. (1) and (3) of the agreement. constituted restrictive trade practices and	 therefore	 void. It was contended on behalf of the respondent that irrespec tive of the injurious or beneficial consequences of a trade practice which may restrict competition	 an agreement may fall within the definition of that term in section 2(0) of the Act. An injurious or beneficial result Of the restriction is relevant only for purposes of section 37 and section 38 and not for the purposes of section 33. Allowing the appeal	 HELD: The agreement in the present case was not within the vice of restrictive trade practice and was not registra ble. 686 (1) An agreement will be registrable when it will have both the effect of restricting competition within the meaning of section 2(0) and also deal with the subject matter described in sections 33(1)(a) to (I). A practice which is not restrictive under section 2(0) of the Act cannot be a restrictive 'trade practice only because of cls. (a) to (1) of section 33(1). Section 33 does not provide statutory illustrations to section 2(0) of the Act but only enumerates some types of trade practices which	 if they are restrictive within section 2(0)	 require registration. [693 F G] (2) The definition of restrictive trade practice is an exhaustive and not an inclusive one. The decision whether a trade practice is restrictive or not has to be arrived at by applying the rule of reason and not on doctrine that any restriction as to area or price will per se be a restrictive trade practice. The question in each case is whether the restraint is such as regulates and thereby promotes competi tion or whether it is such may suppress or even destroy competition. To determine this question three matters are to be considered	 namely	 (1) what facts are peculiar to the business to which the restraint is applied	 (2) what was the condition before and after the restraint was imposed	 and (3) what was the nature of the restraint and what was its actual and probable effect. [693 D F] (3) When the authorities under the Act want to challenge any agreement or any practice as a restrictive trade prac tice	 it has to be established that it is a restrictive trade practice within the definition of section 2(0). If it is found that it is a restrictive trade practice	 it has to be registered under s 33. It is only after an agreement had been registered that there is an enquiry under Chapter VI of the Act. This enquiry under section 37 is to find out whether a restrictive trade 'practice is prejudicial to the public interest. [692 H	 693 A] (4) The two terms of restriction on dealers	 namely	 one confining sales within the territory and .t_he other confin ing dealers to dealing in only the appellant 's vehicles are not prejudicial to public interest. The territorial re striction is also in public interest and the Commission was in error in thinking that it was not so. [701 C D] In the instant case	 the supply of commercial vehicles is far below the demand and the gap between supply and demand is growing. The vehicles of the appellant were in great demand not only in the country but outside the country as well. Clauses relating to territorial restric tion do not constitute 'restrictive trade practice because the domestic market is spread all over the country	 to meet the needs of the users of vehicles the appellant has a countrywide network of dealers who maintain service sta tions	 workshops	 requisite equipment	 machinery and trained personnel. The appellant ensures that the vehicles are only sold by dealers who have the requisite facilities and organisation to give after sales service. The appellant gives a warranty in respect of the vehicles. A geographical network is natural to the industry which the appellant has set up. The appellant has zonal offices throughout the country. If the territorial restriction is removed	 there will be a tendency for person to book orders in all areas thus starving the consumers of a particular area of their equitable share and disrupting the flow of vehicles in both areas. If the dealer is not assumed of a steady demand in his territory he may have no incentive or may not find it economic to organise proper after sales service. Some of the dealers have even maintained mobile service vans. [694 H	 695 A] The exclusive dealings of the appellant do not impede competition but promote it. Such dealings lead to special isation and improvement in after salesservice. The exclu sive dealership agreements do not restrict distribution in any area or prevent competition. By making its dealers exclusive	 it cannot be said that there is prevention	 distortion or restriction of competition in the territory in which the dealer operates. Any manufacturer of vehicles similar to those of the appellant is also free to appoint dealers of its choice in the Same territory covered by the appellant 's dealers. The channels for outlet for vehicles have not been blocked. [699 F G] 687 When there is acute scarcity of the goods and there is no possibility of dealers selling the product at less than the permissible price	 it would be irrational to talk of territorial limits restricting competition. Territorial restriction promotes competition between the different manufacturers in every part of India. [700 B C] Clauses (1) and (3) are in the interest of the consumer and ensure an equal distribution as far as possible of the goods at a fair price. Clauses (6) and (14) do not amount to a restriction in competition because other manufacturers could appoint other persons to deal in their commercial vehicles. It is also in public interest to see that vehi cles of other manufacturers are sold in the same territory by other dealers. [701 B C]