Summarize the following court judgment. Appeal No. 272 of 1963. Appeal from the judgment and decree dated February 7	 1958 of the Madras High Court in Appeal Suit No. 318 of 1954. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri and Naunit Lal	 for the appellant. A. Ranqanatham Chetty	 A. Vedavalli and A V. Rangam	 for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Subba Rao	 J. Sri Vaidyanathaswami Temple at Vaitheeswa Sirkali Taluk	 Thanjavur District	 Madras State	 is an 936 ancient and famous Siva temple. It owns a large extent of immovable property and it is said that its annual income is more than Rs. 2 lakhs. In 1842 the British Government	 which was then administering the temple	 handed over its management to the Pandarasannadhi of Dharmapuram Adhinam. Since then the said Pandarasannadhi has been managing the same through one of his selected disciples	 a Kattalai Thambiran. In the year 1919	 the High Court of Madras framed a scheme for the administration of the said temple in A.S. No. 181 of 1917. The said scheme provided	 among others	 that the administration of the temple should be in the hands of the Kattalai Thambiran appointed by the Pandarasannadhi	 and that he should be assisted by a treasurer	 a shroff and an auctioneer who was to be appointed once in 3 years by the Court. The Madras Legislature passed Act 11 of 1927 providing for the good administration of temples and their endowments. The Religious Endowments Board functioning under the said Act	 presumably because the administration of the temple in question was satisfactory	 did not take any steps to have the scheme framed by the High Court in 1919 modified under the said Act. That Act was substituted by The Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act	 1951 (Act No. XIX of 1951)	 hereinafter called the Act. On June 16	 1951	 the Commissioner	 Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments	 Madras	 filed a petition in the Court of the Subordinate Judge	 Mayuram	 under section 62(3a) of the Act for modifying the scheme framed by the High Court. In the petition the Commissioner	 after alleging various acts of commission and omission by the Trustee and his subordinates in the management of the temple and pointing out the defects in the earlier scheme	 averred that the full income of the Devasthanam had not been secured and safeguarded and that was attributable mainly to the defective machinery set up under the scheme for the administration of the temple. The most important of the modifications suggested to the scheme was that an Executive Officer should be appointed in the place of the Kattalai Thambiran and the Treasurer	 conferring large powers on him for the day to day administration of the temple. The Pandarasannadhi filed a counter affidavit denying all the allegations made against the management of the temple and asserting that he had functioned in terms of the scheme and had piloted the temple through difficult times successfully. The learned Subordinate Judge	 after considering the entire material placed before him	 came to the conclusion that the petitioner had not substantiated any of the allegations made against the Trustee and that no case bad been made out for amending the scheme and for the appoint 937 ment of an Executive Officer. In the result he dismissed the petition. The State of Madras	 represented by the Commissioner of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments	 Madras	 preferred an appeal against the said order to the High Court of Madras. The said appeal came up before a Division Bench of the High Court. In the High Court the learned Government pleader appearing for the State did not question the correctness of the finding given by the learned Subordinate Judge that there was no proof of mismanagement of any kind by the Pandarasannadhi or the Kattalai Thambiran. The learned Counsel for the Pandarasannadhi had no objection for making formal amendments to the scheme	 which became necessary due to lapse of time and due to the passing of the Act. After hearing the parties	 the High Court modified the scheme introducing the controversial provision	 viz.	 the appointment of an Executive Officer. In the result	 the order of the Subordinate Judge was set aside and the scheme made by the High Court in 1919 was modified. This appeal has been filed	 on a certificate issued by the High Court	 against the said decree of the High Court. Mr. A. V. Viswanatha Sastry	 learned counsel for the appellant	 contends that the High Court	 having agreed with the Subordinate Judge that the Commissioner had failed to establish any of the charges levelled by him against the Trustee	 erred in modifying the scheme framed by the High Court in the year 1919 introducing drastic changes therein	 such as putting the management of the temple under an Executive Officer who could be appointed and removed only by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Board and also making a provision for the appointment of additional Trustees in future. He has no objection to that part of the scheme introducing formal changes in the earlier scheme so as to bring it in conformity with the provisions of the Act. The arguments of Mr. A. Ranganadham Chetty	 learned counsel for the State	 may be stated thus : Under the Act a scheme for the administration of a temple may be framed or an earlier scheme may be amended not only when there is mismanagement by the Trustee but also for providing for a better administration of the temple; in the present case	 though there is no mismanagement by the Trustee	 the extensive immovable properties the temple owns	 the existence of large arrears of rents	 settlement of disputes that may arise between the tenants and the Trustee under the new tenancy laws and such others call for the appointment of a trained Executive Officer by the Commissioner in the best interests of the 938 Temple. That apart	 as under the Act the Commissioner is empowered to frame a scheme if he has reason to believe that in the interests of the proper administration of a religious institution a scheme should be settled for the same	 his opinion must be given almost a decisive weight by a Court in the matter of amending a scheme. To appreciate the contentions of the parties it will be convenient at the outset to notice briefly the scheme of the Act. The Act was passed to provide for the proper administration and governance of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments and institutions in the State of Madras. It provides for the appointment of 4 classes of authorities	 namely	 Commissioner	 Deputy Commissioners	 Assistant Commissioners and Area Committees. The Commissioner is the highest authority in the hierarchy. Subject to the provisions of the Act	 the administration of all religious endowments shall be subject to the general superintendence and control of the Commissioner and for the purpose of such control he can pass any orders which he may deem necessary to ensure that such endowments are properly administered and that their incomes are duly appropriated for the purposes for which they were founded or exist. Specific duties have been allotted to the other authorities subject to the overall control of the Commissioner. There are many effective provisions in the Act to ensure proper administration of temples. Trustees have to keep registers for all institutions for the scrutiny of the appropriate authority. They have to furnish accounts and the accounts have to be audited in the manner prescribed in the Act. The Trustees cannot alienate immovable properties or lease the same beyond 5 years without the sanction of the appropriate authority. They have to obey all lawful orders of the appropriate authorities. The service conditions of the office holders are duly protected. The scales of expenditure have been standardized and a provision is made fixing the fees for archana and the apportionment of the same. The Trustees have to prepare budgets and get their accounts audited. There are provisions even for ordering surcharge against Trustees. All the temples	 whether governed by schemes or not	 are subject to the said provisions of the Act. Thus	 there is a fair amount of financial and administrative control over the Trustees. The general provisions of the Act may be sufficient in the case of temples which are properly administered; but there may be a temple without any scheme of administration or even if it has one	 it may require to be improved to achieve better results. Section 58 enables a Deputy Commissioner to settle a scheme for an institution 939 if he has reason to believe that in the interests of better administration thereof a scheme should be settled for it. His order framing a scheme is subject to appeal to the Commissioner. Under section 62 of the Act a party aggrieved by the order can file a suit in a Court questioning the correctness of the same and against the order of that Court an appeal lies to the High Court. Under section 103 (d) of the Act	 "all schemes settled or modified by a Court of law under the said Act (The Madras Hindu Religious Endowments Act	 1926) or under section 92 of the Code of Civil Procedure	 1908	 shall be deemed to have been settled or modified by the Court under this Act and shall have effect accordingly." Under section 62 (3) of the Act	 any scheme modified by a Court under section 62 (2) of the Act or any scheme framed or any scheme deemed under section 103 (d) to have been settled or modified by a Court can at any time be modified or cancelled by a Court on an application made to it by the Commissioner or a Trustee or any person having interest. Any party aggrieved by any order of the Court under cl. (a) of section 62(3) may within 90 days of the order appeal to the High Court. The effect of these provisions is that though the Deputy Commissioner settles a scheme at the first instance	 an aggrieved party can finally go to a civil Court to have the scheme modified. So too	 a scheme framed by a Court under section 92 of the Code of Civil Procedure can be modified on an application made to a Court by the Commissioner	 Trustee or any person having interest. Before the Act	 there was a conflict whether the scheme framed by a Court under section 92 of the Code of Civil Procedure could be modified on an application made by an aggrieved party and that conflict is resolved under the Act by an express provision that it can be so done. Where a temple is so badly mismanaged that the administration cannot be improved by the exercise of ordinary powers under the Act or by framing a scheme	 the Commissioner is given the power to notify such a temple and put it under the direct control of an Executive Officer directly responsible to him. This is in the nature of supersession of the ordinary administration of a temple. It is	 therefore	 clear that under the Act the administration of all temples is subject to the exercise of the powers conferred upon the authorities thereunder. The Deputy Commissioner can settle a scheme for the proper administration of a temple. If the administration of a temple is very bad	 it can be superseded and the temple notified for a prescribed period. From the scheme of the said provisions we do not see any justification for the argument of the learned counsel for the State that the Court shall accept without scrutiny the view of the Deputy Commissioner that the scheme requires modification in the manner suggested by 940 him and that the formal imprimaturs by the Court is all that is contemplated thereunder. While we appreciate the argument that a Court shall have due regard to the views of the Commissioner or the Deputy Commissioner	 as the case may be	 who is in close touch with the administration of temples	 we cannot persuade ourselves to hold that the Court is relieved of its duty of ascertaining the necessity for framing a scheme or to find out the propriety or advisability of the various clauses of a scheme. In framing a scheme	 the Deputy Commissioner and	 in a suit or application for amendment of a scheme	 the Court will mould the relief under section 58(2) of the Act having regard to the circumstances of each case. Section 58 (2) of the Act reads : "A scheme settled under sub section (1) for a temple or for a specific endowment other than one attached to a math may contain provision for (a) removing any existing trustee	 whether hereditary or non hereditary; (b) appointing a new trustee or trustees in the place of or in addition to any existing trustee or trustees; (c) defining the powers and duties of the trustee or trustees; (d) appointing	 or directing the appointment of	 a paid executive officer who shall be a person professing the Hindu religion	 on such salary and allowances as may be fixed	 to be paid out of the funds of the institution; and defining the powers and duties of such officer The Deputy Commissioner	 the Commissioner or the Court	 as the case may be	 is not bound	 in framing a scheme	 to appoint an Executive Officer in every case; but a case will have to be made out for appointing him : that depends upon the facts established in each case. With this background let us look at the scheme framed by the High Court. The scheme is made a part of the judgment of the High Court. The clauses of the scheme read thus : 1. The temple of Sri Vaithianathaswami at Vaitheeswarankoil	 Shiyali Taluk	 and the shrines and minor temples attached thereto	 and charities and endowments thereof	 together comprise the "Velur Devasthanam"	 941 and it shall be governed by the provisions of Act XIX of 1951 and the rules made thereunder. The properties	 movables and immovables	 belonging to be Devasthanam and that may hereafter be acquired by the Devasthanam shall vest in the deity of Sri Vaithianathaswami. The administration of the Devasthanam and its properties shall vest in the Pandarasannadhi at the Dharmapuram Adhinam for the time being	 who shall be the "trustee" of the Devasthanam. On the application of the Commissioner	 the Court shall have the power to add two additional trustees if at some future time it is found that it is necessary to do so in the interest of the Devasthanam on account of the mismanagement by the Pandarasannadhi	 the Trustee. All the affairs of the Devasthanam	 such as the receipt of income	 incurring of expenditure	 management of the property	 the performance of the worship and the festivals of the temple	 bringing and defending suits on behalf of the Devasthanam	 shall be conducted by the Executive Officer under the supervision of the trustee	 the mamool religious functions of the Kattalai Thambiran being reserved. The Trustee shall in April every year prepare a budget of the income and expenditure and such budget will be governed by the provisions of Madras Act XIX of 1951. The Trustee shall be given a discretion to spend any amount not exceeding Rs. 2	000/ (Rupees two thousand) every year in addition to the budgeted expenditure. (a) The Trustee shall from out of the five names sent to him by the Commissioner choose one of them for appointment as the Executive Officer of the Devasthanam and such person shall be appointed by the Commissioner as Executive Officer and shall be in manage ment of the Devasthanam and its properties in the day to day administration including the maintenance of accounts	 keeping of records	 making collections and ' disbursements	 and shall have the control of the temple servants. 942 (b) The Executive Officer shall be a first class Executive Officer	 and shall be paid such salary and employed on such terms as the Commissioner may from time to time prescribe and his powers and duties shall be regulated by Madras Act XIX of 1951 and the rules framed thereunder. The Pandarasannadhi shall select from among the Thambirans of the Dharmapuram Adhinam a Kattalai Thambiran competent to do the religious functions of the Trustee. The Pandarasannadhi will be responsible for all acts of the Kattalai Thambiran as a master for the acts of the servant. The Kattalai Thambiran shall attend to the performance in proper manner and in proper times of the daily pujas and worship and of the monthly and yearly festivals of the Devasthanam under the supervision and direction of the Executive Officer. (a) The matam building belonging to the Devasthanam in Vaitheeswarankoil shall be set apart for the residence of Kattalai Thambiran	 and a sum of Rs. 501 a month shall be paid to him for his maintenance and personal expenses. He will also be entitled to the enjoyment of one veli of maniam land	 as in the pre scheme days. (b) The present treasurer and shroff will continue in office on the present scale of pay	 and they shall work under the directions of the Executive Officer and shall do such work as is assigned to them. The future trea surer and shroff will be appointed by the Commissioner. The old scale of salary of the treasurer is reduced to the present scale of Rs. 100 5 125. The Executive Officer shall	 with the permission of the Commissioner	 sell in public auction the jewels and ornaments gold and silver coins not in circulation and other metallic objects in the hundials except current coins and any other offerings. The Trustee shall place one or more hundials	 as occasions might require	 for the deposit of voluntary and compulsory offerings by the worshipers. Each hundial shall be of copper brass or any other materials	 and shall have metalic covering with an aperture. Each of such hundials shall be under double lock and 943 sealed by the Trustee and the Executive Officer. One set of keys shall be with the Executive Officer and other set with the Trustee. The hundials shall be opened every day or at such intervals as the Trustee may direct in the presence of the Executive Officer and the Kattalai Thambiran and the worshippers of the temple and the collections shall be kept by the Executive Officer. In the matter of accounts	 preparing abstracts	 and receipts and disbursement of the Devasthanam as also of preparation	 publication and audit of accounts	 the Executive Officer and the Trustee shall observe the procedure prescribed in Madras Act XIX of 1951 and the rules made thereunder. The accounts of the Devasthanam shall be open to inspection by any person having interest	 on his giving one day 's previous notice to the Executive Officer and paying a fee of Rs. 51 for each day or part of a day in advance of such inspection. The person so inspecting may bring to the notice of the Commissioner any irregularity and the Commissioner may pass such orders as he may think necessary. All the records of the Devasthanam shall be kept in proper order in the premises of the Devasthanam provided for the purpose in Vaitheeswarankoil	 and an accurate list of all records should be maintained. There shall be a record keeper who shall be in charge of all the records and he shall not allow any record to be taken out without the written authority of the Executive Officer and without getting proper vouchers. Power is reserved to the Trustee to apply to the Commissioner for permission to use the surplus funds on such religious and charitable and other purposes as may tend to promote the cause of the institution such as an Agama Patasala or Thevara Patasala or Adhyayana Patasala/or such other purposes as are prescribed by the Act. The Trustee shall have the discretion to make jewels	 vahanams	 etc.	 or to do thiruppani work for the Devasthanam out of the surplus income of each year after obtaining the sanction of the Commissioner and in accordance with the provisions of Act XIX of 1951	 and the rules made thereunder. The Trustee shall have 944 a discretion to spend Rs. 2	000/ annually over and above the sanctioned amount if necessary and if funds are available. The Trustee may with the sanction of the Commissioner invest the surplus funds of the Devasthanam in such manner as is prescribed under Madras Act XIX of 1951 and the rules made thereunder. There shall be no money dealing or transactions between the Devasthanam Trustee and the Adhinam or any of the Kattalai charities or trusts managed by the Pandarasannadhi of Dharmapuram or any person under his orders. Save as expressly provided herein	 the administration of the temple shall be governed by the provisions of the Madras Act XIX of 1951 and the rules made thereunder. It will be seen from the aforesaid provisions of the scheme that it introduces an Executive Officer to be appointed by the Commissioner and removable by him; his salary is fixed by the Commissioner and his powers and duties are regulated by the Act and the rules framed thereunder. In substance	 he is a servant of the Commissioner and is under his control. He is to be in charge of the entire administration of the temple. Nothing can be done in the temple without his permission. It is true that he functions under the supervision of the Trustee; but there is an essential dis tinction between supervision and management. If the Executive Officer disobeys him the Pandarasannadbi cannot do anything	 except perhaps to complain to the Commissioner. Such a drastic provision may be necessary in a case where the temple is mismanaged or if there are other circumstances which compel such an appointment. But there is concurrent finding of fact in this case that the Commissioner has failed to establish any of the charges levelled by him against the Trustee. It is not	 therefore	 possible to hold that any case has been made out for the appointment of an Executive Officer who practically displaces the Trustee. Mr. A. Ranganadham Chetty says that the appointment of the Executive Officer is necessary in view of the great things which have to be done in the temple	 like sale of 3	000 acres of land to the tenants under the new legislation at agreed prices	 checking cash collections	 including the hundial collections	 doing away with the ad hoc auctioneers appointed by the Commissioner 945 from time to time	 and for auctioning leases	 and all kinds of properties like jewellery	 lands	 etc. We have no material before us to find out what is the complicated and difficult action the Trustee has to take in the matter of selling 3	000 acres of land to the tenants under the new legislation at agreed prices. If there is any such difficulty	 the Commissioner has ample powers under the Act to issue orders or at any rate advice the Trustee in the matter of disposal of such lands. Other difficulties are not such as to necessitate the appointment of an Executive Officer practically displacing the Trustee. Further it appears from the record that the present Kattalai Thambiran is a legally qualified person and he can ordinarily be expected to look after these things with appropriate expert advice. We do not think any case has been made out for the appointment of the Executive Officer. The next objection raised by Mr. Viswanatha Sastry relates to cl. (4) of the scheme	 which reads "On the application of the Commissioner	 the Court shall have the power to add two additional trustees if at some future time it is found that it is necessary to do so in the interest of the Devasthanam on account of the mismanagement by the Pandarasannadhi	 the Trustee. " Clause 4 of the scheme only confers a power and it does not direct the appointment of additional trustees in presenti or even in future. Indeed	 section 39 of the Act was amended in 1954 whereunder such a power is conferred even on the Commissioner. We do not think the appellant is in any way prejudiced by the said clause. Therefore	 it may stand. As we are deleting the clause appointing the Executive Officer	 there will be	 consequential amendments in the various clauses of the scheme framed by the High Court. It is brought to our notice that in 1959 the Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act (Act XXII of 1959) was passed by the Madras Legislature. Under section 45 thereof	 the Commissioner is given a plenary power to appoint an Executive Officer to any temple and	 therefore	 it is argued	 this Court shall not interfere with the clause of the scheme providing for the appointment of an Executive Officer to the temple in question. The said Act was passed subsequent to the filing of the suit. We are deciding this appeal on the basis of the circumstances obtaining in the year 1951 when the suit was filed. It may be 946 that under the new Act the Commissioner has higher powers than he had under the 1951 Act and subsequent events may call for the exercise of those powers. Our judgment will not preclude the Commissioner to take any action under the new Act as the circumstances demand. With these observations we shall proceed to modify the scheme framed by the High Court. In the scheme framed by the High Court	 clauses 1	 2	 3	 4	 6	 10(a)	 16	 17	 18	 19 and 20 will be retained; clause 7 will be deleted; and the other clause will be amended as under Clause 5. The words "the Executive Officer under the supervision of ' will be omitted. Clause 8. The word "religious" will be omitted. Clause 9. The words "under the supervision and direction of the Executive Officer" will be omitted. Clause 10(b) shall read : The treasurer and shroff will continue in office on the present scale of pay	 and they shall work. under the directions of the Trustees. Clause 11. The words "Executive Officer" shall be replaced by the word "Trustee". Clause 12 shall read : The Trustee shall place one or more hundials	 as occasions might require	 for the deposit of voluntary and compulsory offerings by the worshippers. Each hundial shall be of copper brass or any other materials	 and shall have metallic covering with an aperture. Each of such hundials shall be under double lock and sealed by the Trustee or his nominee and the Kattalai Thambiran. One set of keys shall be with the Kattalai Thambiran and the other set with the Trustee or his nominee. The hundials shall be opened every day or at such intervals as the Trustee may direct in the presence of the Kattalai Thambiran and the worshippers of the temple and the collections shall be kept by the Trustee. Clause 13. The words "Executive Officer" will be substituted by the words "Kattalai Thambiran". 947 Clause 14. The words "Executive Officer" will be substituted by the words "Kattalai Thambiran". Clause 15. The words "Executive Officer" will be substituted by the words "Kattalai Thambiran". In the result	 the decree of the High Court is modified as. aforesaid. The parties will their respective costs throughout. Decree modified. LASup. Cl./65 2500 24 12 65 GIPF.

By virtue of a scheme framed by the Madras High Court in 1919	 the administration of a temple was placed in the hands of the Kattali Thambiran to be appointed by the appellant in his capacity as the trustee. In June 1951	 the Commissioner	 Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments	 Madras	 filed a petition under section 62(3)(a) of the Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act	 1951	 (Act No. XIX of 1951( in the court of the Sub Judge	 for the modification of the 1919 scheme. The petition contained various allegations of mismanagement and of the full income of the temple not having been secured and safeguarded; this was stated to be attributable mainly to defective machinery set up under the 1919 scheme and it was suggested that an executive officer should be appointed to undertake the administration of the temple. The Subordinate Judge found that the petitioner had not substantiated any of the allegations made against the trustees and no case had been made out for amending the 1919 scheme so as to provide for the appointment of an Executive Officer. In appeal	 although the respondent State did not question the finding of the lower court that there was no proof of mismanagement	 the High Court modified the scheme by introducing the suggested provision for the appointment of an Executive Officer and by providing for the appointment of additional trustees	 if necessary. It was contended on behalf of the appellant that the High Court	 having agreed with the Subordinate Judge that the Commissioner had failed to establish any of the charges levelled by him against the Trustee	 erred in modifying the 1919 scheme as above. On the other hand	 it was urged by the State that under the Act a scheme for administration of a temple could be framed or an earlier scheme amended not only when there was mismanagement by the Trustee	 but also so as to provide for a better administration of the temple. Furthermore the Commissioner was empowered to frame a scheme if he considered this desirable for the proper administration of a religious institution and his opinion in this regard must be given decisive weight by the court when amending a scheme. In the present case	 in view of the fact that the temple owned extensive immovable properties	 some of which were required to be sold	 and there were many other complicated problems connected with the administration of the temple requiring attention	 it was necessary to appoint a trained Executive Officer in the best interest of the temple 935 HELD: (i) A consideration of the scheme of the Act showed there was no justification for the contention that a court should accept without scrutiny the view of the Deputy Commissioner that the scheme required modification in the manner suggested by him and that the formal imprimaturs of the court was all that was contemplated by the Act. While a court should have due regard to the views of the Commissioner who is in close touch with the administration of temples	 it could not be held that the court was relieved of its duty of ascertaining the necessity for framing a scheme or to consider the propriety or advisability of the various clauses of a scheme. In framing a scheme the Deputy Commissioner and in a suit or application for amendment of a scheme the Court	 will mould the relief under section 58(2) having regard to the circumstances of each case. [939 H 940 A C] (ii) The Deputy Commissioner	 the Commissioner	 or the Court	 as the case may be	 is not bound	 in framing a scheme	 to appoint an executive officer in every case; a case must be made out for such appointment. [940 G] (iii) In the present case the proposed executive officer would have the entire administration of the temple with hardly any power left to the trustee. Such a drastic provision might be necessary where the temple was mismanaged or there were other compelling circumstances requiring such an appointment. But in view of the concurrent finding of fact that the Commissioner had failed to establish and of the charges against the trustee	 it could not be held that a case had been made out for the appointment of an Executive Officer to practically displace the trustee. Furthermore	 there was no material before the court to ascertain the complicated nature of the problems of administration requiring the attention of an executive officer	 and in any event the Commissioner bad ample powers under the Act to issue orders or give appropriate advice to the trustee. [944 E G; 945 A B] (iv) The proposed provision in the scheme only conferred a power to appoint additional trustees and did not direct their appointment in present or even in future; such a power was also available to the Commissioner under section 39 and the appellant was not therefore in any way prejudiced by this provision. [945 E F] (v) Although the Commissioner was given wider powers in respect of the appointment of an Executive Officer under the Madras Act XXII of 1959	 as the suit in the present case was filed in 1951 i.e. before the coming into force of that Act	 the appeal had to be decided on the basis of circumstances prevailing in 1951. [945 H]