| 1 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | regression model estimates (beta, p-values) of associations of supplement use, smoking and body mass index with plasma vitamin c concentrations, by selected characteristics, household population aged 20 to 79, canada excluding territories, 2012/2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3 |  | supplement use |  |  |  | smoking |  |  |  | body mass index |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 |  | no supplement use |  | supplement users |  | smokers |  | non-smokers |  | neither overweight nor obese |  | overweight |  | obese |  |
| 5 |  | beta | p-value | beta | p-value | beta | p-value | beta | p-value | beta | p-value | beta | p-value | beta | p-value |
| 6 | r2 | r2: 0.2084 |  | r2: 0.1563 |  | r2: 0.3865 |  | r2: 0.2731 |  | r2: 0.3036 |  | r2: 0.2912 |  | r2: 0.2517 |  |
| 7 | intercept | 67.69 | 0.00 | 83.50 | 0.00 | 70.26 | 0.00 | 66.73 | 0.00 | 67.45 | 0.00 | 61.57 | 0.00 | 60.40 | 0.00 |
| 8 | sex |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 9 | men | -8.38 | 0.01 | -7.27 | 0.04 | -16.87 | 0.00 | -6.12 | 0.01 | -14.41 | 0.01 | -3.06 | 0.27 | -7.59 | 0.03 |
| 10 | women | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 11 | age group |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12 | 20 to 39 | -1.69 | 0.57 | -6.28 | 0.27 | 3.26 | 0.65 | -4.77 | 0.06 | -5.32 | 0.18 | -1.56 | 0.75 | -3.32 | 0.37 |
| 13 | 40 to 59 | -3.54 | 0.21 | -0.06 | 0.98 | -2.02 | 0.74 | -3.49 | 0.11 | -5.21 | 0.26 | -1.34 | 0.65 | -5.74 | 0.16 |
| 14 | 60 to 79 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 15 | education |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 16 | less than college/university graduation | -5.56 | 0.00 | -2.96 | 0.41 | -0.83 | 0.86 | -6.43 | 0.01 | -8.58 | 0.01 | -3.71 | 0.27 | -1.86 | 0.48 |
| 17 | college/university graduation | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 18 | vitamin c-containing supplement use |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 19 | no | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 20 | yes | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21.54 | 0.00 | 16.28 | 0.00 | 18.40 | 0.01 | 17.89 | 0.00 | 13.28 | 0.00 |
| 21 | smoking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 22 | daily/occasional | -7.32 | 0.03 | -1.88 | 0.78 | .. | .. | .. | .. | -5.14 | 0.14 | -7.42 | 0.06 | -1.35 | 0.70 |
| 23 | non-smoker | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 24 | body mass index |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 25 | neither overweight or obese | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 26 | overweight | -3.42 | 0.27 | -6.55 | 0.31 | -3.51 | 0.50 | -5.01 | 0.05 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 27 | obese | -9.87 | 0.00 | -18.00 | 0.01 | -5.66 | 0.32 | -13.76 | 0.00 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 28 | fruit juice consumption |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 29 | daily | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 30 | at least once a month | -1.22 | 0.56 | -1.51 | 0.75 | -9.80 | 0.03 | 0.60 | 0.78 | 2.09 | 0.53 | -3.00 | 0.32 | -5.80 | 0.08 |
| 31 | less than once a month or never | -6.27 | 0.12 | -0.89 | 0.90 | -17.59 | 0.03 | -3.42 | 0.17 | -3.31 | 0.41 | -5.40 | 0.20 | -11.52 | 0.00 |
| 32 | citrus fruit consumption |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 33 | at least once a week | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 34 | less than once a week | -8.01 | 0.00 | -2.98 | 0.47 | -14.06 | 0.01 | -4.82 | 0.04 | -0.87 | 0.75 | -12.24 | 0.00 | -7.27 | 0.02 |

Question: in all multivariate models except the overweight population, which gender had significantly lower vitamin c concentrations, men or women?
Answer: men