Instruction: What is the first computer recognized in human history?

Context: The Antikythera mechanism (/ˌæntɪkɪˈθɪərə/ AN-tih-kih-THEER-ə) is an Ancient Greek hand-powered orrery, described as the oldest known example of an analogue computer used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses decades in advance. It could also be used to track the four-year cycle of athletic games which was similar to an Olympiad, the cycle of the ancient Olympic Games.

Answer: The Antikythera mechanism, an astronomical clock, was built around 100 BC and is considered the world's first computer.


Instruction: Write a mother’s negative review for a dentist office with a dirty waiting room.

Answer: Would not recommend!! I would give zero stars if I could. I took my children to this dentist to have their teeth cleaned and was absolutely disgusted by the state of the waiting room. The seats were stained and it looked like the floor hadn’t been cleaned in weeks. How hard it is to vacuum every now and then? I was afraid to let the kids touch anything and this is simply unacceptable for any kind of medical clinic. There are many other places in the area that keep their facility clean. Avoid this business!


Instruction: Which cities in China are self-governing cities? Beijing, Shanghai, Changsha, Shenzhen

Answer:
The self-governing cities of the People's Republic of China are provincial-level administrative units. They are not provinces, but have the same rank as provinces and autonomous regions and report directly to the central government of the People's Republic of China.

There are four self-government cities in China. These are:

Beijing , the capital of China;
Tianjin , a port city 120 km south-east of Beijing;
Chongqing , by far the largest in terms of area - and thus also the largest in terms of population - of the four cities whose administrative area used to form the eastern seventh of Sichuan Province ;
Shanghai , the economic and financial metropolis at the mouth of the Yangtze River .

So only Beijing and Shanghai are the self-governing cities in your question.


Instruction: How to prevent the extinction of the human species?

Answer:
Humans are vulnerable to many different cataclysmic events.
One way is to migrate and reside in other planets, solar systems and even galaxies. Earth is a single point of failure.
Another consideration is to merge with AI and exist in virtual reality as a non-biological species.
Preserving human genetic material in doomsday vaults, so that humans can be revived/resurrected in the future.


Instruction: Find the bird in this list: Avocado, Avocet, Avian

Answer: Avocet


Instruction: Who is the Patron Saint of Ireland?

Answer: St. Patrick is Ireland's main patron saint and on March 17, the world celebrates the feast day of St. Patrick, a zealous, fifth-century British bishop who became famous for spreading Christianity in Ireland.


Instruction: Extract the causes of income inequality in the United States mentioned in the text. Separate them with a comma.

Context:
According to CBO (and others), the precise reasons for the  rapid growth in income at the top are not well understood",: xi  but involved multiple, possibly conflicting, factors.: xi

Causes include:

decline of labor unions – Unions weakened in part due to globalization and automation may account for one-third to more than one-half of the rise of inequality among men. Pressure on employers to increase wages and on lawmakers to enact worker-friendly measures declined. Rewards from productivity gains went to executives, investors and creditors. A study by Kristal and Cohen reported that rising wage inequality was driven more by declining unions and the fall in the real value of the minimum wage, with twice as much impact as technology. An alternative theory states that passthrough income's contribution is incorrectly attributed to capital rather than labor.
globalization – Low skilled American workers lost ground in the face of competition from low-wage workers in Asia and other "emerging" economies.
skill-biased technological change – Rapid progress in information technology increased the demand for skilled and educated workers.
superstars – Modern communication technologies often turn competition into a "winner take most" tournament in which the winner is richly rewarded, while the runners-up get far less.
financialization – In the 1990s stock market capitalization rose from 55% to 155% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Corporations began to shift executive compensation toward stock options, increasing incentives for managers to make decisions to increase share prices. Average annual CEO options increased from $500,000 to over $3 million. Stock comprised almost 50% of CEO compensation. Managers were incentivized to increase shareholder wealth rather than to improve long-term contracts with workers; between 2000 and 2007, nearly 75% of increased stock growth came at the cost of labor wages and salaries.
immigration of less-educated workers – Relatively high levels of immigration of low skilled workers since 1965 may have reduced wages for American-born high school dropouts;
college premium - Workers with college degrees traditionally earned more and faced a lower unemployment rate than others. Wealthy families are also more likely to send their children to schools which have large endowments, resulting in more grants and lower student debt. The cycle is completed when wealthier alums donate more and disproportionately increase the size of elite endowments. Elite colleges also have better access to financial expertise.
automation - The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) found that increased automation had led to "an overall drop in the need for labor input. This would cause capital share to increase, relative to labor share, as machines replace some workers."
We haven't achieved the minimalist state that libertarians advocate. What we've achieved is a state too constrained to provide the public goods – investments in infrastructure, technology, and education – that would make for a vibrant economy and too weak to engage in the redistribution that is needed to create a fair society. But we have a state that is still large enough and distorted enough that it can provide a bounty of gifts to the wealthy.

—Joseph Stiglitz
policy – Krugman asserted that movement conservatives increased their influence over the Republican Party beginning in the 1970s. In the same era, it increased its political power. The result was less progressive tax laws, anti-labor policies, and slower expansion of the welfare state relative to other developed nations (e.g., the unique absence of universal healthcare). Further, variation in income inequality across developed countries indicate that policy has a significant influence on inequality; Japan, Sweden and France have income inequality around 1960 levels. The US was an early adopter of neoliberalism, whose focus on growth over equality spread to other countries over time.
corporatism and corpocracy – Excessive attention to the interests of corporations reduced scrutiny over compensation shifts.
female labor force participation – High earning households are more likely to be dual earner households.
stock ownership is tilted towards households at higher income and education levels, resulting in disparate investment income.
Higher income households are disproportionately likely to prosper when economic times are good, and to suffer losses during downturns. More of their income comes from relatively volatile capital income. For example, in 2011 the top 1% of income earners derived 37% of their income from labor, versus 62% for the middle quintile. The top 1% derived 58% of their income from capital as opposed to 4% for the middle quintile. Government transfers represented only 1% of the income of the top 1% but 25% for the middle quintile; the dollar amounts of these transfers tend to rise in recessions.

According to a 2018 report by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the US has higher income inequality and a larger percentage of low income workers than almost any other advanced nation because unemployed and at-risk workers get less support from the government and a weak collective bargaining system.

Answer: The text lists the following as causes of income inequality in the United States: decline of labor unions, globalization, skill-biased technological change, superstars, financialization, immigration of less-educated workers, college premium, automation, public policy, corporatism and corpocracy, female labor force participation, and disproportionate stock ownership in households at higher income and education levels.


Instruction: When was Genghis Khan born?

Context: Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; c. 1162 — 25 August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khagan of the Mongol Empire, which later became the largest contiguous land empire in history. Having spent the majority of his life uniting the Mongol tribes, he launched a series of military campaigns which conquered large parts of China and Central Asia.

Answer: 1162


Instruction: Who is the most beautiful lady in the world now

Answer: chiara ferragni . for her intelligence and elegant look


Instruction: What's the difference between metrics and logs?

Answer: Logs have finer granularity and are therefore slower to query. Metrics are generally aggregated and faster to query. For example logs could be: "server 1 is running", "server 2 is running", and the corresponding metric would be "there are 2 servers running".


Instruction: Can you write a Haiku about using AI?

Answer: Computers are smart, I wonder who's in control, Beware of Skynet


Instruction: What weaponry was the U-3030 submarine equipped with?

Context: The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 15.6 knots (28.9 km/h; 18.0 mph) and a submerged speed of 17.2 knots (31.9 km/h; 19.8 mph). When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of 6.1 knots (11.3 km/h; 7.0 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) for 340 nautical miles (630 km; 390 mi); when surfaced, she could travel 15,500 nautical miles (28,700 km; 17,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-3030 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in the bow and four 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.

Answer: The U-3030 submarine could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines.


Instruction: When did space exploration begin ?

Context: Space exploration stared during the late 1920s leading to the first crewed rocket cars and rocket planes, then there was the US and Soviet activities from 1950 onwards

Answer:
The world's first large-scale experimental rocket program was Opel-RAK under the leadership of Fritz von Opel and Max Valier during the late 1920s leading to the first crewed rocket cars and rocket planes, which paved the way for the Nazi era V2 program and US and Soviet activities from 1950 onwards. The Opel-RAK program and the spectacular public demonstrations of ground and air vehicles drew large crowds, as well as caused global public excitement as so-called "Rocket Rumble" and had a large long-lasting impact on later spaceflight pioneers like Wernher von Braun. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, national prestige, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity, and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries. The early era of space exploration was driven by a "Space Race" between the Soviet Union and the United States. The launch of the first human-made object to orbit Earth, the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 mission on 20 July 1969 are often taken as landmarks for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Alexei Leonov) on 18 March 1965, the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971. After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station (ISS).

With the substantial completion of the ISS following STS-133 in March 2011, plans for space exploration by the U.S. remain in flux. Constellation, a Bush Administration program for a return to the Moon by 2020 was judged inadequately funded and unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009. The Obama Administration proposed a revision of Constellation in 2010 to focus on the development of the capability for crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), envisioning extending the operation of the ISS beyond 2020, transferring the development of launch vehicles for human crews from NASA to the private sector, and developing technology to enable missions to beyond LEO, such as Earth–Moon L1, the Moon, Earth–Sun L2, near-Earth asteroids, and Phobos or Mars orbit.


Instruction: In music theory, what is the circle of fifths?

Answer: The circle of fifths is a way of organizing the 12 chromatic pitches as a sequence of perfect fifths. (This is strictly true in the standard 12-tone equal temperament system — using a different system requires one interval of diminished sixth to be treated as a fifth). If C is chosen as a starting point, the sequence is: C, G, D, A, E, B (=C♭), F♯ (=G♭), C♯ (=D♭), A♭, E♭, B♭, F. Continuing the pattern from F returns the sequence to its starting point of C. This order places the most closely related key signatures adjacent to one another. It is usually illustrated in the form of a circle.


Instruction: Who won the 2004 World Series?

Answer: The Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World series?


Instruction: What is the best way to cook a steak?

Answer: There are many different variants to cooking a steak. You must choose the proper temperature to cook a steak. The range is from rare, medium rare, medium, medium well to well done. There are several ways to cook a steak for example a grill or in a pan. For this example we will use a grill. Remove steak from fridge and season. Allow steak to warm to near room temperature. This will prevent a steak from drying out and improve taste. Cook the steak to the desired temperature trying to only flip 1-3 times. Once done allow meat to rest for 5 minutes for best flavor.


Instruction: who is Hugh Ogden?

Context:
Hugh Ogden (March 11, 1937 – December 31, 2006) was an American poet and educator. Ogden was a 1959 graduate of Haverford College. Ogden received his master’s degree from New York University and a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. He taught at Michigan and then for four decades at Trinity College in Hartford. While at Trinity, Ogden co-founded the College’s creative writing program in 1968.

Ogden was born in Erie, Pennsylvania. Ogden has written an estimated 400 to 500 poems, many of which have been published in small presses and magazines, and he has won a National Endowment for the Arts grant and two Connecticut Commission on the Arts Fellowships. In 1998, Ogden was nominated for the Pushcart Prize in Poetry.

Ogden died on December 31, 2006, after falling through the ice on Rangeley Lake in Oquossoc, Maine.

Answer: Hugh Ogden was an American poet who taught at Trinity College in Hartford, CT. Ogden wrote an estimated 400 to 500 poems, and was published with his book "Gift".  He was born in Erie, Pennsylvania and won several poetry awards and co-founded the College's creative writing program in 1968 at Trinity College.  Ogden died on December 31, 2006, after falling through the ice.


Instruction: Given this paragraph, what are the potential advantages or disadvantages of using XGBoost versus a single decision tree?

Context: While the XGBoost model often achieves higher accuracy than a single decision tree, it sacrifices the intrinsic interpretability of decision trees.  For example, following the path that a decision tree takes to make its decision is trivial and self-explained, but following the paths of hundreds or thousands of trees is much harder. To achieve both performance and interpretability, some model compression techniques allow transforming an XGBoost into a single "born-again" decision tree that approximates the same decision function

Answer: One advantage of using XGBoost over a single decision tree is that it frequently achieves higher accuracy. One disadvantage is that it sacrifices interpretability because it is much more difficult to follow the path of hundreds or thousands of trees.


Instruction: Given the reference text about Fidel Castro, tell me where he was born, where he studied, and when he was the leader of Cuba.

Context:
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (/ˈkæstroʊ/; American Spanish: [fiˈðel aleˈxandɾo ˈkastɾo ˈrus]; 13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.

Born in Birán, the son of a wealthy Spanish farmer, Castro adopted leftist and anti-imperialist ideas while studying law at the University of Havana. After participating in rebellions against right-wing governments in the Dominican Republic and Colombia, he planned the overthrow of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista, launching a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953. After a year's imprisonment, Castro travelled to Mexico where he formed a revolutionary group, the 26th of July Movement, with his brother Raúl Castro and Ernesto "Che" Guevara. Returning to Cuba, Castro took a key role in the Cuban Revolution by leading the Movement in a guerrilla war against Batista's forces from the Sierra Maestra. After Batista's overthrow in 1959, Castro assumed military and political power as Cuba's prime minister. The United States came to oppose Castro's government and unsuccessfully attempted to remove him by assassination, economic embargo, and counter-revolution, including the Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961. Countering these threats, Castro aligned with the Soviet Union and allowed the Soviets to place nuclear weapons in Cuba, resulting in the Cuban Missile Crisis – a defining incident of the Cold War – in 1962.

Answer: Fidel Castro was born in Birán and studied law at the University of Havana. He was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008.


Instruction: Without quoting directly from the text give me a summary of the half dome hike.

Context:
The Half Dome Cable Route hike runs from the valley floor to the top of the dome in 8.2 mi (13 km) (via the Mist Trail), with 4,800 ft (1,460 m) of elevation gain. The length and difficulty of the trail used to keep it less crowded than other park trails, but in recent years the trail traffic has grown to as many as 800 people a day. The hike can be done from the valley floor in a single long day, but many people break it up by camping overnight in Little Yosemite Valley. The trail climbs past Vernal Fall and Nevada Fall, then continues into Little Yosemite Valley, then north to the base of the northeast ridge of Half Dome itself.

The final 400 ft (120 m) ascent is steeply up the rock between two steel cables used as handholds. The cables are fixed with bolts in the rock and raised onto a series of metal poles in late May (the poles do not anchor the cables). The cables are taken down from the poles for the winter in early October, but they are still fixed to the rock surface and can be used. The National Park Service recommends against climbing the route when the cables are down or when the surface of the rock is wet and slippery. The Cable Route is rated class 3, while the same face away from the cables is rated class 5.

The Cable Route gets crowded on the weekends
The Cable Route can be crowded. In past years, as many as 1,000 hikers per day have climbed the dome on a summer weekend, and about 50,000 hikers climb it every year.

Since 2011, all hikers who intend to ascend the Cable Route must now obtain permits before entering the park when the cables are up between May and October. Permits are checked by a ranger on the trail, and no hikers without permits are allowed to hike beyond the base of the sub-dome or to the bottom of the cables. Hikers caught bypassing the rangers to visit either the sub-dome or main dome without a permit face fines of up to $5,000 and/or 6 months in jail.

Backpackers with an appropriate wilderness permit can receive a Half Dome permit when they pick up their wilderness permit with no additional reservation required. Rock climbers who reach the top of Half Dome without entering the subdome area can descend on the Half Dome Trail without a permit.

The top of Half Dome is a large, flat area where climbers can relax and enjoy their accomplishment. The summit offers views of the surrounding areas, including Little Yosemite Valley and the Valley Floor. A notable location to one side of Half Dome is the "Diving Board", where Ansel Adams took his photograph Monolith, the Face of Half Dome on April 10, 1927. Often confused with "the Visor," a small overhanging ledge at the summit, the Diving Board is on the shoulder of Half Dome.

From 1919 when the cables were erected through 2011, there have been seven fatal falls from the cables. The latest fatality occurred on September 5, 2019.

Lightning strikes can be a risk while on or near the summit. On July 27, 1985, five hikers were struck by lightning, resulting in two fatalities.

The Cable Route was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

Answer: The half dome hike is 8.2 miles long with 4800 ft elevation gain. This hike can be done in a single long day or in two days by camping overnight in Little Yosemite Valley. The trail goes past Vernal and Nevada waterfalls, continues to Little Yosemite Valley and then to the half dome itself. The final 400 ft of the hike involves a steep ascent up the rock using the two steel cables fixed with bolts in the rock. The cables are put up between May and October and it is not recommended to climb the route when cables are down since the surface can be wet and slippery. All the hikers to half dome are required to obtain permits which are checked by a ranger on the trail. Hikers caught bypassing the rangers without permits are subject to penalties.


Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Octofone, Suona

Answer: Octofone is string, Suona is woodwind.


Instruction: Where is the Walmart corporate home office located?

Answer: While Walmart has many corporate locations located across the world, its home office is located in Bentonville, Arkansas.


Instruction: Which colors are in a rainbow?

Answer: A rainbow consists of the following seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.


Instruction: Who was Lem Tucker?

Context:
Lemuel Tucker (May 26, 1938 – March 2, 1991) was an American journalist.

Born in Saginaw, Michigan, Tucker graduated from Central Michigan University in 1960.

Tucker was one of the first African Americans to work as a television network reporter. He began his career at NBC in 1965 as a general assignment news correspondent, and served as news director at WOR-TV in New York City from 1970 to 1971. He moved to ABC in 1972 and to CBS in 1977, where he worked until his death.

He was winner of two Emmy Awards, and made the master list of Nixon political opponents for his reporting.

Although Lem Tucker's life was brief, his career accomplishments were memorable.

Tucker was the first African American elected to the position of student body president at CMU. That election took place when less than one percent of the student body was black. Previous to his election, only one other African American had been elected to a similar position in the United States. While at Central, Tucker was considered one of the university's top forensic students. He served as a chapter president of Pi Kappa Delta, a national speech honorary fraternity.

He won his first Emmy in 1979 for his coverage of black America and his second in 1983 for a series about hunger in America. While working for the networks, he covered numerous major news events, including the Vietnam War, the Kent State University shootings and the Iran hostage crisis. He covered social unrest and riots in Newark, Miami and Harlem. He also reported from the Woodstock Festival. In 1981, he was covering President Ronald Reagan's speech at the Washington Hilton Hotel and witnessed the shooting of the president. He was broadcasting live reports on CBS Radio within minutes of the incident. He was applauded by his colleagues and others in the media for his continuous and thorough coverage, which he provided well into the next morning.

During the course of his career, Tucker returned numerous times to his alma mater to speak to students about politics, share reflections on college life and offer insight regarding work as a national network correspondent.

Tucker had a keen sense of humor. In an address given to the CMU community in the early 1980s, he told his audience he was amused to have been asked back to speak at the university, given that during his days as student body president, he "quibbled a lot" with the administration. He said, "How rare for me to be given a microphone and be invited to speak at CMU. Now I am on stage in front of administration and applauded."

Tucker has one daughter, Linn Carol Tucker.

His death in 1991 was due to liver failure.

Answer: Lemuel Tucker was an American journalist. He was born in Saginaw, Michigan, Tucker graduated from Central Michigan University in 1960. Tucker was one of the first African Americans to work as a television network reporter. He won his first Emmy in 1979 for his coverage of black America and his second in 1983 for a series about hunger in America. His death in 1991 was due to liver failure.


Instruction: Make arguments for and against Majora's Mask being a better game than Ocarina of Time.

Answer: Majora's Mask is one of the most atmospheric games in the entire Legend of Zelda franchise, covering themes of grief, loss, denial and the limits of heroism. The re-use of its predecessor's sprites in different contexts adds to the sense of unease and uncertainty. Clocktown, with all its subplots throughout the 3-day cycle, feels considerably more alive than Ocarina's Hyrule Town. On the other hand, Ocarina of Time has more dungeons, focuses more on the classic characters of Zelda & Ganondorf and presented the template for 3D Zelda adventures. Although its story is much more standard, Ocarina of Time does cover mature themes such as lost childhood.


Instruction: Does spark provide date & time when a particular event is received in the structured streaming?

Answer: Not directly.  The source of the data is responsible for event time, the “arrival” time is typically the timestamp from the message server source you are reading from (Kafka, Kinesis, etc.) and the “processing” time can be inserted when processing the incomming data stream using the functions package current_timestamp function. https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.sql.functions$  This isn’t exactly when Spark received the data from the server but is close and will be grouped by trigger interval.  Note that this function can not be used when in continuous mode.  https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/structured-streaming-programming-guide.html#supported-queries


Instruction: Are tequila and mezcal basically the same thing?

Context: Mezcal is made from over 30 agave species, varieties, and subvarieties, in contrast with tequila, which is made only with blue agave. Of many agave species that can be used to make mezcal, seven are particularly notable. There is no exhaustive list, as the regulations allow any agaves, provided that they are not used as the primary material in other governmental Denominations of Origin. However, the interpretation of this regulation to mean that mezcal cannot be made from blue agave may be a mistranslation. The term silvestre "wild" is sometimes found, but simply means that the agaves are wild (foraged, not cultivated); it is not a separate variety.

Answer: Tequila and mezcal are similar in some ways, but they also have one distinct difference. Both liquors are made from agave. Tequila, however, is restricted to using only blue agave in its production process. Technically tequila is a type of mezcal because mezcal encompasses all liquors made from any type of agave. But unless blue agave is used to produce the liquor, it is not tequila.


Instruction: What is the capital of Alabama?

Answer: Montgomery is the capital


Instruction: Why do people fly on airplanes?

Answer: People fly on airplanes to go between places faster.  Driving is an alternative to flying but when time is an issue flying is the quickest way to get to your destination.  Flying is also necessary when you need to get to an island or another continent which is not attached to the continent where you live.  Taking a boat may be too costly and long in some cases even if you don't like flying.  Flying is used to take trips, visit family and friends, meeting new people, interacting with co-workers, and sight-seeing.


Instruction: Which of the following people were Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom? Margaret Thatcher, Winston Churchill, Queen Elizabeth II, Benjamin Disraeli, Thomas Cromwell

Answer: Margaret Thatcher, Winston Churchill, and Benjamin Disraeli were Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom.


Instruction:
Jill, a 60-year-old personal training client, wants to improve her hip flexibility. She
repeatedly bounces up and down, trying to touch her toes from a standing position. Will hip
flexibility be the expected outcome of this exercise? Is her technique appropriate? What
modifications would you make, if any?

Answer: In practice, she may find some improvements in her hip flexibility, but certainly this is not the right, nor optimal, technique to improve her hip flexibility. She risks injuring herself with this kind of movement. This is because every tendon has a stretch reflex, and when triggered, will cause the muscle connected to it to contract; for example, when the patellar tendon underneath your knee is hit by your doctor during your yearly checkup, your quads contract involuntarily and your leg kicks up. When you are stretching, you are elongating the muscles. If you bounce while stretching, you can activate your tendon’s stretch reflex, causing your muscle to try and contract while also elongating it, which may tear the muscle or even detach the tendon from the bone in extreme cases. I would recommend her to not bounce during toe touches, and focus on keeping the motion static.


Instruction: Name some famous cartoon cats.

Answer: Some famous cartoon cats include Heathcliff, Garfield, Tom, Sylvester, Felix, and the Cheshire Cat.


Instruction: Where is Ivan Trotski from?

Context: Ivan Trotski is a Belarusian race walker.

Answer: Belarus


Instruction: Why are drums so important to music, and what this appeal to have live drums in the modern world where drum beats can easily be sampled, and/or perfectly mimicked  by software?

Answer: Music is often broken down into fundamental components using this model of understanding: Melody, Harmony, and Rhythm.  Of these three it is true rhythm is the easiest for computers to do a near perfect job of imitating.  Advancements in technology from the first drum machines that appeared in the 1970s, to widely used beat machines of the 1990's, to software music composition suites of today means you now have a lot of control at youf finger tips to create rhythm. You can now create drum beats that account for tempo variations, pitch variations, changes in dynamics, how close the drum pattern stays on beat, the type of hit the beat should be using, what the tension on the drum heads should sound like, how much rebound against the drum head is present, velocity of the stick, the simulated room size of where the drum kit is located,  how much resonance is vibrating in the drum kit itself, tonal variance of the wood shells used to create the drum beat and many more.   These advancements make software drumbeats realistic, and indistinguishable from their human counterparts yet the role of the drummer in modern music could not be more important.  Humans love live music, and very few commercially successful live musical acts do not use a live drummer.  Even rap and hip hop--two musical genres famous for ushering in the area of "sampled" drum beats, and "sampled song loops"-- often will have a live drummer on stage despite the ease of which the music can be broadcast loudly without requiring one.   The reason is simple: live drums and the musicians who perform using them are both visually and sonically exciting.  There are genres where a drummer is not provided such as "DJ Couture" and "Electronic Dance music" (or EDM) but they are the exceptions and not the rule. From the earliest humans banging rocks and sticks together, to the modern drums of today the future of the live drummer in music has never been brighter.


Instruction: Give me a list of authors from Florida

Context: Florida literature is as varied as the state itself. Genres traditionally include fiction, nonfiction, and poetry, and some of it may be considered part of the American regional Southern literature genre. Writers affiliated with the locale of Florida include William Bartram, Elizabeth Bishop, James Branch Cabell, Hart Crane, Stephen Crane, Harry Crews, Nilo Cruz, John Fleming, Ernest Hemingway, Carl Hiaasen, Jay Hopler, Zora Neale Hurston, José Martí, Campbell McGrath, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Wallace Stevens, and Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Answer:
The most well-known authors from Florida include:
- Ernest Heminway
- John Fleming
- José Martí
- Wallace Stevens
- Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Jay Hopler
- William Bartram
- Elizabeth Bishop
- Stephen Crane
- Hart Crane
- Harry Crews
- Campbell McGrath
- Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
- James Branch Cabell
- Nilo Cruz
- Zora Neale Hurston


Instruction: Name some popular video games exclusive to Sony’s Playstation game consoles.

Answer: Some of the most popular games that are exclusive to Sony Playstation consoles include the Uncharted series, the Gran Turismo series, and the God of War series. Each series of games have sold tens of millions of copies.


Instruction: Name a song The Mo is best known for that is not named after a dairy product.

Context: The Mo, also known simply as Mo, was a Dutch pop band best remembered for the 1980s hits "Fred Astaire" and "Cheese." The band was known to be an experimental pop band during the new wave era.

Answer: Fred Astaire


Instruction: What is the largest country in the world?

Answer: There are multiple ways that large can be defined. By area, Russia is the largest country in the world alternatively by Population, China is the worlds most populated country.


Instruction: Identify which car manufacturer is German or American: Ford, Brabus

Answer: Brabus is German, Ford is American


Instruction: Where did Jon Rahm go to college?

Context: He attended Arizona State University on a golf scholarship, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications. There he won 11 college golf tournaments, which is second in school history, behind only Phil Mickelson's 16 collegiate wins.

Answer: Arizona State University


Instruction: Who wrote the book "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Families" ?

Answer: Stephen R. Covey


Instruction: Based on this paragrah, what indie band released the album "Popsicle"?

Context: Popsicle is an alternative rock album by indie band Diamond Nights, released in 2005. The song "The Girl's Attractive" was featured in a 2006 Jaguar and an Austrian beer (Stiegl) advertisement, as well on the "Thirst" and "Nicodemus" episodes of the TV drama Smallville, and was included on its second Soundtrack The Metropolis Mix .

Answer: Diamond Nights


Instruction: Using the following text, extract the last 3 CEO's. Place them in a bullet list in order of current to least current.

Context:
Governors/Chief Executive Officers
The following individuals have been appointed to serve as chief executive of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, or precursor titles:

Order	Name	Title	Term start	Term end	Time in office
1	Sir Denison Miller KCMG	Governor	June 1912	June 1923	11 years, 29 days
2	James Kell	June 1923	October 1926	3 years, 122 days
3	Sir Ernest Riddle	October 1926	February 1938	11 years, 121 days
4	Sir Harry Sheehan CBE	March 1938	March 1941	3 years, 0 days
5	Hugh Traill Armitage CMG	July 1941	December 1948	7 years, 183 days
6	Dr H. C. Coombs	January 1949	January 1960	11 years, 0 days
7	Ernest Richardson CBE	Managing Director	January 1960	March 1965	5 years, 89 days
8	Sir Bede Callaghan CBE	May 1965	August 1976	11 years, 92 days
9	Sir Ronald Elliott	August 1976	August 1981	5 years, 0 days
10	Vern Christie AO	August 1981	March 1987	5 years, 212 days
11	Donald Sanders AO CB	March 1987	December 1990	3 years, 275 days
Chief Executive Officer	January 1991	June 1992	1 year, 181 days
12	David Murray AO	June 1992	September 2005	13 years, 92 days
13	Sir Ralph Norris KNZM	September 2005	November 2011	6 years, 29 days
14	Ian Narev	December 2011	April 2018	11 years, 119 days
15	Matt Comyn	April 2018	incumbent	4 years, 355 days

Answer:
* Matt Comyn - Current / Incumbent since April 2018
* Ian Narev - December 2011 to April 2018
* Sir Ralph Norris KNZM - September 2005 to November 2011
* David Murray AO - June 1992  to September 2005


Instruction: How do you call the Arkansas Razorbacks?

Answer: The individual starts with their arms stretched out near waist, and slowly raise them while doing jazz fingers all while saying "wooooooo" then once your arms are above your head you say "pig sooie."  Reset your hands to your waist and two more times, but on the third time, after you say "pig sooie" you also say "razorbacks!"


Instruction: What is a speedrun in video games?

Answer: In gaming, a speedrun is the task of playing a game, or a section of a game, with the goal of completing it as quickly as possible. While there are many categories of speedrunning, they often include strategy, planned routes, or even glitches to get to the end credits of the game in the shortest possible time.


Instruction: What is GraphQL?

Answer: GraphQL is an open-source data query language and data manipulation language for APIs, and a query runtime engine.


Instruction: How can you answer questions like "Are certain kinds of storms responsible to drive certain type of disease related group (DRG) admits?"?

Answer: Answering questions like this would require using data and statistical analysis of the data. You would need to collect storm data for a given location and combine it with the hospital visits data for the period before and after the storm and simply plot the correlation between each storm and the type of admits in the hospital around the same period. The findings must be validated by performing the similar analysis on data from another time period or a geographical location with similar characteristics.


Instruction: Manchester of South India ?

Context: Coimbatore, also spelt as Koyamputhur[note 1] (Tamil pronunciation: [koːjambʊt̪ːuːɾ]), sometimes shortened as Kovai (IPA: [koːʋaj]), is one of the major metropolitan cities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats. Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai in terms of population and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the census 2011. It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore District. In 1981, Coimbatore formed as the third municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and Madurai. Podanur Junction is the oldest railway station in Coimbatore City. The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery, wet grinders, poultry and auto components; the "Coimbatore Wet Grinder" and the "Kovai Cora Cotton" are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India. Being a hub of textile industry in South India, the city is sometimes referred to as the "Manchester of South India". It was ranked the 7th best city in India in the Ease of Living index 2020.

Answer: Coimbatore


Instruction: Let me know some different ways that someone can get healthier.

Answer: Healthy habits are incremental, so making small changes every day can make a difference over time. Some ideas in which to be healthier include drinking more water each day, as most people do not consume enough water. You could also try to increase your activity and maybe schedule 30 minutes of cardiovascular exercise each day. Try to eat more whole-foods that include fruit and vegetables and avoid processed foods and of course, at least 7 hours of sleep each night is important for full recovery.


Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Repique, Neola

Answer: Neola is string, Repique is percussion.


Instruction: why am I required to do onboarding training?

Answer: Company onboarding training is important because it lets you get familiar with company rules and company culture.  Onboarding training teaches rules to prevent harassment at work.  It teaches you what the company cultural values are.  It teaches you how to interact with your co-workers and what kind of behavior is acceptable and not acceptable.  It also teaches you the value of diversity and inclusion and why its so important.


Instruction: Extract the shows that Bini the Bunny was featured. Separate them with a comma.

Context: Bini the Bunny is a rabbit, known for a series of videos posted on the internet. Bini is a 10-year-old male Holland Lop rabbit, referred to by the media and fans as the only rabbit in the world who can paint, play basketball, play the guitar/piano and comb and style hair. As of 2017, Bini and his owner, Shai (Asor) Lighter are Guinness Book of World Record holders for the most slam dunks by a rabbit in one minute. Bini's most popular video with over 20 million views was created in 2016, titled "When Your Bunny is Addicted to Arcade Games". Bini's social pages have more than 1 million followers. Bini was featured in various TV shows including The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon, two Netflix originals, and participated in America's Got Talent.

Answer: The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon, two Netflix originals, America's Got Talent.


Instruction: Do all dog breeds have long tails?

Answer: Dogs naturally have a variety of tail lengths, ranging from long to short to stubs


Instruction: Should generative AI be banned from the classroom ?

Answer: There is no unanimous answer to the this question. Certain people believe generative AI  should be banned from the classroom, while other see this as an opportunity to ask what is the place of AI in teaching. If there is still the need for students to perform their own research and train to have the appropriate approach, using modern tool in a classroom is a must to prepare the student for a world where the use of AI will most-likely disrupt the workplace. Failing to be a universal tool, AI has contributed to open the debate on the place of AI in the classroom. Using the debate to understand how AI works can contribute to providing the student with a better understanding of AI, therefore better preparing them for the changes ahead.


Instruction: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Asian Elephant, Dire Wolf

Answer: Dire Wolf is extinct, Asian Elephant is alive.


Instruction: Which countries produces the most wine?

Answer:
As of 2021, the following countries have produced the most wine (decreasing order):
- Italy
- France
- Spain
- United States of America
- Australia
- Chile
- Argentina
- South Africa
- Germany
- Portugal


Instruction: Why does the capital of Uzbekistan contain the biggest Greek community?

Context: The Greeks in Uzbekistan number approximately 9,000. The community is made up of Greeks from Russia who were deported by force from that country to Uzbekistan in the 1940s, and political refugees from Greece. About 30,000 Greeks lived in the country before World War II and a further 11,000 arrived after the Greek Civil War and the defeat of Democratic Army of Greece. Their numbers have dwindled from a high of some 40,000 in the 1960s. The main reason is emigration to Greece after the end of the Cold War when laws allowed the return of all ethnic Greeks who had been exiled for political reasons after the Greek Civil War. The biggest Greek community in the country is in the capital city of Tashkent where most of the Greek political refugees were relocated by the Soviet authorities. In ancient times the south of the country was part of the Hellenistic Seleucid Kingdom but the few Greek communities there have since assimilated.  The most important organization representing ethnic Greeks is the Greek Cultural Association of Tashkent. The activities of this organization include Greek language instruction (19 classes with a total of 571 students, classes for adults) and the teaching of Greek dances and music.

Answer: Most of the Greek political refugees in Uzbekistan were relocated by the Soviet authorities to the capital city of Tashkent.


Instruction: What is pan genomics?

Answer: Pan genomics is a concept introduced in 2005 by Tettelin and Medini which eventually took root in bioinformatics. Pan genome is the complete gene repertoire of a particular taxonomic group: although initially applied to closely related strains of a species, it can be applied to a larger context like genus, phylum, etc. It is divided in two parts- The Core genome: Set of genes common to all the genomes under study (These are often housekeeping genes vital for survival) and The Dispensable/Flexible Genome: Set of genes not present in all but one or some genomes under study. A bioinformatics tool BPGA can be used to characterize the Pan Genome of bacterial species.


Instruction: Write an email to my landlord explaining why I missed rent payment this month.

Answer: Hi Landlord, I wanted to send this message to apologize for missing my rent payment deadline this month. When rent was due, I went to the online portal to transfer you the money from my bank funds as I do each month. After logging in I saw that my balance was $0, and that the money had been transferred to a different account. I immediately filed a fraudulent transaction report with my bank, and they noted that my bank account was insured and the money will be returned. I am still waiting for the bank to return the funds which were stolen, but have confirmation that they should be returned shortly. Once the funds have been returned I will pay you in full, but ask that you accept this explanation while I await my bank account being restored, and apologize for any inconvenience this causes you.


Instruction: Name some of the most well-known Valyrian steel swords.

Answer: Widow's Wail, Heartsbane, Longclaw, Oathkeeper, Red Rain


Instruction: Can we move away from fossil fuels in the next decade  ?

Answer: In short No, Fossil fuels will be part of our Energy portfolio for several decades. Despite the general consensus that fossil fuels are the largest contributor to climate change, it’s also challenging to find an alternative energy source that replaces this on a global scale. As emerging nations grow, their demand for affordable energy will maintain the need for fossil fuels.  However, while  renewable energies have been projected to replace fossil fuels as the main energy source by 2050, we will still need to invest in decarbonization technology to offset the impact of maintaining emissions from fossil fuels.


Instruction: Give me the top 7 songs on billboard right now

Answer:
- Like Crazy - Jimin
- Flowers - Miley Cyrus
- Last Night - Morgan Wallen
- Kill Bill - SZA
- Creepin' - Metro Boomin, The Weeknd & 21 Savage
- Die for you - The Weeknd, Ariana Grande
- Boy's A Liar, Pt. 2


Instruction: What are some of the challenges and solutions involved in growing tomatoes in the Pacific Northwest?

Answer:
Growing tomatoes in the Pacific Northwest is very possible, but can present a number of challenges. The three biggest concerns revolve around:

1. A short growing season
2. Cooler summers
3. Wetter than average summers

Here are some solutions you can use to mitigate these challenges.

Do deal with the short growing season, you need to get a headstart on growing by using starters. What this means is that instead of planting a seed in the ground in Springtime, you start a seed indoors in late winter, grow it into a small to medium plant, then transplant that "starter", into the ground when the temperature is warm enough. You can buy starters from Nurseries, or start your own at home. Nursery starters are easier, but by growing at home you can experiment with more rare varieties and gain experience in cultivating a plant from the seedling stage. If you grow your own it's important to slowly climatize the plant to outdoor weather leading up to the transplant date by moving it outside starting with a couple hours a day, increasing an hour or two per day over 2-3 weeks. By using starters you essentially extend the growing season by giving your plant a multi month head start.

Tomatoes mature best in warm to hot climates. The pacific northwest has cooler summers than many of the growing regions in the world. There is not a lot we can do to control mother nature, but there are one or two methods to help yourself here. Certain varieties of tomatoes do better in cooler summers - try and select these. If you're using starts from a local nursery they can guide you - starts from big national box stores might not be the best for your local Northwest climate. Another technique, if you are experiencing a cooler than normal Spring and start of Summer, is to build a "hoop house", using PVC pipe frame and a visqueen tarp. This will let light in and act as a mini-greenhouse, trapping heat around the plant. Keep in mind tomatoes need pollinators like bees to produce fruit, so once the plan t begins to flower you'll want to ensure pollination can occur.

Moisture creates issues with Tomato plants as they are very susceptible to various types of fungus that grow on the leaves. Blight is one in particular common among tomatoes. The wet summers we sometimes have create conditions on the leaves conducive to fungal growth, they can also splash fungus onto the leaves from the soil. The easiest way to deal with these two issues is in proper pruning. As early as you can prune any lower sets of leaves that could possibly come into contact with the ground. Don't do this too soon as the plant needs some leaves to grow. There are many ways to prune a tomato that you can read about, but one common one in wet areas is called single stemming - in this technique you prune "suckers", which are the small offshoots that grow in between the main stem and the leaf stems. By pruning the suckers you prevent too much bushy growth, which will help the leaves dry out with airflow after a rain storm. The last issue related to water is that heavy late season rains will cause the fruits to swell with water and crack. There's not an easy solution here. If it's towards the end of the season and a rainstorm is coming in, this can be a good time to pick all your fruit, your green tomatoes can be used for green salsas. Some will resort to building a tarp structure above the plants to stop the rain, though this can require a bit more work and ingenuity, and you'll need another system to keep the plants watered.

Overall, growing tomatoes in the Pacific Northwest is totally possible and very rewarding. Hopefully these tips help you to have a fruitful growing season!


Instruction: Which of the following animals live in the snow: Dog, Bonobos, Cat, Polar bear, Whale shark, Arctic fox, Orangutans, Snow leopard, Lion, Ocean sunfish, Koala, Cheetah, Beluga sturgeon, Orca, Gorillas, Camel, Hamsters, Penguins, Blue whale, Chimpanzee

Answer: There are some animals in that list that typically live in the snow! Polar bear, Arctic fox, Snow leopard and Penguins.


Instruction: How useful is toothpaste

Context:
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it is an abrasive that aids in removing dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients (most commonly fluoride) to help prevent tooth decay (dental caries) and gum disease (gingivitis). Owing to differences in composition and fluoride content, not all toothpastes are equally effective in maintaining oral health. The decline of tooth decay during the 20th century has been attributed to the introduction and regular use of fluoride-containing toothpastes worldwide. Large amounts of swallowed toothpaste can be toxic. Common colors for toothpaste include white (sometimes with colored stripes or green tint) and blue.

Usefulness
Toothpastes are generally useful to maintain dental health. Toothpastes containing fluoride are effective at preventing tooth decay. Toothpastes may also help to control and remove plaque build-up, promoting healthy gums. A 2016 systematic review indicated that using toothpaste when brushing the teeth does not necessarily impact the level of plaque removal. However, the active ingredients in toothpastes are able to prevent dental diseases with regular use.

Answer:
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it is an abrasive that aids in removing dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients (most commonly fluoride) to help prevent tooth decay (dental caries) and gum disease (gingivitis). Owing to differences in composition and fluoride content, not all toothpastes are equally effective in maintaining oral health. The decline of tooth decay during the 20th century has been attributed to the introduction and regular use of fluoride-containing toothpastes worldwide. Large amounts of swallowed toothpaste can be toxic. Common colors for toothpaste include white (sometimes with colored stripes or green tint) and blue.

Toothpastes are generally useful to maintain dental health. Toothpastes containing fluoride are effective at preventing tooth decay. Toothpastes may also help to control and remove plaque build-up, promoting healthy gums. A 2016 systematic review indicated that using toothpaste when brushing the teeth does not necessarily impact the level of plaque removal. However, the active ingredients in toothpastes are able to prevent dental diseases with regular use.


Instruction: Was Jesus and actual person

Answer: Yes. Jesus was an historical person.


Instruction: what is a scottish fold cat?

Answer: A scottish fold cat is a feline with a genetic mutation that causes its ears to fold down.  Scottish fold cats are rare, but the breed is well-loved by many for their gentle demeanor and soft fur.


Instruction: Write instructions to a dog sitter for a dog named Chunkie

Answer:
Thanks for coming over to spend time with Chunkie! Here is a summary of tips / directions

Hearing - Chunkie is deaf; you’ll need to make eye contact and hand gestures or grab her by the neck to give her gentle guidance.

Stairs - Chunkie can’t take the front stairs given her arthritis, you’ll need to go out the sliding door (remove lock bar at the bottom), out the backyard gate to the left, and down the slide stairs. It’s ok to leave the sliding door unlocked during your walk. Go back in this way too.

Walking - Try walking her to the Women’s garden and back. Her lease and poop bags are on the floor next to the sliding door. She doesn’t really walk fast or far anymore so if she doesn’t want to walk just take her back home.

Other dogs - Chunkie doesn’t really like other dogs so keep her leash tight when other dogs are around. She does love people and is very safe w/ other people and kids.

Snack - You may feed her a snack - one pig ear and a few of the other smaller snacks. I’ll leave the snacks on the kitchen counter.

Water - Please refill her water bowls when you get there and make sure they are full before you leave (purple bowl in the dining room next to the window and silver bowl near sliding door).

Home - Feel free to make yourself at home! Chunkie usually hangs in my office / the TV room. She does need some help getting up the 2 stairs from that room and the main great room.

Locking up - Please put the lock bar back on the sliding door, leave the key on the kitchen counter (or on the bottom stairs as you exit) and lock the front door by depressing the door handle button.


Instruction: What origins and destinations does Delta Vacations offer?

Answer: Delta Vacations offers great vacation experiences from any city in the U.S. and Canada served by Delta Air Lines to more than 300+ vacation destinations around the world, including Mexico, the Caribbean, U.S., Hawaii, Canada, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and the Middle East.


Instruction: Is double checked locking safe?

Context:
In software engineering, double-checked locking (also known as "double-checked locking optimization") is a software design pattern used to reduce the overhead of acquiring a lock by testing the locking criterion (the "lock hint") before acquiring the lock. Locking occurs only if the locking criterion check indicates that locking is required.

The pattern, when implemented in some language/hardware combinations, can be unsafe. At times, it can be considered an anti-pattern.

It is typically used to reduce locking overhead when implementing "lazy initialization" in a multi-threaded environment, especially as part of the Singleton pattern. Lazy initialization avoids initializing a value until the first time it is accessed.

Answer: Double checked locking can be unsafe in some situations and is sometimes considered an anti-pattern. However, it can be implemented in a safe way.


Instruction: Which tournaments did Raymond Charles Haoda play in? List them in a comma separated format.

Context:
Raymond Charles Haoda (born 15 December 1991) is a Papua New Guinean cricketer. Haoda is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium-fast. He was born in Port Moresby.

Having played age group cricket for Papua New Guinea Under-19s in the 2010 Under-19 World Cup, in which he emerged as the leading wicket taker with 15, he proceeded to be selected as a part of the Papua New Guinea squad for the 2011 World Cricket League Division Three, but did not feature. His World Cricket League debut for Papua New Guinea came in the 2011 World Cricket League Division Two. It was in this tournament that he made his List A debut against Namibia. He played a further 2 List A matches in the competition, both against Hong Kong. In his 3 matches, he took 6 wickets at a bowling average of 17.66, with best figures of 3/40.

Answer: 2010 Under-19 World Cup,  2011 World Cricket League Division Two


Instruction: What did batteries get invented?

Answer: Volta invented the first battery around 1800.  It worked by storing and releasing a charge of energy caused by a chemical reaction.  Since this time batteries have only improved with time.  Around the end of the 19th century batteries were a primary source of electricity for electric grids.  With continuous future improvements to batteries they were being used in most consumer electronics like phones, computers and televisions.


Instruction: Given this short summary of Giovan Battista Cavagna, how long did it take to build the second Monte di Pieta?

Context: In Naples, he worked in 1572–1577 at the church of San Gregorio Armeno together with Giovanni Vincenzo della Monica. He helped design the Bank in Naples, called the second Monte di Pietà, started in 1539 with goal, according to Sasso, of liberating citizens from the supposed usury of the Jews. By 1597, the building was completed and unified all the banks in the city. In this project, he was aided by Giovanni Giacomo Di Conforto and Giovanni Cola di Franco.

Answer: It took 58 years.  Started in 1539, completed in 1597.


Instruction: What does Neolithic mean?

Answer: "Neolithic" comes from the Greek word for "new stone," and it started about 10,000 years after the Upper Paleolithic. During the Neolithic, people learned how to farm. Animals that were tamed and kept as pets also gave rise to livestock. In the later stages of the Neolithic, copper, bronze, and finally iron were used to make tools. This is what is known as the "Iron Age."


Instruction: How old were the indigenous civilizations in Mexico prior to European contact?

Context: Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico goes back to 8,000 BCE and it went to become one of the world's six cradles of civilization. In particular, the Mesoamerican region was home to many intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. Last were the Aztecs, who dominated the region in the century before European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire and its indigenous allies conquered the Aztec Empire from its capital Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), establishing the colony of New Spain.

Answer: There were many civilizations that came prior to European contact, some that date back as early as 8,000 BCE. The last civilization to dominate Mexico a century prior to European contact were the Aztecs, whose capital, Tenochtitlan, became what is now Mexico City.


Instruction: What is Ultimate Frisbee?

Answer: Ultimate Frisbee is a popular sport around the world. It is played both recreationally and at a semi-professional level. It is played with two teams of 7 players who square off against each other on a field that is about the size of an American football field (120x40 yards). Much like American football, the objective is to catch the Frisbee, or disc, in the end zone in order to score points. The run of play, however, is continuous like soccer. Players cannot run while holding the disc, requiring teams to progress down the field by throwing the disc to each other. Each player must release the disc within 10 seconds of acquiring it. Under normal circumstances, the first team to score 15 points wins.


Instruction: Do the following activities typically happen at night or during the day? A hike in a park, stargazing, going to a beach tidepool, dinner at a restaurant, looking for shooting stars, working a desk job

Answer: A hike in a park: daytime, stargazing: nighttime, going to a beach tidepool: daytime, dinner at a restaurant: nighttime, looking for shooting stars: nighttime, working a desk job: daytime


Instruction: What is the Pareto principle?

Context: The Pareto principle states that for many outcomes, roughly 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes (the "vital few"). Other names for this principle are the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few, or the principle of factor sparsity.

Answer: The Pareto principle also known as the 80/20 rule or the law of the vital few, states that roughly 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes. For example 80% of revenue comes from 20% of customers (the vital few).


Instruction: Extract the different types of milk distribution containers mentioned in the text and list them using bullets in the format {container type} - {volume}

Context: In Australia and New Zealand, prior to metrication, milk was generally distributed in 1 pint (568 mL) glass bottles. In Australia and Ireland there was a government funded "free milk for school children" program, and milk was distributed at morning recess in 1/3 pint bottles. With the conversion to metric measures, the milk industry was concerned that the replacement of the pint bottles with 500 mL bottles would result in a 13.6% drop in milk consumption; hence, all pint bottles were recalled and replaced by 600 mL bottles. With time, due to the steadily increasing cost of collecting, transporting, storing and cleaning glass bottles, they were replaced by cardboard cartons. A number of designs were used, including a tetrahedron which could be close-packed without waste space, and could not be knocked over accidentally (slogan: "No more crying over spilt milk"). However, the industry eventually settled on a design similar to that used in the United States. Milk is now available in a variety of sizes in paperboard milk cartons (250 mL, 375 mL, 600 mL, 1 liter and 1.5 liters) and plastic bottles (1, 2 and 3 liters). A significant addition to the marketplace has been "long-life" milk (UHT), generally available in 1 and 2 liter rectangular cardboard cartons. In urban and suburban areas where there is sufficient demand, home delivery is still available, though in suburban areas this is often 3 times per week rather than daily. Another significant and popular addition to the marketplace has been flavored milks; for example, as mentioned above, Farmers Union Iced Coffee outsells Coca-Cola in South Australia.

Answer:
- glass - 1 pint (569 mL)
- glass - 1/3 pint
- glass - 600 mL
- paperboard - 250 mL
- paperboard - 375 mL
- paperboard - 600 mL
- paperboard - 1 L
- paperboard - 1.5 L
- plastic - 1 L
- plastic - 2 L
- plastic - 3 L
- cardboard - 1 L
- cardboard - 2 L


Instruction: Make a list of pets you would want if you knew they wouldn’t bite you

Answer:
1. Tiger
2. Lion
3. Alligator
4. Polar Bear
5. Killer Whale
6. Pit Viper
7. Jaguar
8. Dinosaur
9. Shark
10. Wolf


Instruction: Can you give me some details about the moroccan geography ?

Context:
Morocco has a coast by the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Spain to the north (a water border through the Strait and land borders with three small Spanish-controlled exclaves, Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera), Algeria to the east, and Western Sahara to the south. Since Morocco controls most of Western Sahara, its de facto southern boundary is with Mauritania.

The internationally recognised borders of the country lie between latitudes 27° and 36°N, and longitudes 1° and 14°W. Adding Western Sahara, Morocco lies mostly between 21° and 36°N, and 1° and 17°W (the Ras Nouadhibou peninsula is slightly south of 21° and west of 17°).

The geography of Morocco spans from the Atlantic Ocean, to mountainous areas, to the Sahara desert. Morocco is a Northern African country, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and the annexed Western Sahara. It is one of only three nations (along with Spain and France) to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines.

A large part of Morocco is mountainous. The Atlas Mountains are located mainly in the centre and the south of the country. The Rif Mountains are located in the north of the country. Both ranges are mainly inhabited by the Berber people. At 446,550 km2 (172,414 sq mi), Morocco excluding Western Sahara is the fifty-seventh largest country in the world. Algeria borders Morocco to the east and southeast, though the border between the two countries has been closed since 1994.

Spanish territory in Northwest Africa neighbouring Morocco comprises five enclaves on the Mediterranean coast: Ceuta, Melilla, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, Peñón de Alhucemas, the Chafarinas islands, and the disputed islet Perejil. Off the Atlantic coast the Canary Islands belong to Spain, whereas Madeira to the north is Portuguese. To the north, Morocco is bordered by the Strait of Gibraltar, where international shipping has unimpeded transit passage between the Atlantic and Mediterranean.

The Rif mountains stretch over the region bordering the Mediterranean from the north-west to the north-east. The Atlas Mountains run down the backbone of the country, from the northeast to the southwest. Most of the southeast portion of the country is in the Sahara Desert and as such is generally sparsely populated and unproductive economically.

Answer: Morocco has a coast by the Atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea. It's bordered by Spain, Algeria and Mauritania. The geography of Morocco spans from the Atlantic ocean , to mountainous areas to the Sahara desert. The Rif mountains are located in the North and The Atlas mountains are located mainly in the center and south of the country.


Instruction: What are some indoor sports I can play in winter?

Answer:
Here is a list of indoor sports:
- Table tennis
- Indoor basketball
- Futsal
- Trampolining
- Ice hockey
- Yoga
- Badminton
- Fencing


Instruction: List some of the endocrinology societies and organizations within Europe and specifically talk about the United Kingdom.

Context:
Because endocrinology encompasses so many conditions and diseases, there are many organizations that provide education to patients and the public. The Hormone Foundation is the public education affiliate of The Endocrine Society and provides information on all endocrine-related conditions. Other educational organizations that focus on one or more endocrine-related conditions include the American Diabetes Association, Human Growth Foundation, American Menopause Foundation, Inc., and Thyroid Foundation of America.[citation needed]

In North America the principal professional organizations of endocrinologists include The Endocrine Society, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Diabetes Association, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the American Thyroid Association.

In Europe, the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) are the main organisations representing professionals in the fields of adult and paediatric endocrinology, respectively.

In the United Kingdom, the Society for Endocrinology and the British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes are the main professional organisations.

The European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology is the largest international professional association dedicated solely to paediatric endocrinology. There are numerous similar associations around the world.

Answer: Specifically in the United Kingdom, the Society for Endocrinology and the British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes are the main professional endocrinology organisations. Europe also has the following organisations:  the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE).


Instruction: What is the tallest building in Seattle?

Answer: Columbia Tower


Instruction: Who was Charles Guillaume Loys de Bochat

Answer:
Charles Guillaume Loys de Bochat (born 11 December 1695 in Lausanne, died 4 April 1754, also in Lausanne) was an 18th-century Swiss jurist and antiquarian (Lausanne at the time was a subject territory controlled by Berne).

He studied theology in Basle, which he interrupted for health reasons, and later changed his subject to law, in which he graduated in 1717. He became professor of law in Lausanne in 1718, but he was granted leave to travel for three years, which he spent in Halle, in Leyden and in France.

From 1721, he taught law at the Lausanne Academy, where he acted as rector from 1727 to 1730. In 1738, he proposed to transform the academy into a full university, without success.

Loys de Bochat is best known for his major work, Mémoires critiques pour servir d'Eclaircissemens sur divers points de l'Histoire ancienne de la Suisse, which appeared in three volumes in 1747-1749. This work is dedicated to examining the early history of Switzerland, especially the Gaulish Helvetii, and their legacy in Swiss toponymy.


Instruction: What are the northern lights?

Answer: The northern lights are a common term referring to the aurora borealis. The aurora borealis is a natural phenomenon seen in the northern hemisphere near the arctic circle. Auroras are caused by disturbances in the magnetosphere caused by solar winds which result in emissions of light of varying colours and complexities.


Instruction: If you had pogonophobia what would you be afraid of

Answer: Beards


Instruction: How many sexes are there and how many genders are there and what's the difference?

Answer: There are two sexes - male and female, and three genders - male, female, and other. The other gender includes non-binary genders, such as agender, genderqueer, androgynous, and intersex. There are many different gender identities, including male, female, transgender, gender neutral, non-binary, agender, pangender, genderqueer, two-spirit, third gender, and all, none or a combination of these.


Instruction: Please give me a bulleted list of countries that make up the Indian subcontinent from this passage

Context: The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geopolitically, it includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The terms "Indian subcontinent" and "South Asia" are often used interchangeably to denote the region, although the geopolitical term of South Asia frequently includes Afghanistan, which may otherwise be classified as Central Asian.

Answer:
Here is the bulleted list of countries that comprise the Indian Subcontinent

* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* India
* Maldives
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Sri Lanka


Instruction: Given a reference text about the Annapurna Post, tell me when it launched its online news portal and when it became successful.

Context:
Annapurna Post (Nepali: अन्नपुर्ण पोस्ट) is a daily broadsheet newspaper published in Nepal. It started printing in 2002 and launched its online news portal in 2013 by Annapurna Media Network, which also owns The Annapurna Express, AP1 TV and Radio Annapurna Nepal. By the 4 April 2014, its online news portal was listed among 10 most visited news portal in Nepal. It also launched its own mobile news app by 2018.

In the annual newspaper classification report 2073/2074 BS by Press Council Nepal, this newspaper was categorized in the A category, the second highest possible rank below A+.

Answer: Annapurna Post launched its online news portal in 2013. By April 2014, it became among the 10 most visited news portals in Nepal.


Instruction: Given this paragraph about Kobe beef, tell me what type of cattle it is from

Context: Kobe beef (神戸ビーフ, Kōbe bīfu) is Wagyu beef from the Tajima strain of Japanese Black cattle, raised in Japan's Hyōgo Prefecture according to rules set out by the Kobe Beef Marketing and Distribution Promotion Association. The meat is a delicacy, valued for its flavor, tenderness, and fatty, well-marbled texture. Kobe beef can be prepared as steak, sukiyaki, shabu-shabu, sashimi, and teppanyaki. Kobe beef is generally considered one of the three top brands[clarification needed] (known as Sandai Wagyu, "the three big beefs"), along with Matsusaka beef and Ōmi beef or Yonezawa beef.

Answer: Kobe beef is from Japanese Black cattle.


Instruction: When do you think humans can set feet on Mars

Answer: NASA has set a goal of landing humans on Mars by the mid 2030 but it's also affected by many factors such as technology readiness, funding and political willingness. To travel to Mars takes about 6 months and we need much more powerful rocket and also enough supplies to support human travelers on the way. Even for a short period of staying on Mars, we need substantial life support on Mars which is extremely hostile to life at this moment. The biggest challenge might be how to return the human safely to the Earth. Overall landing humans on Mars is a audacious effort and would be a major milestone for humans exploring the space and eventually go beyond the Solar system.


Instruction: What was the first vid on YT?

Context:
YouTube was founded by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. The trio were early employees of PayPal, which left them enriched after the company was bought by eBay. Hurley had studied design at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen remarked that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible".

Karim said the inspiration for YouTube first came from the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy, when Janet Jackson's breast was briefly exposed by Justin Timberlake during the halftime show. Karim could not easily find video clips of the incident and the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami online, which led to the idea of a video-sharing site. Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. They created posts on Craigslist asking attractive women to upload videos of themselves to YouTube in exchange for a $100 reward. Difficulty in finding enough dating videos led to a change of plans, with the site's founders deciding to accept uploads of any video.

The YouTube logo used from its launch until 2007; it returned in 2008 before being removed again in 2010. Another version of this logo without the "Broadcast Yourself" slogan was used until 2011.
YouTube began as a venture capital–funded technology startup. Between November 2005 and April 2006, the company raised money from various investors, with Sequoia Capital, $11.5 million, and Artis Capital Management, $8 million, being the largest two. YouTube's early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and a Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. In February 2005, the company activated www.youtube.com. The first video was uploaded April 23, 2005. Titled Me at the zoo, it shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo and can still be viewed on the site. In May, the company launched a public beta and by November, a Nike ad featuring Ronaldinho became the first video to reach one million total views. The site launched officially on December 15, 2005, by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day. Clips at the time were limited to 100 megabytes, as little as 30 seconds of footage.

YouTube was not the first video-sharing site on the Internet; Vimeo was launched in November 2004, though that site remained a side project of its developers from CollegeHumor at the time and did not grow much, either. The week of YouTube's launch, NBC-Universal's Saturday Night Live ran a skit "Lazy Sunday" by The Lonely Island. Besides helping to bolster ratings and long-term viewership for Saturday Night Live, "Lazy Sunday"'s status as an early viral video helped establish YouTube as an important website. Unofficial uploads of the skit to YouTube drew in more than five million collective views by February 2006 before they were removed when NBCUniversal requested it two months later based on copyright concerns. Despite eventually being taken down, these duplicate uploads of the skit helped popularize YouTube's reach and led to the upload of more third-party content. The site grew rapidly; in July 2006, the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day.

The choice of the name www.youtube.com led to problems for a similarly named website, www.utube.com. That site's owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube subsequently changed its website to www.utubeonline.com.

Answer: The first video uploaded on YouTube is "Me at the zoo", showing co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo.


Instruction: Name some famous paintings by Van Gogh.

Context:
The time in Arles became one of Van Gogh's more prolific periods: he completed 200 paintings and more than 100 drawings and watercolours. He was enchanted by the local countryside and light; his works from this period are rich in yellow, ultramarine and mauve. They include harvests, wheat fields and general rural landmarks from the area, including The Old Mill (1888), one of seven canvases sent to Pont-Aven on 4 October 1888 in an exchange of works with Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Charles Laval and others. The portrayals of Arles are informed by his Dutch upbringing; the patchworks of fields and avenues are flat and lacking perspective, but excel in their use of colour.
In March 1888 he painted landscapes using a gridded "perspective frame"; three of the works were shown at the annual exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants. In April, he was visited by the American artist Dodge MacKnight, who was living nearby at Fontvieille. On 1 May 1888, for 15 francs per month, he signed a lease for the eastern wing of the Yellow House at 2 place Lamartine. The rooms were unfurnished and had been uninhabited for months.
On 7 May, Van Gogh moved from the Hôtel Carrel to the Café de la Gare, having befriended the proprietors, Joseph and Marie Ginoux. The Yellow House had to be furnished before he could fully move in, but he was able to use it as a studio. He wanted a gallery to display his work and started a series of paintings that eventually included Van Gogh's Chair (1888), Bedroom in Arles (1888), The Night Café (1888), Café Terrace at Night (September 1888), Starry Night Over the Rhone (1888), and Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers (1888), all intended for the decoration for the Yellow House.
Van Gogh wrote that with The Night Café he tried "to express the idea that the café is a place where one can ruin oneself, go mad, or commit a crime". When he visited Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer in June, he gave lessons to a Zouave second lieutenant – Paul-Eugène Milliet – and painted boats on the sea and the village. MacKnight introduced Van Gogh to Eugène Boch, a Belgian painter who sometimes stayed in Fontvieille, and the two exchanged visits in July.

Answer: Some famous paintings of Vincent van Gogh include Van Gogh's Chair (1888), Bedroom in Arles (1888), The Night Café (1888), Café Terrace at Night (September 1888), Starry Night Over the Rhone (1888), and Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers (1888).


Instruction: Tell me if these are professional soccer players or professional surfers: Lionel Messi, Kelly Slater, Neymar Jr., Kanoa Igarashi, Zinedine Zidane, Mark Occhilupo, Gabriel Medina, Zlatan Ibrahimovic, Ngolo Kante, Miguel Pupo

Answer:
Professional Soccer Players: Lionel Messi, Neymar Jr., Zinedine Zidane, Zlatan Ibrahimovic, Ngolo Kante
Professional Surfers: Kelly Slater, Kanoa Igarashi, Mark Occhilupo, Gabriel Medina, Miguel Pupo


Instruction: Who is the Avatar? And what was he trying to accomplish?

Context:
Avatar: The Last Airbender (abbreviated as ATLA), also known as Avatar: The Legend of Aang in some regions or simply Avatar, is an American animated fantasy action television series created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko and produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio.

Avatar is set in an Asiatic-inspired world in which some people can telekinetically manipulate one of the four elements—water, earth, fire or air—through practices known as "bending", inspired by Chinese martial arts. The only individual who can bend all four elements, the "Avatar", is responsible for maintaining harmony among the world's four nations, and serves as the link between the physical world and the spirit world. The series is centered around the journey of twelve-year-old Aang, the current Avatar and last survivor of his nation, the Air Nomads, along with his friends Katara, Sokka, and Toph, as they strive to end the Fire Nation's war against the other nations and defeat Fire Lord Ozai before he conquers the world. It also follows the story of Zuko—the exiled prince of the Fire Nation, seeking to restore his lost honor by capturing Aang, accompanied by his uncle Iroh—and later, his sister Azula. Avatar is presented in a style that combines anime with American cartoons and relies on the imagery of primarily Chinese culture, with some other East Asian, Southeast Asian, South Asian, New World, Siberian, and Arctic influences.

Answer: In the show Avatar: The Last Airbender, Aang was the current Avatar and the last survivor of his nation, the Air Nomads. He and his friends Katara, Sokka, and Toph, strived to end the Fire Nation's war against the other nations and defeat Fire Lord Ozai before he conquered the world.


Instruction: What are some silly things to drink out of instead of a cup?

Answer: Things you could drink from that aren't cups could include a hummingbird feeder, a syrup container, a (plastic lined) mini piñata, an erlenmeyer flask, a water gun, an empty medicine bottle, a plant vase or pot, or a watering can.


Instruction: What are things people do in the morning?

Answer: Things that people tend to do in the morning are to wake up, drink coffee and have breakfast.


Instruction: What are some examples of different types of beer?

Answer: Blonde, Pilsner, Ale, Lager, Pale Ale, India Pale Ale, Double India Pale Ale, Wheat, White, Hefeweizen, Sour


Instruction: What are some things to consider when going to a theme park?

Answer: It is important to thing about what the weather may be like before going to a theme park.  If it is raining you might want to plan by wearing a rain jacket and also consider some of the roller coaster rides may not be operational during this kind of weather.  You also need to consider things like sun screen and hydration if the weather is going to be hot and sunny.  Bug spray for mosquitos is also another important item if the weather is humid.  Prepare a list of questions or things to bring before you travel to a theme park and you will be better prepared when you get there.


Instruction: If you had to survive on a deserted island by yourself for a month, classify these items as 'useful' or 'not useful'.

Answer: axe, phone, pen, rope, lighter, fishing rod, makeup


Instruction: When was the Memphis album released

Context:
Memphis is the seventeenth album recorded by Roy Orbison, and his tenth for MGM Records. The album was released in November 1972.

History
The album took three weeks to make in March and April 1972. The album had one single, "Memphis, Tennessee", which became a minor hit in the US, charting at #84. Also included was a new, re-recorded version of Don Gibson's "I Can't Stop Loving You", which previously appeared on his 1960 album "Lonely and Blue". This was Orbison's final album that was released for London Records as Decca let Orbison out of their contract on June 30, 1972.

Answer:
Memphis is the seventeenth album recorded by Roy Orbison, and his tenth for MGM Records. The album was released in November 1972.

The album took three weeks to make in March and April 1972. The album had one single, "Memphis, Tennessee", which became a minor hit in the US, charting at #84. Also included was a new, re-recorded version of Don Gibson's "I Can't Stop Loving You", which previously appeared on his 1960 album "Lonely and Blue". This was Orbison's final album that was released for London Records as Decca let Orbison out of their contract on June 30, 1972.


Instruction: List 3 cities on the east coast of Australia.

Answer: Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle are Australian cities located on the east coast of Australia.


Instruction: Who are Coldplay

Context: Coldplay are a British rock band formed in London in 1997. They consist of vocalist and pianist Chris Martin, guitarist Jonny Buckland, bassist Guy Berryman, drummer Will Champion and creative director Phil Harvey. They met at University College London and began playing music together from 1997 to 1998, initially calling themselves Starfish.

Answer:
Coldplay are a British rock band formed in London in 1997. They consist of vocalist and pianist Chris Martin, guitarist Jonny Buckland, bassist Guy Berryman, drummer Will Champion and creative director Phil Harvey.

They met at University College London and began playing music together from 1997 to 1998, initially calling themselves Starfish.


Instruction: What makes the banded bullfrog special

Answer:
The banded bullfrog (Kaloula pulchra) is a species of frog in the narrow-mouthed frog family Microhylidae. Native to Southeast Asia, it is also known as the Asian painted frog, digging frog, Malaysian bullfrog, common Asian frog, and painted balloon frog. In the pet trade, it is sometimes called the chubby frog. Adults measure 5.4 to 7.5 cm (2.1 to 3.0 in) and have a dark brown back with stripes that vary from copper-brown to salmon pink.

The banded bullfrog lives at low altitudes and is found in both urban and rural settings, as well as in forest habitats. They bury themselves underground during dry periods and emerge after heavy rainfall to emit calls and breed. They feed primarily on ants and termites; predators of adults and tadpoles include snakes, dragonfly larvae, and snails. When threatened, they inflate their lungs and secrete a noxious white substance. The species is prevalent in the pet trade and is a potential invasive species being introduced in Taiwan, the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Borneo, and Sulawesi.


Instruction: Why do people like skiing or snowboarding down a mountain?

Answer: People like to ski or snowboard down a mountain because it gives them a sense of adventure and a thrill to be out in nature, enjoying what winter has provided for them. The art of sliding controllably down a mountain gives people a slight adrenaline rush that can be addicting. Immersed safely in nature where there are trees, beautiful mountains, and lakes to see gives a sharp peaceful contrast to extreme adventure and risk-taking that ski and snowboarding invokes.


Instruction: Tell me whether these beverages are acidic: Orange Juice, Grapefruit Juice, Coca-Cola, Soy Milk, Coconut Water, Carrot Juice

Answer:
Orange juice is a highly acidic beverage.
Grapefruit juice is a highly acidic beverage.
Coca-Cola is a highly acidic beverage.
Soy milk is low in acidity.
Coconut water is low in acidity.
Carrot juice is low in acidity.


Instruction: Where can I ride roller coasters in the united states?

Answer: Here are some of the places you can ride roller coasters in the united states: Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania; Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida; Disneyland in Anaheim, California; Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio; Busch Gardens in Williamsburg, Virginia; Silver Dollar City, Branson, Missouri; Magic Mountain in Valencia, CA; Kings Island in Mason, Ohio; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee; Knoebels in Elysburg, Pennsylvania; Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania; Knott’s Berry Farm in Buena Park, California; Sea World in Orlado, Florida; Kennywood in West Mifflin, Pennsylvania;  Holiday World in Santa Claus, Indiana; or Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina.


Instruction: There are three rock types; igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. I have a list of rocks, can you please tell me what type of rocks they are? These are the rocks: Sandstone, Granite, Marble, Basalt, Chalk, Slate.

Answer: Granite and basalt are igneous rocks. Sandstone and chalk are sedimentary rocks. Marble and slate are metamorphic rock types.


Instruction: What are some types of sorting algorithms?

Answer:
1. Bubble Sort
2. Quicksort
3. Insertion Sort
4. Merge Sort
5. Heap Sort
6. Radix Sort


Instruction: Given a reference text about the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, when was OPEC founded and how do economists describe OPEC's power over oil markets?

Context:
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, /ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek) is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing countries, in order to collectively influence the global market and maximise profit. Founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), it has, since 1965, been headquartered in Vienna, Austria, although Austria is not an OPEC member state. As of September 2018, the 13 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's proven oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called "Seven Sisters" grouping of multinational oil companies.

The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources, and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations. The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply. In the 1970s, restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and in the revenue and wealth of OPEC, with long-lasting and far-reaching consequences for the global economy. In the 1980s, OPEC began setting production targets for its member nations; generally, when the targets are reduced, oil prices increase. This has occurred most recently from the organization's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply.

Economists have characterized OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition, but one whose consultations are protected by the doctrine of state immunity under international law. In the 1960s and 1970s, OPEC successfully restructured the global oil production system so that decision-making authority and the vast majority of profits is in the hands of oil-producing countries. Since the 1980s, OPEC has had a limited impact on world oil supply and price stability, as there is frequent cheating by members on their commitments to one another, and as member commitments reflect what they would do even in the absence of OPEC.

Current OPEC members are Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. Meanwhile, Ecuador, Indonesia and Qatar are former OPEC members. A larger group called OPEC+ was formed in late 2016 to have more control on the global crude oil market.

Answer: The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded on September 14, 1960.  Economists describe OPEC as a cartel that limits free market competition by setting production quotas for its members. The impact of OPEC's supply quotas are most acute during times of war or civil disorder when crude oil supplies are already restricted. Cheating by member nations dilutes the power of OPEC over oil supply and prices.


Instruction: Where was Ostad Elahi born and who was his father

Context: Elahi was born in Jeyhunabad, a small Kurdish village near the eponymous capital of Kermanshah Province. His father, Hajj Nematollah (1871–1920), was a mystic and poet who was a leader of the Ahl-e Haqq and revered as a saint. From early childhood, he led an ascetic, secluded life of rigorous discipline under his father's supervision with a special focus on mysticism, music, and ethics. In addition to religious and moral instruction, he received the classical education of the time. During study and contemplation in his youth, he established the basis of his philosophical and spiritual reflections.

Answer: He was born in Jeyhunabad, a small Kurdish village and his father was Hajj Nematollah, a mystic and poet and a leader of Ahl-e Haqq


Instruction: Why Spark is faster than MapReduce?

Answer: The main difference between Spark and MapReduce is that Spark processes and retains data in memory for subsequent steps, whereas MapReduce processes data on disk.


Instruction: Write a short story about a botanist who discovers a part of a forest where plants are communicating with each other.

Answer:
Anya was a college student studying botany, and was tasked with identifying a broad range of fungi in a local forest. Since she also enjoyed camping, she decided to go deep into the forest during a long weekend to complete her assignment.

As she got deeper into the forest, away from civilization, the tree cover became thicker, and therefore the floor of the forest became darker. "Perfect for fungi growth!" she thought. She started seeing more and more fungi, some on the trees, some on rotting logs, and some on the forest floor. Peculiarly, most of the fungi she began to see as she got deeper in the forest were green, which was quite unusual.

She catalogued all the fungi she saw for the next several days. On her way out, she took the same path she came in on, but noticed that the fungi along her path had changed to possess typical colors of fungi, not the green she had seen when she came in. She explored perpendicular to her path, and found a slowly changing range of colors, until she saw the same green she had seen when she came in.

She needed to return to school, but decided to come back the next weekend.

When she arrived back into the fungi's domain, she saw something breathtaking as she explored. Everywhere she had gone, a ripple of colors seemed to have formed. The fungi had reacted to her presence, and sent signals to the other fungi in the area, where the signal had been propagated. Some of the fungi on her original path had even returned to the original green color she had observed upon entering the forest. She also noticed the local fauna completely avoided the areas where the fungi had changed from its original green color. It seemed as though the fungi had developed a warning system for the forest to detect humans!


Instruction: Where was buddha born?

Context: Lumbinī (Nepali: लुम्बिनी pronounced [ˈlumbini] (listen), "the lovely") is a Buddhist pilgrimage site in the Rupandehi District of Lumbini Province in Nepal. It is the place where, according to Buddhist tradition, Queen Mahamayadevi gave birth to Siddhartha Gautama at around 566 BCE. Gautama, who, according to Buddhist tradition, achieved Enlightenment some time around 528 BCE, became Gautama Buddha and founded Buddhism. Lumbini is one of many magnets for pilgrimage that sprang up in places pivotal to the life of the Buddha.

Answer: Buddha was born in Lumbini which is in present day Nepal.


Instruction: Classify these as things you need to peel in order to eat or things that you don't need to peel: orange, apple, oats, banana, potato

Answer: orange: peel, apple: don't peel, oats: don't peel, banana: peel, potato: don't peel